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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

VOLUME XXXIV

JANUARY- JUNE, 1916 i<!iv; z^*.,

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — Milton \Mutney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistinan.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama —

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar."
Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. U. Moore.o
Tuskegee Station: Tuikegee Institute; G. W.
Carver.<*

Alasbl*.— Sitfco; C. C. Georgeson.!'

AwzoTHK— Tucson: G. F. Freeman.*

K'KEJiiiSA.s— Fayetteville: M. Nelson."

California— BerfceZ*!/.- T. F. Hunt.o

CoLOEADO— i*'ort CoUiTM.- C. P. Gillette.*

Connecticut—

State Station: New Havenr\ t, tt t , i

\E. IT. Jenkins.'
Storrs Station: Storrs; I

Delaware— iVeirarfc.- H. Hayward.o

ThOKWA— Gainesville: P. H. Roifs.o

Geoegla — Experiment: R. J. H. De Loach.«

GVAM— Island o/Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.^

Hawaii-

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.*
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.«

Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.a

Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport."

Indiana — La Fayette: A. Goss.o

loyfA—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o

Kahsas— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.*

Kentockt— ieiiTi^on.- J. H. Kastle."

LOUISLiNA—

State Station: Baton Rouge,

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,\^^ R.Dodson..

New Orleans,
North La. Station: Calhoun
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods."
Maryland— CoM<^« Park: H J. Patterson. ■«
Massachusetts — AmhersU W. P. Brooks."
Michigan — East Lansing: R. S. Shaw."
Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paul- A. F

Woods.o
Mississippi— .^^riciitturol College: E. R. Lloyd."
Missouri—

College Station: Columbia; F B. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Kvans.o

"Director. » Agronomist in

Montana— Bo2<n«in.- F. B. Linfield."

Nebraska— LjTwoin.- E. A. Burnett."

Nevada— iJeno.- S. B. Doten.o

New Hampshire— Dur/wm.- J. C. Kendall."

New Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman."

New Mexico— Sto/« College: Fabian Garcia."

New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. U. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.*

North Carolina—

College Station: West Raleigh;\ „ ,,. „,,
StnteSio^tion: KaUigh; }B. W . Kilgore."

North Dakota— Agricultural College: T. P.

Cooper."
Ohio — Woosler: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— StiMtro/fT.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— Corra/iij.- A. B. Cordley."

P ENNSYLV ANIA—

StaU College: R. L. Watts."

State College- Institute of Animal Nutrition;
II. P. Armsby."
Poeto Rico—

Federal Station: Mayayuez; D. W. May.*

Insular Station- Rio Piedras: W. V. Tower."
Rhode Island — Kingston: B. L. Hartwell."
SotTTH Carolina— Cicnwon College: J. N.

per."
South Dakota— BroofciTi^*.- J. W. ^^'i^son."
Tennessee — Knozvillc: H A. Morgan.«
Texas — College Station: B. Youngblood."
Vtab— Logan: F. S. Harris."
Vermont — Burlington: J L. Hills.'

Virginia—

Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkwater, jr."
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washington — Pullman: I. D. Cardiil."
West X irgi'SIA— Morgantown: J. L. Co ;lter."
Wisconsin — Madison: H. L. Russell."
Wyoming — Laramie: C. A. Duniway.*
charg*. eActing director.

Har-

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight,

EDITOBIAX DEPABTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechy — E. H. Nollatj,

W. H. Beax.
R. W. Tbthj^ingeb.

,c . 1 c •, ^ t:. *•,• f W. H. Beax.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers-^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology •{^* „' t> '

|W.

IW,

^. ,^ ^ (G. M. TucKEB, Ph. D.

FieldCrops{j J g^^^^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hookek, D. V. M.

(C. F. Langwoethy, Ph. D., D. Sc
H. L. Lang.
C. F. Waxton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Websteb.

,, , . T.T J- • fW. A. Hookeb. « -w^

veterinary Medicine <_. „ ^^ 1*^'=

[E. H. NOLLAU.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Teuixingeb.
Rural Economics — E. Meeeitt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moobe.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIV.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Page.
Seventeenth Annual Convention of the Association of Southern Agricul-
tural Workers 1

The more effective coordination of experimation station work 2

Dedication of memorial to Col. W. H. Hatch 8

Experience v. investigation in agriculture 101

The basis for agricultural extension and demonstration 104

Interpretation of experiment station work through extension 109

Dr. E. W. Hilgard, deceased 301

Agriculture at the Second Pan American Congress 303

Science and common sense 401

The gi-owth of the science spirit 404

Establishment of a Division of Agricultural Meteorology in the United

States Weather Bureau 601

Recent progress in agricultural meteorology 604

The experiment station as a field for the research worker 701

m

IV EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.

Alabama College Station : Paee.

Bulletin 1S6. September. 1915 163

Bulletin 1S7. January, 1916 S33

Press Bulletin 7S, June 15. 1915 65

Circular 33, September, 1915 163

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 693

Alabama TrsKXGEE Station :

Bulletin 31, March, 1916 859

Artzona Station :

Bulletin 75. May 1. 1915 232

Bulletin 76. June 30. 1915 236

Arkansas Station :

Circular 2S. May, 1915 653

Caltfobnia Station :

Bulletin 25S. September, 1915 162

Bulletin 259. September. 1915 133

Bulletin 260, October, 1915 219

Bulletin 261, November, 1915 447

Bulletin 262. 1915 446, 449

Bulletin 263. January, 1916 740

Bulletin 264, January, 1916 751

Bulletin 265. January. 1916 749

Circular 134, July. 1915 60

Circular 135. August. 1915 76

Circular 136, August. 1915 36

Circular 137, September, 1915 53

Circular 138. September, 1915 192

Circular 139 191

Circular 140. October, 1915 207

Circular 141. October. 1915 232

Circular 142. November, 1915 377

Circular 143, November, 1915 450

Circular 144. December, 1915 544

Circular 145, December, 1915 784

Annual Report 1915 207,

227, 235, 240. 248. 262, 265, 268, 269, 270, 274, 282, 283, 287, 294

OoLOBADO Station :

Bulletin 209, July, 1915 527

Bulletin 210, October. 1915 548

Bulletin 211. October. 1915 576

Bulletin 212. October, 1915 539

Bulletin 213. October, 1915 569

Bulletin 214. 1915 630

Bulletin 215. November, 1915 682

Bulletin 216. November, 1915 746

CJoNNEcncrr State Station :

Bulletin 187. June. 1915 458

Bulletin 188. September, 1915 431

Bulletin 189, December, 1915 ». 856

Annual Report. 1914, pt 6 52.95

Annual Report, 1915, pt. 1 520

CONTENTS. V

Delaware Station : Pa««.

Bulletin 109, May, 1915 156

Bulletin 110, June, 1915 138

B^rida Station :

Bulletin 128, November, 1915 447

Bulletin 129, January, 1916 831

Georgia Station :

Bulletin 114, July, 1915 139

Bulletin 115, July, 1915 169

Bulletin 116, August, 1915 151

Bulletin 117, August, 1915 138

Bulletin 118, January, 191G 747

Circular 72, August 1, 1915 ^ 139

Circular 73, August, 1915 174

Idaho Station :

Bulletin 84, November, 1915 (Annual Report, 1915) 734,

738, 747, 767, 769, 795

Illinois Station :

Bulletin 183, November, 1915 336

Bulletin 184, November, 1915 532

Circular 180, April, 1915 162

Circular 181, April, 1915 22

Circular, 182, May, 1915 40

Circular 183, May, 1915 348

Circular 184, November, 1915 536

Circular 185, February, 1916 806

Soil Report 11, June, 1915 15

Indiana Station :

Bulletin 181, August, 1915 263

Bulletin 182, November, 1915 376

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 736, 744, 774, 783, 795

Iowa Station :

Bulletin 150, popular edition, June, 1914 723

Bulletin 158, August, 1915 153

Bulletin 158 (abridged), December, 1915 743

Bulletin 159, September, 1915 193

Bulletin 159 (abridged), December, 1915 792

Bulletin 160, October, 1915 234

Bulletin 161, October, 1915 722

Bulletin 162, November. 1915 758

Research Bulletin 18, December, 1914 19

Research Bulletin 19, January, 1915 78

Research Bulletin 20, January, 1915 77

Research Bulletin 21, March, 1915 342

Research Bulletin 22, July, 1915 776

Research Bulletin 23, July, 1915 824

Research Bulletin 24, July, 1915 811

Circular 24, March, 1916 836

Circular 25, August, 1915 82

Kansas Station :

Bulletin 205, April, 1915 529

Bulletin 206. May. 1915 338

Bulletin 207, September, 191.'; 809

Bulletin 208, September, 1915 809

VI EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Kansas Station — Continued. Page.

Bulletin 209, December, 191.5 S20

Circular 50, April, 1915 169

Circular 51, April 15, 1915 179

Circular 52, June, 1915 169

Circular 53, July, 1915 138

Inspection Circular 1, September, 1915 624

Report, 1914 G32, 665, 693

Kentucky Station :

Bulletin 189, December 31, 1914 521

Bulletin 192, June, 1915 166

Bulletin 193, July, 1915 121

Bulletin 194, .July, 1915 122

Bulletin 195, July, 1915 322

BuUetin 196, December 31, 1915 822

Bulletin 197, January, 1916 871

Bulletin 198. January, 1916 829

Circular 4, July, 1915 567

Circular 5, August, 1915 581

Circular 6, August, 1915 571

Circular 7, September, 191.5 583

Circular 8, September, 1915 541

Circular 9, October, 1915 503

Circular 10. December, 1915 680

Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1912 015, 683, 694

Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 61.5.683.694

Twenty-.seventh Annual Report, 1914, pt. 1 615, 620, 665. 670. 683. 694

Biennial Report, 1914-1915 620, 630. 066. 694

Biennial Report Food and Drug Department, 1913-15 761. 767, 775

Maine Station :

Bulletin 241, August, 1915 161

Bulletin 242, October, 1915 550

Bulletin 243, November, 1915 .564

Bulletin 244, December, 1915 8.51

Official Inspection 68. March. 1915 40

Official Inspection 69, April, 1915 76

Official Inspection 70, June. 1915 67

Official Inspection 71. July, 1915 76

Official Inspection 72, August. 1915 .".71

Official Inspection 73, September, 1915 736

Official Inspection 74, December, 1915 726

Document 515, January, 1916 .569

Mabyland Station :

Bulletin 191. September, 1915 .523

'Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 95

Massachusetts Station :

Bulletin 163, August. 1915 387

Bulletin 164, November, 1915 <: '.7,671

Bulletin 165, November, 1915 622

Meteorological Bulletins 321-322, September-October, 1915 US

Meteorological Bulletins 323-324, November-December. 1915 414

Meteorological Bulletins 325-326, January-February, 1916 714

CONTENTS. Vn

Massachusetts Station — Continued. Page.

Control Series Bulletin 3, October. 1915 467

Control Series Bulletin 4, Deceni!)or. 1913 624

Circular 55, August, 1915 138

Circular 56, September, 1915 189

Circular 57, September, 1915 182

Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914, pts. 1 and 2 231. 275, 294

Michigan Station :

Technical Bulletin 20, July, 1915 245

Technical Bulletin 21, July, 1915 252

Technical Bulletin 22, July, 1915 216

Technical Bulletin 23, November, 1915 732

Technical Bulletin 24, December. 1915 721

Special Bulletin 72, February, 1915 244

Special Bulletin 73, March, 1915 436

Special Bulletin 74, July, 1915 436

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 714,

723, 727, 732. 7?.'. 7-M, 7-1",, 773. 770, 777, 795

Minnesota Station :

Bulletin 151, July, 1915 339

Bulletin 152, August, 1915 392

Mississippi Station :

Bulletin 172, January, 1915 227

Bulletin 173, January 1, 1916 S30

Technical Bulletin G, February, 1915 676

Missouri Station :

Bulletin 135, September, 1915 378

Bulletin 136, November, 1915 769

Bulletin 137, November, 1915 7.54

Bulletin 138, November, 1915 758

Circular 75, July, 1915 391

Circular 76, October, 1915 377

Circular 77, October, 1915 393

Circular 78, October, 1915 326

Missouri Fruit Station :

Bulletin 25, August, 1915 361

Montana Station :

Bulletin 106, October, 1915 736

Circular 50. July, 1915 174

Nebraska Station :

Bulletin 153, October 25, 1915 567

Bulletin 154, August 15, 1915 57

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1914 228, 294

Nevada Station :

Bulletin 81, March, 1915 185

Bulletin 82, .Tune, 1915 189

New Hampshire Station :

Bulletin 175, March, 1915 168

Bulletin 176, September, 1915 .521

Bulletin 177, September, 1915 531

VXn EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

New Jersey Stations : Pate.

Bulletin 276, January 30, 1915 64

Bulletin 277, January 30, 1915 44

Bulletin 279, May 20, 1915 832

Bulletin 280, December 1, 1914 621

Bulletin 281, December 1, 1914 622

Bulletin 282, December 1, 1914 632

Bulletin 283, June 16, 1915 665

Bulletin 284, June 30, 1915 639

Bulletin 285, August 31, 1915 625

Bulletin 286, September 29, 1915 639

Annual Report, 1914 127,

129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140. 143, 144, 146.

150, 153, 155. 157, 158, 160, 161, 172, 176, 180, 197

New Mexico Station :

Bulletin 99, November, 1915 437

Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1915 735, 737, 768, 774, 785, 795

New York Cornell Station :

Bulletin 283, revised, June, 1915 40

Bulletin 291, revised, February 9. 1915 754

Bulletin 361, June, 1915 741

Bulletin 362, October. 1915 718

Bulletin 363, October, 1915 746

Bulletin 364, October, 1915 771

Bulletin 365, November, 1915 739

Bulletin 366, November, 191". 741

Bulletin 367, December, 1915 755

Bulletin 368. December. 19i;. 742

BulUetin 369, January, 1916 738

Memoir 7, June, 1915 222

Memoir 8, July, 1915 248

Circular 30, July, 1915 184

Circular 31, September, 1915 248

Circular 32, January, 1910 747

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 795

New York State Station :

Bulletin 406, popular edition. May. 1915 344

Bulletin 409, August, 1915 183

Bulletin 409, popular edition, August, 1915 473

Bulletin 410, October, 1915 521

Bulletin 411, December, 1915 657

Bulletin 412, December. 1915 673,674

Technical Bulletin 44. August. 1915 249

Technical Bulletin 45, August. 1915 234

Technical Bulletin 46, December, 1915 708

Technical Bulletin 47, December, 1915 725

Technical Bulletin 48, January, 191G 802

Circular 28, March 9, 1914 42

Circular 29, May 10, 1914 ^ 41

Circular 30, June 15, 1914 62

Circular 31, November 15. 1914 42

Circular 32, November 20, 1914 42

CONTENTS. IX

New York State Station — Continued. Page.

Circular 33, January 25, 1915 , 42

Circular 34, January 20, 1915 42

Circular 35, January 25, 1915 40

Circular 36, January 20, 1915 36

Circular 37, February 15, 1915 42

Circular 38, March 20, 1915 41

Circular 39, April 20, 1915 35

Circular 40, April 20, 1915 41

Circular 41, June 21, 1915 65

Circular 42, August 2, 1915 95

Thirty-third Annual Report, 1914, pt. 1 118,197

NoETH Carolina Station :

Bulletin 234, November, 1915 585

Bulletin 235, January, 1916 872, 881

Bulletin 236, February, 1916 819

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 2, No. 12, October, 1915 288

Farmers' Market Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 14, January, 1916 792

Biennial Report, 1913-14 49,52,-53,79,95

North Dakota Station :

Bulletin 112, May, 1915 39

Bulletin 113, May, 1915 37

Bulletin 114, January, 1916 759

Special BuUetin, vol. 3, No. 20, September, 1915 67

Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 21, October, 1915 256, 279

Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 22, November, 1915 366

Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 23, December, 1915 661

Special Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 1, January, 1916 661

Special Bulletin, Index, vol. 3 796

Circular 8, September, 1915 35

Circular 9, October, 1915 267

Circular 10, January, 1910 836

Ohio Station :

Bulletin 287, June, 1915 118

Bulletin 288 (Thirty-fourth Annual Report, 1915), June, 1915 494

Bulletin 289, August, 1915 470

Bulletin 8, technical series, June, 1915 315

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 1, January, 1916 520, 530, 543, 551, 567

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 2, February, 1916 619, 631, 639, 642, 668, 670

Monthly Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 3, March, 1916 810, 830, 831, 851, 865, 896

Circular 154, May 15, 1915 59

Circular 155, August 15, 1915 294

Circular 156, October 15, 1915 l 444

Oklahoma Station :

Circular 38, December, 1915 577

Oregon Station :

Bulletin 127, March, 1915 373

Bulletin 132, June, 1915 638

Bulletin 133, August, 1915 789

Report East Oregon Station, 1911-12 208, 228, 231, 265, 294

X EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Pennsylvania Station : Page.

Bulletin 135, July, 1915 TS

Bulletin 136, August, 1915 247

Bulletin 137, January, 1916 636

Annual Report, 1912 118,

127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 139, 141, 143. 14G. 148, 149, 150, 154,
155, 156, 157, 168, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182. 187, 197

Annual Report, 1913 115,

124, 125, 127, 131, 133, 142, 143, 146, 148, 149, 154, 157, 160, 171, 182, 183, 197

PoBTO Rico Station :

Bulletin 19, January 22, 1916 736

PoETo Rico Board of Agbicultxjre Station :

Circular 7, 1915 552

Circular 7 (Spanish edition), 1915 552

Rhode Island Station :

Inspection Bulletin, October, 1915 426

South Carolina Station :

Bulletin 181, November, 1915 521

Bulletin 182, December, 1915 519

Bulletin 183, December, 1915 725

Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1915 634.643,694

South Dakota Station :

Bulletin 161, August, 1915 230

Bulletin 162, October, 1915 735

Annual Report, 1915 197

Tennessee Station :

Bulletin 114, December, 1915 867

Texas Station :

Bulletin 173, February, 1915 124

Bulletin 174, April, 1915 126

Bulletin 175, May, 1915 168

Bulletin 176, July, 1915 134

Bulletin 177, September, 1915 467

Bulletin 178, September, 1915 421

Bulletin 179, October, 1915 451

Bulletin 180, October, 1915 452

Bulletin 181, October, 1915 420

Bulletin 182, November, 1915 866

Bulletin 183, December, 1915 816

Circular 8, October, 1915 454

Circular 9, October, 1915 469

Circular 10, n. ser., December, 1915 687

Circular 11, n. ser., January 1916 G57

Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 494

Utah Station :

Bulletin 140, November, 1915 533

Bulletin 141, December, 1915 613

Vermont Station :

Bulletin 189. June, 1915 .".:^7. 371

Bulletin 190, June, 1915 3; 52, 337

CONTENTS. ZI

Virginia Station: Paga

Technical Bulletin 9, May, 1915 54

ViBGiNiA Tbuck Station :

Bulletin 15, April 1, 1915 555

Bulletin 16, July 1, 1915 657

Washington Station :

Bulletin 123, July, 1915 39

Bulletin 125, September, 1915 647

Bulletin 126, November, 1915 644

Bulletin 127, December, 1915 (Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1915)

720, 735, 753, 773, 796

Popular Bulletin 92, July, 1915 269

Popular Bulletin 93, November, 1915 790

Popular Bulletin 94, July, 1915 782

Popular Bulletin 95, September 1, 1915 789

Popular Bulletin 96, October, 1915 777

Popular Bulletin 97, October, 1915 774

Popular Bulletin 98, January, 1916 737

Western Washington Station Monthly Bulletin :
Volume 3 —

No. 6, September, 1915 95

No. 7, October, 1915 294

No. 8, November, 1915 418. 445, 494

No. 9, December, 1915 . 494

No. 10, January, 1916 069,694

No. 11, February, 1916 736, 770, 796

Wkst Virginia Station :

Circular 21, September, 1915 197

Circular 22, September, 1915 669

Wisconsin Station :

Bulletin 254, April, 1915 143

Bulletin 255, July, 1915 134

Bulletin 256, July, 1915 288

Bulletin 257, July, 1915 444

Bulletin 258, September, 1915 469

Bulletin 259, October, 1915 431

Bulletin 260, October, 1915 431

Bulletin 261, February, 1916 873

Bulletin 262, February, 1916 859

Research Bulletin 36, September, 1915 261

Research Bulletin 37, August, 1915 246

Research Bulletin 38, December, 1915 542

Wyoming Station :

Bulletin 106, July, 1915 170

Bulletin 107, September, 1915 469

Bulletin 108, October, 1915 467

Bulletin 109, November, 1915 667

Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1915 615,629,658,667,668,678,694

Xn EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS

ABSTRACTED.

Journal of Agricultural Research :

Volume 4 — Paga

No. 6, September, 1915 20, 50, 73

Volume 5 —

No. 1, October 4, 1915 125,156

No. 2, October 11, 1915 154,155

No. 3, October 18, 1915 201,217,226,242

No. 4, October 25, 1915 215,217,245

No. 5, November 1, 191.3 244,246

No. 6, November 8, 1915 221, 244, 247, 281

No. 7, November 15, 191." 350,354.381

No. 8, November 22, lOlo 339,369

No. 9, November 29, 1915 435,444,480

No. 10, December 6, 1915 420,431.448,470

No. 11, December 13, 191.". 421,422,427,442.474

No. 12, December 20, 191". 426,428,455,456

No. 13, December 27, 1915 512,522,570

No. 14, January 3, 1916 522,538

No. 15, January 10, 1910 554,557

No. 16, .January 17, 1910 625,647

No. 17, January 24, 1916 646,649,655,685

No. 18, January 31, 191(; 619,680

No. 19, February 7, 191(; 62.5,645,679,684

No. 20, February 14, 191C. 719,732,756,787

No. 21, February 21, 1910 747, 754

No. 22, February 28, 1910 829,840,845

No. 23, March 6, 1916 854,881

Bulletin 123, Extension Course in Vegetable Foods, Anna Barrows 899

Bulletin 136, Highway Bonds, L. I. Hewes and J. W. Glover 190

Bulletin 2G0, The Dog as a Carrier of Parasites and Disease, M. C. Hall- 280

Bulletin 271, Dates of Egj-pt and the Sudan, S. C. Mason 43

Bulletin 272, The Southern Cypress, W. R. Mattoon 46

Bulletin 270, The Pea Aphis with Relation to Forage Crops. J. J. Davis__ 62
Bulletin 278, Miscellaneous Insecticide Investigations, E. W. Scott and

E. H. Siegler 60

Bulletin 280, Food Habits of the Thrushes of the United States,

F. E. L. Beal 59

Bulletin 283, The Production of Sulphuric Acid and a Proposed New

Method of Manufacture, W. H. Waggaman 9

Bulletin 285, The Northern Harwood Forest: Its Composition, Growth,

and Management, E. H. Frothingham 152

Bulletin 291, Breeding Millet and Sorgo for Drought Adaptation,

A. C. Dillman 528

Bulletin 292, Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and

Their Allies, W. W. Cooke 158

Bulletin 293, The Grasshopper Outbreak in New Mexico During the

Summer of 1913, H. E. Smith 1.59

Bulletin 294, Lessons on Cotton for the Rural Common Schools,

C. H. Lane 293

Bulletin 295, The Zimmerman Pine Moth, J. Brunner 159

Bulletin 296, Our Foreign Trade in Farm and Forest Products, P. Elliott- 194

k

CONTENTS. Xm

Page.
Bulletin 297, Cereal Investigations on the Belle Fourche Experiment
Farm, C. Salmon 137

Bulletin 298, Peach Supply and Distribution in 1914, W. A. Sherman,
H. F. Walker, and L. H. Martin 149

Bulletin 299, The Ashes: Their Characteristics and Management, W. D.

Sterrett 346

Bulletin 300, Excavating Machinery Used in Land Drainage, D. L. Tarnell. 189
Bulletin 301, Silver Fox Farming in Eastern North America, N. Dearborn_ 180
Bulletin 302, Apple Market Investigations, 1914-15, C. W. Moomaw and

M. M. Stewart 149

Bulletin 303, A Bacteriological Study of Retail Ice Cream, S. H. Ayers
and W. T. Johnson, jr 165

Bulletin 304, Land Drainage by Means of Pumps, S. M. Woodward,
revised by C. W. Okey 283

Bulletin 305, EJxercises with Plants and Animals for Southern Rural

Schools, E. A. Miller 292

Bulletin 306, Some Effects of Selection on the Production of Alkaloids

in Belladonna, A. F. Sievers 237

Bulletin 307, Tests of Corn Varieties on the Great Plains, L. L. Zook 433

Bulletin 308, Shortleaf Pine : Its Economic Importance and Forest Man-
agement, W. R. Mattoon 346

Bulletin 309, Zacaton as a Papermaking Material, C. J. Brand and
J. L. Merrill 318

Bulletin 310, Digestibility of Some Animal Fats, C. F. Langworthy and

A. D. Holmes 364

Bulletin 311, The Handling and Marketing of the Arizona-Egyptian Cot-
ton of the Salt River Valley, J. G. Martin 338

Bulletin 312, Phosphate Rock and Methods Proposed for Its Utilization

as a Fertilizer, W. H. Waggaman and W. H. Fry 328

Bulletin 313, Features of the Sheep Industries of United States, New Zea-
land, and Australia Compared, F. R. Marshall 372

Bulletin 314, Methods for the Examination of Bituminous Road Mate-
rials, P. Hubbard and C. S. Reeve 318

Bulletin 315, Cantaloup Marketing in the Larger Cities, with Car-lot
Supply, 1914, W. A. Sherman, A. D. Gail, jr., and Faith L. Yeaw 340

Bulletin 316, Willows : Their Growth, Use, and Importance, G. N. Lamb— 347

Bulletin 317, Larch Mistletoe: Some Economic Considerations of Its

Injurious Effects, J. R. Weir 547

Bulletin 318, The Bonavist, Lablab, or Hyacinth Bean, C. V. Piper and

W. J. Morse 436

Bulletin 319, Fermented Milks, L. A. Rogers 474

Bulletin 320, Farm Practice in the Cultivation of Corn, H. R. Cates 529

Bulletin 321, Cost of Fencing Farms in the North Central States, H. N.

Humphrey 485

Bulletin 322, Utilization of American Flax Straw in the Paper and Fiber-
board Industry, J. L. Merrill 509

Bulletin 323, Importance and Character of the Milled Rice Imported Into
the United States, F. B. Wise 435

Bulletin 324, Community Production of Durango Cotton in the Imperial

Valley, A. McLachlan 434

Bulletin 325, Honeybees: Wintering, Yields, Imports, and Exports of

Honey, S. A. Jones 454

Bulletin 326, Birds of Porto Rico, A. Wetmore 849

XrV EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Page.
Bulletin 327, The Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees of the Rocky Mountain

Region, G. B. Sudworth 742

Bulletin 328, Milling and Baking Tests of Wheat Containing Admixtures

of Rye, Corn Cockle, Kinghead, and Vetch, R. C. Miller 558

Bulletin 329, Notes on Five North American Buffalo Gnats of the Genus

Simulium, A. W. Jobbins-Pomeroy 756

Bulletin 330, The Milling of Rice and Its Mechanical and Chemical Effect

Upon the Grain, F. B. Wise and A. W. Broomell 559

Bulletin 331, The Handling and Shipping of Fresh Cherries and Prunes
from the Willamette Valley, H. J. Ramsey 534

Bulletin 332, Community Production of Egyptian Cotton in the United
States, C. S. Schofield, T. H. Kearney, C. J. Brand, O. F. Cook, and
W. T. Swingle 529

Bulletin 333, Termites, or "White Ants," in the United States: Their

Damage and Methods of Prevention, T. E. Snyder 754

Bulletin 334, Directions for Blueberry Culture, 1916, F. V. Coville 534

Bulletin 336, Cereal Experiments in Maryland and Virginia, T. R.

Stanton 733

Bulletin 337, A Study of the Tenant Systems of Farming in the Yazoo-
Mississippi Delta, E. A. Boeger and E. A. Goldenweiser 593

Bulletin 338, Machinery Cost of Farm Operations in Western New York,

H. H. Mowry 587

Bulletin 340, Experiments in Vaccination Against Anthrax, A. Eichhorn__ 579

Bulletin 341, Farm Management Practice of Chester County. Pa., W. J.

Spillmann, H. M. Dixon, and G. A. Billings 592

Bulletin 342, The Present Status of the Pasteurization of Milk, S. H.
Ayers 571

Bulletin 344. Studies on the Biology of the Arizona Wild Cotton Weevil,

B. R. Coad 656

Bulletin 345, Notes on the Preoviposition Period of the House Fly, Mvsca

doniestica, R. H. Hutchison 654

Bulletin 346, Home Projects in Secondary Courses in Agriculture, H. P.

Barrows 899

Bulletin 347, Methods for the Determination of the Physical Properties of

Road-building Rock, F. H. .Jackson, jr 890

Bulletin 349. The Raisin Industry, G. C. Husmann 835

Bulletin 3.50, The Utilization of Cherry By-products, F. Rabak 808

Bulletin 353. Moisture Content and Shrinkage of Forage, H. N. Vinall

and R. McKee 827

Bulletin 356, Milk and Cream Contests, E. Kelly, L. B. Cook, and J. A.
Gamble 874

Report 108, The Acarina or Mites, N. Banks 4.58

Farmers' Bulletin 680, Varieties of Hard Spring Wheat, C. R. Ball and
J. A. Clark 39

Farmers' Bulletin 683, Fleas as Pests to Man and Animals, with Sugges-
tions for Their Control, F. C. Bishopp 1.59

Farmers' Bulletin 685, The Native Persimmon, W. F. Fletcher 43

Farmers' Bulletin 690, The Field Pea as a Forage Crop. H. N. Vinall 140

Farmers' Bulletin 691, Grasshoppers and Their Control on Sugar Beets

and Truck Crops, F. B. Milliken 1.58

Farmers' Bulletin 692, Game Laws for 1915, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 157

CONTENTS. XV

Page.

Farmers' BuNetin 693, Bur Clover, C. V. Piper and R. McKee 139

Farmers' Bulletin 694, The Cultivation of Peppermint and Spearmint, W.

Van Fleet 151

Farmers' Bulletin 695, Outdoor Wintering of Bees, E. F. Phillips and G. S.

Demuth 158

Farmers' Bulletin 696, Handling and Shipping Citrus Fruits in the Gulf

States, H. J. Ramsey 235

Farmers' Bulletin 697, Duck Raising, A. R. Lee 569

Farmers' Bulletin 698, Trenching Machinery Used for the Construction of

Trenches for Tile Drains, D. L. Yarnell 583

Farmers' Bulletin 699, Hydrocyanic-acid Gas Against Household Insects,

L. O. Howard and C. H. Popenoe 854

Farmers' Bulletin 700, Pecan Culture ; with Special Reference to Propa-
gation and Varieties, C. A. Reed 740

Farmers' Bulletin 701, The Bagworm, an Injurious Shade-tree Insect,

L. O. Howard and F. H. Chittenden 756

Farmers' Bulletin 702, Cottontail Rabbits in Relation to Trees and Farm

Crops, D. E. Lantz 751

Farmers' Bulletin 703, Suggestions for Parcel Post Marketing, L. B. Flohr

and C. T. More 792

Farmers' Bulletin 704, Grain Farming in the Corn Belt with Live Stock

as a Side Line, C. Vrooman 791

Farmers' Bulletin 705, The Catalpa Sphinx, L. O. Howard and F. H.

Chittenden 755

Farmers' Bulletin 706, Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1915,

D. E. Lantz 751

Farmers' Bulletin 707, The Commercial Grading, Packing, and Shipping

of Cantaloups, C. T. More and G. V. Branch 737

Farmers' Bulletin 70S, The Leopard Moth : A Dangerous Imported Insect

Enemy of Shade Trees, L. O. Howard and F. H. Chittenden 755

Farmers' Bulletin 709, Muscardine Grapes, G. C. Husmann and C. Dearing 834
Farmers' Bulletin 710, Bridge Grafting of Fruit Trees, W. F. Fletcher__ 833
Farmers' Bulletin 711, The Care and Improvement of the Woodlot, C. R.

Tillotson 839

Farmers' Bulletin 712, School Lunches, Caroline I* Hunt and Mabel

Ward 861

Weekly News Letter, Vol. 3, No. 13, November 3, 1915 380

List of Workers in Subjects Pertaining to Agriculture and Home Eco-
nomics in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and in the State Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations 94

Office of the Secbetaey :

Circular 52, State Highway Mileage and Expenditures to January 1,

1915 190

Circular 53, Formulae for Calculating Interest on Farm Equipment,

W. J. Spillman 194

Circular 54, A System of Pasturing Alfalfa in Salt River Valley,

Ariz., R. W. Clothier 169

Circular 55, Spring Grain Aphis or " Green Bug " in the Southwest

and the Possibilities of an Outbreak in 1916, F. M. Webster 653

Circular .56. Safe Farming, B. Knapp 688

Office of Farm Management Circular 1, Suggestions Concerning
Checking and Tabulating Farm Management Survey Data 895

XTE EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

BtTBEAU OF Animal Industry: Page.

Circular 207, revised, Directions for Constructing Vats and Dipping

Cattle to Destroy Ticks, H. W. Graybill and W. P. EUenberger 479

Document A-7, Chemical Testing of Milk and Cream, R. H. Shaw__ 713
Bureau of Biologicax Subvey :

North American Fauna No. 38, A Review of the American Moles,

H. H. T. Jackson 158

North American Fauna No. 39, Revision of the Pocket Gophers

of the Genus Thomomys, V. Bailey 449

BtJBHAU OF Cbop Estimates :
Monthly Crop Report —
Volume 1 —

No. 5, September 15, 1915 91

No. 6, October 16, 1915 290

No. 7, November 13, 1915 392

No. 8, December 30, 1915 595

Volume 2 —

No. 1, January 31, 1916 690

No. 2, February 29, 1916 896

Forest Service :

Handbook for Campers in the National Forests in California 46

National Forest Areas, March 31. 1915 46

Telephone Construction and Maintenance on the National Forests 191

Trail Construction on the National Forests 190

Bureau of Plant Industry :

Inventory (35, 1915) of Seeds and Plants Imported, April 1 to June

30, 1913 336

Inventory (36, 1915) of Seeds and Plants Imported, July 1 to Septem-
ber 30, 1915 527

Establishing the Swine Industry on the North Platte Reclamation

Project, C. S. Jones 267

Work of Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, 1914, F. Knorr 22S. 231

Work of Yuma Experiment Farm, 1914, R. E. Blair 229, 231

Oflice of Dry-land Agriculture —

Document 1, Cooperative Shelter-belt Planting on the Northern

Great Plains 742

Document 2, Cooperative Shelter-belt Development on the North-
ern Great Plains 742

Bureau of Soils :

Field Operations, 1912 (Fourteenth Report) 321

Field Operations, 1913 —

Soil Survey in Alabama, Bullock County, H. C. Smith and W. E.

Wilkinson 210

Soil Survey In Alabama, Cleburne County, H. G. Lewis, C. S.

Waldrop, and F. W. Kolb 119

Soil Survey in Alabama, Escambia County, R. T. A. Burke, J. M.

Snyder, et al 210

Soil Survey in Alabama, Russell County, N. E. Bell, L. A. Hurst,

and J. M. Snyder 119

Soil Survey in Arkansas, Pope County, C. Lounsbury and E. B.

Deeter 119

Beconnoissance Soil Survey In California, Sacramento Valley,

L. O. Holmes, J. W. Nelson, et al 129

CONTENTS. XVn

Bureau of Soils — Continued.

Field Operations, 1913 — Continued. Page.

Soil Survey in Florida, Indian River Area, O. N. Mooney and

M. Baldwin 211

Soil Survey in Georgia, Stewart County, D. D. Long et al 120

Soil Survey in Indiana, Delaware County, L. A. Hurst and E. J.

Grimes 120

Soil Survey in Indiana, Hendricks County, W. E. Tharp and E. J.

Quinn 120

Soil Survey in Kansas, Montgomery County, F. V. Emerson and

C. S. Waldrop 121

Soil Survey in Mississippi, Jones County, A. L. Goodman and

E. M. Jones 122

Soil Survey in Mississippi, Wilkinson County, W. E. Tharp and

W. M. Spain 211

Soil Survey in Missouri, Greene County, H. H. Krusekopf anl

F. Z. Button 122

Soil Survey in Missouri, Nodaway County, E. S. Vanatta, E. W.

Knobel, and W. I. Watkins 123

Soil Survey in Missouri, Perry County, B. W. Tillman and C. E.

Deardorff 123

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Douglas County, A. H. Meyer, E. H.

Smies, T. M. Bushnell, et al 211

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Saunders County, A. H. Meyer, E. H.

Smies, T. M. Bushnell, et al 212

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Scotts Bluff County, L, T. Skinnor and

M. W. Beck 511

Soil Survey in New Jersey, Freehold Area, H. Jennings, J. B. II.

Dickey, and L. L. Lee 616

Soil Survey in New York, Oneida County, E. T. Maxon, M. E.

Carr, and E. H. Stevens 123

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Randolph County, R. B. Hardison

and S. O. Perkins 124

Soil Survey in Ohio, Stark County, C. N. Mooney, H. F. Tuttle,

and A. Bonazzi . 124

Soil Survey in Oklahoma, Muskogee County, G. B. Jones, G. Van

Duyne, E. Scott, and H. W. Hawker 213

Soil Survey in Tennessee, Jackson County, R. F. Rogers and J. H.

Derden 213

Soil Survey in Texas, Jefferson County, W. T. Carter, jr., L. R.

Schoenmann, T. M. Bushnell, and E. T. Maxon 213

Reconnoissance Soil Survey of South-central Texas, A. E. Kocher_ 213
Soil Survey in Utah, Cache Valley Area, J. W. Nelson and

E. C. Eckmann 214

Soil Survey in Washington, Stevens County, C. Van Duyne and

F. W. Ashton 214

Soil Survey in West Virginia, Logan and Mingo Counties, W. J.

Latimer 124

Soil Survey in Wisconsin, Buffalo County, W. J. Geib, C. Louns-

bury, L. Cantrell, et al 215

Soil Survey in Wisconsin, Dane County, W. J. Geib, A. E. Taylor,

and G. Conrey 418

Reconnoissance Soil Survey of Northeastern Wisconsin, W. J.

Geib et al 617

50633°— 16 2

XVm EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

BuEEAU OF Soils — Continued.

Field Operations, 1914 — • Page.

Soil Survey in Alabama, Lawrence County, H. G. Lewis and J. F.

Stroud 615

Soil Survey in Alabama, Limestone County, R. T. A. Burke and

A. M. O'Neal, jr 717

Soil Reconnoissance in Alaska, with an Estimate of the Agricul-
tural Possibilities, H. H. Bennett and T. D. Rice 209

Soil Survey in Arkansas, Columbia County, C. Lounsbury and

E. B. Deeter 717

Soil Survey in Florida, Hernando County, G. B. Jones and T. M.

Morrison 211

Soil Survey in Florida, Putnam County, C. N. Mooney, B. D. Gil-
bert, H. W. Hawker, and W. B. Cobb 717

Soil Survey in Georgia, Colquitt County, A. T. Sweet and J. B. R.

Dickey 417

Soil Survey in Georgia, Dekalb Countj-, D. D. Long and M.

Baldwin 417

Soil Survey in Georgia, Jackson County, D. D. Long and M.

Baldwin 417

Soil Survey in Georgia, Tattnall County, A. E. Taylor et al 510

Soil Survey in Georgia, Terrell County, D. D. Long and M.

Baldwin 211

Soil Survey in Indiana, Clinton County, W. E. Tharp, R. H. Pea-
cock, and C. M. Rose 510

Soil Survey in Iowa, Lee County, L. V. Davis and M. E. Sar 809

Soil Survey in Iowa, Pottawattamie County, A. L. Goodman, P.

Hanson, and H. W. Reid 616

Soil Survey in Mississippi, Clarke County, A. L. Goosman and

E. M. Jones 511

Soil Survey in Missouri, Grundy County, A. T. Sweet and W. I.

Watkins 511

Soil Survey in Missouri, Harrison County, E. S. Vanatta and

E. W. Knobel 616

Soil Survey in Nebraska, Nemaha County, A. H. Meyer et al 717

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Rowan County, R. B. Hardison

and R. C. Jurney ^ 212

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Union County, B. B. Derrick and

S. O. Perkins 810

Soil Survey in North Carolina, Vladen County, R. B. Hardison

et al 418

Soil Survey in Ohio, Paulding County, H. G. Lewis and C. W.

Shiffler 212

Soil Survey in Ohio, Portage County, C. N. Mooney, H. G. Lewis

et al 810

Soil Survey in Oklahoma, Bryan County, W. T. Carter, jr., and

A. L. Patrick 617

Soil Survey in South Carolina, Chesterfield County. W. J. Latimer

et al 418

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Survey in Florida, Fort Lauderdale Ai-ea. M. Baldwin, H. W.

Hawker, and C. F. Miller 210

CONTENTS. XIX

States Relations Service: Page.
Syllabus 17, Illustrated Lecture on the Production of Poultry and

Eggs on the Farm, H. M. Lamon 196

Syllabus 18, Illustrated Lecture on the Production of Clean Milk 794

Report on Work and Expenditures of the Agricultural Experiment

Stations, 1914 493

Office of Markets and Rural Organization :

Work of the Office of Markets and Rural Organization, C. J. Brand — 490
Document 2, Lumber Accounting and Opening the Books in Primary

Grain Elevators, J. R. Humphrey and W. H. Kerr — ' 896

Office of the Solicitor:

Circular 85, The Food and Drugs Act 661

Laws, Decisions, and Opinions Applicable to the National Forests 837

Weather Bureau :

Circular L, Instrument Division, Instructions for the Installation and

Operation of Class "A" Evaporation Stations, B. C. Kadel 509

U. S. Monthly Weather Review —
Volume 43 —

Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1915 114, 117

Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1915 413

Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1915 614

Climatological Data —
Volume 2 —

Nos. IS, July-August, 1915 114, 117

Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1915 414

Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1915 615

DaUy River Stages, 1911-12, pt. 11 84

Daily River Stages, 1913-14, pt. 12 84

Instructions to Special River and Rainfall Observers, A, J. Henry 509

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS.*

Acree, S. F., What Chemistry has Done to Aid the Utilization of Wood 538

Ainslie, C. N., An Improved Collecting Bottle 751

Albright, A. R., and Young, C. O., Determination of Esters in Citrus Oils

and Extracts 410

Aldrlch, J. M., The Deer Botflies (Genus Cephenomyia) 64

Aldrich, J. M., The Economic Relations of the Sarcophagidse 251

Aldrich, J. M., Two New Canadian Diptera 855

Back, E. A., and Pemberton, C. E., Parasitism Among Larvae of Mediter-
ranean Fruit Fly in 1914 758

Ballard, W. S., Apple Mildew 352

Banks, N., A New Genus of Canestriniidse 66

Banks, N., A New Species of Mycetaulus 361

Banks, N., A New Species of Stenares 357

Banks, N., Notes on Some Virginian Species of Platypeza 857

Barber, H. S., Life History of Spiroboliis marginatus 364

Barber, H S., Macrosiagon flavipennis in Cocoon of Bembex spinolce 557

Barber, H. S., Migrating Armies of Myriopods 364

Barnes, W. C, Improved Management of National Forest Stock 868

Barnett, Claribel R., Relation of the Agricultural College and Exiieriment
Station Libraries to the Library of the Federal Department of Agricul-
ture 494

•Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

XX EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Page.
Benson, H. K., and Darrin, M., Yield of By-products from Destructive

Distillation of Conifers 500

Bessey, E. A., and McClintock, J. A., Some Ginseng Troubles 244

Bishopp, F. C, Flies Which Cause Myiasis in Man and Animals 359

Bishopp, F. C, and Laake, E. W., Wool Maggots of Sheep in the United

States 554

Boerker, R. H., Application of Reconnoissance Data to Marking Timber

for Cutting 641

Boerker, R. H., Some Notes on Forest Ecologj- and Its Problems 441

Boerker, R. H., The Reforestation of Brush Fields in Northern California- 640

Brand, C. J., Finding Facts for Farmers 194

Briggs, L. J., Dry-farming Investigations in the United States 34

Brown, E., The Necessity for Standardization of Methods S32

Bruce, D., Further Notes on Frustum Form Factor Volume Tables 641

Bunzel, H. H., On Alfalfa Laccase 225

Busck, A., New G«nera and Species of Microlepidoptera from Panama 855

Caffey, F. G., Brief Statutory History of United States Department of

Agriculture 796

Cameron, F. K., Possible Sources of Potash in America 821

Cameron, F. K., The Development of a Dynamic Theory of Soil Fertility. 812

Carpenter, F. A., The Dollar and Cents Value of California Meteorology 509

Carpenter, F. A-, The Physician and the Weather Bureau 509

Caudell, A. N., Genera of Subfamily Rhaphidophorinse Found North of

Mexico 854

Caudell, A. N., Orthoptera of the Yale-Dominican E3q)edition of 1913 854

Caudell, A. N., Podi^ma frigida in Alaska 61

Caudell, A. N., Rhabdoblatta brunneonigra, a New Cockroach from China. 255
Chapin, R. M., Some New Methods for the Analysis of Lime-sulphur Solu-
tions 80(3

Chapin, R. M., The Decomposition of Tetrathionates in Alkaline Solution. 805
Chubbuck, M. E., and Scoville, G. P., Chemung County, an Account of Its

Agriculture and of Its Farm Bureau 791

Clark, W. M., A Hydrogen Electrode Vessel 804

Clark, W. M., and Lubs, H. A., Differentiation of Bacteria by Use of Indi-
cators 136

Clark, W. M., The Final Hydrogen Ion Concentrations of Cultures of

Bacillus coli 524

Clark, W. M., The Reaction of Bacteriologic Culture Media 136

Cloukey, H., The Davis Spot Test in the Preliminary Examination of

Creosotes 508

Collins, J. F., The Chestnut Bark Disease on Freshly Fallen Nuts 546

Cone, V. M., The Dethridge Meter 682

Craighead, F. C, A New Mixture for Controlling Wood-boring Insects___ 652

Craighead, F. C, A Review of Henriksen's Cerambycid Larvae 361

Crumb, S. E., A Key to the Cutworms Affecting Tobacco 453

Crumb, S. E., Some New Species of Jassoidea 255

Cushman, R. A., Descriptions of New Ichneumonidse and Taxoiiomic

Notes — — 3a3

Dale, J. K., Bromoacetylxylose and Beta-triacetylmethylxylosid 408

Davidson, W. M., Little-known Western Plant Lice 453

DeGryse, J. J., Some Modifications of the Hypopharynx in Lepidopterous

Larvae 553

Doane, C. F., Do We Need a Law Regulating Moisture in Cheese? 273

CONTENTS. TCYJ

Page.

Doolittle, R. E., and Wright, B. B., Some Effects of Storage on Coffee 661

Dorset, M., Control of Hog Cholera — A Review of Four Months' Work

by the Bureau of Animal Industry 185

Dorset, M., Hog Cholera Control Investigations of the U. S. Department

of Agriculture. — Report of Progress 280

Dyar, H. G., Descriptions of New Species and Genera of Leipidoptera

from Mexico 855

Dyar, H. G., Le^jidoptera of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913 855

Dyar, H. G., New American Lepidoptera Chiefly from Mexico 64

Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F., Notes on the Species of Culex of the Bahamas- 553

Dyar, H. G., Pyralidae of Bermuda 63

Dyar, H. G., Report on the Lepidoptera of the Panama Canal Zone 855

Dyar, H. G., The Noctuid Moths of the Genera Palindia and Dyomyx 855

Dyar, H. G., Two New Lepidoptera from the Antilles 64

Eichhorn, A., Vaccination Experiments Against Anthrax 879

Ellis, D. C, The Forest Service Exhibit 347

Emery, W. O., Researches on Organic Periodids, I 502

Fairchild, D., Rosa hugonis, a New Hardy Yellow Rose from China 45

Fink, D. E., Control of Injurious Aphids by Ladybirds in Tidewater Vir-
ginia 555

Fisher, W. S., One New Genus and Two New Species of Cerambycidse 254

Gahan, A. B., Revision of North American Ichneumon Flies of Subfamily

Opiinae 454

Gillespie, L. J., Reaction of Soil and Measurements of Hydrogen Ion

Concentration 504

Girault, A. A., A New G^nus and Species of Trichogrammatidae from the

Philippines 363

Girault, A. A., A New Species of Pseudomphale from Chile 66

Girault, A. A., Four New Encyrtids from Sicily and the Philippines 456

Girault, A. A., New Genera of Chalcidoid Hymenoptera 857

Girault, A. A., Notes on North American Myrmaridae and Trichogram-

matidse 556

Girault, A. A., Three New Species of Coccophagus, Family Encyrtidse 557

Goldman, E. A., Five New Mammals from Mexico and Arizona 850

Goldman, E. A., Five New Rice Rats of the Genus Oryzomys from Middle

America '. 850

Goldman, E. A., Plant Records of an Expedition to Lower California 827

Goss, W. L., The Germination of Seeds Buried Ten Years__ 832

Graves, H. S., The Forests of Alaska 640

Grossenbacher, J. G., Some Neglected Phases of Phytopathology 442

Hall, M. C, A Note in Regard to Trichodectes hermsi 552

Harter, L. L., and Field, Ethel C, Susceptibility of Sweet Potato Varie-
ties to Stem Rot 444

Haskell, C. G., Irrigation of Rice on the Coastal Prairies of Texas 282

Hawkins, L. A., Utilization of Pentoses by Glomerella cingulata 351

Heald, F. E., Course of Study in Elementary Agriculture for Wisconsin

Rural Schools 395

Hedgcock, G. G., Notes on Some Diseases of Trees in Our National For-
ests, V 448

Heinrich, C, Two New Species of Coleophora 553

Heller, L. L., Reversion in Sheep 73

Hill, R. R., Lambing Methods in National Forests oi Suuiliwest SG8

Hillman, F. H., Apparatus and Methods Employed in Making Purity

Tests of Seeds 832

XXn EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Paze.

Hitchcock, A. S., New or Noteworthy Grasses -'JO

Holmes. A. D,, A New and Improved Form of Kjeldahl Distillation Appa-
ratus 10

Hood, J. D., A New Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera) from British Guiana. 255

Hood, J. D., An Interesting Case of Antennal Antigeny in Thysanoptera 356

Hood, J. D., Descriptions of New American Thysanoptera 61

Hood, J. D., Hoplothrips corticis: A Problem in Nomenclature 550

Hood, J. D., and Williams, C. B., New Thysanoptera from Florida and

Louisiana 62

Hood, J. D., On Some American .^olothripidse 62

Hopkins, A. D., A New Genus of Scolytold Beetles 361

Hopkins, A. D., Notes on Ipidae with Description of a New Species 361

Floward, L. O., Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West

Indies 453

Howard, L. O., Notes on the Progress of Economic Entomology 449

Howard, L. O., Some Pioneers in Mosquito Sanitation and Other Mos-
quito Work 453

Howell, A. H., Descriptions of a New Genus and Seven New Races of

Flying Squirrels 850

Hudson, C. S., and Brauns, D. H., A Second Crystallln 5-fructose Pent-
acetate 408

Hudson, C. S., and Harding, T. S., Estimation of Rafllnose by Enzyraotic

Hydrolysis 313

Hudson, C. S., and Johnson, J. M., The Isomeric Tetracetates of Xylose.^ 408

Hudson, C. S.. and Harding, T. S., The Preparation of Melibiose 408

Humphrey, C. J., Tests on the Durability of Groenheart 56

Hunt, G. M., Reptirt on Destructive Distillation of Fir Waste 153

Hunter, W. D., A New Species of Cephenorayia from the United States__ rCA

Hyslop, J. A.. Notes on the Habits and .Vnatomy of noristonntu.s t//i/rrtt__ 556
Jardlne, J. T., Pastures and Sheds in Connection with Range Lambing

Ground .566

Jennings, A. H., Two New Species of Slmullum from Tropical America 554

Jodidi, S. L., and Kellogg, E. H., The Application of the Paper Pnlp

Filter to the Quantitative Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium 712

Jodidi, S. L., and Kellogg, E. H., The Factor to be Used in Neumann's

Method 409

Judd, R. C, Discoloration of Maple in the Kiln 509

Kellerman, Maude, Successful Long-distance Shipment of Citrus Pollen. _ 43
Kenety, W. H.. Uses of Meteorological Studies in Silvicultural and Man-
agement Problems 640

Kimball, H. H., Variations in the Intensity of the Heat Rays from the

Sun 415

King, W. v., The R61e of Anopheles fmnctipennis In the Transmission

of Malaria 358

Knab, F., A New American Fniit Fly 5.'>4

Knab, F., A New Slmullum from Texas 64

Knab, F., Commensalism in Desmometopa 3r>9

Knab. F.. Dung Bearing Weevil Larvae 556

Knab, F., New Ceratopogoninse from Peru 5.f»3

Knab. F., Some West Indian Diptera ^5

Knab. F., The Secretions Employed by Rhynchophorus I>arv.T in Cocoon

Making 362

Knab, F., Two New Species of Ptpunculus 857

CONTENTS. XXIIl

Page.
Korstian, C. F., Use of Frustum Form Factors in Constructing Volume

Tables 641

Ivotinsky, J., The Bermuda Grass Odonaspis 357

Kressraann, F. W., Wood Flour 839

Lamb. G. N., The Importance of Phenological Observations 536

Lathrow, E. C, The Nitrogen of Processed Fertilizers 327

Leighty, C. E., Natural Wheat-rye Hybrids 230

Ivindemuth, J. R., Composition of Certain Fish Fertilizers from the Pacific

Coast 28

Locke, S. B., The Use of the Plane Table in Making Forest Maps 641

Long, W. H., A New Aspect of Brush Disposal in Arizona and New

Mexico 441

liundgren, L., The Forests of the United States 46

Lyman, G. R., and Rogers, J. T., The Native Habitat of Spongospora

subterranea 645

McCIintock, J. A., Experiments on the Control of the Root-knot

Nematode 245

McConnell, W. R., A Unique Type of Insect Injury 254

McConnell, W. R., Another Nodule-destroying Beetle 656

Mclndoo, N. E., The Olfactory Sense of Coleoptera 254

Mclndoo, N. E., The Olfactory Sense of the Honeybee 758

Marshall, F. R., Corriedale Sheep 566

Meinecke, E. P., Peridermium harknessii and Cronartium quercnum 849

Melvin, A. D., and Mohler, J. R., Foot-and-Mouth Disease 273

Melvin, A. D., Public Control of the Prodjiction, Distribution, and Sale

of Milk in the Interests of Public Health 575

Metcalf, H., Two Eastern Forest Diseases which Threaten the Pacific

States 354

Mohler, J. R., Foot-and-Mouth Disease with Special Reference to Out-
break of 1914-15 677

Mohler, J. R., and Eichhorn, A., Immunization Against Hemorrhagic

Septicemia 184

Mohler, J. R., and Eichhorn, A., Preliminary Report on the Intrapal-

pebral Tuberculin Test 385

Mohler, J. R., and Eichhorn, A., The Diagnosis of Glanders 185

Mulford, F. L., The Nation's Rose Garden 345

Munger, T. T., Five Years' Growth on Douglas Fir Sample Plats 440

Nellis, J. C. (compiled by), Indiana's Wood-using Industries 153

Nelson, J. A., The Embryology of the Honeybee 362

Okey, C. W., Cost of Drainage Pumping in Southern Louisiana 585

Page, L. W., Economic Factors All Important in Rural Highways 788

Page, L. W., The History and Future of Highway Improvement 390

Palmer, R. C, Effect of Temperature on Yield of Products in Distillation

of Hardwood 48

Phillips, E. F., Beekeeping: The Life of the Honeybee and the Produc-
tion of Honey 362

Pierce, W. D., and Cushman, R. A., A Few Notes on the Habits of

Parasitic Hy menoptera 363

Pierce, W. D., Uses of Certain Weevils and Weevil Products in Food

and Medicine 361

Piper, C. v.. The Name of the Soy Bean: A Chapter in Its Botanical

History 336

Piper, C. v., and Beattie, R. K., The Flora of the Northwest Coast 336

XXIV EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

Page.
Pittier, V. H., New or Noteworthy Plants from Colombia and Central

America 827

Pomeroy, C. S., Bud Sports in Agriculture 740

Potter, A. A., The Loose Kernel Smut of Sorghum 444

Ransom, B. H., Measles in Live Stock and Its Relation to Rural Sanitary

Conditions 185

Ransom, B. H., Trichinosis 276

Ransom, B. H., and Hall, M, C, The Life History of Gongylonema

scutatum 783

Robinson, W. O., A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Soil

Phosphorus 806

Rockwell, W. L., The Water Resources of Texas and Their Utilization.- 284

Rogers, L. A., The Development of Fishy Flavors in Butter 473

Rogers, L. A., The Significance of Bacteria in Milk 672

Rohwer, S. A., A Remarkable New Genus of Cephidae 364

Rohwer, S. A., Ametastegia glabrata, a Holarctic Sawfly 557

Rohwer, S. A., Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera 456

Rohwer, S. A., Gahan, A. B., and Cushman, R. A., Some Generic Correc-
tions in the Ophioninse 362

Rohwer, S. A., The Mating Habits of Some Sawflies 557

Rohwer, S. A., Vespoid and Sphecoid Hymenoptera Collected in

Guatemala 857

Russell, G. A., Chemical and Physical Properties of Oils Distilled from

Acorus calam us 407

Russell, G. A., The Resins in Hops from Various (Jeographic Localities 502

Russell, G. A., The Soft Resins in Sulphured and Unsulphured Hops

in Storage 711

Safford, W. E., An Aztec Narcotic {Lophophora uHlliamMi) 336

Salant, \V., and Livingston, A. E., Influence of Oil of Chenopodlum on

Circulation and Respiration 476

Salant, W., and Mitchell, G. W., Influence of Oil of Chenopodlum on

Intestinal Contractility 381

Sasscer, E. R., Important Insect Pests Collected on Imported Nursery

Stock in 1914 251

Scales, F. M., Some Filamentous Fungi Tested for Cellulose-destroying

Power 136

Scales, F. M., The Determination of Reducing Sugars. — A Volumetric

Method 611

Scammell, H. B., The Cranberry Girdler and Its Control 756

Schorger, A. W., and Sayre, R., Isoprene from /9-pinene 502

Schorger, A. W., Oils of the Coniferte. — V, The Oils of Incense Cedar 007

Schreiner, O., and Skinner, J. J., Field Tests with Salicylic Aldehyde 20

Schreiner, O., and Skinner, J. J., Specific Action of Methyl GlycocoU t\

Glycocoll 31

Schroeder, E. C, The Cause and Occurrence of Contagious Abortion in

Cattle 581

Shamel, A. D., Features of the Grapefruit in California 835

Shamel, A. D., Improving the Production of Washington Navels 639

Shamel, A. D., Washington Navel Orange 43

Shannon, R. C, A New Eastern Brachyopa r\?>A

Shannon, R. C, An Eastern Chilosia with Hairy Eyes S.W

Shannon, K. C. P^astern Syraphoroniyia Attacking Man .^54

Shear. C. L., Conditions Affecting the Health and Productiveness of the

Cranber4-y 42

CONTENTS. XXV

Paee.

Shear, C L., Need of a Pure Culture Supply Laboratory for Phytopath-
ology in America 539

Shear, C. L,, and Stevens, N. E., Discovery of Chestnut Blight Parasite

in Japan 848

Show, S. B., Light Burning at Castle Rock 441

Skinner, J. J., The Antizymotic Action of Salicylic Aldehyde and Mannite_ 815

Slocum, R. R., Poultry Breeding 268

Smith, E. F., A Conspectus of Bacterial Diseases of Plants 49

Smith, H. E., A New Genus of Tachinidse from the Canadian Northwest- 64
Smith, K., and Weitknecht, R. H., Windfall Damage in Selection Cuttings

in Oregon 640

Smith, P. T., A Silvicultural System for Western Yellow Pine in the

Black Hills 640

Spillman, W. J., A Theory of Gravitation and Related Phenomena 494

Spillman, W. J., Farm Organization Investigations and Their Relation

to the Farm Survey 792

Steinkoenig, L. A., Lithium in Soils 323

Sterrett, W. D., Marketing of Woodlot Products in Kentucky 839

Sterrett, W. D., Table for Determining Profits in Holding Second Growth, 641
Studhalter, R. A., and Ruggles, A. G., Insects as Carriers of the Chestnut

Blight Fungus 448

Swingle, W. T., Microcitrus, a New Genus of Australian Citrus Fruits 235

Teele, R. P., Irrigation in the United States 784

Thorn, C, The Penicillium luteum purpura genum Group 51

Tiemann, H. D., Problems in Kiln Drying Lumber 152

Tilley, F. W., Methods for Disinfection of Hides Infected with Anthrax

Spores 781

Townsend, C. H. T., A Genus of Hystriciine Flies with White Maggots— 65

Townsend, C. H. T., A New Generic Name for the Screw Worm Fly 756

Townsend, C. H. T., A Polistiform Genus of Muscoid Flies 65

Townsend, C. H. T., An Acalyptrate Genus of Muscoidea 65

Townsend, C. H. T., Correction of the Misuse of the Generic Name Musca,

with Descriptions of Two. New Genera 253

Townsend, C. H. T., Diagnoses of New Genera of Muscoid Flies Founded

on Old Species 855

Townsend, C. H. T., Identification of Stages in Asexual Cycle of Bartonella

bacilUformis 858

Townsend, C. H. T., Investigations in Peru of Verruga and Its Insect

Transmission 355

Townsend, C. H. T., New Andean Spallanzaniine Flies 65

Townsend, C. H. T., New Canadian and Alaskan Muscoidea 65

Townsend, C. H. T., New Genera of Muscoid Flies from the Middle At-
lantic States 554

Townsend, C. H. T., New Masiceratidse and Dexiidse from South America- 65

Townsend, C. H. T., New Neotropical Muscoid Flies 655

Townsend, C. H. T., New Peruvian Hystriciine Flies 65

Townsend, C. H. T., New Western and Southwestern Muscoidea 855

Townsend, C. H. T., Nine New Tropical American Genera of IMuscoidea— 555
Townsend, C. H. T., Reproductive and Host Habits of Cuterebra and Der-

matobia 358

Townsend, C. H. T., Revision of Myiophasia 360

Townsend, C. H. T., Some Muscoid Synonyms 360

Townsend, C. H. T., Synonymical Notes on Muscoidea 554

XXVI EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Pag*.
Tnio, R. H., Calculation of Total Salt Content and Specific Gravity In

Murine Waters r)04

True, II. H., and Bartlett, H. H., Exchange of Ions Between Lupinua aUms

and Cnlture Solutions 224

TrulIinKor, R. W.. Clean Water and How to Get It on the Farm 280

Trullinger, R. W., Water Supply, Plumbing, and Sewage Disposal for

Country Homes 280, I'M)

Vlclvcry, K. A., Notos on Three Species of Hellophlla at Brownsville, Tex- 4ri3
VIclioovor, A., and Johns, C. O., Determination of Small Quantities of

Hydrocyanic Acid 11

Waggaman, W. H., A Rapid Method for the Determination of Carbon

DIoxld 010

AValton, G. P., A Check Valve for Suction Flasks COS

Walton, W. R., A New and Interesting Genus of North American Tachl-

nlda' 300

Walton, W. It., A Now Nocturnal Species of Tnchinida> 360

Walton, W. R., The Tacliinld Fly Maurotnijia pulla and Its Sexual Dinior-

l)liisiii r>r)4

Wanl, A. R., Live Stock Importation Problems In the PlHUpplnes 274

Wcl)ster, F. M., Some Developments In Grasshopper Control Cr»3

Woir, .T. R., liazmtinofskya tsufjcnsis in Alaska f»40

Weir, .1. U., Some Factors Governing the Trend and Practice of Forest

Saiiitiitlon ._ 042

W«'ir, J. R., Tellal State of Gymnosporangium tubulatutn on Juniperus

ncopulorinn M6

Wells, S. D., Experimental Work on Soda Cellulose 714

Wetmore, A., Peculiarity In Growth of Tall Feathers of the Giant Horn-
bill 850

Whitsoii, A. R., Gelb, W. J., et al.. Soil Survey of the Bayfield Area. Wis-
consin 017

Whltson, A. R., Gelb, W. J., et al„ Soil Survey of Iowa County, Wis-
consin 617

Whltson, A. R., Gelb, W. J., et al., Soil Survey of Waukesha County, Wis-
consin 617

Whltson, A. R., Gelb, W. J., et al., Soil Survey of Waushara County, Wis-
consin 017

Woodward, T. E., Is Ability to Produce Milk Fat Transmltte<l by the Dam

or Sire? 071

Working, D. W., Relation Between the Agricultural College Libraries and

Extension Work 494

Yothers, W. W.. Bright v. Russet Fruit n.'Vi

Yothers, W. W., Cotton-seed Oil Soap as a substitute for Whale-oil Soap_- 250
Yotlicrs, W. W., Spraying Scheme for Insect Pests on Citrus Trees In

I'Moriila 00

Yothers, W. W., The Use of Water Under Pressure for the Control of
Mealy Bug 255

ILLUSTRAIION.

V\n. 1. Improved form of KJeldahl aitpiMiitiis, with offset h\irner 10

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV JANUARY, 1916 No. 1

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1016

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Sdentifie Bureaus.

Weather Bttheau— C. F. Marvin, Chief.

BuBEAU OF Animal Industry— A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau op Chemistry— C L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates— L.M.Estabrook, 5tarts<idan.

Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biolooical Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Enoineerino — L.W. Page, Director.

OpncE OF Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

OrncK OF Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

»'}e.

H. Jenkins.o

Alabaiu—

College Station: Auburn: J. F. Duggar.a
Canobrake Station: Vniontoten; L. H. Moore."
Tuskegee Station: Tutkeget tmtitvie; O. W.
Carver."

ALASKA— SJ/ko.- C. C. Georgeson.ft

Akizona— lucton: O. F, Freeman.*

Arkansas— fayrttmWe; M. NelBon.o

CALiroRhOA— £«-ke/«y.- T. F. Hunt.a

Colobado— Fori Collint: C. P. QUlette."

Connecticut—

State Station: New Haven,
Storrs Station: SU>rr»;

Dklawabe— A>uHirfc; H. Hayward.o

FLO&Wk—OainesviUt: P. H. Rolls."

CzonQU.— Experiment- R.J. H.De Loach."

QvkM— Island oj Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.t

Hawad—

Federal Station; Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.k
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu:^. P. Agee."

Idaho— A/oicoif.- J. 8. Jones."

ILUN0I3— Vrbantu E. Davenport."

Indiana— Xo Fapette: A. Goss.o

Iowa— ^ttim; C, F, Curtlsa."

KKV3A3— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine."

Kbntucky— ieiin^ton; J. H. Kastle."

Louisiana-

State Station: Baton Rougt;
Sugar Station: Audubon Pari,

New Orleaw;
North La. Station: CaXhoun;

Maine— Orono: C. D. Woods."

Maeyland— 0)i?<'j/« Park: II. J. Patterson."

Massachusetts- i4^n?ln•»^• W. P. Brooks."

Michigan— JEcwt Laming: R. S. Shaw."

Minnesota— Uniwrjttjf Farm, St. Paul- A
Woods."

Mississipn— -<fricuituroI CoUege: E. R. Lbyd."

Missouri—

CoUepe Station: CdumbUi; F. B. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Grow,* Paul Evans."

• Director. •* Agronomist in

W.R.Dodson.o

F.

Montana— Bo::*wan; F. D. Llnfleld."
Nebeaso^— iintoJn.- E. A, Burnett."
Nevada- Bfno.- S. B. Doton."
New EKVTSimz— Durham: J. C. Kendall."
New Je&sex— New BrunstcicX: J. 0. Llpman."
New iSzxico— State College: Fabtan Qwcia."
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca: B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina-

CoUego Station: Wot PaUlQb:\-Q yy KJigore "
State Station :J?ai<i^ft.- ( ' '

North Dakota— ./4prfcttKuroI CoUeft: T. P.

Cooper."
O mo— B'ooafer; C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— S/i//u^at«-.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— CorvaUia: A. B. Cordley."
Pennsylvania—

Slate College: R. L. Watts."
Slate College: Institute of Animal Nutrltloo;
H. P. Armsby."
PoHTO Rico-
Federal Station: Mayagutz: D. W. May.»
Insular Station: Rio Piedras: W. V. Tower."
Rhode Island— A'J?v»/on.' B. L. Ilartwell."
South Carolina— CT^mjon ColUge: J. N. Harper,"
South Dakota— BroolkiTVJ.- J. w. Wilson."
TENNESSEE- KTwrpine.- U. A. Morgan."
Texas— CoUege Staiion: B. Youngblood."
Vtau— Logan: E. D. Ball."
Vermont— fiur/iny^oTL- J. L. Hills."
ViEomu—

Bladtaburg: W.J. Schoene.''
NoTjolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Wahhington— PuBman,- I. D. Cordlll."
West Virginia— J/or^tUotrn." J. L. Coulter."
Wisconsin— j/orfiiOTi.- H. L. RusselL"
Wtomwo— Loromit- C. A. DunJway.*

charge.

■ Aoting dlrwtor.

i

^*^l

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and FertilizersjW- H. ^^al.^^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology {^y ^'boyd^' ^^' ^
Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

fC. F. Langwortht, Ph. D., D. So.
Foods and Human NutritionJH. L. Lang.

[C. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. AVebster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D, V. M.

Veterinary Medicine {J^',^; ^ooke^-

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. i.

Editorial notes: Page.
Seventeenth Annual Convention of the Association of Southern Agricul-

tiiral Workers 1

The more effective coordination of experiment station work 2

Dedication of memorial to Col. W. H. Hatch 8

Recent work in agricultural science 9

Notes 96

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — ^agrotechny.

Production of sulphuric acid and new method of manufacture, Waggaman 9

Hardened oils, Mellana 10

Catalytic reduction of oleic acid and cotton-seed oil by hydrogen, Shaw 10

A new and improved form of Kjeldahl distillation apparatus, Holmes 10

Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil extracts, Millar and Gangler 10

The determination of sulphates in soils, Brown and Kellogg - 10

A method for the titrametric estimation of phytin, Heubner and Stadler 10

Estimation of aldoses, I, Bland and Lloyd Ij

Production of co-hydroxy-cr-methylfurfuraldehyde,^ Cunningham and Doree ... 11

Determination of rhamnose, Votocek and Potmesil ._ 11

Determination of small quantities of hydrocyanic acid, Viehoeverand Johns. . 11

Examination of tomato pulp, Bigelow and Fitzgerald 12

The judging of milk, Koning and Mooij , Jr 1-"

I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

The differentiation of animal from plant fats, Biermann 13

Estimation of saccharose in frozen and thawed beets, Saillard 13

The comparative study of different methods of inversion, Gillet 13

Reduction of copper oxid in alcohol vapor, Wedderburn 13

Ether-soluble matter in the nitrogen-free extract of feedstuffs. Rather 13

The determination of lint in cotton-seed meal, Brackett 13

METEOROLOGY.

Text-book of meteorology, von Hann and Suring? 13

The practical utiUty of a -world bureau of meteorology, Hays and Clayton 14

Climatic subdivisions of the United States, Ward 14

Seasonal limits, Brodie. 14

Occurrence of lunar periods in solar activity and the climate, Pettersson 14

Distribution and variations in the mean air pressure over Europe, Freybe. ... 14

Report on meteorological obser^'ations at Wisley, 1914, Curtis 14

Composition of rainfall at Montevideo, 1909-1012, Schroeder 15

The soot- and dust-fall of English towns and cities, Kershaw 15

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Pike County soils, Hopkins, Mosier, Van Alstine, and Garrett 15

Soil analyses 15

Past and present soil investigations in Norway, Bjorlykke 16

White soils, Vogcl von Falckenstein and von Romberg 16

Influence of irrigation and humidity on soil formation, Dimo 16

The moisture conditions of a loam soil under different crops. Von Seelhorst 17

Influence of soil composition on medicinal plants, Miller 18

The adsorptive power of soils, II, Rohland 18

Soil colloids anci their adsorptive power, Rohland 18

Injurious transformation of nitrogen in moor soils as result of lime, Arnd 18

Action of certain humus preparations on plant growth, Ilaselhoff 10

Sulfofication in soils, Brown and Kellogg 19

Sulfofication in soils, Brown and Kellogg 20

Field tests with salicylic aldehyde, Schreiner and Skinner 20

Soil protozoa, Koch 20

[Address of the president of the section on agriculture]. Hall 22

The fertilizer requirements of soil, Miiller 22

Fertilizer tests on different crops, Dusserre 22

How not to treat Illinois soils, Hopkins 22

Unexhausted manurial values: A criticism with some suggestions, Hendrick. . 22

The composition and value of liquid manure, Hendrick 23

Composition of liquid manure, Dusserre 24

Relative value oi the most important nitrogen fertilizers, Oswald et al 24

The better method of using ammonium sulphate, Malpeaux ._ 24

Fertilizer experiments ^vith transformation products of Ume nitrogen, Kappen . . 25

[Experiments with superphosphates], Perkins and Spaff ord 25

Phoephatic manures, Perkins 26

Mixing ground limestone with acid phosphate, Brackett and Freeman 26

Potash in the Texas Permian, Udden 26

Seaweed as a source of potash for agriculture, Moffatt - 26

Experiments with potash waste liquor lime, Haselhoff and Schmidt 26

Potash and lime in agriculture and the arts, Coggeshall 27

Influence of potassium f errocyanid on plant growth, Haselhoff 27

Sulphur and pennanent soil fertility in Iowa, Brown and Kellogg 27

Composition of certain fish fertilizers from the Pacific coast, Lindemuth 28

Commercial fertilizer "1915 yearbook" 28

The American fertilizer handbook 29

AORICtJLTURAL BOTANY.

Studies on periodicity in plant growth, I, Robertson and Crosse 29

Studies on periodicity in plant growth, II, Crosse 29

Automatic method for investigation of transmif^sion of excitation, Boee 29

Infltience of elertric currents on transmission of excitation, Bose 29

Variations in respiratory artivitv in relation to sunlight, Spochr .10

On the function of chloVophvU. "Ewart "'0

Studies on phveico-chcmicaJ properties of vegetable sape, III, Harris et al 30

CONTENTS. m

Page.

Fixation of ammonia by cell albumin, Bokorny 30

A study of delayed germination in economic seeds, Rose 30

The influence of silver nitrate on the germinability of wheat, Schroeder 31

Influence of acids, alkalis, and alkali salts on growth of rice plants, Miyake 31

Favorable influence of manganese on nodule bacteria of legumes, Olaru 31

Radium as a means of forcing growth in plants, MoUsch 31

Specific action of methyl glycocoll versus glycocoll, Schreiner and Skinner 31

Toxic action of chemicals and mutation in maize, Jungelson 31

Physiological isolation of types in the genus Xanthium, ShuU 32

Temperature and distribution of marine algae, Setchell 32

Polymorphism in fungi, Daniel 32

Demonstrating biochemical activity of micro-organisms, Crabill and Reed 32

E\adence for the general distribution of oxidases in plants, Reed 32

Oxidation and reduction in relation to chromogens, Wolff and Rouchelmann. . 32

The presence of reduction and oxidation regions in plant cells, Schneider 33

Plant pigments: Their color and interrelationships, Horowitz 33

Recent studies on the pigments of chromoleucites, Lubimenko 33

Antioxidase of tomato plants, Lubimenko 33

The experimental modification of ^erm plasm, MacDougal 33

The protoplasm of plant cells and its colloidal properties, Czapek 33

Growth and colloid hydratation in cacti. Long 34

Effect of some trivalent and tetravalent cations on permeability, Osterhout. . . 34

Atmometry and the porous cup atmometer, Livingston 34

FIELD CROPS.

Division of forage plants. — Summary of results, 1914, Malte et al 34

Green manuring and cover plants, Munro 34

The improvement of grasses and forage crops 34

Dry-farming investigations in the United States, Briggs 34

Alfalfa on land not naturally adapted to that crop. Barker 35

Migration of reserve material to the seed in barley, Beaven 35

The anatomy of the fruit and leaves of Bromus varieties, Szartorisz 35

Home-grown seed corn, Doneghue 35

Manuring of maize on Government Experiment Farm, Gwebi, Holborow 35

Additional fertilizer experiments at Government Farm, Gwebi, Holborow 35

Manurial experiments with cotton at Stirling plantation 35

Linseed as a fiber plant in British East Africa, Dedonckele 35

Queensland hemp as forage plant for the Southern States, Robert 35

First report on the improvement of indigo in Bihar, Howard 35

Second report on the improvement of indigo in Bihar, Howard 36

Melilotus indica as a green manure crop in southern California, Mertz 36

Oats of the Mediterranean countries, Trabut 36

Culture of the potato, Wellington '. . 36

The process of transplanting rice, NovelU 36

New varieties of rice 36

Experiments with rye on sandy soil, Schulze 37

Green manuring with sanai in Bihar, Howard 37

The economic value of the soy bean, Robert 37

Report of progress in sugar beet trials for the season of 1914, Ince 37

Variation m sugar content of beets diu-ing first year's growth, Munerati et al. . 37

The relation of the foliage to the sugar content of beets, Malpeaux 38

Influence of direction ot row on jdeid of sugar beets, Greisenegger - 38

Fertilizing substances Uttle used for sugar beets, Munerari et al 38

Lead nitrate as a catalytic fertilizer for sugar beets, Greisenegger .38

Experimental error in field trials with sugar cane, Annett 38

Paraguayan tobacco, Bertoni 38

The improvement of tobacco cultivation in Bihar, Howard 39

Time and method of tillage of wheat, Thorn and Holtz 39

Varieties of hard spring wheat, Ball and Clark 39

Fertility and weeds, Ince 39

HORTICULTURE .

Market gardening, Yeaw 39

The vegetable industry in New Yark State -iO

The fertilizer problem from the vegetable grower's standpoint, Durst 40

IV CONTENTS.

Patfe.

Hot and cold frames, Wellington 40

The control of insect pests ana plant diseases 40

Fungicide and insecticide inspection 40

[State laws relating to nursery stock in United States and Canada], Atwood. . . 40

New garden plants of the year 1914 40

[Report of economic section], Bancroft 40

Plant breeding in Canada, Macoun 40

Protecting pollinated blossoms, Chapin 40

Inheritance of habit in the common bean. Norton 41

Cantaloup growing in Xorth Carolina, Hill 41

Genetics of "rogues" among peas {Pman sativum), Bateson and Pellew 41

Investigations on the culture of Daikons, RioUe 41

Distribution of starch in some Chinese radishes, Riolle 41

Onion culture, Wellington 41

Rhubarb culture, Carstcn''. 41

Culture of sweet corn, Wellington 41

Sweet com, AVilkinson 41

Heredity of tj-pes of inflorescence and fruits in tomato, Crane 42

Tomato culture, Wellington 42

[Lists of fruits for Illinois] 42

Apple breeding in Idaho, Vincent 42

Distribution of station apples, Hcdrick. 42

Second distribution of station apples, Hedrick 42

Conditions affecting the health and productiveness of the cranbcrr)-. Shear 42

Strawberries, Taylor 42

Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries, Taylor 42

Currants, Taylor 42

Serodiagnosis in the determination of different grapes, Garino-Canina 42

Variation of principal acids of jidce of grape during maturity. Garino-Canina. . 43

Chemical-analytic investigations on grapes and wine, Baragiola and Godet 43

The native persimmon, Fletcher 43

Dates of Eg>-pt and the Sudan, Mason. 43

Successful long-distance shipment of citrus pollen, Kellerman 43

Washington navel orange, Snamel 43

Sixty years of tea, coffee, and cacao, Macfarlane 43

Experiments at medicinal plant etiition at Klausenburg in 1914, Piter 43

The degeneration of cultivated mints, Piter 44

Commercial carnation culture, edited by Dick 44

The cultivation of the perpetual flowering carnation, Taudevin 41

Double seeding petunias, Francis 44

Humidity, soil, and fertility studies with ra«es. Blake 44

Rosa hugonis, a new hardy yellow rose from China, P'turchild ». 45

Roses and their cultivation. Sanders 45

Saxifrages or rockfoils, Irving and ifalby. 45

List of perennials and shrubs for planting in IlUnois 45

Our mountain garden, Thomas 45

Design in landscape gardening. Root and Kelley 45

FORESTRY.

The forests of the United States. Lundgren 46

National Forest areas, March 31, 1915 ... 46

Handbook for campers in the National Forests in California 46

Administration report of the forest circles in the Bombay Presidency, 1913-14 . . 46

Report on forest admini.stration in Burma for 1013-14 , Refers '. 4fi

The southern c\7»rcs3, Mattoon 4(,

Tho jand (Prosnpis spirigcra) forests of the Pimjab. Coventry 4'.

Hevea rubber cidtivation and ciiring in Trinidad, Robinson anrl Sareeant 47

Physiological effects on Hevea by various tapping system.s. (^'ampbell 47

Effect of different intor\-als between tappings of Hnra brasilunsis. Fetch 47

Dynamite experiments, Bunting 47

Rubber manuring experiments at the experiment station, Peradeniya. Baraber. 4S

Effect of temperature on jdeld of products in distillation of hardwood, Palmer. 4,*^

Forest products of Canada, 1914. — Pulpwood, Lewis and Boyce 4J^

CONTENTS. V

DISEASES OP PLANTS.

Page.

The relations between scientific botany and phytopathology, Appel 48

Phytopathology in the Tropics, Westerdijk 48

Problems and results in the biological study of fungi, Klebahn 49

Pathological plant anatomy, Kuster, trans, by Dorrance 49

A conspectus of bacterial diseases of plants, Smith 49

Report of the division of plant pathology and bacteriology, Fulton 49

Notes on some fungus diseases, Salmon and Wormald 49

Report of the imperial mycologist, Shaw 49

Tylenchus similis, the cause of a root disease of sugar cane and banana, Cobb. . . 50

Plant diseases and pests 50

Heat as protection against insects and cryptogamic parasites, Semichon 50

Uspulum as a fungicide, Hiltner and Centner 51

Note on Ume and sulphur, Edwardes-Ker 51

The Penicillium luteum purpurogenum group, Thom 51

The wintering-over of yellow rust and the occurrence of rust years, Hecke 51

The cereal rusts, Fraser. 51

Cereal smut control, and yield, Jordi 51

Fungus diseases of cassava, Rorer 51

A disease of peanut caused by Bacterium solanacearum, Fulton and Winston. . . 52

Fungus parasites of the pigeon pea, Rangel 52

Infection experiments with the potato blight fungus, Smith 52

A biochemical study of the root rot of sugar beet, Bodndi" 52

Sereh in relation to sugar production, Fellinga _ 52

Susceptibility of varieties of swedes and turnips to swede mildew, Searle 52

Chlorosis of plants with special reference to calico of tobacco, CHnton 52

New tomato diseases, Rapaics ' 53

Note on Rhizopus nigricans, Wormald 53

Watermelon wilt spread by contaminated seed, Fulton and Winston 53

Wood decay in orchard trees, Home 53

Trichoseptoriafructigena on quince and apple, Pietsch 54

The cedar rust disease of apples. Reed and Crabill 54

Apple leaf spot or black rot canker, Bryce 54

Apricot gummosis and sour sap, Day 54

Blight resistant pear stocks, Compere 55

Wilting of raspberry and loganberry canes, Wormald 55

Withertip of coffee 55

Heterodera radicicola, Bondar 55

Red rust of tea, Bernard 55

The control of koleroga of the areca palm, Coleman 55

A disease of coconut m New Caledonia, Compton and Montague 55

Coconut diseases in New Hebrides, Kowalski 56

Melaxuma of the English walnut, Fawcett 56

Canker of Pelargonium, Magnus 56

Effect of desiccation on expulsion of ascospores, Heald and Studhalter 56

Tests on the durability of greenheart, Humphrey 56

Observations on Herpotrichia nigra and associated species, Seaver 56

Some observations on sycamore blight and accompanying fungi, Anderson 56

A disease of plantation rubber caused by Ustulina zonata, Brooks 57

Diseases of Manihot glaziovii, Arens 57

Diseases of Hevea brasiliensis in Java, Rutgers and Arens 57

The fungus diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, retch 57

Root diseases in Malaya 57

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

A history of British mammals, Barrett-Hamilton 57

The prairie dog and its control, Swenk 57

The insectivorous habits of the mole in British Columbia, Treherne 58

The muskrat (Fiber zibethicus) and its ravages in Bohemia, Haempel 58

Food habits oi the thrushes of the United States, Beal 59

Report of the division of entomology for 1914, Ehrhorn 59

Some important insect pests of the greenhouse, Whitmarsh 59

Control of raisin insects, Bioletti _ ^0

Spraying scheme for insect pests on citrus trees in Florida, Yothers 60

Miscellaneous insecticide investigations, Scott and Siegler 60

Insecticidal properties of sulphids and polysulphids, Parrott and Schoene 61

A new contact insecticide. Scott ! 61

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The nicotin sulphate-Bordeaux combination, Safro 61

Further data on poisoned bran mash flavored with fruit juice, Dean 61

Grasshopper control in New York State, Felt 61

The mole cricket damaging rice fields in Italy, NovelU 61

Podismafrigida in Alaska, Caudell 61

Descriptions of new American Thysanoptera, Hood 61

On some American iEk)lothripid8e, Hood - . - 62

New Thysanoptera from Florida and Louisiana, Hood and Williams 62

The Ontario mealy bug (PsetidococaisBp.), Essig 62

Preliminary report on the woolly aphis, Corv. 62

The pea aphis with relation to forage crops, Davis 62

The cabbage aphis, Parrott and Fulton 62

Cotton worm, Haseman 62

The corn ear worm, Haseman - 62

Recent results in use of dust sprays for controlliM corn ear worm, McCoUoch.. 63

Obser\-ation3 and researches on the vine moths, Topi 63

An enemy of the strawberry near Beverwijk, Schoevers 63

Defoliation by Dasychira pudibunda, Ritzema Boe 63

Biston hirtarius and. methods of combating it, Sacharov 63

Stmoptycha mnicolana on larches in the valley of Aosta, Savelli 63

Pvrahdse of Bermuda, Dyar 63

The control of the fruit-tree leaf-roller in New York, Herrick 63

Life history of Menesta albacilulla, Braun 64

An analysis of spraying methods against the codling moth, Parrott 64

The occurrence of the European boxwood leaf miner in California. Smith 64

Two new Lepidoptera from the Antilles, Dyar 64

New American Lepidoptera chicflv from Mexico, Dyar 64

The mosquitoes of New Jersey ana their control, Headlee 64

A new SimuUum from Texas. Knab 64

The deer botflies (genus Cephenomjia), Aldrich 64

A new genus of Tachinidse from the Canadian Northwest, Smith 64

Sheep maggot flies, Froggatt. 64

A polistiform genus of muscoid flies, Townsend 65

An acalyptrate genus of Mu-^coidea, Townsend 65

New MMiccratidse and Dexiidre from South America, Townsend 65

A genus of hystriciine flies with white maggote, Townsend 65

Some West Indian Diptera, Knab 65

New Canadian and Alaskan Muscoidca, TownA^nd 65

New Andean spallanzaniine flies, Townsend 65

New Peruvian hystriciine flics, Townsend 65

Duration of pupal and adult stages of the meal worm, Terubrio obsmnu, Rau. . 65

Flea-beetles (Phyllotreta) injurious to mustard crops, Sacharov 65

The grape root worm. Hartzell 65

Cassava stem borer, Ballou - - 65

Otiorhynrhus sukatus as an enemy of the vine in the Isle d'016ron, Rigotard. .. 65

The sweet potato weevil ( Cylas/ormkarius), Ballou 65

The biolog\' of Sitona lmfa(a, Molz and Schroder 65

Chain drag" for boll wee\'il control. Hinds 65

A new parasite of the chinch bug egg, McColloch and Yuasa 66

A parasite of the cottonwood borer beetle, Hungcrford 66

Some new Chalridoidea, Crawford 66

A new species of the genus Chalcis, Crawford. 66

A new species of Pseudomphale from Cliile. Girault 66

New parasitic mites (Acanna), Ewing and Stover 66

A mite parasitic on a muskrat, Cockerell 66

A new genus of Canestriniida?, Banks 66

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRmoN.

The lye hulling of corn for hominy, Marden and Montgomer>' 66

Kafir, feterita, milo, Davis 67

Vinegar ,• "^

Effect of the mineral content of water on canned foods, Huenink and Bartow. . 67

[Food inspection and analyBCs], Ladd and Johnson 67

Clinical calorimctn*'.— I, A respiration calorimeter, Luak 6T

Clinical calorimetr>', II. Riche and Soderstrom r>7

Clinical calorimetrj-. IV, Gephart and DuBois 68

CONTENTS. Vn

Page.

Clinical calorimetry.— V, Measiirement of surface area of man, DuBois 68

The protein need of infants, Hoobler 68

Ninety-three persons infected by a typhoid carrier at a public dinner. Sawyer. 69

Some results of New York State Commission on Ventilation, Winslow et al 70

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Physiological action of some protein derivatives, Underhill and Hendrix 71

Character of water-soluble nitrogen of common feeding stuffs. Hart and Bentley. 72

Utilization of rice straw, Novelli 72

Analysis of peanut oil cake, Holborow 72

Inorganic fodder 72

Feeding stuffs report, 1914, Kellogg 72

A system of recording types of mating in experimental breeding, Pearl 72

The amount of nutriment required by fattening cattle, Honcamp et al 72

Fitting cattle for the show-ring, Makin 73

The value of sheep on alfalfa farms in Pecos County, Texas, Minear 73

Reversion in sheep. Heller 73

Resemblance of parents and offspring with respect to twins, Rietz and Roberts. . 73

Preliminary note on wool inhentance, Bailey 74

Feeding olive pomace to swine, Gugnoni 74

Selection of a character showing sex-linked Mendelian inheritance, Pearl 74

The effect of pituitary substance on egg production, Clark 75

Diuresis, the pituitary factor, Cow 75

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Official tests of dairy cows, Well and Hill 76

Cream and milk 76

Dairy bacteriology at the Berne Congress, 1914, Gorini 76

Bacteriological studies on two yellow milk organisms, Hammer 77

Bacteriological studies on the coagulation of evaporated milk, Hammer 78

A study of the manufacture of dairy butter, Anthony 78

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of the division of veterinary science, Roberts 79

Sugar beet poisoning, Kaupp 80

Utility of Abderhalden's procedure for diagnosis of pregnancy, Raebiger et al . . 80

Diagnosis of pregnancy, tuberculosis, and other diseases in animals, Pfeiler 81

Remarks and contribution to anthrax diagnosis, Blau 81

Contribution on the serodiagnosis of glanders, Pfeiler and Scheffler 81

The serodiagnosis of glanders in the Dutch East Indies, Bubberman 81

The diagnostic value of blood examination in glanders, Marcis 81

Tuberculosis in the ass, Schlegel 82

Immunizing tests with tubercle bacilli dissolved by lecithin, Lindermann 82

Abortin, Haase 82

Piroplasmosis in cattle in Himgary in 1913 and means of control, Wolldk 82

Hog cholera with particular reference to shoat typhoid, Standfuss 82

Remarks on the hog cholera question. — II, Concerning shoat typhoid, Joest. . . 82

Facts about so-called hog cholera cures and specifics, Stange and Cole 82

The biology of trachina, Schmidt, Ponomarer and Savelier 83

The etiology of pyemic arthritis in foals, Schofield 83

A disease of pigeons in which Bacillus paratyphosus B was found, Zingle 83

Diphtheria bacilli in birds, Spiegelberg 83

RURAL ENGINEERING.

A treatise on water supply, Friedrich 83

Good water for farm homes, Freeman 83

Water supply 84

Biochemical and engineering aspects of sanitary water supply, Fuller 84

Water power on the farm, Stanfield - 84

Surface water supply of south Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, 1913. . 84

Profile surveys in Chelan and Methow River basins, Washington 84

Profile surveys in 1914 in Umpgua River basin, Oregon 84

Daily river stages, on the principal rivers, 1911 and 1912, Henry 84

Daily river stages, on the principal rivers, 1913 and 1914, Henry 84

Equipment for current-meter gaging stations, Lyon 84

Vm CONTENTS.

Page.

Final report of the Tumalo irrigatiou project, Oregon, Laurgaard 85

Annual irrigation revenue report for the year 1913-14 85

Two large irrigation projects in Russia, I, NikoUtch 85

Two large irrigation projects in Russia, II, NikoUtch 85

Contribution to the study of irrigation in the Canton of Valais, Chavan 85

Hydrostatic catenary flume on a concrete aqueduct, Muckleston 86

Cost of electric pumping for irrigation 86

A\Tiy drainage of irrigated lands is necessary and how handled, Murjihy 86

Superelevation of curves on highways, Illinois practice, Bilgcr 86

Limestone road materials of Wisconsin, Hotchkiss and Steidtmann 86

Gravel aggregate for concrete, Hatt 87

Effects of alkali on concrete drain tile, Sims and Diecknian 87

Report committee on electricity on the farm, Western States 87

Priming a centrifugal pump, I vens 87

The proposed standardization of farm wagons 88

Tests of potato planters, potato diggers, grain driers, etc., Fischer et al 88

Methods used in constructing a 108-ft. monolithic concrete silo 88

Methods and costs in constructing a combined concrete silo and water tank — 88

Heating greenhouses by hot water, Loeber 88

Safe disposal of human excreta at unscwered homes, Lumsden et al 88

The danger zone on the farm. Sewage disposal 88

Three residential sewage-treatment plants near Cleveland, Mac Do well 88

Experiments on purification of creamery refuse, Crohurst and Weston 89

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Farming and food siipplies in time of war, Rew 89

Systems of farming and the production of food, Middleton 90

The land question and the condition of agricultural labor 90

Farmers and farm laborers 90

Rural credit, cooperation, and organization in Europe, Metcalf and Black 91

Report of cooperative organization branch of Sa.skatchewan 91

International annual of agricultural legislation, 1914 91

[International statL^ics of agriculture] 91

Monthly crof) report 91

Agriculture [in Japan], Sato 92

Agricultural statistics of India, 1912-13 92

AGRICULTtTRAL EDUCATION.

Report of the Mini=itr>' of Industries [of Uruguay] for 1914 92

Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1914 92

Agricultural education in the niral schools of Ohio, Ivins 92

The teaching of household management, Van Deusen 92

Relationship of the school garden to the classroom 92

Care of school gardens during summer vacat ion 93

Home projects as an adjunct to agricultural instruction, DeWolfe and Steeves. . 93

"Home credits " for high school work, Bcpg 93

Outlines for thirty-six lessons in agriculturo, Davis 93

Agricultural laboratory manual : Sidls, Sell 94

Suggestive outUnes on corn, Atherton 93

[The preparation and mounting of plants and seeds] 94

Swine judging for beginners, Coffey 94

Coiirse of study in hoxisehold acc<iuntinp;, Schofield 94

School room work for club members and others. Barton 94

Household exhibits at fairsj AlUson 94

Reorganization of farmers' institutes 94

hist of workers in agriculture and home economics in the U. S. Department of

Agriculture and in the state agricultaral colleges and experiment stations. . 94

MISCELLANEOUS.

Thirty-eighth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1914 95

Twentv-seventh Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1914 95

Biennial Report of North Carolina Station, 1913-14 95

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 95

Guide to buildings and grounds 95

A note book of agricultural facta and figures, compiled by Wood 95

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Press Bui. 78, June 15, 1915 . . 65

California Station:

Circ. 134, July, 1915 60

Circ. 135, Aug., 1915 76

Circ. 136, Aug., 1915 36

Circ. 137, Sept., 1915 53

Connecticut State Station:

An. Rpt. 1914, pt. 6 52, 95

Illinois Station:

Circ. 181, Apr., 1915 22

Circ. 182, May, 1915 40

Soil Bpt. 11, June, 1915 15

Iowa Station:

Research Bui. 18, Dec, 1914. . 19

Research Bui. 19, Jan., 1915. . 78

Research Bui. 20, Jan., 1915. . 77

Circ. 25, Aug., 1915 82

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 68, Mar., 1915 40

Off. Insp. 69, Apr., 1915 76

Off. Insp. 70, June, 1915 67

Off. Insp. 71, July, 1915 76

Maryland Station:

Twenty-seventh An. Rpt.,1914 95

Nebraska Station:

Bui. 154, Aug. 15, 1915 57

New Jersey Stations:

Bui. 276, Jan. 30, 1915 64

Bui. 277, Jan. 30, 1915 44

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 283, rev., June, 1915 40

New York State Station:

Circ. 28, Mar. 9, 1914 42

Circ. 29, May 10, 1914 41

Circ. 30, June 15, 1914 62

Circ. 31, Nov. 15, 1914 42

Circ. 32, Nov. 20, 1914 42

Circ. 33, Jan. 25, 1915 42

Circ. 34, Jan. 20, 1915 42

Circ. 35, Jan. 25, 1915 40

Circ. 36, Jan. 20, 1915 36

Circ. 37, Feb. 15, 1915 42

Circ. 38, Mar. 20, 1915 41

Circ. 39, Apr. 20, 1915 35

Circ. 40, Apr. 30, 1915 41

Circ. 41, June 21, 1915 65

Circ. 42, Aug. 2, 1915 95

North Carolina Station:

Bien. Rpt. 1913-14 49, 52, 53, 79

Stations in the United States — ^Continued.

North Dakota Station: Page.

Bui. 112, May, 1915 39

Bui. 113, May, 1915 37

Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 20,

Sept., 1915 67

Circ. 8, Sept., 1915 35

Ohio Station:

Circ. 154, May 15, 1915 59

Pennsylvania Station:

Bui. 135, July, 1915 78

Virginia Station:

Tech. Bui. 9, May, 1915 54

Washington Station:

Bui. 123, July, 1915 39

West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui.,
vol. 3, No. 6, Sept., 1915. . . 95

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 4, No. 6,

Sept., 1915 20, 50, 73

Bui. 271, Dates of Egypt and the

Sudan, S. C. Mason 43

Bui. 272, The Southern Cypress,
W. R.Mattoon 46

Bui. 276, The Pea Apliis With
Relation to Forage Crops, J. J.
Davis 62

Bui. 278, Miscellaneous Insecticide
Investigations, E. W. Scott and
E.H. Siegler 60

Bui. 280, Food Habits of the
Thrushes of the United States,
F. E.L. Beal 59

Bui. 283, The Production of Sul-
phuric Acid and a Proposed New
Method of Manufacture, W. H.
Waggaman 9

Farmers' Bui. 680, Varieties of
Hard Spring \Mieat, C. R. Ball
andJ.A. Clark 39

Farmers' Bui. 685, The Native

Persimmon, W. F. Fletcher. ... 43

List of Workers in Subjects Per-
taining to Agriculture and Home
Economics in the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture and in the
State Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations 94

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 1, No. 5,
Sept. 15, 1915 91

X

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Departmeat of Agriculture — Contd.

Forest Service: Pae®-

Handbook for Campers in the
National Forests in Califor-
nia 46

National Forest Areas, Mar.

31,1915 46

Weather Bureau:

Daily Hiver States, 1911-12,
pt.ll 84

Daily River Stages, 1913-14,

pt.l2 84

Scientific Contributions: o

A New and Improved Form of
Kjeldahl Distillation Appa-
ratus, A. D. Holmes 10

Determination of Small Quan-
tities of Hydrocyanic Acid,
A. Viehoever and C. O.
Johns 11

Field Tests with Salicylic Al-
dehyde, O. Schreiner and
J. J. Skinner 20

Composition of Certain Fiah
Fertilizers from the Pacific
Coast, J. R. Lindemuth 28

Specific Action of Methyl Glv-
cocoU vs. Glycocoll, 0.
Schreiner and J.J. Skinner. . 31

Dry-farming Investigations in
the United States, L. J.
Briggs 34

Conditions Affecting the
Health and Productiveness
of the Cranbeny, C. L.
Shear 42

Successful Long-difitance Ship-
ment of Citnis Pollen, Maude
Kellerman 43

Washington Navel Orange, A.

D. Shamel 43

Rosa hugonis, a New Hardy
Yellow Rose from China,
D. Fairchild 45

The Forests of the United
States, L. Lundgren 46

Effect of Temperature on
Yield of Products in Dis-
tillation of Hardwood, R. C.
Palmer 48

A Conspectus of Bacterial
Diseases of Plants, E. F.
Smith 49

Tests on the Durability of
Greenheart, C. J. Humpnrey 56

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Continued.

Spraying Scheme for Insect Page-
Pests on Citrus Trees in
Florida, W. W. Yothera 60

Podisma frigida in Alaska, A.
N.CaudeU 61

Descriptions of New American
Thysanopteraj J. D. Hood . . 61

On Some American JEolothri-
pidff, J. D. Hood 62

New Thysanoptera from Flor-
ida and Louisiana, J. D.
Hood and C. B. Williams. . . 62

Pvralida; of Bermuda, H. G.
"Dj-ar 63

Two Now Lepidoptera from
the Antilles, H.G. Dvar 64

New American Lepiaoptera
Chiefly from Mexico, H. G.
Dyar 64

A New SimuUum from Texas,

F. Knab 64

The Deer Botflies (genua Ceph-
enomyia), J. M. Aldrich 64

A New Genus of Tachinidae
from the Canadian North-
west, H. E. Smith 64

A Polistiform Genus of Mus-
coid Flies, C. H. T. Town-
send 65

An Acalyptrate Genus of Mus-
coidea, C.H.T. Townsend.. 65

New Masiceratidae and Dexii-
dae from South America,
C. H. T. Townsend 65

A Genus of Hvstriciine Flies
with ^\'hite Maggots, C. H.
T. Townsend 65

Some West Indian Diptera,
F. Knab... 65

New Canadian and Alaskan
Muscoidea, C. H. T. Town-
send 65

New Andean Spallanzaniine

Flies C. H. T. Townsend.. 65

New Peruvian Hvstriciine
Flies, C.H.T. Townsend... 65

A New Species of Pseudom-
phale from Chile, A. A. Gir-
ault 66

A New Genus of Canestriniidae,
N.Banks 66

Reversion in Sheep, L. L.
Heller 73

ILLUSTRATION.

Fio. 1. Improved form of Kjeldahl apparatus, with offset burner.

10

a Printed in soicntiflc and technical publicat ions outside the Deportment.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. January, 1916. No. 1.

Meetings of agricultural workers to consider matters relating to
their special fields or to their regions have become more common, and
such group gatherings will quite likely form an increasingly impor-
tant feature. They are an expression of the common bond of interest,
and of the advantage of a closer association and more intimate under-
standing of one another's work than can be maintained otherwise.
Often they furnish almost the only means of developing and har-
monizing methods of procedure and bringing about a closer union
of effort.

In the Southern States an Association of Southern Agricultural
Workers has been in existence for many years, and has had consider-
able influence on the development of agricultural work and legisla-
tion. Starting as an organization of state departments of agricul-
ture, it has steadily expanded until it includes the various groups of
workers in the agricultural colleges, and especially such as have to do
with experimentation and the effective dissemination of its results.

This association held its seventeenth annual convention at the Uni-
versity of Tennessee, in the middle of November. The program
covered two days, for a part of which the convention broke up into
sections for agronomy and live stock. The attendance was a repre-
sentative one, and a very live interest was manifested throughout
the meeting in the various topics under discussion. A part of one
afternoon was spent in going over the interesting plat and field work
of the experiment station, which gave opportunity for discussion of
methods and results ; and an evening was occupied with an exhibition
of live stock of the university and station, illustrating the purpose
and some of the results of the breeding work with horses, mules, and
cattle.

The meeting was not only an enjoyable one for those in attendance,
bringing them into closer fellowship, but was felt to be a highly
profitable one from the standpoint of the various types of work rep-
resented. The enthusiasm developed settled the question which had
arisen as to the advisability of continuing the association. The useful
place it has occupied in the past was acknowledged, and it was urged
that it should be broadened rather than discontinued, addressing

1

2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

itself to the special problems of the region without in any way dupli-
cating or detracting from the efforts of the national Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. The next
meeting is to be held at New Orleans in January, 1917. The presi-
dent for the coming year is Dr. W. M. Riggs. of South Carolina,
and the secretary, Prof. D. T. Gray, of the North Carolina Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

The keynote of the convention was the more effective coordination
of experiment station work, a subject which, although considered in
its local application, is of much broader interes-t. It was a feature
of the address of the president, Prof. B. W. Kilgore, was the subject
of a paper by the Chief of this Office and of a report by a special
committee, and was discussed at consideral)le length. In the end it
was endorsed l)y the association as one of its special aims, and two
committees were appointed to promote the plan and report at the
next convention.

In his presidential address Professor Kilgore made a strong plea
for a larger measure of cooperation among station workers — a com-
ing together in an effort to bring about a greater degree of uniformity
in the ph\nning and conihut of their work. This was deemed espe-
cially important in the case of groups of States having similar agri-
cultural conditions. "Individual effort and individual loadersliip
are not to be discouraged or discounted,"' he said, " but unity of plans
or efforts are not to be ignored if we are to accomplish our task in
the best way." He explained that heretofore practically all of the
work in agrononi}', for example, has been planned and conducted
independently and with special reference to the State in which it
was carried on, although the results are capable of and are often
given a wider application. "Thei'e has been much duplication of
work in this way, and in addition there has been so little uniformity
in the plans and methods that the residts have not been comparable,
so that we might have the benefit of bringing the experience of all to
bear upon the particular problems under investigation.''

Continuing to use the subject of agronomy to illus-trate his idea.
Professor Kilgore said: ''Our crops, soils, and climate are near
enough alike for us to make a serious effort to get our workers in
agronomy together, with a view of working out uniform plans and
methods for the conduct of the work, so that their results when
obtained may be comparable and so that unnecessary duplication
may l>e prevented. This would not necessarily interfere with indi-
vidual effort, but might be so worked out that men and institiition?
especially qualified and equipped for jiarticular lines of work might
devote themselves especially to these things, leaving other things

EDITORIAL. 3

for other men and institutions to develop, instead of dividing their
efforts and resources between too many subjects."

Such a view of the desirability of coordination and cooperation in
agricultural investigation is not new, although it has not been very
much in evidence. It was one of the topics taken up at the first
convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges
and Experiment Stations, in 1887. A committee appointed to report
upon its feasibility pointed out some of the difficulties at that early
stage, growing out of the immature plans of the stations and the
lack of leadership. But the committee suggested that the stations
which were planning to work in a given subject, as dairying for
example, should consult together and seek the counsel of specialists.
And it pointed to the opportunity which field experiments offer for
stations to work under a uniform or harmonious plan.

At a later meeting of the association, held in Knoxville in 1889,
the desirability of making up circles or sections comprising stations
interested in common lines was set forth, as a means of unifying the
work. At that meeting a committee further emphasized the ad-
vantages of cooperation, pointing out the great opportunity for
united or coordinated effort, and very properly suggesting that it be
voluntary between States having common interests and conditions.

From time to time cooperative efforts of limited scope have been
arranged, but in spite of the theoretical advantages of some degree of
coordination, if it could be accomplished, the inherent difficulties
of such an undertaking, accentuated by a marked feeling of indi-
viduality and separateness with respect to their work, has resulted
in the stations conducting their efforts mainly on an independent
basis. This is true despite great similarity in conditions and prob-
lems, and a common purpose as public institutions. "While there has
been exchange of views and discussion of methods of experimenta-
tion, as far as the conduct or the unifying of such work is concerned
there has been nearly or quite as much independence as between the
unaffiliated research institutions of the country.

The question naturally arises after more than a quarter of a cen-
tury of such independent activity as to whether the apparent ad-
vantage of a closer coordination is a theoretical and imaginary one,
or whether it has actual possibilities.

It is admitted that in the simpler forms of experimental work
there has been much duplication and repetition, considerable of it
beyond doubt unnecessary and without material advantage to the
progress of the inquiries themselves. It can scarcely be doubted that
there has been considerable lost motion and wasted energy, except
that it has helped to train experimenters and to provide local demon-
strations. It has been frequently contended in the past that to carry

4 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

conviction locally the facts must be presented through experiments
by the local station, and this has been the excuse for a kind of experi-
mental work which in reality lies in the field of demonstration. Ex-
periments which merely demonstrate locall}^ facts already developed,
without adding anything to the understanding of the factors that
limit or aflPect them, aim to teach and are now in the province of the
extension service rather than of the experiment station.

In the past there has been no comprehensive general plan beyond
the individual stations. As a result they have not supplemented each
other in their work and extended their findings in the most effective
way. Because the work has been so independent and individualistic,
it has frequently not connected up in a way to fully cover the ground
or be entirely conclusive as far as it went. Sometimes it has not
seemed to take full account of the work and the results elsewhere.
This is apparent to any one who examines the combined product of
the past, or attempts to sninniari/e or digest it. As time goes on the
weak spots are strengthened and the omissions filled in. but in the
meantime it remains patchy.

The extent to which unwarranted duplication and repetition are
carried on has been a fiequent subject of criticism of our stations,
and has sometimes led outsiders to infer that the proportion of new
or original work was relatively small. The necessity for repetition,
especially under a suflicicnt variety of conditions, is not to bo (lues-
tioned, but at the present stage its defense lies in a well-directed
attempt to verify doubtful points or add to the information. Tho
economic results will hardly be twice the same in tho same locality,
because the economic relations are subject to constant change: and
strictly local features and conditions will often affect the general
results of other classes of experiments to a considerable degree.
These facts impose a practical limitation on the extent to which
repetition to ascertain within narrow limits the local or current
application of an experiment is feasible.

Manifestly every new experiment ought to be undertaken with
full knowledge of the status of the subject, and so planned as to form
a definite contribution as far as it goes. In order that it may ad<l
its mite to the sum of definite information, it should be conducte<l.
as Director Kilgore has stated, on a basis which will make the result-
comparable with those of other workers. This is especially true, of
course, of the more elementary experiments. These should be on a
basis or plan that will enable direct comparison and summation.
Then new experiments will at least mean additional evidence which
can be applied in strengthening the suggestions or conclusions from
previous experiments. But where the work is done from a too local
standpoint new factors are often introduced or limiting ones left
unchecked which in the end make the experiment stand practically

EDITORIAL. 5

by itself. It may even add confusion, rather than shedding a clearer
light or a deeper understanding.

The individual worker and the individual station can contribute
to the sum of definite information and general understanding in
proportion as their work is sound and is so planned that it can be
correlated and compared and fitted in with the work of others. Alone
it is rarely complete and final. The accumulation of data, as an end
in itself, is of little general value unless the data are secured under
conditions which make them comparable with other data and obser-
vations. It is for this reason that much attention is given to uni-
form methods of analysis and accepted details of technique.

As to the opportunity for a greater degree of cooperation and
coordination in agricultural experimentation, the similarity of the
subjects requiring investigation and experiment in the different
natural regions leaves little ground for question. This opportunity
is reinforced by an examination of the programs under which the
various stations are working. Many problems are, of course, so
fundamental in their nature that the results apply to the whole coun-
try. Others, however, embody more strictly local or regional as-
pects. They do not stop at state boundaries, and the State is not the
most effective unit in working them out. Frequently they are being
worked upon by a considerable number of stations quite independ-
ently and without knowledge of one another's activities until after
publication.

There has often been a feeling that a station's efforts should not be
too restricted but should cover the main lines and leading problems
in its State. This is doubtless in part responsible for a similarity
of the questions studied in States having much in common. With a
greater uniformity in planning the danger of unprofitable duplication
would be lessened, and the combined effort would go farther in
advancing the subject.

This is primarily what the association had in mind and is aiming
to bring about. A committee from the live stock section presented
a report which dealt specifically with the subject of feeding. The
report contained some pertinent and helpful suggestions as to the
organization of feeding experiments, and the method of conducting
and reporting them. It suggested also a coordination of the work
in that line, with a possible division of the field or of topics to be
studied. In order to make the results of feeding studies more ap-
plicable to given regions, it was suggested that the Southern States
be divided into four natural groups, the work in each to be planned
especially with reference to that group of States.

The discussion at the Knoxville meeting evidently had the experi-
mental work especially in mind, rather than the advanced types of

6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

investigation in which the qualities supplied by the individual con-
stitute a large element in success. We recognize effective original
research as essentially an individual product. But in this field also,
there is probably opportunity at times for a coordination or division
of effort which would conserve time and employ the various par-
ticipants to the best advantage, so that the work of each would be
productive and would avoid unprofitable duplication.

In general science, men of special originality and genius have
developed new lines of thought or made epoch-making discoveries in
moments of inspiration or by close, concentrated study. Similarily
in agricultural investigation, the product of certain men stands out
in a way that has stamped them as leaders of thought. There are
others apparently of less originality but of painstaking industry
whose efforts have contributed to the advancement of research by
exact observations and careful records, following along lines sug-
gested by the theories of others. Their work supplements and con-
firms or tests the generalizations or theories whidi have been put
forward, and it extends the basis for exact knowledge or its applica-
tion. Their most useful work is often in this field, at least until
they have developed a theory or point of attack which justifies em-
barking on a new and independent line of investigation.

If some feasible means could be provided for more effective coor-
dination in research, or some way by which through mutual agree-
ment certain phases of a subject could be divided and portions under-
taken by groups of inve>;tigators working under a common under-
standing, we should make progress more rapidly, for the promise
of well rounded and connected investigation would Ikj increased.
There would be less likelihood of working at cross-purposes, or of
efforts which in the end prove ineffective and largely negative.

A recent writer in Natvrtu discussing the desiraltility of coopera-
tion in research, comments on the disconnected character of the pub-
lished accounts of scientific work. He says : " The proceedings of our
learned societies, from the Royal Society downward, and of the
technical institutions as well, are a record of an ever-increasing num-
ber of papers on subjects for the time being attracting attention, but
which are quite detached in their manner of dealing with it. . . .
Certain discoveries and papers stand out as landmarks, and epoch-
making. On the other hand, it is impossible to avoid asking the
question whether nuuh of the work of those who may perhajis l>e
described as the privates and officers of lower rank in the scientific
army could not have been made to yield more valuable results if it
had been better coordinated and directed."

The article suggests that the learned societies might contribute to
the efficiency of investigation by helping to direct individual workers
to lines of investigation converging in certain useful directions or

EDITORIAL. 7

around certain topics. " Valuable work might be done by the forma-
tion in these societies of committees of investigation, composed of
small groups of members or fellows charged with the special duty of
following out some particular line of experimental or theoretical
work, and publishing the result as the joint work of the conunittee and
not of individual members of it. Such committees have often been
formed and done much valuable work." The writer admits that
"no doubt such cooperative work requires an amount of self -sup-
pression which is not widely distributed," but he adds that organiza-
tion is necessary in most important undertakings, and that all team
work has the advancement of the common end in mind rather than
the individual.

To be effective and lasting, collaboration or coordination of work
must, of course, be voluntary with the institutions. Each collabora-
tor needs to be a real integi-al part of the joint undertaldng, and to
have a degree of responsibility and of latitude which will stimulate
him to make his part a constructive effort. By relating the workers
having an interest in a common problem, it should be possible to
stimulate the spirit of inquiry and to make investigation more
effective. There is a certain zeal which arises from such co-partner-
ship or association, and a responsibility which the relation suggests.

The step taken by the Southern Agricultural Workers is a more
definite one in this direction than any previous movement. The
association was clear in its conviction that such an end was highly
desirable, and expressed confidence in its feasibility. It adopted a
resolution directing that " committees be appointed to correlate and
coordinate the work of the experiment stations with the purpose of
preventing unnecessary duplication and expenditure," suggesting
that to the former committee on .live stock experiments one be added
for agronomy. These committees were appointed, and upon them
will devolve the responsibility of carrying forward the idea.

It is realized that it is not feasible or advisable to attempt to
standardize investigation, and that we can ill afford to make our
experimental work stereotyped. Neither would it be wise to sub-
ordinate a majority of the investigators in a manner to suppress
their initiative or make them routine factors under a large directing
organization. This is not the purpose, and is not believed to be
inherent in the plan.

There is every encouragement at this time to develop plans which
will give permanent additions to the common store of knowledge, and
as large a degree of finality in the results as it is feasible to attain.
The necessity for haste in agricultural investigation is not as great
as would sometimes appear from the cross-cut methods which have
been followed. The stations may fairly be recognized as permanent
15419°— No. 1—16 2

8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

institutions. They exist not alone for their respective States but in
the aggregate for the country as a whole and for the science of
agriculture.

Deliberate planning, with full knowledge of what other workers
have done and have under way, is time saved in the end. The
analysis of such plans and methods and constructive criticism by
competent committees might do much to strengthen the attack and
make the work more effective. And the mature suggestions of a
committee for working together on common problems, or harmoniz-
ing the independent efforts of the stations of a region, can hardly
fail to be helpful and to command attention.

It will be a matter of much interest and gratification to all friends
of the agricultural experiment stations to know that the memory of
the late William TI. Hatch has been honored by the erection of a
stately monument in his home city. Although a testimonial to the
affection and appreciation of his townsmen and friends, it has more
than a local significance, for it perpetuates the memory of one who
was long a national figure, and who occupies a high place in the his-
tory of agricultural advancement.

The monument consi.sts of a stone pedestal surmounted by a large
bronze figure of Colonel Hatch. It stands in Central Park at Hanni-
bal, Missouri, where he had resided for fifty years. It was erected
through the efforts of a memorial association in the fall of r.U4, Init
it became necessary to delay its dedication until the past fall. The
dedication exercises were held October 20. 1015. with addresses by
speakers prominent in local and jjolitical life.

Colonel Hatch died December 23, 1890. He did not live to see the
great work set in motion by the act which bears his name come into
full fruition, but he saw something of the realization of its possi-
bilities, and he took nuuh pride and satisfaction in the national de-
velopment of the exi)erinu>nt station idea. Xo man could wish a more
noble or enduring nionuuient than that w hich links his name w ith the
establishment of the American system of experiment stations, repre-
sented in every State by a permanent institution. There has been no
more significant and far-reaching step for the advancement of Ameri-
can agriculture in any time. There have been other great mea.sure,'^.
before and since the " Hatch .Vet," but because it 1)r(night the ]irevious
ones into fulfillment and laid tlie foundation which made succeeding
ones a natural sequence, the measure stands out conspicuous as an
epoch-making one in American agriculture.

If Colonel Hatch builded belter than he knew it is because the de
velopments with and out of the experiment stations already have .sur
passed the vision of the men of his day. His name will V)e reinem
bered with great hon(»r as one wjio saw the significance of an experi
ment station system niitl made possible its attainment.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The production of sulphuric acid and a proposed new method of manu-
facture, W, H. Waggaman (C7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 283 {1915), pp. 39, fig. 1).—
The first pages of this bulletin deal with a general consideration of the manu-
facture of sulphuric acid, statistical data and discussions of the principles of the
two general methods of manufacture — the contact process and the lead-chamber
process — being given. A critical discussion is given of a number of modifica-
tions of the chamber process which have been employed more or less successfully
to secure a thorough mixing of the gases involved in the reaction and for con-
trolling their temperature, these two conditions being essential for the efficient
operation of a plant.

The author describes a new modification of the chamber process for the manu-
facture of sulphuric acid. This modified method is designed to secure a complete
mixture of the gases and control of the temperature without the use of excessive
and complicated apparatus. It is stated that while the 7nethod has been tried out
only in the laboratory, the results obtained indicate that it would probably be
successful if worked on a factory scale.

" This method is based on the fact that if a mixture of warm gases is drawn
downward through a special flue their resistance to the downward pull, together
with the constant change of their course, will tend to mix them very intimately,
and unless the internal diameter of the flue is too great there will be practically
no zones of inactivity in the apparatus. Moreover, the constant impinging of
the gases on the walls of the spiral flue, which can be cooled either by air or
water, makes it practicable to maintain the gases at a temperature most favor-
able for the efiicient yield of sulphuric acid."

The process was carried out in the laboratory as follows: The air, steam,
sulphur dioxid, and oxids of nitrogen were given a preliminary mixing by being
passed through a 200 cc. test tube containing a small amount of water heated
to boiling. The mixed gases were then drawn into the lead spiral, which takes
the place of the lead chambers in the process as ordinarly carried out. Most
of the sulphuric acid produced in the system was formed in the lead coil, which
was heated to about 90° C. The residual gases were then passed through ab-
sorption bulbs containing strong nitric acid to absorb the sulphur dioxid which
had escaped oxidation in the spiral. Full data are given regarding the quan-
tities of sulphuric acid produced in these laboratory experiments.

In considering the construction of a sulphuric-acid plant based on the appa-
ratus described, the author states that the lead spiral is intended to replace only
the lead chambers and intermediate towers and is not intended to replace the
Glover or Gay-Lussac towers. Application has been made for a public-service
patent covering the process.

The appendix of the publication contains a classification of brief abstracts of
American patents on the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Hardened oils, E. Mellana {Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], 1 {1914), No. 9-10,
pp. 381-387) .—Cotton seed, soy bean, kapok seed, whale, and sperm oils were
hydrogenated, nickel being used as the catalyst, and the properties of the re-

9

10

EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

suiting products were compared with those of the original oils. The hy-
drogenated oils gave the respective color reactions for marine animal and seed
oils, although Halphen's and Milleau's reactions for cotton-seed and kapok-seed
oils in the hardened fats made therefrom gave negative results. Nickel was
present in all of the products.

The catalytic reduction of oleic acid and cotton-seed oil by means of
hydrogen in presence of finely divided nickel, T. W. A. Shaw (Jonr. Soc.
Chem. Indus., 33 (1911,), No. 15, pp. 711-774, figs. 2).— A digest of the data

obtained by hydrogenating oleic acid
and cotton-seetl oil at diminished and
increased pressures.

A new and improved form of Kjeldahl
distillation apparatus, A. D. Holmes
(Jour. Indus, ami Enfjin. Chcm., 6 (lOlJf),
No. 12, pp. 1010-1012, figs. 3; 7 (1915),
No. S. pp. 693, 69.',, fig. l).—\ descrip-
tion of an apparatus and a modification
thereof with which it is possible to make
ten or more distillations at one time.
The condensers are so arrange<l that
each one Is entirely .separate and may be
remove<l without disturbing the oi^ra-
tion of the others. All gas and water
taps are also .separate. The modified ap-
paratus, which can be set up on a labo-
ratory table of the usual height and still
not be t<»o high to be used by a person of
.small stature. Is shown in figure 1, to-
gether with a horizontal offset burner
which may be used in connection with it.
Notes on the colorimetric determi-
nation of phosphorus in soil extracts,
C. K. Mii.r,.\R and F. A. G.vnot.ek {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chrni., 7 (1013), No. 7, p. 619). — From the results obtained
with the Veitch method (E. S. R., 14, p. 833), as perfected by Sclireiner and
Brown (E. S. R., 16, p. o33), "it would appear that if suflicient care is given
to the purity of reagents and to the measuring out of all reagents, determina-
tions of small amounts of phosphorus may be made In soil extracts with
considerable accuracy."

The determination of sulphates in soils, P. E. Brown and E. H. Ket.looo
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7 (1915), No. 8, pp. 686, 687).— The method
described in this article is also fully explained In Research Bulletin IS of the
Iowa Experiment Station, noted on page 19 of this issue.

A method for the titrametric estimation of phytin. W. Heitiner and H.
Stadtj;r (Biochcm. Ztschr., 6.', (191^), No. 4-6, pp. 422-432) .—Phytic aci«l in
100 cc. of a solution of 0.6 per cent hydrochloric acid can be determined with
a 0.0.5 to 0.2 per cent ferric chlorid solution which al.so contains an equivalent
amount of 0.6 per cent hydrochloric acid, employing 0.03 ix>r cent annnonlum
sulphocyanld solution as an Indicator. Each milligram of iron Is equivalent to
1.19 mg. of phytin phosphorus. Titrations can be made In the presence of in-
organic phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid esters, since the.se are not precipi-
tated by iron in an acid solution, provided they are not In a great excess over
phytin.

£2,

Flo. 1. — Improved form of Kjeldahl appa-
ratus, with offset burner.

AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. H

Estimation of aldoses. — I, The action of neutral sodium hypo-iodite, N.
Bland and L. L. Lloyd (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., S3 (1914), No. 19, pp. 948,
949). — The action of sodium hypo-iodite upon formaldelij'de was first studied.
It was found satisfactory for estimating formaldehyde but not for paraformal-
dehyde. The sugars studied were dextrose, levulose, sucrose, lactose, and mal-
tose. Only sugars containing an aldehyde group reacted wuth neutral hypo-iodite.
The results for dextrose varied from 96.4 to 99.7 per cent, average 98.8 ; for
lactose, 99.1 to 99.4, average 99.3; and maltose 99.9 to 101.8, average 100.2.
Sucrose (pure and chemically pure) when hydrolyzed gave a higher result, in-
creasing with the purity of the sucrose.

Attempts are being made to apply the methods to the examination of starch
and dextrin products employed for sizing purposes.

The production of w-hydroxy-cr-methylfurfuraldehyde from carbohydrates
and its influence on the estimation of pentosans and methylpentosans, Maky
Cunningham and C. Doree (Biochem. Jour., S {1914), ^0. 4, PP- 438-447)- —
" w-Hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde is formed by the action of dilute hydro-
chloric acid on hexoses, starch, and the celluloses. Its amount varies from one
to two per cent. Owing to its slow formation, it does not interfere with tlie
accuracy of pentosan estimations made by the Krober phloroglucinol method, if
aniline acetate is used as the indicator. Its occurrence, however, renders pre-
viously made estimations of methylpentosan of doubtful value. It is probably
the unknown substance giving a precipitate with phloroglucinol referred to by
previous worliers, and its presence explains many of their observations."

Determination of rhamnose in the presence of other methylpentoses, E.
VoTOcEK and R. Potme^il (Bui. Soc. Chim. France, 4- ser., 15-16 {1914), No.
13, pp. 634-639). — I^hamnose is converted into cyanhydrin by hydrocyanic acid,
and cyanliydriu when hydrolyzed yields 5-rhamno-hexonic acid, which is oxi-
dized with heat bj' nitric acid to mucic acid. On completion of oxidation the
solution is evaporated to one-third of its volume on a water bath and allowed to
stand for three days in the cold, the sides of the container being rubbed with a
glass rod at intervals. The crystalline mucic acid obtained is washed with a
little water, dried, and weighed, 45.5 parts of mucic acid representing 100 parts
of anhydrous rhamnose. When other methylpentoses are present, for instance
rhodeose, the mucic acid yielded is not so constant, but the method for this
purpose is considered satisfactory enough to estimate the molecular proportion
of rhamnose present in hydrolyzable glucosids.

On the determination of small quantities of hydrocyanic acid, A. A^iehoevkb
and C. O. Johns {Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 37 {1915), No. S, pp. 601-S01).—ln
some work on cyanogenetic plants it was found necessary to have a method
for estimating small quantities of hydrocyanic acid. The Prussian blue method,
when modified, was found to meet the demands of the work when certain
precautions are taken.

" Before concentrating the hydrocyanic acid solution, as in the case of a dis-
tillate, the portion to be tested should contain a slight excess of free sodium
hydroxid. "We used 0.02 to 0.1 gm. This solution is then concentrated in a
round-bottom flask of 200 cc. capacity by using a vacuum pump and condenser.
The heat is supplied by immersing the flask in a water bath kept below 70°. To
avoid any loss by spattering the flask is fitted to the condenser by means of an
adapter such as is used in the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitro-
gen. We concentrate until less than 1 cc. of liquid remains in the flask.

" From 0.2 to 0.5 cc. of 3 per cent freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution
and about 0.05 gm. of potassium fluorid are then added. The flask is exhausted
at once by means of a water vacuum pump. The contents are mixed by rotating

12 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

the flask. After five to ten minutes the flask is detached from the pump and
the mixture acidified with 30 per cent nitric acid. The blue color appears at
once. Where only traces of hydrocyanic acid are present it is sometimes neces-
sary to warm to about 50° in a water bath before the color appears. The sus-
pension is then diluted to a volume that would give a color density convenient
to compare with a suspension of Prussian blue made from a known weight of
potassium cyanid.

"As a standard we used a suspension of Prussian blue made from 1 mg. of
potassium cyanid. Such a suspension diluted to 25 cc. gave a color of con-
venient density. For comparison we u.sed a Duboscq oohirimeter.

" If the cyanid solution to be tested was sufliciently concentrated so that
further evaporation was unneces.sary, the test could be made in a test tube. We
kept the air out by means of a stopper and rotated the tube only enou;:h to mix
the reagents, allowing the mixture to stand five to ten minutes before acidifying.
Much shaking must be avoided to prevent excessive oxidation of the ferrous
hydroxid. . . .

"The maximum quantity of Prussian blue can be obtained from a cyanid
only when the volume of the .<;ohitlon to be tested is sufficiently small, as has
been indicated by P>erl and Delpy and by Lander and Walden. In the test for
a cyunld It Is better to acidify with nitric or sulphuric acid than with hydro-
chloric, since an excess of the latter tends to pnnluce a green color. Any con-
siderable exce.ss of ferric .salts should Im» avoidetl In testing for a cyanid.
Application of heat Is not necesjyiry In testing for a cyanid by the metho<l
descrlbe<l. The presence of certain salts, particularly potassium fluorld, In the
liquid to be teste«l. has proved to be of great advantage. The methixl furnishes
a very delicate qualitative test for the presence of a cyanid. The method Is
suitable for the estimation of very small quantities of a cjanld In distillates.
The test as descrlln^l herein can be applle<l mlcrochemlcally to sections of
cynnogoiiotic plants."

Examination of tomato pulp, W. I). Bioetx)w and F. F. Fitzoekai.d {Jour.
Indus, and Kngin. Chan., 7 (1915), No. 7, pp. 602-606) .—Tomato pulp Is pr«^
pared In large quantities for the manufacture of ketchup and pulp. While the
greater part of the pulp placed on the market Is made from whole tomatoes,
there are a number of plants that manufacture pulp from trimming stock In
connection with the canning of tomat«ws ; It accordingly becomes Important to
be able to dlstingui.sh the two kinds of pulp by a lalxiratory examination. As
the result of this Investigation a basis was found whereby differentiation could
be acconipIish(^l.

If the specific gravity or index of refraction of the filtrate prepared from the
pulp of unknown origin and the percentage of .solids In the pulp by drying do
not agree with the relation between the determinations given In a table In-
cluded In the text, It may be assumed that the sample under examlnatlou was
not prepared from whole tomatoes, or that some other substance, such as salt,
has been a»lde<l. Moreover, trinunlng stcx^k pulp rarely conforms to the rela-
tions found In whole tomato pulp. For Instance, the Insoluble solids are usually
higher and the acid lower.

A descriiitlon of the method used In the Investigation Is given.

The judging of milk. C. J. Konino and W. C. Mooi.t, Jr. (Chem. Weckhl..
11 (1914), No. 24, pp. 51&~550, flgg. .j).— This discusses the variations In thr»
milk constituents and physical characteristics as Influenced by temperature, re-
moval of the animal from the barn or pasture, change of feed. Individual pecu-
liarities, estrutn. milking i»ersonnel. thoroughnoss of milking, dl.'»eas«>s. calving,
Insufilcicnt «lrlnklng water, time of taking water, flies, and unknown ca»isos. It
also demonstrates the value of certain tests (fat. specific gravity, total solids.

AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY AGROTECHNY. 13

fat-free dry substance, polarization, sediment, acidity, freezing point, chlorin,
chlorid of calcium serum refraction, and nitrates) for determining tlie quality
of milk.

The difiEerentiation of animal from plant fats, with special reference to
Welman's reaction and the utility of Welman's reagent for differentiating
butter and margarin, Bieemann {Ztschr. Veterindrk., 26 (1914), No. 4, pp.
168-170). — Welman's test is not deemed satisfactory for distinguishing animal
from plant fats. It can, however, be used for detecting margarin in butter.
The method is much easier to conduct than the furfural or Reichert-Meissl tests.

Estimation of saccharose in frozen and thawed beets, E. Satllakd {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 12, pp. 361-363; Jour. Agr. Prat, n.
ser., 28 (1915), No. 38, pp. 266-268). — ^Beets which were frozen were found to
contain one or more substances which could be hydrolyzed with hydrochloric
acid at 69° C, but not with invertase at 50 to 55°.

The comparative study of different methods of inversion (Clerget, Herz-
feld, modified Herzfeld, Andrlik, Pellet, Saillard, and Ogilvie), M. A. Gillet
(Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 31 (1914), No. 12, pp. 992-1004) .—It was
found that direct alkaline polarization by the Clerget and Herzfeld methods and
acid inversion polarization do not give accurate results. This is due to the inter-
ference of optically active substances which in all probability are amino acids.
Acid direct polarization employing hydrochloric acid and urea will give accu-
rate results with beet molasses, but the method is not deemed practical because
it necessitates rapid working in order to prevent inversion of sucrose by the
acid. Sulphurous acid, when employed according to the method suggested by
Pellet and Ogilvie in 1912, will give identical results and with less trouble.
The neutral double polarization proposed by Saillard is satisfactory but is difficult
to conduct, and can not, therefore, be used in routine factory work. The in-
vertase method of Ogilvie gives results which agree closely with those yielded
with the Pellet and Andrlik modifications. The most accurate and practical
method is deemed the Pellet procedure, which uses sulphurous acid in excess
in making the direct polarization.

Reduction of copper oxid in alcohol vapor in reducing sugar deteiinina-
tions and copper analysis, A. Weddebbuen (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7
(1915), No. 7, pp. 610, 611). — The precipitate of suboxid of copper is collected
in an alundum filtering crucible, using Spencer's filtering funnel with suction
and washing with hot water and alcohol. The crucible is then heated to redness
to burn off organic matter, cooled until the redness just begins to disappear,
and immersed in an atmosphere of alcohol vapor. The reduction to metallic
copper is said to be almost instantaneous and complete, and the results obtained
are identical with those by reduction in hydrogen, closely approximating the
electrolytic method.

Ether-soluble matter in the nitrogen-free extract of feedstuffs, J. B.
Rather (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 7, pp. 613-615). —
Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 709).

The determination of lint in cotton-seed meal, R. N. Beackett (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 7, pp. 611, 612). — The determination of lint
in cotton-seed meal has been found impracticable by the methods heretofore
proposed. What appeared to be a better procedure consists in dissolving the
lint in zinc chlorid solution.

METEOROLOGY.

Text-book of meteorology, J. von Hann and R. StJBiNG (Lehrhuch der
Meteorologie. Leipsic: C. H. Tauchnitz, 1915, 3. rev. ed., pp. XIV +847, pis. 28,
figs. 108).— In this edition the plan followed in one of the earlier editions of

14 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECOBD.

giving copious references to literature and full reviews of investigations has
been adhered to. A very thorough revision bringing the book well up to date
has been made, the associate author assisting in the work of general correction
and contributing new chapters relating to temperature of the upper air, aerologj-.
cloud forms, and atmospheric electricity.

The practical utility of a world bureau of meteorology, W. M. Hays and
H. H. Clayton {Symons' Met. Mag., 49 {19U), Xo. 5S6, pp. 176-178).— The
advantages of such a bureau are set forth. The first of these is " to increase
materially the value of the crop estimates of each country, and also of the
world area estimates by taking account of the influences of meteorological hap-
penings as soon after their occurrences as possible. The second is to unify and
greatly improve the meteorological service of each country and of the entire
world."

Climatic subdivisions of the United States, R. DeC. Wabd (Bui. Amer.
Gcorg. Soc, 47 {1915), No. 9, pp. 672-680, figs. 5). — Various .schemes of sub-
division which have bi'en proposeil by others are nottxl and the es.sentials of
.such a scheme are defined. It is state<l that climatic variations in the Unite«l
States are meridional rather than latitudinal. It is held that the subdivisions
adopted by the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in its
publications should be used unless there is some very good reason to the con-
trary.

Three great natural topographical and climatic subdivisions of the United
States are defined as follows: "(1) The eastorn, embracing about one-half of
the whole area, extending from east of the Rtx-kj- Mountains to the Atlantic
Ocean and Gulf of Mexico; (2) the western mountjun and plateau district; and
(3) the narrow Pacific slope." Five climatic subdivisions are described as
follows : Eastern, Gulf, Plains. Plateau, and Pacific.

Seasonal limits, F. J. Bbodie {Symomi' Met. Mag., 49 {1914), Xo. 586, pp.
182, 183). — The author maintains that the present designation of the seasons
as comprising groups of .seasons of three months each is un.satisfactory, ami
recommends as a substitute therefor "periods bounded by weeks, assigning,
moreover, a longer period to the sunnner and winter than to the spring and
autumn."

On the occurrence of lunar periods in solar activity and the climate of
the earth, O. Pettersson {Svenska Hydrograf. Biol. Kom. Shrift., 5 [1915],
pp. 20, pi. 1, figs. 36). — From the studies reported in detail in this article, the
author concludes " that our climate underlies an evolution with cyclical changes
ruled by lunar periods. . . . This holds not only for the Scandinavian countries
but ... for that part of Europe which underlies the influence of the Atlantic
ocean. The oceanic circulation is the vehicle of the cosmic agent** which rule
our climate."

Data are presented to show that there is a connection between the sun-sj-tot
periods and variations in climate and weather, both phenomena being " caui*e<l
by changes in the position of the moon's and the earth's orbit, the axes of these
orbits periodically taking up symmetrical, i. e., parallel, and asymmetrical, i. o..
oblique, positions relative to each other."

Distribution and variations in the mean air pressure over Europe, O.
Fbeybe {Laudw. Jnhrb., 47 {1914), Xo. 5, pp. 789-S21, figs. 76).— This subject
Is treated witli reference to its bearing uiwn weather changes and weather
predictions.

Report on meteorological observations at Wisley, 1914. R. H. CtTiTi«
{Jour. Roy. Hort. Koc, 41 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 7.J-S7, figs. .J).— The weather con-
ditions of each month of the year are .summarized and comparisons made witb
the normal.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 15

"Taken as a whole, the year was a dry one, the rainfall being below the
normal amount in seven months of the twelve; but the closing month of the
year was one of almost unparalleled wetness. . . . The year was also a warm one,
and the mean temperature exceeded the average in nine out of the twelve
months, the relatively cool months being those of early summer."

A comparison of the temperature of the air with that of the soil at depths of
1 ft. and 4 ft. showed that " at the moderate depth of 1 ft. the soil retains right
up to the close of the year much of the warmth it absorbs from the summer
sunshine."

Composition of rainfall at Montevideo, 1909-1912, J. Schkoedek {Rev.
Asoc. Rural Uruguay, 44 i.1915), No. 7, pp. 381-391). — Chemical examinations
of the rainfall at the Agronomic Institute of Montevideo (Sayago) for the
whole of 1912 and for parts of 1908 and 1911 are reported.

The total rainfall during 1912 was 1.504 meters (59.21 in.), supplying
7.713 kg. of combined nitrogen per hectare (6.S6 lbs. per acre) of which 3.68 kg.
was ammoniacal nitrogen and 4.033 kg. was in the form of nitrites and
nitrates. The rainfall of 24 months represented by the whole of 1912 and
parts of 1908 and 1911 contained 13.71 kg. of nitrogen per hectare, or 6.855 kg.
annually. The amount of sodium chlorid brought down by the rainfall of
1912 was 87.9 kg. per hectare, and for the 24 months named 165 kg.

The soot- and dust-fall of Eng'lish towns and cities, J. B. C. Keeshaw
(Chem. Trade Jour., 51 (1915), No. U82, pp. 363, 364, fiffs. 2).— Observations on
the soot- and dust-fall of twelve English towns and cities during periods vary-
ing from three to twelve months are reported. The average fall per month
varied from 5.45 tons per square mile for Malvern to 79.79 tons for Oldham.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Pike County soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosieb, E. Van Axstine, and F. W.
Gakbett {lUinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 11 {1915), pp. 48, pis. 3, figs. 5).— This is the
eleventh of the Illinois county soil reports.

Pike County lies in the southern part of the upper Illinois glaciation. The
soils of the county are divided into three classes as follows: (1) Upland
prairie soils rich in organic matter, (2) upland timber soils, including those
areas upon which forests have grown for a sufficient length of time to change
the character of the soil, and (3) swamp and bottom-land soils, including
both the old and the new flood plains along streams. The yellow silt loam
hill land occupies nearly one-third of the county, while the three most ex-
tensive upland timber soil types cover 60 per cent of the total area. "As a
rule the variation among the different types of soil in Pike County with
respect to their content of important plant food elements is not very marked,
although the late bottom-land soils contain about twice as much nitrogen and
phosphorus as the common upland timber soils. The most significant facts re-
vealed . . . are the great abundance of potassium, the common lack of lime-
stone, and the low content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the most extensive
upland types." Methods of treating the soils are discussed.

Soil analyses {Agronomia [Puerto Bertoni], 5 {1913), No. 9-12, pp. 389-
394).— The five predominating soil types of eastern and north-central Paraguay
are described and average chemical and physical analyses reported.

The predominating type is a deep, permeable, very fertile forest soil of
volcanic origin, containing much oxid of iron. The type next in extent is a
soil of less depth than the first, which has a rocky subsoil and contains con-
siderable fine sand. It contains more nitrogen than the predominating type and
less pho.sphoric acid, potash, and lime. It also is said to be very productive.

16 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The third type is a sandy sedimentary soil witli a rocky subsoil, and is char-
acterized by a high content of fine sand and silica, considerable clay, and a
high content of sesquioxids of iron. The fourth type is a very sandy soil, very
permeable, and characterized by a high content of fine silica, a low clay content,
little nitrogen, and much potash, and is fairly well stocked with humus, lime,
and iron. The fifth type is a very fertile forest soil. It contains considerable
sand and clay and is fairly well supplicnl with the plant food constituents.

Past and present soil investigations in Norway, K. O. Bjorlykke ( Interna t.
Mitt. Bodenlc, 5 {1015), No. 2, pp. 113-126, fig. i).— The history of soils investi-
gations in Norway from the sixteenth century up to the present time is briefly
described and the plan of present-day invtstiirjitions is ()utline<l.

The white soils of the Bram and Reinhard forests in the colored sand-
stone regions of the upper Weser River, K. Vogel von Falckenstein and G.
VON Romberg {Internal. Mitt. Bodcnk., 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 77-101).— In con-
tinuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 513) chemical, mechanical,
and physical analyses of white soils are reporteil and discussed with reference
to similar analyses of other miscellaneous relate<l types, particularly the colored
sandstone soils.

The white soils were found to be relatively rich in plant food, especially
magnesia, potash, and phosphoric add. as conipare<l with the bleache<l topsoil
of colored sandstone .soil and dune sand. The ratio of alumina and silica soluble
in hydrochloric acid and carbonated water was 1 : 1.8 in white soil and 1 : 7 In
colore<J sandstone soil. A comparison of white soil with so-called sticky sandy
soils showed them to be of very similar origin and to be similar In that they
both have no leache<l-out upper layer.

The mechanical analyses, according to the Schone method, showed that the
colored sandstone soils have a much higher content of the finest constituents
than white .soils, while the latter have a high dust content. A certain par-
rallelism was found to exist between the weathereil alumina and the finest
particles in both white soils and colored sandstone soils, but no such parallelism
existed with re.spect to dust content.

White soils and sticky sand soils were found to have a similar content of the
finest particle.s. Mechanical analyses according to the Atterberg methml showed
that the colore<l sandstone .soils containetl about twice as much colloidal matter
as white soils. A comparison of the mechanical analyses by the two methods
led to the classification of the white soil as sandy lonm and the colore<l sand-
stone soil as fine, sandy clay. The sandstone soils were also found to have a
greater hygroscoplcity and absorptive power for nitrogen than the white soils.
The amount of voids in white soils decreased with the depth and was smaller
than in loamy sandstone soils.

Cultivation and the incorporation of organic matter are thought to produce
marke<l improvement in all the.se soils.

Influence of irrigation and of increased natural humidity on the processes
of soil formation and of the transportation of salts in the soils and subsoils
of the Golodnoi (Hungary) Steppe. Samarkand Province, N. A. Dimo
(V/M?i»ic Iskii!<stvc)m(i(in OroilK iiitli i rorj/shrnuoijn E<>tc.<<trrnna{jo f'vlazh-
7ienita na Protscxsy Porhvoohrazovanifh i Pcrciti(?i<hchrnif(l r Pochvo-pnintakh
Golodnoi Stcpi, Samarkandskoi Obi. Saratov, 1911, pp. 65. pi. 1, figs. 10: rev.
in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Erpt. Landtc), 15 {1914), No. 2. pp. 1S6-
1S8). — This report consi.sts of ten sections.

In studies of alknli in. soils growing whent. It wa.s found that only the arable
Inyer (18 to 20 cm. in depth) bad a large content of soluble salts, which roach«>l
on a bare .spot as high as 14 per cent at a depth of from ."^ to .T cm. With two
exceptions, sodium, magnesium, and calciinn sulphates pre<lomlnnted.

SOILS PERTILIZEES.

17

From studies of orchard soils of the Golodnoi Steppe, it was considered evi-
dent that these soils, the clay subsoil of which had before cultivation contained
small amounts of soluble salts, had undergone changes during the eight or nine
years of horticultural tillage resulting in the transportation of water-soluble
salts from the lower to the upper layers. Studies of the composition of irriga-
tion water used showed that it contained from 0.015 to 0.009 per cent of chlorin,
it being classified as very sweet water.

It was found that the alluvial soils of the valley of the Syr-Daria River are
characterized by hea\'y salt-bearing subclays. To a depth of 50 cm. accumu-
lations of the chlorid and sulphate of sodium were obseiwed, while in deeper
layers these salts decreased and the bicarbonate and carbonate of soda ap-
peared in their place.

Investigations on the moisture conditions of a loam soil under different
crops, C. VON Seelhorst {Jour. Landw., 63 {1915), No. 1, pp. 51-12, figs. 2). —
This article, supplementing and summarizing previous reports on the same
subject (E. S. R., 14, p. 345; 18, p. 318), presents the results of 13 years' investi-
gations on the moisture conditions of a loam soil under rye, wheat, oats, potatoes,
beets, and peas. The purpose was to compare the water utilization of the differ-
ent crops for the different years and to determine the influence thereon of
summer rain, the size of crop, and the soil moisture conditions.

The average annual yield per acre of the different crops was as follows:
Rye, grain 1,970 lbs., straw 4,370 lbs. ; peas, grain 920 lbs., straw 2,000 lbs. ;
oats, grain 1,740 lbs., straw 3,300 lbs. ; wheat, grain 2,175 lbs., straw 4,075 lbs. ;
potatoes 12,700 lbs. ; and beets 58,500 lbs.

The following table gives the average monthly rainfall and the average
monthly percentage of moisture in the soil under the different crops at depths
of 25, 50, and 75 cm. (9.9, 19.7, and 29.6 in.), based on the dry weight of the soil:

Average rainfall and soil moisture records for 13 years.

Average monthly soil moisture content at different depths.

Crop.

April (average

rainfall 1.73

Inches).

May (average

rainfall 2.29

inches).

June (average

rainfall 2.79

inches).

July (average

ramfall 2.94

inches).

•

ft

o

n

ft

ft

o
o .

ft

CO

a-
oi •

.CX)

p

ft

s-.a
ft

Rve

P.ct.
21.0
22.2
22.3
21.9
22.2
22.3

p.ct.
21.8
22.0
22.2
22.1
22.3
22.3

p .

22.1
22.5
22.0
22.3
22.6
22.6

P.ct.

17.8
20.5
20.1
18.8
21.4
21.1

P.ct.
19.9
21.2
21.5
20.5
21.9
21.9

P.ct.
21.4
22.2
22.0
21.5
22.1
22.2

p.ct.
16.3
17.1
16.1
16.0
20.2
20.2

p.ct.
17.2
19.0
17.4
16.5
21.2
21.4

P.ct.
19.0
21.0
19.6
19.3
21.8
21.8

p.ct.
16.8
16.7
16.3
14.8
17.6
16.5

p.ct.
16.8
15.9
15.7
14.8
19.5
18.8

p.ct.
19.0

Peas

18.5

Oats

16.7

Wheat

15.9

Potatoes

Beets

21.0
20.0

August (average

rainfall 2.74

inches).

September (aver-
age rainfall 2.29
inches).

October (aver-
age rainfall 1.73
inches).

November (aver-
age rainfall 2.1
inches).

Rye

19.0
19.3
18.5
17.9
18.4
16.8

17.3
17.5
15.7
14.8
18.5
16.9

18.7
18.6
16.7
16.3
19.6
18.7

20.5
20.7
20.0
20.1
19.9
19.0

19.7
19.8
17.0
18.6
20.1
18.2

20.0
19.5
17.7

18.2
20.8
17.8

20.5
20.7
20.4
20.2
20.5
20.0

20.2
19.8
19.6
20.0
20.4
19.5

20.3
20.4
19.1
19.7
20. S
19.4

22.6
22.1
21.4
22.2
22.0
22.2

21.5
21.4
21.3
21.3
21.2
20.9

21.4

Peas

22.0

Oats

21.2

Wheat

21.2

Potatoes

21.6

Beets . .

20.3

18 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

The summer rains had the greatest influence on size of harvest. When very
heavy they decreased the grain yield of straw crops, especially rye. Heavy
summer rains were also unfavorable to potatoes, but favorable to beets. The
maximum moisture content occurred in December and then only in the culti-
vated topsoil. The minimum occurred in August under wheat and in July of
the same year under rye. The soil water at all three depths was utilized the
least by potatoes, beets, and peas, and the most by wheat. These results are
taken to indicate that potatoes, pcafj, and rye are crops adapted to light soils,
while wheat, oats, and beets are adapted to heavy soils.

Influence of soil composition on medicinal plants, F. A- Milleb (Jour.
Amer. J'harm. Assoc, 3 (lOH), Xo. 1, pp. 308-314; Lilly Sci. Bui., 1. scr.. No. 6
(1915), pp. 219-226). — In pot and field experiments with digitali-s, stramonium,
and belladonna on different soils using various CDnunorcial fertilizers it was
found that sodium nitrate, potassium sulphate, a normal fertilizer, acid phos-
phate, and a mixture of equal parts of .sodium nitrate and p<»tas.sium sulphate
had no effect on digitalis. A normal fertilizer caused an Increase in the per-
centage of total alkaloids in stramonium. ScKlium nitrate, pota.ssium sulphate,
acid pho.sphate, potassium nitrate, and a normal fertilizer cau.sed a considerable
increa.se in the percentage of alkaloids in the leaves of belladonna, but little
change was produced in the alkaloid content of the roots.

In further experiments it was found that the transplanting of belladonna in
soils of different composition cau.setl a considerable decrease in percentage of
alkaloids regardless of the soil treatment. The soils use«l were leaf mold, equal
parts of clay and leaf mold, equal parts of clay and sand, equal parts of clay
and the field soil in which the original plants were grown, and the .soil in which
they were originally grown. Even when grown In the same soil as the original
plant the decrease in alkaloids varie<l from 20 to 57 i>er cent, while on widely
different soils the difference in alkaloid yields was much smaller.

" The results as a whole indicate that further work Is necessary on the Influ-
ence of soil composition upon medicinal plant.s before any generalizations can
be made."

The adsorptive power of soils, II, P. Rohland (Intcriifit. Mitt. Bodenk., 5
(1915), No. 2, pp. 102-112). — This article represents the author's second con-
tribution (E. S. R., 33, p. 420) to the subject. It deals with the adsorptive
power of soils for salt.s water, and coloring matter, e.speclally the last, and
explains the difference between adsorption and exchange of bases.

Soil colloids and their adsorptive power, P. Rohland (Latulic. Jahrb., 4^
(1914), No. 2, pp. 239-247)- — This article covers practically the same ground as
the above.

The injurious transformation of nitrogen in upland moor soils as a result
of heavy applications of lime, T. Arnd {Landw. .hihrh.. 4? (1914). ^o. 3, pp.
311-442, figs. 2). — Chemical and biological studies of moss peat and heather
humus from upland moor soils, with reference to the effect of adding lime in
different quantities on the forms of available nitrogen pre.sent, are reported.

The results, in general, indicate that with increa.se<l liming of upland mo«.r
soils nitrate reduction Increases, accompanietl by nitrogen los.ses and the trans-
formation of nitrate nitrogen Into insoluble form.s. The raw. strongly acid
humus was found to be an unfavorable medium for the growth and activity of
soil bacteria, but limiug produce<l a neutral or alkaline reaction and made the
conditions such that the bacterial activity of the soils increaseil with increas-
ing lime additions. The following conclusions are drawn from these experi-
ments :

Liming of an upland moor soli which had not reoelvctl nitropi^n fertllzation
resulteil in a microbiological fixation of a part of the already small amount of

SOILS FERTILIZEES. 19

available nitrogen and thus decreased crop yields. Liming of an upland moor
soil which had been fertilized with sodium nitrate caused a biological or
biochemical decomposition of the nitrate, a part of the nitrogen of which was
made unavailable to plants purely by denitriflcation and part by biological
reduction of the nitrate to nitrite and by chemical decomposition of the nitrite,
accompanied by nitrogen losses and transformation into insoluble organic forms.

It is generally concluded that the injurious action of the larger additions of
lime to upland moor soils resulting in decreased crop yields can be attributed
mainly to a gradual increase in the number and activity of soil bacteria with
increasing decomposition of the soil.

Experiments on the action of certain humus preparations, particularly the
so-called humus silicate, on plant growth, E. Haselhoff {Landw. Jahrb., 1ft
{1914), No. 3, pp. 345-369). — The work of others bearing on the subject is
briefly reviewed and pot culture and field experiments to determine the fertiliz-
ing value of the so-called humus silicate fertilizer, alone and mixed with
different other fertilizers, are reported. The humus silicate is a specially pre-
pared fertilizer, consisting of moor soil, treated with caustic soda or potash,
and alkaline silicates.

It was found in pot experiments that additions of humus silicate slightly
increased the yield of barley on sand soil and of buckwheat on a loam soil, and
increased the silica content in the straw of barley from sand soil. The humus
silicate had no effect on beans on sandy loam soil and only a slight favorable
effect on wheat. Additions of humus silicate to wheat increased the nitrogen
content of both grain and straw, but had no effect on oats. Evaporation was
less in uncropped soil treated with humus silicate than in untreated soil, and
the water utilization by wheat was greater in treated than in untreated soil,
while the opposite was true for oats. Pot experiments with oats on a loamy
sand soil, with barley on loam and sand soils, and field experiments with beets,
in all of which mixtures of humus silicate and other fertilizers were used,
showed that the humus preparations had no special effect on the composition
of the crops, especially with reference to nitrogen.

Further experiments on the formation of carbon dioxid from humus prepara-
tions in a medium heavy clay soil showed that the humus preparations con-
tributed but little to carbon dioxid formation in soil and that the treatment
of the organic matter of the preparation by alkalis had, in a large measure,
prevented carbon dioxid formation.

From these experiments it is concluded that humus preparations are effective
as fertilizers only to the extent to which they contain plant food and that the
humus content is of no special value.

Sulfofication in soils, P. E. Brown and E. H. Kellogg {loiva Sta. Research
Bui. 18 {1914), pp. 49-111; Centbl. Bakt. [etc.l, 2. AM., 43 {1915), No. 19-24,
pp. 552-601). — This bulletin reports investigations on bacterial action in soils
in its relation to sulphur oxidation in the soil and on methods of measuring
such bacterial action and determining the sulphate content of soils.

Preliminary tests showed that the sulphates in soils are not completely ex-
tracted by dilute hydrochloric acid because of the interference of organic sub-
stances and iron compounds but may be extracted by shaking for from 6 to 8
hours with water. Grinding the soil was found to be unnecessary for this
purpose, although the finer the soil the more readily were the sulphates dis-
solved. Calcium sulphate was the most difficult of the sulphates to dissolve, but
it was dissolved quite readily upon shaking with water for the time specified.
The sulphur photometer proved to be well adapted to the determination of
sulphates in soils.

20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

The author concludes that soils have a definite sulfofying power which is de-
terminable in the laboratory, as shown in a previous article (E. S. R.. 31, p.
318), and that the process of sulfofication is mainly brought about by bacterial
action, although a small production of sulphates in soils by chemical action is
considered probable. Free sulphur was oxidized much less readily in the soil
than the sulphids of sodium, potassium, and calcium.

The preferred method of measuring sulfofication is to add 0.1 gm. of free
sulphur to 100 gm. of fresh soil, incubate for from 5 to 10 days with a moisture
content of 50 per cent of saturation, leach out the sulphates with water, precipi-
tate with barium chlorid, and determine with the sulphur photometer.

Additions of organic matter to the soil in the form of manure and green
manure increased the sulfofying power up to a certain point. The optimum
moisture content of the soil for sulfofication was found to be 50 per cent of the
amount necessary for complete saturation. This is taken to indicate that
optimum sulfofication may occur in soils which contain the optimum moisture
content for crop growth. Aeration of the soil by mixing with sand up to 50
per cent of each increased sulfofication, beyond which point a depression oc-
curred. The addition of carbohydrates to the soil depressed sulfofication, the
greater the amount added the greater the depression. The depression also
varied in inverse ratio to the solubility of the carbohydrates.

Greenhouse tests with a loam soil showed that applications of 25 tons of
horse manure or cow manure and 4 tons of clover hay exerted similar effects
on sulfofication and on the yield of timothy. "At first there was a depression
in sulfofication and an injury to tlie crop, but this was followed by an increase
both in sulfofying power and in crop yield. Calcium sulphate applied to the soil
at the rate of i ton per acre increased slightly tlie crop yield, but the i ton of
CaS which was found to bo complett'ly oxidized in a short time to the sulphate,
corresponding, therefore, to the addition of a larger application of the sulphate,
gave no increase in crop. The sulfofying power of the soil was increase<l to a
very large extent in both cases, the larger amount of calcium sulphate giving
the greater effect. The transformation of CaS into sulpliate in this particular
soil was shown to be very rapid and the oxidation of the sulphur in the manures
was only slightly less rai)id."'

Analyses of typical Iowa soils are also reported, the results of which are
taken to indicate that sulphur may be lacking and that this element should
not be neglected in systems of permanent agriculture.

A review of the work of others bearing on the subject is includetl.

Sulfofication in soils, P. E. Brown and E. H. Kellogo (Proc. Iowa Acad. Set.,

21 (1914), PP- 17-22). — The .substance of this article is noted above.

Field tests with, a toxic soil constituent: Salicylic aldehyde, O. Schreiner
and J. J. Skinner (Jour. Amci: Soc. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 108-llS, p/«. 2;
abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 12, p. 1653).— The substance of this article has
been noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 620).

Soil protozoa, G. P. Koch (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915),
No. 6, pp. 511-559). — Four sets of laboratory experiments on (1) methods for
counting protozoa, (2) protozoa of greenhouse soils. (3) protozoa of field and
greenhouse soils, and (4) the effect of temperature upon the development of soil
protozoa are reported which were conducted at tlie New Jersey Experiment
Station. In these experiments small ciliates were classified to include all organ-
isms from the smallest to and including Colpidium colpoda and the large ciliates
Included all forms larger than C. colpoda.

Tests showed an improved loop method for counting protozoa, devised by the
author, to be more satisfactory tlian methods previously ust^l. This consists in
counting the living protozoa in tlio amount by weight of culture solution which

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 21

can be transferred by a platinum wire loop to the ruled area of a clean glass
slide.

Comparing the development of protozoa in artificial culture solutions of
different kinds, inoculated with varying amounts of soil, with moist and dry
soils, and with different kinds of greenhouse soils, it was found that the maxi-
mum development of small and large ciliates and flagellates in dried-blood
extract was from the third to the fourth day, while in soil extract it was from
the second to the fifteenth day, depending upon the character and amount of
soil used for inoculation. The soil extract seemed to be the more favorable
medium. When the maximum development of all organisms was reached, there
was a gradual decrease in numbers until very few active forms were present.
The most rapid development of protozoa occurred in the culture isolutions inocu-
lated with the largest quantities of soil. Per gram of soil, there was the greatest
development from the least amount of soil used. The flagellates were the first
organisms to excyst and developed in greatest numbers. Drying the soil slightly
favored the development of flagellates in soil extract, while with dried blood
there was little difference. More large and small ciliates developed from the less
composted soils. In dried blood more flagellates developed from the more heavily
manured soils. Very many different types of ciliates were present, while the
types and numbers of amebfe were few.

In further studies of the development of protozoa in different culture solu-
tions with varying amounts of soil inoculations and to compare the numbers
and types of protozoa developed from compost and field soils, it was found " that
in developing protozoa from the soil in artificial culture solutions different
numbers and types of protozoa will be developed for every variation in the
amounts of each soil used for inoculation and with every culture solution used."

Experiments dealing with the numbers and types of soil protozoa appearing
at various temperatures in artificial culture solutions inoculated with soils of
different origin showed that a temperature of 15 to 16° C. was the most favor-
able for the development of small ciliates, hay infusion being the most favorable
culture solution at this temperature. The maximum development of small
ciliates occurred earlier in dried blood than in hay infusion, varying at 6 to 7"
from 17 to 30 days after inoculation and at 15 to 16° from 7 to 25 days after
inoculation. Large ciliates developed at all the temperatures noted. The
maximum development of flagellates occurred at 6 to 7° in dried-blood extract
and at 15 to 16° in hay infusion. DMed-blood extract and hay infusion were
unfavorable media for the development of large ciliates, while hay infusion was
the most favorable medium for the maximum development of flagellates. As
with the small ciliates, the higher temperatures encouraged and the lower tem-
peratures retarded the early development of flagellates. At all temperatures
the flagellates developed sooner than the ciliates, appearing 4 or 5 days earlier
at 15 to 16°. Species of Vorticella, Colpoda, Prorodon, and Glaucoma devel-
oped at 15 to 16°, at 22 to 23°, and at 29 to 30°, the last temperature being
very favorable for the development of the last three types. A few individuals of
Colpoda and Paramecium developed at 6 to 7°. At 15 to 16° Colpoda was the
most numerous ciliated form. Vorticella cysts were present in field soils which
had received applications of manure. Hay infusion and dried-blood extract were
unfavorable media for the development of amebse.

General conclusions drawn from the experiments are that the development of
soil pi'otozoa in artificial culture solutions varies (1) with the kind of media
employed, (2) the quantity of soil used for inoculation, (3) drying of the soil,
(4) different kinds of soil and different soils of the same kind, and (5) the
temperature of incubation.

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

22 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

[Address of the President of the section on agriculture], A. D. Hall {Rpt.
Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1914, PP- 636-645). — This address, which dealt mainly
with the reclamation of waste lands, has already been noted from another source
(E. S. R., 32, p. 30).

The fertilizer requirements of soil, F. MIjlleb (Landtc. Jahrb. Schweiz, 29
(1915), No. 1, pp. 119-134)- — The results of several years' field experiments with
hay at three ratlier widely separated Swiss experiment stations are reported, and
confirm the reliability of Wagner's method for determining the fertilizer require-
ments of a soil growing hay.

This method is based on analyses showing that hay contains from 0.77 to 3.14
per cent potash, or an average of 1.6 per cent. A 2 per cent potash content In
the hay is, therefore, talien to indicate saturation of the soil with potash and
more than 2 per cent indicates oversaturation. If the hay contains 1.8 per cent
potash, it is possible to increase the yield by heavy potash fertilization, and if it
contains only 1.4 per cent, the prolmbility of increasing the yield is very great.
If the potash content sinks to 1.2 per cent or less, a deficiency is certain. The
phosphoric acid content of hay varies between 0.28 and 0.8 per cent and must
be about 0.7 per cent to indicate saturation. If the hay is saturated, about 200
lbs. of phosphoric acid is needed annually to produce about 8,900 lbs. of hay
per acre.

It is considered feasible under Swiss conditions for a farmer to obtain an
analysis of a sample of his hay from the nearest experiment station and by
using this method to dotorniine the fertilizer requirements of his meadow land.

Fertilizer tests on different crops, C. Dusserbe {.■\nn. Agr. Suisse, 16 {1915),
No. 1, pp. 73-82). — Fertilizer tests with phosphatic, potassic, and nitrogenous
fertilizers on meadow, pasture, vineyard, and cereal soils are reported.

Both superphosphate and Thomas phosphate were profitably used on meadow
soils for the production of forage crops. On ordinary meadow soils the addition
of potash salts was not profitable, while on calcareous peat soils it was accom-
panied by a profitable increase in crops. Nitrogenous fertilizers, while producing
an increase in crop, were not profitably used on meadow soils.

Tests on a wet clay pasture soil of a complete fertilizer and of fertilizers lacking
either potash or nitrogen showed that the largest profit was obtained with the
complete fertilizer and the smallest with the fertilizer lacking potash. Tests
on vineyard and truck soils of manure alone, a complete fertilizer, and a mixture
consisting of manure and complete fertilfeer 1 : 1 showed that the mixture was
the most profitable. It was also found that potash fertilizers increa.sed the
I'esistance of truck crops to freezing.

Tests on vineyard soils of complete fertilizers containing sodium nitrate or
lime nitrogen showed that the best results were obtained with the spdium nitrate.
A marked increase in the yield of oats was obtained when kainlt was usetl for
the de.struction of weeds. Tests with wheat and oats deraonstratetl the prac-
ticability of reinforcing barnyard manure with mineral fertilizers on soils rich
in hunnis.

How not to treat Illinois soils, C. G. Hopkins {lUinois Sta. Circ. 181 (1915).
pp. 3-32). — This is an address by the author before the Illinois State Farmers*
Institute at Harrisburg, February 23, 1915, in which he reviews work by himself
and others on soil improvement and emphasizes that profitable results from
soil treatment can be obtained only through intelligent and careful considera-
tion of all environmontal factors and through systonmtio methods of proceilure.

Unexhausted manurial values: A criticism with some suggestions. J.
Hendbick (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 27 (1915). pp. 256-280).—
The author offers critici.sms on the tables and conclusions of Voolckor and Hall

SOILS FEETILIZERS.

23

(E. S. R., 31, p. 221) and suggests alterations in the present method of estimat-
ing the unexhausted values of manures and of feeding stuffs. The method sug-
gested differs from that of Voelcker and Hall in that it distinguishes between
digestible and indigestible nitrogen, and it assumes that only half the digestible
nitrogen is recovered in the dung heap under good conditions of dung making,
that the indigestible nitrogen together with the phosphoric acid and potash of
feeding stuffs require four years for exhaustion, and that one-half of the value
remaining is exhausted in each season.

The composition and value of liquid manure, J. Hendkick {North of Scot.
Col. Agr. Bui. 19 {1915), pp. 29). — This bulletin reports investigations "under-
taken (1) to determine the chemical composition of liquid manure produced
under the farming conditions of the northeast of Scotland, and (2) by means
of field experiments to determine how far dressings of liquid manure given at
various times during the winter under the ordinary conditions of practice will
produce increases of crop."

Analyses of a large number of samples of liquid manure from different farms
at each of the three periods during the winter or early spring when liquid
manure was being applied showed that individual samples differed greatly from
one another and that even the average analyses from different farms differed
greatly. The results of analyses of 35 samples are summarized in the following
table :

Composition of liquid manure.

Water.

Solids.

Total
nitrogen.

Ammo-

niacal

nitrogen.

Phos-
phoric
acid.

Potash.

Lime.

Maximum

Per cent.
99.33
96.46
98.21

Per cent.

3.54

.67

1.79

Per cent.

0.470

.088

.204

Per cent.

0.410

.060

.179

Per cent.

0.090

.004

.029

Per cent.
1.030

.128
.462

Per cent.
0.043

Minimum

.003

Average

.019

The manurial constituent present in greatest proportion was potash. Con-
siderable nitrogen, nearly all of which was in the form of soluble ammonia com-
pounds, was present, but there was on the average more than twice as much
potash as nitrogen present. Phosphoric acid and lime were present only in very
small amounts. Analyses of fresh urine from feeding bullocks showed that it
contained 0.163 per cent of total nitrogen and only 0.012 per cent of ammonia
nitrogen.

In four years' field fertilizer experiments with liquid manure on quarter-acre
plats of hay land the liquid manure was applied at different times during the
winter, the standard dressing being 2,000 gal. per acre applied in two portions of
1,000 gal. each with an interval of a few days between. It was found that a
marked increase of hay crop was obtained from the application of liquid manure
in winter or early spring. Treatment with liquid manure had no bad effect on
clover, but was on the contrary distinctly beneficial in several of the experi-
ments. The after effect of treatment with liquid manure was also good.

While a remunerative return was obtained from an application of 2,000 gal. of
liquid manure per acre a correspondingly greater return was not obtained when
4,000 gal. per acre were applied. In several cases with the heavier treatment the
crop was too heavy and was inclined to lodge. It is concluded that about 2,000
gal. of liquid manure per acre for hay land is sufficient and that the profit
realized by such an application is sufficient to justify the trouble and expense of
applying the liquid manure instead of letting it go to waste.

15419°— No. 1—16 3

24 EXPEEIMEXT STAllOX EECORD.

Composition of liqiiid manure as shown by agricultural investigations in
southern Switzerland, C. Dusserke (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 16 {1915), Xo. 1, pp.
83-88). — Analyses of 23 samples of typical liquid manure from southern
Switzerland show that potassium is the fertilizing element present in the greatest
amounts, and that liquid manure from that locality is essentially a potash-
nitrogen fertilizer and should be completed by adding a phosphatic fertilizer.
The average of the analyses shows that the fertilizing elements are present in
the proportion of 100 parts of nitrogen to 2S5 parts of potassium to 4 parts of
phosphoric acid.

Observations on the relative value of the most important nitrogen
fertilizers, S. Oswald, W. Webeb, and T. Remy (Landw. Jahrb., 47 (1914), Xo.
1, pp. 79-106; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 3, pp. 392-394; Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 12, p. 1651;
Chem. Zcntbl., 1915, I, No. 5, p. 215). — The authors review work by themselves
and others bearing on the subject, and report the results of seven years' field ex-
periments with sugar beets, rye. oats, potatoes, and pt^as on a relatively fertile
deep loam soil to determine the relative values of soilium nitrate, ammonium
sulphate, blood meal, and lime nitrogen as sources of nitrogen.

Considering all incidental expenses. It was found that the average Increased
crop values produced by the different fertilizers were so nearly the same that the
differences fall within the limits of error. It Is concluded from these result.««
that it is impossible to express by figures the relative values of the different
nitrogen fertilizers tested, since the working value of each fertilizer varies with
the conditions under which it is used. The superiority founrl by others for
.sodium nitrate is attributtxl to the facts that it has practically no after effect and
that its relative availability to plants makes its activity le.ss dependent on the
conditions under which it is used t)mn that of the otlier fertilizers. The average
effective values of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate were practically the
same. Lime nitrogen proved to be especially valuable In Increasing the yield of
beets and potatoes, being in this respect practically equal to sodium nitrate. A
mixture of lime nitrogen and sodium nitrate is recommended for sugar and red
beets.

The better method of using ammonium suljAate. L. Matjt.ax'x (Vie Agr. et
Ituralr, 5 (1915), Xo. 4' PP- 61-6Sr). — Experiments are reixirteil In which the
author observed the influiMice of ammonium sulphate fertilization in a fertile
sandy clay soil when applie<l at the surface and at depths of 5, 10. 17, and 3<1 cm.
The ammonium sulphate was applied at the rate of 400 kg. per hectare (.3r>G lbs.
per acre), and part of each plat was kept fallow and part planted to sugar beets.

The results with reference to nitrification of ammonium sulphate were fairly
concordant in both fallow and cropped soils, but more nitrate was found in the
former. In general the most nitrate was found in the layers from 10 to 120 an<l
from 20 to .30 cm. in depth in the plats fertilized at different depths. When fer-
tilized at the surface the most nitrate was found in the top 10 cm. of .soil. The
best yield of sugar beets was obtained when ammonium sulphate was addtxl at a
depth of 10 cm., but good yields were obtained at the other depths of fertiliza-
tion, ^luch smaller yields were obtained with surface fertilization. The effect
of fertilization at 5 cm. depth was much slower than at other depths, and the
beets were mostly top.

From these results It Is conclude<l that surface fertilization with ammonium
sulphate under similar conditions Is not practical, and that for sugar beet.s
ammonium .sulphate had best be applitxl In the spring at a depth of 10 cm.

See also a note of similar experiments with so<llum nitrate (E. S. R. 30. p.
623).

SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 25

Fertilizer experiments with transformation products of lime nitrogen,
H. Kappen {handle. Vers. Stat., 86 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 115-136, flg. i).— Plat
fertilizer experiments with mustard on a light sandy garden soil to determine
the relative values of urea obtained from lime nitrogen by a patented process,
urea nitrate, ammonium sulphate, guanidin nitrate, and sodium nitrate as
sources of nitrogen are reported. Thirty walled-in plats 1 meter deep and hav-
ing 1 square meter (10.76 sq. ft.) of surface were used. The soil befoi*e treat-
ment had a total nitrogen content of 0.051 per cent. The plats were completely
fertilized, I'eceiving 2.5 and 5 gm. of nitrogen in the different forms mentioned.

The increase in dry matter and nitrogen in the crops of the fertilized plats
over those of the control plats indicated that sodium nitrate in single and
double applications produced the best results, followed in order by urea, am-
monium sulphate, urea nitrate, and guanidin niti'ate. There was, however,
little difference between the results obtained by single and double applications
of sodium nitrate and by double applications of sodium nitrate and of urea.
Considering the effectiveness of the nitrogen of the sodium nitrate to be 100,
the relative values of the other fertilizers were estimated from the results
obtained to be 78 for urea, 53 for ammonium sulphate, and 35 for urea nitrate.

To determine the after effect of the different fertilizers, mustard was again
planted on the same soil. Better results were obtained with single than with
double applications of urea in these tests, and the guanidin nitrate, which pro-
duced an almost negligible increase in crop yield in the first experiments, had
a mai'ked after effect. Ammonium sulphate and urea nitrate had a less marked
after effect and sodium nitrate in both single and double applications had very
little after effect.

Considering the total increase in crop yield in both experiments, the urea
stood first in value, followed closely by sodium nitrate, while the other fertilizers
showed the same relative values. Laboratory tests of the urea nitrate and
guanidin nitrate xised in the plat experiments led to the conclusion that the
relative inactivity of these fertilizers is due to their content of dicyandiamidin
nitrogen, only a small part of which is available to plants.

Ammonification experiments in a garden soil with urea, dicyandiamidin
nitrate, and guanidin nitrate showed that the urea v/as rapidly ammonified,
while ammonification was very slow and limited in the soil treated with the
other two fertilizers. The guanidin nitrate is, however, considered to be of
some value as a nitrogenous fertilizer, owing to its nitrate content.

[Experiments with superphosphates], A. J. Pekkins and W. J. Spafford
{Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 18 {1915), No. 6, pp. ^84-^56).— Detailed results of
experiments with superphosphates on wheat and grass lands in South Australia
from 1905 to 1913, inclusive, are reported.

These results have shown that water-soluble phosphatic fertilizers are very
effective on the greater part of the South Australian wheat and grass lands.
An application of 2 cwt. of superphosphate increased the wheat crop on the
average 36 per cent, the hay crop 37 per cent. The effect was much more
pronounced in dry seasons than in wet seasons and was least pronounced in late
seasons. Wheat receiving superphosphate blossomed and matured earlier than
unfertilized wheat. An application of 2 cwt. of superphosphate gave higher
yields than either 1 cwt. or 3 cwt. Applications of from ^ to 3 cwt. on the wheat
crop very materially improved the grazing capacity of the land when left out
of cultivation, the improvement being in proportion to the amount of super-
phosphate applied. The combined cropping and grazing cash returns exceeded
the cost of the fertilizer used and there was a net balance of profit when the
application of superphosphate did not exceed 2 cwt. An application of 3 cwt. of

26 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

superphosphate gave higher gross returns from combined cropping and grazing,
but the increase was not sufficient to pay for the extra fertilizer.

Phosphatic manures, A. J. Perkins (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Atist., 18 (1914),
No. 5, pp. J,01-Itl2; 18 (1915), No. 6, pp. 503-512).— This is a lecture based on the
experimental results noted above.

A note on the formation of tricalcium phosphate on mixing g^round lime-
stone with acid phosphate, R. N. Bbackett and B. Freeman (Jour. Indus, ami
Enyin. Cficni., 7 (1!>15), Xo. 7, p. 620). — Experiments are briefly reported which
show that tricalcium phosphate is producetl on mixing acid phosphate and
ground limestone in the proportions of 14, 15.5. 17. and 10 lb.s. of acid phos-
phate to 6, 4.5, 3, and 10 lbs., respectively, of ground limestone. The formation
of tricalcium phosphate began immediately on mixing, but increased slightly on
standing, which is taken to indicate that the amount formed is a function of
both time and temperature. It is considered necessary, therefore, that the
formation of insoluble phosphate in such mixtures be taken account of by
niaiiufiicfnn'rs in ni:ikiiig f:u;irantios.

Potash in the Texas Permian. .1. A. Udoen (Bui. I'niv. Tex., Xo. 17 (J915),
pp. 50, pl.t. 4)- — This bulletin reports the discovery of a re<J p<:itash-bearing salt
in three wells in western Texas. One of the two most Important wells is in Potter
County, 23 miles northwe.st of Amarillo, and the other about 3t> miles away in
Itandall County. 16 miles from Amarillo. In the Potter County well the highest
amount of potash found. expres.sed as percentage of the soluble portion, was 9.23
per cent, taken at a <l»'pth of from 875 to 92.') ft. In the Randall C<ninty well the
highest amount of potash found was 10.5 per cent, from a depth of 1.7(X) ft. It la
believed " that the prol)l('matic existence of utillzable potash in a.ssociatlon with
the Permian salt beds in the southwest Is. by these finds, rendere<l suflldently
pr(>bal)le to warrant the beginning of exid oration.*!. . . . The data presente<l
show that extensive .salt be<ls underlie not only the greater part of the Pan-
handle, but that they extend south of Upton County and west into New
Mexico. . . . From the explorations already made, it is evident that tests .should
extend to the greatest depth at which it may be consldere<l profitable to work,
say '-'.(KMi ft."

Seaweed as a source of potash for agriculture, A. A. Moffatt {TratiJ*.
HiflhUuid and Ayr. Soc. Scot., 5. sir., 27 (1915). pp. 281-286). — In a discus.sion
of the fertilizing value of seaweed from the coasts of Ireland and Scotland it is
stated that the fresh seaweed contains about 80 per cent water. Draining and
air-drying reduce the water content to about 10 per cent. Three metho<ls of
treatment of seaweed to realize its value as a potash fertilizer are describe*!,
which involve burning at a great heat to produce kelp, burning to a loost> ash.
and carbonizing, followed by .'special treatment to extract the ix»tash com|>ounds.
While llie methods involving reduction to kelp and carbonizing show jirosixx'ts
for future development, it is thought that for the pn^ent burning the s««awee<l
to a loose asli is the most i>riH-ti<'jiMe method of usinir it.

Experiments with potash waste liquor lime (Endlaugenkalk). K. Hasel-
KOFF and O. Schmidt (Landio. Jahrb., 47 (t914). No. 3. pp. 325-^37).— Pot
culture and field experiments to determine the fertilizing value of a mixture
of lime and waste liquor fnun potash Industries are reported. Two different
mixtures were used, the first containing ,37.8 per cent of lime, 1.80 per cent of
magnesia, 1.87 i^er cent of potash. 0.74 yn^r (X»nt of sodium. 4.72 jx^r cent of
chlorin. and 1.97 per cent of suli>burle acid, and the second containing 4fi.72
per cent of lime. (>.23 per cent of magnesl.i. 1.22 |>er cent of j^otasb. 0.9."i i>«t
cent of sodium, 9.7r> per cent of chlorin. and 1..35 per ci^nt of stilphurle acid.

It was fomid In pot ex|)erlments that the yield of garden beans on n snnd
soil was decreased. On a loam si)ll the total yield of horse beans whs de-

SOILS FERTILIZEES. 27

creased and on a sand soil the straw yield was decreased, although the lime
and potash contents of both grain and straw were not appreciably influenced.
No effect of the waste liquor lime mixture was observed with oats and summer
wheat on a mild loam soil. In field experiments the mixture had no bad effects
on beets on a loam soil and was, on the whole, more favorable to them than
burned lime.

It is concluded from these experiments that while the chlorids of the waste
liquor lime mixture were injurious to plant growth in pot experiments, the
amounts present are so small as to have no bad effect in field experiments. It
is further concluded that waste liquor lime mixture of the composition first
noted may be profitably used where liming is needed, in case it may be obtained
at about half the cost of burned lime.

A precautionary statement regarding the protection of the mixture against
rain is added.

Potash and lime in agriculture and the arts, G. AV. Coggeshali, {Nat. Lime
Manfrs. Assoc. Bui. 6 {1915), pp. 16; abs. m Engin. Mag., 49 {1915), No. 4, p.
578). — ^This bulletin gives a general discussion of the value of fertilizers in
agriculture, dealing particularly with potash.

A process for obtaining water-soluble potash salts from feldspathic rock,
which is thought to eliminate the disadvantages of other methods used, is
described. This process consists of powdering 100 parts of feldspar rocls with
20 parts of burned lime and sprinkling a solution of calcium chlorid upon a
moving layer of the powdered mixture. The calcium chlorid unites with the
lime to form balls or clumps and these are fed to a rotary kiln. The formation
of the clumps is said to produce an intimate mixture between the feldspar and
flux. " The clumps passing down the kiln are heated by the powdered coal
blast to a bright red in the same outward form in which they entered but with
the potash dissociated from the silica of the feldspar and united with the
chlorin of the calcium chlorid to form muriate of potash. The lumps fall hot
into water and the potash salt is leached out, producing a 10 per cent solution
of potassium chlorid. This solution is sprayed down through the hot waste
gases of the kiln, the water evaporated, and a hot concentrated solution
obtained. This solution is dried at this point or by passing through a rotary
drier using the hot gases from the rotary lime-burning kiln. The final product
is identical with the muriate of potash obtained from Germany." Other ac-
counts of this process have previously been noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 724 ; 29, p. 518 ;
32, p. 324).

Experiments on the influence of potassium ferrocyanid on plant growth,
E. Haselhoff {Landw. Jahrb., Jft {1914), No. 3, pp. 338-344) .—Soil pot culture
experiments witli beans on loam and sand soils and water culture experiments
with beans are reported, the purpose of which was to determine the effect of
potassium ferrocyanid on plant growth.

The soil culture experiments showed that potassium ferrocyanid had a bad
effect on the crop yield in loam, while only the straw yield was unfavorably
affected in the sand soil. The water culture experiments showed that the in-
jurious effect of potassium ferrocyanid toward plant growth began at a concen-
tration of from 0.1 to 0.5 gm. of potassium ferrocyanid to 1 liter of nutritive
solution and that at the higher concentration the injurious effect was very
marked.

Sulphur and permanent soil fertility in Iowa, P. E. Brown and E. H.
Kellogg {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 3, pp. 97-108). — The authors
summarize the results of investigations made at the Wisconsin and Kentucky
experiment stations and report studies of typical Iowa soils with reference to
their sulphur content.

28 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

Using the sodium peroxid fusion metliod for sulphur determination, samples
of the Missouri loess, the Mississippi loess, the southern Iowa loess, the Wis-
consin drift, and the lowan drift soils were analyzed. The samples were taken at
three depths, 0 to Gf in. representing the surface soil, 65 to 20 in. the subsurface
soil, and 20 to 40 in. the subsoil.

There was found to be a considerable variation in the sulphate content of
different soils of the same type, although there was not a wide variation in the
total sulphur content in the surface soils in the different soil areas. The Wis-
consin drift was the richest in sulphur, followed in order by the lowan drift,
the southern Iowa loess, the Missouri loess, and the Mississippi loess. In gen-
eral the drift soils appeared to contain more sulphur than the loess soils, at
least in the surface soil. In the subsurface soil the Mississippi loess was again
the lowest in sulphur and the Wisconsin drift the highest, but the Missouri
loess was higher than the southern Iowa loess or the lowan drift soil. In the
subsoil the Missouri loess showed a slightly larger amount of sulphur than the
Wisconsin drift, while the Mississippi loess and the southern Iowa loess showed
less than these two and were about the same in sulphur content. The lowan
drift subsoil contained the smallest amount of sulphur.

A comparison of the average amounts of sulphur and of phosphorus in these
soil areas showed that the sulphur content is on the average much less than that
of phosphorus. The results as a whole are taken to indicate that all systems of
permanent fertility in Iowa must include the maintaining of the sulphur supply
in the soil. Acid phosphate, supplying both phosphorus and sulphur, is sug-
gested as a logical fertilizer for these soils.

Composition of certain fish fertilizers from the Pacific coast and the
fertilizer value of degreased fish scrap, J. R. Lindemuth (Anur. Fcrt.. 4^
(1915), No. 11, pp. 44-50, figs. 3; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 7,
pp. 615-619, figs. 3). — Analyses of waste from salmon and other fish-canning
industries on the Pacific coast are reported, together with pot experiments made
to determine the fertilizing value of fish waste.

The results are taken to indicate that the fish waste of the Pacific coast is
very high in fertilizer value, average analyses being as follows: Nitrogen 9.31
per cent, phosphoric acid 6.72 per cent, and oil 12.69 per cent. In pot experi-
ments with wheat on loam and sandy loam soils in which fish scrap was added
at the rate of 700 lbs. per acre it was found that in every case where scrap
was added there was a decided increase in crop growth and that when oil-free
scrap was added a still greater growth was noticeable.

Commercial fertilizer " 1915 yearbook" (Allanta, Oa.: Walter W. Broicn,
1915, pp. 190, figs. 9). — This yearbook contains directions of fertilizer manu-
facturers, allied fertilizer trades, and cotton-seed oil mills, and si>ecial articles
and miscellaneous information relating to the fertilizer industry. ^Unong the
more important special articles included are the following :

Chemical Control of a Fertilizer Plant, by E. H. Armstrong; "The Soil
Doctor " — Chemical Examination of Soils, by W. H. Maclntire ; The Search for
Potash Salts in the United States, by W. C. Phalen ; Soil Analysis as a Guide to
Fertilization, by W. B, Duryee, jr.; Contributions of the Chemist to the Fer-
tilizer Industry, by H. W. Wallace; Importance of Fertilizers in Crop Produc-
tion, by Soule; Making Fertilizers from kd Agricultural Editor's Viewpoint, by
E. S. Bayard ; I'roduction of Phosphate Rock in Florida during 1914, by E. H.
Sellards; The Western Ammoniate Market in 1914 and Effect of the War. by
J. B. Sardy ; The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen, by W. S. La^ndis ; Radio-
active Ores and Plant Life, by H. Bastin ; Five Years of Cyauamid in Aiu»^rica.
by E. H. Piauke; Potash and a Home Supply, by C. P. Steinmetz ; and Coutrlk!«-
tions of the Chemist to the Cotton Seed Industry, by D. Wesson.

AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY. 29

The American fertilizer handbook {Philadelphia: Ware Bros. Co., 1915, 8.
ed., pp. 402, figs. 19). — This handbook contains, as usual, directories of fertilizer
manufacturers, allied fertilizer trades, cotton-seed oil mills, chemists and engi-
neers, fertilizer materials- and machinery, and packers and renderers, together
with special articles, statistics, and miscellaneous information relating to the
fertilizer industry. Among the more important special articles included are the
following :

German and other Sources of Potash Supply, by C. H. MacDowell ; The
Sulphuric Acid Industry, by A. M. Fairlie; Dictionary of Fertilizer Materials,
by T. C. Pinkerton ; Five Years of Cyanamid in America, by E. J. Pranke ;
Phosphate Rock Production in 1913, by W. C. Phalen ; Phosphate Rock Pro-
duction in 1914, by W. C. Phalen; Florida Phosphate Rock, 1914, by E. H.
Sellards ; The Products and Composition of Cotton Seed, by T. C. Low ; Cotton-
seed Meal as a Fertilizing Material, by A. M. Soule ; and The Western Animal
Ammoniate Market, by J. B. Sardy.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Studies on periodicity in plant growth. — I, A four-day periodicity and root
periodicity, R. A. Robertson and Rosalind Crosse (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinh.,
83 {1912-13), No. 1, pp. 85-102, pis. 3, figs. 2).— This study as described has led
to the general conclusions that there occurs in elongating plant organs a four-
day periodicity apparently due in part to internal causes, but also aifected by
external conditions. Roots exhibit a daily periodicity, which is correlated with
that shown by the stem.

Studies on periodicity in plant growth. — II, Correlation in root and shoot
growth, Rosalind Ckosse {Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinh., 35 {1914-15), No. 1, pp.
46-53, pis. 2) . — The author reports an extension of the work above noted.

It is stated that the root and shoot rhythms are correlated, varying with
changing conditions. No evidence has been obtained regarding the disap-
pearance of the periodicity under uniform conditions, whether of light or dark-
ness, indicating the automatic nature of the phenomenon.

An automatic method for the investigation of velocity of transmission of
excitation in Mimosa, J. C. Bose {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, 204
(1913), No. 305, pp. 63-97, figs. 25). — Giving an account of studies on Mimosa
by means of apparatus for which great delicacy is claimed, the author holds
that the results obtained prove that the transmission of excitation is a process
fundamentally alike in animals and in plants, being in both cases a propagation
of protoplasmic change.

The influence of homodromous and heterodromous electric currents on
transmission of excitation in plant and animal, J. C. Bose {Proc. Roy. Soc.
[London], Ser. B, 88 {1915), No. B 607, pp. 483-507, figs. 10).— The author gives
an account of studies, suggested by the results of the studies above noted, on
the variations of conductivity produced by the directive action of an electric
current.

It is stated that in the conducting tissue of a plant, as in the nerve of an
animal, the passage of a current induces a variation in the conductivity as
regards excitation. In cases involving feeble intensity, a heterodromous cur-
rent, or one opposite in direction to that of propagation of excitation, enhances
the conduction of excitation, while a homodromous current or one in the direction
of propagation of excitation, depresses it. The after effect of a current is a
transient conductivity variation, opposite in sign to that induced during the
continuation of the current. The normal conductivity variation undergoes a
reversal under a strength of current above the critical value, the heterodromous

30 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECORD.

current then inducing a depression, while the homodromous current induces
an enhancement of conductivity.

Variations in respiratory activity in relation to sunlight, H. A. Spoehk
(Bot. Gaz., 59 {1915), No. 5, pp. 366-386, figs. iO).— This paper is a prefatory
announcement of a reaction believed to be caused by light through its effects on
the environment of the organism.

Experiments described as carried out with onions, beetles, and (principally)
wheat seedlings are claimed to show that respiratory activity is greater during
the hours of sunlight, corresponding thus in a general way to the period of
atmospheric ionization. No increased respiratory activity could be obtained with
the artificial sources of light.

On the function of chlorophyll, A. J. Ewabt (Proc. Roy. Soc. [ London],
Ser. B, 89 (1915), No. B 609, pp. Jf-i7).— Referring to the report published by
Wager (E. S. R., 31, 222), the author gives a general account of his own related
work to the present time.

Results of studies described indicate that the assimilation of carbon dioxid
is not a simple process, but a very complex one, reversible in part, in which
at least the two pigments chlorophyll and xanthophyll and their derivatives
take part. Light supposedly influences the equilibrium between the reacting
substances and their products accelerating the tendency to oxidation on the part
of the pigments concerned.

No peroxids are produced during the photo-oxidation of chlorophyll, xantho-
phyll, or carotin, but these substances, given light and oxygen, may act as
oxidases to themselves and to such substances as hydriodic acid, litmus, or
guaiacura. Some facts suggest that chlorophyll may be built up. not only from
ethyl chlorophyllid and phytyl alcohol, but also from xanthophyll and the prod-
ucts of tlie photo-oxidation of chlorophyll.

Studies on the physico-chemical properties of vegetable saps. Ill, .T. A.
Harris, R. A. Gobtner, and J. V. Lawrence (Biochcm. Buh, 4 {1915), No. 13,
pp. 52-79, pi. 1). — This paper presents a portion of the data obtained in exten-
sion of a previous study (E. S. R., 31, p. 427). A comparison has been made of
the physico-chemical constants of the juices expres.sefl from the wall with those
from the included carpellary whorl in proliferous fruits of Pa,<i.<ii flora gracilis.

It has been found that specific gravity, concentration, depression of the freez-
ing point, osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity, and mean molecular weight
are all su.sceptible to the influence of the environmental, and po.ssibly to the
physiological, state of the plant upon which they are borne.

Fixation of ammonia by cell albumin, T. Bokorny {Bin}. Ccnthh. 35 {1915),
No. 1, pp. 25-30). — The author states that his previous conclusion?? (E. S. R..
29, p. 30) have been confirmed. This supports the view that tobacco smoke
causes injury to plants largely through its content of ammonia, which belongs
to that class of compounds which are injurious to living protoplasm when
present in very small proportions on account of their ready combination with
the albuminous components of the cell.

A study of delayed germination in economic seeds. D. H. Rose {Boi. Qaz.,
59 {1915), No. 6. pp. Jf25-JtJf4. fid- D- — This is an attempt to discover some of
the problems, with their solutions, having practical interest for seedsmen and
growers.

It is stated that hard-coated seeds of legumes and other seeds mentioned
germinate more rapidly after being blown against a bank of neetUe points.
Two varieties of lettuce seed improve in viability as they grow older, up to the
end of the fourth year at lea.st. This is thought to be due to an increased
permeability of the inner seed coat to water.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 31

Cold storage in wet sand increased germination in Cupressus macrocarpa
and Pinus strohus 31 and 32 per cent, respectively. Delayed germination of
conifer seeds seems to be due to a lack of water intake, and not to an alkaline
or neutral reaction of the embryo.

Certain samples of frosted oats improve in germinating power as they grow
older, while others deteriorate. Certain late varieties of garden peas germinate
poorly, due to frost injury to the embryo or to the presence of fungi on, in, or
within the seed coat. Seed of about one-half of all species and varieties
examined showed fungi in relation with the seed coat within two days after
being put to germinate.

A bibliography is appended.

The influence of silver nitrate on the germinability of wheat, H. Schkoedeb
(BioL Centbl., 35 {1915), No. 1, pp. 8-21,, fig. i).— The author describes experi-
mentation with barley, rye, and wheat grains treated with 5 per cent silver
nitrate for 24 hours. It is stated that the results as regards both quantitative
and qualitative germination fully sustain the author's conclusions as previously
noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 532), but disagree with those announced by Birckner
(E. S. R., 29, p. 629).

The influence of acids, alkalis, and alkali salts on the growth of rice
plants, K. MiYAKE {Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 5 {1913), No. 1, pp. 91-95;
abs. in Bat. Centbl., 126 {1914), No. 22, p. 588).— The author has attempted to
ascertain how far rice plants are influenced by acids and by alkalis and their
salts, by testing for the highest harmless and the lowest fatal concentrations
of those compounds. It appears probable from these tests that the sodium ion
is more injurious than the potassium, but less so than the hydrogen ion, and
that the negative ion of the hydroxids is more injurious than is that of sul-
phuric or hydrochloric acid, but less so than is the hydrogen ion.

The favorable influence of manganese on the nodule bacteria of legumes,
D. Olaru {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 8, pp. 280-283).—
The author has carried out studies suggested by the reports of Bertrand and
Javillier (E. S. R., 27, p. 129) regarding the favorable influence of manganese
on lower plant forms. Adding small but increasing proportions of manganese
sulphate to nutritive media containing nodule bacteria of legumes, he noted
an increasing fixation of nitrogen, rising to an apparent maximum in each
series.

Radium as a means of forcing growth in plants, H. Molisch {Naturwissen-
schaften, 2 {1914), No. 5, pp. 104-106, figs. 3; abs. in Bot. Centbl, 126 {1914),
No. 25, p. 665). — The author's work testing the influence of radium in hastening
development of winter buds has been noted previously (E. S. R., 29, p. 131), as
has also his work showing that as good results have been effectively and less
expensively obtained by means of warm baths (E. S. R., 21, p. 544; 23, p. 40).

Specific action of organic compounds in modifying plant characteristics:
Methyl glycocoll versus glycocoll, O. Schreiner and J. J. Skinner {Bot. Gaz.,
59 {1915), No. 6, pp. 445-463, figs. 4)- — In tests described as carried out with
wheat plantlets in nutritive solutions it was found that while the addition of
glycocoll was generally beneficial to growth, that of methyl glycocoll checked
development and produced a peculiar twisting and lateral growth of the top of
the plant. This effect was not counteracted by the addition of calcium car-
bonate.

Toxic action of chemicals and mutation in maize, A. Jungelson {Compt.
Bend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 15, pp. 481-483) .—The author reports
having obtained in the progeny of more or less injured maize seeds, which had been
kept in contact for from 1 to 24 hours with a 1 to 2 per cent solution of copper

32 KXnnUMKNT STATION UKCOHl).

WUlpliMti' .'iiiil (lien spi oiiti'd. !i fon.NldtM iililc (mm icutMK.o t>I' !\l>iii>iinMllI li's of kov-
oriil siutN. Tlu' iMiKinl f;rt>liis inutllMtcil In llUf iU!imuM\ but not siilij«'ct«'«l t»»
Hio iMpiuT NolulloM, sho\\(Ml UK itis«> tii" iiliiionniilKy. lie r«'fi<i*s In this i-oiuuv-
(loi> to th«> work iind >U>\\s o( IUiu'IiikIumu r«>lutlvo to tlic (-onttniKHl liili(>rltitiit'«>
of (litoiatlons t'ollowtuK trnuiuMilsuis ( IC. S, K,. Il>, p. ll'.'SK niul nilsos tho
«]itostton wlu'ttior tlio nvsnlis ot' coiitiut of sproiiiliiK sihhIs with iiituo or U>s.s
poisonous uuhIIii tuny not Imvo h«vn of ln»pi>rtiuir»< in th»» evolution of phint

NpOi'loS,

PhyifJuloirlcAl iMoIatlon of tyi>p» In the frenus Xtiitthluin. ('. A. Smi.i.
{Hot. (lo!., :>'J (l'.>i:>). So. Ci. ftp. ^7i ^SS, flum. 1\. rhi« author iu>tos n »h»);r»««>
of phystolo^tciil ls<>ltith>n ninoui: tlirro t.vpos of Xttntltluiu lu'iir I.n\vri>n»t\ Kims.
Two t>f thoso tippoiir to bo A. tunnsylvouicum and A. «'<iH«i(/e«.'«f, ros|H>ctlv»«ly,
w hllo M third Is consldtMiHl to 1>«« a ni«w sp«vlos whirh ho has iuuuo«t \ . ijlohonum,
tloforrlui; ilu> t(vl\nh'al dosrrlptlon, l»ow«>vi'r. nut II th«' limits of variation «'an ho
«U'torinlnod for Iho now sptvlos. This app<*ars to hnnnl truo ami to ho tho nu»st
produrtlxo of hurs yot known. It Is thoUKid posslhlo timt A', miunltnav may
ho tlH» rosult of a onvss hotw'«H<n tlio othor two.

Th«< law of tempprnturo connected with the dlatrlbution of the marine
nltC:*'. N\ A. SiniiKii ( Ihm. Stismnni Hot. tliiftt., x" (/.'»K»I. A'o. I ii, |)j», i'N7
.tr'.l). This Is a prollmluary discussion of tho distribution of marino alKic.
witli somo Imjvdry Into tlu< iMudlllons ^ovornlnj; such distribution. One of Iho
nn»st Importaid id' tlicsc Is toinporatur«<. The Krcat«>r part of tlio sjhvIcs, so far
as observed. art< found In oidy on»> of tlie temiH>rattirt< r.oui's studied, which are
l»as«Hl on a ran^e of r>' ('. and a rapldl.v det-rcaslUK niniibcr e\ieiid to two or
more y.oitt^.

A list of works rcferr<sl to Is jiUcn

l'olymorphlnn» In fuuKl. •• I»\niki [inn. .set. / inr. Ix'tinits, /;? (/.'>/.1),
A'o. i?. |i<i. Il~' //.'iK (\inun«<ntlnK on casos obsorv«Hl. the atithor sunK»*sts thnv
hypothestvs reijardlnv; |Hilymorphlsm In fun>:t. (1) that of local or Indlvldmil
forms ct>r respond I iii; to h>cal ct>ndltlons, t"J> sexual hybrids, provhhNl sexuality
In hiKlier fuui;! be atlndited, and {IW ^rafl hybrids which are asexual In ihar-
iicter.

Convenient methods for denionstrntluK the blooheinlcal activity of mlcro-
oriranlsnia, with special ivferejice to the production «nd activity of ©nx^yius,
r. U. t^HAUiii. and n. S. Kkkd (Itiovhtm. Itul., ^ {,li>l5), Xo. M, |i;). .'K'-4|.
!»/. /),- Tho muhors ilescrlhe mothotls ft»r maktn.i; seml|H^nnuntMtt tlemonstra
tlons of tl>o activities o( n\lcro-or):anlsms. These methods are desliininl ti> show
the prt«.seiuH> and action of products of iN«lhdar a»-tlvliy u|H>n api>rop<"''<i«' ^'i''
stanct>s lucorporat«>«l In layers «>f aptr. Tabulattsl data are ijlven for the various
tests and mi^lla cmploytnl with ^ro\ips of ori;anlsu\s.

Evidence for the greneral distribution of oxidases in plants, (I. W. Kkkd
(/I'o/. Ihii., Mi {.li>i:>). So. .••». |i/». )(>7 ^(».'»K— it Is held that If oxlilases play the
ossentlal riMo lit respiration attrlbutinl to them, they must Ih» prost»nt In all
llvlnj: tvlls.

Uep»rdU\,c the two tyiH^s of tissues tliat hav»> Invn claimtnl to lack i>xldases,
tho author has already reiH>rt«Hl (K. S. K., SI, p. S::tU studies relating: to such
as are markedly add In ivactlon. .\s to th»vse said to OMttaln lar^x' amouiUs of
riMluclns; subsian«vs he nmv siduiills results tendtiiii; to show that t>xldases arc
of jixMieral occurr«>ni>< amoi\i; tlu« alujv, whUh has luvn claimed to ho as a Krt»»n>.
with btit twi> dellidtt< eX(H<pll(»ns. tVt»«> from oxidases on av\>»uid of the presen«H'
of rtHluclnii substauivs.

Oxidation and itHluction iti rAlation to vcjfotnble chromojfens. .1. Woi.VK
itnd N.\m.\ Kot'iMiKi M.xNN {Coinpt. K#N<f. \<-i}tl. Sri. [I'tina], 160 {Ii>l5), So.
Sii. |>/). 7/f) TIS). One of the authors havlni: nottnl (K. S. U., :U.\ p. l'Jl>> that

AriltHMFf rnUAl, IU)TANV. JJJJ

ilii<l<-i' Mm- o\i<ll/lMK liilliK-iici- ol' liK't'iiHi^ lilt' rlii-orii<)K<'ii <>f tipple kIv<>h iIhc Id ii
pIk'iiM'iil ulilfli iiiii.v Im- n-diici-d by li.vilrl(»(llc iidd, Hlinly of IIiIh nnd n-lnlcil pin-
iiDtiiciiii vviiM pxlciidcd In II iiiiiiilii'i- of pliiiilM, wlilch ni'i- IIhIimI ncfDfiWwy, In liitlr
iciidliicHH or riilliirc of rcHjHdiHf lo IchIh.

'I'Im> niilliorH cliiliii lo \m\ti hIiowii IIdiI. IIh' plii'iiiiiiicnn iiliiicivi'il In jodln I'ulnr
tcHlH II H' iilvviiyH preceded hy I lie ;ie(l(»n «»r n liiceiiMe. In every r-iiHe where llie
preHerice of liieeiiHe vviiH deiiioliHlniled lliere were hIiowii lo lie preHeiil, HiiliHliitieeH
<)Xldl/iil»ii- Ity lluil: eii/yiii, liiil. wliefe cliroiiioKeiiH were mel with II wiiM iiol, iilwiiyH
pdMMJIih; l(» deiiiuiiHlnih^ llie jiresenee of liieeiiHe.

R«cent. fitudloH ro.KnrdinK ^ha proHonc« of reduction and oxidation rnKiotiH
in plant cella, II. HriiNKiDiai (ZlHilir. n/««. MlkrtiH. u. MlkroH. Tt.r.lt.., .11 (lUUf),
No. //, pp. /i7H'/tl)l).~TU\H \h lnrK((ly ii conlniverHliil iirtlele.

Plant plR-ments: Their color and InterrelatlonHhlpH, 15. Houowitz (/tUnluni.
Hill. I, ilUir,), No. in, pp. nil n.i). TIiIm Ih n dlHcuHHlon ol' eoiilrlhiilloiiH l»y
viiri(»iis iiiilliorH lieiiiiiiK up"" IlK'se loples.

Recent ntudlcH on the plKi>'<)iitH of chromoloucltoH, V. liiiiiiMKN i<(i (dompL
Kcnd. Avail. Sri. |/V///«|, IdO U'.tir,), No. H, pp. '/.77- 'JiHO ) . 'iln: iiiiIIkm- Iiiih eoii-
lliiiK'd prevloiiH liiveHllKiitioiis (10. S. U., .'51, p. 128), nnd elnhriH lli<! rcHiiltH to
show Hull (lie pl^^nienlH iiHHoelnted with chlorophyll undergo ulti-ratlon, uhhocI-
nled Willi llie iieilvlly of oxldizlu^c (riizyiriH, diirliiK Ihe IrunHfoririiilloii of ehloro-
leiicllcs iiilo ejiioinohMicltcH. Mxiiiiiliiuthtii of the yellow iilKineiits <-oiitnliied In
llie hiller Is Hiiid to hIiow tluit nil lliese |)l;<ineiitH resolve IheiiiwIveH Into two dlw-
tliK't Kroii|)S, oiKr of enrolliioIdH liiMoliihh; In eoneeiil ruled fornile iield, and iin-
olher of xiiiilliopliylloldM, wliieh (IIhhoIvc^ iiionr or lens eiiHlly In Mint nrld. TIm'
♦•iirol liM»ldH form ii Herles (d' HiiltHliiiieeH which lire, iiM lo optlcnl nnd chemical
properlleH, liil(!rmedliil(^ hetwiutn enrol In nnd xnni hopliyll.

Itrlelly Hinted, Ihe evolution of the plKini-ntH contnlned In IIk; chloroieuclteH In
Hie courw* of their tranHformntlon Into chroinoU'iUclteH nwultH in tint formation
of HubHtnnces wlilch nrcf ntlnted to c-nrotln, xnn( hopliyll, nnd I heir rrrHpfjctlvo
Isoira-rH, lycofdn nnd rhodoxnnthln. 'I'he nj»|)enriiiic(! of HuhHt;inceM lnleriiiedlnl.<{
|jotwe(!n tlicHe I'oiir jirlncljinl forniH, nn w<;ll as the, formnllon ol I In' hitler two
(which do not exlHt In Ihe chloroleiicltr-H), mny he nttrlhiiled lo Ihe rec||H'ocnl
clKiinlcnl pror-cHHi'H of oxidnllon and reduction, the counteihnlniicliiK of ench of
these hkiiImsI the other IuivIuk hh ii r<'Hult Ihe Htahlllty np|»nrent In lh«! chloro-
phyll nnd ncconipnnyln;; jdKiiientH.

Antioxidase of tomato plants, V. l>iJiiiMKNK<i (C'ompL Ji'.vnd. Ar.ad. HcL
IJ'nriH], 1(10 (I'.Ur,), No. 15, pp. J,l U-I,H I ).— In order to ti'Ht tlu; hypothcHlH re-
HidllnK from the work al)Ovo rioted, tiiat oxIdlzliiK <'rizyniH art! I Ik; excltnnlH of
ciiaiiKt'S noted during the nllcrratiotiH In Ihe chlorophyll, lli<; aiilhor leHtttd lomitto
fruits <luriiiK several succcisslve s(iik<"S of dev<!lo|»nieiit nnd rlpeiM-ss, reiK-ldnj^
th(! con<'liisl<»n tlint the tissues of such friillH <'ontHln nn enz-yin which opposeM
tlie oxIdlzliiK t(?ndency of jieroxldnse. "^I'lils (Mi/ym hns heen calh-d antioxldns<\
It Is nppnn-ntly fiiiich more s<!nslt)ve than Is p(;roxldnse to the InlliKMice of
vurlouH antlH(?ptlcs. Tlu; (puxntltativu ratloH ixitwotni tlusso two opp<jsed suh-
HtanceH In tii(! several tlssu<!S "vary In wnys which an; described lor dlffenMit
HtaK<'s of lh(! jilant's d(!velo|»nient.

The experimental modification of germ plasm, I>. '\\ MacIxmmiai, (Arm.
AfiHHOuri Hill. (Jii.rd., 2 (I!)/.'}), No. 1-2, pp. 2.'i:i-27^i, jlyH. h- 'I'ldn article, whh-li
Is partly crHlcnl, cites niso former (10. S. It., 2r>, j). .''.27) and recent results of
ex{)erlinentntlon tending, It Is cinlmed, to i)rove thnt tin; K''rm plasm Is not
nnnllenihle.

Recent investigatlonB on the j^rotoplasm of plant cells and its colloidal
properties, I''. (V/ai'kk (Ann. MUhouH Hot. (Jard., 2 {tiHT}), No. 1-2, pp. 2/if-
252). — UevlowlriK critically earlier nnd re<'ent conirlhiitlons, the author holds

34 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

that living protoplasm must be considered as a colloidal emulsion of lipoids in
hydrocolloidal media, the latter containing proteins and mineral salts.

Growth and colloid hydratation in cacti, E. R. Loxg {Bot. Gaz., 59 {1915),
No. 6, pp. 491-497, figs. 2). — It was thought at first that the parallelism noted
by Borowiliow (E. S. R., 29, p. 420) between growth rate and hydratation
might be expressive of a general property of plant colloids. Experiments by
the author with Opuntia blakeana, however, gave opposite results as regards
hydrochloric and malic acids, both of which inhibited growth and hydratation.
The discrepancy may have been due in part, it is thought, to the stronger con-
centrations here employed. The action of alkali (sodium hydrate) upon swell-
ings was not so regular as that of acids, being possibly affected by the varying
acidity of the plant itself, which tended to neutralize to a greater or less degree
the alkali of the penetrating medium.

In general, growth and swelling in these experiments paralleled rather
closely. Nutrient solutions exerted an accelerating effect over that observed in
distilled water, and hydrochloric and malic acids an inhibitory one, while the
effect of sodium hydroxid was irregular.

The effect of some trivalent and tetravalent cations on permeability,
W. J. V. O.sTEKHorx {Bot. Gaz., 59 {1915), No. 6, pp. 464-473, figs. 7). — In con-
tinuation of previous investigations noted (E. S. R., 33. p. 328), the author
reports studies on the behavior of the trivalent cations lanthanum, cerium,
yttrium, iron, and aluminum, and on the tetravalent cation thorium, in which it
was found that they are able to decrease permeability to a marked degree.

Atmometry and the porous cup atmometer, B. E. Lia'ingston {Playit World,
18 {1915), A'os. 2, pp. 21-30; 3, pp. 51-74, figs. 8; 4, PP- 95-111; 5, pp. 143-
149). — The author has attempted to put before workers in porous cup atmometry
the various matters requiring attention. The discovery, development, and
merits of the various forms of atmometer are discussed, as are also the con-
struction and use of the present standardized porous cup atmometer, its re-
standardization, and interpretation of the data obtained therewith. Reference
is made -also to the spherical porous cup atmometer used by Tower.

FIELD CROPS.

Division of forage plants. — Summary of results, 1914, M. O. Malte et ai..
{Canada E.rpt. Farms Bui. 84 {1915), pp. 55).— This bulletin gives results of
testing varieties of forage plants at the various experiment farms of Canada
in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 532). The crops
include turnips, mangels, carrots, sugar beets, corn, alfalfa, red clover, timothy,
and other grasses. Some of the farms report breeding work with alfalfa, re<l
clover, and timothy.

Green manuring and cover plants, R. W. Muneo {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay
States, S {1915), No. 8, pp. 299-302). — Brief notes are given on trials of Clitoria
cajanifolia, Crotolaria striata, Crotolaria quinquifoUa, Canavalia en^iformi.^,
Centroseina pluincri, Mimo.m pudica, Mucmw sp., Tephrosia Candida, and T. pur-
purea as green manure and cover crops. Canavalia and Mucuna are mentione«l
as being of special value for use in the Fedorate<l Malay States.

The improvement of grasses and forage crops {Rev. Vet. e Zootech., 5
{1915), No. 2, pp. 8S-i 08). —This gives results of cultural tests at the station at
Lages, Brazil, in ini4.

Dry-farming investigations in the United States, L. J. Briggs {Rpt. Brit.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pp. 263-282, pi. 1, figs. 7).— A paper reviewing the work
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in dry-farming investigations.

FIELD CROPS. 35

Alfalfa on land not naturally adapted to that crop, J. F. Baekeb (New York
State Sta. Circ. 39 {1915), pp. 8, pis. 2). — This gives cultural methods to be
followed in the production of alfalfa on noncalcareous soils of New York State.

Migration of reserve material to the seed in barley considered as a factor
of productivity, E. S. Beaven {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pp.
660, 661). — An abstract of a paper giving results of a study of the ratio of the
dry matter accumulated in the seed to the total dry matter of the plant when
fully ripe. It is noted that this ratio frequently influenced the production of
grain more than any other factor, and that it varies considerably between
different varieties of barley, and therefore becomes important in selection.

On the anatomy of the fruit and leaves of Bromus varieties with special
reference to the native sorts, B. Szartortsz {Kis&rlet. Kozlem.. 18 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 555-589, figs. IS). — This gives results of a microscopical study of
many new varieties of Bromus. It is noted that the anatomy of the fruit shows
remarkably the relation of the varieties to one another, while that of the leaves
emphasizes still stronger the ecological relations.

Home-grown seed com, R. C. Doneghue {North Dakota Sta. Circ. 8 {1915),
pp. 13, figs. 9). — This circular gives directions for selecting, curing, and testing
seed corn grown in North Dakota.

Manuring of maize on Government Experiment Farm, Gwebi, A. G. Hol-
i^oEow {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 12 {1915), No. 4, pp. 498-501). — This notes the
profitable use of a complete fertilizer consisting of 35 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 65
lbs. of double superphosphate, and 25 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre on land
that had been in cultivation for two years and planted to corn. Scarcely any
increase in yield was obtained where double the iabove formula was used.

Additional fertilizer experiments at Government Experiment Farm, Gwebi,
A. G. H0LI50R0W {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 12 {1915), No. 4, pp. 502, 503).— This
article notes the superiority of basic slag over double superphosphate in the
production of corn in experiments at Gwebi.

Manurial experiments with cotton at Stirling plantation {Rpt. Dept. Agr.
Barbados, 1913-14, pp. 15-21). — In fertilizer tests with cotton the best results
and a net profit of $4.41 were obtained by the use of 30 lbs. of nitrogen as sul-
phate of annuonia, 60 lbs. of P2O5, and 10 lbs. of K2O per acre.

Linseed as a fiber plant in British East Africa, R. R. Dedonckele {Dept.
Agr. Nairobi {British East Africa], Bui. 1 {1914), pp. 9, pis. 3). — This describes
methods for the cultivation of flax and the production of the fiber as employed
by the natives.

Queensland hemp: Its possibilities as an economic forage plant for the
Southern States, J. C. Robert {Mississippi Agr. Col. [Pub.}, 1915, Oct. 1, pp.
7, figs. 5). — The economic value of Queensland hemp {Sida rhombi folia) as a
forage plant is discussed. Analyses showed water 6.86 per cent, protein 14.63,
fat 3.73, nitrogen-free extract 28.8, fiber 38.73, and ash 7.25 per cent. Some of
the principal characteristics noted are its rapid and vigorous growth, good growth
in shade, long taproot, and drought resistance.

First report on the improvement of indigo in Bihar, A. and G. L. C. Howard
{Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 51 {1915), pp. 1-20, pi. i).— This article de-
scribes the method of cultivation and improvement of indigo and gives results of
experiments in pollination, selection, and tillage which are summarized as
follows :

" The so-called ' disease ' of Java indigo, which ends in the wilting of the
plant, is due to long-continued wetness of the soil. This wetness leads to the
destruction of the young feeding roots, which is followed by leaf-fall and then by
the more or less complete wilting of the plant. For a time this wilting can be

36 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

checked if the plants are pruned at the first cut so as to leave a branch. Prun-
ing instead of complete cutting back at the first cut leads to an increase in the
total crop. After the second cut in an ordinary monsoon indigo ceases to be
profitable and should be dug up to make room for rabi crops. The growth of
indigo for leaf and for seed should be regarded as separate things and seed
should not be raised from the old plants which have been cut for leaf. The best
method of obtaining good seed of Java indigo is to sow the crop in lines about
24 in. apart in the middle of August on high-lying, well-druined fields which are
in good heart. After gathering the seed the crop can probably be gro\\Ti on for
leaf during the next monsoon. Java indigo is greatly improved and a good many-
weeds are removed if it is harrowed as soon as possible after the removal of the
cover crop. When wheat is grown as a cover crop an early maturing variety
with little foliage and stout straw gives the best results."

Second report on the improvement of indigo in Bihar, A. and G. L. C.
How.vRD (Af/r. Research Imt. Pusa Bui. 5.'/ {1915), pp. 11, pj. 1). — This con-
tinues the report of work noted above. In studying the production of indican
in the plant there was found to be a close relation between the quantity of
nodules on the roots and the content of indican in the leaves of the plant.

" The development and activity of the root nodules of indigo take place best
when the plant is grown on somewhat poor land. On such land the soil contains
little nitrate, and, accordingly, the nodule factories are working at high pressure
to supply the proteids required. Large amounts of the nitrogen and oxygen of
the air are used up and the leaves of the indigo become rich in indican. . . .
The activity of the root nodules reaches its maximum about the time the plant
is ready to flower. At this period the leaves are also rich in indican. At this
time, however, the indican in the leaves begins to be called upon l)y the plant
and to be utilized by the flowers and developing seeds."

It is noted that the same plants are not suited for both loaf and seed produc-
tion, ^lethods for the production of leaf and of seed are de.<?cribo(l.

Melilotus indica as a green man\ire crop in southern California, W. M.
Mertz (California Sta. Circ. 1S6 (1915), pp. 4). — ^This gives the results of
cultural tests showing the value of bitter clover as a green manure crop for
orchards as well as for field crops.

In studying the effect of turning under a bitter clover crop on the succeeding
nonleguminous crop the bitter clover was found to increase the yield 04.8 per
cent; common vetcli (Vicia .tatira), 28.7 per cent: bur clover (Medirngo denticn-
lata), 30.4 per cent; and field pea (Pi.<<um arvcn.<<e), 43..*^ per cent over the non-
legume plants used as checks, while following the application of 1.092 lbs. nitrate
of soda or 1,188 lbs. dried blood per acre to the nonleguminous crop tlie increases
averaged 45.6 per cent.

The time, rate, and method of seeding and inoculation are discussed.

Oats of the Mediterranean countries, Trabtt (Proft. Agr. ct TU. (Ed.
VEst-Centrc) , 36 (1915), No. 29, pp. 59-66, figs. 7).— This article gives the results
of a study of the structure and form of the native oats of Algeria and their
relation to the culfivattnl oats of central Europe.

Culture of the potato, J. W. Weixington (New York State Sta. Cire. ,^6
(1915), pp. 4)- — This circular gives general directions for the production and
storage of potatoes in Xew York State.

The process of transplanting rice, N. Novelli (Oior. Ri^ticolt., 5 (1915),
No. 17, pp. 273-283, figs, fl).— This describes in detail the Italian metliod of
transplanting rice.

New varieties of rice (Agr. Mod. [Milan], 21 (1915), Nos. 2, pp. 21-2H : 3.
pp. 41-J/3, fig.'*. 16). — This gives results of trials in Spain of rice that was im-
ported from Japan. Ten Imported varieties are described.

FIELD CEOPS. 37

Experiments with rye on sandy soil, B. Schtjlze {Mitt. Deut. Landw.
GeselL, 30 (1915), No. 37, pp. 5U-546).— The results of testing the value of fall
and spring applications of nitrogen sliow that the best shields and profits were
obtained when part of the nitrogen was applied at seeding time in the fall as
sulphate of ammonia and part in the early spring as nitrate of soda. Light
seeding was found to give more profit than heavy seeding for rye.

Green manuring with sanai in Bihar, A. and G. L. C. Howard {Agr. Research
Inst. Pusa Bui. 51 {1915), pp. 25-21, pi. 1). — This article gives the results of the
use of sanai as a green manure crop for tobacco in 1914, which are summarized
as follows :

" The experiments with sanai as a green manure for tobacco in the botanical
area at Pusa have led to very definite conclusions. Drainage is essential for
success with gi*een manure on the high lands. The sanai should be sown on the
early rains in May and plowed in as near July 15 as possible. Where large
areas have to be dealt witli the period from July 7 to July 21 would be suitable.
Any crop left on July 21 should be cut at once, left on the surface, and plowed
in as soon as possible. To get the maximum benefit of the green crop the
interval between the plowing in of the sanai and the transplanting of the tobacco
should be eight weelis. A longer or a shorter time leads to loss."

The economic value of the soy bean, J. C. Robert {Mississippi Agr. Col.
[Pub.], 1915, July 1, pp. 15, figs. 7). — The author discusses the feeding value,
soil fertility value, and general farm economy value of soy beans, and reports
chemical analyses of 18 varieties of beans grown in 1913 and 1914. The yields
of seed and of hay for five varieties in 1911 ranged as high as 2,600 and 5,500
lbs. per acre, respectively, and in 1912, 2,680 and 5,200 lbs.

A three-year rotation for Mississippi farmers is shown, which consists of
hairy vetch, bur clover turned under, and cotton and crimson clover the first
year; crimson clover turned under, corn and soy beans, and oats sown in
October of the second year; and oats, soy beans, hairy vetch, and bur clover
planted in September of the third year.

The use of the soy bean in the Orient and European countries for oil, milk,
cheese, casein, bread, biscuits, flour, jellies, cakes, and sauces is noted.

Report of progress in sugar-beet trials for the season of 1914, J. W. Ince
{North Dakota Sta. Bui. 113 {1915), pp. 249-269, figs. 5).— This bulletin con-
tinues the report of work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 435).

The percentage of sugar in the beets ranged in 1914 from 11.7 to 21. With
some fluctuations there was shown to be an increase in the sugar content and
size of beets on harvest dates from September 28 to October 31.

Meteorological data showing temperature and distribution of rainfall and
Siunshine for the growing season of 1914 are included.

The variation in sugar content of beets during the first year's growth,
O. Mtjneeati, G. Mezzadrolt, and T. V. Zapparoli {Stag. Sper. Agr. Ital., ^8
{1915), No. 2, pp. 85-136, figs. 2).— This gives results of a study of sugar beets
grown in 1914, including meteorological data for the season.

The tabulated data for over 1,700 individual beets show the weight of leaves
and of roots, percentage of sugar, total sugar, and form of root. These beets
were planted on March 31 and harvested on different dates from June 10 to
December 12. In some groups the beets were partially defoliated.

The average percentage of sugar for the different groups ranged from 6.62
for those harvested June 10 to 15.8 for those harvested November 9, after which
date there was a falling off to 13.55 per cent. The ash content fluctuated from
1.04 per cent on June 10 to 0.85 per cent on December 12. The total nitrogen
per beet fluctuated considerably, being highest (157 mg.) on June 27 and

38 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.

lowest (58 mg.) on October 14. The amid and amiuoniacal nitrogen ranged
from 24 mg. on June 10 to 76 mg. on June 27, the following harvest, fluctuating
between these two figures on succeeding dates until December 12, when it was
30 mg. per beet.

Defoliation tended to reduce the sugar content of the root. No relation was
shown to exist between the form of the root and its content of sugar.

The relation of the foliage to the sugar content of beets, L. Maxpeaxjx
{Vie Agr. et RuraJe, 5 {1915), No. 12, pp. 213-216).— This gives results of a
study of the relation of quantity of foliage to the quality of the beets grown
from seed planted on dates with an interval of three weeks between, and of
a study of the relation of color of the foliage at harvest to the quality of the
beets.

The data indicate a direct relation between the sugar content and the devel-
opment of the foliage, showing less sugar in beets with the fewer leaves, i. e.,
the late-planted beets. Beets having yellow, mature foliage at the time of
harvest showed a lower content of sugar than those having some green leaves.
Deep-growing, conical-shaped boet.s showed a higher content of sugar than the
more shallow-growing roots.

Influence of direction of row on the yield of sugar beets, J. K. Gbeiseneggeb
(Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landic, 44 {1915), No. 1, pp. 14-^,
fig. 1). — It is shown as the result of experiments at Marchfeld, Austria, that
rows running east and west yiehled 7 per cent more of beets, 71 per cent more
of leaves, and G.4 per cent more of sugar tlian the rows that ran north and south.

Catal3rtic elements and fertilizing substances little used in the cultivation
of sugar beets, O. Munekati, G. Mezz.\i)ROli, and T. V. Zappakoli {Staz. Sper.
Agr. lidL. 47 {1914), No. 11-12, pp. 811-852) .—This continues work previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 233). The results seem to Indicate only sliglit. if any,
stimulating effects of the substances used, wlilch consisted of different forms of
magnesia, manganese, sulphur, and uranium.

Lead nitrate as a catalytic fertilizer for sugar beets, J. K. Gbeiseneggeb
(Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zvckcrindus. u. Landxc, .^^ {1915), No. 2, pp. 91-96). —
The slight fluctuations in the yield and quality of the beets which were noted
as results of this experiment could not be attributed to the use of lead nitrate,
ai)plHMl at the rate of 4 and 10 kg. per hectare.

The experimental error in field trials with sugar cane and the effect on
this error of various methods of sampling. II. E. Annett {Agr. Research
Inst. I'usa Bill. 49 {1915), pp. 18, fig. 1). — Five methods of sampling sugar cane
on A-acre plats to determine the total weight of cane, average weight of each
cane, and total weight, percentage, specific gravity, sucrose content, reducing
sugar content, and total sugar content of the juice were tested in 1913.

The results show that " the sample should consist of about 200 canes taken
in groups of three from about 70 places througliout the area. These 70 places
sliould be accurately measured out and the three canes nearest to the meas-
ured points be taken, provided such canes are canes which would normally
be taken by the cultivator for juice extraction. No increa.se in accuracy seems
to be obtained by taking half plat samples. In these experiments the ' 100
canes ' samples seem to have given as good results as any other method of
sampling, but samples consisting of only .50 canes are much less reliable."

Paraguayan tobacco, G. T. Bebtoni {Bol. J)ept. Nac. Fomento [Paraguay],
No. 7 {1914), pp. 5-16, pis. 5).— This article gives results of a study of the
native Paraguayan tobacco, Havana tobacco, and hybrids from cros.ses of these
varieties, including descriptions of types accompanied by drawings showiDg the
distinguishing characteristics.

HORTICULTURE. 39

The improvement of tobacco cultivation in Bihar, A. and G. L. C. Howard
{Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 50 (1915), pp. 19, pis. ^, fig. 1). — The authors
suggest methods of improvement in producing seedlings, transplanting, field
cultivation, manuring, and selection that the growers of Bihar could employ.

Time and method of tillage on the yield and comparative cost of produc-
tion of wheat in the Palouse region of eastern Washington, C. C. Thom and
H. F. HoLTz {Washington Sta. Bui. 123 (1915), pp. S-8).— This gives results of
a test of two years' rotations indicating a greater profit from continuous crop-
ping with wheat and corn or wheat and field peas than with wheat and summer
fallow. With wheat and summer fallow early spring plowing not packed was
more profitable than when packed, but late spring plowing was more profitable
packed. Early spring plowing was more profitable than late spring plowing,
and early spring disking before late spring plowing more profitable than not
disking. Fall plowing with late spring disking was more profitable than fall
disking with late spring plowing. Wheat and volunteer pasture was the most
unprofitable rotation tried.

Varieties of hard spring wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Claek (Z7. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 680 (1915), pp. 20, figs. 7).— The authors point out the
characteristics of the common and durum wheats grown in the northern Great
Plains. Descriptions of durum, Fife, Preston, and bluestem groups are given
with varietal names and average yields in different sections. A key to the
identification of the groups is included.

Fertility and weeds, J. W. Inge (North Dakota Sta. Bui. 112 (1915), pp.
2S3-247, figs. 6) . — This gives results of a study of the composition of weeds and
their influence on the soil fertility and crop growth. Figured on a moisture-
free basis it is shown that the amount of ash in weeds is very large, ranging
from 7.95 per cent to 22.7 per cent, with an average of about 12 per cent. Of
the 27 weed samples reported, 24 contained more of the valuable plant food con-
stituents, that is, nitrogen and phosphoric acid, than the average of the four
grain crops — wheat, oats, barley, and flax.

In studying field conditions, in nine cases it was found that the average per-
centage of dry matter in wheat as compared to the total dry matter of wheat
and weeds was only 35.5, of flax in flax fields 30.4, of oats in oat fields 53.5,
and of barley in barley fields 79.5. It is noted that in a general way these
figures are fairly representative of the relative struggle of these crops against
weeds.

Statistical data and analyses are given of pigeon grass (Setaria viridis),
barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galU), kinghead (marsh elder) (Iva xanthi-
-folia), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodiuni album), great ragw^eed (Ambrosia tri-
fida), and rough pigweed (Amarantus retrofiexus).

Tabular data show analyses of weed and crop samples, comparative yields of
weed and crops upon plats 3 ft. square, and the fertility removed by varying
quantities of weeds (green weight).

HORTICULTURE.

Market gardening, F. L. Yeaw (New York: John Wiley & Sons (Inc.), 1915,
pp. VI +102, figs. 36). — A small manual on market gardening. It discusses
methods of propagation, preparing the soil, cultivation, harvesting, and market-
ing of the more common and hardy vegetables. Information is also given rela-
tive to soils, fertilizers, moisture requirements, seeds, germination, the prepara-
tion and care of hotbeds, etc. A special chapter is devoted to the location, plan-
ning, and care of home and school gardens.

15419°— No. 1—16 4

40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The vegetable industry in New York State (A". Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 70 (1915),
pp. 1209-1575, pis. 3, figs. 136). — This bulletin comprises a compilation of over
40 articles written by scientists and practical specialists and covering various
phases of the vegetable industry in New York State. Accounts are given of
market-garden practices in different sections of the State, forcing house meth-
ods, the canning industry, the seed industry, cooperative marketing, soils, the
importance of vegetables in the dietary, fertilizers, diseases, and insect pests,
together with specific directions for growing various vegetables. The bulletin
also contains a cultural guide, census statistics on vegebible growing in the
State, and a list of reference books for vegetable growers.

The fertilizer problem from the vegetable grower's standpoint, C. E.
DUBST {Illinois Sta. Circ. 182 {1915), pp. 3-28, figs. 5).— This circular comprises
a revision of a paper read before the Horticultural Society of Central Illinois,
at Peoria, 111., in November, 1913. It discusses the general principles of plant
nutrition and losses of fertility in vegetable growing, including losses by crop
removals, drainage and leaching, losses of organic matter and nitrogen by
oxidation, methods of checking the losses of fertility, and probable losses of
fertility annually. Consideration is then given to methods of supplying fertil-
ity to the soil by means of various organic and inorganic manures, as well as to
drainage and crop rotation.

Hot and cold frames, J. W. Wellington {New York State Sta. Circ. 35
{1915), pp. 4). — This circular contains concise directions for the location and
construction and nianngement of hot and cold frames.

The control of insect pests and plant diseases {New York Cornell Sta. Bui.
283 {1915), rev., pp. 1,65-500, figs. Jf3).— In the present edition of this bulletin
(E. S. R., 24, pp. 550, 557) the subject matter has been revised to include more
recent practice, and the diseases and insect posts discussed are grouped together
iinder the various crops, which are arranged in alphabetical order.

Fungicide and insecticide inspection {Mai7ie Sta. Off. Insp. 68 {1915), pp.
29^6). — This publication presents the results of examinations of preparations
for the control of plant insects and diseases, animal parasites, liousehold pests,
and miscellaneous fungicides and insecticides in Maine during 1914. A discus-
sion of the law, together with a statement by the executive of the law, A. M. G.
Soule, is also included.

[State laws relating to nursery stock in the United States and Canada],
G. G. Atwood {Nat. Nvrseri/man, 23 {1915). No. 9, pp. 33.^-339).— A synopsis of
the laws and regulations governing the shipment, inspection, and certification of
nursery stock in the United States and Canada.

New garden plants of the year 1914 (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Mi^c.
Inform., 1915, App. 3, pp. 57-^^).— This comprises a list of plants, both English
find foreign, brought into cultivation for the first time during 1914, together
with the most noteworthy plants which have been reintroduced after being lost
from cultivation.

[Report of economic section], C. K. Bancroft {Rpt. Dept. Sei. and Agr.
Brit. Guiana, 1913-14, App. 2, pp. 9-10). — This comprises a progress report on
the condition and behavior of various economic plants growing at the Botanic
Garden and at Government House Gardens, including a descriptive list of
mangoes.

Plant breeding in Canada, W. T. Macoun {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 9,
pp. 398-1(03, fig. 1). — A popular r^sumf> of the breeding of horticultural plants at
the Dominion P^xperimental Farms with special reference to breeding work
with apples.

Protecting pollinated blossoms, W. S. Chapin {-Tour. Heredity, 6 {1915).
No. 10, pp. 1)71, 472, fig. 1). — The author here describes and illustrates a muslin

HORTICULTURE. 41

tube or bag extended by a frame of wire netting whicli allows the bag to be put
on or taken off the pollinated flower with little danger of injury to the most
delicate blossoms.

Inheritance of habit in the common bean, J. B. Norton (Amer. Nat., 49
(1915), No. 585, pp. 547S61). — Data are given on a study of character trans-
mission in some third and fourth generation plants of garden beans. A few sec-
ond-generation plants of hybrids were also included in the study.

The author concludes from his observations that the plant habit in beans is
largely determined by the presence or absence of axial and terminal inflor-
escence, the length of the axis, and the climbing habit, which is due to a factor
for circumnutation. The cause of the various degrees of the climbing habit has
not been determined with any degree of certainty. The contorted stems of erect
bush forms are probably caused by the factor for circumnutation.

A short bibliography of cited literature is given.

Cantaloup growing- in North Carolina, R. G. Hill (Bui, N. C. Dept. Agr.,
S6 (1915), No. 8, pp. 23, figs. iO).— This bulletin embraces the results of experi-
mental trials made with cantaloups on the Pender test farm and of observa-
tions on the conditions of culture and marketing of this crop throughout the
commercial cantaloup regions of the State.

On the genetics of " rogues " among culinary peas (Pisum sativum), W.
Bateson and Caroline Pei.lew (Jour. Genetics, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 13S6,
pis. 6). — ^A progi'ess report on a study of the genetic relations of rogues to the
typical varieties from which they come.

The authors' experience with three varieties is summarized in brief as fol-
lows : Thoroughly typical plants do occasionally throw rogues and certain inter-
mediate forms ; the rogues of whatever origin when fertile have offspring exclu-
sively rogues; intermediates raised from types showing combinations of type
and rogue characters give mixed families of various compositions ; and crosses
between types and rogues, however made, have practically always given rogues,
though these in their juvenile condition are generally type-like. These rogues
have always given only rogues.

Investigations on the culture of Daikons, Miss Trouard Riolle (Ann. Ecole
Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4 (1913), pp. 24-33, figs. 5). — A paper on the cultivation of
Japanese radishes, based on the author's works with cultivated radishes re-
ported on in full (E. S. R., 33, p. 638).

Distribution of starch in some Chinese radishes. Miss Trouard Riolle
(Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4 (1913), pp. 34-31, figs. 3). — This paper is
based on the author's work with radishes, which has been reported on in full
(E. S. R., 33, p. 638).

Onion culture, J. W. Wellington (New York State Sta. Circ. 40 (1915), pp.
6). — A popular treatise discussing climate, soils, drainage, crop rotation, prepara-
tion, fertilizers, propagation, onion sets, seed, treatment of seed, planting,
cultivation, thinning, disease and insect troubles, harvesting, storage, types, and
selected varieties.

Rhubarb culture, C. C. Caestens (Neto York State Sta. Circ. 88 (1915),
pp. 4)- — A treatise similar to the above.

Culture of sweet corn, J. W. Wellington (Neio York State Sta. Circ. 29
(1914), PP- 3). — A treatise similar to the above.

Sweet corn, A. E. Wilkinson (New York: Orange Judd Co., 1915, pp. YII+
203, figs. 20). — Part 1 of this work comprises a concise treatise on the culture
of sweet corn for home use ; part 2 consists of a similar treatise on commercial
culture and marketing of green sweet corn ; and pai't 3 deals with the raising
of sweet corn for canning, including information relative to the processes of

42 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

canning. Consideration is given to the breeding and selecting of seed corn for
different purposes.

Heredity of types of inflorescence and fruits in tomato, M. B. Cbane (Jour.
Genetics, 5 {1915), A^o. 1, pp. 1-11, pis. 7). — Observations with illustrations are
reported on the inheritance of forms of inflorescence, fruit shape, and other
characters through the third generation in plants raised from the variety Won-
der of Italy crossed with Lister Prolific.

Observations were made relative to the sterility of anthers in some tomatoes.
Certain anthers were examined and found to be contabescent and devoid of
pollen. Later these plants produced many parthenocarpic fruits. The flowers
on an inflorescence of one of these plants were isolated and crossed with the
original female parent; the resultant fruits were full of seetl and much larger
than those without seed. Twenty plants raised from seed of the above cross
were all hermaphrodite, the stamens were normal, and they produced fruit
freely.

Tomato culture, J. W. Wellington (New York State Sta. Circ. 34 (1915),
pp. 3). — A treatise similar to the above on tomato culture.

[Lists of fruits for Illinois] {Trans. III. Hort. Soc., n. .<?cr.. 48 {1914), pp.
21-23). — Variety lists are given of orchards and small fruits recommended
for planting in northern, central, and southern Illinois.

Apple breeding in Idaho, C. C. Vincent {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 10,
pp. 453-455). — This paper, read before the American Genetic Association at
Berkeley, Cal., on August 5, 1915, comprises a preliminary report on crosses
made between different varieties of apples at the Idaho Experiment Station
during the five years 1910 to 1915. To date there are 10,915 hybrid .seetUings
gi-owing in the station orchard and nursery.

Distribution of station apples, U. P. Hedrick {New York State Sta. Circ.
28 {1914), pp. 3). — This circular briefly describes twelve varieties of apples
offered for di.stribution by tlie station in 1914. The terms of distribution are
also given. A fuller description of most of the varieties listed has been published
in a previous bulletin of the station (E. S. R., 27, p. S43).

Second distribution of station apples, U. P. Hedbick (New York State
Sta. Circ. 37 {1915), pp. 2). — A circular similar to the above described six
additional sorts of apples offered for distribution by the station in 1915. Most
of these varieties have been described in a previous bulletin (E. S. K.. 27, p. 843).

Conditions affecting the health and productiveness of the cranberry, C. L.
Shear (irw. State Cranberry Growers' Assoc. [Proc.], 28 {1914), PP- 25-28).—
A summary of an address given at the meeting of the Wisconsin Cranberry
Growers' Association at blather, Wis., August 11, 1914,

Strawberries, O. M. Taylor {New York State Sta. Circ. 31 {1914), pp. 10).—
A popular treatise on the strawberry with reference to its culture, varieties,
starting and management of the plantation, culture in greenhouses and with irri-
gation, pests and their control, and marketing the crop. A brief bibliography
on strawberry culture is included, together with a list of varieties recommended
for trial.

Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries, O. M. Taylor {New York State
Sta. Circ. S3 {1915), pp. 10). — A treatise similar to the above.

Currants, O, M, Taylor {New York State Sta. Circ. 32 {1914). pp. 7),— A
treatise similar to the above.

Serodiagnosis in the determination of different grapes and their affinity
with American grape stocks, E, Garino-Canina {A7in. R. Accad. Agr. Torino,
57 {1914), PP- 149-158). — A preliminary note on a study of the application of
serodiagnosis for determining the affinity of stock and scion.

HORTICULTURE. 43

Study on the variation of the principal acids of the juice of the grape
during the process of maturity, E. Gakino-Canina (Ann. R. Accad. Agr.
Torino, 57 (1914), pp. 233-290, figs. 6).— The experiments here reported in
detail included a physical and chemical study of the changes taking place in
the juice of different varieties of grapes during maturity and during the forma-
tion of wine.

Chemical-analytic investigations on the ripening of grapes and the forma-
tion of wine, W. I. Baragiola and C. Godet (Landw. Jahrb., !fi (1914), N^o.
2, pp. 249-302, figs. 29). — The study here reported was conducted with grapes of
the Piiiuschling variety taken from 18-year-old vines growing at the Wadenswil
experiment station. The various chemical changes which take place during the
ripening of the grapes and during the formation of wine from the grapes are
I)resented in tabular form and discussed. References to cited literature are
included.

The native persimmon, W. F. Fletchee {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
685 {1915), pp. 28, figs. 17). — ^An account of the native persimmon with reference
to its botanical classification, natural distribution, distinguishing characteristics,
possibilities of improvement, present status of development, propagation, culti-
vation, diseases and insect pests, uses of the persimmon tree, uses of the per-
simmon fruit, and selected and cultivated named varieties.

Dates of Egypt and the Sudan, S. C. Mason (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 271
(1915), pp. 40, pis. 16, figs. 9). — ^This bulletin contains descriptions of 22
varieties of dates of Egypt and the Sudan comprising most of the commercial
dates of those regions, together with several varieties of minor importance not
heretofore ■ published. A general descriptive account is given of Nile Valley
dates and their climatic environments.

Successful long-distance shipment of citrus pollen, Maude Kjellerman
(Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1081, pp. 375-377). — Shipments of citrus pollen
were made from Florida to Japan for use in making hybrids in the variety col-
lection of citrus fruits at the Imperial Horticultural Experiment Station at
Okitsu, Shidzuoka Ken. The viability of this pollen in 30 per cent cane-sugar
.solution was tested by Y. Kumagai of the above station. Different methods were
used in preparing the pollen for shipment.

The i-esults of the test shov/ conclusively that pollen can be successfully
shipped from Florida to Japan and be in a viable condition on arrival four to six
weeks after it is gathered. The most promising method for shipping the pollen
over long distances appears to be that of drying the anthers in vacuum over
sulphuric acid. The vacuum glass tubes were filled with 1 to 2 in. of anthers,
covered with half an inch of cotton, exhausted to about 0.5 mm. pressure in the
presence of sulphuric acid, and the tube was then sealed. As far as practical
the pollen was kept at a temperature of 10° C. until sealed.

Washington navel orange, A. D. Shamel (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 10,
pp. 435-445, figs. 6). — A paper read before the American Genetic Association
on August 3, 1915, at Berkeley, Cal., in which the author brings together the
available information concerning the origin and development of the Washington
navel orange. The importance of bud mutations as observed in the author's in-
vestigations with navel oranges (E. S. R., 32, p. 439) is also discussed.

Sixty years of tea, coffee, and cacao, J. J. Macfaklane (Tea and Coffee
Trade Jour., 29 (1915), No. 3, pp. 230-233, figs. 6).— Charts are given showing
the five-year averages of the quantity and value of imports of tea, coffee, and
cocoa into the United States, the import price per pound, and the per capita con-
sumption for a period of sixty years from 1851 to 1914.

Experiments at the medicinal plant experiment station of the Agricultural
Academy at Klausenburg in 1914, B. Patek (Kis&rlet. Kozlem., 18 (1915),

44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

No. 3, pp. 639-658, fig. 1). — ^A number of cultural, fertilizer, and acclimatization
experiments with medicinal plants are reported.

The degeneration of cultivated mints, B. Pateb {KisMet. Kozlem., 18
(1915), No. 3, pp. 625-638, pis. 5). — Experiments with a number of cultivated
mints showed more or less degeneration both in external and internal charac-
teristics. Among the more stable forms were the Hungarian spearmint, which is
apparently a variety of Mentha spicata generated vegetatively, and the Jap-
anese mint, which appears to be a true variety of M. arvensis.

Commercial carnation cviltvire, edited by J. H. Dick {New York: A. T.
DeLaMare Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd., 1915, pp. 262, figs. 80). — A practical
guide to modern methods of growing the American carnation for market pur-
poses. Consideration is given to the following subjects : The carnation family ;
development of the carnation ; profits on carnations ; packing, shipping, and busi-
ness matters ; general cultural calendar ; sectional cultural treatises ; American
carnations in Europe ; the American carnation as an outdoor bedding plant ; the
Malmaison carnation ; border and annual carnations and pinks ; varieties of the
American carnation ; hybridizing and crossbreeding ; exhibiting and judging
carnations ; best tj-pe of greenhouse ; heating and fuel ; and insects, diseases,
and other pests.

The cultivation of the perpetual flowering carnation, C. H. Taitdevin
(Cheltenham, England: Young <i Co., [1915], pp. 24). — A popular cultural
treatise with a monthly calendar of operations.

Double seeding petunias, Myrtle S. Francis (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915),
No. 10, pp. 456-461, figs. 3). — In this paper, read before the American Genetic
Association, at Berkeley, Cal., August 6, 1915, the author describes some crossing
and selection experiments in which four strains of double petunias that produced
seed have been secured from single and imperfect double types.

Humidity, soil, and fertility studies with roses, M. A. Blake (Neic Jersey
Stas. Bui. 277 (1915), pp. 3-55, figs. 7). — This bulletin discusses the various
problems entering into tlie successful culture of greenhouse roses and describes
experiments conducted at the station with Killarney and American Beauty roses.
The experiments were started in May and June, 1912, and continued through the
1914 season. Special attention was given to the factor of humidity, since pre-
liminary experiments demonstrated that the failure of these varieties to make
proper growth during the winter months was due to the degree of humidity
rather than to either plant food, soil, water, or temperature factors.

Observations upon humidity showed considerable variation in different parts
of the same greenhouse. Under usual greenhouse conditions humidity decreases
with increase of temperature and increases with decrease of temperature. The
character of the walks as well as the system of heating and ventilating directly
affected the humidity in the greenhouse. It was difficult to maintain a proper
degree of humiditj' in a greenhouse with cement walks, when it was necessary to
have all the heat circulating in the pipes. When cinders were placed over the
cement walks a higher degree of humidity was maintained.

Lack of sufficient humidity caused American Beauty roses to be checked in
growth and the foliage to become hardened and fall from the stem. This re-
sulted in the death of many small roots in the soil. Plants also failed to de-
velop gi-owing shoots at the base when the humidity ranged from GO to 70 per
cent in winter. Under these conditions Pink Killarney was badly affected with
mildew, the flower buds were short, quite single in character, and lackeil sub-
stance. The sepals remainetl closed about the corolla and the flowers oi>ened
quickly on the plant and failed to keep well. When a humidity of 80 per cent
was maintained the growth of the roses and the quality of the flowers were
greatly improved. High humidity increased the size of the petals but tendetl to

HORTICULTURE. 45

decrease the color of the flowers by hastening the growth and development.
Black spot of the rose appeared to develop very freely when the humidity of the
house was low.

Observations made at the station indicate that most varieties of roses do well
on the heavy, rich, loam soil, but some varieties, such as My Maryland, may do
exceedingly well upon a soil containing a considerable proportion of sand. A
light, sandy soil, however, might require too frequent watering to be economical.
Directions are given for preparing rose soils, together with suggestions for the
use of fertilizers. In the work at the station the following amounts and forms
of nitrogen per 100 sq. ft. of bench surface have given good results at various
times : Dried blood, 5 to 8 lbs. ; dried fish, 7.5 lbs. ; cotton-seed meal, 10 lbs. ; and
nitrate of soda, 4 to 5 lbs. Acid phosphate applied at the rate of 4 lbs. per 100
sq. ft. of bench surface has been sufficient for the needs of the plants and has
caused no damage. Potash in the form of sulphate, which is considered the
safest to use under greenhouse conditions, has been used at the rate of 12 oz.
per 100 sq. ft. The use of lime for the correction of soil acidity was found to be
important, although it is not considered an element of plant food. The Killarney
rose is very susceptible to injury from soil acidity, while My Maryland is much
less susceptible. About 9.5 lbs. of ground limestone per 40 sq. ft. of bench sur-
face proved to be beneficial in experiments recently conducted at the station.

This bulletin also includes a brief discussion of possible losses of plant food
in greenhouses, contributed by J. G. Lipman (pp. 43, 44), and suggestions
as to the purchase of fertilizers, contributed by C. S. Cathcart (pp. 46, 47).

Rosa hugonis, a new hardy yellow rose from. China, D. Fairchild {Jour.
Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 9, pp. 429-432, figs. 2).— A descriptive account of this
Chinese yellow rose, which has been grown in this country less than 15 years.
In addition to being one of the earliest blooming roses, it has proven to be
perfectly hardy and a prolific bloomer.

Roses and their cultivation, T. W. Sandeks {London: W. H. & L. Colling-
ridge, [1912], 9. ed., pp. 200, pis. 20, figs. 69).— In the present edition of this
work (E. S. R., 15, p. 873) the subject matter has been brought up to date, and
the new varieties introduced through the year 1912 have been included.

Saxifrages or rockfoils, W. Irving and R. A. Malby {London: Headley
Bros., [1915], pp. XII +147, pis. 32, figs. 15). — ^A descriptive account of the
more important members of the saxifrage family with reference to their use
in rock gardens. Information is given as to the habitats and cultural require-
ments of the different species, the class to which they belong, and the hybrids
that have been bred from them.

The text is illustrated with photographic reproductions in half-tone and color.
Tables of red, yellow, and white colored saxifrages or rockfoils are appended.

List of perennials and shrubs for planting in Illinois {Trans. III. Hort.
Soc, n. ser., 48 {1914), PP- 24-35). — Lists are given of perennial flowers, shrubs,
and hardy vines adapted for planting in Illinois, including information relative
to method of propagation, relative hardiness, and desirability with reference
to foliage, flower, or fruit.

Our mountain garden, Mrs. Theodore Thomas {Neio York: E. P. Button &
Co., 1915, 2. ed., pp. 244, figs. 24)- — A popular account of the author's experience
in developing an informal garden, including a list of shrubs, vines, flowers, and
weeds cultivated in the garden.

Design in landscape gardening, R. R. Root and C. F. Kelley {New York:
The Century Co., 1914, pp. 12+278, pi. 1, figs. 65).— This work is based largely
upon lectures offered in the department of landscape gardening at the University
of Illinois. The introductory chapter discusses the elements of landscape design.

46 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

The succeeding chapters deal with design in general, color, planting, different
classes of landscape problems, and garden design.

FORESTRY.

The forests of the TJnited States, L. LrNDCREx {Engin. Mag., 50 (1915), No.
1, pp. 1-17, figs. IJf). — A popular descriptive account of the forests and forest
administration in the United States.

National Forest areas, March 31, 1915 (f7. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv.,
National Forest Areas (1915), pp. 8, fig. 1). — A tabular statement of National
Forest areas revised to March 31, 1915. The total forest area within the National
Forest boundaries at this time was 184,611.596 acres, of which 21,337,533 acres
belong to private parties. National monuments which have a total area of
1,424,940 acres situated within National Forests have been created under the
act of June 8, 1906, for the preservation of objects of historic or scientific
interest. In addition some 1,550,048 acres situated wholly or in part within
National Forests have been designated as national game preserves under special
acts of Congress. Out of 1,187.297.35 acres in the White and Appalachian
mountain ranges approved for purchase under the Weel^s Law 334.438.03 acres
were actually acquired by March 31, 1915.

Handbook for campers in the National Forests in California ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Forest Serv., Handbook for Campers in the Xatio7ial Forests in California
(1915), pp. 48, figs. llf). — This handbook gives an account of the various
National Forests in California, including considerable information relative to
desirable places to camp, camping outfits, camp fires, cookery, packing, acci-
dents, fires and fire fighting, hints on fire protection, game and fish. etc.

Administration report of the forest circles in the Bombay Presidency,
including Sind, for the year 1913-14, with a summary of progress during the
five years, 1909-10 to 1913-14 (Admin. Rpt. Forest Circles Bombay, 1913-14,
pp. II+lSO+4)- — This is the usual report relative to the constitution, manage-
ment, and administration of the state forests in the Bombay Presidency, includ-
ing Sind, together with a financial statement for the year. All important data
relative to alterations in forest areas, forest settlements, surveys, working
plans, fire protection and forest fires, yields in major and minor forest prod-
ucts, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. A summarj- of
progress during the five years. 1909-10 to 191,3-14. is also included.

Report on the forest administration in Burma for the year 1913-14, C. G.
Rogers (Rpt. Forest Admin. Burma, 1913-14, pp. 8+123). — This is the usual
report relative to the administration and management of the state forests of
Burma, including a financial statement for the year 1913-14. All important
data relative to alterations in forest areas, fore.st surveys, working plans,
forest protection, silvicultural operations, miscellaneous work, yields in major
and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular
form.

The southern cypress, W. R. Mattoon (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 272 (1915),
pp. 7^, pis. 12, figs. 7). — This comprises an account of the southern cypress
with reference to its importance, geographical and commercial range. pre.sent
supply and annual cut, properties of the wood, uses, cypress lumbering, markets
and prices, stumpage, life history of the tree, cypress stands, and forest man-
agement. Volume and taper tables for cypress are appended.

The jand (Prosopis spicigera) forests of the Punjab, B. O. Covkntrt
(Indian Forester, 41 (1915), No. 9, pp. 307-315). — An account is given of this
species with reference to its distribution and area, environment, associated
species, botany, life history, and economic value.

FORESTEY. 47

Hevea rubber cultivation and curing at Non Pareil Estate, Sangre Grande,
Trinidad, E. A. Robinson and J. W. Sargeant (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tohago, 14 {1915), No. 4, PP- H^, 119). — Tapping experiments conducted witli
1,200 6- to 9-year-old Hevea trees for tlie season of 1914-15 resulted in a yield
of 1,608 lbs. of rubber, or a gross return of $147 per acre with the rubber at
50 cts. per pound. The cost of cultivation, manufacture, and sale of this rubber
was $86.14, leaving a net profit of $60.86 per acre.

Physiological effects produced on Hevea brasiliensis by various tapping
systems, L. E. Campbell {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 19 {1915), pp. 27). — Bulletin
12 of this series (E. S. R., 33, p. 542) gave the yield secured from various sys-
tems of tapping. The present bulletin contains the re.sults of examinations of
the trees included in the tapping experiments with regard to the relative quan-
tities of reserve food stored in the bark and wood in and at various distances
from the tapped areas.

Of six systems of tapping examined, four had an entirely local effect on the
reserve food supplies of the trees. In the remaining cases other than local
effects were apparent. Reserves of starch had been withdrawn from large
regions below the tapped area, and there were also indications that the effects
extended even to the roots.

A comparison of different methods of knife tapping and the pricking methods
of tapping shows that the effects produced on the local food storage by the
pricking methods have been no less drastic than those resulting from ordinary
knife cuts. In the majority of cases the effects have been considerably more
marked. The untapped bark between the incisions was very poor and some-
times completely deficient in reserve starch. These effects are attributed largely
to the formation of wound-wood, which not only required a large amount of
reserve material for its formation but also hindered the lateral transference of
reserve material across it. With the pricking method of tapping the percentage
of scrap in the total yield of rubber was very high.

The effect of different intervals between successive tappings of Hevea
brasiliensis, T. Fetch {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 20 {1915), pp. 26). — In connec-
tion with tapping experiments of Hevea trees conducted at Henaratgoda (E. S.
R., 33, p. 543), observations were made of the effects of tapping at various
intervals of from one up to nine days between the tappings.

Although the results are not conclusive they indicate that within limits the
yield per tapping increases as the time interval between tcippings is increased.
The greatest yield in a given time is obtained by tapping at the shortest interval
within the limits under experiment. With the longer tapping interval the num-
ber of cuts whch it is possible to make to an inch decreases up to an interval of
about five days, but this decrease does not nullify the increase in yield per tap-
ping. The yield per unit of bark excised increases as the tapping interval is
lengthened, at least up to an interval of about six days. After five years' con-
tinuous tapping there is no evidence that the yield obtained in a given time by
tapping at an interval of five or seven days will ultimately exceed that obtained
by more frequent tapping.

Dynamite experiments, B. Bunting {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 {1915),
No. 9, pp. 337-341). — Experiments were conducted at the Castleton Estate, Telok
Anson, to test the effect of explosives on the growth of rubber. As measured
by the girth increment for one year the control plat gave an average increase in
girth of 21.93 per cent, and the dynamite plat an increase of 32.14 per cent for
every 100 in. of the original girth.

Summing up the results of various exioeriments with dynamite conducted by
the Department of Agriculture in the Federated Malay States, it appears to be
unequaled for breaking up hardpan. It is most effective on heavy clay and

48 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

hard laterite soils and least effective on light or loose soils which offer no
resistance to the explosion. It is believed that it might be profitable in making
holes previous to planting, especially in heavy soils, half a charge of dynamite
being sufficient for this purpose. It may be successfully used in breaking up
logs and tree stumps previously weakened by termites. The value of dynamite
for cultivation is not doubted, but the high cost of the explosive prevents its more
general use.

Bubber manuring experiments at the experiment station, Peradeniya,
M. K. Bambeb (Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 18 {1915), pp. 12, pis. 2).— This bulletin
describes manuring experiments with rubber trees started in 1913 and gives the
results secured in 1914 with reference to general growth, girth development, and
latex and rubber yield. The experiment is to be continued over a series of
years.

Preliminary experiments on the effect of temperature control on the yield
of products in the destructive distillation of hardwood, R. C. Palmeb (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 8, pp. 663-669, figs. 3; Chem. Trade
Jour., 51 (1915), Nos. U75, pp. 199, 200; 1^76, pp. 223-225) .—DatSi are given on
some preliminary experiments conducted at the Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, Wis., and in a commercial plant at Gladstone, Mich.

In the small scale distillations lowering the temperature of the process and
decreasing the speed with which it took place gave marked increases in the
yields of alcohol. The laboratory distillations gave 40 per cent more acetate of
lime than commercial yields, but the acetic acid was not gi-eatly influenced by
variation in the method of distilling. The best results were obtaimil by slow
distillation during the critical stage rather than by lowering the temi^erature at
which the reaction took place. This was accomplisheil by rapidly removing the
moisture content of the wood in the first stages, anticipating the period when
destructive distillation or the critical stage began, and at this point decreasing
the temperature of the fire.

Forest products of Canada, 1914. — Pulpwood, R. G. Lewis and W. G. H.
BoYCE {IJcpt. lilt. Canada, Forestry Branrh Hid. 5^ (1915), pp. 18, pis. 2,
figs. 3). — A report on the production and manufacture of pulpwood and wood
pulp in Canada for the calendar year 1014. The report shows the quantity and
value of pulp wood produced in the Dominion according to the rrovince in
which it was produced, the kind of wood used, and the method of manufacture ;
the quantity and value of pulp wood exported from Canada and from the
several Provinces in an unmanufactured state; and the value of wood pulp
exported from and imported into the Dominion.

A map showing the location of the pulp mills of the Dominion and a diagram
representing graphically the quantities of pulp wood used In Canada in the last
five years, 1910 to 1914, are included.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The relations between scientific botany and phytopathology, O. Appel
(Ann. Missouri Bot. Card., 2 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 275-285).— In addition to
giving a brief review of the development of methodologj- in combating plant dl.s-
eases, the author makes a plea for more of the strictly scientific study of plant
diseases and their conditions and treatment, as Illustrated by that of Milnch
(E. S. R.. 22. p. ir)2) and of otliers named.

Phytopathology in the Tropics, Johanna Westerdijk (Avn. Missouri Bot.
Oard., 2 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 307-313).— G\\iwg a brief account of the character
and conditions of tropical plant life, the author claims there are comparatively
few fungi and bacteria which have been found to cause serious injury In those

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49

regions. The author holds that this is probably due to the peculiar conditions
there which influence host and parasite and their mutual i-elations in ways as
yet but little known.

Problems and results in. the biological study of fungi, H. Klebahn
(Vortrdge Gesam. Geb. Bot., Deut. Bot. Oesell., No. 1 {1914), pp. 41, fl9»- 15).—
This is a bibliographical discussion of certain phases of relation between
parasites and parasitized plants as illustrated by examples taken.

Pathological plant anatomy, E. KtJSTEB, trans, by Frances Dorkance ( IDor-
ranceton, Pa.]: Translator, 1913, pps. XIV +258+19) .—This is a mimeographed
translation of a book previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 373).

A conspectus of bacterial diseases of plants, E. F. Smith (Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard., 2 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 377-401) .—Besides a list of families showing
those attacked by one or more bacteria, a discussion is given of the period of
greatest susceptibility of the hosts, various influences as related to infection, the
incubation period, action and reaction between parasite and host, recovery,
extra-vegetal habits of parasites, their prevalence and geographical distribution,
and control methods.

Beport of the division of plant pathology and bacteriology, H. R. Fulton
{North Carolina Sta. Bien. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 32, 33).— This is a brief account
of various lines of investigations carried on by the department. In connection
with the plant-disease survey, the chestnut blight fungus was found in a nursery
in Guilford County in June, 1912. The infected trees were destroyed, and it is
believed that the disease is temporarily under control.

Notes on some fungus diseases, E. S, Salmon and H. Woemald {Jour.
Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 {1913), pp. 450-456, pis. 2, figs. 2).— A further
discussion is given of a disease of apple buds previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p.
852), which attacks several varieties named in varying degrees, and perhaps
other fruits as well as berries. The casual organism has not yet been identified.

It is thought probable that the sowing of celery seed bearing Septoria petro-
selini apii may be the principal means by which celery blight is distributed.
It is recommended that infected seedlings be dipped in Bordeaux mixture when
transplanting them. A number of commercial samples of celery seed have been
found to be badly infected.

White root rot {Dematophora necatrix, RoselUnia necatrix) was noted as
persisting on apple and gooseberry on ground where cherry trees had previously
stood.

It is stated that Mycosphcerella brassicicola, considered to be the perfect stage
of a conidial form, Phyllosticta hrassicce, causing a leaf spot on certain crucifers,
has been found in the Mycosphserella stage showing mature ascospores on leaves
of cabbage and broccoli.

Report of the imperial mycologist, F. J. F. Shaw {Rpt. Agr. Research Inst,
and Col. Pusa, 1913-14, pp. 48-61). — The main portion of this report relates
to diseases of plants.

The most important enemy of rice {Tylenchus angustus) is active here from
July to December, culminating in September or October. It has been known to
withstand desiccation for 15 months. Transplanted rice is comparatively im-
mune to natural attack. Burning the stubble may be the best means of protec-
tion. Sclerotium oryzce has been found to attack rice in Burma, Madras, Bihar,
and Orissa.

Colletotrichum falcatum, causing red rot of sugar cane, is successfully resisted
by a hybrid between a local cane and foreign varieties of greater size and
yield. A disease somewhat similar as to .symptoms and mode of control is due
to Cephalosporium saceliari. A collar rot is ascribed to Hendersonina sacchari
and a disease caused by Helminthosporium sacchari which produces but

50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

little damage. Smut (Vstilago sacchari) is under investigation, Sereh was
reported at Jorhat.

An outbreak of fatal bud rot of coconut palms at Malabar, ascribed at first to
Pythium palmivorum, was finally assigned to the genus Phytophthora. A collar
rot of areca palms may be due to Fomes htcidus.

Rhi::octonia napi, not previously observed in India, was noted on the Pusa
Farm, living chiefly on mustard, but being apparently almost omnivorous. R.
destruens (also noted on Delpliinium) caused a rot of potato, on which R. solani
was also common. A disease of poppy, associated with Rhizoctonia or with
Peronospora arborescens, is ascribed to lack of rotation as its chief cause.

A cotton wilt of wide distribution was definitely shown to be a species distinct
from Fusarium vasinfectum, causing cotton wilt in the United States. It is also
less virulent, being unable to attack the Indian cotton known as •' buri," which
offers the only present hope of escape from loss by this fungus.

A different and (in artificial inoculation) more virulent species of Fusarium
causes a wilt of sesame. No resistant variety is known, but the cold weather
crop is less subject to the disease than are the monsoon varletie.s.

Potato blight {Phytophthora iiifestnns) does not survive the heat of the
plains, but may possibly become a serious pest in the hills. A Phytophthora,
discovered to attack Vinca and Petunia, is probably a variety of P. paraMtica,
which attacks castor beans.

The perfect stage of Colletotrichum, causing anthracnose of the betel vine,
has been discovered to be an Ascomycetes, and the Colletotrichum and Glceospo-
rium on chili has been proved to be one and the same fungus. The disease
appears to be transmitted through the seeds.

Introduction and acclimatization of new varieties of peanut has caused re-
cently a large degree of recovery in returns of this crop, which has been dimin-
ished by the tikka disease.

The hot-water treatment proved useless against smut of Pearl millet. The
success of the formalin treatment was demonstrated on several estates.

Tylenchus slmilis, the cause of a root disease of sugar cane and banana,
N. A. Cobb (V. .S. Dept. A</r., Jour. Ayr. Research. 4 (1915), No. 6, pp. 561-668,
figs. 2). — The author describes a disease of bananas which first made its ap-
pearance in Fiji in lS9t>-91, and which was attributed to the nematode T. simi-
lis. Then only the male nematodes were ob.served. In 1907 a disease of sugar
cane in Hawaii was investigated in which both sexes of the nematode were
recognized, and which at that time was described as T. hi for mis. Later
investigations have shown the same disease appearing on bananas in Jamaica.

A critical study has proved that the two species are Identical, and a tefli-
nical description of the nematode is given.

Plant diseases and pests {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago. 14 {1915),
No. 2, p. 62). — A statement by J. B. Rorer is quoted, noting good results from
l)roliniiii:iry sjirjiying oxperimonts with cacao, coconuts, ami cassava.

Heat as protection ag'ainst insects and cryptogamic parasites of cultivated
plants, L. Skmichon {Compt. Rend. Aead. Sei. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 17, pp.
569-571). — It Is claimed, as the result of tests, that water at temperatures of
55 to G5° will destroy not only Insect parasites mentioned and their eggs but
also fungus plant parasites which have either mycelium or reproductive bodies
exposed externally. Water at these temperatures also posses.ses considerable
spreading and adherent qualities, these statoments applying in cases of Oldlum
on grape or quince, rose mildew, Peronospora of grape, and Phytophthora of
potato and tomato. In the treatment of grape mildew It permits the reiluctlon
of the copper constituent as well as of the number of treatments.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51

Uspulun as a fungicide, L. Hiltner and G. Gentneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenbau
u. Schutz, 11. ser., 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 32-40).— It is stated that tests compar-
ing Upsulun with corrosive sublimate solution for steeping seed grains did not
show anj' injury to the seed as due to the former, but that its fungicidal value
was less than that of corrosive sublimate at the strengths employed, namely,
0.25, 0.5, and 1 per cent.

Note on lime and sulphur, D. R. Edwardes-Keb (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col.
Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. 368-370). — From experiments described with lime and
sulphur mixed intimately for use as a fungicide, it is concluded that there is
no chemical action on mixing either quicklime or slaked lime with flowers of
sulphur. Consequently, considered from a chemical point of view, there is no
obvious advantage in adding lime to this form of sulphur when designed for
use as a fungicide.

The Penicillium luteum purpurogenum group, C. Thom (Mycologia, 7
{1915), No. 3, pp. 134-142, fig. 1). — In further development of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 531), the author discusses different phases of the series,
at one end of which stands a strain of P. luteum producing ascospores freely
and conidia sparingly, and at the other end P. purpurogenum producing conidia
only. He concludes the article with a synoptical arrangement of the strains
considered.

The wintering-over of yellow rust and the occurrence of rust years, L.
Hecke (Naturui. Ztsehr. Forst u. Landw., 13 (1915), No. 4-5, pp. 213-220). —
Studies previously reported (E. S. R., 24, p. 743) have been followed up by
observations tending to show, it is claimed, that under certain conditions the
overwintering of the mycelium of yellow I'ust may be of considerable im-
portance.

The carrying over of the rust by wild plants is discussed, the author men-
tioning the yet unpublished work of K. Barfuss, who is said to have found that
the yellow rust of wheat may infect Dactylis glomerata, also Koeleria cristata
and Lolium temulentum. These results tend to contradict the views of a sup-
posedly sharp specialization by this rust and establish also the fact that this
fungus can attack rye and barley when wounded and that it may, after cultiva-
tion during several generations, attack the former even when uninjured.

Meteorological factors appear to be important, all conditions favorable to the
overwintering of the host apparently favoring the parasite also.

The cereal rusts, W. P. Eraser (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Sac. Protec. Plants [etc.'\,
7 (1914-15), pp. 116-120). — This is a somewhat general discussion of rusts
chiefly as known to occur in Canada on wheat, oats, barley, rye, and corn. The
use of early or resistant varieties, with destruction of buckthorn and barberry,
affords a measure of protection.

Cereal smut control, and yield, E. Jordi (JarJiresber. Landiv. Schule Riltti,
1912-1914, pp. 161-165). — It is stated, as the result of tests carried on during
several years and in part previously reported (E. S. R., 24, p. 345), that as used
for smut of wheat, formalin at 0.2 per cent is more effective than copper sul-
phate at 0.5 per cent strength, but that it is also probably more injurious to
germinability.

Rusted seed wheat showed in 1913 a lowering of yield, reaching 26 per cent
as compared with the yield from sound grain.

Fungus diseases of cassava, J. B. Robek (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tobago, 14 (1915), No. 2, pp. 36-38; abs. in Agr. Netvs [Barbados], 14 (1915),
No. 341, p. 114)- — The comparative freedom of cassava from disease in Trinidad
is ascribed largely to the casual and discontinuous character of its cultivation
there hitherto, a condition which is now rapidly disappearing. The only dis-
eases mentioned as serious at this time are leaf spot affections, as described.

52 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

A disease of the peanut caused by Bacterium solanaceanim, H. R. Fulton
and J. R. Winston {North Carolina Sta. Bicn. Rpt. 1913-l.i, pp. 43-^7, figs. Jf). —
In August, 1912, peanuts of the Spanish variety were observed in Granville
County, N. C, as badly diseased, in some cases 15 per cent of the plants being
affected. Examination showed that they were infected with B. solanacearum,
the same species as that causing Granville wilt of tobacco.

Since the peanut has been proved susceptible to attacks of this organism, atten-
tion is called to the fact that it can no longer be recommended for use in crop
rotation.

Fungus parasites of the pigeon pea, E. Rangel {Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo],
16. ser., No. 2 {1915), pp. 1^5-156, figs. 3). — Descriptions are given of the
following new species of fungi found parasitic on pigeon peas in Brazil : Vellosiella
cajani {Ccrcospora cajani), C. instahilis, C oil ctoi rich um cajani, Phyllosticta
cajani, and Phoma cajani. The first mentioned is a new genus and species based
on Cercoftpora cajani described by Hennings in 1902.

Infection experiments with the potato blight fungus, G. Smith {Jour.
Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 {1913), pp. 494-496) .—The author claims to
have shown that spores of Phytophthora infcstans, which freely attack Solanum
aviculare in Australia, are also able to infect this species in England without
a process of gradual adaptation, but he reports that it did not infect tomato,
jS. dulcnmara, or S. nigrum.

A biochemical study of the root rot of sugar beet, J. BooN^iR {Bot. Kiizlcm.
[Budapest], 13 {1914), No. //, pp. 114, 115; ahs. in Bot. Ccnthl., 126 {1914),
No. 24, p. 644)- — Sugar beets showing root rot gave less cane sugar and water
but a larger content of invert sugar, ash, aluminum, and acid than sound roots.

Invertase could be demonstrated in the diseased but not in the sound beets,
this fact being correlated with the degree of vitality of the bacteria in the dis-
eased roots.

Sereh in relation to sugar production, F. B. Fellinga {ArcJi. Siiikcrindus.
Nedcrland. Indie, 23 {1915), No. 3, pp. 71-84).— It is stated that the de-
generative disease of sugar cane known locally as sereh is becoming more and
more prevalent in Java, affecting the more productive and common native cane
by lowering both the quality and quantity of the sap output. The disease is
said to agree with type No. 4 of those described by "Wakker and Went (E. S. R.,
10, p. 56).

Selection of productive stock absolutely free from sereh and maintenance of
the most favorable cultural conditions are deemed imperative.

The comparative susceptibility of varieties of swedes and turnips to the
swede mildew (Erysiphe polygoni), G. O. Seable {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col.
Wye, No. 22 {1913), pp. .'/S7--'/M).— Results are tabulate<l for tests in the
summer of 1913 with each of 34 varieties of swedes, 41 of turnips, and 2 of
rape from seefl obtained from five well-known .^seed merchants in England and
Scotland. Every plat was attacked to a greater or less extent, the swedes and
rape more severely in general than were the turnips. Crop results are also
Indicated.

Chlorosis of plants with special reference to calico of tobacco, G. P.
Clinton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1914, Pt- 6, pp. 357-424, pis. 8).— After a
discussion of chlorosis in plants and the various theories regarding its cause, the
author gives brief descriptions and results of nearly 300 experiments conducted
during the years 1906 to 1914, inclusive, to determine the nature and control
of the mosaic or calico disease of tobacco.

As a result of the investigations, it is claimed that calico of tobacco is pri-
marily a disease of the chlorophyll of the infected plants. It is infectious, and,
to a certain extent, contagious. It can be communicated to the leaves through

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53

the roots, but more commonly by contact, as in handling plants, etc. The dis-
ease is carried by seed to a limited extent, insects may spread it, but infected
platits in the seed bed are believed to be the primary source of the trouble. The
genuine disease is not developed by pruning if it is not already present or intro-
duced during the pruning process.

Calico is said to require 10 to 14 days after infection before the disease
becomes apparent. The extent of development depends on the age of the plant
at the time of infection, mature leaves not being visibly infected, although they
may serve as carriers of infection to younger ones.

A similar disease of tomatoes is recognized, and it was found possible to recip-
rocately inoculate tomatoes and tobacco, causing the characteristic appearance
of the disease. Other species of Nicotiana were successfully inoculated, as were
a number of other solanaceous plants, but not of plants belonging to other plant
families.

The " virus " is said to be renewed within the tissues of the plant, is destroyed
by heat, is filterable, can be extracted with alcohol, ether, and chloroform, and
retains its vitality for some time in the presence of toluol. The author considers
the " virus " as being of the nature of an enzym, and the experiments are be-
lieved to suggest that it belongs to the group of oxidizing enzyms.

Bacteria are not considered as causing the trouble here described.

Suggestions for the control of the disease in the seed bed and field are given.

A bibliography of some of the more important contributions to the subject of
plant chlorosis is given, in which brief abstracts of the subject matter are
included.

New tomato diseases, R. Rapaics (Ahs. in Bot. Centbl., 126 (1914), No. 23,
p. 625). — The author reports, at Debreczen, Fusarium erubescens as causing a
dangerous disease of ripe or unripe tomato fruits, CoUetotrichum lycopersici as
causing anthracnose in mild form on the unripe fruits, and Septoria lycopersici
on the leaves.

Note on E-hizopus nigricans, H. Woemald [Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye,
No. 22 (1913), pp. 483-4SG, fig. 1). — Study of the organism causing a rot of
tomatoes showed by comparative tests that the strain from Kensington and that
from Wye are to be regarded as plus and minus, respectively.

Watermelon wilt spread by contaminated seed, H. R. Fulton and J. R.
Winston (North Carolina Sta. Bien. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 48-51, fig. i).— Attention
was called in August, 1912, to a destructive melon disease due to Fusarium
niveiwi. Observations indicate that, while the disease was widespread, it seemed
to be associated with one lot of seed as the source of infection. Seed of this lot
were procured, and upon germination, showed the presence of the fungus F.
niveum. Pure cultures were obtained and the disease readily produced by in-
oculation experiments.

When infected seed were disinfected no disease appeared on germination, indi-
cating that the seed were only externally affected. Some experiments in disin-
fecting seed were carried on which indicate that soaking seed for 30 minutes
in 0.5 per cent solution of formaldehyde not only increased the germination of
the seed, but also greatly reduced the infection.

Wood decay in orchard trees, W. T. Horne (California Sta. Circ. 137 (1915),
pp. 13, figs. 2). — Attention is called to the frequent occurrence of rots affect-
ing orchard trees, in some instances apple and stone fruit trees being seriously
attacked. The decay is said to be due to wood-destroying fungi, and serious
losses have been reported from a number of localities in California.

The author recommends cutting out, disinfecting, and coating the wounds
with asphaltum. The trees should be inspected at the end of the summer and
the disinfection renewed if necessary.

54 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

Trichoseptoria fnictigena on quince and apple, W. Pietsch {Latidic. Jahrb.,
47 (1014), No. 2, pp. 303-323, figs. 13). — The author, reporting a continuance of
previous studies (E. S. R., 29, p. 247), states that irregular flecks on quince"
leaves showed pycnidia and spores resembling closely those on the fruit ascribed
to T. fnictigena.

Results of culture studies on sterile substrata and on living fruits are detailed.
The Japanese quince is apparently not attacked, but the ordinary quince is more
susceptible than apple. Apparently the spores survive even hard winters, the
period between October and March being favorable to the spread of the organism.
The fungus appears to be common on fruits of haw, from which it appparently
passes to quince, and from this to apples in storage. This suggests early gather-
ing of the quince crop and careful disinfection of hands, baskets, etc., before
handling the apples.

The cedar rust disease of apples caused by Gymnosporang'ium juniperi-
virginianse, H. S. Reed and C. H. Ckabii.l (Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 9 (1915),
pp. 3-106, figs. 23). — ^A detailed account is given of the biology of the fungus
causing a rust on apple foliage and fruit, and the effect produced on each host
plant is discussed. ' The investigations on which this report is based have been
in progress since 1910, some data regarding control measures having been pre-
viously issued (E. S. R., 30, p. 450).

In the present bulletin, accounts are given of investigations on the spring
development of the fungus on the cedar, its development ou apple foliage and
fruit, the sporophytic and gametophytic generations of the fungus, chemical
studies of diseased and healthy leaves, influence of the fungus on the transpira-
tion, photosynthesis, and respiration of apple leaves, and a summary of experi-
ments for the control of the rust on apple foliage.

The authors found individual variation regarding susceptibility of cedar trees
to attacks of the fungus, which was also shown by varieties of apples. Of the
apple foliage, only young leaves are susceptible, and infection takes place only
in the presence of abundant moisture. The transpiration of affected apple trees
was found to be almost constant, whether in light or in darkness, due probably
to the stomata becoming unresponsive to light stimulus. Photosynthesis was
reduced and respiration increased in diseased leaves. Chemical analysis
showed a decrease in total sugars, invert sugar, and starch, and an increase of
sucrose in the rusted leaves.

Discussing means of control, the authors conclude that the application of
fungicides has not proved to be a practical method of controlling the disease
when red cedar trees are present in the neighborhood of apple orchards. In
such cases, permanent relief can be obtained by the removal of all reil cedar
trees in the vicinity.

A bibliography is appended.

Apple leaf spot or black rot canker, P. I. Bbyce (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc.
Protec. Plants [etc.], 7 (1914-15), pp. 86-90, figs. 5).— This disease (Spharopsi-s
malornm ) has been noted at Sainte Annes in two forms, the frog-eye spots on
the leaves and the canker on limbs and growing or stored fruit, several varieties
being attacked.

^Maintenance of the trees at full vigor is recommended as a general treatment
for the trees and the growing fruit. Temperatures below 40° F. reduce or pre-
vent black rot in stored fruit.

Apricot gummosis and sour sap, L. H. Day (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cah, 4
(1915). No. 7. pp. 330-332). — Observations and tests as noteil have led to the
view that many gumming and sour sup conditions of the apricot tree which are
common in the coast regions of California are caused by fungi or bacteria which

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55

obtain entrance at points of injury due to various causes. Cutting out and disin-
fecting the diseased area, where this is not too extensive, has proved successful.

Blig'ht resistant pear stocks, G. Compere (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4
(1915), No. 7, pp. 313, 314, figs. 2).— Referring to a report by Reimer (E. S. R.,
33, p. 53), the author states that a tree grown from seed of a Chinese wild pear
sent over by himself in 190S is producing fruit and is not attacked by either the
pear blight or the woolly aphis, both of which attack severely contiguous trees
grown on common stock.

Wilting of raspberry and loganberry canes, H. Wobmald (Jour. Southeast.
Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. J^1J^-J^S2, pis. 3, figs. 4). — A descriptive dis-
cussion is given of four fungi found in wilted canes examined, namely, Hender-
sonia rubi, Didijmella applanata, Coniothyrium fuckelii, and Gnomonia rubi. A
Fusarium has been noted as possibly parasitic on the roots of raspberry. It is
considered to be the conidial stage of Nectria rubi.

Withertip of coffee (Mem. Fomento [Costa Rica-I, 1913, pp. 380, 381). — A
partial or total drying iip of twigs in exposed parts of coffee trees is noted as
causing losses in portions of Costa Rica. Causes assigned by several writers
include various fungi named, cold dry winds, and unfavorable physiological
conditions.

Heterodera radicicola, G. Bondak (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 16. ser.. No. 4
(1915), pp. 329, 330). — Observations made by the author are cited in support
of the view that //. radicicola does not attack coffee trees under normal con-
ditions.

Red rust of tea, C. Bernard (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East
Indies], Meded. Procfstat. Thee, No. 32 (1914), PP- 1-20).— This discussion
appears to be preliminary to a somewhat fundamental study of red rust of tea
plants, said to be increasingly injurious recently in Java.

The disease is due to Cephaleuros virescens, long known in this region as
readily attacking tea plants subjected to unfavorable conditions, some of which
are here discussed. Fungicides appear to be relatively ineffective in controlling
this trouble.

The control of koleroga of the areca palm, L. C. Coleman (Agr. Jour.
India, 10 (1915), No. 2, pp. 129-136). — This is a brief account of the work now
in progress in connection with the koleroga disease of areca palm due to Phy-
tophthora omnivora arecce, in relation to the conditions peculiar to the region
indicated, within which this disease is prevalent.

The fungicide used was Bordeaux mixture of double strength, to which had
been added an adhesive mixture of resin dissolved by heating with soda in water.
The finished mixture showed remarkable adhesive qualities considering the
torrential rains prevailing there during part of the year. A special type of
spray adapted to the nature of the work has been employed. These protective
measures are being widely tested out.

Experiments are now in progress with a view to stamping out the disease
entirely, and one area where the rainfall is about 300 in. annually has been kept
clear during the past three years.

A disease of coconut in New Caledonia, R. H. Compton and P. D. Montague
(Rev. Agr. Nouvelle-CaUdonie, No. 44 (1914), pp. 29-33). — A brief preliminary
discussion is given of a disease affecting flowers, leaves, fruit, trunk, and roots
of coconut in New Caledonia. The cause is said to be a fungus, the identity
of which has not yet been settled. In its vegetative phase it ramifies widely in
the tissues, the fructifications forming externally and producing a vast number
of spores. Infection may occur by means of these or by contact of sound with
diseased tissue. Sanitary measures are suggested.

15419°— No. 1—16 5

56 EXPERIME^'T STATIOX BECOKD.

Coconut disease in New Hebrides, M. J. Kowalski (Rev. Agr. Nouvelle-
Caledonie, No. 44 {1914), pp- 56-59). — Leaf disease of coconut, ascribed to
Pestallozia palmaruvi, is described as causing considerable loss in connection
with young trees. A cacao leaf disease of undetermined cause is reported, also
a scale insect of coffee trees, which may be the same as that which attacks
coffee in Madagascar.

Melaxuma of the Eng'lish walnut, H. S. Fawcett {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort.
Cal., 4 {1915), No. 7, pp. 293-297, figs. 2). — A description is given of melaxuma,
a disease causing black cankers and exudation of black sap on the large limbs
and trunks of English walnut trees. This has become of considerable im-
portance in Santa Barbara County, California, within the past three years, and
has been found in other counties named.

The disease is infectious, being caused by a species of Dothiorella which also
attacks a willow common in this vicinity, poles of which are often u-sed to prop
the lower limbs of the walnut trees. If not too far advanced, it may be con-
trolled by cutting out the cankers and dead limbs and treating the wounds with
strong lime sulphur or with Bordeaux paste, directions for the preparation and
use of which are given.

Canker of Pelargonium, W. Magnus (Gartcnflora, 64 {1915), No. 5-6, pp.
66-€8, figs. 2). — Brief mention is made of the production of tumorous growths
on Pelargonium, apparently similar to those frequently observed to form spon-
taneously, by inoculation with bacteria said to be also pathogenic to animals,
including human beings.

The effect of continued desiccation on the expulsion of ascospores of
Endothia parasitica, F. D. Heald and R. A. Sturhalteb {Mycologia, 7 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 126-130). — Tests described are said to show that while continued
desiccation does not prevent the expulsion of spores by the perithecia of E. para-
sitica when resubjected to favorable conditions of temperature and moisture,
it does lengthen the period from the beginning of favorable conditions to the
first expulsion, so that perithecial material which has been drierl for three
months or more would rarely, if ever under natural condition.s, discharge
spores. Material dried for one or two mouths might be a source of danger.

Spores from desiccated perithecia showed little or no reduction in germina-
bility. Apparently, also, the time limit of ability to expel ascospores was not
reached in the longest period (11 months and 18 days) here employed.

Tests on the durability of greenheart, C. J. Humphrey {Mycologia, 7 {1915),
No. 4y PP- 204-209, pi. 1). — Tests of Ncctatidra rodi(ri are described as carried
out with various wood-destroying fungi under favorable conditions. Heartwood
proved highly resistant, and in most cases practically immune, to all the fungi
used, very little effect being visible. The sapwood proved immune to only 3 of
the 23 fungi employed. Lenzites sepiaria caused a loss in dry weight of 37 per
cent in one year, MeruUiis lacrynians 26 per cent, and the losses caused by 6
other fungi ranged from 10 to 25 per cent.

Observations on Herpotrichia nigra and associated species. F. J. Seaveb
{Mycologia, 7 {1915), No. -J, pp. 210, 211). — The author reports that spores of a
fungus found on Picea with H. nigra and Ncopcckia coultcri, and at first
thought to be those of an undescribed species of Ilerpotricliia, were found to
be those of a Mytilidion closely related to or identical with M. fusisporum and
frequently associated with H. nigra on conifers. The Mytilidion has also been
found associated with N. coultcri on pine needles.

Some observations on sycamore blight and accompanying fungi, .7. P.
Anderson {Proc. lotca Acad. Sri., 21 (1914), pp. 109-114. pls- 2).— A brief
account is given of the partial investigation of sycamore blight (Gnomonia

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57

reneta ) said to exist in four conidial forms, known by other names, an asciger-
ous stage developing in late winter or in very early spring on leaves kept over
winter. Notes are also given on three other fungi commonly found on twigs
killed by the blight.

A disease of plantation rubber caused by Ustulina zonata, F. T. Brooks
(Neto Phijtol., 14 (1915), No. 4-5, pp. 152-164, figs. 6).— The author describes
a collar and root disease attacking rubber trees live years old and upward,
said not to have been noted before 1914 in Malaya, and ascribed to V. zonata.

Field and laboratory studies are described. The trouble is said to be readily
distinguishable from the root diseases caused by Femes semitosttis (F. lignosus),
Sphccrostilbe repens, and Hymenocha'te noxia. The fructifications, which form
grayish and brown or blackish plates, are found in the collar or on the exposed
lateral roots. The fungus probably often begins its growth on decaying stumps
or follows attacks of white ants.

The removal of all discolored tissues is considered important.

Diseases of Manihot glaziovii, P. Abens (In International Rubber Congres
met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, 1914' — Rubber Recueil. Amsterdam: J. H. de
Bussy [1915], pp. I40, 141)- — A description is given of the disease of M. glaziovii
in Java due to Fomcs scmitostus, and another disease ascribed to the improper
removal of the outer bark before tapping, which leads to decay and insect
attack.

Diseases of Hevea brasiliensis in Java, A. A. L. Rutgers anl P. Arens (In
International Rubber Cmigres met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, 1914- — Rubber
Reeueil. Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy [1915], pp. 130-139, figs. 4)- — Notes are
given on the principal fungus diseases that have been observed on H. brasiliensis
in Java.

The fungus diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, T. Petch (In International
Rubber Congres met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, 1914- — Rubber Recueil. Amster-
dam: J. H. de Btissy [1915], pp. 116-129). — Compiled data are given relating
to the fungus diseases observed on the leaves, stems, and roots of H. brasiliensis
in Ceylon, with suggestions for their control so far as definite means are known.
No new diseases are reported and the general situation is considered satis-
factory.

Boot diseases in Malaya (Agr. News [Barbados], 14 (1915), No. 34I, PP- 174'
175). — This is a brief notice of the two root diseases of Hevea reported by
Brooks (B. S. R., 33, pp. 150, 449) as due to Ustulina .zonata and Sphwrostilbe
repens, respectively.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

A history of British mammals, G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton (London:
Gurney & Jackson, 1914, vol. 2, pts. 15, pp. 3+409-456, pis. 3, figs. 10; 16, pp.
457-504, pis. 4. figs- 9). — A continuation of the Muridse, or mice and rats, of
the Rodentia, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 248).

It is announced that owing to the death of the late author the work, com-
mencing with Part 16. will be completed by M. A. C. Hinton.

The prairie dog and its control, I\I. H. Swenk (Nebraska Sta. Bui. 154
(1915), pp. 5-38, figs. 4)- — -A. general account of the prairie dog of the plains
(Cynomys ludovicianus) is followed by a more detailed discussion of control
measures, including competitive experiments in fall and spring poisonings,
fumigation experiments, etc.

Experimental tests were made from October 22 to December 12 of ten
formulas that have been recommended for use in poisoning prairie dogs, the

58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

destruction varying from 90 to 99 per cent. Each formula was tested twice
on 100 burrows known to be occupied, the effect being determined by plugging
the holes of the burrows within a few days after the distribution of the grain,
as in case the prairie dogs were still alive the burrows would be opened within
a week. Two formulas showed an efficiency of 99 per cent, the one most easily
and quickly prepared and recommended by the author being the Colorado
formula, recommended by Johnson in a circular previously noted (E. S. R., 28,
p. 450). Directions given for its preparation are as follows: "Dissolve 1 oz.
of powdered strychnin alkaloid (for which we substituted strychnia sulphate),
one-half teacup of starch, and 1 teaspoonful of saccharin in 1 qt. of boiling
water. Pour it over 12 qts. of grain (barley, wheat, or oats), which is held in a
tight vessel, as a galvanized iron tub (which should subsequently be scrubbed
clean). Stir the mixture very thoroughly until every grain receives a thorough
coating, then spread the gi'ain out to dry. It will keep indefinitely. Sprinkle
on the mounds of the occupied burrows."

Spring tests were made between February 12 and April 1.5 of five of the ten
formulas above mentioned, including the two which gave the best results. The
formulas tested were found to rank in the same order of efficiency as in the
fall, the first application giving results wliich varied from 53 to 77 per cent, the
second application an efficiency of 0 to 28 per cent. In a demonstration of the
results that could be obtained on the range from the use of the most effective
formula, an extensive distribution of it resulted in the destruction of 75 to 80
per cent of the prairie dogs. The author's observations as well as those of
others indicate that there are few birds killed by the exposure of the poisoned
grain.

Fumigation experiments with carbon bisulphid led to the conclusion that 0.5
fluid ounce of this chemical is insufficient for the dosage of the average prairie
dog burrow, since not over one-half of the animals succumb to such a treat-
ment, but that 1 oz. is a sufficient dosage to kill from 80 to 100 per cent of the
animals. An increase in dosage to 1.5, 2, or 2.5 oz. did not consistently add to
the effectiveness of the fumigation. When the soil is moist from recent rains
good results follow the simple careful pouring of the ounce of carbon bisulphid
into the burrow, but it is thought tliat the most consistently satisfactory
results will follow the use of the chemical on dry corn cobs. A test made of
mixing carbon bisulphid with gasoline indicates that 1 oz. of pure carbon bisul-
phid is more effective than is 1 oz. of carbon bisulphid mixed with 1 oz. of
gasoline.

A list of 2.3 references to the subjo<^t is appended.

The insectivorous habits of the mole in British Columbia, R. C. Tkeiiekne
{Agr. Gas. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 3, pp. 216, 217).— The two species here
referred to which occur in the Lower Fraser Valley are Scapanus townsendi
and Xciirotrichus (fibhsi, the latter being the more common. The author con-
cludes that the insectivorous liabits of the mole in British Columbia are Im-
portant aids to the farmer in the control of .soil-infecting insect pests, and that
unless moles are present in exceptional numbers, their good points in all
probability outnuniix-r the bad.

The muskrat (Fiber zibethicus) and its ravages in Bohemia. O. Haempel
(Umfichau, IS (19JJ,), Xo. 4S, pp. 970-973, figs. 4; abs. in Intcnwt. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 320, 321).—
The muskrat, four pairs of which were imported eight years ago from Canada
to Dobrisch, Bohemia, and liberatetl. has increased to an extraordinary extent
and become the source of much destruction and is also increasing in other parts
of Austria and Central Europe. Its fur has gradually doterioratoil since its
introduction into Bohemia so that tanners now refuse the skins.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59

Food habits of the thrushes of the United States, F. E. L. Beal (f7. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 280 (1915), pp. 23, figs. 2). — Eleven species of thrushes occur
within the limits of the United States, of which six are here considered, namely,
Townsend's solitaire (Myadestcs toxonsendi), the wood thrush (Hylocichla
miistelina), the veery and willow thrush {H. fuscescens subspp.), the gray-
cheeked and Bicknell's thrushes (H. alicice subspp.), the olive backed and rus-
set-backed thrushes (H. nstnlata subspp.), and the hermit thrushes {H. guttata
subspp. ) . An account of the food habits of the five species of robins and blue-
birds of the United States by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32,
p. 648).

The account of each species includes a classified list of the insects identi-
fied in the stomachs and the number of stomachs in w^hich each was found.
" The thrushes are largely insectivorous, and also are fond of spiders, myriapods,
sowbugs, snails, and angleworms. The vegetable portion of their diet consists
mostly of berries and other small fruits. . . . Thrushes of the genus Hylocichla
show a very pronounced taste for ants, and the average consumption of these
insects by the five species is 12.65 per cent. Few birds other than woodpeckers
show so strong a liking for this highly flavored food. Hymenoptera in general,
including ants, bees, and wasps, are the second largest item of insect food.
Lepidoptera (caterpillars) stand next as an article of thrush diet, wdiile Orthop-
tera (grasshoppers), which are a favorite food with most birds, do not seem
to appeal much to the thrushes.

" The thrushes are pronounced ground feeders, and may often be seen picking
small fruit that has fallen to the ground. The vegetable portion of their food
(40.72 per cent) is largely composed of fruit, which constitutes over 34 per
cent of the total food. Of this 30.88 per cent is made up of wild berries, which
outweigh the domestic varieties with every species. In all, 94 species of wild
fruits or berries were identified in the stomachs of these birds, although it is not
always practicable to identify such material unless seeds or some other char-
acteristic parts are present. . . . Domestic fruits are eaten so sparingly by
the thrushes here considered as to be of no economic importance."

Report of the division of entomology for the biennial period ending De-
cember 31, 1914, E. M. Ehehokn ([fiioi.] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry
Hatcaii, 1913-14, pp. 103-161, pis. 6).— This, the usual biennial report (E. S. R,
29, p. 53), presents details of inspection work carried on, including the inspection
of agricultural products imported into the Territory from the mainland and
foreign countries, inter-island inspection, and a list of the pests intercepted. A
brief account is also given of pests which during the past two years have proved
quite a menace to plant life in and around Honolulu, as well as in some districts
on the other islands, namely, the Japanese rose beetle (Adoretus tenuimacu-
latus), coconut palm leaf roller (Omiodes blackburni), alligator pear bark
beetle {Xyleborus immaturus) , tree roach (Eleutheroda dytiscoides) , cutworms,
mealy bugs, scale insects, plant lice, ants, etc.

Reports of the Work of the Insectary, by D. T. Fullaway (pp. 143-151) in
introducing, breeding, and distributing parasites of the fruit fly and horn fly,
and Parasitism Among the Larvae of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly {Ceratitis
capitata) in Hawaii during 1914, by E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton (pp. 153-
161) are appended.

Some important insect pests of the greenhouse, R. D. AVhitmaksh (Ohio
Sta. Circ. 154 (1915), pp. 93-104, figs. 10). — A brief popular account is given
of several of the more important insects occurring in greenhouses, including
the greenhouse whitefly, greenhouse red spider {Tetranychus telarius), plant
lice, and mealy bugs (Pseudococcus citri and P. longispinus) , and means for
their control.

60 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

Control of raisin insects, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Circ. iS-i (1915),
pp. 11, figs. 6). — ^A more detailed account of raisin insects and their control than
that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 245). Descriptions and illustrations
are given of an insect trap for a refuse bos and of a gas-tight door for a fumigat-
ing room.

Spraying scheme for the control of insect pests on citrus trees in Florida,
W. W. YoTHEES (Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1915), Xo. 2, pp. 161-164).— It is stated
that of the total damage caused by insects to citrus in Florida more than 95
per cent can be attributed to sis species, which in the order of their destructive-
ness are as follows : Citrus white fly, purple scale, rust mite, Florida red scale,
cloudy-winged white fly (Alcyrodcs nubifera), and the red spider (Tciranijchus
scxmaculatiis). The woolly white fly (A. hoicardi) and the purple mite (T.
mytilaspidis) are said to be of secondary importance.

A spraying scheme which it is thought will largely eliminate the damage
caused by these pests, having been tested quite estensively for three seasons,
and generally with satisfactory results, consists in the application of paraffin
oil emulsion 1:50 in May; lime-sulphur solution 1:50 to 1:75, June to July;
paraflin oil emulsion 1 : 50, August 25 to October 31 ; and lime-sulphur solution
1 : 50 to 1 : 75. November or December.

liiscellaneous insecticide investigations, E. W. Scott and E. H. Siegleb
(U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 218 (1915), pp. 47). — The autliors report upon" tests of
new and promising arsenicals and spray combinations made at Benton Harbor,
Mich., during the seasons 1912 (pp. 1-llK 1913 (pp. 11-19). and 1914 (pp.
19-27).

The conclusions drawn as a result of the three seasons' work are as follows:
"Arsenate of lead proved to be the most consistent and valuable stomach poison
testedj giving satisfactory results throughout the esi>erimental work. Arsenate
of lead is equally effective in either the paste or powdered form. Triplumbic
arsenate of lead is less rapid as a poisoning agent than diplumbic arsenate, but
is .safer for use on tender foliage. Arsenate of lead may be combined with
nicotin solutions and lime-sulphur solution for the control of certain apple
chewing and sucking insects and fungus diseases. For the control of certain
sucking and chewing insects arsenate of lead may be combined with kerosene
emulsion. ^U'seuate of lead, kerosene emulsion, and lime-sulphur is an incom-
patible misture, due to the formation of an insoluble calcium soap and the
subsotiuent relea.<:e of free kerosene. In our esperience any combination con-
taining lime-sulphur and soap should not be useil, owing to the formation of
an insoluble calcium soap. Arsenate of lead should not be mised with sixlium
sulphid compounds, since the soluble soilium arsenate formeil is destructive to
leaf tissue. Arsenate of lead combined with a txtmmercial barium tetrasulphid
gave satisfactory control of the coiUing moth and caused no foliage injury in
the experimental apple orchard.

The most promising new insecticide develoix^l during the course of the
esperimental work is arsenate of calcium. This arsenical may be manufactureil
at less cost than arsenate of load or .may be readily preparetl at home as de-
scribeil [in this bulletin]. During the seasons of 1912 and 1913 arsenate of
calcium gave encouraging results. In 1914 a commercial arsenate of calcium
paste in combination with lime-sulphur gave very satisfactory control of the
codling moth. While arsenate of calcium may have certain limitations, it will
doubtless prove of value for the control of chewing insects on certain ho.«t plants.

"Arsenate of iron and arsenate of zinc are not as satisfactory as arsenate
of lead. Arsenite compounds are dangerous to use on tender foliage. In stnue
instances, however, it may be possible to prevent foliage injury somewhat by
combining the soluble arsenic with lime. Sodium-sulphur and potassiuiu-sul-

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 61

phur compounds gave fairly satisfactory control of the San Jos§ scale, in some
instances equaling lime-sulphur solution. They may readily be prepared at
home without the use of heat."

'• The following arsenical compounds were also tested at the laboratory :
Arsenic sulphid. arsenic tersulphid. and arsenic triosid. These materials are
destructive to leaf tissue, and therefore undesirable insecticides. Several com-
pounds containing no arsenic were tested, namely, barium chlorid, barium sul-
phate, calcium chlorid, copper osid, lead acetate, lead carbonate, lead chromate,
lead oxid, lead peroxid, mercury bichlorid, zinc chlorid, zinc oxid, and zinc
sulphate. While some of these compounds gave more or less satisfactory results,
they were not of sufficient promise to warrant further testing."

The insecticidal properties of various sulphids and polysulphids, P. J.
Parkott and W. J. Schoexe (Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1915), So. 2, pp. 204, 205). —
This is an abstract of a paper presented by the authors before the American
Association of Economic Entomologists in December, 1914.

'• The amount of sulphur in proprietary insecticides containing sulphids and
polysulphids of the different bases varies greatly, ranging for the sodium prepa-
rations from 1.79 to 58.92 per cent ; potassium, 2.39 to 38.72 per cent ; calcium,
3.97 to 26.4 per cent ; and barium, 16.54 to 44 per cent. . . . The work in general
so far points to the conclusion that the strength of a preparation with regard to
its sulphur content is a more important consideration than the natui'e of the
base of the sulphids and polysulphids."

A new contact insecticide, W. M. Scott (Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1915), Xo. 2,
pp. 206-211). — This article relates to barium sulphur, accounts of which by the
author have been previously noted (E. S. R., 33, pp. 339, 340). The author has
found dry barium sulphur to be as effective as lime-sulphur solution in the
control of San Jos^ and oyster-shell scales.

The nicotin sulphate-Bordeaux combination, V, I. Safko (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
S (1915), Xo. 2, pp. 199-20S) .—The author's results and the work recorded by
others indicate that nicotin sulphate may be safely added to and applied with
Bordeaux in all cases where Bordeaux alone may be safely used.

Further data on poisoned bran mashi flavored with, fruit juice as a means
of controlling' some insects, G. A. Dean {Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1915), Xo. 2, pp.
219-^27). — This is a report of work with the Kansas bait, carried on in con-
tinuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 31. p. 249).

Grasshopper control in New York State, E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), Xo. 2, pp. 221-230). — The author reports that the use of the Kansas
bait in a grasshopper outbreak in areas bordering the Adirondacks and extend-
ing from Poland, Herkimer County, through Fulton and Saratoga counties
north to Warren and Clinton counties, gave excellent results.

The mole cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris) damaging rice fields in Italy,
N. NovKT.T.T (Gior. Risicolt., 4 (1914), Xo. 13, pp. 1S9-193; abs. in Internat. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], ilo. Bid. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), Xo. 10, pp.
13S1, 13S2). — The author reports that the mole cricket is increasing in certain
irrigated rice-growing districts in Italy, where it is the source of considerable
damage. Wheat, oats, and barley have been badly thinned and corn so re-
duced as to require reseeding.

Podisma frigida in Alaska, A. X. Caudeix (Canad. Ent., ^7 (1915), Xo. 5,
p. 160).

Descriptions of new American Thysanoptera, J. D. Hood (Insccutor Inscitiw
llcnstruus, 3 (1915), Xo. 1-4, pp. 1-40, pis. 2). — A new genus (Ommatothrips)
and 20 species of thrips are here described as new, 12 being from the United
States, 3 from Panama, 4 from Peru, and 1 from Porto Rico.

62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

On some American JEoloth.ripidae, J. D. Hood {Ent. Neics, 26 (1915), Xo. 4,
pp. 162-166, fig. 1). — Franklinothrips tenuicornis from Moro Island, Panama,
is here described as new.

New Thysanoptera from Florida and Louisiana, J. D. Hood and C. B.
Williams (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 23 (1915), Xo. 2, pp. 121-138, pis. 4).— Eleven
species and 3 genera are described as new.

The Ontario mealy bug (Pseudococcus sp.), E. O. Essig (Mo. Bui. Com.
Hort. Cal., Jf (1915), No. 7, pp. 343, 3-J-J, fig. i).— This mealy bug, which infests
citrus orchards at Upland, Cal., and was first thought to be Pseudococcus
bakeri, is apparently a new species or one imported from some other country.
The recent finding of an infestation of this species at Oakland, Cal., on a ship-
ment of bay trees from Holland indicates that it was introduced from that
country.

Preliminary report on the woolly aphis, E. X. Cory (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 186-190). — Investigations in Maryland, here reported, have
led to the following conclusions :

" Of all the insecticides used Electro Pine Tar Creosote holds the greatest
promise due to, first, its power to kill the aphidids ; second, its strong repellent
action and its retention of the penetrating odor after at least 21 months in the
soil ; third, its stimulative effect on diseased tissues ; and fourth, the possibility
of ennilsifying it readily. Thei*e is a symbiotic relationship between the
aphidids and Lasius (Acanthomyops) intcrjcctus. There appears to be a
congregating habit in L. intcrjcctus of which it may be possible to take ad-
vantage in controlling the ant. Creosote is an effective repellent for this ant.
Paradise stocks show some degree of immunity to attack by the root forms of
the woolly aphis."

The pea aphis with relation to forage crops, J. .T. Davis ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr.
Bui. 270 (1915), pp. 67, figs. 17). — A monograph of Macrosiphum pisi in which
the subject is dealt with under the heading of synonymy, identity of species
occurring in America, past history of the pest and its injuries, character of
attack, effects on cattle of feeding them infested clover, distribution and
origin, food plants, description, life history, field observations, generation
experiments, hatching of the egg, molting, age at which females begin repro-
ducing, reproductive period, longevity, fecundity of viviparous females, sexual
forms, fecundity of oviparous females, natural control, and methods of arti-
ficial control.

Bibliographies of the European literature and of the American literature,
consisting of thirteen pages, are appended.

A brief general account of the pea aphis by Chittenden has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 13. p. 265), a second edition of which was issued in 10(19.

The cabbage aphis, P. J. Paurott and B. B. Fui-ton (New York State St a.
Circ. 30 (1914), P^s. 2, fig. 1). — A popular account of this pest and means for
its control.

Cotton worm, L. Haseman (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 192, 193).—
The author reports that during the past throe years the moth of the cotton
worm has migrated northward across ilissouri, its damage to fruits having
been considerable each year. Late peaches are said to be the moth's favorite
food, though it may also attack apples, grapes, pears, tomatoes, and other
fruits on the market.

The corn ear worm, L. Haseman (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp.
214-21S, pis. 2). — A report of observations in Missouri, where the pest has been
unusually abundant and the source of enormous damage to corn and other
crops during the past few years.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 63

Recent results in the use of dust sprays for controlling the corn ear
worm, J. W. McCoLLOCH {Joxir. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 211-214).— The
author finds that the amount of corn ear worm injury can be greatly reduced by
thoi'oughly dusting the silks with arsenate of lead, 63 per cent arsenate of lead
being as effective as pure arsenate of lead. While the cost of this treatment is
prohibitive where corn is raised for corn and forage purposes, this treatment is
profitable where corn is grown for roasting ears, show purposes, or for seed.

Observations and researches on the vine moths, M. Topi {Atti R. Accad.
Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. scr., 23 (1914), I, No. 12, pp. 981-984;
abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. IRome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5
(1914), No. 10, p. 1379). — The author reports upon work in the control of the
hibernating pupae of Cochylis amhiguella and Polyclirosis hotrana carried on in
Piedmont, partly in collaboration witli F. Monticelli.

In investigations of the extent to which the larvae use the tips of the sup-
porting canes for pupation, made in order to determine the value of tipping, 25
vines stripped during the winter resulted in the discovery of 19 pupse in the
canes, and 18 under the bark. If this is a general proportion the practice
would prevent the emergence of but half the moths, which is not a sufficiently
large proportion for a good control.

An enemy of the strawberry near Beverwijk, T. A. C. Schoevers ( Tijdschr.
Plantenzicktcn, 20 {1914), No. 4, pp. 97-106; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915),
Ser. A, No. 4> PP- 194, 195). — Caterpillars of Sparganothis (Q^nophthira)
pilleriana are reported to have seriously damaged strawberries in the district
north of Haarlem.

Defoliation by the beech bark caterpillar or red tail (Dasychira pudi-
bunda) in the wood at Elspeet, J. Ritzema Bos (Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 20
(1914), No. 4, pp. 115-140; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Scr. A, No. 4, pp.
195-198). — Some 125 acres of beech wood at Elspeet are said to have been com-
pletely defoliated by this caterpiller in October, 1914.

Biston hirtarius and methods of combating' it, N. Sachaeov (Alis. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 1, pp. 49, 50).— Caterpillars of B. hirtarius
were the source of considerable injury to quince trees in orchards in Astrakhan
during 1913, in many cases entirely defoliating them. The species is widely
distributed in Russia, and in Saratov and Astrakhan the caterpillars were
tilso found on oak, apple, and pear trees. A chalcidid parasite is said to have
destroyed from 18 to 22 per cent of them during 1913. The caterpillars and
pupae were also destroyed by Botri/tis bassiana, some 16 per cent of the former
and 18 per cent of the latter perishing from this fungus.

Stenoptycha pinicolana on larches in the valley of Aosta, M. Savelli
(Abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
6 (1915), No. 2, p. 319). — This tortricid, first I'ecorded as causing serious damage
to larch wood at Argentera and Bersezio in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont,
in 1901, occurred in large numbers on larches in the valley of the Aosta during
the summer of 1914. A description is given of its life stages.

Pyralidse of Bermuda, H. G. Dyak (Insecutor Inscitiw Menstruus, 3 (1915),
No. 5-7, pp. 86-89).

Additional data conceraing the control of the fruit-tree leaf-roller in
New York, G. W. Herkick (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 180-186).—
This is a report of observations conducted in continuation of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 160).

In cage experiments carried on indoors Target brand killed 94.7 per cent of
the eggs and Scalecide 96.2 per cent, whereas in the check 95.75 per cent of the
eggs hatched. In outdoor experiments on plum trees Target brand at 1 : 20

64 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

killed 92.6 per cent of the eggs, Scalecide 1 : 15, 91.2 per cent, and Orchard
brand 87.4 per cent. In the treatment of hundreds of apple, pear, plum, and
cherry trees in the spring near or after the trees had become active not a single
case of injury from the oils could be found.

Life history of Menesta albaciliella, Annette F. Bbacn {Ent. Keics, 26
(1915), No. 4, pp. 160, 161, fig. 1). — This paper relates to a lepidopteran which
feeds beneath a web of silk on the undersurface of the leaves of the common
blackberry.

An analysis of spraying methods against the codling' moth, P. J. Pakrott
{Joiir. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 164-170).— The. autlwr reports upon an
experimental application at the New York State Station of arsenate of lead and
lime-sulpliur with a spraying machine capable of maintaining a pressure of 300
lbs. Both Yermorel and Bordeaux nozzles were employed, but rarely did the
spray reach the lower calyx cavity. A table showing the results from high and
low pressure spraying indicates but a comparatively sliglit difference.

In a discussion which follows A. L. Quaintance states that a comparative study
of the calyx cup in eastern and western apples by the Bureau of Entomology
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has shown that the western apple has a
much more open arrangement of the stamen bars than the eastern apples.

Th.e occurrence of the European boxwood leaf miner in California, H. S.
Smith (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. CaL, 4 (1915), No. 7, pp. 840-343, fig. i).— The
author records the occurrence of the itonidid ilouarthropalpus buTi<^ in a
nursery in San Joaquin Valley. This dipteran, which is a native of Europe, has
already become well established on Long Island (E. S. R.. 3.3. p. 859), where it is
seriously damaging boxwood hedges. It is pointed out that studies by Chaine,
of Bordeaux, France (E. S. R., 30, p. 253), have shown it to attack several
species of the boxwood in France, particularly Buxus scmpcrvirctis, B. balcarica,
and B. voricgata, while the varieties B. argoitca and B. aurea are very lightly
attacked and B. latifoJia appears to be immune. The author presents brief
descriptions of the larva, pupa, and adult.

Two new Lepidoptera from the Antilles, II. G. Dyab (In^ccutor In^citicc
Mcnstruuft, 3 (1915). Xo. 5-7, p. 62).

New American Lepidoptera chiefly from Mexico, H. G. Dtab (Insccutor
Inxcituc Menstruum, 3 (1915), No. 5-7, pp. 79-89).

The mosquitoes of New Jersey and their control, T. .7. Headlee (New
Jersey Stas. Bui. 276 (1915), pp. 3-135, figs. 94).— It is stated that the need for
a popular, accurate, and easily available manual of the important mosquitoes
of New Jersey has led to the preparation of this bulletin, which also includes
a brief statement of the important points involved in their control. Sec also a
previous note (E. S. R., 17. p. 56).

A new Simulium from Texas, F. Knab (Insccutor Inscitiec Mcnstruus, S
(1915). No. 5-7, pp. 77, 78).

The deer botflies (genus Cephenomyia), J. M. Aldrich (Jour. N. T. Ent.
Soc, 23 (1915), No. 2, pp. 145-150, pi. 1). — Cepfienoniuia ahdominalis from the
Adirondacks. New York, is described as new.

A new genus of Tachinidae from the Canadian Northwest, H. E. Smith
(Canad. Ent., ^7 (1915), No. 5, pp. 153-155).— ThQ genus Saskatchewania Is
erected with .9. canadensis n. sp. as the genotype.

Sheep maggot flies, W. W. Frogoatt (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui.
95 (1915), pp. 52, pis. S, figs. 6).— Substantially noted from other sources (E. S.
R., 24, p. 757 ; 29, p. 656 ; 32, p. 757).

" Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (lOl.")). Xo. 4. p. 220.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 65

A polistiform genus of muscoid flies, C. H. T. Townsend {Insecutor Inscitiw
Menstrnus, 3 (1915), No. 1-4. pp. JfS, JfJ,).

An acalyptrate genus of Muscoidea, C. H. T. Townsend {Insecutor In-
scitiw Menstrnus, 3 (1915), No. 1-4, p. 4I).

New Masiceratides and Dexiidae frora South America, C. H. T. Townsend
(Jour. N. T. Ent. Sac, 23 (1915), No. 1, pp. 61-68).

A genus of hystriciine flies with white maggots, C. H. T. Townsend (In-
secutor Inscitiw Menstrnus, 3 (1915), No. 1-4, pp. 45, 46)-

Some West Indian Diptera, F. Knab (Insecutor Inscitiw Menstrrnis, 3
(1915), No. 1-4, pp. 46-50).

New Canadian and Alaskan Muscoidea, C. H. T. Townsend (Canad. Ent.,
47 (1915), No. 9, pp. 285-292).

New Andean spallanzaniine flies, C. H. T. Townsend (Insecutor Inscitiw
Menstrnus, 3 (1915), No. 5-1, pp. 63-69).

New Peruvian hystriciine flies, C. H. T. Townsend (Insecutor Inscitiw
Menstrnus, 3 (1915), No. 5-7, pp. 69-76).

Duration of pupal and adult stages of the meal worm, Tenebrio obscurus,
P. Rav (Ent. Netvs, 26 (1915), No. 4, pp. 154-157).— A. contribution to the life
history of this pest.

Flea-beetles (Phyllotreta) injurious to mustard crops and methods of
controlling them, N. Sachaeov (Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No.
4, p. 212). — This is a continuation of the work on pests of mustard, previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. S49).

The grape root wonn, F. Z. Hartzell (Netv York State Sta. Circ. 41 (1915),
pp. 6, pis. 2, figs. 4)- — -^ brief popular account of this pest and means for its
control based upon reports previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 751 ; 26, p. 864 ; etc.).

Cassava stem borer, H. A. Ballou (Agr. Netvs [Barbados], 14 (1915), No.
340, p. 155, figs. 2). — Cassavas growing at the experiment station at St. Vincent
are said to have been rather seriously injured by a species of Cryptorhynchus
which attacivs the stems.

Otiorhynchus sulcatus as an enemy of the vine in the lie d'Oleron, M.
Rigotaed (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 28 (1914), No. 29, p. 9-^; abs. in Internat.
Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914),- No. 11,
pp. 1533, 1534). — This weevil appeared for the first time in 1913 as an enemy
of the vine in the Jle d'Oleron, France.

The adult weevil devours the buds and shoots of the vines, and the larva
feeds on the roots of this and other plants, including the strawberry, raspberry,
peach, etc. " Of the various methods of control, the simplest and most effica-
cious consists in collecting the adults in traps consisting of tufts of grass, moss,
or dried leaves, exposed at the base of the vines and inspected daily. A local
syndicate collected as many as 90 lbs. of insects in two weeks by this method,
and it requires about 7,000 insects to weigh 1 lb."

The sweet potato weevil (Cylas foiTnicarius), H. A. Balloit (Agr. Netvs
IBarbados], 14 (1915), No. .339, p. 138, fig. 1).—A brief account of this insect,
which, though recorded from Barbados, does not appear to be known in that
island at the present time nor for many years past.

Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Sitona lineata, E. Molz
and D. Schkodee (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 10 (1914), ^0. 8-9, pp. 273-275;
abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5
(1914), No. 11, pp. 1526, 1527).— This paper relates to the leaf eating pea
weevil, which was an important pest in Germany in 1913.

Chain drag for boll weevil control, W. E. Hinds (Alabama Col. Sta. Press
Bui. 78 (1915), pp. 2, fig. 1), — A brief account is given, together with an illus-

66 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED,

tratiou, of a mechanical device constructed by the author the use of which
combines in one process cultivation of the crop and the drawing of fallen in-
fested squares to the middles of the rows, where they are exposed to the heat
of the sun, resulting in the killing of the weevil stages. The device is of special
value during periods of hot, dry weather on soils that are not baked. A full
description of this drag is given in Farmers' Bulletin 344, of this Department,
previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 853).

A new parasite of the chinch bug' egg, J. W. McColloch and H. Yuasa
(Ent. Neivs, 26 {1915), No. //, pp. U7-l.'f9, figs. 5).— During the course of inves-
tigations of the life history of the chinch bug egg parasite at the Kansas State
Agricultural College, an account of which parasite has been previously noted
by Gahan (E. S. R., 31, p. 355), the authors have reared a second parasite that
has been determined as Abella subflava.

A parasite of the cottonwood borer beetle, H. B. Hungerford (Ent. News,
26 (1915), No. 3, p. 135). — Over 90 per cent of the cottonwood borer beetles
(Plcctodcra scalator) collected in western Kansas in 1913 are said to have been
parasitized by Sarcophaga vcricauda, a species hitherto reared only from grass-
hoppers.

Some new Chalcidoidea, J. C. Crawford {Insecutor Insciticc Mcnstruus, 2
{1914), No. 12, pp. 180-182). — Tetrastichus compsivorus reared from eggs of
Compsus auricephaliis at Clnckasha, Okla., T. agrili reared from Agriliis sinua-
tiis at Geneva, N. Y., and Eupclminus swczcyi thought to be parasitic on
Isosoma in Johnson gi-ass in Kaimuki, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, are described
as new.

A new species of the genus Chalcis, J. C. Crawford {Insecutor Insciticc
Mcnstntus, 3 {1915), No. 5-7, pp. 89, 90). — Chalcis hammari from Archips
argyrospila and the grape-loaf roller at Roswell, N. Mex., is describetl as new.

A new species of Pseudomphale from Chile, A. A. Giraxtlt {Canad. Ent.,
J,7 {1915), No. 7, pp. 234, ^-J-?)-

New parasitic mites (Acarina), H. E. Ewing and A. J. Sto\'eb {Ent. News,
2S {1915), No. 3, pp. 109-ll.'i. pt. 1, fig. 1). — Hamogamasus sanguineus taken
from Mus rattus at Ames, Iowa ; Lipongssus spinigcr from muskrat at Ithaca, N.
Y. ; L. Croshyi from bat {Vesper subulatus) at Rockport, Mo.; and Proctophyl-
lodes trisctosus from meadow lark {Stuniella magna) at Ithaca, N. Y., are de-
scribed as new to science.

A mite parasitic on a muskrat, T. D. A. Cockekell {Ent. News, 26 {1915),
No. 4, p. 185). — Lwlaps muliispinostis, described from Canada but not hitherto
recorded from the United States, has been found on a muskrat {Fiber zibet hicits
cinnatnomcus) in Adams County, Colo.

A new genus of Canestriniidae, N. Banks {Ent. Ncics, 26 {1915), No. 4. PP-
152, 153, fig. 1).

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The lye hulling of corn for hominy, J. W. Marden and J. A. Montgomery
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcin., 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. 850-853). — Experimental
data are reported of work undertaken to study the effect of different substances
on the hulling of corn and the details necessary to secure the best product.

Solutions of salt, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and calcium clilorid, used as
a substitute for lye, were entirely inofTective ; sodium bicarbonate partially
luilled the corn after several hours' heating, and both soda lime and lime worked
fairly well. Lye proved to be the only substance wliicli gave satisfactory results.

Not more than 2 lbs. of lye to 12 gal. of water was necessary for good hulling,
while one-half of this concentration was nearly as efficient. The authors con-

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 67

elude that there should not be more than 1 bu. of corn to 20 gal. nor less than 1
bu. to 40 gal. of the lye liquid. At this concentration, a temperature of 70° C. for
about 1^ hours is recommended, or a temperature of 90° for a shorter time.
Efficient stirring is required. The product must finally be thoroughly washed
to remove all the lye from the corn.

Kafir, feterita, mile, P. W. Davis (Texas Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. 42 {1915), pp.
IS). — Information is given regarding the use of Kafir corn, feterita, and milo
maize in bread malting. Recipes are included.

Vinegar (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 70 (1915), pp. 69-80) .—General data regard-
ing the making of vinegar and specific directions for its home manufacture are
given, based on Bulletin 258 of the New York State Station (E. S. R., 16, p.
899). A definition of vinegar is given, together with the results of the inspection
of a number of samples purchased as cider vinegar.

The effect of the mineral content of water on canned foods, H. L. Hueninic
and E. Bartow (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 6, pp. 495, 496). —
A number of factors which influence the quality of canned goods are considered,
and laboratory exi^eriments are reported on the canning of beans in which dis-
tilled water and water containing varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, and
sodium salts were used.

The results of these experiments indicate that magnesium and calcium salts,
present in any of the forms studied, have a hardening effect on the canned
beans. " With bicarbonates of calcium or magnesium the gradation in hardness
was not so marked and consistent as with the chlorids or sulphates. This may
be due to the fact that calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate solutions
are unstable, causing the concentration to change during the soaking and heat-
ing. No difference could be detected between the beans canned with water con-
taining magnesium salts and those canned with water containing calcium salts,
when the quantities of the salts in solution were equivalent. It would seem,
therefore, that the effects of the magnesium ion and of the calcium ion are
identical.

" The beans canned with the water containing NasCOs and those canned in
water containing NaHCOs were compared and practically no difference could be
detected. The same softening effect was observed in the cases when water con-
taining NaHCOa was used as when Na2C03 was used."

Experiments with other soaked vegetables and with fresh vegetables, fruits,
and berries are to be undertaken.

[Food inspection and analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North
Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 (1915), No. 20, pp. 337-352).— This contains the re-
sults of the inspection of stores and other places where foods are prepared,
manufactured, and sold ; of analyses of several samples of rye flour ; and of
milling and baking tests with samples of red durum wheat. A list of foods
and beverages analyzed is also given.

Clinical calorimetry. — I, A respiration calorimeter for the study of dis-
ease, G. LusK (Arch. Int. Med., 15 (1915), No. 5, pp. 793-804, figs. ^).— The
calorimeter established in Bellevue Hospital, New York City, is essentially a
modification of the Atwater-Rosa type, the history and principles of which are
briefly described in this article.

Clinical calorimetry. — II, The respiration calorimeter of the Russell Sage
Institute of Pathology in Bellevue Hospital, .1. A. Riche and G. F. Soder-
STROM (Arch. Int. Med., 15 (1915), No. 5, pp. 805-828, figs. 13).— The apparatus
Is described in detail, and results reported of alcohol and electric checks.

"The accuracy is such that in observations lasting 3 or 4 hours the heat
production, carbon dioxid elimination, and oxygen consumption, as determined

68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

by alcohol and electric tests, can be measured with an average error of 0.9 per
cent, 0.6 per cent, and 1.6 per cent, respectively. In periods 1 hour long the
average error for heat measurement was 1.2 per cent, for carbon dioxid 1.6 per
cent, and for oxygen 3.2 per cent."

Clinical calorimetry. — IV, Tlie determination of the basal metabolism of
normal men and the effect of food, F. C. Gephakt and E. F. DuBois {Arch.
Int. Med., 15 (1915), No. 5, pp. 835-S67). — Employing the apparatus described
in the previous article, measurements of the basal metabolism of 7 normal
men were made to supply control data for use in the intended study of metabo-
lism under pathological conditions.

The average basal metabolism (at perfect rest, 14 to 18 hours after eating)
was 34.8 calories per hour per .square meter of body surface ; 34.7 calories has
been adopted as the average for normal men between the ages of 20 and 50 years.

" All of the subjects studied in the bed calorimeter were within 11 per cent
of this average. . . .

" The conclusion is drawn that among groups of men of varying weights
metabolism is proportional to surface area according to Rubner's law and is
not proportional to body weight. By using the surface area as a basis one
can refer all individuals to a single average normal figure, 34.7. If one uses
tlie body weight as a basis a different normal figure is required for each
weight.

" The methods of direct and indirect calorimetry in disease agree in 2 and
3 hour periods, and in health may be found to agree in hourly periods. In
the total measurement of 4,577 calories in the experiments reported in this
paper the two methods have agreed witliin 0.17 per cent. In a total of 30
one-hour periods on one normal subject the two methods have agreed within
5 per cent in 21 individual hours and within 10 per cent in 27 of the periods.

" The method of indirect calorimetry, using the oxygen consumption as a
basis, gives the best results in hourly periods. The method of direct calorimetry
in short periods is made difficult by imcertainty as to the correct specific
heat of the body and also by the fact that the different parts of the body do
not always change their temperatures at the same rate. . . .

" The most satisfactory method of determining the effect of food in increasing
heat production in normal subjects and patients is to determine the basal
metabolism at frequent intervals, and on days shortly after a basal determina-
tion administer the food before the subject is sealed in the calorimeter. It has
been found that 200 gm. of dextrose or its equivalent in commercial glucose,
or a casein meal with 10.5 gm. of nitrogen, increase the heat production by
about 12 per cent over a period of 3 to 6 hours."

Clinical calorimetry. — V, The measurement of the surface area of man,
D. and E. F. DuBois {Arch. Int. Med., 15 {1915), Xo. 5, pp. S6S-8S1, figs. 2).—
A method for measuring the area of the body surface is described in detail, and
the data of five different measurements reported. The total surface area as
determined by this method has been found to vary with that calculated from
a new formula by an average error of 1.7 per cent. The new formula is based
on the factors of length and average breadth, rather than on Avelght.

The protein need of infants. — Being metabolism, studies of a two months'
old infant fed with varying proportions of cow's milk protein, B. R. IIooni.ER
(Amer. Jour. Diseases Children, 10 {1915), No. 3, pp. 153-171). — The subject
of these experiments, a robust, healthy boy, was under observation for 16 days.
The metabolism was determhiod for 37 periods of 1 hour each. A special
respiration chamber, previously described by Murlin (E. S. R., 32, p. 860), was
used during some of the periods, and during the remainder a small calorimeter

FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 69

of the Atwater-Rosa type. During the first four days of the experiments one-
third whole milk with 5 per cent dextrimaltose was the low-protein ration fed.
The amount of protein was gradually increased until the end of the experiments.
Full data are given regarding the protein balance and the energy metabolism
during the periods of low- and high-protein diet. From the experiments the fol-
lowing conclusions are drawn :

" Protein when fed in excess of need causes an increase in the energy metabo-
lism. The increase is in proportion to the amount of protein oxidized, and not
to the amount of protein added to the body. Protein when fed in excess does
not reduce the amount of fat and carbohydrate metabolized, but the fat and
carbohydrate need remains fairly constant, and unless the minimal need of fat
and carbohydrate is supplied in the food the organism will draw on its stored-up
fat and glycogen to supply the difference between the amount fed and that which
is metabolized.

" When protein is fed greatly above its need it tends to produce a condition
of stupor which assumes serious proportions if such feeding is continued. This
stupor gradually disappears as protein is reduced in the diet. This condition
is best considered as a protein-food injury and constitutes a clinical entity as
definite in its symptomatology as that which arises from too prolonged use of
a rich carbohydrate diet.

" The protein need of the growing infant is supplied when 7 per cent of its
caloric need is furnished in protein calories. A general rule which will approxi-
mate the protein need is to furnish f oz. of whole, skimmed, or top milk per
pound weight of child, or if the metric system is applied, -j?^ of the body weight
in skimmed, whole, or top milk. To keep the protein calories in any formula
approximately 7 per cent of the total, the following rule regarding the addition
of sugar or cereal gruels, or both, may be followed : For each ounce of whole
milk add J oz. of sugar or cereal. For each ounce of top 16 oz. (7 per cent)
milk add i oz. of sugar or cereal. For each ounce of top 10 oz. (10 per cent)
milk add i oz. of sugar or cereal.

" It is clearly recognized that rules outlined for feeding for nutritional pur-
poses only can not be followed when one feeds a food for therapeutic as well as
nutritional purposes, hence the feeding of albumin or skimmed milk, i. e., a high
protein food, is justified on the ground of its being a therapeutic measure and
should be discontinued when the therapeutic indication no longer exists."

Ninety-three persons infected by a typhoid carrier at a public dinner, W.
A. Sawyer (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {191 J,), No. 18, pp. 1537-1542, fig. 1).—
This article reports the investigation of an epidemic of typhoid fever caused
by eating food at a public dinner.

The food was found to have been infected by a typhoid carrier who had no
knowledge of ever having had the disease. A study of the manner in which
tlie infection reached the food fastened suspicion on a dish of Spanish spa-
ghetti. This dish, which contained a thickening sauce composed chiefly of
milk, was prepared by the carrier in her home on the day before the dinner.
The baking of the dish was done at the dining hall during the morning before
the meal. As there was ample time for the dish to become infected with the
typhoid organisms during its preparation, it was only necessary to prove that
the dish was a favorable medium for the growth of the typhoid bacillus and
that the final baking of the dish had been insufficient to sterilize it, in order to
prove definitely that the spaghetti had been the source of infection. To deter-
mine these two points laboratory experiments were conducted which produced
valuable data regarding the temperatures reached in baking as carried out by
the ordinary household methods.

70 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

A dish of spaghetti was prepared in the laboratory under conditions simulat-
ing as nearly as possible those under which the original dish had been pre-
pared, and inoculated with a broth culture of the typhoid bacillus of the strain
obtained from the carrier. This material, which was 5 in. deep and from 9 to
13 in. in diameter, was baked in the hot oven of an ordinary gas range for 15
minutes. At the end of this time the temperature in the middle of the spaghetti
had risen from 16 to 17° C. and after standing in the room for one-half hour
rose to 21° as the heat penetrated to the inner portion. Cultures made from
the contents of the dish at various depths, after this baking, all developed
colonies of the typhoid bacillus.

The spaghetti was next introduced into a hot air sterilizer, which had been
heated to between 160 and 170°, and was subjected to tliis temperature for 30
minutes. At the end of that time the appearance of the dish suggested thor-
ough cooking but the temperature at the top was found to be 54° and at the
middle only 23°. Cultures made from the contents of the dish, at various
depths, after this baking showed the presence of typhoid bacilli.

Tlie dish of spaghetti was finally introduced into an oven maintained at
207 to 214° and subjected to this temperature for one-half hour. Examination
of the dish at the end of this period showed the temperature just beneath the
surface of the spaghetti to be 83°, at the middle 28°, and at the bottom 48°.
After standing in the room for one hour the temperatures were 46° near the
top, 42.5° at the middle, and 43° near the bottom. Cultures taken from the
middle of the dish showed an abundance of typhoid bacilli. These results
showed conclusively that the baking, which the dish had received after being
infected, was not sufficient to produce sterilization.

Portions of the sauce were sterilized, inoculated with the same strain of
the typhoid bacillus, and allowed to incubate. A study of the rate of develop-
ment of the bacteria showed the sauce to be a good culture medium for the
typhoid bacillus, although somewhat inferior to sterilized skim milk. In the
opinion of the author the results of this investigation demonstrate that " cooketl
dishes must be considered as possible conveyers of infection unless it can be
shown that the method of cooking would produce complete sterilization. The
slowness with which heat penetrates dishes like the Spanish spaghetti shows
that very prolonged heating would be necessary for sterilization of large
dishes of such food. Ordinary baking merely incubates the interior of the.'^e
masses of food."

Some results of the first year's -work of the New York State Commission
on Ventilation, C. E. A. Winslow, D. D. Kimball, F. S. Lee, J. A. Miller.
E. B. Phelps, E. L. Thorndike, and G. T. Palmer {Amer. Jour. Pub. Health,
5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 85-118, figs. 11). — The problems studied by the commission
during the first year involved chiefly the determination of biological standards
for good ventilation, and dealt mainly witli the investigations of the physiological
effects of high heat, alone or combined with high humidity, chemical effluvia of
various sorts resulting from human occupancy, drafts or exposure to cold air,
and air of extremely low humidity.

It was found that a very high room temperature, such as 86° F. with SO per
cent relative humidity, produced slight but distinct elevation of body tempera-
ture, an increase in declining heart rate, a very slight lowering of systolic blood
pressure, and other physiological derangements. These extreme conditions of
temperature and humidity, however, showed no effect upon rate of respiration,
respiratory quotient, rate of heat production, rate of digestion, and carbohydrate
or protein metabolism : nor was the actual power to do either mental or physical
work diminished, but the inclination to do such work was diminished.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 71

Moderately high room temperature (75°) with 50 per cent relative humidity
had all the effects of the higher temperature but in less degree.

Stagnant air at the same temperature as fre3h air, even when it contained 20
or more parts per 10,000 of carbon dioxid and all the organic and other sub-
stances in the breathed air of occupied rooms, did not appear to produce any
physiological disorders, nor to inlluence the comfort of the subjects nor the
power or inclination to do physical or mental work. The appetite for food,
however, did seem to be slightly reduced.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Studies on the physiological action of some protein derivatives, P. P. Un-
DERHiLL and B. M. HENnrax {Jonr. Biol. Clicm., 22 (1915), No. 3, pp. US-JflO). —
This article is considered under three headings, as follows :

(1) Are Proteoses Prepared from Zein and Gliadin Physiologically Active?
Recent developments concerning the physiology of proteins have been the dis-
covery of the phenomenon of anaphylaxis and the demonstration of the relation
of the amino acid content of the different proteins to their ability to meet the
nitrogen requirements of the animal body. In this connection the subject of
peptone intoxication has received attention, anaphylactic shock and the physio-
logical action of peptone being two varieties of protein intoxication.

In investigations on this subject, in which dogs were used as experimental
animals, the authors found that " the Intravenous injection of zeoses in relatively
large doses (0.5 gm. per kilogram) causes a fall in arterial pressure and inhibits
the coagulation of the blood. Smaller doses are without marked effect. Glia-
doses have a very strong inhibiting action on the coagulation of the blood and a
somewhat less marked effect on the arterial pressure. The statement of Knaffl-
Lenz that the presence of tryptophane in proteoses is responsible for their
physiological action could not be confirmed. The suggestion is made that the
failure of Knaffl-Lenz to obtain characteristic effects with his pi'eparations is
probably due to the relatively small amount of proteoses contained in the diges-
tion mixtures employed."

(2) The Relation of Racemization to the Physiological Action of Proteins and
Proteoses. — In these studies it was found that " crude racemized proteins produce
toxic symptoms when introduced into the circulation. The evidence in case of
racemized zein is not decisive, inasmuch as some preparations exhibit typical
effects, whereas with others no influence can be demonstrated. Purified race-
mized proteins show no poisonous action. The washings from crude racemized
proteins contain a toxic substance. A portion of the active substance can be
removed from racemized proteins by extraction with alcohol. Efforts to remove
the poisonous material completely by this means were unsuccessful. Proteoses
prepared by acid digestion of racemized proteins are probably as toxic as those
prepared from the native proteins. Of the racemized proteoses the caseoses
and albumoses are quite toxic, but the zeoses seem to be inert."

(3) The Physiological Action of Vaughan's "Crude Soluble Poison." — It is
stated that V. C. Vaughan has shown that a very toxic body can be prepared by
digesting any true protein with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxid. Evi-
dences of toxicity of this substance were yielded by subcutaneous injections into
guinea pigs. Injections of this substance into the blood of dogs and rabbits were
also made.

It was found that " Vaughan's preparation is much more toxic than Witte's
•peptone.' The statement of Edmunds [E. S. R., 30. p. 180] that Vaughan's
' crude soluble poison ' has no action on the coagulation of the blood is not con-
15419°— No. 1—16 6

72 EXPERIMEXT STATION EECOED.

firmed. On the contrary, a very marked effect was noted. In its action on blood
pressure and on blood clotting, Vauglian's crude soluble poison strongly resembles
the proteoses. Vaughan's preparation differs from the proteoses in that it pro-
duces marked symptoms or even death in the rabbit in relatively small doses.
Boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid to the abiuret stage destroys the toxicity
of Vaughan's product."

The character of the water-soluble nitrogen of some common feeding
stuffs, E. B. Hart and W. H. Bentley (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 22 (1915), Xo. 3, pp.
^77-.'f83). — In dissecting the water-soluble nitrogen of some feeding materials
for the purpose of securing a clearer picture of the composition of the so-called
" amid " nitrogen, the authors found that this material " is largely composed of
free amino acids and peptid linkings. In most cases the nitrogen in these struc-
tures constitutes 50 to 70 per cent of the water-soluble nitrogen. The acid amid
nitrogen is relatively small, seldom exceeding 20 per cent of the the water-.soluble
nitrogen, and more often being below 10 per cent. Corn stover Is an interesting
exception, showing approximately 40 per cent of the water-soluble nitrogen in
acid amid form. The ammonia nitrogen rarely exceeded 5 per cent of the total
water-soluble nitrogen, and in some instances was wholly absent."

Utilization of rice straw, N. Novelu (Gior. Risicolt., 5 (1915), Xo. 9, pp.
I.'f7-154, fiff- !)■ — The average digestible nutrients of rice straw are given as
protein 1 per cent, fat 0.44 per cent, and carl>ol\ydrates 28.63 per cent. Ensiled
rice straw has been found to be a desirable feed material.

Analysis of peanut oil cake, A. G. Holborow (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 12
(1915), No. 4, pp. 527, 528). — The following analysis is given of peanut oil
cake : Moisture, 10.38 per cent ; protein, 41.18 ; ether extract, 10.96 ; nitrogen-free
extract, 20.82 ; crude fiber, 3.08, and ash, 3.08 per cent.

Inorganic fodder (Sci. Amcr., 113 (1915), Xo. 1, pp. 8, 9.) — Announcement
is made of an invention at the Institute of Fermentation Industries, Berlin,
which will allow a nouri.'^hiug yeast contafning more than 50 per cent of albumin
to be prepared from sugar and ammonium sulphate. In order to supply the
albumin, sugar is " fertilized " with ammonia, potash, and magnesia, in the form
of their salts, after which some yeast is 'ntroduc^d and a strong air current
applied. The yeast then absorbs the sugar and the " fertilizer," thus resulting
in the formation of a highly albuminous yeast. It Is claimed that the dry yeast
obtained constitutes an excellent nourishing fodder for cattle and horses.

Feeding stuffs report, 1914, J. W. Kellogg (Pcnn. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 265
(1915) pp. 221). — Analyses are given of cotton-,seetl meal, llnseetl meal, dis-
tillers' dried grain (from corn and rye), brewers' drletl grains, malt sprouts,
corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, hominy feed, corn bran, corn feeil meal, low
grade flour, wheat middlings, wheat bran, rye middlings, buckwheat middlings,
alfalfa meal, dried beet pulp, and various mixed and proprietary feo<ls.

A system of recording types of mating in experimental breeding opera-
tions, R. Pearl (Sciowc, n. scr., ^2 (1915), Xo. 1081, pp. 383-386, fig. i).— The
author describes a system of recording types of mating In experimental breed-
ing operations which is thought to aid in expressing adequately and completely,
and at the same time brictly and simply, the general nature or type of the pedi-
gree by which particular individuals in the F: and Fs generations are descended.

The amount of nuti-iment required by fattening cattle, F. Ho.ncamp et al.
{Ber. Landio. Rcichsamtc Inncrn, Xo. 36 (1914). pp. 130). — This Is a review of
experiments conducted at eight substations on the relative value of rich and
poor rations for cattle feeding. A ration rich In starch value (about 13..") kg.
per 1,000 kg. live weight) produced an average daily gain per head of 1.023 kg.,
and a ration poor in starch value (about 11.5 kg. per 1,000 kg. live weight),
0.949 kg.

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 73

Fitting cattle for the show- ring, C. H. Makin {Breeder's Gaz., 6S (1915),
No. 13, p. 497, figs. 2). — A general description is given of methods used by
Iiromiuent breeders in fitting cattle for the show-ring.

The value of sheep on alfalfa farms in Pecos County, Texas, S. A. Mineab
(Bnl. Ft. Stockton, Tex., Sheep Feeding Expt. [1915], pp. 7, fig. l).—ln this
experiment 600 aged grade Rambouillet ewes bred to Rambouillet rams were
used. A portion of thes,e ewes with their lambs were divided into two lots,
lot 1 being fed alfalfa hay, silage, and ground milo maize, and lot 2 alfalfa
hay and ground milo maize, both lots being pastured on alfalfa. During the
57 days' feeding period the average gains per head were for lot 1, ewes 6.5
lbs., lambs 20.5 lbs. ; lot 2, ewes 6.1 lbs. and lambs 16.1 lbs., it costing 2.6 cts,
to produce a pound of gain in lot 1 and 3.6 cts. in lot 2. These results indicate
that when alfalfa range is short during winter months it may be supplemented
tc advantage with silage.

The lots were then consolidated and fed for about two months, the lambs being
marketed in May and June. During 25 days, following consolidation, the sheep
were fed ground milo maize, silage, and alfalfa hay, the lambs eating grain
separate from the ewes. Silage and hay were then discontinued. During tlie
following 28 days the ewe.s were fed no grain but the lambs received ground
milo maize. During the entire 89 days the lambs made average gains per head
of 36.8 lbs. The 125-day-old lambs were put on the marliet weighing 63.3 lbs.

Considering the entire herd of ewes and lambs, the approximate cost of pro-
ducing one pound of gain of live weight was 4.4 cts. The cost of producing the
lambs by way of feed they actually ate and the labor devoted to them was esti-
mated to be much less than 4.4 cts. per pound. A profit of $1,516.89 was secured
from an investment of $1,950.

In connection with this experiment it was found that suckling lambs do not
suffer from bloat like older sheep. Keeping the sheep on alfalfa range day
and night gave a smaller death rate than allowing them to graze one-half day
at a time.

Reversion in sheep, L. L. BteuLEE {Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 10, p. 480,
fig. i). — The Rambouillet breed, a French improvement on the Spanish Merino,
is one of the most highly improved of all sheep. Its color is pure white.

A description is given of a twin ewe Rambouillet lamb recently dropped at
the Wyoming Experiment Station, showing a reversion of black on a portion
of the body, the other twin being the normal white. The ventral part of the
body, the legs, the lower part of the neck, the face, with the exception of a
bar between the eyes, and the inside of the ears are black. It is said that the
markings of the Barbados or woolless sheep are sometimes after this same
pattern. It has also been noted in crosses of the Southdown and Barbados.

The question is raised as to whether our improved breeds could have come
from a similar type, and whether this character has for the most part been
latent during the past several centuries and cropped out only at intervals.

Degree of resemblance of parents and offspring with respect to birth as
twins for registered Shropshire sheep, H. L. Rietz and E. Roberts ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 6, pp. 479-510). — Data from the
American Shropshire Sheep Record were collected and examined at the Illinois
Experiment Station to determine whether and to what extent the offspring
of parents born in twins and of grandpai-ents born in twins are more likely to
be twins than if these ancestors are born as singles.

It was found that in general the twin parents give a larger percentage of
twins among offspring than do parents born as singles. The small positive
correlation coefficient between the sum of numbers in litters in wliich the two
parents are born and the size of litter in which the corresponding offspring

74 EXPEKIMEXT STATION EECOED.

are born is significant. The value of the coefficient is in each case more than
11 times the probable error. The small positive correlation coefficients between
sizes of litters in which dams are born and sizes of litters in which their
offspring are born are decidedly significant when judged by probable errors.
There appears to be a small but significant correlation between sizes of litters
in which sires are born and sizes of litters in which their offspring are born-
It seems probable that this correlation should be attributed almost entirely, if
not wholly, to correlation between sires and male offspring. The correlations
seem to differ with the sexes. The correlation coefficients for sires and female
offspring are so small that their significance is much in doubt even with the
large numbers used.

There appears to be a correlation between maternal granddams and offspring,
but there is no apparent correlation for the other grandparents and offspring.
It is pointed out that it would surely require immense numbers to establish
the significance of such correlation, if it exists. The means of arrays show
the small but general tendency of either or both twin parents and twin mater-
nal granddams to produce a larger proportion of twins than are protluced
when the corresponding individuals in the ancestry are singles.

It is suggested that, as it requires large numbers to establish the significance
of the differences which have been found, it should not be surprising if within a
flix?k of no more than 100 there is in some cases even a larger percentage of
twins from single parents than from twin parents.

Preliminary note on wool inheritance. V. G. Bahxy {Abs. in Rpt. Brit.
Assoc. A'lv. Sci.. 19 1^, pp. 65^, 655). — A cross was made between two Merino
rams and 20 Shropshire ewes. 31 Fi rams and 41 Fi ewes being obtainetl from
this cross. An Fi ram was mated to the Fi ewes, and from these 6 rams and 8
ewes were shorn.

The range of qualities of the wool were as follows : Merino rams 64''. Shrop-
shire ewes 54 to 50", Fi rams 60 to 44", Fi ewes 60 to 50", Fj rams 60 to 54", and
Fi ewes CO to 54". There is a high range of variation in the F, generation, but
the great bulk of the Fi sheep are of a quality intermetliate between those of its
Merino and Shropshire parents. No accurate investigation has been made into
the amount of grease in fleeces, but it was seen that the Fi generation was
intermediate in this respect between the two parents. A microscopical investi-
gation of the average diameter of the fibers indicates that the great bulk of the
Fi sheep are intermediate as regards this character.

It has been found that in order to obtain a probable error of less than 3 per
cent of the average of any sample it is necessary to take 160 measurements of
that sample. There is a large variation in the range of the weights of the Fi
fleeces. The F, generation is also intermediate as regards the number of waves
per inch.

Feeding olive pomace to swine, C. GrcxoNi (Hod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 26
{1915), -Vo. 4, pp. l5}-l6o). — In feeding trials with swine, in which both fresh
and dried olive pomace were fed in addition to a basal ration of beans, corn,
and potatoes, the olive pomace compared favorably with a corn ration. The
fresh olive pomace is said to contain S9.9S per cent of dry matter, of which 5.36
per cent is digestible protein, 35.95 per cent digestible nitrogen-free extract, and
9.9S per cent digestible fat. and the dried pomace So.Tl per cent dry matter, of
which 5.69 per cent is digestible protein. 35.38 per cent digestible nitrogen-free
extract, and 1.7 per cent digestible fat.

Seventeen years selection of a character showing sex-linked Mendelian
inheritance, R. Peabl {Amcr. .Vof.. 4-'' (1915). So. 5S6. pp. 595-SOS. tip. 1).—
A resume to date is given of an Investigation which was begun in 1S9S having

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 75

for its purpose the improvement by selection of winter egg production in Barred
Plymoutla Rock fowls. Methods of breeding pursued (1) from 1898 to 1907, the
period of mass selection (E. S. R., 18, p. 471), and (2) from 1908 to 1912, the
period of progeny testing in which selection was made for low winter egg pro-
duction as well as for high production (E. S. R., 21, p. 271), have already been
noted. Since 1912 all selections for low and mediocre egg production have been
discontinued.

Tabulated results of the 17-year selection period in which were involved 4,842
birds of which exact trap nest records were kept show that during the period of
mass selection the trend of mean winter production was downward with minor
fluctuations from year to year. Since 1907-08 there has been, with the exception
of two years, a gradual increase of mean winter egg production. The mean
winter production of all birds selected for high production from 1908 to 191.5
was 51.49 eggs and from 1908 to 1912 for all birds selected for low production
20.14 eggs. The mean winter production for whole flocks over the entire period
of the investigation was 35.05 eggs, which, in the opinion of the author sup-
ported by data presented, represents about the average winter production of
mixed flocks of this breed of fowls.

The reason no effect was produced during the first ten years of selection and
the marked effect produced during the last seven years was, in the author's
opinion, because genotypically high producers were uniformly selected (in the
high lines) during the latter period and were not selected during the former
period. " By the introduction of the progeny test as an essential part of the
selection the whole process of the creation of a highly fecund race of hens was
transferred from the realm of blind chance to that of precise and definite con-
trol. ... To be effective in changing the average productiveness of a flock of
poultry selection we must pick out those birds as breeders which carry the
factors for high fecundity genetically, i. e., as an integral part of their hereditary
make-up, and not any other birds."

The bearing of these results upon the general problem of the effectiveness of
selection in modifying germinal determiners is discussed.

The effect of pituitary substance on tlie eg'g production of the domestic
fowl, L. N. Clark (Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 {1915), No. 3, pp. 485-49i).— Pituitary
substance was prepared from the brains of growing maumials and what
amounted to 20 mg. of fresh pituitary substance (anterior lobe) were adminis-
tered with the feed to each hen, per day, 690 hens being treated in this way.

It was demonstrated that the feeding of this pituitary gland substance in-
creased the egg production of hens whose production curve was on the decline.
The dosage was effective on the fourth day after tlie first dose and lasted for
several days after the last dose. The hatchability of eggs from dosed parents
was increased. It is thought that positive results were obtained from the use
of the pituitary gland taken from gi'owing mammals, and negative results from
this substance taken from adults, which latter fact may account for the nega-
tive results of other investigators (E. S. R., 33, p. 472).

Diuresis, the pituitary factor, D. Cow {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1915), No. 6, pp.
441-^51, figs. 8). — It was found that the increase in diuresis which follows
injection of extracts of duodenal mucous membrane is independent of the salt
content of such extracts, though such salt content may also produce an in-
creased flow of urine, is indirect, and is dependent on activity of the pituitary
body, which is stimulated by the injection of such extracts. The probable
sequence of events concerned in the production of diuresis is ingestion of fluid
by the mouth ; absorption of such fluid from the gastrointestinal tract ; and the
absorption by such fluid of some substance contained in tlie gastrointestinal

76 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

mucous membrane; stimulation of the pituitary body by this substance; and
increased diuresis,

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Official tests of dairy cows, F. W. Woll and Coba J. Hiul {California Sta.
Circ. 135 (1915), pp. 10, figs. 4)- — This circular gives general instructions on
methods of making official dairy tests and the rules governing them.

Cream and milk {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 69 {1915), pp. 57-68; 11 {1915), pp.
81-100). — The results of examinations of samples of milk and cream in Maine
are given. General notes by A. M. G. Soule on conditions in the State are in-
cluded (pp. 97-100).

Dairy bacteriolog'y at the Beme Congress, 1914, C. Gorini {Bol. J/jh. Agr.,
Indus, e Com. IRome], Ser. B, IJf {1915), I, Xo. 3-4, pp. 80-84; abs. in Cream,
and Milk Plant Mo., 3 {1915), No. 10, pp. 24-26). — In a report of this congress
the author states that observations made by Alice Evans, E. C. Hastings, and
O. Gratz corroborate his conclusion that several groups of lactic acid bacteria
are concerned in the ripening of cheese, including among others the round
forms of the micrococcus tjTpe, divided into two classes, one which does and one
which does not liquefy gelatin {Micrococcus casci acido-protcoUjticus I and II).
The necessity of basing the distinction of lactic acid bacteria not so much upon
form as upon physico-chemical properties, and of keeping up a distinction be-
tween the acido-proteolytic organisms, so called because they are capable of
attacking the casein in an acid medium, and the common lactic acid bacteria
or alkalino-proteolytic organisms, so called because they can attack the casein
only in alkaline or at least neutral media, was emphasized.

The classification of the lactic acid bacteria, it was maintained, should be
based upon prolonged and repeated observations as to changes in the quality
of the milk and conditions of life as to temperature, aerobiosis, etc. These
observations were confirmed by O. Jensen. It is believed that the variability
of the bacterium, other things being equal, depends upon dilTerencos in the
quality of the milk. The milk quality is subject to substantial Iluctuations
according to types, physiological condition, and feed of cows, etc., modifica-
tions of the milk before it reaches the laboratory, sterilization or preser\-ation
before inoculation, etc. S. Paraschtschuck called attention to the great differ-
ence in resistance, aroma, and fermenting power of different tM>es of lactic
acid bacteria according to the varying properties of the milk. In a gocKl,
freshly taken milk the lactic bacteria are strong and, as it were, rejuvenated;
in a poor, badly kept milk, though sterilized, they become weak because sterili-
zation fails to destroy the toxic products present in the milk. This confirms
the theory that in order to improve cheese manufacture and profitably use pure
cultures it is necessary to start with a hygienic milk.

The development of peptonizing germs in the culture milk before sterilization
may exert a marked influence upon the behavior of the lactic acid bacteria.
O. Jensen confirmed this observation and suggested the addition of peptone
to milk for the purpose of strengthening these bacteria. The author states
that his acid-rennet-forming bacteria act in a similar way, there being a pep-
tonizing action upon the casein and a consequent stimulation of the activity of
the microbes within the cheese. Also, the acid-renuet-forming bacteria from
the udder contribute to the ripening of cheese by generating peptone in the
milk.

O. Jensen called attention to the capacity of young lactic acid bacteria to
produce ropiness. This phenomenon has not been fully understood by Investi-
gators. Most lactic acid bacteria in the first stages of development form a

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 77

•

capsule which by its stickiness causes viscositj', but this condition vanishes
wlien the milk curdles. An account of certain types of Streptococcus lacticus,
which are able to peptonize the casein if kept at low temperatures (between 15
and 20° C. ) , was given by C. Bartel. These types of lactic acid bacteria are re-
garded as of importance in the ripening of cheese which generally proceeds at
low temperatures. The author has found that temperature exerts considerable
influence upon the proteolytic power of lactic acid bacteria, higher temperatures
favoring the disintegration of lactose, while lower temperatures promote the
degradation of the casein. It is said that the finding of these bacteria empha-
sizes the necessity of classifying according to physiological functions rather
than morphologically in order to make proper selections of bacteria for cheese
making.

The necessity of employing lactic acid bacteria in general in cheese manufac-
ture, in order to improve the taste and appearance and prevent spoilage, was
pointed out by E. Kayser, Lohnis, A. Peter, et al. Gratz, who divides these
bacteria into three classes, viz, micrococcus, streptococcus, and bacillus, re-
marked that the type most generally used is Streptococcus lactis, while Bacillus
lacticus is used less frequently, and still less the combination of the three types.
Evans and Hastings observed that in order to produce a typical Cheddar cheese
four morphological groups, viz. Bacterium lactis acidi, B. casei, the strep-
tococcus, and the micrococcus are required, B. lactis acidi giving a sour taste,
the streptococcus a delicate acidulous taste, and B. casei a tart taste, and that
the best aroma is obtained if tlie pasteurized milk is inoculated with a mixture
of B. lactis acidi, streptococcus, and micrococcus. O. Jensen credited the great-
est importance to B. casei and von Freudenrich to the ferments of propionic
acid. The author believes it is too early to give preference to one species of
lactic acid bacteria over the others.

The author presented the experience of the " Pro Grana " Association on the
manner of employment of the lactic acid bacteria. It is said th*t the employ-
ment of pure cultures should be accompanied by a hygienic standard in the
production, collection, and treatment of the milk. Impure rennet that carries
living ferments into the milk besides the enzyms desired should be abandoned.
The rennet commonly used for Swiss cheese is of this sort, being prepared by
an extraction of calves' stomachs. It often contains cultures of ferments that
are detrimental to cheese production.

R. Ostertag, in discussing the sanitary control of milk, stated that in order to
detect the abnormal infection of milk by acid-rennet-forming bacteria and
distinguish it from that by common lactic acid bacteria the test by the lacto-
zymoscope does excellent service, the former bacteria provoking the character-
istic, rather soft curd with an abundant generation of clear whey which makes
cheesy milk and is clearly distinguished from the firm, dry, porcelainlike
coagulum produced by the common lactic acid bacteria. The zymoscopic method
not only affords a means of judging the condition of milk with reference to
cheese making and calling attention to abnormal if not pathological conditions
of the udder, but, since such conditions are largely due to imperfections in
milking, it may also offer the veterinarian reliable data for detecting faults
and carelessness in milking which at times cause disturbances in the manufac-
ture of cheese and decided pathological symptoms. Such control will be par-
ticularly valuable if applied to the milk from individual cows or even each
separate quarter of the udder.

Bacteriolog'ical studies on two yellow milk organisms, B. W. Hammer
{loica Sta. Research Bui. 20 (1915). pp. 135-149, figs. 2). — The morphological,
cultural, and biochemical characteristics of two organisms, isolated in the dairy

78 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

bacteriological laboratory and peculiar in their action on the cream layer of
milk in their producing a decidedly yellow color in it without brealcing down
the fat, are described.

" Bacillus synxanthus was isolated from a sample of milk secured in one of
the smaller towns of Iowa. The action of this organism on various materials
has been studied and the results obtained with cream indicate that the odor and
flavor produced are so objectionable that the organism can not be used for the
production of color in butter.

"A micro-organism that produces a yellow color on the surface of whole milk
was isolated from a sample of butter. The organism is believed to be a new
species and has been described and named B. aurantinus. Inasmucli as it acts
very slowly on milk its use for the production of color in butter is out of the
question.

" The study of these two organisms indicates that eventually an organism
may be found that can be used for the production of color in butter."

Bacteriological studies on the coagTilation of evaporated milk, B. "VY. Ham-
mer {loita ^7f/. Research Bui. 19 {1915). pp. 119-131. fi<;s. 3). — The morphologi-
cal, cultural, and biochemical characteristics of a heretofore undescribetl organ-
ism found in samples of evaporated milk from an Iowa condensery are given.
The name proposed for this organism is Bacillus coagulnns.

While a very small percentage of the spoiled cans showed a bulging due to
the formation of gas, the tj'plca' change did not involve any such condition, but
was merely a coagulation. On opening such cans a small amount of expressetl
whey was commonly present and the coagulum was found to be very firm,
although not firm enough to retain its shape when the end was cut from the
can and the contents slipped out. The spoiled con«lensetl milk had a sweetish,
choosy odor not at all disagreeable and resembling to a certain extent the odor
of Swiss cheese; it was not in the least suggestive of putrefaction. The flavor
of the milk was faintly sour and slightly clioesy, hut not at all disagreeable.

A study of the manufacture of dairy butter, E. L. Anthony (Pennsyl-
vania Sta. Bui. 135 (1915), pp. 3-30, figs. ?).— During 1913 four educational
butter-making contests wore conducteil among the dairy butter makers of Penn-
sylvania. There was found to be a great lack of uniformity in farm butter, the
variation being to some extent due to the churns useil, but more especially to
"the methods used in churning and in the handling of the cream during the
ripening process. It was also found that the average percentage of moisture in
farm butter is very low.

In experiments with different types of churns, the combinetl churn and worker
and the barrel churn churned somewhat closer than the swing churn, thus
leaving less butter lat in the buttermilk. This is thought to be due to the char-
acter of the agitation within the former two churns and to the fact that the
temperature of the cream rose less during churning. The moisture content
averaged a little higher in the butter from the combined churn. This is prob-
ably due to the fact that the butter in this type of churn is worked in the water.

In an experiment to determine what percentage of acid in the cream is best
for churning under farm conditions creams of 0.2. 0.3, 0.4, 0.5. and 0.S5 per cent
aciility were ti.sed. The flavor of the butter increased up to about 0.4 per cent
of acid, when it began to deteriorate and to take on an old and stale cream
quality. It is advised that cream be not ripened to more than 0.5 per cent of
acid, and as little as 0.4 per cent is sufficient under the average farm conditions.
Cream held at from 70 to 75° for ten hours will develop under normal condi-
tions about that amount of acid, and will be slightly thick and noticeably sour.
It is stated that butter with lower acidity is being demande*! by the market.

VETEEINARY MEDICIlfE. '79

Tests were made of four methods of handling cream before churning, as fol-
lows: (1) Holding the cream below 45° until enough was secured for churn-
ing, adding each day's gathering and stirring, and when enough was secured
raising the temperature to 75°, and ripening over night or until 0.5 per cent of
acid was developed. (2) Ripening the first gathering by holding it at 75°
until 0.35 per cent of acid was developed, and then cooling to cellar temperature
(55°), and adding each gathering after cooling directly to the first; and so on
until enough had been secured for a churning ; then churning the whole without
further ripening. (3) Adding a quart of good buttermilk to the first gathering,
adding each subsequent day's gathering to that, and holding all at cellar tem-
perature until enough was secured for a churning; if not sour enough then,
ripening by warming to 75° until 0.5 per cent of acid was developed, and then
churning. (4) Holding the gatherings at 55° until enough was secured for a
churning. Methods 1, 2, and 3 proved to be superior to method 4 in securing a
good quality of butter. For lieeping quality the butters from methods 1 and 2
were much superior to those from 3 and 4, probably due to a better control of
the desirable types of bacteria.

It was found that the mottles in butter largely disappear after about 16 to 20
workings on the board and that the body of the butter is much better than with
a lesser number of workings, being closer in texture and carrying less loose
Avater. The grittiness of salt disappears at about 16 to 20 revolutions of the
worker, this fact showing that about that amount of working is necessary
properly to incorporate and to secure uniformity in the distribution of the salt.
Temperature, grade of salt, and quality of butter fat will affect the working i-e-
quirements of the butter.

If considered desirable, a high moisture content can be secured as well in
farm butter as in creamery butter if care is used in regulating the period of
churning as well as the temperatures used. With the common, hand butter
worker, moisture is gradually lost as the working progresses, while with the
combined- churn the moisture increases after a certain period in working the
butter. The moisture content rose in all cases where the butter was worked
from 8 to 12 times. It is thought that at this point the salt began to be imi-
formly distributed through the butter and acted momentarily to delay the work-
ing out of the moisture.

Directions and methods for making iiniform dairy butter of good quality are
suggested.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of the division of veterinary science, G. A. Roberts (North Carolina
Sta. Bicn. Rpt. 1913-lJ,, pp. 2S-50).— This report of work of the veterinary
department consists largely of a brief statement of experimental work with cot-
ton-seed meal and means for neutralizing its toxic effect upon hogs and other
animals, in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 77).

A study was made of the clinical symptoms in 212 rabbits and 46 swine, some
of which had been fed cotton-seed meal with an iron salt or with wood ashe,s as
a corrective. Both of these agents proved to be very efficient in overcoming the
usual ill effects.

" The most characteristic clinical symptoms in swine, as noted from the be-
ginning of our experiments in feeding cotton-seed meal, have been rather firm
feces (though diarrhea was present in a few cases) ; rough, coarse hair, indi-
cating unthrift; irregular or loss of appetite, especially for the cotton-seed
meal ; weakness ; unsteady gait ; more or less loss of sight and very difficult
breathing. Animals would finally get down, unable to rise, and lie there either

80 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

in a comatose condition or in a constant struggle to regain their feet, often
grunting as if in pain or distress. Deatli would follow in a few hours to several
days. Many animals, however, that appeared hale and hearty at the evening
meal were found dead the following morning. The most conspicuous symptoms
in rabbits and guinea pigs consisted of rapid breathing, lassitude, prostration,
and death in a few hours. Sometimes there were continuous movements of limbs
after prostration as if to regain their feet, while in others there were no such
movements.

" A comparative study of some of the characteristics of blood from swine
fed cotton-seed meal with and without correctives was made. This examination
was suggested by the frequency in which dirt, sand, and gravel were found in
stomach and intestines at autopsy of swine dead of cotton-seed meal feeding
and in the light of the beneficial effects of iron and wood ashes when fed with
the cotton-seed meal. ... As regards the variations of hemoglobin and also of
the other characteristics of blood, they were as great among individuals of the
same lot as between those of different lots. These results bear out former
observations that cotton-seed meal has little apparent effect upon the above-
mentioned features of the blood.

" Autopsies were held upon 72 rabbits and 13 swine. . . . Little difference in
any of the lesions found in the various lots was noted, except the absence of
thrombi (ante mortem clots) in all of the six deaths on iron. The most fre-
quent lesions found upon autopsy of animals dead from cotton-seed meal feeding
were as previously noted in a former annual report, namely, excess chest and
abdominal fluids, congestion of various organs, more or less edema of lungs and
frequent thrombi (ante mortem clots) in the heart. The principal difference
in the lesions of rabbits and guinea pigs, contrasted with those of swine, con-
sisted in the greater excess of abdominal lluld over the chest lluid of the former
while the reverse was true of the latter. . . .

" The yellow jasmine was found to be the cause of death of a number of
cattle."

Sugar beet poisoning, B. F. Kaupp (Awcr. Vet. Rev., 47 {1915), Xo. 4< PP-
458-462). — The author reports upon observations of sugar beet poisoning in
live stock made while pathologist at the Colorado Experiment Station. It is
pointed out that while tops, beet pulp, mangel wurzels. etc., furnish extra feed if
fed judiciously, only a part of the animal's ration should consist of them. Sugar
beet pulp fed gradually in excess for long periods causes fatty degeneration,
especially of the liver and kidneys, and excessive fee<ling of beets and beet tops
may cause gastroenteritis with parenchymatous degeneration of the liver and
kidneys.

A contribution to the practical utility of Abderhalden's dialysis procedure
for the early diagnosis of pregnancy, II. Kaehiger, E. Wiegeut, E. Seibold,
and A. Roecke {ncrlin. Ticriirztl. Wchnschr., SI {1915), No. 8, pp. 85-91).—
Fifty-two sera (47 from bovines and 5 from horses) were examlnetl. 2.5 of which
(24 from bovines and 1 from horse) were obtained from slaughterhouses. The
remaining 27 sera were sent in from breeding establishments by veterinarians
and included 23 bovines and 4 horses, 20 of these animals being pronounced
pregnant by clinical examination, and no history of pregnancy in the remaining
7 being obtainable.

The examination of blood samples from the slaughterhouse showed positive
in 22 cases. In the remaining 27 blood samples 3 gave an erroneous diagnosis
with the method, but 2 of these cases, three and a half months later, gave a cor-
rect result. The author is of the opinion that results may be obtained by the
Abderhalden method which will be of value in practice.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81

Diagnosis of pregnancy, tuberculosis, and other diseases in domestic ani-
mals, W. I'lEiLEK {Berlin. Tierarztl. WcJinschr., 31 (1915), No. 10, p. 112).—
The sera of 150 bovines (54 pregnant and 96 nongravid) were examined by the
Abderhalden procedure. Of the 54 sera from pregnant animals only 32 showed
positive and in 5 the results were uncertain because the sera contained dialyzable
substances themselves. Of the 96 sera coming from nonpregnant subjects,
44 gave a negative reaction and 11 doubtful reactions. The method showed
positive in 19 out of 27 sera from tuberculous animals, and in 1 case the
results were doubtful. With 54 sera of nontuberculosis animals the reaction
was paradoxical in 27 cases and doubtful in 11 cases.

Thirty-three sera coming from 29 nongravid and 4 gi*avid horses were ex-
amined. Of the 29 coming from nongravid animals 8 gave a correct and 19 a
paradoxical result and 2 doubtful results. With the 4 pregnant animals 2 sera
gave correct results and 2 doubtful results.

Two pregnant swine yielded doubtful results. With the sera from 2 hogs
affected with cholera and one from an immune animal, 1 gave a positive and 1
doubtful, and the immune serum gave paradoxical results. With 5 normal hog
sera the results were all erroneous.

Sera from glandered horses strongly cleaved organs of glandered animals and
healthy guinea-pig tissue. The organs from animals affected with erysipelas,
placenta, healthy liver, and other healthy organs were cleaved by erysipelas
immune and normal sera.

Some data obtained with the sera from 5 human subjects affected with cancer,
pregnant, or normal are also included.

Remarks and contribution to anthrax diagnosis, Blau {Berlin. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr., 31 {1915), No. 4, pp. 37-41). — A review of the facts pertaining to
the methods in use to-day for diagnosing anthrax. The factors which influence
the results, especially those which are liable to lead one to error, are mentioned.

Contribution on the serodiagnosis of glanders, W. Pfeiler and F. Schef-
FLER {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), ^os. 45, pp. 741-743; 49, pp.
789-79 4). — The authors maintain that with the conglutination reaction one can
undoubtedly diagnose cases which can not be found by the agglutination, com-
plement fixation, or clinical examination methods. It can also be used for diag-
nosing glanders in asses. It is not deemed possible by the agglutination and
complement-fixation methods to distinguish between horses affected with glan-
ders and those treated with mallein, but this is possible with the conglutination
method.

The serodiagnosis of glanders in the Dutch East Indies, C. BtJBBERMAN
{Deiit. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 22 {1914), No. 29, pp. 464-466) .—The author con-
cludes that the complement-fixation test, generally speaking, yields better results
than the agglutination test. Where complement is fixed with 0.1 cc. of horse
serum the test must be regarded as positive, and weakly positive if fixation is
obtained with up to 0.2 cc. of serum. If the binding is incomplete with 0.2 cc.
of the serum, disease is not present in the animal.

The complement fixation test can not be used for noting recent infections, but
in these causes the agglutination test will give the desired results.

The diagnostic value of blood examination in glanders, A. Marcis {Allator-
vosi Lapok, 37 {1914), No. 22, pp. 261-265; abs. in Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
22 {1914), No. 29, pp. 466, ^67).— Investigation of artificially and naturally
infected horses showed that the specific agglutinins are present on the fifth day
post-infection, and complement-fixing substance on the seventh day. See also a
previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 881).

As an antigen in the complement-fixation test an emulsion of glanders
bacilli is preferred, but antiformiu bacillary extract, according to Altmann and

82 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Schultz, or 5 per cent mallein can be employed. The complement fixation test
yielded more reliable results than the agglutination or precipitation metliods.
When practicable, it is deemed advisable to carry out the tliree tests on the same
blood sample, especially when questionable results are obtained by the comple-
ment-fixation test. If from 0.2 to 0.1 cc. of blood serum causes fixation, glanders
is present. Where partial fixation occurs the complement-fixation test should be
repeated, provided a negative reaction is obtained with the agglutination test.

Out of 150 hor-ses destroyed on the basis of two positive thermal reactions
the three serodiagnostic tests showed glanders 132 times, in one case glanders
was suspected, and 17 ca.ses were negative. Among the 17 negative cases, how-
ever, there were found 9 animals with caseous and calcified nodules which could
not be positively recognized to be of a glanderous nature, and in 6 animals
acute glanders was found three to four weeks after the examination. Out of
25 hor.ses found glandered on autopsy 18 had given negative mallein tests, 20
were declared glandered by the serodiagnostic test, and one doubtful.

Tuberculosis in the ass, M. Schlegel (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., SO
(1914), ^^0. Jf8, pp. 777-779). — A comparatively complete description of tuber-
culosis in a ten-year-old gelding ass and a discussion of the existing literature
in regard to tuberculosis in this kind of animal.

Im.inunizing tests on guinea pigs with tubercle bacilli dissolved by
lecithin, E. A. Lindemann {Coitbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt.. Orifi., 7Jf (liUlf), Xo.
7, pp. 62.'f-€34).— The favorable results reported by Deycke and Mucli (E. S. R..
22, p. 184; 2.5, pp. 87, SSG) could not be confirmed in this investigation. In no
case was an immunity obtained.

Abortin, C. Haase (Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 31 (1915), No. 3, p. 29). —
Twelve healtliy pregnant cows were given protective treatment and four curative
treatments. Tlio results obtained are considered favorable.

Piroplasmosis in cattle in Hungary in 1913 and means of control. K.
WoliAk (Allatorvosi Lapoh; 37 (19 IJ,), Xo. 33, pp. 3S7-3S9; abs. in Intcnrnt.
Inst. Agr. [Rowc], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (191^), Xo. 12,
pp. 1615, 1616). — It is stated that this disease of cattle is relatively rare in
Hungary and appears to be restricted to the wooded regions of the Northeast.
It has, however, appearetl of late years in the country on the left bank of the
Tisza, where it sometimes takes a virulent form.

The daily administration of a mixture of 1 gm. of powdered arsenious acid.
10 gm. of powdered calamus root, and 10 gra. of sulphate of iron in a small
ration of bran is thought to have had a valuable curative action.

The hog cholera question, with particular reference to shoat typhoid, R.
Standviss (Zlsclir. lufchtionshrank. ». Hug. Ifnuftticrc, 16 (191'>). Xo. 6, pp.
459-469, fig. 1). — The etiology and the clinical and patho-anatomical appear-
ances of hog cholera and " Ferkeltyphus " are considered. The author thinks
that for the present hog cholera should be referretl to without giving the sec-
ondary infection a separate name ; that shoat typhoid should be .separated
therefrom.

Remarks on the hog cholera question. — II, Concerning shoat typhoid, E.
Joest (Ztsclir. Ixfcktioiiskranl:. u. Ih/g. Haustirrr. 16 (llUo). Xo. 6, />/). .JTO-
482). — A further discussion (E. S. R., 33, p. 285), with reference to the paper
by Standfuss above noted.

Facts about so-called hog cholera cures and specifics, C. H. Stance and
C. G. Cole (loica 8ta. Cire. 25 (1915), pp. 6). — This circular reports tests made
of seven different so-called hog cholera cures and specifics, none of which was
found to be of value. The products thus tested are Cholera Immune U. S.
Specific, American Specific No. 2, Co-Vac-O. No. 544 Curative. No. .544 Iin-
muDizing, De Vaux Cholera Antitoxin, and Dr. D. W. Nolan's Anti-Hog-

KUKAL ENGINEERING. 83

Cholera Specific (Noxine). Hog cholera serum used as a check gave satisfac-
tory results.

The biolog'y of trichina, P. J. Schmidt, A. Ponomaeek, and Miss F. Saveliee
{Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol IParis], 78 {1915), No. 10, pp. 306, 307).— This is a
preliminary report of experimental studies made of Trichinella spiralis at the
zoological laboratory of the agricultural school at Petrograd.

In studies of the effect of low temperatures it was found that 0° did not
have any effect upon the vitality of the encysted trichina, even if continued for
a period of eleven days, and a temperature of —6° C. was endured by the
trichina for a period of ten days. A temperature of — 9° was sometimes fatal
to trichina but not always, whereas a temperature of — 15 to — 16° was always
fatal. The attempted culture of the trichina artificially has given negative
results.

The etiolog'y of pyemic arthritis in foals, F. W. Schofield {Amer. Vet.
Fcv., Jf7 (1915), Ko. 6, pp. 695-703). — Previously noted from another source
(E. S. R., 31, p. 8S7).

Investig'ations of a disease of pigeons in which Bacillus parat3rphosus B
was found, M. Zingle {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 {191 Jf),
Ko. 3-4- pp. 268-272, fig. 1). — In investigations of an outbreak of disease among
pigeons at Strassburg, the author isolated a bacillus from the blood, the muscles,
and the organs which was identified culturally, morphologically, and sei'o-
logically as B. paratyplwsus B.

Diphtheria bacilli in birds, R. Spiegelbeeg {Centbl. Bakt. [efc.]. 1. AM.,
Grig., 75 {1915), No. 4, pp. 273-288; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztt. Wchnschr., 31
{1915), No. 13, p. 150). — Bacteria simulating the diphtheria bacilli were noted
in diseased and healthy pigeons and also in healthy chickens.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

A treatise on water supply, A. Fkiedrich {Kulturtechnischer Wasserbau.
Berlin: Paul Pareii, 1912, vol. 1, 3. ed., pp. XVI+650, pis. 24, figs. 511).— This
is the first volumne, third edition, of a handbook intended mainly for the use
of agricultural engineers. The second volume has already been noted (E. S. R.,
32, p. 87).

The main subjects covered in this volume are technical soil improvement;
hydrometry ; soil formation, conservation, and cultivation ; soil drainage ; irri-
gation ; and completed drainage and irrigation systems. The physics and
mechanics of soils and soil formation are dealt with in considerable detail in
the first sections. A large amount of working data on the conservation and
use of surface and ground water and on methods of cultivation, prevention
of erosion, etc., is given. The final sections deal with the different phases of
drainage and irrigation, including much working data of an engineering
nature.

Good water for farm homes, A. W. Feeeman (Pub. Health Serv. U. S., Pub.
Health Bui. 70 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 6).— This bulletin deals with the sanitary
aspects of farm water supplies, describing insanitary well and spring condi-
tions and suggesting remedies. Methods of protecting wells and springs are
given particular attention, and it is stated that in the event that pure water
can not be obtained for drinking pui-poses impure water may be purified by
boiling or by treating with chlorid of lime. " The chlorid of lime solution is
prepared by dissolving one teaspoonful of fresh chlorid of lime (bleaching
powder) in 1 qt. of water. This should be placed in a tightly stoppered bottle
and kept away from light. To disinfect water, add one teaspoonful of the

84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

disinfectant solution so prepared to eacli 2 gal. of water, stir the water thor-
oughly and allow it to stand for fifteen minutes. At the end of that time the
disinfectant will have killed the disease germs and the water may be drunk
with a fair degree of safety."

Water supply (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 11 (1915), No. 5, pp. U5-149, figs. 3).—
As a part of a sanitary survey of the farm premises of Sumner County, Kans.,
analyses were made of 479 samples of water taken fx-om different representa-
tive wells of the county and 145 samples of cistern water.

Of the dug well waters 22.3 per cent were good, S.7 per cent doubtful, and
69 per cent bad. Of the driven well waters 7S.7 per cent were good, 8.1 per
cent doubtful, and 13.2 per cent bad. Of the drilled well waters 55 per cent
were good, 15 per cent doubtful, and 30 per cent bad. Of the cistern waters
31.6 per cent were good, 13.1 per cent doubtful, and 54.3 per cent bad, and of
the cistern waters 65 per cent of those pumped, 44 per cent of those chain
pumped, and 77 per cent of those raised by bucket were bad. The opinion is
expressed that charcoal filters for cisterns on farms are useless. " The average
charcoal filter may, if properly cared for, have some efficiency ; but only a very
small percentage are properly cared for. Tlie remainder accomplish only one
end and that is the concentration of pollution l)y holding it from one rain to
the next."

Biochemical and engineering aspects of sanitary water supply, G. W.
Fuller (Jour. FranJdin Itist., ISO (1915), No. 1, pp. 17-61, figs. 7).— This article
deals more particularly with the biological than with the chemical phases of
the sanitary features of water supplies.

Water power on the farm, R. Stanfield (Trans. Highland and Agr. Sac.
^cot., 5. scr., 27 (1915), pp. 192-211, figs, ii).— This article gives a simple
explanation of methods to be adopted in ascertaining the possibilities of power
development by means of a given supply of water, and describes various types
of water wheels, turbines, and water-power installations.

Surface water supply of the south Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico
basins, 1913 (V. S. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Supply Paper 352 (1915), pp. 8i, pis.
S). — This report presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams
in the south Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico drainage basins during 1913.

Profile surveys in Chelan and Methow River basins, Washington ( U. S.
Ocol. Survey, Wafer-Supply Paper 376 (1915), pp. S, pis. 5). — This pamphlet,
prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington under the direction
of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features and gives plans and profiles
of streams in the Chelan and Methow River basins.

Profile surveys in 1914 in Umpqua River basin, Oregon (U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, Water-Supply Paper 379 (1915), pp. 7, pis. 13). — This paper, prepared in
cooperation with the State of Oregon, under the direction of R. B. Marshall,
describes the general features of the Umpqua River basin and gives plans and
profiles resulting from surveys of streams in the basin during 1914.

Daily river stages at river gage stations on the principal rivers of the
United States, 1911 and 1912, A. J. Henby (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Weather Bur.,
Daily River Stages, 1911-12, pt. 11, pp. 3S0). — This paper is the eleventh part
of a series of river gage readings and covers work for 1911 and 1912.

Daily river stages at river gage stations on the principal rivers of the
United States, 1913 and 1914, A. J. Henkt (17. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur.,
Daily Hirer Stages, 1913-1.'/, pt. 12, pp. 400). — This paper constitutes the
twelfth part of a series of river gage readings and covers work for 1913 and
1914.

Equipment for current-meter gaging stations, G. J. Lyon ( U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, Water-supply Paper 371 (1915), pp. 64, pis. 37, figs. iO).— This report

RURAL ENGINEERING. 85

includes what is considered to be the latest and best available information in
regard to the following: (1) Gages for determining fluctuations of stage, (2)
bench marks for referring the gages to a fixed datum, (3) structures from which
discharge measurements are made, (4) cable and stay line to hold the meter
in a vertical position when soundings and velocity observations are made, (5)
graduated lines to indicate the points of measurement, and (6) artificial struc-
tures, at places where natural control is ineffective, to regulate the relation
between stage and discharge. Suggestions from several hydraulic engineers
regarding these points are also included.

Final report of the construction Tumalo irrigation project to the Desert
Land Board, State of Oregon, O. Laukgaaed {Laidlaiv, Oreg.: Desert Land
Board, 191 Jf, pp. [VI+OO, pis. 14). — This report covers the history, organiza-
tion, and construction of this irrigation project, the last being dealt with in
considerable detail.

Annual irrigation revenue report for the year 1913—14 (Rev. Rpt. Bihar
and Orissa [Indial, Irrig. Branch, 1913-14, PP- 11+154, P^s. 8). — This report
gives data on irrigation, operation, expenditures, and revenues for the year
1913-14.

Two large irrigation projects in Kussia, I, M. Nikolitch (Engin. News, 14
{1915), No. 1, pp. 8-11, figs. 4)- — This article describes the history and con-
struction of the Golodnaya irrigation project, on the Golodnaya Steppe, in Tur-
kestan, which at present reclaims 125,000 acres of land. This project is a rela-
tively simple one, consisting of head gates, 32.6 miles of main canals, 110 miles
of distributing and main drainage canals, and 780 miles of laterals and secondary
drainage canals. The water supply is diverted from the Sir-Daria River, which
rises in the mountains of the Central Tian-shan.

Two large irrigation projects in Russia, II, M. Nikolitch (Engin. News,
14 (1915), No. 3, pp. 102-104, figs. 3).— This article describes the second of
the two large Russian irrigation projects. The Mugan Steppe project covers
465,000 acres of land bordering on the Caspian Sea and consists of four inde-
pendent canal systems and extensive drainage works. The water supply is from
the Arrax River, which is said to present river-control problems similar to the
Colorado River in its relation to the Imperial Valley, in southern California.

Contribution to the study of irrigation in the Canton of Valais, P. Chavan
(Ann. Agr. Suisse, 16 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-11, figs. 12). — This report presents
the results of a study of irrigation economics, irrigation engineering, and irriga-
tion farming in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland.

It is pointed out that the climate and the geological nature of the soils make
irrigation necessary and that it is made possible by the numerous rivers and
streams of glacial origin. It has been found that irrigation has been of great
social and economic importance. Irrigation costs, on the whole, from 20 to 25
francs per hectare ($1.56 to .$1.95 per acre), which expense is said to be easily
met by the increased profits from soil which is otherwise unproductive.

Chemical analyses of irrigation water from the calcareous " High Alps " show
a high content of calcium carbonate, sulphates, and magnesia. Fertilizer experi-
ments on soils irrigated with tliis water indicate that potassic and phosphatic
fertilizers may be profitably used. Analyses of irrigation water rising from
primitive rock regions show a high content of potassium. The fertilizer experi-
ments show that where this water is used potash fertilizers are not needed.

Irrigation water is supplied to cultivated fields, meadows, pastures, and vine-
yards by a network of canals totaling 1,400 km. (870 miles) in length which
follow in general the grade of the Rhone Valley. Much water is lost by perco-
lation and evaporation in transport, and canal improvements are considered
necessary.

86 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Hydrostatic catenary flume on a concrete aqueduct, H. B. Muckleston
(Enrjin. News, 77/ (1915), No. 2, pp. 58-63. pgs. 9).— The details of the design
and construction of a reinforced concrete viaduct nearly 2 miles long, carrying
a trough flume in the shape of a hydrostatic catenary, are given. This structure
is part of a Canadian irrigation scheme and carries on hydraulic gradient a
maximum flow of 900 second-feet.

Cost of electric pumping for irrigation {Elect. World, 66 {1915), No. 2, pp.
68-71, figs. 9). — Results extending over six years, obtained on the south side
unit of the Minidolva project of the U. S. Reclamation Service, are reported.

Water is raised by large pumping stations up three 30-ft. steps. At each level
some water is taken out for the lands that can be covered. The power required
is the same as though all the water were lifted to an average of from 66 to 69 ft.
Electricity is supplied from a power plant utilizing a 46-ft. fall in the Snake
River at INIinidoka Dam. Energj' is transmitted about eleven miles from the
power house to the pumping stations over 33.000-volt transmission lines, and
supplied to the pumping station at cost. The unit of cost for operation, main-
tenance, and depreciation has been taken as the acre-foot lifted 1 ft. high or the
so-called " foot-acre-foot." Beginning with the year 1909 and including the year
1914 the total annual cost for operation, maintenance, and depreciation per foot-
acre-foot for the six years in succession was !?0.00626, $0.00473. .S0.(X)38."). .'?0.00491.
.$0.00?,71. iin<l .^fK'M).'?!?.

Why drainage of irrigated lands is necessary and how the problem is
handled, D. W. IMrRi-iiY {Enrjin. Rec, 72 {1915), No. 2. pp. 36-38, figs. 2).—
It is pointed out in this article that leakage from canals and extensive use of
water for crops cause saturation of the subsoil and the deposition of alkali on
the ground surface. The fundamental purpose of drainage works is considered
to be to control the ground-water table and prevent its rising high enough to
impair the irrigability of the .soil, either through .saturation or through the
accumulation of alkali. " Drainage works must be .'jo located and constructed
that they will be effoctive in skimming off or disposing of the top portion of the
ground waters over those areas whore there is a tendency for them to reach the
surface." The determination of location, type, and depth of drains to be used
is said to depend on local conditions in each particular case, and can be de-
termined only after careful investigations and study of the character of the sub-
soils and the ground-water movement through thorn.

Superelevation of curves on highways, Illinois practice, H. E. Bilgeb
{Engin. News, 7^ {1915), No. 2. pp. 74, 75).— Where brick and concrete roads
are used almost exclusively it is stated that. " all matters considered, the most
satisfactory treatment of these types on curves is to carry the profile of the
center line and of the inner edge of the pavement around the cun-e without a
break, but to elevate the outer longitudinal half of the slab 2 in. for the 10-ft.
pavements and 4 in. for the 18-ft. ones. On the inner as well as the outer longi-
tudinal half of the slab the convexity of the surface ."Should be avoide<l, to the end
that the entire portion of the slab that comes upon the curve may be a surface
having a straight-line top on any cross section. Gravel and macadam road sur-
faces should be similarly treated on curves ... by elevating the outer longi-
tudinal half of the metaled way by an amount equal to twice the crown on
tangents for the particular tyi^e in question."

Limestone road materials of Wisconsin, W. O. Hotchkiss and E. Steidt-
MANN {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surveu Bui. 34 {191^). Eeon. Ser. 16, pp.
Til I +137, pis. 4i, figs. 2). — This report deals with the origin, extent, distribu-
tion, and general characteristics of Wisconsin road materials, and gives a de-
scription of these by counties.

RURAl. ENGINEERING. 87

The road materials of Wisconsin consist of gravel and field stone, limestone,
granite and trap rock, sandstone, and quartzite. There is great variation in the
quality of these materials. Some limestones of the State are absolutely unfit
for use on the roads, others can be used only with very careful treatment in
construction, but most of them make a satisfactory road material. The granites
and trap rocks also vary greatly in character, but all are good. The most variable
road material in the State, and one of the most valuable, is the gravel. This
material is so extremely diverse in character that the method of treatment
adapted to material from one end of a single pit may not be at all suitable for
material from the other end. The limestones furnish the greatest amount of
crushed stone for road purposes in the State and are the only type of road mate-
rial considered in detail in this report. Tests of road material as conducted by
the Office of Public Roads of this Department are also described.

Gravel aggregate for concrete, W. K. Hatt {Municipal Engin., 49 (1915),
No. 1, pp. 2-S, figs. 10). — Tests to ascertain the relative strength of concrete
of an arbitrary 1:2:4 proportion, when the line of division between the fine
and coarse aggregates is the J-in. sieve and when it is the ^-in. sieve, are reported.
It is concluded from the results that for the aggregates tested and the assumed
proportion the resulting concrete Is as strong, if not stronger, when the line of
division is on the ^-in. screen.

Investigation of the effects of alkali on concrete drain tile near Lake
Park, Iowa, C. E. Sims and G. P. Dieckman {Concrete-Cement Age, 6 {1915),
No. 6, pp. 278-281). — An investigation of the failure of concrete drain tile in
soils containing appreciable quantities of calcium and magnesium sulphates led
to the conclusion that the use of good materials in proper proportions to make
dense concrete, compacting the mixture well, and aging the product for a month
at a temperature above freezing will protect the concrete tile against alkali.
" Knowing that concrete becomes more dense with age, it seems that if the
absorption is less than 5 per cent in concrete thirty days old it ought to be alkali
proof and suitable for any service."

Report committee on electricity on the farm, Western States ( [Nat. Elect.
Light Assoc, 1912-13], Manuscript, pp. 14). — This report presents the sub-
stance of answers to inquiries sent out by the National Electric Light Associa-
tion to different power companies in the Western States to obtain information
as to the farm use of electricity.

The answers indicate that the use of electricity for agricultural purposes in
the West is most extensive in the States of Washington, Oregon, California, and
(Colorado, while interest is manifested in several other States. " The most inter-
esting thing brought out was the great difference in the method of charging
for the power and the amount of the charge. . . . The use of electricity on
the farm is necessarily a seasonal use, the greatest demand being for pumping
for irrigation. Depending on the locality and on the crop to be irrigated, the
irrigating season under normal conditions is from April to October, inclusive. A
dry year, such as has just been experienced in California, will make the season
longer. ... It is very apparent, therefore, that it is to the power company's
advantage to have the consumer make his installation as small as possible and
operate as many hours per day as possible."

Copies of agricultural rate schedules from various companies operating in the
different States are appended.

Priming a centrifugal pump, E. M. Ivens {Poicer, 41 {1915), No. 26, pp.
880-882, figs. 8). — Several methods of priming centrifugal pumps and of over-
coming priming troubles are described with illustrations.

15419°— No. 1—16 7

88 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

The proposed standardization of farm wagons {Farm Machinery, No. 1239
(1915), pp. 18, I'J). — A plan for the standardization of farm ^yagons approved
by the National Implement and Vehicle Association is given. The purpose of
the effort at standardization and simplification of wagons is to produce an inter-
changeable line of wagon parts which will permit the dealer and manufacturer
to serve the farmer quicker and better. The standardization is confined to 2-
horse wagons for farm, ranch, and mountain use and does not consider 1-horse
wagons, farm trucks, or gears for special purposes. ^Vith this in view all gears
with skeins larger than 3J in. and with steel axles larger than 2} in. have been
counted as belonging to the special teaming gear class.

Tests of potato planters, potato diggers, and grain driers and preliminary
examinations of new implements, G. Fischeb et al. {Arb. Dent. Landw.
Gesell., No. 265 {191/f), pp. 113, figs. 05). — A number of tests of different com-
mercial makes of potato planting and harvesting machinery and grain driers are
reporte<l, together with the results of preliminary examinations of a number of
different agricultural implements.

Methods used in constructing a 108-ft. monolithic concrete silo near
Salona, Pennsylvania {Concrete-Cement Age, 6 {1915), Xo. 6, pp. 301, 302,
figs. 3). — The details of the construction of this silo are presented.

Methods and costs in constructing a combined concrete silo and water
tank {Concrete-Cement Age, 6 {1913), No. 3, pp. 162-16J,. figs. 7).— The details
of this structure are illustrated and de.scrlbed.

Heating greenhoiises by hot water, G. W. Loebfr {Dom. Engin., 10 {1915),
No. 13, pp. 39:>-.',01, figs. J,; 11 {1915), No-o. 2, pp. 31-33, figs. 7; 5, pp. I;?ff-136,
figs. 3, 9, pp. 2.'i.',, 2-'i5, figs. 2; 13, pp. 362-366, figs. 3).— This article gives a
detailed description, with illustrations, of how to install hot water heating .sys-
tems in greenhouses, dealing with the open tank, closed pre.s3ure. and forced
circulation systems.

Safe disposal of human excreta at unsewered homes, L. L. LuirsDEN, C. W.
Stiles, and A. W. Fueeman {Pub. Health Serv. V. S., Pub. Health Bui. 68
{1915), pp. 28. figs. 13). — In this bulletin, after discussing some of the serious
disea.ses affecting the human race with reference to their distribution in human
excreta, it is stated " that human excreta, if not prevented from reaching human
bodies, constitute the most dangerous of all matter with which we are liable
to come into contact in the course of our daily lives." As methods for the dis-
posal of human filth, different types of sanitary privies are described and illus-
trated, including the well-known L. R. S. type (E. S. R., 2."i, p. 891).

It is stated in conclusion that " the proper disposal of human excreta can not
be accomplished without some labor and ex-pense, but the return in cleanliness,
comfort, and health make an intelligent expenditure of labor and money for
.such a purpose one of the b'^st possible investments."

The danger zone on the farm. Sewage disposal {Va. Health Dvl., 7 {1915),
No. 6, pp. 2.'fl-262, figs. 8). — This bulletin describes and illustrates different
types of sanitary privies, including the pail and pit types and the Kentucky
.sanitary privy, and also briefly describes and illustrates a small sewage-disposal
system consisting of a septic tank and a subsurface irrigation system. Bills
ol material are included.

Three residential sewage-treatment plants near Cleveland, R. F. Mao-
DowELL {Engin. News, 74 {1915), No. 2, pp. 56, 57).— Three small residential
sewage-treatment plants of different design are described comprising (1) a two-
.story sedimentation tank and glass-covered rapid .sand filters. (2) screens, a two-
story sedimentation tank, a dosing tank, and intermittent sand filters, and (3)
ft septic tank, dosing tank, and subsurface irrigation system. It is stated that

EUEAL ECONOMICS.

89

all three plants have operated succes.sfuHy and have produced effluents of satis-
factory character.

A summary of the results of experiments on the purification of creamery-
refuse and their application, H. R. Ceohuest and A. D. Weston {Engin. and
Contract., 4-^f {1915}, No. 1, pp. 7-9). — This article summarizes data and con-
clu.sions obtained in experiment stations in this country and in Europe on the
fiubject of creamery refuse disposal.

It is stated that the wastes produced in the dairy industry consist chiefly of
dilute solutions of milk in which are particles of butter, fat, and ca.sein which
come from the washing of the products, utensils, and floors. The waste is very
susceptible to bacterial action, quickly becomes acid, containing approximately
1,000 parts per million acidity, and gives rise to very disagi-eeable odors due to
the production of butyric acid. Because of the high oxygen demand it creates a
nuisance when discharged into small streams by quickly using up the available
oxygen, after which putrefaction begins.

From the available data the following methods of purification are suggested
as the result of exi^eriments : " Where the volume of the waste is comparatively
small and suitable land is available it may be disposed of by irrigation at rates
varying from 20,000 to 2,000 gal. per acre per day. If suitable land is not avail-
able one of the following biological methods is suggested: Sedimentation in
septic tanks for from two to ten days and, if diluting water in suflicient volume
is at hand, disposal by dilution ; sedimentation in a septic tank for from two to
ten days, followed by filtration through sand at rates not to exceed 25,000 gal.
per acre per day (where sand treatment is employed it is recommended that the
acidity be i-educed by the addition of lime so that bacterial action will not be
retarded) ; sedimentation in septic tanks for from two to ten days, followed by
treatment in primary contact beds, and if necessary by secondary contact beds
<ir trickling filters (trickling filter treatment following sedimentation is not
recommended because of the dispersion of odors in applying the liquid after
sedimentation to the surface of the filter). . . .

" It is felt that any of the above methods of treatment will produce an efflu-
ent which will not give rise to a nuisance when discharged into a small stream
or brook."

ETJUAL ECONOMICS.

Farming and food supplies in time of war, R. H. Rew (Jour. Bd. Agr.
{LondoM, 22 (1915), Ko. 6, pp. 50It-520 ; Nature [London], 96 {1915), No. 2399,
pp. 216-220; Science, n. ser., ^2 {1915), No. 108Jf, pp. 475-486).— This paper
treats of the relation of the total consumption to the home production and the
influence of war on this relationship. The following table indicates the sources
of the food supply of the United Kingdom :

Sources of food stuffs consumed in the United Kingdom, 1910-1914

Source cf supply.

Wheat.

Meat.

Poul-
try.

Eggs.

Butter.i

Cheese.

Milk.2

Fruit.

Vege-
tables.

United Kinfrdom

P.ct.
19.0
39.3
41.7

P.ct.
57.9
10.7
31.4

P.ct.
82.7
0.2
17.1

P.ct.

67.6

0.1

32.3

P.ct.
25.1
13.3
61.6

P.ct.
19.5
65.4
15.1

P.ct.
95.4

""i'.h'

P.ct.

36.3

8.3

55.4

P.ct.
91 8

British Empire overseas . . .
Tcreign countries

1.1

7 1

Including margarin.

* Including cream.

90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A comparison of the imports in 1913-14 with 1914-15 shows that there was a
decrease of 1.39 per cent in the receipts of wheat, including flour, 11.97 per
cent decrease in the receipts of meat, 8.67 per cent decrease for sugar, and 6.47
per cent decrease for butter. For bacon and hams, cheese, fruits, and rice there
was an Increase.

Systems of farming and the production of food — the need for more tillage,
T. H. MiDDLETON {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 {1915), No. 6, pp. 520^33).—
The author has restricted his discussion to three .systems of farming: (1) The
production of meat on grass land, (2) tlie production of milk on grass land,
and (3) the production of food crops and meat from arable land. The unit of
measurement used to indicate the efficiency of the different systems was the
energy value for a day's rations of a man. The meat produced on an acre of
poor pasture will supply 11 days' rations for a man, on rich pasture 140 ; dairy
farming on good gra.ss, 193 days' rations ; and mixed arable farming on good
land 296 days' rations.

The land question and the condition of agricultural labor {Final Rpt. Com.
Indus. Relations [U. S.], 1915, pp. 121-132). — As a result of its study of tenancy
in the Southwestern States, the commission recommends that there be de-
veloped through legislation a long-time farm lease which will give fair rents,
security of tenure, and protection of the interests of the tenant in the matter
of such improvements as he may make on a leasehold in his possession ; also
that national and state land commissions be organize<l to act as land courts with
powers to hear evidence given by landlords and tenants as to questions that
have to do with fair rents, fixity of tenure, and impi-overaents made by tenants
on landlords' property. These commissions should also operate farm bureaus
to act as agents between landlords and tenants in the distribution of tenant
labor, the preparation of equitable contracts, assi.st home-seeking farmers, and
secure a better distribution of seasonal farm labor.

The development of better credit facilities through the assistance of the
Government and the cooperative organization of farmers and tenants is recom-
mended. There should also be modernizetl rural schools and compulsory educa-
tion of children, and a revision of the taxation sy.stem so as to exempt from
taxation all improvements and to tax unused land at its full rental value.

Farmers and farm laborers {Final Rpt. Com. Indus. Relatione [U. S.], 1915,
pp. 398-401). — The commission recommends "that Ck)ngress and the various
States pass rural credit acts that will give to the small American farmer the
same privileges and benefits that for so long a time have been enjoyed by the
small farmers in Germany and other European countries, which, following Ger-
many, have adopted runil credit systems. We recommend serious consideration
to adapting the Irish land bill and the Australian system of state colonization
to our American conditions. It is not our intention, in this report, to enter into
minute details as to how this should be carried out. In a general way, however,
we believe it not only desirable, but practicable, for the Federal Government,
through its Department of Agriculture, and the various States, through their
departments of agriculture, to .secure large bodies of land at appraised actual
values, that have been thoroughly tested by experts for their quality, issuing
bonds for the payment for same, if need be, and to cut them up into small par-
cels, making the necessary iniprovemonts, and selling them to qualified colonists
with small first payments, making the balance payable in. say, thirty years on
the amortization plan, the deferred payments bearing only the same rate of
interest that the Government itself is calle<l upon to pay, plus a small addition
to cover the cost of government administration. We believe, in this way, the
most effective check can be created on the one hand to minimize farm tenancy,
and on the other hand to make it possible for the farm laborer and the farm

RURAL ECONOMICS. 91

tenant to become land proprietors. We believe that this, if carried out wisely
and intelligently, will have a large share in minimizing industrial unrest and
in adding to the wealth of the Nation, both materially and in the quality of its
citizenship."

Bural credit, cooperation, and agricultural organization in Europe, R.
Mktcalf and C. G. Black {Olympia, Wash.: Govt., 1915, pp. 293). — This is a
report of the members from the State of Washington of the American Commis-
sion which studied rural credit systems of Europe as to their adaptability in
the United States and to the agricultural needs of Washington.

The authors discuss agricultural cooperative organizations and credit systems
as found in Germany, Italy, Austria, the Balkan States, Russia, Switzerland, Bel-
gium, Holland, Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom, and conclude their
study by stating that Washington can probably obtain better credit by adopting
the Landscliaften system of collective security with the amortization plan of
repayment. This system necessitates a guaranty that the security, individual or
collective, land or personal, shall not deteriorate in value at any time during the
loan. In order to bring this about dairying and raising beef cattle are deemed
essential in the grain belt of eastern Washington and the logged-off lands of
western Washington. Agricultural education in schools and high schools should
be made practical and should receive greater emphasis. Standardizing crops
and stock is greatly needed to facilitate the organization of cooperative market-
ing organizations.

The authors conclude that " whatever rural credit or cooperative organiza-
tions may be provided by legislation, the farmers must take the initiative in
their creation, must take their management, so that their success and the benefit
for the entire State, since what benefits the farmer of necessity benefits the
State, may be due to and belong to only the farmers themselves."

Report of the cooperative organization branch [of the Saskatchewan
Department of Agriculture] (Arm. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Saskatcheican, 10 (1914),
pp. 18S-208, fig. 1). — In these pages are described the origin of the cooperative
organization branch of the department, the agricultural cooperative associa-
tions' act, the work of typical purchasing and marketing associations, and the
success of the branch in the cooperative marketing of wool. There are also
given data showing the number of cooperative organizations and the extent
of their transactions.

International annual of agricultural legislation, 1914 (Inst. Internat. Agr.
[Romel, Ann. Internat. Leg. Agr., 4 (1914), pp. LXVIII+1019) .—This volume
continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 191), adding later
decrees and laws.

[International statistics of agriculture] (Statis. Jahrb. Deut. Reich, S6
(1915), pp. 22*-30*). — This continues information previously noted (E. S. R.,
31, p. 790), adding data for later years.

Monthly crop report [U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 (1915), No. 5, pp.
41-52, fig. 1). — This number gives the usual monthly estimates of the acreage,
condition, and yield of the more important agricultural crops, the farm prices
of important products, and the range of prices at important markets, with mis-
cellaneous data on honey production, cranberry and hop conditions, dried apple
exports, acreage of red clover, etc.

It is estimated that the total acreage of " wild," " salt," or " prairie " hay,
that is, hay cut from uncultivated lands, is 17,000,000 acrejS, and the average
yield for the present season 1.2 tons per acre. The total production of wild hay
is approximately one-fourth that of tame.

Reports indicate that the production of wine is being materially curtailed
this year, owing principally to large accumulations of supplies carried over from

92 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

previous years, and to the possibility of further iegislatioii inimical to this
industry. This will result in a large proportion of such wine grapes as are suit-
able for table use being marketed this year for the latter purpose.

The average moisture content of new oats, as determined by the Office of
Grain Standardization, is 15.5 per cent.

Agriculture [in Japan], S. Sato {Japan Year Book, 1915, pp. SJtOSGO). —
In Japan in 1913 there were 1,441,852 oho (about 3,532,537 acres) in paddy
fields and 1,714,693 cho in upland controlled by landowners, and 1,503,737 cho
in paddy fields and 1,135,244 cho in upland controlled by tenants. Of the total
5,443,719 farming families, 1,744,801 operate<J owned land exclusively, 1,520,922
tenanted land exclusively, and 2,177,996 land of both types. Of this total
3,707,088 depended solely upon far uing for a living, while 1,736.631 had sub-
sidiary occupations. Of the farming families, 30.79 per cent cultivated farms
with an area of less than 0.5 cho, and 33.36 per cent with an area of 0.5 to
1 cho. Additional information is given concerning area in specified crops and
number of live stock.

Agricultural statistics of India, 191^-13 iAgr. S'atis. India, 29 {1912-13),
II, pp. V-\-116, pi. 1). — This report continues data previously noted (E. S. R.,
31, p. 491), adding statistics for 1912-13.

AGRICTJLTTTRAL EDUCATION.

Report of the Ministry of Industries [of Uruguay! for 1914 {Merti. Min.
Indus. [ilontctHdco], 191.'f, pp. 1795, fiys. 115). — This includes a report on the
agencies for the promotion of agriculture in Uruguay, the latter including the
national inspection service of live stock and agriculture, the National Institute
of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station at Sayago, the Veterinary
School of Montevideo, the agricultural experiment stations in the Department
of Salto at San Antonio and in the Department of Cerro Largo at Banados
de Medina and Paysandu, the national nursery for fruit and forest trees at
Toledo, including a school for the training of agricultural superintendents or
foremen, the model poultry farm at Toledo, and " La Estanzuela " seed
breeding farm and model dairy, which is to be developed into a phytotechnical
institute. Tlecont legislation regulating (he.se agencies is appended.

Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1914 {Aarsher.
Offcnti. Foran.1t. Landhr. Fremme, 1914, III, Stntsfnranst., pp. LXI+788, pis.
2, figs. 51). — This report comprises the usual comprehensive survey of the
work of the various government agencies established for the promotion of
'Norwegian agriculture. Including chemical, seed, and milk control stations,
agricultural, horticultural, and dairy schools, itinerant instructors, etc.

Agricultural education in the rural schools of Ohio, L. S. Ivins {Fd. Mo.,
1 {1915), Xo. 7, pp. 252-256). — This is a review of the present status of agri-
ciiltural in^^truction in tlu^ rural, elementary, and high schools of Ohio.

The teaching of household management, Myktie C. V.\n Deusen {Jour.
Home Fron.,7 {1915), Ko. 5, pp. 231-235). — The author describes the work in the
household management course at the State Normal School, Kirksville, Mo.

Relationship of the school garden to the classroom {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 2
(1915), Nos. Jf, pp. 371-375; 5, pp. 461, 462, fig. l).—lt is maintained that the
school garden helps the classroom in the following ways: In giving healthful
exercise, vitalizing school work by furnishing concrete material for other
subjects, and linking the school to the home; as a workshop or laboratory to
bo made use of by the teacher in the processes of general education, because
of the physical activity, mental development, and esthetic training Involved

AGRICULTUTAL EDUCATION. 93

in its care and construction ; and as a means of tcaclilng children tlie relation-
ship of facts ; that is, interpretation, as tlie result of reliectiou following observa-
tion, wliicli is of more importance than the mere acquirement of facts. The
classroom is deemed the best place for the completion of garden work, the
teacher directing the processes leading to such understanding by recalling the
observations made by the different pupils and by good questioning stimulating
reflection, thus leading the pupils to arrive at their own conclusions or else
revealing to them the need of making further observations. In beginning the
work classroom discussion of plans and objects also helps to give pupils a
purpose and point of view which aids them to succeed in the work which they
undertake.

Care of school gardens during' summer vacation (Agr. Qaz. Canada, 2
(1915), No. 6, pp. 5S6-502). — Among the methods described of caring for school
gardens in the summer vacation in the Provinces of Price Edward Island,
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia the following may be men-
tioned :

Where teachers are paid a bonus for a well-kept school garden they are held
responsible for its vacation care. In several Provinces children must attend to
the garden during the summer vacation at regular hours and under the super-
vision of a teacher, trustee, or farmer, or the community interest is enlisted
in the work, parents, trustees, the local branch of the women's institute and
ex-pupils being consulted. In some schools committees are appointed for each
week of the vacation, each in turn being held responsible for the gardens. In
suKiU schools which are far away from the village children harvest their px'od-
ucts, consisting of early vegetables, at the end of the school year. Where ex-
perience has shown that a garden can not be expected to continue successfully
during the vacation it is advised that the ground be seeded down. Competitions
and exiiibitions, both in rural localities and in towns, have solved the weed prob-
lems in hundreds of districts in one Province. In a small garden 3 hours a week,
preferably in the morning, has been found sufRcient for the work ; but in large
gardens 8 hours a week may be necessary. One hour a week is usually sufficient
for each pupil to spend in actual garden woi-k.

Home projects as a.n adjunct to agricultural insti'uction in the school,
L. A. DeWoi-fe and R. P. Steeves (Agr. Gaz. Canada., 2 (1915), Na. 5, pp.
462-464)- — In this discussion the director of elementary agricultural education
of Nova Scotia holds that " everything that will help the boys and girls to be
self-sustaining and will make them useful and agreeable members of society
comes under the head of ' liome projects.' " The director of elementary educa-
tion of New Brunswick recommends that pupils be encouraged to begin home
plats under the teacher's supervision in the fall so that this may act as a
stimulus in study, observation, and reading during the winter. In his opinion
" the connection between education and success, between efficiency and practice,
is thus establislied." Last year S9 home plats were worked by the public-school
children of New Brunswick.

"Home credits" for high school work, J. T. Begg (Better ScIlgoIs, 1 (1915),
No. 7, pp. 101-104). — In this discussion of home credits the author deprecates
the giving of credit for home work which would have a tendency tov.'ard making
children expect a rev\'ard for the performance of their regular duties of life,
but approves credit given for oitt-of-school work in which the principles studied
in the classroom are applied.

Outlines for thirty-six lessons in agriculture, W. H. Davis (Des Moines,
Iowa: Dept. Pub. Instr., 1915, pp. 71, figs. 19). — Instructions are given to
teachers and pupils of the seventh and eighth grades for conducting 36 exercises.

94 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

each 90 minutes in length and consisting of experiments and recitations in plant
processes, weeds, injurious insects, trees, gardens, soils, poultry, and dairy
cattle. Lists of references, apparatus, and equipment for agriculture in the
grades are included.

Agricultural laboratory manual: Soils, E. S. Sell {Boston and London:
Ginn & Co., 1915, pp. IV +40). — This is a collection of 40 exercises on soils
planned for high schools and normal schools giving instruction in agriculture.
The manual consists of 40 sheets, with directions on each for carrying out an
exercise, which can be removed from the cover and used separately by students
in entering their results and then be rebound. A list of necessary material and
apparatus is included.

Sug-gestive outlines on agricultural and industrial topics for rural and
village schools: Corn, L. G. Atiikkton {Normal Teacher [Madison, S. Dak.],
5 {1015), No. 3, pp. 16, figs. 7). — Tliis bulletin contains directions for teachers
on methods of testing seed corn and selecting corn for .seed and exhibition pur-
poses, a brief descriptive list of varieties of corn, and a discussion of silos and
silage.

[The preparation and mounting of plants and seeds for class and reference
work] {A<jr. Gaz. Canada, 2 {1915), Nos. 4, pp. 317-3S0, fins. I,; 5, pp. .'i65-
479, figs. 12). — This is a description of methods of preparing and mounting
plants and seeds by officials of the Central Exi^eriment Farm and colleges and
schools in the Provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario, JIanitoba, Saskatchewan,
and Alberta.

Swine judging for beginners, J. S. Coffey {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State
Univ.l, 10 {1915), No. 11, pp. 15, figs. /2).— Directions are given for judging
swine.

The course of study in household accounting in the Junior High School,
McT^Iinnville. Oreg.. V. A. Scofield {McMinnviUe, Orcg.: Junior High School
Press, 1915, April, pp. 6). — This is an outline of a cour.se in household account-
ing v.hich has been introduced experimentally this year into the Junior High
School at McMlnnville, Oreg. It is elective for ninth grade girls (who have no
thought of teaching) in the place of algebra, and deals with hou.sehold arith-
metic, budgets, social tran.sactions, living costs, and methods of keeping household
account l)o<)ks.

School room work for club members and others, W. H. Barton {Cleinson
Agr. Col. S. C, Farmers' Reading Course Bui. 11 {1915), pp. i5).— This bulletin
for rural school teachers contains a list of bulletins and suggestions for class-
room and club work in agriculture and for practical field work consisting of
two 3-year rotations of cotton, corn, and grain, and calls attention to a concrete
example of a traveling agrlcuUnral teacher.

Household exhibits at fairs, Ing.\ M. K. Allison {Colo. Agr. Col. Ext. Ser.,
No. 105 {1915), pp. 15, figs. 2). — Suggestions are offered on the classification,
preparation, and entering of exhibits, which are groupwl into three division.s, viz,
food products, needle work, and home-made conveniences and devices. Score
cards are included.

Reorganization of farmers' institutes {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 6,
pp. 575, 576). — An outline of a scheme adopted by the department of agriculture
of Ontario for the thorough reorganization of farmers' institutes, enlarging their
scope and expcvtod to give more weight and practical effect to their proceedings.

List of workers in subjects pertaining to agriculture and home economics
in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and in the state agricultural colleges
and experiment stations- ( f '. ■!?. Dcpt. Agr., Li.'^t of Workers in V. S. Agr., 1915,
pp. 122). — This is the usual organization list of workers along tliese lines.

MISCELLANEOUS. 95

corrected to August 15, 1915, and includes in tlie case of this Department brief
statements as to tiie organization and scope of its various branclies.

MISCEILANEOTJS.

Thirty-eighth. Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1914 (Con-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1914, Pt- 6, pp. XIV). — This contains the organization
list, a report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended September 30, 1914, and a list of corrections to the report.

Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1914 (Maryland Sta.
Rpt. 191-'f, pp. XVI-\-246, figs. 63). — Tliis contains the organization list; a report
l)y the director on the organization, work, and publications of the station ; a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 ; and reprints of Bulle-
tins 178-184, previously noted.

Biennial Report of North Carolina Station, 1913-14 (North Carolina Sta.
Bicn. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 52, figs. 22). — This contains the organization list, a
report of the director and heads of departments, the experimental work . of
which is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, a financial .state-
ment for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1913, and June 30, 1914, two special
articles noted elsewhere in this issue, and reprints of Bulletins 224-227, pre-
vlous^ly noted.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington
Sta., Mest. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 3 (1915), No. 6, pp. 11, figs. 2).— This number
contains brief articles on the following subjects: Farming as a Business, by
H. L. Blanchard ; Culture of Horseradish, by J. L. Stahl ; Early Hatched Pullets
and Winter Eggs, by V. R. McBride ; Introducing Queens, by J. W. Ware ; Apple
Anthracnose or Black Spot, by H. L. Rees ; and Fall Sowfl Hay and Pasture INIix-
tm-es, by E. B. Stookey.

Guide to buildings and grounds (Neto York State Sta. Circ. 42 (1915),
pp. 6). — A brief description of the station buildings and grounds and of the
experiments in progress.

A note book of agricultural facts and figures, compiled by R. C. Wood
(Coimbatore, India: Agr. Col., 1915, pp. 118, pi. 1, figs. 22).— A: handbook of
information on machinery and buildings, labor, soils, manures, crops, feeds and
feeding, live stock, dairying, insect pests, horticulture, forestry, weights and
measures, mensuration, surveying, and statistics, with special reference to Indian
requirements.

NOTES.

Connecticut College. — F. W. Duflce (Oliio State University, 1915) has been
appointed instructor iu agi-onouiy and Glenn II. Campbell, assistant in dairy
husbandry.

Illinois University and Station. — Dr. AV. L. Barlison has been appointed
associate profe.ssor of crop production in the college of agriculture and associate
chief in crop production in the station. James H. Greene has been appointed
state leader in junior extension, boys' and girls' work, in cooperation with this
Department.

Iowa College and Station. — Recent appointments include Ross L. Bancroft
as assistant professor in agronomy ; II. W. Johnson as instructor in agronomy
and assistant in soil bacteriology ; F. S. Will<ins and Roy Westley as instructors
in farm crops ; and Earl Girton, associate professor of animal husbandry at the
Alabama College and Station, as extension professor in animal husbandry.

Kentucky University and Station. — A barn for the study of live-stock dis-
eases, a sheep barn, and a tile silo have recently been completed. Studies to
improve the type of the general utility sheep in Kentucky and to determine the
value of pure-bred sires as compared with scrub sires for the production of
spring lambs are to be begun.

E. H. Nollau, assistaht chemist in the station, has been appointed specialist in
agricultural, physiological, and biological chemistry in the States Relations
Service of this Department, succeeding on the Experiment Station Record Dr.
L. W. Fetzer, who has become profi'ssor of pliysiologj- and biochemistry in the
School of Medicine of Fordham University. George H. Vansell of the Kansas
Station and C. F. Stiles have been appointe<l assistants in the departments of
entomologj' and zoology in the college of agriculture.

Maine University. — J. F. Tliomns has been appointed instructor in animal
industry.

Massachusetts College. — Stockbridge Hall, the new agricultural building, was
dedicated Octobtn- 2'J. The program included addresses on Levi Stockbridge
and Charles L. Flint, by W. H. Rowker, of the board of trustees; Agricultural
Possibilities in New England, by Dean J. L. Hills, of the A'ermont University
and Station; The Engineer in Agriculture, by W. Wheeler, secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture; and a closing address by President Butterfield.

John C. McNutt, professor of animal husbandry and dairying at the North
Carolina College, has been appointed professor of animal husbandry, vice John
A. McLean, whose resignation has been previously noted.

W. F. Turner of this Department, who has been statione.l at the Bureau <if
Animal Industry farm at Beltsville, Md., has been appointed extension instruc-
tor in animal husbandry, vice George F. Story, whose resignation has been
previously notetl.

Michigan College. — Kenneth G. Hancher (Ohio State I'niversity. inir>) has
been appointed instructor in chemistry.

Missouri University and Station. — The present enrollment in the four-year
course in agriculture as candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Science in agrl-

96

NOTES. 97

culture or forestry is 570. There are also 40 students enrolled in the graduate
school, as candidates for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy,
who are taking their major work in some branch of agriculture, and 196 students
in the two-year winter course in agriculture of whom 17 are women enrolled
in the short course in home economics.

A refrigeration i)laut is to be installed in the agricultural chemistx'y building.

M. E. Hays, a 1915 graduate of the university, has been appointed assistant
in horticulture ; Miss Clella Jenkins, assistant in home economics ; Harold C.
Libby, assistant in veterinary science ; K. C. Sullivan, deputy inspector of
nurseries ; and William H. Baker, assistant extension professor of soils and farm
crops. Miss May C. McDonald has resigned as assistant professor of home
economics and has been succeeded by Miss Babb Bell, and Carl C. Filler has re-
signed as field demonstrator in the hog cholera serum work. C. S. Woodard has
been appointed farm demonstrator for negro farmers from March 1 to September
1 of each year, his i*emaining time being spent at the Bartlett Negro School at
Dalton. C. M. Long has been transferred as county agent from Johnson County
to Pettis County, succeeding S. M. Jordan, resigned, and has been succeeded by
F. A. Gougler ; and W. R. Hendricks has been appointed county agent for St.
Charles County.

Montana College and Station. — Dr. Edward C. Elliott, of the department of
education of the University of Wisconsin, has been appointed chancellor of the
University of Montana, comprising the State University at Missoula, the State
College at Bozeman, the School of Mines at Butte, and the State Normal School
at Dillon, beginning February 1. J. D. Morgan, assistant in the State grain
laboratory, has resigned to take up work in grain standardization for the Bureau
of Plant Industry of this Department, with headquarters at New Orleans, and
was succeeded by "E. W. Jahnke, November 15, 1915.

New Hampshire College. — C. J. Fawcett (Ohio State University, 1915) has
been appointed instructor in animal husbandry.

New Jersey College and Stations. — Warren W. Oley has resigned as extension
specialist in fruit growing to become farm demonstrator in Cumberland County.
Other aiipointments include William J. Carson as professor of dairy husbandry
and dairy husbandman ; Allen G. Waller as assistant in crops ; Franklin O.
Church as rvosearch assistant in hydraulic engineering; Fidel P. Schlatter, as
research assistant in cranberry investigations ; and Lawrence G. Gillam, as in-
structor in horticulture in the short courses.

New York State Station. — According to a note in Science, A. W. Bosworth,
associate chemist, has accepted an appointment as chief of the department of
biological chemistry of the Boston Floating Hospital, beginning about January 1.

Oklahoma College. — Dr. Charles O. Chambers, of Peabody College, has been
appointed professor of botany.

Oregon College. — F. L. Griffin, head of the girls' and boys' industrial clubs,
has resigned to accept a similar position at Cornell University, beginning
February 1.

South Dakota College and Station. — V. R. Jones, assistant in dairy industry
in the colkjge of agriculture of Cornell University, has been appointed assistant
professor of dairy husbandry and assistant dairyman.

Vermont University. — A hog barn, 30 by 88 feet, with a concrete floor, has
been erected which accommodates from 55 to 65 mature hogs. H. A. D. Leggett
has been appointed instructor in poultry husbandry in the college of agriculture
and John A. Dana farm agent for Chittenden County.

Washington College. — Ernest O. Holland, superintendent of schools in Louis-
ville, Ky., has been appointed president to succeed Dr. E. A. Bryan, beginning

98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

January 1. Leonard Hegnauer has been appointed soils and crops specialist
for field work in the extension department.

West Virginia TIniversity and Station. — ^Arthur C. Ragsdale has been ap-
pointed instructor in dairy husbandry, vice G. W. Thompson, resigned. J. H. B.
Krak has been transferred from the department of soils to become assistant
chemist, dividing his time equally between the State geological survey and the
station, and has been succeeded in the department of soils by Robert M. Salter.
J. P. Bonardi (New Hampshire College, 1915) has been appointed assistant
chemist in fertilizer work.

Wisconsin University and Station. — An addition to the hog cholera serum
plant by which the manufacture of the serum and virus may be carried on in
separate buildings is under construction. A cement silo has been erected for
use in feeding experiments and the beef cattle barn has been remodeled. Build-
ings are also being put up at the substations at Ashland .Junction, ^Slarshfield,
and Spooner under a state appropriation of !?;5,.500.

The proportion of city-bred students in the college of agriculture has fallen
from 22 per cent in 1914 to 16 per cent.

F. A. Aust, assistant in landscape design in the University of Illinois, has
been appointed to take charge of the courses in landscape design and the
supervision of the campus. W. J. Geib has been appointed assistant professor
of soils. C. D. Livingston and J. W. Braiin have been appointed instructors in
the college of agriculture and assistants in the station, the former in agricul-
tural engineering, and the latter in horticulture and i)Iant pathology.

Agricultural Instruction in Canada. — W. R. Reek has resigned as associate
professor of anlnuil husbandry at the Ontario Agricultural College to take charge
of the extension work in agriculture of Prince Edward Island. T. J. Harrison,
superintendent of the substation at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, has been ap-
pointed professor of field husbandry at the Manitoba Agricultural College, and
has been succeeded by W. H. Gibson, assistant superintendent at the substation
at Lacombe, Alberta. .T. B. Reynolds has been appointed president of the
Manitoba College. S. B. ^McCready resigned July 1, 1915, as director of ele-
mentary agricultural instruction in the department of education of Ontario,
and has been succeeded by Dr. ,T. B. DandcMio, formerly associate professor of
botany at the Michigan College, who will have the title of inspector of ele-
mentary agricultural classes in the normal and higii schools. F. S. Grisdale
has been appointed principal of the school of agriclture at Vermilion, Alberta.

Valentine Winkler has succeeded George Lawrence as minister of agricul-
ture and immigration of the Province of Manitoba. A farmers' cooperative
poultry fattening station is being operated at the college. Poultry is shipped
in by the farmers, fattened for from 14 to 18 days, killed, dressed, and sold,
returns being made after deducting express charges and the actual cost of fat-
tening and handling. G. C. White has been appointed professor of rural eco-
nomics and farm management and J. A. Neilson lecturer in horticulture.

The Alberta goverimient, by an order in council of April 29, 1915, established
a college of agriculture in connection with the University of Alberta. E. A.
Howes, principal of the school of agriculture at Vermilion, has been' appointe<l
dean of the faculty of agriculture, and George A. Harcourt, deputy minister of
agriculture, assistant to the dean. H. A. Craig, superintendent of demonstra-
tion farms, was appointed deputy minister of agiiculture, and Sydney Carlyle,
superintendent of demonstration farms. Only advance<l work, beginning with the
third year, will be o(Tere<l in the agricultural department of the university, and
applicants for admission must have taken the two-year course in one of the
schools of agriculture. There were 67 graduates of these schools in readiness

NOTES. 99

for the beginning of the college course, 89 students having been graduated
March 26 from the two-year courses of the provincial schools of agriculture at
Claresholm, Olds, and Vermilion. These were the first graduates of the com-
plete course from these schools.

A movement for the organization of young women's institutes was begun in
Quebec in January, 1915, with the establishment of three women's clubs, known
as young farm women's clubs (cerclcs des jeunes fennidrcs). They differ
from women's institutes in dealing mainly with agricultural matters, while the
object of the latter is to teach domestic science.

The department of education of British Columbia has decided to include
agriculture as an optional subject in the high schools. Instructors especially
qualified to give instruction in agriculture will be appointed in the schools, will
also assist in teaching some of the regular science subjects of the high school,
especially biology, and will also spend a part of each week supervising the
work in elementary agriculture and school gardening in the public schools of
the locality. Extension classes in agriculture will be opened for boys and young
women who are not regular students in the high schools.

An agricultural instruction committee has been appointed in Saskatchewan
to advise on all matters pertaining to the scope and character of agricultural
education in the public, high, and normal schools. The committee consists of
the superintendent of education, the dean, director of extension work, and
professor of agricultural engineering of the Saskatchewan College of Agricul-
ture, the principals of the normal schools at Saskatoon and Regina, and the
deputy ministers of agriculture and education. Two directors of agricultural
instruction in the schools have been appointed, F. W. Bates for the northern
half of the Province, and A. W. Cocks for the southern half. They will be
closely associated with the normal schools, will follow up the work of the
teachers in their respective districts both in the public and high schools, and
will be ex-officio members of the agricultural instruction committee.

The first short course for clergymen to be held in Canada was offered at the
Manitoba College this summer, with an attendance of 107.

School of Farm Mechanics in Argentina. — On September 5, 1915, a school for
farm mechanics instruction was inaugurated at Rafaela in the Province of
Santa Fe for students at least 16 years of age, who can speak, write, and read
Spanish and understand mathematics up to and including elementary geometry.
The school, which has been recognized by the provincial government, will issue
diplomas and offer a 2-year course in farm mechanics, including theoretical and
practical instruction in general farming, agricultural machinery and imple-
ments, forge and carpentry work, boilers and motors, wells, electricity, design-
ing, agricultural hydraulics, applied mechanics, mathematics, etc.

Necrology. — Joseph E. Wing, widely known as an agricultural writer and
lecturer, died September 10, 1915, at Mechanicsburg, Ohio, aged 54 years. He
was the author of a number of well-known books, including Sheep Farming in
America, Alfalfa in America, Meadows and Pastures, and In Foreign Fields.
In recent years he had given special prominence to the advocacy of alfalfa grow-
ing, the use of lime and cement, and improved farm living conditions. He was
also a member of the governing board of the Ohio State University.

The death is noted of Dr. Thomas Kosutiiny at Budapest at the age of 67 years.
He had been director of the Hungarian Agricultural Institute for Chemistry
since 1903, and received the iron cross of the third class in 1907. He was the
author of a considerable number of scientific articles, studying among other
subjects the influence of pure cultures in winemaking, the chemistry and physio-
logical character of Hungarian tobacco, and Hungarian wheats and their value
for flour and breadmaking.

100 EXPERIMENT OTATiaX RECORD.

James McCall, principal of tlie Glasgow Veterinary College, and one of the
pioneers in applying veterinary science to public health through the inspection
of meats and dairies, died November 1, 1915, aged SI years.

Frederick Mawson Bailey, colonial botanist to the Queensland Government
since ISSl, died June 25, 1915, aged S8 years. In addition to various papers on
economic subjects, liis greatest work was the Flora of Queensland.

Edouard Prillieux, member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, and well-
known through his contributions to plant pathologj% died October 8, 1915,' aged
8G years.

JI. F. P. V. Gu#gueu, professor of botany in the School of Agriculture at Grig-
non, has died at the age of 43 years.

Ernest Lee, lecturer in agricultural botany at the University of Leeds, has
boon killed in the P^uropcan War.

Miscellaneous. — The president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of
Great Britain has appointed a departmental committee for the purpose of con-
sidering the steps necessary by legislation and otherwise to maintain, and if pfis-
sible, increa.se the present production of food in England and Wales. Viscount
Milner has been made chairman and H. L. French, of the Board, .secretary of the
committee, and among the other members is A. D. Hall. This committee Is en-
tirely separate from the permanent agi-icultural consultative committee ap-
pointed at the beginning of the f^uropean War, to which miscellaneous subjects
connected with practical agriculture are being referred.

An agricultural station has been established at Bie on the Benguella IMatoau
in Angola. Experiments in cotton growing are also being made.

According to Deutsche LandicirtschaftUcitc Prcssc, Dr. Warmbold of Berlin
has been appointed director of the agricultural high school of Ilohenheim. Dr.
Gustav Frolich of the University of Giittingen has sucL-tH?iletl Dr. von Nathusius,
deceased, as professor of animal husbandry and dairying in the Agricultural
Institute of the University of Halle.

Dr. Franz Iloncamp, director of the agricultural esi)eriment station at
Rostock, Germany, has received the iron cross of the .second class.

G. JIa.ssee has retired as head of the cryptogamic department at the herbarium
at the lloyal Botanical Gardens at Kew.

A statue has been dedicated at the agricultural school at Saragossa, Spain, in
honor of Rodriguez Ayuso, a former director.

Tlie Philippine Commission lias allotted $17,500 for agricultural and industrial
advancement, sanitation, education, and irrigation.

Dr. Frank K. Cameron rcsignetl from the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agi-iculture November 1, 1915, to engage in commercial work.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV FEBRUARY, 1916 No. 2

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE

1916

U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weathee ExTREAtT — C. F. Mftrvin, Chief.

BuEBAU OF Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — ^W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils — ^Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Eetabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L, W. Page, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ALABAMA—

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o
Canebrake Station: UniotUmen: L. H. Moore-o
Tuskcgee Station: Tuskegee Imtitute; G. W.
Carver.o

Alaska— Sitka; C. C. Georgeson.6

Akizona— ri/c«m.- Q.J. Freeman, c

AvsjiNBA-S—Faj/ettevilU: M. Nelson."

CAurOKSVi.— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.o

Colorado— JFVjrt ColUnt: C. P. Glllette.o

COinJECTICUT—

Stat« Station: New Haven; ■t^ „ , ,..

Storrs StaUon: Stom; }«• S- Jenkins.*
Dela'WAKE- JVdirarfc; H. Hairward.a
TtOKWA—Gninetville: P. H. RoUs.a
QzOTiOiA—Ezperimenf: R. J. H. De Loach.o
Guam— /itaJKi ofOtiam: A. C. Hartenbower.l'
Hawar—

Federal Station: Eonolulu; J. M. Westgate.*

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P.
Agee.o
Idaho — Moscow: J. 8. Jones.o
Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport.a
Indlana— io Fayette: A. Goss.o
loviK—Amet: C. F. Curtiss.o
Kansas— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine."
Kentucky— LCTJn^on; J. H. Kastle.a

LOCISUNA—

State Station Baton Rouge; 1

Sugar Station ^««J«««'» ^"^'^.U. R. Dodson.n
New Orleans; I

North La. Station: Calhoun; J
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods.o
Makyland— College Park: H. J. Patterson.o
Massacitdsetts— jlw!Aer»<.- Vf. P. Brooks."
MiCHiOAN— jFort Lansing: R. S. Shaw.o
Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paut A. F.

W'oods.o
iixasiasim—AgrievMuTal College: E. R. IJoyd.o

MiSSOUBI—

College Station; Columbia; F. B. Mumfcrrd."
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans.o
a Director. <> Agronomist

MoNTAKA— Sozfj/ion.' F. B. Llnfield.o

Nebkaska— Lincoin." E. A. Bumett.o

Nevada— iJeno.- S. B. Doten.o

New IlAMPSinRE— Z)ur/iam.- J. C. KendalLo

New Jersey— Aw Brunswick.- J. G. Llpman.o

New Mexico— S<a/« College: Fabian Garcia,"

New York—

Slate Station: Oeneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: IPuica; B. T. Galloway."

North Carolina—

College Station: West Rakigh:\ „ .

State Station: RaUigh; P' ^' ^^^^■''

North Dakota— il^fcutturoJ College: T. P.
Cooper, o

Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome,"

Oklahoma— StiWtcat^r; W. L. Carlyle."

Orecson— forraHta.' A. B. Cordley."

Pennstlvanu—

State College: R. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animttl Nntrltloo
H. P. Armsby.a

Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayoffuez; D. W. May.*
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower."

Rhode lsijLVT>—King»ton: B. L. Hartwdl."

South Carolina— iJIrm^on College: 3. N. Hat^
per."

South Dakota— Brooftinj*.- J. W. Wilson."

Tennessee— Efioiri/te-'II. A. Morgan."

T^xxs— College Station: B. Youngblood.o

Utavl— Logan: E. D. Ball."

Vermont— .BurJiTV'on.- J. L. Hills."

VmoiKiA-

Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.e

Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."

Wasiunoton— PuWmon.' I. D. Cardiff."
West Virginia— Jforpan/otcn.- J. L. Coulter."
Wisconsin— J/orfiWTi.- H. L. Russoll."
Wyominq— Loramff.- C. A. Duniwoy.f
in charge. « Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology, Soils, and FertiUzer8{W- H. |^^J;^^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology {^- e'boyd^' ^^' ^'

Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition JH. L. Lang.

[C. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Daii-ying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Veterin.^ Medicine {W. A. HoOKB..

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 2.

Editorial notes: Pap:e.

Experience vs. investigation in agriculture 101

The basis for agricultural extension and demonstration 104

Interpretation of experiment station work through extension 109

Recent work in agricultural science Ill

Notes 198

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

The germ plasm as a stereochemic system, Reichert . Ill

On the colloidal swelling of wheat gluten, Upson and Calvin Ill

Studies on enzym action. — XIII, The lipase of soy beans, Falk Ill

Further applications of the boric acid method for ammonia, Winkler Ill

Precipitation of phosphorus in presence of sulphuric acid, Falk and Sugiura. . . 112

A new test for copper, Lyle, Curtman, and Marshall 112

Effect of grinding soil on reaction by Veitch method. Brown and Johnson 112

The determination of nitrates in soil. Potter and Snyder 112

Determining iron and alumina in phosphates, Kochetkov and Kasatkin 112

The adulteration of preserved beef with horse meat, IssogUo 113

Bread, Koning and Mooij , jr 113

Determination of the flour content of bread, Van Meurs 113

The flour content problem, Scheringa 113

The determination of fat in ice cream by the Babcock method, Utt 113

A new microscopic test for pasteurized milk, Frost 113

Significance of milk sugar for the hygienic judgment of milk, Gabathuler 113

Manufacture of sucrose from maize, Bohle 113

I

n CONTENTS.

METEOROLOGY.

Page.

A note on the relation of climate to agriculture in California, Palmer 114

Climate of State College, Pennsylvania, Frear and Edmiaton 115

Climatological data for the United States by sections 117

Monthly Weather Review 117

Meteorological observations at Massachusetta Station, Ostrander and Potter 118

Meteorological records for 1914 118

Ohio weather for 1914, Smith and Patton 118

Meteorology, Edmiston 118

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Cleburne County, Alabama, Lewis, Waldrop, and Kolb 119

Soil survey of Russell County, Alabama, Bell, Hurst, and Snyder 119

Soil siu-vey of Pope County, Arkansas, Lounsbury and Deeter 119

Reconnoissance survey of Sacramento Valley, CaUfornia, Holmes, Nelson, et al. 120

Soil survey of Stewart County, Georgia, Long, Beck, Hall, and Burdette 120

Soil survey of Delaware Coimty, Indiana, lliu^t and Grimes 120

Soil Bxu^ey of Hendricks County, Indiana, Tharp and Quinn 120

Soil BVirvey of Montgomery Coimty, Kansas, Emerson and Waldrop 121

The soils of Kentucky, Averitt 121

Soils of Graves County, Jones 122

Soil survey of Jones County, Mississippi, Goo^^lman and Jones 122

Soil survey of Greene County, Missoiu-i, Krusekopf and Hutton 122

Soil survey of Nodaway County, Missouri, Vanatta, Knobel, and Watkins. . . . 123

Soil survey of Perry County, Missouri, Tillman and Dcardoff 123

Soil survey of Oneida County, New York, Maxou, Carr, and Stevens 123

Soil survey of Randolph County, North CaroUna, Uardison and Perkins 124

Soil survey of Stark County, Oliio, Mooney, Tuttle, and Bonazzi 124

The composition of the soils of the Texas Panhandle, Fraps 124

Soil survey of Logan and Mingo counties. West Virginia, Latimer 124

Deep V. ordinary plowing, Noll 124

Influence of dynamiting on soils, White 125

Effect of alkali salts in soils on germination and growth of crops, Harris 125

The effect of organic compounds in pot experiments, Fraps. 126

Formation of carbon dioxid and nitrates with carbohydrates, Lipman et al 127

Bacteriologj' of the general fertilizer plats. Given and Willis 127

Bacteriology of the general fertilizer plats. — III, Ammonifications, Given. 127

Some results of thirty years' soil treatment with barnyard manure, Mclndre 128

Summary of experiments with fertilizers, manure, lime, etc.. Hunt et al 128

Influence of bacteria in maniu-e on decomposition of green manure, Lipman et al. 129

Availability of nitrogen and organic compoimds, Lipman et al. . : 129

Influence of mechanical composition of soil on nitrate and blood, Lipman et al . . 130

Comparative study of effects of dried blood and ammonium sulphate, Mclntire. 131

The results of long-continued use of ammonium sulphate, White 131

Influence of lime on the dry matter and nitrogen, Lipman et al 132

The effect of large applications of groimd limestone, Lipman et al 132

Results of tliirty years of liming, Mclntire 132

Field experiments with lime, Gardner 133

Fineness and richness in magnesium of limestone, Thomas and Frear 133

The lime resources of Pennsylvania, Frear and Erb 133

Commercial fertilizers, Hibbard 133

Commercial fertilizers in 1914-15, Fraps 134

Fertilizers licensed in Wisconsin: Analyses for 1914, Strowd 134

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Influence of pod position on viability and vigor of seedlings, Halsted et al 134

Abortiveness of ovules in connection with position in pod, Ilalstcd et al 134

Comparative morphology of the embryo and seedling, Sargant and Arber. ..... 135

Obtaining complete germination in QCnothera and recording the residue, Davis. 135

Investigations m the physiology of nutrition of higher plants, Shulov 135

The r61e and function of mineral salts in plant life, Rabinov-itch 135

Contribution to the study of circulation, Groth 135

Winter rest in twigs of -witches' brooms, Schellenberg 135

Oxidation in healthy and diseased apple bark, Rose 136

CONTENTS. m

Page.

Parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy, and phenospermy in Nicotiana, Goodspeed . . 136

The biology of Melampsora lint, Buchheim 136

Some filamentous fungi tested for cellulose-destrojdng power, Scales 136

The reaction of bacteriologic culture media, Clark 136

Differentiation of bacteria by use of indicators, Clark and Lubs 136

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the department of farm crops, Owen and Boughner 137

Cereal investigations on the Belle Fourche experiment farm, Salmon 137

The continuous growing of wheat and rye, 1914, Lipman et al 138

Green manuring and cover crops. Brooks 138

Winter crops, McClelland 138

FilUng silos, Fitch 138

Alfalfa in Delaware, Grantham 138

Alfalfa, McClelland 139

Biu* clover. Piper and McKee 139

Experiments with com, Noll 139

Seed com condition in Pennsylvania, spring of 1912, Gardner 139

The feeding of cotton, II, WcnXQ 139

The field pea as a forage crop, Vinall 140

Factors influencing the protein content of soy beans, Lipman et al 140

Tobacco investigations, Hibshman 141

Tobacco experiments, Frear, Hibshman, Olsen, and Kraybill 142

A test of varieties of wheat, Noll 143

Report of seed examination, Noll 143

State seed inspection and weed control, 1914, Stone 143

HORTICULTURE.

[Report of horticultural investigations], Blake and Connors 143

[Report of heredity investigations], Halsted et al 144

Inheritance studies in garden plants, Owen 146

Report on strain tests of cabbage, Myers 146

Strain test of tomatoes. — Historical sketch of the tomato, Myers 146

Heredity and correlation of structures in tomatoes, Groth 146

Orchard experiments, 1914, Martin 148

Fertihzation and cultural methods in apple orchards, Stewart 148

The influence of cultural methods and cover crops on apples, Stewart 149

Supplement to Bulletin 121, Stewart 149

Apple market investigations, 1914-15, Moomaw and Stewart 149

Peaches for Pennsylvania, Stewart 149

Peach supply and distribution in 1914, Sherman, Walker, and Martin 149

The effect of lime on the strawberry, Wright * 150

Experiments with fertilizers on cranberries, Voorhees 150

The cultivation of peppermint and spearmint. Van Flete 151

Pecans: Varieties, influences of climate, soil, and stock on scion, Stuckey 151

FORESTRY.

Forestry in the United States at the present day. Tourney 152

Acts of assembly relating to forests and forestry, edited by Kalbfus 152

Planting forest trees on idle lands in New York 152

The northern hardwood forest: Composition and management, Frothingham . . 152

The trees and shrubs of the Pacific coast, Balfour 152

Trees of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, Lynch 152

The rubber plants of southern Italian SomaUland, Scassellati-SforzoUni 152

Timber physics. — Treaties on timber tests and summary of results, Warren 152

Problems in kiln drying lumber, Tiemann 152

Preservative treatment of fence posts, MacDonald 153

Report on destructive distillation of fir waste. Hunt 153

Indiana's wood-using industries, compiled by NelUs 153

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Report of the plant pathologist. Cook 153

Department of botany, Orton 154

Sulphur arsenical spray injury and its prevention, Stewart 154

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Perennial mycelium in Peronosporacese, Mellms 154

An anthracnose of red clover caiised by Gloeosporium caulivorum, Fulton 155

Germination and seed of clover dodders, Fulton 155

Hibernation of Phytophthora infestam in the Irish potato, Melhus 155

Report of potato scab experiments, 1914, Lint 155

Historical relations of sugar-beet seedlings and Phoma betae, Edson 156

The diseases of the sweet potato and their control, Taubenhaus and Manns 156

Apple collar rot, Fulton 156

Jonathan spot rot. Cook and Martin 157

Orange or cedar rust of apple, Fulton 157

Spraying to control rose mildew and black spot, Blake and Connors 157

Chestnut bark disease, Fulton 157

Physiological studies on the chestnut blight disease, Waldron 157

A Nectria parasitic on Norway maple. Cook 157

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOG1 .

Game laws for 1915, Palmer, Bancroft, and Eamshaw 157

A review of the American moles, Jackson _ 158

Distribution and migration of North American gulls and their allies, Cooke 158

Report of the entomologist, Headlee 158

Outdoor wintering of bees, Phillips and Demulh 158

Grasshoppers and their control on sugar beets and truck crops, Milliken 158

Fleas as pests to man and animals, with suggestions for control, Bishopp 159

The grasshopper outbreak in New Mexico during the summer of 1913, Smith . . 159

The Zimmerman pine moth, Brunner 159

The apple aphids and red bugs and their control, Stewart 160

Fly control on the college farm, Richardson 1(50

Report on the mosquito work for 1914. Ileadlee 160

Spraying to control thrips on roses in the greenhouse, Blake and Connors 161

Peach borer observations at Vineland, Blake and Connors 161

Larva of the May beetle in greenhouse soils, Blake and Connors 161

WuoUy aphid of elm and Juneberry , Patch 161

The San Jos6 scale {Aspidioius perniciosus), Glenn 162

Mealy bugs of citrus trees, Clausen 162

Boll wee\al control by cotton stalk destruction. Hinds 163

The grass worm or fall army worm {Laphygmafrugipcrda), Hinds and Dew 163

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Meat flour, Bauman ,- - 163

The putrefaction of prepared meat, game, ^^•ild fowl, and fish, Wcichel 163

Some physiologic and biochemic observations on milk, Carstarphen 164

Action of heat upon cane sugiu- dLs'^olved in cow's milk, Lavialle 164

Different kinds of sugar in the diet of children, Gismondi 164

Beans and similar vegetables as food. Brewer and Canon 164

Dropsy and anemia on exclusive potato diet, Strauss 164

The significance of solanin as a potato poison, Droste 164

The use of hay flour in the nutrition of animals and men, Oetken 164

Lichens as a food for animals and man, Tobler 164

Investigations of yeast as a food, Schottelius 164

The utilization by the animal organism of yeast. Volk 165

The digestibility of yeast, Loewy and von der Heide 165

A bacteriological stiiidy of retail ice cream. Ayers and Johnson, jr 165

The useful and harmful constituents in coffee, Frcund 166

Efficiency of coffee-making devices. Bacon 166

The caffein content of Java tea, Deuss 166

Spices, Jank 166

Nonalcoholic carbonated beverages, condition and composition, Allen et al. . . 166

Gelatinizing agents, pasty materials, and thickeners used in foods, Congdon. . . 167

[Food and clolhtng in the United States Navy], McGowan 167

[Progress in| physiological chemistry, Hopkins 167

Differences m the digestion in adults ancl infants, McClendon 167

The acidity of the infant stomach, Hess 167

Influence of fat and carbohydrate in protein starvation, ZcUerand Straczewski. 168

The synthesis of cholosterin, Dezani and Cattoretti 168

Adiabatic device for bomb calorimeter, Fries 168

CONTENTS. V

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Page.

Distribution and digestibility of the pentosans of feeds, Fraps 168

Feeding stuffs inspection and analysis, 1915, CuiTy and Smith 168

The Kansas feeding stuffs law, revision of 1913; amended 1915 169

Kansas live stock remedy law, with remedies registered April 1, 1915 169

A system of pasturingalfalfa in Salt River Valley, Ariz., Clothier 169

The associative digestibility of corn silage, cotton-seed meal, and starch in steer

rations, Ewing and Wells 169

Cotton-seed cake v. cold pressed cotton-seed cake and mixed grain, Faville 170

The maintenance of a beef -breeding herd, Tomhave and Severson 171

Maintenance rations for breeding flocks of mutton and wool sheep, Severson. . . 171

Report of the animal husbandman 172

Rape for fall pigs, McClelland and Ewing 174

Growing and fattening hogs in Montana, Flint and Miller 174

[Changes in form due to fattening of horses], Cochel and Severson 174

Developing draft colts, Cochel and Severson 175

Individual characteristics of hens, Jackson 175

Report of the poultry husbandman, Lewis and Thompson 176

Experiments in fattening fowls for market, Jackson and Mitchell 178

Crude fiber in the ration of laying hens, Cochel and Jackson 179

Simple rations v. vaiiety in feeding laying hens, Cochel and Jackson 179

Improving the Kansas egg, Lippincott 179

Experiments in incubation, Jackson 179

Silver-fox ftxrming in eastern North America, Deai-bom 180

Report of the biologist 180

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

Report of the dairy husbandman. Cook 180

Comparison of certain grain mixtm-es. Van Norman and Davis 181

Food requirements in an open shed v. regular stabling. Van Norman and Davis. 181

Food requirements in open shed as compared with regular stabling, Van Norman 182

Production of the station herd for 21 years. Van Norman and Davis 182

Rules relative to testing dairy cows 182

The Sharpies milking machine. Van Norman 183

Germ content of stable air and effect on the milk, Ruehle and Kulp 183

Methods of making some of the soft cheeses, Fisk 184

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of sixteenth meeting of United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. 184

Report of seventeenth meeting of U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association 185

Water hemlock (Cicuta) , Jacobson 185

Some observations on the theory and practice of dipping. Cooper and Laws . . . 186

Suppurative lesions due to diphtheroid bacillus, Hall and Fisher 186

Dourine and the complement fixation test, Watson 186

The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease at Birkenhead 186

The identity of Trypanosovia rhodesiense, Yorke and Blacklock 187

The identification of trypanosomes occurring in Russia, Yakimoff 187

Delayed reactions following injection of tuberculin, Wills and Linch 187

History of tuberculosis in the college herd, Ha^Tier 187

The life history of Nematodirus Jilicollis, Boulenger 187

Umbilical necrobacillosis in lambs, Mack 188

The State, owner, and veterinarian in relation to hog cholera, Reynolds 188

Hog cholera, Cahill 188

The cranial nerves and blood vessels of the horse, Hopkins 188

Control of contagious epithelioma by vaccination, Mack and Records 189

Campaign to eliminate bacillary white diarrhea 189

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Excavating machinery used in land drainage, Yamell 189

State highway mileage and expenditm-es to January 1, 1915 190

Highway bonds, Hewes and Glover 190

Trail construction on the National Forests 190

Telephone construction and maintenance on the National Forests 191

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

A small aero-electric plant, Williamson, Jr 191

Generation of hydrocyanic-acid gas by portable machines, Young 191

The silo in California agriculture, Woll 192

The construction of poultry buildings, Hadlington 192

Standards of ventilat ion in the light of recent research, Winslow 192

Ventilation in its relation to air-bome diseases, Abbott 192

EURAL ECOXOMICS.

Rural migration and other factors of urban increase, Gillette and Da\ies 193

Contributions to urban growth, Clark 193

Farm leases in Iowa, Lloyd 193

Formulas for calculating interest on farm equipment, Spill man 194

Finding facts for farmers, Brand 194

Report of the Agricidtural Organization Society, 1915 194

Our foreign trade in farm and forest products 194

Report on agriculture in the Netherlands for 1914 194

Germany's imports and requirements of agricultural products, Wohltmann 195

Prices and wages in India 195

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION-.

Teaching and fundamental subjects in the veterinary curriculum, Murphey . . . 195

The importance of anatomy and phvsiolog>' in animal breeding, Disselhorst 195

Teaching animal husbandr>' in higfi schools, Smith 195

The rural school sj-stem of ilinnesota : A study in school eflBciency, Foght 195

The school system of Ontario with special reference to rural schools, Foght 196

Elementary agriculture and horticultiu-e in schools of Ontario, McCready 196

Agricultural instruction in Chile. The Agricultural Institute, Urbioa 196

Rural Denmark and its schools, Foght 196

Poultry instruction, Curtis 196

Elementary agriculture, Nida 196

Illustrated lecture on the production of poultrj' and eggs on the farm, Lamon. . 196

jSgricultural extension, Agee, Clark, Vorhees, and Farley 197

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1914 197

Thirty-third Annual Report of New York State Station, 1914 197

Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1912 197

Annual Report of Pennsvlvania Station, 1913 197

Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1915 197

List of bulletins available for general distribution 197

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station : Page.

Bui. 186, Sept., 1915 163

^ Circ. 33, Sept. , 1915 163

California Station :

Bui. 258, Sept., 1915 162

Bui. 259, Sept., 1915 132

Circ. 138, Sept., 1915 192

Circ. 139.- 191

Delaware Station:

Bui. 109, May, 1915 156

Bui. 110, June, 1915 138

Creorgia Station:

Bui. 114, July, 1915 139

Bui. 115, July, 1915 169

Bui. 116, Aug., 1915 151

Bui. 117, Aug., 1915 138

Circ. 72, Aug. 1, 1915 139

_ Circ. 73, Aug., 1915 174

Illinois Station :

Circ. 180, Apr., 1915 162

Iowa Station:

Bui. 158, Aug., 1915 153

Bul.159, Sept., 1915 193

Kansas Station :

Circ. 50, Apr., 1915 169

Circ. 51, Apr. 15, 1915 179

Circ. 52, June, 1915 169

Circ. 53, July, 1915 138

Kentucky Station :

Bui. 192, June, 1915 166

Bui. 193, July, 1915 121

_ Bui. 194, July, 1915 122

Maine Station:

Bui. 241, Aug., 1915 161

Massachusetts Station :

Met. Buls. 321-322, Sept.-Oct.,

1915 118

Circ. 55, Aug., 1915 138

Circ. 56, Sept., 1915 189

Circ. 57, Sept., 1915 182

Montana Station:

Circ. 50, July, 1915 174

Nevada Station:

Bui. 81, Mar., 1915 185

Bui. 82, June, 1915 189

New Hampshire Station:

Bui. 175, Mar., 1915 168

New Jersey Stations:

An. Kpt. 1914 127,129,

130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140,
143, 144, 146, 150, 153, 155, 157,
158, 160, 161, 172, 176, 180, 197

New York Cornell Station:

Circ. 30, July, 1915 184

Stations in the United States — Contd.

New York State Station: Pag*

Bui. 409, Aug., 1915 183

Thirty-third An. Rpt., 1914,

pt. 1 118,197

Ohio Station:

Bui. 287, June, 1915 118

Pennsylvania Station:

An. Rpt. 1912 118, 127, 128,

131, 132, 133, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148,
149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 168, 171,
174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 187, 197

An. Rpt. 1913 115,124,

125, 127, 131, 133, 142, 143, 146, 148,
149, 154, 157, 160, 171, 182, 183, 197
South Dakota Station:

An. Rpt. 1915 197

Texas Station:

Bui. 173, Feb., 1915 124

Bui. 174, Apr., 1915 126

Bui. 175, May, 1915 168

Bui. 176, Julyj 1915 134

West Virginia Station:

Circ. 21, Sept., 1915 197

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 254, Apr., 1915 143

Bui. -255, July, 1915 134

Wyoming Station:

Bui. 106, July, 1915 170

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 5, No. 1,

Oct. 4, 1915 125, 156

Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 5, No. 2,

Oct. 11, 1915 154, 155

Bui. 136, Highway Bonds, L. I.
Hewes and J. W. Glover 190

Bui. 285, The Northern Hardwood
Forest: Its Composition, Growth,
and Management, E. H. Froth-
ingham 152

Bui. 292, Distribution and Migra-
tion of North American Gulls and
Their AlUes, W. W. Cooke 158

Bui. 293, The Grasshopper Out-
break in New Mexico During the
Summer of 1913, H. E. Smith. . . 159

Bui. 295, The Zimmerman Pine
Moth, J. B runner 159

Bui. 296, Our Foreign Trade in
Farm and Forest Products, P.
Elliott 194

Bui. 297, Cereal Investigations on
the Belle Foiirche Experiment
Farm, C. Salmon 137

vn

vin

LIST OF PUBLICATIOlSrS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Page.
Bul. 298, Peach Supply and Distri-
bution in 1914, W. A. Sherman,
H . F . Walker, and L . H . Martin . 149
Bul. 300, Excavating Machinery
Used in Land Drainage, D. L.

Yamell 189

Bul. 301, Silver Fox Farming in
Eastern North America, N. Dear-
born 180

Bul. 302, Apple Market Investiga-
tions, 1914-15, C. W. Moomaw

and M. M. Stewart 149

Bul. 303, A Bacteriological Study
of Retail Ice Cream, S. H. Ayera

and W. T. Johnson, Jr 165

Farmers' Bul. 683, Fleas as Pests to
Man and Animals, with Sug-
gestions for Their Control, F. C.

Bishopp 159

Farmers' Bul 690, The Field Pea

as a Forage Crop, H. N. Vinall. . 140
Farmers' Bul. 691, Grasshoppers
and Their Control on Sugar
Beets and Truck Crops, F. B.

Milliken 158

Farmers' Bul. 692, Game Laws for
1915, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban-
croft, and F. L. Eamshaw 157

Farmers' Bul. 693, Bur Clover, 0.

V. Piper and R. McKee 139

Farmers' Bul. 694, The Cultivation
of Peppermint and Spearmint,

W. Van Fleet 151

Farmers' Bul. 695, Outdoor Winter-
ing of Bees, E. F. Phillips and G.

S. Demuth 158

Office of the Secretary:

Cire. 52, State Highway Mile-
age and Expenditures to

January 1, 1915 190

Circ. 53, Formulae for Calcu-
lating Interest on Farm
Equipment, W.J. Spillman. 194
Circ. 54, A System of Pasturing
Alfalfa in Salt River Valley,

Ariz., R. W. Clothier 169

Bureau of Biological Survey:

North American Fauna No. 38,
A Review of the American
Moles, H. H. T. Jackson. ... 158
Forest Service:

Telephone Construction and
Maintenance on the National

Forests 191

Trail Construction on the Na-
tional Forests 190

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1913—

Soil Survey of Cleburne
County, Ala., H. G.
Lewis, C. S. Waldrop,
andF. W. Kolb 119

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Bureau of Soils — Contd. r^ge.

Field Operations, 1813— Con.

Soil Survev of Russell
Coimty, 'Ala., N. E.
Bell, L. A. Hurst, and
J.M.Snyder 119

Soil SurA'ey of Pope Coim-
tv. Ark., C. Lounsbury
and E. B. Deeter 119

Reconnoissance Soil Sur-
vev of the Sacramento
Villey, Cal., L. C.
Holmes, J. W. Nelson,
etal 120

Soil Survey of Stewart
County, Ga., D. D. Long
etal 120

Soil Survey of Delaware
Count V, Ind . , L. A. Hurst
and E". J. Grimes 120

Soil Survey of Hendricks
Count V, Ind., W. E.
Tharp'and E. J. Quinn. 120

Soil Survey of Montgomery
County, Kans., F. V.
Emerson and C. S. Wal-
drop 121

Soil Survey of Jones
County, Miss., A. L.
Goodman and E. M.
Jones 122

Soil Survey of Greene
County,Mo.,H. H. Kruse-
kopf and F. Z. Hutton. 122

Soil Survev of Nodaway
County, Mo., E. S. Va-
natta, E.W. Knobel,and
W. I. Watkins 123

Soil Surs'cv of Perrv
Countv. Mo.. B.W.Till-
man and C.E.Deardorff. 123

Soil Survey of Oneida
County, N. Y., E. T.
Maxon, M. E. Carr, and
E. H. Stevens 123

Soil Survey of Randolph
Countv, N.CR.B. Har-
dison and S. O. Perkins. 124

Soil Survey of Stark
County, Ohio, C. N.
Mooney, H. F. Tuttle,
and A. Bouazzi 124

Soil Survey of Logan and
Mingo Counties, W. Va.,

W. J. Latimer 124

States Relations Service:

Syllabus 17, Illustrated Lec-
ture on the Production of
Poultrv and Eggs on the

Farm, "H. M. Lamon 196

Weather Bureau:

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 43,

Nos. 7-S, July-Aug., 1915. 114, 117
Cliraat. Data, vol. 2, Noa. 7-8,

July-Aug., 1915 114, 117

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

IX

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions:* Pagei

Some Filamentous Fungi
Tested for Cellulose Destroy-
ing Power, F. M. Scales

The Reaction of Bacteriologic
Culture Media, W. M. Clark.

Differentiation of Bacteria by
Use of Indicators, W. M.
Clark and H. A. Lubs

Problems in Kiln Drying Liun-
ber, H. D. Tiemann. ...... 152

Report on Destructive Distilla-
tion of Fir Waste, G. M.
Hunt

Indiana's Wood -using Indus-
tries, compiled by J. C.
Nellis

136
136

136

153

153

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd.

Immunization Against Hem-
orrhagic Septicemia, J. R.
Mohler and A. Eichhorn. . .

Measles in Live Stock and Its
Relation to Rural Sanitary
Conditions, B. H. Ransom. .

The Diagnosis of Glanders,
J. R, Mohler and A. Eich-
horn

184

185

185

Control of Hog Colera — A Re-
view of Four Months' Work
by the Bureau of Animal
Industry, M. Dorset 185

Finding Facta for Farmers,
C.J. Brand 194

o Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. February, 1916. No. 2.

Extension teaching and demonstration will deal with both the
product of experience and scientific theory — with the results of good
practice as worked out by leading farmers, and the results of the
investigations and experiments made by the stations. The extension
worker, therefore, will have these two general sources of informa-
tion at command, which will often need to be fitted together or
reconciled.

Both classes of information require care in interpretation as
applied to particular sets of conditions or questions. Especially
is it important that local experience should not be too implicitly
relied upon or accepted as final. It is useful to the extent that it is
rightly interpreted, but it is very subject to misinterpretation, and
it is often taken to furnish the whole answer. It is "many times
unsuspecting, blind, and prejudiced," and at best it is an insufficient
and often unreliable means of advancing learning or understanding.

We may think of science as the relation of cause and effect. It
is the cause-and-effect relationship which gives us something de-
pendable upon which to build. Whenever we observe an effect there
has been a cause; and we now know that in agriculture, as much
as in astronomy, the same cause acting under precisely the same
conditions will produce precisely the same effect. When we do not
understand why certain events occur, the reason is that we do not
understand the forces which operated to produce the events. This
is where practical experience breaks down. It can not explain rela-
tions between what it sees and the probable cause, because it can
not measure conditions it does not understand or the effect or forces
it knows not of. For this reason it has never discovered a law or
explained a phenomenon. Its doctrines are purely empirical and its
methods rule of thumb instead of resting on reason and understand-
ing. It may serve to bring the level of agricultural practice nearer
that of the leading farmers of each community, but it does not go
outside of or beyond itself. Its eye is upon the past rather than
upon the future, and its criteria of excellence are found in the rec-
ords of tradition, often shown to be in error when a finer test is

101

102 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

applied. This is not to decry its value, rightly applied, but to ex-
plain its limitations and its inadequacy in the present movement.

Man has had more extended and varied experience in agriculture
than in any other vocation or branch of industry. If alone it were a
competent basis for progress farming should be the most enlightened
and advanced of all the arts. But a comparison of the writings of
Virgil's time with those of the Middle Ages and even of the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries shows how slow and inadequate it was. After
many many centuries of experience and theorizing man had no idea
of the simplest fundamental facts, as to how phints grow and feed, or
what their real relations are to the soil and the air. As recently as
a hundred years ago the source of the predominating constituent of
plants, carbon, which forms the whole structure and largely the re-
serve material of the plants, was unknown. It had been thought to
come from the humus of the soil, and de Saussure's theory (in 1804)
that it came from the carbonic acid of the air was not accepted. The
experimental method brought a new means of approach, a new
method of acquiring knowledge by going outside of human experi-
ence, and by putting to the test facts and theories of both practical
and scientific importance. It gave a constructive and dependable
basis for advancement.

Now as then, practical experience unaided will prove inadequate
in advancing the art and the theory of agriculture and in teaching it
through extension methods. Xow, as in former times, intelligent ad-
vancement and teaching must rest on a more solid basis of estab-
lished fact, and must take account of the reason or exphination of
conclusions and theories. This has been the great contribution of
the experiment stations — ^to propagate an attitude demanding proof
and understanding of all prescribed loiowledge, as well as in pro-
viding a method and a body of information.

The utilization of the work of the experiment stations in promoting
agricultural advancement and improving farm practice has from the
very first loomed large on the horizon of the station workers. It has
given direction to the stations' activities and few workers have failed
to catch the spirit of the broad intent. Practical utility, or the hope
of directly beneficial results, has not only quite largely shaped the
character of the work but under the ze<al of its stimulus station in-
yestigators have made every attempt to translate as early as possible
the results of their laboratory findings into methods of practice, and
by every available means to bring them to the attention of practical
men.

The energy and effort put into this dissemination and introduc-
tion of the station findings, and the agiiculturnl renaissance which
has come as a result of it, are not forgotten at this time when a large

EDITORIAL. 103

special service has been provided to propagate and translate into prac-
tice the accumulated results and the latest conclusions. This agency-
will furnish an even more intimate and vital link between the sta-
tions and the farming public than the stations could themselves
maintain. And sooner or later in every State, no matter how back-
ward and primitive the agriculture may now be, the success of the
teaching and aid of the extension service will rest back upon the
work of the experiment stations.

"Wlien the extension legislation was being considered large and con-
fident predictions were frequently made as to what would result in
American agriculture if the findings of the experiment stations and
of this Department were put into practice the country over, and es-
timates in this line continue to be made. They are interesting, and
are startling to a degree which has aroused widespread confidence in
the possibility of improvement and in the basis at hand for effecting
such an improvement. It has even been suggested that we could
afford to pause in our labors in acquiring exact information and de-
vote a while to disseminating it and helping the public to catch up.

This zeal for the teaching of better agriculture should not be
allowed to minimize the necessity for the continued work of the
stations. It is no time for the public or the station worker to be
lulled into inaction by the lead the stations have attained over prac-
tice. Once the new movement for extension teaching is in full swing
the public, at least a part of it, will overtake us more rapidly than
we realize. Future progress in investigation will necessarily be
slow ; it can not be hurried. Soon some of the weak or deficient spots
in the present body of information will be disclosed, and the sound-
ness and permanence of some of the scientific doctrine may be called
into question. The extension work will put the conclusions of prac-
tical tests, of extended experiment, and of searching inquiry to the
most rigid test under a great variety of practical conditions. It
would be surprising if some of these were not modified or at least
found economically inapplicable; and where the theory rests alone
on tradition or uncontrolled experience, rather than on the basis of
science, its inadequacies will sooner or later be brought to light.

The fear is not that the station work as a whole may prove inade-
quate to the test, as far as could reasonably be expected, but rather
that through misunderstanding and overconfidence in its sufficiency,
its future may be allowed to suffer. The progressive, thorough, and
fundamental studies of the stations are needed quite as much as ever
before — in some ways more so. The pressure upon the stations will
be no less, although it may be of a more patient and understanding
nature; and their responsibilities will be increased because of the
greater dependence upon them.

104 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

It may be profitable at this time to examine the nature and extent
of the station work in relation to the basis it furnishes for extension
teaching and for a more rational agriculture. This may develop the
wide range to which the results are applicable at the present stage,
and likewise disclose weak points and phases which should receive
sound and more exhaustive study. Manifestly, a comprehensive or
detailed review is not possible here, but the bare enumeration of some
of the salient lines may suggest the broad and substantial nature of
this basis, and also indicate the wa vs in which the course of investiga-
tion has changed as a result of the clearer insight which its progress
has furnished.

Such a review and critical self-examination would be profitable
for every station. It would help to emphasize and demonstrate the
future need for funds and opportunity.

It was necessary at the outset for the experiment stations to estab-
lish the data of agricultural science through their own studies and the
accumulation of the sciences. The materials with which they work
had to be studied in order that they might be more accurately defined.
The tools of science and the methods of investigation required con-
siderable adaptation and refinement. We find, therefore, throughout
the station literature a very large amount of analytical work, done to
get at the composition of a great variety of materials, old and new,
which are products of or employed in agi-iculture. A broad back-
ground of such data is now available, which has been simimarized or
made readily accessible so that new analyses are only needed for
special purposes and not to meet the usual inquiries of the piiblic.

The knowledge of the composition and digestibility of feeding
stuffs was further increased by careful studies of these materials in
the bomb calorimeter, to determine their fuel or energy value, and
with man and animal subjects in the respiration calorimeter to de-
termine their physiological value. The tendency in these investiga-
tions, as throughout the whole field of agricultural research, has
been to reduce the problem to simpler terms, to eliminate the inci-
dental factors, so that the whole matter may be stated so far as pos-
sible in terms of chemistry and physics. This clearing away of the
imessentials and focusing of the attention upon the fundamental
features of each problem has prepared the way to the control of
natural forces through an understanding of their values and inter-
actions.

Similarly, the experiment station work in the field of botany be-
gan with the collection of plants, their classification, the publication
of floras, the making of surveys for special purposes, studies of
ecology, and attention to special groups, such as honey, medicinal,
and poisonous plants. Later more attention was given to the study

EDITORIAL. 105

of the physical and chemical forces operating in the plant. This
involved the determination of the factors of growth, dormancy,
transpiration, sap movement, tolerance of alkali and other com-
pounds, etc. Breeding experiments, and especially those relating
to the principles of breeding, have been a more recent development
and have resulted in encouraging progress. In these breeding
studies, however, as in all other lines of agricultural investigation,
every step in advance has shown the urgent need of greater preci-
sion of method and of attacking the problem from the fundamental
standpoint.

Accordingly, the viewpoint of the investigator has constantly
shifted as he reached a new advanced point and looked at the field
from a fresh angle, and the doctrine to which he could conscientiously
subscribe has naturally undergone a constant revision. The outcome
of the plant-breeding investigations has been to furnish a much
clearer conception of the nature of plant evolution, heredity, and
improvement, and the limitations possible in turning these to advan-
tage. In other words, it has been placed upon a more practical
basis, and the exaggerated expectations for a time aroused have
been corrected and brought to a more reasonable ground.

In the field of soil investigation the stations have made large con-
tributions. This work at first related principally to the chemical
and physical i^roperties of soils, but soon involved a study of soil
bacteria, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, protozoa,
effect of heat, acidity, and alkalinity in relation to soil organisms
and to the plant. The moisture movement and the water relations
of soil, drainage, percolation, capillarity, flocculation, hygroscopic
moisture, the wilting point and water requirement of plants, and
related matters have formed a large chapter in soil investigation.
And the findings in these fields have been applied to the treatment
and handling of soils in such matters as liming, cultivation, mulch-
ing, plowing, subsoiling, fallowing, etc.

In soil investigation, as in many other lines of work, the tendency
at first was to attempt to progi-ess too rapidly. It was assumed at
the outset by many that on the basis of a chemical analysis of the
soil a prescription could be written for the farmer, directing him
what to do in order to increase his crop yields. It was soon found,
however, that the question was a much more complicated one, and
the development of the present understanding of the soil, imperfect
as it is, is one of the large products of agricultural investigation.
Eecent work in soils has involved far more fundamental and more
narrowly restricted investigations of specific problems, classified in
the three general fields of chemistry, physics, and biology of soils.
Here, as elsewhere, it has been found necessary to understand the
nature of the problem before it could be successfully attacked. And

106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the foundation which accumulated investigation has laid for this
better understanding of the nature of the questions studied is one
of the important products -which the public rarely appreciates. It
has modified the method of attack and the kind of information
sought.

We no longer study soil fertility ; we study some special phase of
the problem, and the exact manner in which it affects the composite
condition designated as fertility. Neither do we study summer
fallowing for itself, but we seek out and study the factors which
are vitally involved in it. To determine merely that so many more
bushels of wheat were produced where the field was summer fal-
lowed is a demonstration at the present stage, and not an experiment
designed for getting new information. Studies in nitrification and
ammonification were carried on assiduouslj^ for several years before
the accuracy of the methods of study began to be questioned or the
care realized which should be exercised in drawing deductions from
the results. Investigators have come to feel that the meaning and
correlation of nitrification with other processes must be fundamen-
tally examined before a deeper understanding of its relation to meth-
ods of practice can be reached.

The study of fertilizers and their use has followed much the same
course as that of soils. At first it was confined largely to analysis
of the materials and tests to show their effects upon various crops
in the field. The results obtained from these field tests were often
so extremely variable, however, as to make them difficult to under-
stand and to necessitate more exact methods and the determination
of limiting conditions. From these the work led naturally to studies
of the principles of the use of fertilizers, the relations of fertilizing
materials in the soil, their availability to plants, and the fertilizer
requirements of various crops.

Fertilizer investigations have, therefore, in recent 3'ears taken a
quite different direction from the earlier work and are largely con-
cerned with narrowly restricted, specific studies. The result has been
to inject more caution into extension teaching regarding the use of
fertilizers, and to regard new results with some measure of doubt
until they are sufficiently confirmed. The broad basis for the intelli-
gent use of fertilizers has been laid in the work of the past twenty-
five years, and the present question is one of economic and wise use
as applied to a given farming system or region.

The early work of the stations on field crops included an immense
number of practical experiments on crops of all kinds, together with
special investigations relating to them. The feeding value, cultural
methods, fertilizer requirements, improvement by breeding, adapta-
tion, and tlio merits of varieties were studied with every farm crop
grown commercially in the country. This furnished a broad basis

EDITORIAL. 107

of practical information, and the foundation for such special investi-
gations as the chemical changes which occur in the ripening and
the storage of crops, in the fermentation of tobacco, in the kiln
drying of hops, etc. Thousands of rotation experiments were carried
on in an attempt to get practical guidance for rotation systems in
different localities. Kecently, these rotation experiments have become
more specialized because the composite effect of the rotation is more
clearly recognized. An attempt is being made to determine the
specific effects of one crop upon the following crop in the rotation,
upon the biological life of the soil, and upon the factors which go
to determine the fertility of the land as effected by rotations.

The improvement of field crops by breeding and selection and by
the use of better seed has been one of the large lines of work. The
difficulties in effecting permanent improvement have been found
greater than was earlier anticipated, and the result of the investiga-
tion in breeding farm crops has been to make workers more cautious
regarding the claims of what may be done in that line. The present
tendency is to attempt an analysis of the characters to determine
which are heritable and which can be imposed upon or combined with
other characters.

In horticulture the early work of the stations was similar to that
with field crops, being confined to tests of fertilizers, varieties, cul-
tural methods, the methods of propagation, etc., of fruits and vege-
tables. The management of orchards, storage of the fruit, canning
and evaporation of fruits and vegetables, marketing, and similar
problems also received much attention. The work has covered all of
the fruits, garden crops, and nuts grown commercially in the United
States, and a large percentage of the familiar ornamentals.

In the early days of the stations the urgent demand was for simple
experiments to give quick, definite results of interest to practical hor-
ticulture. After this demand had been met in considerable measure,
the research projects, as in other fields of agi'iculture, became more
specific, and centered about the underhang factors of plant gi'owth
and physiology. Now there are a large number of fundamental proj-
ects aiming at a better knowledge of the common methods and proc-
esses of horticultural plants, the principles of breeding as exemplified
in them, and the chemistry, physics, and physiology involved in these
processes.

In animal feeding the range of practical experiments on which the
extension worker may draw is unusually wide and rich. It includes
all the common farm-grown feeding stuffs and all the principal by-
products and manufactured feeds which the market affords. The
value of these for all kinds of farm stock, for growth, for milk pro-
duction, and for work, has been tested, and their economic value has
18833°— No. 2—16 2

108 EXPERIMENT STAllON EECOED.

been the subject of extensive experiments. In addition to these more
directly i^ractical experiments, the functions of food in the animal
body, its physiological requirements, and the comparative effects of
nutrients from different sources have received much study. These
mark the latest advancement in feeding investigation.

In the physiology of nutrition, two lines of work are showing
special activity at the present time — the study of mineral nutrition
and of the relative efficiency and adequacy of proteins from different
sources. This illustrates again the tendency of all agricultural re-
search toward greater precision and definiteness.

For many years the problems of animal nutrition were studied
without much regard to the function or the requirements of minerals
in feeding stuffs, but later investigation has shown the question of
mineral balance in animal rations to be one of great importance. The
only difference formerly recognized in the constituents of different
feeding stuffs, including the protein, was a difference in digestibility.
But when the proteins from different sources came to be isolated and
studied their constitution was found to differ materially and also
their effect in tlie nutrition of the animal. This has shaken the old
confidence in the more analysis of feeds as indicating their value in
animal feeding. The proof has already been furnished that the con-
stitution of the protein molecule is of fundamental importance in
determining its nutritive efficiency, some of these compounds being
quite defective for maintaining life, while others are highly efficient.
The scientific basis of these differences is gi'adually being established,
and in the meantime caution is exercised in the calculation of rations
on the mathematical basis.

It is only necessary to refer to the gi-eat amount of study of
injurious insects and pests, the large number of plant diseases and
other affections, and the successful devising of means for their con-
trol or eradication to show what a storehouse of directly available
information of the most practical sort is noAV at hand. The differ-
ence between intelligent control of these pests and their inirestrained
action means many millions of dollars in crops alone. The case is
similar with animal diseases, where we are told that the country
suffers a loss of $212,000,000 annually in live stock from diseases
which are now understood and preventable.

In dairying the work of the stations has largely revolutionized tlie
industry, and furnishes a basis which needs only to be applied to
work even greater benefits.

In some respects the development of knowledge has made the sta-
tion worker less sure of theories than before, and more prone to
caution in presenting them as a basis for practical action. It will
be for the experiment station to exert its influence in combating over-

EDITOKIAL. 109

confidence in these respects and the too positive repetition of theories
once thought true, as well as to add to the supply of new facts and
theories. It must be remembered also that much of the later and
more technical investigation is not yet ready for extension, because it
is not sufficiently advanced and can not be safely generalized from
and put into teaching or practical form.

It will be seen that in all departments of work the station men
attacked first the problems which lnj nearest to hand. In all cases
the method of attack improved and became more definite as the
nature of the problems became better understood. The point of view
has therefore shifted, and old theories have been replaced by newer
and more dependable ones. There must be intelligence, therefore,
in the interpretation and use of even the experiment station results,
having regard to the status of inquiry and the time of publication.

The publications of the experiment stations furnish a printed rec-
ord of their scientific and practical achievements. Since their incep-
tion the stations have issued approximately 14,200 bulletins and an-
nual reports. These have dealt with practicall}'' every phase of agri-
cultural work and every condition represented by this varied country.
Together with those of this Department, they comprise an immense
fund of agricultural knowledge. They furnish the best, in fact the
only, basis for the rational improvement of farm practice through
extension work. Much of the doctrine laid down in station bulletins
will stand the test of time and searching criticism. Some of the
conclusions will doubtless have to be revised or perhaps rejected in
the light of new knowledge.

Certain parts of this great open volume of agi'icultural doctrine are
empirical. In agricultural science just as in medical science many
treatments are confidently recommended on the basis of careful ex-
periment, although no one has 3^et learned why the treatments are
beneficial. Quinin was known to be a specific for malaria before any
explanation of its action was obtained. So also certain crop rotations
and summer fallowing can be safely recommended, although station
workers are still wrestling with the problem of the nature and the
explanation of the benefits derived from these practices. But the
gaps in agricultural science are gradually being closed. As the nature
of the problems becomes better understood, the method of attack is
better organized. With clearer statement of the problem a clearer
answer is obtained.

In improving farm practice the extension worker must look to
the investigator for reliable facts and data and doctrine. Sound
teaching must be based on findings developed or tested through the
methods of science. The accepted facts and traditions of experience

110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

have proved unsatisfying, inadequate, and often untrustworthy as
guides to progress. The data of science are obviously more reliable
than the data of experience, but they too must be constantly re-
examined in the light of new knowledge and must be correlated with
one another to provide the foundation for further advance.

Agricultural science is manifesting an organic growth by the or-
derly and symmetrical assimilation of tested knowledge. Extension
teaching will remain vital and responsive to the ever varying needs of
practical farming so long as the extension workers are in living touch
with the station investigations.

I

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The germ plasm as a stereochem^ic system, B. T. Reicheet (Science, n. ser.,
40 (1914), No. 1036, pp. (>^5-66i).— Substantially noted from another source
(E. S. R., 32, p. 501).

On the colloidal swelling- of wheat gluten, F. W. Upson and J. W. Calvin
(Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 5, pp. 1295-1304, figs. 5).— "The experi-
ments described in this paper show that the mixture of vegetable proteins which
comprises wheat gluten behaves in a manner entirely analogous to the animal
colloids as studied by Fischer and others. Moist gluten absorbs water from
acid solutions and the amount of absorption varies with the kind and con-
centration of the acid. The presence of neutral salts retards water absorption
by gluten, and in the higher concentrations of salt may even cause loss of water
from moist gluten. Gluten which has taken up water in an acid solution loses
water and regains its original physical properties when placed in a salt solution.
The nouelectrolytes are much less effective than electrolytes in inhibiting the
swelling of gluten in acid solutions. These experiments, therefore, contribute
to the important problem of the mechanism of water absorption and secretion
by living plants, which in animals has been proved by Fischer to be essentially
a. colloid phenomenon."

Studies on enzym action. — ^XHI, The lipase of soy beans, K. G. Falk (Jour.
Amer. Cliem. Soc, 31 (1915), No. 3, pp. 649-653). — In continuation of work pi-e-
viously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 803), "the lipolytic properties of soy beans were
studied by the methods used in the similar studies of castor beans and of duo-
denal contents. A comparison of some of the properties of these hydrolytic
enzyms showed the following relations :

" Roy beans contain a lipase active toward triacetin (and therefore presumably
toward fats), somewhat soluble in water, with a maximum solubility in 1..5
normal sodium chlorid solution. Castor beans contain an esterase soluble in
water, and a lipase insoluble in water and soluble in sodium chlorid solution
with a maximum solubility at the concentration 1..5 normal. Duodenal contents
contain an esterase and a lipase, the former predominating in the intestinal
juice, the latter in the pancreatic juice and bile. Marked similarities in the
action of neutral salts and alcohols are shown by the lipases from different
sources. The action of heat and of drying on the soy bean lipase was found
to be similar to their action on castor bean lipase and esterase. The analyses
of the soy bean lipase preparations showed no marked differences in comparison
with the analyses of the castor bean preparations."

Further applications of the boric acid method for determining ammonia,
L. W. Winkles (Ztschr. Angeic. Chcm., 28 (1915), No. 10, Aufsatzteil, p. 48;
uhs. in Jour. Soc. Chem.. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 6, p. 278). — The author reports
that the method previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 312) can be employed for de-

111

112 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

termining aliphatic amins as methylamin and trimethylamin, and for ascertain-
ing the purity of lithium carbonate and basic magnesium carbonate.

The precipitation of phosphorus as ammonium phosphomolybdate in the
presence of sulphuric acid, K. G. Falk and K. Sugiuka (Jour. Amcr. Chcm.
Soc, 37 {1915), Xo. 6, pp. 1501-1515). — "The precipitate of ammonium phos-
phomolybdate formed in the presence of sulphuric acid (as in Neumann's
method) contains sulphate apparently as an essential part of the molecule, to-
gether with an excess of molybdic oxid, and no nitric acid. The composition of
this phosphosulphomolybdate precipitate may vary with the concentration of
the different constituents in the solution. These variations explain the different
factors found for the titration of the precipitate with alkali. The composition of
the precipitate for a certain set of conditions was found to be 4 [(NH4)sP04.12
M0O3] + (NH4)2S04.5Mo03."

A new test for copper, W. G. Lyle, L. J. Crrr.TMAN, and J. T. W. Marshall
{Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 6, pp. 1471-lJf81). — An aqueous solution
of normal amino-caproic acid is said to be an exceedingly sensitive reagent
which is more specific than other reagents composed for detecting copper. As
little as 0.004 mg. may be found by this means. Mercury and zinc interfere with
the test, but the precipitates caused may be prevented, in the case of mercury,
by the addition of sodium chlorid, and with zinc by adjusting the aciditiy of the
solution.

The effect of grinding the soil on its reaction as determined by the Veitch
method, P. E. Bkown and H. W. Johnson {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7
(1915), No. 9, pp. 776, 777). — In experiments with ungi-ound samly loam soils
containing varying amounts of sand and the same soils ground so as to pass 20,
40, and SO mesh sieves, it was found that when acid soils are ground before be-
ing tested by the Veitch method the acidity is reduced and the reaction fre-
quently becomes basic. Tlie development of basicity increased with the degree of
grinding of the soil and the increase dependixl upon the amount of sand present,
being greater in coarse sandy soils than in fine sandy soils. These results are
taken to indicate that soils should be in their natural condition and xmground
when tested by the Veitch method.

The determination of nitrates in soil, II. S. Potter and R. S. Snyder {.Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. 86S, Sfi-J).— Comparative te.sts of
calcium oxid and calcium carbonate as flocculating agents in obtaining the soil
extract to be used for the determination of nitrates led to the conclusion that
with soils low in nitrates the use of calcium carbonate is to be preferred, and
when the colorimetric method is used is always better.

Methods of determining iron and alumina in mineral phosphates, V. P.
KocHETKov and D. N. Kasatkin {I:: RczuVt. Yegct. Opjjtov Lnh. Rahot, 9 {1913).
pp. 71-SO). — Comparisons of methods of qxiantitative analysis of Viatka and
Smolensk phosphates and of artificial mixtures of the principal salts found in
natural phosphates for sesquioxids of iron and alumina are reported.

The methods compared were (1) Glaser's method, (2) precipitation of iron
and aluminum phosphates by sodium acetate after neutralization of the acid
phosphate solution by sodium carbonate, (3) precipitation of the iron and
aluminum phosphates by ammonium acetate, and (4) Grandeau's method of
precipitation of the hydrates of the sesquioxids by ammonia after treatment of
the acid phosphorite solution with acetic acid for the elimination of a large
part of the calcium phosphate and by molybdate of ammonia for the elimina-
tion of the remainder of the phosphoric acid.

The method of Grandeau (4) was found to give the best results. Glaser's
method (1) gave results slightly inferior which are considered suitable for in-

AGRTCULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 113

fliistrial analysis. The second method gave good results when an excess of
acetic acid was iised, but the third method apparently does not merit use.

The adulteration of preserved beef with horse meat, G. Issoglio (Ann. R.
Accad. Agr. Torino, 57 (1914), pp. 204-213). — INIethods are given for the detec-
tion of horse meat in canned beef.

Bread, C. J. Koning and W. C. Moou, Jn., (Chem. WeeJcbl., 11 (1914), ^'o. 50,
pp. 1064-1066). — ^A method is given for the detection of large quantities of un-
bolted flour in bread. Analyses show that unbolted meal and bread prepared
from it contain a much greater pentosan content than do the bolted products.

Determination of the flour content of bread, G. J. Van Meuks (Chem.
Weekhl., 12 (1915), No. 2, j)p. 20-24). — A critici.sm of the above article.

The flour content problem, K. Scheeinga (Chem. Weekhl., 12 (1915), No. 6,
p. 117). — A controversial article concerning the formulas suggested by Van
Meurs for estimating the flour content of bread.

The determination of fat in ice cream by the Babcock method, O. A. A.
Utt (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 9, p. 773). — A method is de-
scribed, using a mixture of sulphuric and acetic acids, which gives good results
in the determination of fat in ice cream. Checks were obtained in ice-cream
mixtures made up according to various formulas within from 0.04 to 0.15 per
cent of the amount occurring in the mixtures.

A new microscopic test for pasteurized milk, W. D. Frost (Ahs. in Science,
n. scr., -{.2 (1915), No. 1079, p. 322).— "A. few cubic centimeters' of milk have
mixed with them one-fifth as much of a saturated aqueous solution of methylene
blue. This colored milk is allowed to stand about 30 minutes; it is then cen-
trifuged and the sediment spread on a glass slide. When dry it is ready for
examination. In raw milk the microscopic field is stained a uniform blue in
which appear clear areas v/hich are either fat globules or leucocytes. The
polymorphomtclear cells are irregular in outline, about 12 microns in diameter,
and unstained or only slightly tinged. The sediment from milk heated to 60° C.
or above presents a very different picture. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes
are rounded xap and shrunken so that they are only about 8 microns in diameter
and the nuclei are deeply stained."

The significance of milk sugar for the hygienic jiidgment of milk, A.
Gabathui.er (Ztf^chr. Flcisch. u. MUcliliijg., 25, (1915), Nos. 7, pp. 97-100; 8, pp.
113-119; 9, pp. 135-140). — The lactose of milk is subject to variations due to
individual peculiarities of the animal, and also to the period of lactation. The
amount is favorably influenced by rest but above all things it is dependent upon
the condition of health of the mammary gland. The slightest functional dis-
turbance is said to make itself felt in the milk sugar content.

At the beginning of lactation, the milk sugar content is low and from thence
on it rises to a maximum point at the height of lactation, only to fall again at
the end of lactation. Estrum seems only to exert a slight effect upon the milk
sugar content, except that an increase is noted at the end for a short time.
Neither does spraying affect the results, except that where the milk secreting
function has been affected by a high grade of nymphomania it returns to its
normal composition after ovariotomy. The salty taste of a milk is never due
to an increased output of sodium chlorid, but sometimes to a low milk sugar con-
tent. The author believes that for the hygienic judging of milk, the milk sugar
content must be taken into consideration.

Manufacture of sucrose from maize, J. Bohle (Deut. Zuckerindus., 89
(1914), No. 24, pp. 538-540; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), No. 13,
pp. 704, 705). — In a large scale experiment, maize grown in Tucuman, Argentina,
was crushed in a double 3-rolIer mill. An extraction of 55 i^er cent by weight

114 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

was obtained, and the juice had a Brix reading of 15.9, a sucrose content of S.75
per cent, and a purity of 55 per cent. After clarifying by the addition of lime
and soda, allowing to settle, sulphiting to a slightly acid reaction, and boiling,
the Brix reading was 14.7, the sucrose content 8.69 per cent, and the purity 59.1
per cent. The concentrated sirup did not crystallize readily in the pan, but after
breaking the vacuum, and allowing the strike to stand for ten minutes, a fine
grain separated, which on subsequently centrifuging and " covering " with steam
gave a sugar with the composition of water 1.15, sucrose 97.6, ash 0.34, reducing
sugars 0.31, and other organic matter 0.6 per cent. In a laboratory experiment
with an extraction of 64.5 j>eT cent by weight, and a sucrose content in the juice
of 12.27 per cent, the yield of first and second sugars, calculated to 100° polari-
zation, was 5.35 and 1.25 per cent respectively. It is concluded that the work-
ing up of maize juice in the factory presents no inconvenience, but that on the
agricultural side there are considerable difficulties, namely, the necessity of har-
vesting within 18-21 days to avoid a great loss of sucrose by inversion ; the
brief duration of the point at which the maximum of sucrose is reached ; and tlie
.sensitiveness of the plant to diseases and posts, e.specially in its early period of
growth.

METEOROLOGY.

A note on the relation of climate to agriculture in California, A. H.
Palmer {Mo. WeaUicr Nov., ^3 (1915), No. S, pp. 398-400).— It is stated that
" with the sole exception of those tropical conditions which involve continuous
high temperature and excessive humidity, California has samples of the cli-
mates of every part of the world which permit successful agriculture." A
statement, prepared by E. .7. Wickson, showing the time of harvesting the prin-
cipal crops of California is given, and emphasizes the fact that seedtime and
harvest are practically continuous throughout the year.

" The mean annual temperatures range from 42.1 to 76° F., while extremes of
— 21 and 134° have been recorded in different parts of the State in the same
year. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 2 to 113 in., with extremes
at different stations ranging from no rainfall to 1.54 in. Altitude above the .sea
level rather than latitude controls the temperature, while altitude together
with latitude control the precipitation. The southern and lower parts of the
State are drier than the northern and higher portions. Summer and winter are
terms synonymous with dry and wet periods, respectively, rather than with hot
and cold periods. Most of the pi-ecipitation is of cyclonic origin, and since
cyclones dominate the winter only, the agricultural portion of the State re-
ceives more than 90 per cent of its rainfall during that season. Generally
speaking, topography is of more importance as a control of climate than is
latitude."

It is pointe<l out that the terms " northern " and " southern " have little cli-
matic and no agricultural application in California. The long growing season
which prevails results in second and sometimes in third crops of considerable
commercial importance, while differences in altitude make possible a long period
during which fresh fruits and vegetables are procurable. From the standpoint
of horticulture, which is the leading agricultural interest of the State, "the
chief characteristics of California climate are (1) abundance of sunshine, (2)
freedom from extremely low temperatures, and (3) an atmosphere with a low
percentage of humidity. . . . The humidity, both absolute and relative, is high
in winter and low in summer, just the reverse of that in the East. The dry

METEOROLOGY.

115

air of summer not only favors the access of light and heat, but it also permits
certain chemical actions necessary for fruit ripening. Moreover, a considera-
tion of some moment is the fact that it prevents certain fungoid diseases. . . .
The period of greatest fruit grovs^th is from June to October. The rest period
in trees and vines just following the gathering of the fruit is a dry season
climatically, not a cold season as in the East. . . . The soil moisture has its
origin in the winter rains, when the trees and vines are inactive."

Climate of State College, Pennsylvania, W. Prear and H. D. Edmiston
{Pennsylvania Sta. Bpt. 1913, pp. 220-3S6, pLs. S). — This is a summary and
analysis of temperature records from 18S0 to 1912, but particularly of the more
complete records covering the years 1886 to 1912. Hourly, daily, monthly,
seasonal, and annual temperatures and temperature variations are considered in
detail. The station at which the observations were made is very near the
geographic center of Pennsylvania in about latitude 40° 55' N., and longitude
77° 51' W. The elevation above sea level is about 1,200 ft. " The location is
nearly 300 miles west from the Atlantic Ocean, just east of the main Appa-
lachian range, separated thereby both from the great central valley of the Ohio
and the Mississippi and also from the region of the Great Lakes ; not sheltered
by near-by mountains, in a country no longer densely wooded, on a swell open to
the full sweep of the winds, yet tempered in cold, quiet weather by the drainage
of the colder air into near-by hollows and vales."

The normal course of daily temperature through the years 1886 to 1912, in-
clusive, is shown in the following table:

Average daily temperature (°F.) 1886-1912.

Days of month.

1

28.0

2

28.0

3...

25.8

4

26.0

5..

26.5

6

25.3

7

26.3

8

28.9

9

24.6

10.. . .

23.6

11

24.8

12..

26.0

13

23.5

14.

26.0

15

27.5

16

26.0

17

25.5

18

24.7

19

24.0

20

27.1

21

31.2

22

31.0

23....

29.6

24

26.5

25....

25.3

26

25.4

27

25.5

28

24.6

29

25.0

30

24.9

31

24.1

Jan.

Feb.

22.2
25.5
22.8
22.5
21.7
21.6
22.8
24.0
24.0
24.4
23.6
24.2
25.7
27.6
26.9
25. 3
27.1
30.4
27.5
25.8
30.0
29.4
31.1
29.0
28.9
27.8
26.3
28.4
30.3

Mar.

30.0
31.6
30.2
29.1
27.0
30.2
33.6
33.6
33.6
34.8
35.3
37.1
35.5
33.0
31.2
31.4
33.3
36.4
39.1
38.9
36.3
37.7
37.9
38.1
38.1
38.4
39.6
40.2
40.2
41.3
41.1

Apr.

40.1
39.5
40.8
43.3
44.3
44.1
42.7
43.0
43.7
43.5
43.6
45.8
48.4
47.3
47.0
48.3
47.6
50.2
50.4
48.3
49.3
50.9
51.6
51.1
52.3
53.1
53.9
54.1
54.9
57.5

May.

59.3
55.1
55.9
55.1

55.7
56.8
57.1
57.6
59.1
58.9
59. 4
59.7
59.8
58. 6
59.2
58.5
60.0
62.3
61.5
62.3
59.4
60.7
61.4
62.6
61.6
59.8
59.8
60.3
61.1
61.1
61.9

June.

61.8
63.8
63.9
65.5
65.7
64.6
63.7
64.2
65.3
64.9
65.5
65.8
66.4
68.0
68.6
67.2
67.3
67.1
68.0
69.2
68.7
68.2
68.7
69.0
68.8
69.5
67.3
67.3
69.0
69.7

July.

70.3
72.0
72.5
71.4
71.1
71.9
71.2
71.4
70.0
70.1
71.0
71.4
70.7
70.7
70.8
71.7
71.7
68.5
70.0
70.9
70.8
70.8
70.9
69.6
70.7
C9.4
69.2
70.1
72.1
71.4
70.9

Aug.

69.4
69.6
70.0
69.2
69.5
70.2
69.6
70.5
71.4
71.8
71.1
69.0
68.4
70.5
68.6
68.8
68.7
67.6
68.0
67.2
67.1
67.7
67.7
68.3
68.2
68.4
65.9
64.5
65.4
66.0
65.5

Sept.

65. 6
66.5
67.8
66.8
66.0
65.6
65.5
65.6
65.3
66.3
65.1
66.1
64.3
62.9
62.4
63.4
62.9
63.1
6.3.4
60.3
61.1
60.9
61.2
60.2
59.5
58.7
58.9
57.1
57.6
55.9

Oct.

55.5
54.7
54.5
56.1
56.6
54.3
52.5
51.8
52.3
51.3
54.0
51.5
50.0
51.1
51.1
52.4
51.0
51.7
51.4
49.8
47.5
47.4
48.8
47.2
47.2
46.9
47.5
45.4
44.2
43.2
45.2

Nov.

46.8
46.6
44.8
42.7
42.4
43.4
42.0
42.1
44.9
43.2
40.4
40.0
38.5
36.9
38.0
39.1
39.3
38.2
39.3
37.7
38.9
40.2
38.0
3G.3
35.3
36.0
36.2
33.2
33.6
31.8

Dec.

30.6
31.1
30.8
28.3
28.5
30.8
30.8
31.1
31.2
31.7
32.7
31.7
30.5
30.5
29.8
29.3
28.4
29.0
28.7
28.7
30.2
30.9
31.0
31.2
30.2
27.9
27.5
25.6
27.1
28.1
27.9

The table shows " that, while the annual course of temperature from season
to season through the year is primarily determined by the increase and later by
the decrease in length of the corresponding daylight periods, the influence of

116

EXPERIMENT STATTOX EECOKD.

cyclonic storms is still so pronounced that it is not eliminated in the daily nor-
mals for a period of twenty-seven years." The table further shows that " the
coldest day of the average year was February 6, with a temperature of 21.6° ;
the hottest, July 3, with a temperature of 72.5°."

Data relating to the mean temperatures of the growing (April to September)
and nongrowing (October to Mai'ch) sea.sons lSSO-1912 are summarized in the
following table :

Summary of seasonal mean- temperatures, 18S0-1912.

Growing
season.

Non-
growing
season.

Growing
season.

Non-
growing
season.

Normal, 1880-1912

"F.

62.48
1 67. 10
3 59.00

' F.

34.33
S38.70
<29.S0

Differences between ex-
tremes

° F.
7.50
1.62

' F.

Highpst

8.80

Lowest

Average departure from

1.86

«18«.

* ISSO-Sl.

"Tlie .«;oquence of exceptionally warm and cold .seasons exhibits no such re-
lations as to indicate that any simple meteorological law governs the relative
extent of monthly and seasonal departures from their respective normals."

As regards the succession of .^^eason.s, the data indicate that "one extreme of
temperature is rarely followed immediately by the opposite extreme. Of the
eight cold winters none was followed by a warm spring, and only one by a warm
summer; of the .seven warm winters, more than half were followe<l by warm
or average springs and by warm summers."

Since the comfort of man and the nature and growth of the fauna and flora
of a region is more largely affectetl by the extent and frequency of its short-
period temperature changes than by averages of longer periods, this pha.se of
the .subject is very fully dealt with.

The extreme daily range of temperature during each month of the period
from 1SS6 to 1912 is shown in the following table :

"Extreme daily range of temperature, 1886-1912.

Date.

Kange.

Max.

Min.

Date.

Range.

Max.

Min.

Jan. 13, 1^9.5

Feb. 22, 1S.S9

Mar.26, 190S

Apr. 10, 1909

Mavl, 1903

" F.
42
41
51
47
44
44
44
34

' F.

37
46
74
70
76
80
88
91

" F.
-5
5
23
23
32
36
44
57

Aug. 10,1887

Aug.2.S18.S6

Sept.5, 1893

Oct. 16, 18>«

Nov. 17, 1.S.S6

Dec. 11, 1886

Entire year, War.
26,1908

° F.
39
39
43
44
44
48

51

'F.

84
79
87
58
65
59

74

" F.
45
40
44
14
21

JunolO, 1S8(>

June 29, 1880

July 25, 1893

11
23

During the period 1886-1912, "the maximum temperature of the year occurre<l
sixteen times in July, six in June, and five in August. While the maximum
never occurred in September or IMay, it happened in six years out of the period
that the maximum for one or other of these months was next to the highe'Jt
tor the year, and above that for two of the summer months of the respective

METEOROLOGY. 117

years." The annual mean temperature, lSSl-1912 (omitting 1882, 1884, and
1885), was 48.39°. The ahsolute maxinuim, 18SG-1912, was 99°, July 4, 1911,
the al»solute minimum — 20°, Fehruary 10, 1899.

Temperature conditions at State College are stated to be characteristic of
the upland of the region, but not representative of the temperature extremes
occurring in the lowlands and small valleys of the vicinity. Consequently the
records of the actual occurrence of frost include observations in the adjacent
lowlands as well as at the college. These records show that "the average
dates between heavy and light spring frosts and the corresponding frosts of
the full season for the years, 1888-1912, were : Last killing frost in spring,
May 9; last light frost in spring, May 13; fir.st light frost in fall, September 20;
first heavy frost in fall, October 2; that is, the average period of growth for
plants sensitive to frost was 130 days, the period for more hardy plants 146
days. The interval of light frost in the spring averaged only 4 day.s, but that
of the fall 12 days. The period of safety for delicate plants is indicated, how-
ever, more exactly by the extremely unfavorable years, rather than by the
average growing season. In 1910, the interval free from frost lasted only
103 days, from May 16 to August 27, and in 1912 for only 108 days, from
June 9 to September 27. The shortest interval between killing frosts was in
1894, namely, 120 days, from May 29 to September 26. The longe.st interval
between killing frosts appears in 1899, namely, 172 days from April 11 to
September 30. The period, 1888-1912, has witnessed frost in every month of
the year except July. This year's [1913] record indicates that only the period
from June 9 to August 27, an interval of only 78 days, has been frost-free."
The number of days of effective temperatures for plant growth (with a mini-
mum temperature exceeding 42° ) varied from 203 in 1892 to 231 in 1912. The
average yearly number of such days was 217. The seasonal (May to September)
number was 172. " In 10 years out of the 27 years, 1886-1912, the 90° maximum
appeared, if at all, only for a single day at a time; in five other 5'ears, the
longest consecutive period was two days ; and only that of August, 1900, pro-
longed for seven days, was especially severe."

Clim.atolog'ical data for the United States by sections (f7. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 {1915), Nos. 7, pp. 22Jf, pis. 2, figs. S; 8, pp. 224,
pis. 2, figs. 10). — These volumes contain, respectively, brief summaries and de-
tailed tabiilar statements of climatological data for each State for July and
Augiist, 1915.

Monthly Weather Beview {Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), Nos. 7, pp. 311-376,
pis. 20, figs. 3; 8, pp. 377-435, pis. 23, figs. IS).— In addition to weather fore-
casts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for July and August,
1915 ; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on
meteorology and seismologj- ; notes on the weather of the months ; solar and sky
radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during July and August, 1915,
by H. H. Kimball ; condensed climatological summaries ; and the usual climato-
logical tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles :

No. 7. — Note on the Distribution of Moisture in the Atmosphere, by W. R. Blair ;
Tables of Sun Spot Frequencies, 1901-1914, by A. Wolfer ; MistpoefiEer, Uminari,
Atmospheric Noi.ses ; Oceanic Noises, Uminari, by T. Terada ; Cirrus Bands and
the Aurora, by D. F. Planning ; Eddy Motion in the Atmosphere, by G. I. Taylor ;
Nature of the Zodiacal Light, by F. Schmid ; Hourly Pressures for Washington,
D. C, 1891-1904 (illus.) ; Note on the Effects of Rain Gage Exposure (illus.), by
W. G. Reed ; Distribution of Thunderstorms in the United States, by W. H. Alex-

118 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

ander ; New Hypsometric Map of the Russian Empire ; The Hottest Region in the
United States ; Relation Between Departures from the Normal in the Strength
of the Trade Winds of the Atlantic and Those in the Water Level of the Northern
European Seas, by P. H. Galle; The Robinson Anemometer, by K. Schreber;
Report of the Work Carried Out by the Steamship " Scotia," 1913, by G. I,
Taylor ; Radium Content of Water from Gulf of Mexico, by S. J. Lloyd ; Discus-
sion on Antarctic Meteorologj' (illus.) ; Low Temperatui-e of the Southern Hemi-
sphere; Australian Rainfall, by H. A. Hunt (E. S. R., 33, p. 616) ; Influence of
Weather Conditions on the Amounts of Nitric Acid and of Nitrous Acid in the
Rainfall Near Melbourne, Australia, by V. G. Anderson (E. S. R., 33, p. 617) ;
Serial Numbers of Weather Bureau Publications, by R. Seyboth ; and Detection
of Seismic Zones by Means of Barometric Gradient, by A. Nakamura.

No. 8. — Storm Frequency Changes in the United States (illus.), by H. Arctow-
ski ; A Uniform Thermometer Exposure at Meterological Stations for Determin-
ing Air Temperature and Atmospheric Humidity (illus.), l)y V. Kiippen ; Weather
Bureau Terms Used to Designate Storms; Note on the Crushing of a Copper
Tube by Lightning (illus.), by W. J. Humphreys; A Note on the Relation of Cli-
mate to Agriculture in California, by A. H. Palmer (see p. 114) ; Classification of
American Summers, by H. F. Alciatore ; Beach Fog and Fracto-Cumulus ; Notes
at Honolulu, Hawaii, during Solar Eclipse of August 10. 191;", by W. W. Wyatt;
The Tropical Storm of August 10, 1915 (illus.), by H. C. Frankenfield ; and
Weather Conditions on the North Atlantic during August, 1914, l\v P. C. Day.

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, J. E. Ostkandku and D. I'ottkr {Ma-ssarhuxctts Sfa. Met. Biil't. 321, 322
( I'.iJo), pp. 4 each). — Sununaries of observations at Amherst, Alass., on pressure,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual
phenomena during September and October, 1915, are presented. The data are
briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.

Meteorological records for 1914 (Xetc York State Sta. Itpt. 1914, Pt- ■?. PP-
974-98.'/). — Tables are given showing tridaily readings at Geneva, N. Y., of
stanchird air thermometers for each month of the year; daily readings of maxi-
mum and minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of the year; a
monthly sununary of maxinmm, minimum, and standard thermometer readings
for the year; monthly and yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from
1SS3 to 1914, inclusive; average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1882;
and rainfall by months since 1882.

Ohio weather for 1914, J. AV. Smith and C. A. Patton {Ohio Sta. Bui. 2S7
{1915), pp. 293-372, figs. 63). — The temperature and precipitation throughout
the State during each month are shown in charts. The usual sunuuary tables
are given showing temperature and rainfall at Wooster and throughout the
State (1888-1914).

The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 49.2° F. ; for the State
50.9°. The highest temperature at the station was 95°, June 24 and .Tuly 12;
for the State, 100°, July 12. The lowest temperature at the station was —18°,
February 25; for the State, —24°, February 25. The annual rainfall at the
station was 37.38 in.; for the State, 35.42 in. The number of rainy days at
the station was 114 ; for the State, 106. The prevailing direction of the wind
was southwest.

Meteorology, H. D. Edmiston {Penmylvania Sta. Rpi. 1912. pp. 479-492.
805S26; 1913, pp. SS7-396, 729-750) .—The observations here recorde<l are of
the same character as those reported in previous years (E. S. R., 28, p. 115).
The summary for 1911 and 1912 is respectively as follows :

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 119

Nummary of meteorological observations at State College, Pa., 1911 and 1D12.

Kind of observation.

Barometer (inches): Moan..
Toinperaturo (degrees F.):

Mean

lligliest

Lowest

Greatest daily range

Least daily range

Rainfall (inches)

Number of days on whidi O.Oi
inch or more rain fell

Mean percentage of cloudiness. .

Number of days on which
cloudiness averaged 80 per
cent or more

Last frost in spring

First frost in fall

Year.

30.069.

."50.4

9y.0(July 4).

r,.0Jan.6)

:?y.o (Nov. 12)

3.n(Apr. 4, J)ec. 5)
46.39

102.
33..

30.019.

4S.2

90.0 (June 29,
July 7, 10).
17.0 (Jan. 14).
3S.0Apr.l2)..
2.0 (Fob. 12)..
39.08

135.,
53.4.

Growing season (April-
September).

64.7

99.0 (July 4)..

15.0 (Apr. 2)..
37.0 (Sept. 4).

26.30.

38

May 5...
Sept. 14 .

62.8.

90.0 (June 29,

July 7, 10).
25.0 (Apr. 4, 8).

23.21.

42.

April 28.
Sept. 27.

SOILS— FERTILIZEKS.

Soil survey of Cleburne County, Alabama, H. G. Lewis, C. S. Waldrop, and
F. W. KoLB {U. S. Bcpt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operation's Bur. Soils,
1013, pp. S8, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of
Alabama and issued May 15, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 363,520
acres in eastern Alabama, comprising portions of the Appalachian Mountain
and Plateau province and the Piedmont Plateau province. The topography varies
from rough, hilly, and mountainous to gently rolling. The area is drained
through the Tallapoosa, Little Tallapoo.sa, and Coosa rivers. The soils of the
county are residual in origin, and the Piedmont soils are considered the most
important agriculturally. Twenty-one soil types, of eleven series, are mapped,
of which the Talladega slate loam is the most extensive, with the Louisa grav-
elly loam second. The Talladega series covers 55 per cent of the county.

Soil sui*vey of Russell County, Alabama, N. E. Bell, L. A. Hukst, and J. M.
Snydek ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
50, fig. 1, map 1 ) . — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Alabama
and issued IVIay 17, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 419,2(J0 acres in the
coa.stal plain of eastern Alabama, the topography of which ranges in general
from undulating to rolling. The county is drained through tributaries of the
Chattahoochee and Alabama rivers.

The upland soils of the county are formed from materials laid down on the
floor of the Gulf, which at one time covered the region. Thirty-eight soil types,
of twelve series, and three miscellaneous types are mapped, of which the Sus-
quehanna very fine sandy loam, clay, fine sandy loam, and sandy loam, the
Norfolk sand, and the Leaf fine sandy loam are the predominating types. It is
Ktated that the soils of the county are generally in need of lime and organic
matter.

Soil Survey of Pope County, Arkansas, C. Lounsbtjry and E. B. Debtee
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 51,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issued June 3, 1915, deals with the soils of an area
of 529,920 acres in central Arkansas. The topography of the northern half of
the county is rough and rugged, while that of the southern half is more level
and less dissected. The drainage is mainly into the Arkansas River. The soils
of the county comprise upland soils of residual origin and alluvial stream bottom

120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

soils. Including rough, stony land and river wash, 30 soil types, of 11 series,
are mapped, of which the Hanceville fine sandy loam and stony loam and the
rough stony land are the most extensive. It is stated that most of the soils,
particularly the upland types, are in need of lime.

Reconnoissance soil survey of the Sacramento Valley, California, L. C.
IIOLiiES, J. W. Nelson, et al. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Opera-
tions Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 148, pis. S, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in
cooperation with the California Experiment Station and issued April 26, 1915,
deals with the soils of an area of 4,015,360 acres, comprising the north half
of the Great Interior Valley of California. The area is drained by the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin rivers. The topography of the valley is that of a struc-
tural trough formed by the uplift of the surrounding mountains.

The soils of the valley are derived from or consist of four classes of material,
namely, (1) residual material, (2) old valley -filling material, (3) recent alluvial
fan and alluvial material, and (4) wind-deposited material. The soils as they
exist at present are largely the product of the weathering of the older of these
materials, while the very recently deposited material has been changetl in place
very little. Including five miscellaneous soils and a number of undifferentiated
types, sixty -seven soil types are mapped in the area, of which the San Joaquin
loams, the Willows clay adobe, Madera loams, Sacramento clays, Stockton clay
adobe, and muck and peat are the most extensive single types. It is stated that
large areas in the valley are affected by injurious quantities of alkali, the
largest amount being found on the west side of the valley.

Soil survey of Stewart County, Georgia, D. D. Long, M. W. Beck, E. C.
Hall, and W. W. Bukdette {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations
Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 66, pis. 2, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation
with the Georgia State College of Agriculture and issued 3Iay 28, 1915, deals
with the soils of an area of 298,8.80 acres in the Coastal Plain region of south-
western Georgia. The topogi'aphy ranges from level or gently undulating to
rough and broken, and the surface in general is badly dissected by erosion, leav-
ing level interstream areas.

The soils are divided into upland soils of sedimentary origin and old stream
terrace and overflowed first bottom soils, both of alluvial origin. The soils
range in texture from loose, coarse, incoherent sands to heavy, sticky, impervious
clays. Including meadow, swamp, and rough gullied land, forty-six soil types of
twelve series are mapped, of which the Susquehanna clay is somewhat the most
extensive. The Ruston is the most extensive series. " With a few exceptions,
the several types of soil occur in complicated areas, and no very large areas of
any one type are found."

Soil survey of Delaware County, Indiana, L. A. Hurst and E. J. Gkimes
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. SoUs, 1913, pp. 31, fig.
1, map 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the Indiana Department of
Geology and issued May 29, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 2.50.SS0 acres
in east-central Indiana, the topt)graphy of which varies from level to midulating
and in some places broken. The I^Iississinewa and West Fork of White River
with their tributaries drain the county.

Glacial till, consisting chiefly of clay intermingled with sand, gravel, and silt
covers the entire county to a depth of 50 to 200 ft., and is the source of the
upland soils. " The bottom lands are derived from reworked and redeposited
materials which represent wash from the uplands." Including muck, eight soil
types of five series are mapped, the Miami silt loam covering 67.8 per cent of
the county and the Clyde silty clay loam 21.3 per cent.

Soil survey of Hendricks County, Indiana, W. E. Tharp and E. J. Quinn
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 38, fig.

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

121

1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation witli the Indiana Department of
Geology, was issued May 13, 1915. It deals with the soils of an area of
2G1,120 acres in central Indiana. The topography of the northern and west-
ern parts of the county is undulating to very gently rolling, while in the cen-
tral and southern parts the relief is stronger. The natural drainage of the
northern and northeastern parts is poor, but that of the southern part is good.
Thoughout the county the prevailing surface material is a silt or silty clay
ranging from 2 to 3 ft. in depth and overlying a deep deposit of bowlder clay.
Twelve soil types, of four series, are mapped in the county, the Miami silt loam
covering 69.6 per cent of the area.

Soil survey of Montgomery County, Kansas, F. V. Emerson and C. S.
Waldkop (U. S. Dept. Agr., Adran<;e Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913,
pp. 36, pi. 1, figs. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Kansas
College and Station and issued April 17, 1915, deals with the soils of an area
of 412,160 acres in southeastern Kansas. In general, the eastern two-thirds of
the county is prairie and the western third hilly. Except for some of the river
soils, the surface drainage is generally good.

The soils of the county include types of residual, colluvial, and alluvial
origin. Twenty-one soil types, of eight series, are mapped, of which the Oswego
silt loam, a residual type, is the most extensive single type. The Bates series
of residual soils, including very fine sandy loam, loam, stony loam, shale loam,
gravelly loam, and very fine sand, is, however, the most extensive series. The
Verdigris alluvial soils are said to be comparatively light, well drained, and
probably the most productive soils in the county. It is stated that nearly all
of the soils need humus and that a number of the soils, especially the upland
types, are acid. Underdrainage for the large areas of heavy, poorly drained
soils, and the iise of systematic rotations, including some leguminous crop, for
all soils are also suggested as beneficial measures.

The soils of Kentucky, S. D. A\t:kitt (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 103 {1015), pp.
720-164, pi. D- — This bulletin gives brief statements of the fundamental facts
in regard to soils, plant food, and fertility, together with explanations of terms
and methods of analysis used, and gives tables of analyses of samples of 388
representative soils of the 10 soil areas of Kentucky, together with a general
discussion of fertility requirements.

The 10 soil areas of the State cover approximately 41,000 square miles. The
following table gives average analyses of the soils of each of the areas :

Avci-agc analyses of Kentucky surface soils to a depth of 7 in.

Area.

Trenton, 1,200 square miles

Cincinnatian, 7,900 square miles

Silurian and Devonian, 1,800 square miles

Waverl y, 4,400 square miles

St. Louis, 6,000 square miles

Chester, 2,000 square miles

Western coal field, 4,500 square miles

Eastern coal field, western part, 2,000 square miles. . .
Eastern coal field, central and eastern part, 8,000

square miles

Quarternary, 2,350 square miles

River alluvium, 750 square miles

Total
nitrogen.

Total
phos-
phorus.

Total
potas-
sium.

Avail-
able 1
phos-
phorus.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

0. 189

0.470

1.31

0.17900

.159

.096

1.00

.00300

.124

.055

1.19

.00100

.008

.032

.98

. Of)070

.105

.044

1.41

. 00090

.08.5

.035

1.33

.00030

.099

.038

1.46

.00095

.107

.031

.91

.00065

.149

.063

1.71

.00230

.097

.049

1.55

.001.30

.165

.096

1.72

.00490

Avail-
able 1
potas-
siiun.

Percent.
0.0160
.0180
.0110
.0170
.0160
.0110
.0140
.0130

.0180
.0150
.0195

1 Soluble in N/5 nitric acid.

122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

All the areas, with the exception of the Trenton, Cincinnatian, and river al-
luvian, are considered to be very deficient in phosphorus and usually deficient
in nitrogen. It is stated that " so far as field experiments have been made in
the State at large, potassium has not been shown to be a limiting element on
any well-drained soil in which there was a good supply of organic matter. . . .
The cultivated soils of all the areas are inclined to acidity, especially the sub-
soils and badly drained soils. ... In the bluegrass region nitrogen is the only
limiting element in the production of profitable crops. In all other sections of
the State phosphorus and nitrogen are limiting elements. The soils of the Ches-
ter, the Waverly, and the western edge of the eastern coal field are, on the
whole, the least fertile soils of the State."

Soils of Graves County, S. C. Jones (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 194 (1015), pp.
169-107, pi. 1). — Tliis bulletin deals with the origin, characteristics, mechanical
and chemical composition, crop adaptations, and fertility requirements of an
area of 540 square miles in the so-called Purchase Region in that portion of
Kentucky lying west of the Tennessee River.

Three phases of topography are represented in the area, namely, bottom lands,
hilly lands, and undulating talile-lands and broad ridges. Graves County is
covered entirely by transported soils which have been derived directly from
glacial till and loess and are fairly typical of the Purchase Region. The yellow
brown silt loam covering 43.39 per cent of the area is the most extensive type,
followed in order by the yellow silt loam covering 3G.13 per cent, the light brown
silt loam covering 20.28 per cent, and the gray clay loam covering 0.2 per cent of
the area. Chemical analyses of the soil types (soil and subsoil) are reported.

The results of these analyses are taken to indicate that nitrogen is the limiting
element in the soils, particularly for grain crops, while where legumes are grown
phosphorus is the limiting element. Tlie soils are low in lime and rather strongly
acid, especially the gray, poorly drained soils, but they are all relatively well sup-
plied with potash.

The chief factors to be considered in improving and maintaining the fertility
of Graves County soils are enumerated as prevention of soil erosion ; practice of
crop rotation ; improvement of pasture land ; increasing the organic matter,
nitrogen, and phosphorus content of the soil ; liming; and drainage.

A section by A. M. Peter reporting analyses showing the composition of the
soil of the Mayfield experiment field and of three type soils is appended.

Soil survey of Jones County, Mississippi, .\. L. Goodma.x and I-]. :M. Jones
(t7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance i<hccis Field Opciations Bur. t<oils, 1913 pp. 35,
pi. 1, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Mis-
sissippi and issued April 9, 1915, deals with the characteristics of the soils of an
area of 445,440 acres in .southeastern Mississippi. The topography of the up-
lands varies from flat or gently undulating and rolling to hilly and ridgy. The
stream bottoms and terraces are prevailingly flat. The county is drainetl to the
South, the eastern part having good surface drainage. The western part contains
a large area in which the slopes under cultivation are subject to erosion.

The soils of the county include upland, terrace, and bottom land types of varied
textures, the first being of sedimentary origin and the two last of alluvial origin.
Twenty-four soil types, of eleven series, are mapped, the uplands representing five
series, the terraces three series, and the bottoms three series. The Ruston soils
of the uplands, including fine sandy loam, sandy loam, and gravelly .sandy loam,
are the most extensive, covering nearly half the county. The Cahaha .series is
said to be the best of the terrace series. All the bottom soils are poorly drained.
It is stati'd that the soils of the county are adapted to a wide range of crops.

Soil survey of Greene County, Missouri, H. H. KnrsEKOPF and F. Z. Hltton
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 38,

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 123

fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Missouri Experiment
Station and issued June 7, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 426,880 acres
in southwestern Missouri which in general comprises a broad plain. The topog-
raphy varies from smooth to hilly, although prevailingly it is gently rolling. The
county is drained by the Sac and the James Rivers and Pomme de Terre and
Wilson Creeks.

The soils comprise residual upland soils derived mainly from cherty limestone,
and alluvial soils formed of material washed mainly from local upland soils.
The soils consist of silt with very little sand or clay and are well drained. " Like
the soil, the subsoil has a varying proportion of stone and gravel intimately
mixed with other constituents." Sixteen soil types, of nine series, are mapped,
of which the Crawford gravelly loam and silt loam are the predominating types.

Soil survey of Nodaway County, Missouri, E. S. Vanatta, E. W. Knobel,
and W. I. Watkins [U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur.
Soils, 1913, pp. SI, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the
Missouri Experiment Station and issued May 5, 1915, deals with, the soils of an
area of 502,560 acres in northwestern Missouri. The county comprises three
general physiographic divisions, namely, the uplands, which are the most exten-
sive ; the terraces ; and the bottom lands. It occupies a rolling prairie region and
the topography ranges from nearly level to rough and broken. The drainage is
mainly through the Nodaway, One Hundred and Two, and Platte rivers.

The soils of the county fall into two general groups, the upland soils of glacial
and loessial origin, and the bottom-land soils. Ten soil types, of seven series, are
mapped, of which the Marshall silt loam is the most extensive. The Shelby loam
is second in extent and the Wabash silt loam, with a colluvial phase, third. " The
soils of Nodaway County are naturally strong and productive, and commercial
fertilizers are not extensively used."

Soil survey of Perry County, Missouri, B. W. Tillman and C. E. Dear-
DOBFF (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
34, fiff. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the INIissouri Experi-
ment Station and issued June 5, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 295,680
acres in eastern Missouri which comprises upland and lowland, the former cov-
ering about seven-eighths of the total area of the county. The topography of the
upland varies from rolling to hilly, while the lowland is a generally smooth plain.
The coiuity is drained by tributaries to the Mississippi River, the uplands being
well drained.

The upland soils are residual, largely from limestone, and the lowland soils
are alluvial derived from wash from the uplands. Twenty soil types, represent-
ing eleven series, are mapped, of which the Hagerstown silt loam and the Tilsit
silt loam are the predominating types. It is stated that in some places con-
siderable soil erosion has taken place, especially in areas of the Tilsit silt loam.

Soil survey of Oneida County, New York, E. T. Maxon, M. E. Carr, and
E. H. Stevens (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils,
1913, pp. 59, fig. 1, maps 2). — This survey, made in cooperation with the New
York State College of Agriculture and issued May 22, 1915, deals with the soils
of an area of 784,640 acres in central New York which comprises two broad
upland regions separated by an old lake bed plain and glacial river channel.
The county is drained through Oneida Lake and the Black, Chenango, Susque-
hanna, Mohawk, and Hudson rivers.

The soils range in texture from light sands and gravels to heavy clays and,

with reference to origin, are divided into glacial, alluvial and lacustrine, residual,

and cumulose soils. Fifty-eight soil types, of nineteen series, are recognized, of

which the IMohawk and Ontario loams are the most extensive single types. It is

18833°— No. 2—16 3

124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

stated that the glacial till upland soils, having a gently rolling to hilly topog-
raphy and good drainage, are by far the most extensive and important in the
county.

Soil survey of Kandolph County, North Carolina, R. B. Hardison and S. O.
Perkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913,
pp. 34, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the North Caro-
lina Department of Agriculture and issued April 8, 1915, deals with the soilB
of an area of 479,360 acres in central North Carolina, the topography of which
is gently rolling to hilly and seniimountainous. Uharie and Deep rivers drain
the greater part of the county and the south-central part is drained by the east
and west prongs of Little River.

The soils of the county are derived mainly from tvvo rock belts, the most import-
ant of which is closely associated with the Carolina Metamorphic Slate and
Volcanic Belt and extends over about three-fourths of the county. In the north-
ern end of the county and a larger part of the eastern section the rocks are
mainly granite with some intrusive rocks. Fifteen soil tj-pes, of six series, are
mapped, of which the Georgeville series, including silt loam, silty clay loam, and
stony loam is the most extensive. Commercial fertilizers are in general use
throughout the county and corn and wheat are the most important crops. Re-
peated deep plowing of the soils followed by intensive surface tillage is necessary,
especially for wheat growing. " Best results with crop rotations are had \\here
. . . clover or cowpeas can be turned under at the time of breaking the land and
where a liberal application of lime is made either immediately before or imme-
diately after breaking."

Soil survey of Stark County, Ohio, C. N. Mooney, H. F. Tuttle, and A.
BoNAzzi (J7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. SoUs, 1913,
pp. 39, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Ohio Experi-
ment Station and is.sued March 15, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 371,200
aci'es in northeastern Ohio, the topography of which is rolling to hilly. The
drainage is into the Ohio River thrt)Ugh the Tuscarawas and Mahoning rivers.
The soils include iipluiid, terrace, and tlood plain soils of residual, glacial, and
alluvial origin. Including muck and peat, nineteen soil tjTOs, of eight series, are
mapped, of which the Wooster silt loam is the most extensive. The Volusia
series is second in extent.

The composition of the soils of the Texas Panhandle, G. S. Fbaps (Texas
Sta. Bui. 173 (1915), pp. 5-25).— This bulletin, the fourth of a series (E. S. R.,
30, p. 420), contains a description of the soil types of 26 counties in the Texas
Panhandle, with notes on their present agricultural uses and productiveness, and
chemical analyses of about 57 samples of these types, together with an int»^rpre-
tation of the results. The author concludes that most of these soils are well
supplied with phosphoric acid, potash, and lime, while nitrogen appears to be the
element most liable to become deficient.

Soil survey of Logan and Mingo counties, West Virginia, "W. J. Latimer
{V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 30, fig.
1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the West Virginia Geologicjil
Survey and issued May 8, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 557.440 acres
in southwestern West Virginia, the topography of which is rough and broken
with narrow stream valleys containing very little smooth bottom land.

The soils of the area fall into three general groups, namely, upland or residual
soils, terrace or old alluvial soils, and first bottom or recent alluvial soils. Nine
soil types, representing four series, are mapped, the Dekalb stony silt loam occu-
pying 88.9 per cent of the area.

Deep versus ordinary plowing, C. F. Noll {Pemhi;]iU-ania Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 39-^7, pi. 1). — Comparative tests of a deep-tilling machine and ordinary

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 125

inoldboard plows on a deep, well-drained soil varying in texture from clay loam
to gravelly silt loam are reported, the crops for which plowing was done being
corn, oats, barley, wheat, and alfalfa.

The deep-tilling machine is a double-disk plow with 24-in. disks, the front
disk being a few inches to the land side of the rear disk and not so deep. It
cuts from 4 to 8 in. deep and throws the soil over into the furrow. The rear
disk penetrates G to 9 in. deeper and mixes the plowed soil thoroughly.

Eight plats 35.5 ft. wide, varying in length from 9S2.5 ft. to 1,000 ft. long, were
plowed at first, later being made 957.2 ft. long and comprising 0.7S of an acre
each. Timothy sod was plowed for corn in the fall of 1909 and the spring of
1910, two plats being plowed with each implement in the fall and two in the
spring. In the fall of 1910 and the spring of 1911 the corn stubble land was
plowed in the same way and in the spring four plats were seeded to oats and
four to beardless barley and alfalfa. In the fall of 1911 the four plats which
had received oats were plowed and seeded to wheat, two plats being plowed with
each implement. Under these conditions the two kinds of plowing gave prac-
tically the same results for all the crops grown.

The draft of the deep-tilling machine averaged in three sets of trials 1,727,
1,202, and 937 lbs., respectively, and the draft of the moldboard plow In the
same trials in the order given averaged G55, 424, and 378 lbs. The draft of the
deep-tilling machine per square foot of cross section of furrow averaged in the
order given 1,512, 856, and 970 lbs. and that of the moldboard plow in the same
order 9G2, 680, and 531 lbs.

Influence of dynamiting' on soils, W. R. White {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 703-725, pis. 4, figs. 3). — Experiments conducted to determine the in-
fluence of dynamiting on (1) the physical condition of soils, (2) soil moisture
and drainage, (3) newly planted fruit trees, (4) mature trees, (5) field crops,
and (6) insects in the soil are reported. The soils used were the Hagerstown
clay loam and Yolusia silt loam.

From these experiments it is stated that "while the results . . . can not be
taken as conclusive for all conditions, yet they may indicate that the useful
application of dynamite as a soil improver is limited. Its usefulness may depend
largely upon local conditions. No definite benefits were derived from its use in
either orchard or field crops. What it might do under different conditions, or
over longer periods, is yet to be determined. One pond was drained and the
other was not. Its usefulness in shooting an open ditch, blasting bowlders, and
blowing stumps can not be questioned. It may be very useful in draining land
where no outlet can be found for a tile drain. How permanent its effect may
be is not kno^vni. As to destroying insects [ants], it has not proved to be of any
use. It is probably safe to conclude that the application of dynamite as a soil
improver is greatly limited and that it would always be advisable to try it out
In a small way before investing much money in its use."

Effect of alkali salts in soils on the germination and growth, of crops,
P\ S. Haeris (V. S. Depf. Ayr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 5 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 1-53,
figs. 48). — Investigations conducted at the Utah Experiment Station on the
effect of the chlorid, sulphate, nitrate, and carbonate of potassium, and sodium,
the chlorid of calcium, the sulphate, chlorid, and nitrate of magnesium, and the
carbonate of ammonium, singly and in different combinations and in concen-
trations varying by degrees from 0 to 10,000 parts per million, on the growth of
barley, oats, wheat, alfalfa, sugar beets, corn, and peas in loam soils and sand
are reported, the purpose of the study being to determine the quantity of various
alkali salts necessary in the soil to reduce the growth of crops beyond the point
of profitable production. About 18,000 determinations are summarized.

126 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

In preliminary experiments with Miieat and sugar beets on a loam soil, using
the chloric!, carbonate, and sulphate of sodimn and magnesium sulphate, it was
found that the toxicity of sodium chlorid was relatively high when comparetl
with that of the other salts, and that there was germination and growth with con-
siderably more sodium carbonate than sodium chlorid. Magnesium sulphate
was only slightly toxic, v.liile sodium sulphate in the same amount was more
toxic, but permitted the production of fair crops. It was also found that the
number of seeds germinating, the average height of plants, and the dry matter
produced decreased with the increased concentration of the alkali. The plants
appeared able to endure alkali better with a fair supply of moisture in the soil
than where the soil was dry. Salts were more toxic when added in solution
than when mixed with the dry soil. In a sand soil sodium carbonate was more
toxic than sodium chlorid.

In the main experiments it Avas foimd that only about half as much alkali
was requiretl to prohibit the growth of crops in sand as in loam. Crops varied
greatly in their relative resi.stanco to alkali salts, but for the ordinary mixtures
of salts it is considered probable that barley is the most resistant in the seedling
stage, followed in order by oats, wheat, alfalfa, sugar beets, corn, and Canada
field peas.

The action of the various salts in soils was somewhat different from that
observed in solution cultures. Plants were able to endure nuich stronger chlo-
rids and nitrates in solution cultures than in the soil, while the carbonates
retarded growth more in solution than in the loam, but not as much as in the
sand. The number of plants alive at the end of three weeks decreased as the
concentration of the .solution increased. There was a corresponding decrease in
number of leaves per plant, height of plants, length of roots, weight of tops, and
weight of roots as the concentration of salts increased. In the cultures in which
no salts were added, the height of plants, the length of roots, and the dry matter
produced were not so great as in cultures containing salts in low concentrations.
These results are taken to indicate the inadvisability of applying too widely to
the soil the results obtained with solution cultures of alkali.

The period of germination of seeds was considerably lengthened by the pres-
ence of soluble salts in the soil. The anion, not the cation, was found to deter-
mine the toxicity of alkali salts in the soil. Of the anions used the chlorid was
decidedly the most toxic, while sodium was the most toxic base. The injurious
action of alkali salts was not in all cases proportionate to their osmotic pressures.
The order of toxicity of soluble salts in the soil was found to be as follows : So-
dium chlorid, calcium chlorid, potassium chlorid, sodium nitrate, magnesium
chlorid, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, sodium carbonate, potassium car-
bonate, sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and magnesium sulphate. The
antagonistic effect of combined salts Avas not so great in soils as in solution cul-
tures.

It is thought probable that lands containing more than about the following
I)ercentages of soluble salt are not suited, without reclamation, to produce ordi-
nary crops : In loam, chlorids 0.3 i>er cent, nitrates 0.4 per cent, carbonates 0.5
per cent, and sulphates above 1 per cent ; and in coarse sand, chlorids 0.2 per
cent, nitrates 0.3 per cent, carbonates 0.3 per cent, and sulphates 0.6 per cent.

A bibliography of cited literature is appended.

The effect of organic compounds in pot experiments. G. S. FRvrs (Texas
f'^ta. Bui. J7Jf (1015), pp. 13). — I'ot culture experiments on several unpro<luctivc
soils to determine the extent of the harmful effect on corn and sorglnim of addi-
tions of dihydroxystearic acid at rates of from 500 to 1.200 parts per million,
of vanillin, quinone, and cumarin at I'ates of from 100 to 2.000 parts per mil-
lion, and the effect of phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers, carbon black, and

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 127

pyrogallic acid on the injurious iutlueuce of the organic corupounds, are re-
ported.

It was found that " impure diliydroxystearic acid lias little injurious effect
upon corn or sorghum grown in pot experiments when applied before planting
at the I'ate of 500 parts per million of soil. . . . Vanillin and quinone applied
to the soil before planting at the rate of 100 parts per million of soil injured
the growth of only one of eight crops. . . . Sis successive additions of cumarin,
vanillin, or quinone at the rate of 100 parts per milliDn did not kill the plants."

A comparison of these results with those of water culture experiments by
others showed that vanillin, cumarin, and quinone are much less injurious in
soil than in water cultures. This led to the conclusion that the results of soil
and water culture experiments may differ widely. It was further found that
vanillin and cumarin were oxidized in the soil, a considerable portion disap-
pearing in two weeks and only a little remaining until the end of the experi-
ments.

Little evidence was obtained to show that fertilizers overcome the injurious
action of cumarin, vanillin, or quinone. " Pyrogallic acid and carbon black
showed no beneficial action in pot experiments, while acid phosphate or other
fertilizer was decidedly beneficial to the soils and produced decided increases.
The conclusion is that these poor soils need the plant food supplied by the fer-
tilizers and that the action of the fertilizer is to supply plant food and not to
overcome toxic substances."

The formation of carbon dioxid and nitrates in the presence of large
amounts of carbohydrates, J. G. Lipman, A. AV. Blair, H. O. McLean, and
L. K. WiLKiNs {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 220, 221). — Laboratory ex-
periments with an acid loam soil to which dextrose was added at the rate of 3
gm. per 100 gm. of soil showed that nearly ten times as much carbon dioxid
was evolved from the portions of soil receiving dextrose as from those receiving
none. On the other hand, there was approximately 122 times as much nitrate
in the nondextrose portions as in the dextrose portions.

Bacteriology of the general fertilizer plats, G. C. Given and L. G. Willis
(Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 441-^54, figs. 5). — Studies on the bacterial
numbers and on ammonification in several plats of clay loam soil, which had
undergone varying cultural and fertility treatment for 30 years, are reported.

A slight relationship was found between moisture content of the soil and
number of soil bacteria growing on nutrient agar. Temperature was more of a
limiting factor on bacterial numbers than moisture content, one of the lowest
counts being obtained from very cold, but not frozen, soil. Fairly high counts
were, however, obtained from frozen soil. Little or no relation was established
between bacterial numbers and the size of wheat crop.

In ammonification experiments with cotton-seed meal ,it was found that
ammonification was very similar in rate and amount in soils receiving widely
varying treatment.

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

Bacteriology of the general fertilizer plats. — III, Ammonifications, G. C.
Given (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 200-206, pis. 7). — In continuation of the
above experiments studies of ammonification and nitrification are I'eported.

Further ammonification experiments, using cotton-seed meal and dried blood,
to determine the effects of the soils from the different plats upon the activity of
ammonifying organisms derived from a highly productive soil showed in all
cases a steady increase in ammonia production up to the seventh day.

Nitrification experiments with these soils using ammonium sulphate showed
that " the same soils which apparently had no influence upon the vigor of the

128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ammonifying organisms have very different effects upon tlie nitrifying jorgan-
isms, the soil from acid plats especially inhibiting their functions to a consider-
able extent, though not wholly suspending them."

The nitrification investigations are being continued.

Some results of thirty years' soil treatment with barnyard manure, W. H.
MclNTiKE (Penmylrania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 51-G3). — Field experiments with
corn, oats, wheat, and hay on a clay loam soil of limestome origin, described
in a previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. 1017), to determine the effect on soil and
crop of barnyard manure applied in amounts of 6, 8, and 10 tons per acre, and
of 6 tons of manure supplemented by 2 tons of lime applied only to corn, are
reported.

The largest returns per ton of manure were secured from plats receiving 6
tons of manure and the smallest from those receiving 10 tons. The addition of
2 tons of burnt lime once in four years caused the yield resulting from the appli-
cation of 6 tons of manure to approximate the yield from 10 tons and lessened
the accumulation of humus in the soil. The accumulation of organic matter
was greatest upon plats receiving G tons of manure and least on those receiving
10 tons.

The soil under mature clover was richest in organic matter, followed in order
by soil under young clover, soil containing clover residues, and soil under oats.
The soil under mature clover had the highest nitrogen content, followed in order
by the soil containing clover residues, soil under young clover, and soil under
oats.

Liming, in addition to manure, increased the accumulation of nitrogen in the
soil, the greatest nitrogen accumulation being with the 8-ton application and
the least with the 10-ton application. The gi-eatest occurrence of nitrate was
observed in the limed soil under corn, followed in order by gi-ass soil, wheat
stubble soil, and oat stubble soil. The soils receiving 6 and 10 tons of manure
were practically identical as regards nitrate content, while the soil receiving 8
tons of manure had the smallest nitrate content.

Summary of the results obtained from experiments with commercial
fertilizers, yard manure, lime, etc., extending through a period of thirty
years, T. F. Hunt, F. D. Gardner, and C. F. Noll {Pcnnsylvaniu Sta. Rpt.
1912, pp. 83-119, pi. 1, figs. 6). — This report gives the detaileii results of the
last 5 years of a series of 30 years' fertilizer experiments on a clay loam soil,
the first 25 years' results of which liave been previously noted (E. S. R., 21,
p. 220), and summarizes the more salient facts brought out by the 30 years'
work. The crops were corn, wheat, oats, and grass. The main results of the
30 years' work are as follows :

The application of potash and nitrogen singly had no material effect upon
crop yield, while phosphoric acid when applied alone had a distinct influence
in maintaining the productiveness of the soil. In spite of the beneficial results
given by phosphoric acid, the results as a whole indicate that it is a poor
practice to apply a single fertilizer continuously to this soil. Complete fertiliza-
tion gave an increased crop yield dui'iiig 30 years of 55.2 per cent. " When
potash was applied alone no increase resulted. When applied with phosphoric
acid a material increase resulted over the application of phosphoric acid alone.
In like manner, but in less marked degree, owing to bacterial agencies supplying
nitrogen, when nitrogen was applied with phosphoric acid or potash or with
both, increased yields resulted."

Sodium nitrate as a source of nitrogen almost without exception gave better
results than cither dried blood or ammonium sulphate during the 30 years. The
sodium nitrate and dried blood wore as effective the last 5 years as during

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 129

the first 5 years, but there was a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the
ammonium sulpluite, ospeciallj' when larger amounts were used. Witli a rotation
containing clover more than 24 lbs. of nitrogen per acre brought compara-
tively little increase in yield.

Barnyard manure and a complete commercial fertilizer maintained the crop-
producing power of the soil about equally well. The excessive use of quick-
lime produced only a slight increase in crop yield. The soil receiving ground
limestone, with one exception, gave a higher annual crop yield than any soil
receiving no treatment.

The influence of bacteria in manure on the decomposition of green manure
(legume and nonlegume), J. G. Lipman, A. W. Blaib, H. C. McLean, and
L. K. WiLKiNs (xVeiD Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 223-226). — This is an account
of a contimiation of experiments previously described (E. S. R., 32, p. 514), the
results of which indicate " that the bacteria conveyed in small quantities of
manure do have a beneficial effect in the decomposition of the green manure
crops. When the green manure crop is a legume, the additional nitrogen thus
secured tends to obscure the effects of the manure. The legume is more effective
in increasing the yield and also in maintaining the nitrogen supply of the soil
than the nonlegume, and there is good ground for believing that the nitrogen
in the former is more available than in the latter."

Pot experiments on the availability of nitrogen in mineral and organic
compounds, J. G. Lipman, A. W. Blair, H. C. IMcLean, and L. K. Wilkins
{New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 207-220). — The object of these experiments,
which supplement plat experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 124), was
to determine the availability of a number of organic and inorganic nitrogenous
fertilizers as compared with that of sodium nitrate. In the first four experiments
pots containing 20 lbs. of sand were used.

A comparison of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, tankage, and cotton-seed
meal, when added to barley in sand, in amounts equivalent to 616 mg. of nitrogen
per pot, showed that the highest average yield of dry matter was with am-
monium sulphate and the next highest with cotton-seed meal, while the highest
content of nitrogen in the dry matter was obtained with sodium nitrate and the
next highest with ammonium sulphate. The amounts of dry matter of a second
crop grown in the same pots without further fertilizer treatment were much less
than those of the first crop in all cases, as was also the nitrogen content, except
where cotton-seed meal was used. The total recovery of nitrogen was greatest
with sodium nitrate and the next highest with ammonium sulphate. These re-
sults are taken to indicate that a comparison of sodium nitrate with equivalent
amounts of materials not so readily available is not fair if the application is
small or moderate and if only one crop is grown.

A comparison of sodium nitrate, alfalfa meal, green rye, dried blood, and cot-
ton-seed meal, when added to buckwheat in sand at the rate of 462 mg. of
nitrogen per pot, showed that sodium nitrate gave the highest average yield and
dried blood was second. A residual crop of barley was largest on the nitrate
pots, but all the recoveries were low.

A comparison of sodium nitrate alone and in combination with vegetable and
animal organic matter and with the organic matter alone, when added to buck-
wheat in sand in amounts equivalent to 616 mg. of nitrogen per pot, showed that
the residual effects from the use of sodium nitrate were small if the first crop
developed normally, but were considerably increased where an excessive amount
of the nitrate depressed the yield of the first crop. The residual effects from the
use of organic nitrogenous materials were greater than those from nitrate of
soda, but were small when considered from the standpoint of the amount of

130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

nitrogen that apparently remains in the soil after the removal of the first crop.
Nitrogen applied in the form of nitrate of soda and organic matter, half the
nitrogen from one and half from the other, gave a higher yield of dry matter
and a higher recovery of nitrogen than nitrogen which is all in the form of
organic matter.

A comparison of sodium nitrate with ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate,
calcium cyanamid, calcium nitrate, dried blood, green rye, and alfalfa meal, when
added to buckwheat in sand in amounts equivalent to 308 mg. per pot showed
that the highest average yield was obtained with calcium nitrate and the nest
highest with ammonium nitrate. The lowest yield was obtained with calcium
cyanamid. In general, the percentage of nitrogen in the crop receiving organic
materials was lower than in those receiving mineral materials. The highest
recovery of nitrogen was with sodium nitrate and the next highest with calcium
nitrate.

In pot experiments with buckwheat on a loam soil, using green manures,
sodium nitrate, and ground limestone, the purpose of which was to determine the
effect of ground limestone on the decomposition of organic matter, it was found
that in every instance the average yield of dry matter was higher with ground
limestone than without, whether used with green manure alone or with green
manure and sodium nitrate. Tlie percentage of nitrogen in the crop was in-
variably higher where sodium nitrate was used with the green crop, either with
or without lime. These results are ta*en to indicate that the limestone aided
the decomposition of the organic matter and increased the availability of the
nitrogen.

In a final experiment with barley on a mixture of sjind and loam to determine
the effect of vegetable matter in the soil on the germination of seed and on the
growth of the crop and the effect of ground limestone on the decomposition of
vegetable matter, it was found that the ground limestone had a beneficial in-
fluence on the decomposition of the organic matter and in making the nitrogen
of this available. No effect of the vegetable matter was observed on germination.

The influence of the mechanical composition of the soil on the availability
of nitrate of soda and dried blood, J. G. Lipmax, A. W. Blair. H. C. McL?:an',
and L. K. Wilkins (New Jersey Slas. lipt. 191Ji, pp. 226-236, pis. 3). — This is
an accoimt of a continuation during 1914 of experiments begun in 1011 (E. S. R.,
S2, p. 516).

It was found that sodium nitrate and dried blood when used on mixtures of
sand and shale soil, varying in proportion from 10 to 00 jier cent s;iud. gave
higher yields of dry matter and nitrogeu in the first crop than when used with
loam soil alone or sand alone. With the fir.st crop sodium nitrate invariably
gave higher yields than dried blood. " The average recovery of nitrogen ^\ith
nitrate of soda for the first crop was 00.52 and with dried blood 43.02 i)er cent.
The highest recovery with nitrate of soda was 71.17 i^er cent where the mixture
contained 70 per cent of sand, and the highest recovery for dried blood was 5r>.3
per cent with SO i>er cent sand. Taking 100 as the availability of the nitrate
of soda for this crop, the availability of the dried blood was 72.07. . . . In four
out of ten series no nitrate nitrogen was recovered in the second crop. and. with
one exceptiou, the recoveries from the other six were low. The average residual
recovery from dried blood for all series was 11.05 per cent."

With reference to the total recoveries of nitrogen, the sodium nitrate stood
first in all cases, except where sand alone was used. In this respect the dried
blood showed an availability of S5.G0 when sodium nitrate is taken at 1(X).

These results are taken to indicate that a marked residual effect can not be
exi)ected from a moderate application of sodium nitrate, but that some residual
effect may be expected from dried blood in nearly all cases. Mixing sand with

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 131

Leavy soils was found to permit better aeration and drainage and to result in
a more complete utilization of the nitrogen of the soil organic matter.

A comparative study of the effects of equal amounts of nitrogen as dried
blood and ammonium sulphate, W. H. McIntiee {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912,
pp. 75-S2). — Experiments with dried blood and ammonium sulphate, when ap-
plied to a silty clay loam soil in amounts equivalent to 24 and 72 lbs. of nitrogen
per acre to determine their effect on the nitrifying properties, organic matter con-
tent, and the amounts of potassium, calcium, phosphoric acid, and total solids of
the soil soluble in distilled water, and to determine any correlation between soil
temperature and soil composition as affected by the two treatments, are reported.

The most nitrate was recovered from the soils treated with ammonium sul-
phate. The largest occurrence of nitrogen as nitrates was found upon the plat
with the least content of total nitrogen, while the smallest recovery of nitrates
was obtained from the plat having the greatest total nitrogen content. More
nitrogen was conserved in the soil when applied as dried blood. The heavier
application of ammonium sulphate resulted in the largest recovery of potash,
the lesser treatment and the two amounts of dried blood being practically iden-
tical. Large amounts of lime were recovered where the sulphate of ammonia
was applied. No determinable difference in phosphorus recovery was noted.
The ammonium sulphate treatments increased the amounts of total solids re-
covered in case of both volatile and nonvolatile constituents. No difference was
observed in the seasonal moisture content of the soils receiving the smaller
amounts of the two forms of nitrogen, but heavier treatments of the sulphate
decreased the seasonal moisture content. Both amounts of sulphate of ammonia
resulted in less organic matter contents than the corresponding amounts of
nitrogen as dried blood. The lighter application of each form of nitrogen seemed
conducive to greater conservation of organic matter than the heavier treatments.
The light applications of each form were coincident with higher temperatures.
The lowest temperature was recorded in the soil receiving the heavy ammonium
sulphate treatment, while the light application of this substance gave the highest
temperature.

The results of long-continued use of ammonium sulphate upon a residual
limestone soil of the Hag'erstown series, J. W. White (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 55-104, pis, 21). — Field and laboratory experiments conducted since
1882 on the effect of the use of ammonium sulphate upon a resitlual limestone
i^oil are reported in detail, the results indicating that the long-continued use of
ammonium sulphate has had a pronounced influence upon the reaction of the
soil by virtue of its tendency to produce acidity and has exerted an injurious
effect as indicated by the decreased yield of hay and, to a less degree, of corn,
oats, and wheat.

The soil under consideration showed wide variation in the degree of acidity
produced upon areas treated similarly for thirty years, which is attributed to
unequal distribution of active lime. The limestone bedrock markedly influenced
the composition of the soil where it approached within 2 ft. of the surface. The
percentage of lime and magnesia present as carbonates was found to be greater
on areas of low acidity. The alkali-soluble humus on areas of high acidity was
found to be largely in an uncombined state. The acidity of the soil of one plat
receiving 72 lbs. per acre of nitrogen as ammonium sulphate was such as to
inhibit the growth of clover except where the underlying limestone approached to
within 2 ft. of the surface. " In relation to the quantity of nitrogen applied, the
plat receiving 24 lbs. per acre of nitrogen has produced the highest acidity."
Nitrification was not entirely checked on the areas showing high acidity. " The
low efficiency of sulphate of ammonia as compax-ed with nitrate of soda and
dried blood is due primarily to the controlling influence of the accumulated

132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

acidity upon plant growth. . . . The injurious effect of sulphate of ammonia
upon the soil . . . can be entirely overcome by the application of sufficient lime,
as indicated by pot experiment."

A review of the work of others bearing on the subject and a bibliography of
related work are also given. A description and discussion of the analytical
methods employed, including a modified Veitch method for determining the lime
requirement of soil, are appended.

The influence of lime on the yield of dry matter and percentage of nitrogen,
J. G. LiPMAX, A. AV. Blaib, H. C. McLean, and L. K. Wilkins {Xeic Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 236-238, pi. 1). — Pot experiments with crimson clover on
an acid sandy loam soil containing .some gravel, to which ground limestone was
added at the rates of 10, 25, 50, and 100 gm., and sodium nitrate at the rate of
2 gm., per 18 lbs. of soil showed that " in all cases where lime was used the
average yield of dry matter is at least 10 gm. more than where no lime was used.
The difference in yield with 10 gm. and 100 gm. of limestone is not great, the
highest yield being with 25 gm. Also the yield is higher with 2 gm. of nitrate
of soda than on the check. The percentage of nitrogen is likewise distinctly
higher with lime than without."

With a residual crop of soy beans it was found that the yield of dry matter
from the limed pots Avas more than double that from the unlimed pots, while the
nitrate of soda pots yielded less than the untreated pots. The percentage of
nitrogen in the crop, while not so high as in the preceding crop, was still higher
in the limed than in the unliniod pots.

The effect of large applications of ground limestone on the yield and
nitrogen content of dry matter, J. G. Lipman, A. W. Blaib, H. C. McLean,
and L. K. "Wilkins {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 191. 'i, pp. 23S-2.'fO). — Pot experi-
ments with barley, similar to the above, in which ground limestone was addeil at
the rates of 10, 81.7, 103.4, 40S.6, and 817.2 giu., and sodium nitrate at the rate
of 2 gm., per from 16 to 18 lbs. of soil .showed that "applications of limestone
ranging from 1 to 10 per cent gave yields of dry matter which are more than
double the yield without limestone and slightly in excess of the yield with nitrate
of soda. . . . With applications of limestone the percentage of nitrogen in the
dry matter was not so high as with nitrate of soda, but somewhat higher, on the
average, than without limestone."

Besults of thirty years of liming, W. H. McInttbe (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1912, pp. GJf-lo). — Field experiments with burnt lime with and witliout manure,
ground limestone, and gj-psum on a silty clay loam soil are reportetl. the purpose
being to ascertain (1) to what extent and depth applied lime descends into the
subsoil, (2) the amount of lime consorvetl and lost by cropping and leaching, and
(3) the effect of lime upon the chemical composition of the soil. The crops
grown were corn, oats, wheat, and grass. Burnt lime and ground limestone were
applied at the rate of 4,000 lbs. per acre, gj-psum at the rate of 320 lbs. per acre,
and manure at the rate of G tons per acre.

Where lime was applied alone increased crop yields were obtainetl only with
ground limestone. Burnt lime decreaseil the organic matter of the .«!oll when
applied alone and decreased humus accumulation when applietl with manure.
Calcium sulphate and ground limestone increaswl the organic matter. Each
form of lime increased the nitrogen content of the soil, gj-psum, limestone, and
burnt lime being effective in the order given. The addition of lime to manure
increased crop yields and the nitrogen content of the soil. More lime was
removed from the surface in the case of ground limestone and when lime was
used with manure than when burnt lime was uso<l alone. :^Lanure induced more
thorough dissemination of lime throughout the entire 21 in. of soil, at the same
time conserving it.

SOILS FEETILIZERS. 133

Gypsum decreased the calcium carbonate content of the soil, but increased the
total calcium oxid content. The highest occurrence of inorganic carbon dioxid
was due to ground limestone, burnt lime with manure being second, and burnt
lime alone third. In general the carbon dioxid content decreased with the
depth, as did also the lime content. Approximately 36.8 per cent of the lime
applied with manure, 39.7 per cent of the burnt lime applied, and 40.3 per cent of
calcium oxid of the limestone treatment were found to exist as carbonates.
Approximately 24.3 per cent, 15.9 per cent, and 22.5 per cent of the calcium
oxid applied to three different plats occurred in forms other than carbonates.

The magnesium percentage decreased in every instance, the loss being
greatest in the first 7 in. and least in the la.st 7 in. Every case of lime treat-
ment resulted in a decreased total potash content. No correlation between
residual lime and residual potash was found. Phosphorus was conserved where
lime was applied as burnt lime, both with and without manure. The effect of
ground limestone was not so marked upon the phosphorus conservation as was
that of burnt lime, while a loss occurred in the plats treated with gj'psum.

Field experiments with, lime, F. D. Gardnee (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 22-38). — Field experiments extending over many years with wheat, oats,
corn, clover, and timothy on silty clay loam and residual limestone soils of the
Hagerstown series to determine the best form of lime to apply, and in part noted
above, are reported in detail. The results indicate that finely pulverized raw
limestone is somewhat superior to burned or caustic lime when used in equiva-
lent amounts on these soils.

Experim.ents to determine the influence of the fineness of subdivision and
richness in magnesium carbonate of crushed limestone used for amendment
of acid soils, "W. Thomas and W. Feeae {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 206-
219, pis. 8). — Basket experiments with red clover on an acid silty loam soil to
determine the influence of the degree of fineness of crushed limestone when
used for the correction of acidity are reported. The limestone used was of five
degrees of fineness, these being the sizes passing No. 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100
sieves. A sufficient quantity was added to the soil to neutralize its acidity. It
is conchided from these experiments that " on silty loams and on soils of
heavier texture, on lands where soil acidity is the chief factor limiting clover
production, crushed limestone used for amendment should be at least 00-mesh
in fineness of pulverization."

Further experiments on the same soil to determine the effect of the mag-
nesium carbonate content of dolomite upon the growth of clover are also re-
ported. Dolomite and calcium and magnesium hydroxids prepared from the
carbonates were used. It was found that germination in all the pots that re-
ceived magnesium mixtures and in those that received dolomite was slower by
three to four days than where pure limestone was used, but the final average
yields were nearly identical. It is concluded that " in this experiment the pres-
ence of magnesia in the amendment did no injury except, that indicated by a
slight delay in germination, a temporary abnormal coloration of the leaves, and
a somewhat diminished root development."

The lime resources of Pennsylvania, W. Frear and E. S. Eeb (Pennsylvania
Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 272-UO, pis. 3, fig. i).— This report covers in considerably
more detail practically the same ground covered in a previous report (E. S. R.,
30, p. 822).

Commercial fertilizers, P. L. Hibbard (California Sta. Bui. 259 (1915), pp.
51-104)- — This bulletin contains actual and guarantied analyses of 505 .samples
of fertilizers and fertilizing materials obtained from farmers, purchasers, and
agents in California during the year ended June 30, 1915. In 90 samples there

134 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST EECOED.

occurred 47 deficiencies in available phosphoric acid, 47 deficiencies in total
nitrogen, 12 deficiencies in potash, and 39 incorrect valuations, A list of manu-
facturers and dealers in commercial fertilizers registered under the California
fertilizer law is also given.

Commercial fertilizers in 1914-15, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. 176 (1915),
pp. 3-25). — This bulletin contains actual and guarantied analyses of 331 samples
of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected since September 1, 1914, in
Texas and a list of 504 brands registered for sale in the season of 1914-15, with
general notes and explanations. It is stated that only 17,500 tons of fertilizers
was sold in the State during the year 1914-15 as compared with 77,400 tons
the previous year.

Facts about fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin: Reports of analyses
for 1914, W. H. Stkowd {M'isconsin Sta. Bui 255 {1015), pp. 3-13, fig. 1).—
This bulletin gives general information regarding the purchase and use of com-
mercial fertilizers, and reports actual and guarantied analyses and valuations
of 41 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materitils licensed for &nle in Wis-
consin during 1914 and of 11 samples of ground limestone and miscellaneous
unlicensed fertilizers,

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

A study of the influence of pod position upon viability and vig'or of seed-
lings, li, D. IlAi.sTKD ET AL. {^cw Jcrscy Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 317-321). — A prog-
ress report is given of investigations on the influence of position in the iwd of
seeds of soy beans, cowpeas. pea beans, Lima beans, and of com grains on the
cob, as shown by the viability and vigor of their seedlings.

With soy beans in general the middle seeds were found to be most vigorous,
with those at the base of the pod the iworest, and the tip ones next in value for
planting. With pea beans and cowi)eas similar results were obtained. In Lima
beans the lightest seed are tho.se formed at the base of the ix)d, size and weight
increasing toward the tip. No relation between weight of Lima beau seed and
viability and vigor has been established. In corn the experiments showed the
superiority of seed from the middle of the ear, followed by the basal and tip
seeds in the order named.

Abortiveness of ovules in connection with position in pod, B. D, Halsted
ET AL. (New Jersey Sfas. Rpt. 191. i, pp. 321-329). — Studios are reported on the
relation of abortiveness of ovules to viability and vigor of seeds and seedlings
in Canada peas, soy beans, Lima beans, and wistaria, and ahso notes are given
on abortiveness associated with position on the plant, the relation of prolificness
to heredity, size of fruit as related to position on the plant, and studies of
hypocotyl elongation.

In beans, in coimection with the studies of abortiveness of ovules, there is
considered to be evidence of a direct connection between the percentage of
abortiveness and the vigor of the plants produced from the same i>osition in
the pod.

In the hypocotyl elongation studies, it was found that the hypocotyl s of licans
are much longer in the field than in the greenhouse, while just the opposite result
was observed for the first internodes ; that is. the seedlings with the longest hyiio-
cotyls showed the .shortest internodes. For length above the first iuternode,
field and greenhouse measurements wore found to be parallel.

The comparative morphology of the embryo and seedling in the Gram-
inese, Ethel Sakgant and Agnes Ai:her {Ann. Bot. [London], 29 {1915), Xo.
ll.'t, pp. 161-222, pis. 2, figs. 35). — Giving an account of the comparative anatomy

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 135

of grass seedlings as typified by Avena, Zea, and Triticum, and the anatomy of
certain other mouocotyledonous seedlings as compared with that of the grosses,
the authors hold that the key to the morphology of the grass embryo lies in the
morphology of its seedling as interpreted by comparison with seedlings of the
other monocotyledons. A list is given of the principal papers which have ap-
peared since 1.ST2 relating to the embryo and seedling of the Graminefe.

A method of obtaining' complete germination of seeds in CEnothera and of
recording the residue of sterile seed- like structures, B. M. Davis {Proc. Nat.
Acad. ScL, 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 360-363). — Reporting results of tests with about
50 species, races, or hybrids of GEnothera, the author claims that genetical re-
search must adopt methods of securing rapid and complete germination of the
viable seeds and conservation of the remainder in a way suitable for con-
venient observation, If serious vitiation of results is to be avoided. The method
employed by the author is described, with its advantages, and methods of has-
tening germination of Oi^nothera are also discussed, with practical adaptations.

Investigations in the field of the physiology of nutrition of higher plants
by the methods of isolated nutrition and sterile cultures, I. Shixlov
{Izsliedovanim v oblasti flz'iologU pitaniia v''isshikh rastenii pri pomoslichi
metodov isolirovannago pitamia i stcrirn'tJcJi kuVtur. Moscow, 1913, pp. 213,
figs. 20; rev. in ZJmr. Opiitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (191^/), No.
1, p. 65). — In this book are collected the results of experiments carried out
during the years 1900-1912.

Ammonium sulphate is deemed injurious to the plants, not primarily as such,
but by its strong physiological acidity. The application of the method of
isolated nutrition has fully demonstrated the possibility of nourishing plants by
furnishing separate parts of the root system with portions of the nutritive
mixture.

The role and function of mineral salts in plant life, D. M. Rabinovitch
([Trai-.] Inst. Bot. Univ. Geneve, 8. ser.. No. 11 {19Vf), pp. 2If, figs. 5).— The
author reports a study on the assimilation of nutritive mineral materials by
Raphanus sativus, also on the influence of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate on the development of Digitalis purpurea,. The results as shown by
analysis after stated periods are presented in tabular and graphical form as
regards R. sativus.

The tests with D. purpurea show increasingly injurious results corresponding
to an increase of calcium carbonate or of a mixture in equal proportions of this
salt with magnesium carbonate, but the increase of injury was much less
marked when dolomite was substituted for the mixture. The toxic effect seems
to be correlated with the degi'ee of alkalinity.

Contribution to the study of circulation, B. H. A. Groth (Neio Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1914, PP- 331-33 Jf, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Studies are reported on the circulation
of sweet potato in which it appears that the sweet potato has difficulty in .stor-
ing starch in submerged soil, but there is little difficulty in doing so in air-dry
soil if any portion of the stem has access to water. The sweet potato seems
able to form aerial roots if the soil in which it grows is covered by stagnant
water, and it may store starch in its stem if the roots are prevented from grow-
ing properly.

Winter rest in twigs of witches' brooms, H. C. Schellenbeeg (Ber. Deut.
Bot. GeselL, 33 (1915), No. 2, pp. 118-126).— It was found that witches' brooms
in winter usually responded more quickly than normal parts of the same tree to
temperature and moisture conditions -suitable to bud development, but that this
priority of response decreased as spring approached. It is believed that no in-
herent tendency to rest is present in witches' brooms, but that normal condi-

136 EXPERIMENT STATlOlSr EECOKD.

tions may renew growth at any time during the period of rest, which is really
enforced.

Oxidation in healthy and diseased apple bark, D. H. Rose {Bot. Gaz., 60
(1915), No. 1, pp. 55-65). — An account is given of an investigation made re-
garding oxidase activity in the hark of apple trees, all the tests employing Bun-
zel's simplified oxidase apparatus (E. S. R., 32, p. 508).

It is stated that extract of apple-tree bark affected with Illinois canker, due
to Nummularia discreta, causes greater and more rapid oxidation of pyrogallol
than does the extract of healthy bark. Diseased bark extract is less acid than
that of healthy bark, apparently justifying the conclusion that within the range
of concentrations here employed, oxidation is in approximately inverse ratio to
the acidity of the extract.

Oxidases are very .sensitive to small variations in the acidity of the solution
in the oxidase apparatus.

The hypothesis is offered that the gradual slowing down of oxidation in this
apparatus is brought about by acccumulation of oxidation products, probably
acetic and oxalic acids, and not by using up of the oxidase through chemical
combination of oxidase and oxidizable substance.

Parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy, and phenospermy in Nicotiana, T. H.
GooDSPEED {Univ. Cal. Pubs., Bot., 5 (1915), No. 8, pp. 2.^9-272, pi. i).— This
gives a fuller account of the work previously notetl (E. S. R., 33. p. 43.5).

In the majority of these parthenocarpic fruits empty .see<ls wore produco<l in
large numbers. These were mostly smaller than the self-fertilized seed of the
same plant. For this type of seed production, with or without pollination, the
term phenospermy is suggested as synonymous with " empty " or " abortive."

A few of the seed from the parthenocarpic fruits were neither partheno-
genetic nor phonospcrTnlc, containing traces of endosperm only.

The biology of Melampsora lini, A. Buchheim {Bcr. Dciit. Bot. GcscU., 33
(1915), No. 2, pp. 73-75). — Reporting tests with uredosporcs of if. Uni on
several species of Linum, the aullmr states that so far as reliable results have
been obtained this fungus shows a liigli d(»groe of specialization.

Some filamentous fungi tested for cellulose destroying power, F. M.
Scales (Bot. Gas., 60 (1915), No. 2, pp. lJi9-153).—li is stated that in a study
previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 627), several cellulose destroying filamentous
fungi were identified, and two new species were found. One of the latter is
said to produce a very active cytase. The present report gives results of an
attempt to determine more species capable of exercising this function.

The cellulose-destroying power of about 30 species of Penicillium and 10
species of Aspergillus was determined with two different nitrogen sources, an
annnouium sulphate cellulose agar and a peptone cellulose agar being employe<l
for this purpose. The results as tabulated are positive in all but eight cases
for the medium containing the ammonium salt, and the appearance of negative
results for the peptone alone in some of the other cases is discussed.

The reaction of bacteriologic culture media, W. M. Cl.vrk (Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 17 (1915), No. 1, pp. 109-136, figs. 7).— This deals with the applica-
tion of the principles of hydrogen ion concentration in culture media as relatetl
to the titration method.

The differentiation of bacteria of the colon-aerogenes family by the use of
indicators, W. M. Clark and H. A. Lrns (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 (1915).
No. /, pp. 160-173, figs. 2). — It is claimed that by tliesc studies, as described, a
simple diagnostic test has been established, tlie ri^sults of which correlate per-
fectly with the gas ratios of the two main groups of the colon-aerogenes bacteria.

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. 137

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the department of farm crops, I. L. Owen and W. C. Boughner
(New Jersey Stas. Bpt. 19 H, pp. 201-206). — In this report data ai'e given on
the cost items in the production of various farm croiTs for 1914.

The average costs and yields were, respectively, as follows: In a 10-acre
field of timothy $18.34 per acre, $5.32 per ton, and 3.45 tons per acre ; in a 14.5-
acre field of mixed hay $9.34 per acre, $3.87 per ton, and 2.4 tons per acre ; in a
9-acre field of alfalfa $1G.61 per acre, $4.45 per ton, and 3.73 tons per acre ; in a
27-acre field of alfalfa $12.25 per acre, $3.69 per ton, and 3.32 tons per acre ; in a
36-acre field of oats and peas $14.95 per acre, $9.96 per ton, and 1.5 tons per acre;
in a 6-acre field of rye followed by soy beans $13.22 per acre of rye straw, 1.95
tons per acre, and $16.24 per acre of soy beans and 11 bu. of seed per acre ; in a
24-acre field of silage corn $29.74 per acre, $3.49 per ton, 8.5 tons per acre ; in a
6-acre field of silage corn $19.79 per acre, $3.96 per ton, and 5 tons per acre ; and
in a 6-acre field of ear corn $23.81 per acre, 60 bu. of grain and 1 ton of stover
per acre.

Cereal investigations on tlie Belle rourche experiment farm, C Salmon
iU. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 297 {1915), pp. 41, figs. i2).— This bulletin continues the
report of work with cereals on the Pierre clay soil at the farm at Newell, S. Dak.,
previously noted in part (E. S. R, 23, p. 335 ; 25, p. 640).

Experimental conditions regarding soil and climate and the methods em-
ployed are described and discussed. Results are given and discussed of experi-
ments with each cereal, namely, wheat, oats, barley, rye, emmer, and flax for
the experimentation period, 1908 to 1913, inclusive. The results are believed to
be applicable to western South Dakota, northeastern Wyoming, and southeastern
Montana.

" On the average, satisfactory yields were obtained from winter wheat and
fairly good yields from spring wheat. . . . The best average yields of spring
wheat have been obtained from the durum varieties, Kubanka and Arnautka.
Of the spring common wheats, the best variety to grow appears to be the Power
Fife. The best rate of seeding for durum wheat is from 4 to 5 pk. to the acre
and for spring common wheat from 3 to 4 pk. The best varieties of winter
wheat for western South Dakota are the Kharkof, Turkey, and Crimean. These
are very similar varieties, which differ only slightly in value. Experiments to
determine the best date of seeding for winter wheat have failed to show any
definite results. In general, the date of seeding must be determined by the
seasonal conditions. Medium early seeding is to be preferred if there is suffi-
cient moisture to insure germination. It is much better to grow winter wheat
than spring wheat in the Belle Fourche section. The average yield of Kharkof
winter wheat for the six years was 21.2 bu., of the best durum 11.8 bu., and of
the best spring common 11.1 bu.

" The best average yields of oats for the six years were obtained from the
Sixty-Day and Kherson varieties. The returns from this crop were much lower
than from winter wheat and slightly lower than from spring wheat. The best
rate of seeding for small-kerneled early varieties of oats, such as the Sixty-Day
and Kherson, is about 6 pk, to the acre.

"The returns from barley were even less satisfactory than tlio,se from oats.
The best average yield for the six years was only 10.7 bu., and for the five years
from 1909 to 1913, only 9.7 bu. The most satisfactory varieties are those which
mature early, such as the 6-rowed varieties, Gatami and Odessa, and the 2-rowed
variety, White Smyrna.

138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

" The yields obtained from winter rye and from winter and spring emmer have
been much lower than those from the other cereals. These crops can not now be
recommended for western South Dakota. The best yield from flax in a 2-year
test was obtained from the Select Ilussian variety. It is probable that the best
results will be obtained if this crop is sown as early as good germination and
growth may be expected."

The continuous growing of wheat and rye, 1914, J. G. Lipman et al. {New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. 191Jf, pp. 222, 223, pi. 1). — This report continues work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 533).

The results of 1914 were similar to those of last j-ear in that the yields of rye
and wheat were greatly increased by the use of the legumes in the rotation.
The amount of nitrogen recovered on these plats was also gn-ater than on those
on which no legumes were used. In the case of the wheat the nitrogen recov-
ered was more tlian doubled.

Green manuring and cover crops, AV. P. Brooks {Ma/t.<inr]iuscits Sta. Circ. 55
(1915), pp. 6).— A revision of Circular 37 (E. S. R., 32, p. 332).

Winter crops, C. K. McCijelland (Georgia Sta. Bui. 117 (1915), pp. 329-352,
figs. 5). — This bulletin gives data as to methods of production of wheat, oats,
rye, barley, spelt, vetch, bur clover and crimson clover, and briefly discusses
the value of winter crops for rotation, for preventing soil leaching and washing,
for winter pasture, for green manure, as nitrogen gatherers, and for hay and
grain. Variety tests of wheat, oats, rye, and barley ; cultural tests with rye,
spelt, and vetch with cereals; and inoculation tests with crimson clover are
reported.

Filling silos, .T. B. Fitch (Kansas Sta. Circ. 53 (1915), pp. 8, figs. 3). — The
subjects discussed in this circular inclu<le the condition of the crop for filling
the silo, methods of filling, adding water, packing, gas in the silo, and sealing
the silo.

Alfalfa in Delaware, A. B. Grantham (Delaware Sta. liul. 110 (1915), pp.
3-42, figs. 12). — Tliis bulletin briefly discusses methods of production and the
value of the crop for various purposes, suggests suitable rotations, and gives
results of fertilizer exiieriments with alfalfa.

The data show that higher yields of hay followed the use of 2.000 lbs. of burnt
lime per acre than of either 1.000 or 4,000 lbs., and that when acid phosphate
was used singly or in combination with other fertilizers the increase from the
use of lime was not so great as where phosphoric acid was not applied. "The
plats receiving nitrogen alone and nitrogen and potash were a trifle less favor-
ably located, and while the stand of alfalfa was good, the yield Is perhaps a
little less than it .should be. Tluis nitrogen alone produced a little less than the
uninocnlated check; nitrogen and potash without lime yielded about the same
as the check. Tlie low yields from these plats might be considered in error if it
were not for the poor showing nitrogen and potash made in other coml>inations.
Where nitrogen was used in connection with phosphoric acid and potash and
not limed, the gain diie nitrogen was zero. Where the above combinations were
used with lime, the gain due nitrogen Avas but 40 lbs. Where nitrogen was used
with phosphoric acid and uulimed, as against phosphoric acid alone, the gain
due nitrogen was but 130 lbs. Potash behaves similarly to nitrogen, although
the gain is more than from nitrogen. Where potash is usetl with nitrogen
combined, as compared with nitrogen alone, the gain due potash is only 120 lbs.
The combination of phosphoric acid and potash unlimed, as compared with
phosphoric acid alone, gives an increase of 400 lbs. due to potasli. Wliere nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash were used together and unlimed, as compared
with nitrogen and i)hosphoric acid, the gain due imtash is 270 lbs. If lime is
added to both of the above combinations, the increase from potash is 560 lbs.

FIELD CROPS. 139

" Phosphoric acid and lime seem to be most effective in increasing the yield.
. . . lu the combination of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, unlimed, phosphoric
acid gives a gain of 1,030 lbs. over nitrogen alone. With nitrogen and potash,
phosphoric acid, unlimed, gives an increase of 2,080 lbs. over nitrogen and
potash alone ; when lime is added to both of the above combinations the increase
due to pliosphoric acid is 1,000 lbs.

" Lime shows a marked effect in every case, except . . . when phosphoric
acid and manure were used. Phosphoric acid used with and without lime gave
a difference in favor of lime of 380 11)S. per acre. Where lime was used with
nitrogen as against nitrogen alone the gain due lime was 1,920 lbs. The effect
of phosphoric acid is seen in the combination of nitrogen and phosphoric acid
as against this with lime. Here the lime made an increase of only 350 lbs.
per acre. Nitrogen and potash combined, with and without lime, gave an in-
crease of 1,720 lbs. due to lime. Where nitrogen and phosphoric acid were com-
bined as against nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and lime the latter combination gave
an increase of only 600 lbs. On the plat where all three elements were com-
bined with and without lime the lime made an increase in yield of 640 lbs.

" Where manure was applied lime made a very small increase in yield of hay
per acre. In combination with 5 tons of manure lime made an increase of
140 lbs. per acre; with 10 tons of manure 280 lbs. increase was made. The
reason for lime failing to show much effect is probably due to the fact that
manure is often alkaline in reaction, thus supplanting the lime in sweetening
the soil, or, if the soil lacks sufficient lime as direct plant food for the alfalfa,
the soluble lime in the manure may take the place of the applied lime, thus
accounting for the poor showing of the commercial lime.

" Inoculation gave an increase in the yield of hay of 1,360 lbs. over no treat-
ment."

The results of cooperative experiments with farmers throughout the State
were similar to those secured in the station fields.

Alfalfa, C. K. McClelland (Georgia Sta. Circ. 72 (1915), pp. 4, figs. 2). —
This gives methods of production for Georgia conditions on the basis of the
station's work.

Bur clover, C. V. Pipkr and R. McKee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 693
(1915), pp. 14, figs. 7). — This publication gives the cultural requirements of
the bur clovers, discusses the value of bur clover as a pasture crop, cover and
green manure crop, and hay crop and in rotations, and notes some seed char-
acteristics of several varieties. Analyses of the plant are given showing its
great similarity to alfalfa.

Experiments with com, C. F. Noll (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 33-
48). — This reports yields in variety tests of corn for grain, stover, and silage
covering the period from 1908 to 1911. Results of storing seed corn in a warm
room or a cold shed showed an increased yield of 4.2 bu. per acre from the warm
storage seed, the average of two years.

Seed corn condition in Pennsylvania, spring of 1912, F. D. Gakdner
(Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 29-33). — This reports the results of germina-
tion tests of .seed corn of the 1911 crop requested by farmers from all sections
of the State. A general average showed a germination of only 80.5 per cent. Of
the 126 samples received, 30 tested from 95 to 100 per cent.

The feeding' of cotton, II, H. C. White (Georgia Sta. Bui. II4 (1915), pp.
257-268). — This bulletin reports the continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. R., 31, p. 433), and consists chiefly of data showing for the crops of 1911
and 1912 the analysis of cotton at four stages of development, namely, to the
first form, the first bloom, the first open boll, and maturity. The cotton plants
18833°— No. 2—16 4

140 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD.

were grown under various fertilizer treatments and compared with a standard
fertilizer consisting of 468 lbs. of acid phosphate, 36 lbs. of muriate of potash,
and 130 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre.

" The obvious indications of these results, as compared with those yielded by
application of the standard fertilizer, are that substantial diminution in amount
of either of the principal ingredients of the plant's food, phosphorus, calcium,
potassium, or nitrogen, involve (1) substantial retluction in the weight (dry
matter) of the plant in its entirety and in the several periods of growth, particu-
larly after setting of the form, and (2) the increase in time period from form
to bloom, from bloom to open boll, and in the maturing of the plant. The pro-
portion of ash to dry matter at any stage of growth or relative amounts of nitro-
gen and mineral ingredients do not appear to be seriously aflfecteil by the amount
of the food supply. This would seem to indicate the important fact of the absence
of a power in the plant to store food in any particular period of growth beyond
the needs of the plant for the period."

A study of the effect of various fertilizers on the fat content of the .seed pro-
duced in these experiments showed that " the season affected notably the weight
of the seed and the fat content ; a similar effect is note<l in the total weights of
dry matter produced. The fertilizer .seems, however, to affect the relative fat
content. Assuming the product from the standard fertilizer to be ' normal,' it
appears that lack of phosphorus diminishes notably the storage of fat anil of
potassium and nitrogen to some but a lesser degree."

The field pea as a forage crop, H. N. Vinall {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
690 {1915), pp. 23, figs. 16). — Tins publication describes several varieties of
field peas, discusses methods of cultivation and harvest, and notes their value
as a forage crop, alone and in mixture with cereals, as grain, hay, silage, and
green manure and cover crops, and in rotations. Brief notes are given on
diseases and insect enemies.

Factors influencing the protein content of soy beans, J. G. Lipman, A. W.
Blair, H. C. McLean, and L. K. AV^ilkins (.Ycir .Jersey 8tas. Rpt. 191If, pp.
240-2.^5). — To study the influence of the thickness of planting on the protein
content of soy beans, 2, 5, 8, 12. and 20 plants were grown per pot in ix»ts of
sand and of soil. " In both cases the yield of dry matter increased with the in-
crease in planting, and the increase is much more rapid with sand than with
soil. The average yield for the 3 pots with 2 plants in soil is 43.85 gm. and for
20 plants is 65.8 gm. The average yield for the 3 pots with 2 plants in sand is
4.83 gm. and for 20 plants it is 33.67 gm. With soil the percentage of nitrogen
in all cases is above 3 per cent, the average being close to 3.5, with a slight
tendency to a higher percentage with the thinner plantings. With sand the
plantings from 8 to 20 give slightly higher percentages than those from 2 to 5.
Here the lowest yield and lowest average percentage of nitrogen is with 2
plants per pot."

In studying the influence of the date of harvest, plants were grown In pots
of soil and harvested 6, 8, 10, 12. In. and 18 weeks from the date of planting.
" PYom these results it is quite evident that if the beans are to be harvestetl as
forage, harvesting from the end of the tenth to the fifteenth week will result in
giving the maxinnim protein content. Earlier than the tenth week they have not
sufiiciently matured to give the maximum percentage of nitrogen, and after the
fifteenth week the loss of the leaves may result in a lower percentage since the
leaves are richer in nitrogen than the stems."

In studying the effect of different fertilizers, pots of soil fertilizt^l with
nitrate of soda, calciiim carbonate, acid phospliate, and calcium sulphate were
planted to soy beans. The plants were harvested at maturity, .\nalysis showed
the percentage of nitrogen to be fairly constant and in no case to fall below 3

FIELD CROPS. 141

per cent. " The maximum from a single pot is 3.45 where 4 gm. nitrate of soda
was applied ; the raaxiraura average, 3.348, occurs where 10 gm. calcium car-
bonate was used, and the average with 25 gm. is only slightly less. The lowest
average, 3.12G, is found with 4 gm. calcium sulphate. These pots, however,
gave the highest yield of dry matter, thus placing the yield of total nitrogen in
second place, the highest occurring with 4 gm. nitrate of soda. It is of es-
pecial interest to note that tlie limestone gives higher percentages of nitrogen,
on an average, than the nitrate of soda, thus emphasizing the value of an
abundant supply of limestone in the accumulation of atmospheric nitrogen, and
also making it clear that it is not necessary to add nitrogenous fertilizers in the
growing of soy beans, provided the soil is well supplied with lime."

Analysis of 11 varieties of soy beans harvested at about the same stage of
maturity as forage shows that " there is a rather wide variation in the per-
centage of nitrogen in the different varieties. The Medium Yellow, El)ony, and
Guelph show above 3.25 per cent of nitrogen ; the Edna and ^Manhattan show
an average of more than 3 per cent. The Ohio 9035 and Swan show an average
of more than 2.75 per cent, the Claude and Wilson more than 2.5 per cent, and
the Tarheel shows an average of more than 2.25 per cent. It should be ob-
served that in most cases the percentage of nitrogen in a particular variety
runs quite constant. It is of interest to note that the Tarheel, which gives the
highest yield of dry matter, shows the lowest percentage of nitrogen. Since this
variety does not mature well in this latitude it would not be well adapted for
growth if seed were desired. If, however, it were to be used as a forage or
green manure crop, its rank growth would probably result in adding to the
soil more nitrogen than would be added by some of the smaller varieties. Cer-
tainly this was true in this case, for there was recovered in the crop 3.01 gm.
[per pot] as against 2.56 gra. for the Swan, which was the next highest. The
[Hollybrook], with a recovery of 2.45 gm., stands third. The Ebony and Man-
hattan both produced small plants, and have this much against them if one is
considering the enrichment of the soil. The Tarheel, Swan, Hollybrook, and
Ohio 9035 all show a recovery of nitrogen in the crop of above 2 gm."

Tobacco investigations, E. K. Hibshman (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp.
455-|79, pis. 15, figs. 5). — In this report are given notes and data secured in
the selection and breeding of Pennsylvania Broadleaf tobacco during 1909, 1910,
and 1911 in an effort to improve and purify the type that was being planted in
Lancaster County. Data show the number, length, and width of leaves, the
number and size of suckers, and the yield of leaf per plant.

Experiments in high and low topping and normal (28 by 42 in.) and close
(28 by 36 in.) planting of tobacco showed in 1910 and 1911 that " with the same
planting distances high topping produces more weight per acre than low topping.
Furthermore, they also indicate that close planting Avhen accompanied by high
topping produces more weight than normal planting with high topping. It was
observed that the leaf on the closely planted and high topped plats was not as
heavy in body nor as uniform in color as that from the normal planted plats
topped high. It was also far more difficult to sucker the closely planted plats
without breaking leaves. The high topped plats were of cour.se slow to ripen;
and apparently the closely planted and low topped plats ripened later than those
normally planted and low topped.

" It is not safe to conclude, however, from these experiments that tobacco
should always be topped high. The best height of topping depends upon a num-
ber of factors. The grower must first take into consideration the number of
leaves a plant would naturally develop if allowed to go to seed. He must also
consider the time of the season when the plant is ready to be topped ; if it is
early, he can top high ; if it is late, he must top low in order that the plant may

142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ripen before frost. The amount of available plant food in the soil and the condi-
tions of the weather must also be considered. It is therefore impossible to set
any fixed rule for height of topping tobacco, and the grower must depend upon
his own judgment.

" We can, however, safely draw these conclusions from these experiments :
Under favorable conditions of soil fertility, weather, and time for topping, and
with a reasonably good strain of tobacco, it is advisable to top high when the
question of weight per acre is the chief controlling factor. We must, however,
bear in mind that by increasing the number of leaves on a plant we decrease the
amount of sunshine that can reach the lower leaves, which means that we shall
obtain a leaf thinner in body and also that we shall decrease the relative size
of the leaves. Also, by closer planting, we may increase the weight, but we
l>roduce a leaf slightly thinner in body and not so uniform in color. By closer
planting we also increase the difficulty of cultivation and suckering. The fore-
going remarks are based, it is to be remembi'red, upon exi^eriments with plants
of exceptionally erect habit at the time of topping."

Notes from a reconnoissance survey on the tobacco industry in Clinton County
are also given.

Tobacco experiments, W. Frear, E. K. Hkshman, O. Olson, and H. R.
Kraybill (rcnnsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 171-200, pis. 37). — This reports
tobacco experiments conducted by the station in cooperation with the I>ancaster
and Clinton counties' tol)acco growers' societies and the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, and continuing work noted above.

These experiments include work to determine the yield values of selected
filler strains of Broadleaf tobacco, yield of different filler varieties, yield and
quality of binder and wrapper tobacco varieties, influence of different conditions
of topping and planting upon filler tobacco yields, influence of topping tobacco
plants upon their later development, influence of suckering upon the development
of the tobacco plant, influence of additions of mineral fertilizers to barnyard
manure upon the yield of filler tobacco, and studies to determine the eff(>ct of
steam sterilization of tobacco seed beds. Data show score card values of varie-
ties of filler tobacco.

Data from the Lancaster County tests show that low topping resulted in a
lower yield, and that with higii topping there was little difference betwoon
normal (28 by 42 in.) and close (28 by 36 in.) plantings.

Data from a study of the influence of the time of topping iipon the distance
between the leaves on the stalk " indicate that the total length of stem continues
to increase in the untopped plant, at least until the middle leaves are ripe. The
distribution of this gro^vth among the internodes is not determined by these
measurements, but the total rate decreases rapidly. Topping does not instantly
arrest the stem elongation but greatly decreases its rate. Most plants show no
growth in the stem length after being topped when the first flower is half devel-
oped. There is a distinct increase in the leaf interval between the time of ap-
pearance of the first bud and that when the first flower is just in bloom. This
increase from August 19 to 26 amounted, in the plants and growth Indications
hei*e observed, to an average of 0.13 of an inch between adjacent leaves. This
increase may have affectetl the upper internodes alone. The practical importance
of the difference may be judged from the average internode lengths at the dates
mentioned (14 internodes being here concerned), namely, August 19, 1.16 in.;
August. 29, 1.59."

The usual method of suckering showed a plat yield of 1. 78.^1 lbs. of strippetl
leaf as against 1,230 lbs. from a plat not suckered. An increase in yield of 129
lbs. of cured leaf per acre is noted as the result of the addition of 10 tons of

HOKTICULTURE. 143

well rotted horse manure to 900 lbs. of 14 per cent dissolved phosphate rock and
200 lbs. of sulphate of potash.

" Parallel beds, covered respectively with glass and muslin, were otherwise
treated alike. Under glass, the seed germinated one day the earlier, but after
six weeks the muslin covered plants were slightly the larger."

A test of varieties of wheat, C. F, Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 19 IS, pp.
47~o5). — This article is essentially the same as Bulletin 12.5 already noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 342).

Report of seed examination, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp.
40-56). — This report deals with the analyses and germination tests made from
January, 1900. to June 1, 1912, particularly with red clover, alsike clover,
timothy, and alfalfa seed. The average purity and germination percentages for
the four years are given as 97.1 and 89.7, respectively, for red clover, 95 and
SG.G for alsike clover, 9S.3 and 92.5 for timothy, and 95.2 and 87.9 for alfalfa.

State seed inspection and weed control, 1914, A. L. Stone {Wisconsin Sta.
Bui. 254 {1915), pp. 3-39, fiys. 2S).— This bulletin discusses the method of weed
control as carried out in Wisconsin and notes the great benefit derived from its
enforcement. Results of analyses of 370 samples of seed are given, with descrip-
tions and illustrations of 25 kinds of weed seeds. A synopsis of the state seed
law is included.

HORTICTJLTUKE.

[Report of horticultural investig-ations] , M. A. Blake and C. H. Connoes
(New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 40-75, Sl-84, j)ls. i^).— The work was con-
tinued along much the same lines as reported for 1913 (E. S. R., 32. p. 534).
An article by C. H. Connors discusses some abnormal forms of plant growth,
including phyllody of the corolla in the dahlia, Lucretia dewberry, and the
' spotted calla ; double flowers in the tomato ; petalody of the sepal in roses ; the
rate of growth of roses as indicated in the form of the leaves; malformed rose-
buds ; and malformation of buds due to cyanid fumigation.

In June, 1909, an experiment with My Maryland roses was undertaken to
study the effect of different amounts of potash upon roses. The soil used was a
normally prepared greenhouse soil and each plat contained 15 sq. ft. of bench
surface and was set with 15 plants. The different potash treatments were as
follows: No i>otash, 1 gm. of high-grade sulphate of potash weekly, 2 gm. weekly,
{lud 5 gm. weekly. Each plat also received 272 gm. ground limestone, 204 gm.
acid phosphate, 54 gm. bone meal, and 50 gm. of dried blood mixed with the soil
before the plants were benched. Concentrated tankage at the rate of 27 gm.
per month was applied to each plat after the plants were established. Thirteen
crops of roses were cut from these plats from June, 1909, to November, 1912.
The plat receiving 2 gm. of potash weekly produced during this time 47 more
flowers than the plat receiving 5 gm. of potash weekly. Taking the grades of
flowers into consideration, the 5-gm. plat did as well as the 2-gm. plat. There
was very little difference between the check plat and the 1-gm. plat, the latter
excelling the check plat by 11 flowers in the fancy grade. The results as a whole
apparently indicate that for the first two years a good red shale loam with 20
per cent of composted cow manure contains sufficient potash to supply the needs
of My Maryland roses. The experiment also indicates that relatively large
amounts of iwtash in the form of high-grade sulphate may be applied to roses
without any danger of injury in the presence of sufficient quantity of lime.
Large quantities of potash did not appear to increase the color or the general
quality of the flowers. To make certain that sufficient amounts of potash are
present in soils used for more than one season for forcing roses, it is suggested

144 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,

that florists might apply 3 lbs. of high-grade sulphate of potash to 600 sq. ft.
of soil, 4 in. "deep, the soil being composed of a good loam composted with 20
per cent of cow manure.

In a soil study conducted with My Maryland roses, red shale or Penn loam
soil was collected in the form of sod in the fall of 1908 and allowed to decom-
pose. In the following spring portions of the soil were mixed with 10, 20, and
30 per cent of sand, respectively. Roses were grown in the different soil mix-
tures, similar fertilizer treatment being given to each bench plat. The experi-
ment which was conducted for a period of more than three years shows that
My Maryland rose apparently succeeds equally as well upon a soil containing a
large proportion of sand as upon a heavy clay loam. It is possible to maintain
rose plants in a vigorous and profitable condition upon the same soil for at
least three seasons without resorting to the use of animal manures. The heavy
or stiff soils appear to suffer first from lack of organic matter. The inference
is drawn that the addition of sufficient organic matter to maintain the water-
holding capacity of the soil may be of more importance than the heaviness or
lightness of the soil.

Notes are given on the general condition of the fruit crop in the State in
1914, together with .some observations upon variations in form and length of
apple stems between varieties and within the same variety. A report based on
inquiries sent to fruit growers is also given showing the relative commercial
merits of the various varieties of fruits grown in the State.

Attention is called to the injury to rapidly growing peach tree.s caused by
poultry through breaking down the tips of the branches. The experience of the
college farm indicates that where peaches are grown in connection with poultry,
some means must be taken to prevent the poultry from roosting in the trees.

Viability tests of peach pollen similar to those made by C. Miller In the pre-
vious year (E. S. R., 32, p. 534) were conducted by H. F. Huber. A number of
solutions were tested as culture media. As a result of this test a solution con-
taining 1^ per cent saccharose and 1..5 per cent gelatin provofl to be the be.st and
was selected for the investigation. Wlien this solution was acidulated with a
few drops of HsSO, pollen germination was much less than when a nonacidulated
solution was used. Data secured from the germination test indicate a variation
in viability of peach pollen from different blossoms from the same tree. The
results indicate a variation in pollen viabilitj* between large and small flower
buds on the same tree. At the same time small buds growing on quite vigorous
twigs germinated better than normal-sized l)nds growing on weak twigs. The
work as a whole has shown that pollen of good vitality can be obtaine<l from
peach buds forced into bloom a mouth or two in advance of the normal season
of bloom.

A statement is given relative to the general condition of the Vinoland experi-
mental peach orchards, including a discussion of the occurrence of peach leaf curl,
together with observations on the nature of June drop of peaches. An account,
including cost data and results, is given of cooperative peach sliipments from
the Vineland district to Boston during the season of 1914.

Comparative data are given showing the blooming dates of tree fruits at the
college farm for the years 1912. 1913. and 1914, together with blooming dates of
ornamental trees and shrubs in 1914, and meteorological data for the year ende«l
October 31, 1914.

[Report of heredity 'investigations], B. D. ITalstkd et al. (.Vcir Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 295-317, pl'<. 9). — Inheritance studies of various crosses of
sweet, pop, and tlint varieties of corn and of i>eppers (E. S. R., 32. p. 530) were
continued In 1914,

\

HORTICULTURE. 145

Records are given of character transmission in a number of Fi plats of
corn. One block of a cross between Gold Nugget and Black Mexican, represent-
ing a flinty-sugary corn, was grown with reciprocals in alternate rows. Notes
taken during the season showed no differences in size and vigor of plants,
time of blooming, etc., between the direct and recii^rocal crosses.

With the view of starting a study relative to the possible effect upon future
plants of limiting the number of grains on seed ears, a supply of seed corn was
secured from ears on which the development of most of the grains had been
prevented by covering up the silk tips with paper bags after they had been
exposed for only one day, the bags remaining on the ears until the silk became
dry. A viability test was made of corns of various textures and their crosses.
The average percentages of viability for the different corns were as follows :
Dents, SS.9; pops, 88.4; waxy, 85.5; floury, 84.1; flinty, 81.1; and sugary, 70.3.
The viability test was conducted with 25,600 grains divided equally between
the starchy and sugary types and from the same set of ears bearing the crossed
grains in their second generation. The percentage of viability for the starchy
grains was 92.6 as compared with 78.3 for the sugary grains. The results indi-
cate that sweet corn is a comparatively weak type. Tests in sprouting the seed
under unfavorable conditions show that the starchy grains are much more
superior to the sugary grains than the above noted results. Observations on
the further growth of the seedlings show that the primary feebleness affects the
whole life of the plant to some extent. There was a much greater variability in
length of the mesocotyl among seedlings of sugary grains than among those
of starchy grains. This variability is greatest when the grains are placed 1
in. below the surface of the soil and least when planted 3 in. deep.

A large number of varieties and crosses of corn were tested as to tlie removal
of a portion of the endosperm before planting. The starchy grains did not show
any marked reduction in viability, whereas viability among the sweet grains
was considerably reduced. The time required to bring the tips of the corn
plants to the surface of the soil was not materially changed by mutilating the
seed.

Preliminary notes are given on popability in corn. Tests with variously cut
and filed grains show that any interference with the corneous envelope produces
a weak place and prevents the full explosion caused by the heat. The degree of
ripeness of the grains was also found to influence their explosiveness. Where
three ears were taken from the same stalk the oldest ear gave the highest and
the youngest ear the lowest of fully popped grains. The largest degree of
popability is likewise associated with the heaviest grains and greatest volume
and specific gravity. A test for the influences of the shape of grain upon popa-
bility was made in connection with size and dentedness. The data secured show
that the shape, whether round, flat, or dented, determines the popability in the
cross much more than size. It is further noted that the factor for general shape
and that for tip shape when all the grains are considered are of the same deter-
mining power.

In the work with peppers special prominence was given to the Golden Queen-
Red Cluster cross in its second generation. This cross is discussed with refer-
ence to the occurrence of standard and dwarf plants, single and fascicled foliage,
large and small leaves, color of the fruit, size and shape of the fruit, position
of the fruit on the plant, flavor of the fruit, thickness of the fruit wall, seed
cavities of the fruit, size of the seeds, and prolificness of the plants. Records
are also given of a number of Fs pepper crosses. Among general observations
on Fs crosses it was found that with some of these crosses the inheritance of
character is continuous, while with others it appears discontinuous. Barrenness

146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

was found to be associated with fascicled leaves. The color of the fruit whether
red or orange, the position of the fruit, and the attachment of the fruit
whether deciduous or persistent seemed to conform to the Jlendelian rule, red,
pendent, and deciduous being dominant to orange, upright, and persistent,
respectively.

Inheritance studies in garden plants, E. J. Owen (Xeic Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1914, pp. 335-338).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 538),
character transmission in some Scarlet Runner bean hybrids is discussed.
Growth data are given for the different varieties and crosses of eggplants grown
during the season, together with data on limitation studies with beans and egg-
plants and a brief note on the work of breeding ornamental Hibiscus.

Limitation studies with beans and eggi^lauts continue to show that limiting
the yield of a plant to one fruit greatly increases the size of the plant and to a
lesser extent the size of the fruit. The root system is also affected in a similar
manner.

Report on strain tests of cabbage, C. E. Myers {Pcnn-'^i/lrania Sta. Rpt. 1912,
pp. 582-772, pis. 78). — This comprises a full report on the strain tests of cab-
bage conducted by the station during the period 1909 to 1911, and summarized in
Bulletin 119 of the station (E. S. R.. 2S. p. 539).

Strain test of tomatoes. — Historical sketch of the tomato, C. E. Mtebs
iPciimylvanin Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. J,67-703, p/.«. 13).— \ detailed account of the
strain tests of tomatoes which were previously summarized (E. S. R., 31, p. 236).

Heredity and correlation of structures in tomatoes, B. H. A. Groth {New
Jcrscij Stas. Rpt. 191.'f, pp. 3.iO, 331). — In continuation of studies of heredity
and correlation to tomatoes (E. S. R.. 32, p. 537), the author reports on the
Fs generation of crosses between different shaped types in which all seetls were
from selfetl flowers. It was found that 6G per cent of the selections breil true
to shape, while in the previous year, when selection had been made for fruit
length, only about 5 per cent bred true. This is believed to indicate that the
three fruit shapes, pear, fig, and plum, are only different expressions of one
shape factor influenced by different combinations of size factors.

Notes are al.so given on crosses made between the prairie berry and both red
and green fruited varieties of f^olatium uiffnim (E. S. R., 32. p. 5.38) in which,
out of about 2,500 plants, none exhibited the size of fruit and number of locules
possessed by the prairie berry.

Orchard experiments, 1914, G. W. Martin {Xcw Jersey F>tas. Rpt. 19 H, pp.
489-499). — Experiments with the use of finely divided sulphur as a .spray
treatment for apples and peaches (E. S. R., 32, p. 550) were continued during
1914.

In the work with peaches, which was conducte<l at Vineland. a test was
made between suliihur dust, sulphur paste, self-boile^l lime-sulphur and arsenate
of lead, atomic sulphur, and arsenate of lead alone. All of the trees were sprayed
with standard lime-sulphur at dormant strength on March 27 before the buds
were open. The other treatments were given on May 6. May 21. and .Tune 11.
and in some cases July 1. Data secured on this work show that almost perfect
control of .scab was secured by the use of the sulphur dust and paste applica-
tions. At the same time the control of scab by the self-boiled lime-sulphur was
adequate from a commercial standpoint and the damage done to the foliage
of the tre(\s was considerably less than with the dust and paste preparations.
The greatest damage was on the trees treated with the paste. By the first of
July the condition of the trees was serious, many of the leaves had fallen and
the injured leaves contiuuetl to fall during the months of July and .\visni.st.
Peaches from these trees ripened earlier than those ou the uninjured trei's and

HORTICULTURE. 147

were of markedly inferior quality. Slightly less damage was done to the trees
treated with the dust. The trees treated with atomic sulphur were damaged
to a considerably less extent. Carman was the most seriously injured variety,
Greensboro, Waddell, Reeves Favorite, and Mountain Rose being successively
less injured in the order named.

The apple experiments were conducted in a young and vigorous orchard of
7-year-old trees which had received excellent care. The insects which were in-
jurious were the curculio, the codling moth, and the apple aphis. The aphis
was controlled by a separate spraying of blackleaf 40, while the damage done
by the codling moth was insignificant. The only fungus disease of importance
was the scab. This was most serious on the Rome Beauty, where it attacked
both the leaves and fruit. The entire orchard received a thorough spraying
with scalecide and five summer sprays were giv'en, the first at the cluster-cup
stage and the last eight weeks after blossoming. Tlae materials compared in-
cluded powdered arsenate of lead in solution, Pyrox, commercial lime-sulphur
with powdered arsenate of lead, and finely divided sulphur containing 10 per
cent arsenate of lead applied both in suspension and as a dust. The arsenate
of lead used alone did not spread satisfactorily and failed to protect the fruit
from curculio injury. Scab infection was not epidemic in the untreated plat,
but the apples were sei-iously enough injured to present a decidedly imsatis-
factory appearance. None of the treatments gave a complete control of scab.
Those treated with Pyrox were good except for a certain amount of copper
injury, while apples treated with the sulphur solution were small and poorly
colored. Apples treated witli lime-sulphur and with the sulphur dust were alike
noticeable for their superior finish and general excellent appearance.

The results as a whole seem to indicate that the sulphur dust treatment may
be fairly comparable to the ordinary wet treatments so far as results are con-
cerned under ordinary farm conditions. The chief advantage claimed for the use
of sulphur dust is its rapidity of application. In view of the greater cost of
material used and the necessity for maintaining a wet spraying apparatus in
addition to the dusting machinery for applying the dormant spray and for pro-
tection against the aphis when it occurs, the station is not prepared as yet to
recommend the use of sulphur diist to New Jersey farmers.

Some preliminary experiments were started with pears for the purpose of
comparing the values of various standard sprays in maintaining the vigor of
the foliage and increasing the quality of the fruit. A general survey was also
made of the diseases prevalent in the State and to what extent each demands
treatment. The spraying materials used Included Bordeaux, lime-sulphur, and
Pyrox, with substitutions of atomic sulphur for lime-sulphur and Pyrox in the
later sprayings on some of the plats. The check plat was sprayed with arsenate
of lead. Arsenate of lead was added to all of the earlier sprays, except Pyrox,
for the control of codling moth, and blackleaf 40 to all of the later sprays for the
control of psylla. No previous winter treatment for psylla was given, and its
control was not successful.

The three most serious troubles in the orchard were the brown blotch, black
fruit and leaf spot, and copper injury. All of the plats on which good control of
brown blotch was secured were sprayed four times with either Bordeaux or
Pyrox, the treatments being continued to the end of July or the first part of
August. This disease was not controlled in plats receiving late sprayings with
lime-sulphur and atomic sulphur. Copper injury was severe on all the Bordeaux
plats, relatively slight on one plat sprayed with Pyrox, and absent from the
other plat. Fruit russeting was noticeable on the lime-sulphur plats and rela-
tively slight on the others.

148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The results as a whole tend to show that while Bordeaux mixtiire when
properly applied will control both brown blotch and the black spot, its tendency
to injure the fruit makes it desirable to weaken the mixture very much for the
earlier application or to substitute lime-sulphur for these sprayings. Cooperative
experiments with lime-sulphur, Pyrox, and Bordeaux conducted in a number of
orchards showed the lime-sulphur solution to be the most satisfactory of the
three.

Fertilization and cultural m^ethods in apple orchards, ,T. P. Stewart {Penn-
sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. Jf'J7-5G3). — In continuation of previous reports
(E. S. R., 28, p. 143) this paper presents the results of the station orchard ex-
periments in various parts of Pennsylvania up to the close of the fifth year.
The more practical results and deductions from these experiments have appeared
in subsequent bulletins of the station (E. S. R., 29, p. 437 ; 31. p. 45).

The influence of cultural methods and cover crops, alone and with fertili-
zation, upon the yield, growth, and commercial quality of apples, .1. P.
Stewart {I'cmisi/lvcniia Stu. Rpt. 1913, pp. 429-.'i.52, pli. 7). — A progress report
on the station's long-continued cultural and fertilizer experiments with apples
(E. S. R., 28, p. 143; 29, p. 437). The results here given and discus.sed are de-
rived from nine experiments, located in different parts of the State, on seven
different types of soil. Four o( the experiments were started in 1907, and the
remainder in 1908.

Summarizing the results .securwl in the youngest orchards, it appears that the
untilled and mulched apple trees have uniformly made a better growth during
the first five years than any of the trees receiving the usual orchard tillage and
cover crops. As compared with clean tillage alone, followed by weeds or
other natural growth, the addition of cover crops has not yet resultinl in any
material gain, and in certain cases they have appeared to check the growth of
the trees somewhat. The addition of vegetables or other tilled intercrops, when
accompanied by proper fertilization, has not materially reduced the gro\\'th of
the trees as compared with the other tillage methods. As measureil by their
effects on tree growth, hairy vetch and crimson clover have thus far proved best
of all leguminous plants, and millet, rape, and buckwheat have been the best
among the nonlegumes. The influence of cover crops on moi.sture supply in
both fall and spring often seems to be more important than their relation to
hunnis and plant food. Alfalfa for five years has proved very effective as a
mulch producer and as a permanent orchard cover when its growth is preventeil
from competing directly with the tree roots. In general, moisture conservation
appears to be more important to young trees than application of plant food.

In the orchards of early bearing age the results of the exi^eriments are some-
what less clear and less imiform. The treatment involving the sod alone, how-
ever, has resulted uniformly in the least growth and the most highly colored
fruit of any of the treatments. Thus sod has usually exerted some stinuilating
influence on the yield. The high color in fruit is attributed to the hastening of
maturity in sod. The .stimulating effect on yields is believetl to be due primarily
to mild injury from the sod. The addition of a good mulch to the sod treatment
has increased the average yields by about 20 to 3."> bu. per acre annually in the
younger orchards. The addition of fertilization, with manure especially, has
generally resulted in smaller increases on the mulched areas than on the other
treatments. Tillage alone and also tillage and legmninous cover crops have
usually been surpassed by the mulch treatment, though in one experiment they
have excelled in most respects. The addition of cover crops has not yet shown
any material gain over plain tillage followed by weeds or other natural growth.

Experiments in the more mature orchards have shown the tillage and cover-
crop treatment to be better than the other cultural methods with refenMuv to

HORTICULTURE. 149

yield, growth, and average size of fruit. The cliief deficiency of the tillage and
cover-crop treatment has been in the fruit color. Assuming that the relative
commercial quality of fruit is determined chiefly by its average size and color,
it appears that the mulched fruit generally ranks highest in this character, with
that grown on cover-crop plats usually following closely. Where fertilization
has been added to both the tillage and cover-crop treatment and the sod-mulch
treatment, the fertilizer-sod-mulch treatment has given the best yield and most
normal growth, the excessive growth occurring on the fertilized and tilled trees
being considered undesirable. In one set of experiments the yields on mulched
and fertilized trees have been much steadier than those under any other treat-
ment, the off year having been practically eliminated during a period of Ave
years. The chief difference in treatment between the mulched and fertilized
trees and those receiving tillage, cover crops, and fertilization seems to consist
in the fact that the roots are regularly and materially disturbed in the latter
case and not in the former. Hence the author suggests the general advisability
of shallower tillage over tree roots, with the possible displacement of the plow
entirely wherever conditions will permit. In these experiments fertilization has
often proved more efficient on unfilled trees than on those receiving tillage. In
some cases, however, the applications are evidently utilized better when accom-
panied by some cultivation. In the majority of cases in these experiments the
addition of fertilization has largely neutralized the differences between the re-
sults of various treatments, indicating that proper fertilization is often more
Important than the cultural method.

Supplement to Bulletin 131, J. P. Stewaet (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. Jf20-J}29). — This supplement gives the detailed results obtained up to the
close of 1912 from the station apple fertilizer experiments in orchards that are
now in bearing. These results were previously summarized in Bulletin 121 of
the station (E. S. R., 29, p. 437). The present data are given primarily as a
matter of record.

Apple market investigations, 1914^15, C. W. Moomaw and M. M. Stewaet
(C7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 302 {1915), pp. 23, pis. 13).— This buletin presents the
results of studies concerning certain phases of apple marketing and distribution
which were conducted during the season of 1914-15.

The subject matter treats of the following phases : Conditions preceding the
movement of the crop ; effect of the war upon export prospects ; effect of the
war upon the home markets ; conditions in the New York State orchard district ;
tracing distribution ; retail methods and costs ; market preferences for varieties ;
grades — ^boxed, barreled, bulk; the effect of inferior apples upon the market;
shipments under ventilation and refrigeration ; grade and package laws ; cold
storage holdings and movement; Pacific Northwest apples via the Panama
Canal ; and markets in the United Kingdom, Europe, and South America.

Charts showing the total receipts of apples in St. Paul and New York City
during selected periods, together with charts showing total receipts and whole-
sale prices of certain varieties in New York City during the 1909-10 season are
appended.

Studies conducted in the markets during the fall of 1914 indicated the need
for more strict grading and careful handling, the elimination of culls from the
fresh-fruit markets, moi*e intelligent distribution, and the effective operation of
cooperative associations.

Peaches for Pennsylvania, J. P. Stewaet (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp.
564-571). — This paper has previously been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
28, p. 742).

Peach supply and distribution in 1914, W. A. Sheeman, H. F. Walkeb, and
L. H. Maetin (U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 298 (1915), pp. 15, pi. 1, fujs. 2).— This

150 EXPERIMEXT STATION RECORD.

bulletin presents the results of a survey of the supply and distribution of peaches
in the Unitefl States during the 1914 season. Reports were received from 993
shipping points at which peaches originate in car lots. Diagrams and a map
are given showing the comparative shipping seasons of the different States and
the comparative volume of shipments from the leading areas, together with
tabular data showing actual shipments for 1914, where known, and estimates
based on the 1913 sliipinents in other cases for the individual shipping stations.

The effect of lime on the strawberry, W. J. Wkioht {Pcnmi/Ivdnia Sto. Rpt.
1912, pp. 773-790, pis. 17). — The intnuluctory considerations in this paper call
attention to the lime requirements of widely differing economic plants and briefly
notes the experience of a number of practical growers in the use of lime for
strawberries. An account is then given of five separate experiments conducted to
determine the effect of lime on the growth and fruiting of the strawberry. One
of these experiments was conducted under field conditions; the others were pot
experiments conducted under control conditions.

The experiments as conducted for one season show that the addition of lime
retards the l)l()ssoming and fruiting period from three to six days. The total
number of fruits picked from the unlimed plats was greater than from the limetl
plats and the total weight was slightly greater but the average weight per fruit
was less. The plant growth was greater in every case on the unlimeil plats.
The caiistic effect of hydrated lime was very severe on the roots of strawberries.
The effect of carbonate of lime Avas less .severe but it made the roots dark col-
ored and brittle. Plants treated with carbonate of lime at the rate of 4.000 and
8,000 lbs. per acre were checked in growth but were not kilUnl. Tlie application
of carbonate of magnesium at the rate of S.IHO lbs. per acre, equivalent to 2.100
lbs. of CaO. proved fatal to the plants. Strawberries grew well in a soil too acid
for clover. The addition of lime to such a soil lessened the growth of straw-
berries while it made possible the growth of clover. The addition of lime i9
deemed especially detrimental to the formation of runners and young plants.

Experiments with fertilizers on cranberries, .T. H. Voorhees (New Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 191.'/, pp. 2'i7-251). — The cooperative fertilizer experiments on cran-
berries outlined in the previous report (E. S. R., 32. p. 541) were continued.

Data are given showing yield and size te.sts of berries from the various plats
for 1913 and 1914. Compiling the results from all the plats to which three
elements of plant food wore given, there was an average increase in yield of 29
per cent in 1913 and 23 jior cent in 1914 and an average increase in size of berries
of 10 per cent in 1913 and 1.") per cent in 1914. Plats which receivtxl only nitro-
gen gave an increase in yield of 6 per cent and in size of 5 per cent in 1913, and an
average decrea.se in yield of 7 per cent with an increa.se in size of 3 per cent in
1914, thus indicating that nitrogen applied alone at the rate of 40 lbs. per acre
is excessive and tends to cause runners to grow at the exj^ense of fruit bud
formation and fruit development. Plats receiving phosphoric acid in different
forms gave an average increase in yield of 9 per cent and an incn-ase in size of
5 per cent in 1913, and an increase in yield of IS per cent with no increase in
size in 1914. The potash plats showed an increase in yield of 15 per cent and in
size of 12 per cent in 1913, and an increase in yield of S per cent and in size of
5 per cent in 1914. With reference to sources and form of the materials, the ob-
servations on growth indicate that nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and muriate of
potash have given the best results.

Preliminary tests were started to determine the adaptation of cranberries to
soils having varying amounts of acidity. This test al.<o includes the use of
finely powdered copp»>r sulphate, manganese sulphate, sulphur, and ground lime-
stone in varying quantities.

HORTICULTURE. 151

A note is given on experiments with fertilizers on newly set bogs. In this work
there was some evidence of fertilizer injury which, it is believed, was caused by
lack of proper drainage and irrigation.

The cultivation of peppermint and spearmint, W. Van Fleet (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Fanners' BuL GD.'t {191')), pp. i2).— This describes the peppermint and
spearmint industry in the United States with reference to the extent of the in-
dustry, plants grown for the production of peppermint and spearmint, cultural
requirements, fertilizers, diseases and pests, yield, cost, and prices.

According to the best obtainable estimates the total area of mint in 1914 in
the principal States of production, namely, Michigan, Indiana, and New York,
appears to be a little less than 25,000 acres, of which nearly 5,000 acres were
spearmint. Almost one-half of this acreage was new plantings, the remainder
being in fields two or more years old. It is concluded that mint culture on
suitable soils gives a fair average return, but that the industry is especially sub-
ject to fluctuations in prices and likely to suffer from overproduction if the acre-
age is too rapidly extended.

Pecans: Varieties, influences of climate, soil, and stock on scion, H. P.
Stuckey {Georgia Sta. Bui. 116 {1915), pp. 299-328, figs, ii).— This bulletin
presents the results of studies conducted on the station grounds and in other
sections of Georgia during the past seven years.

Data are given showing the character of the tree as well as the character and
yield of nuts for a large number of varieties set out, for the most part, in 190S.
Summing up the evidence for varieties thus far secured the IMoney Maker and
Robson are the two leading varieties with reference to vigor and early bearing
in the trees and quantity, quality, and early ripening in the nuts. These nuts,
while not so thin shelled nor quite so large as a number of others, run high in
percentage of meat, are of good flavor, crack out well, and are very early and
heavy yielders.

From the behavior of the station orchard through seven years, it is calculated
that an orchard will come into profitable bearing about the eighth or ninth year
after transplanting, the number of trees per acre being an important factor in
determining this point for any given orchard. Other factors being equal, the
closer plantings yield quicker returns. In holding over samples of the various
varieties of nuts from year to year, it has been observed that the nuts harvested
in the fall become rancid and inedible soon after warm weather comes the follow-
ing spring, thus indicating that as large commercial orchards come into bearing
special attention must be given to determining the proper temperature for the
storage of pecans.

Observations relative to influence of different climate and soils on similar
varieties of nuts show that high altitudes and stiff clay soils tend to decrease the
size of nuts. Extremely dry seasons tend to shorten the nuts in proportion to
their thickness. Most of the varieties, however, hold in a very pronounced form
certain of their individual characteristics regardless of changes in size. The
constancy of the percentage of meat or kernel of each variety grown under
widely separated soil and climatic conditions is rather marked.

Data were secured from experiments conducted by H. W. Smithwick in which
a hickory tree was top-worked with fourteen varieties of pecans. A comparison
of nuts grown on these scions with nuts of similar varieties grown on pecan stock
suggests that top-working pecans on hickory stock greatly reduces the size of
the nuts. The shells of the pecans grown on this particular hickory stock were
perceptibly thinner than the shells of similar varieties on pecan stock. The per-
centage of meat was somewhat larger in the nuts grown on hickory stock ; at
the same time there was a lack of uniformity in the filling of the shells as com-
pared with the nuts grown on pecan stock.

152 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

The experience of F. B. Guinn, of Rusk, Tex., in top-working hickories with
pecans is noted and appears to confirm the above reported observations relative
to the tendency of liickory stock to dwarf pecan nuts.

Information is also given relative to soils adaptetl to pecan culture, soil prepa-
ration, fertilizers, planting, care and cultivation of the trees, and propagation
by means of grafting and budding.

FORESTRY.

Forestry in the United States at the present day, J. AV. Toumey (Inlcrnnt.
Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 6, pp.
779-785). — A popular account relative to progress made in national, state, and
private forestry in this country.

Acts of assembly relating- to forests and forestry, edited by J. Kalbfus
(In DUjcut of Game, Fish, and Forestry Laws, 1915. Ilarrishurg, Pa.: State,
1915, pp. 257-3If2). — This comprises a digest of all the acts passed by the Penn-
sylvania Assembly throu.u'h tlis' year 101") rt'latin;: to forests and forestry.

Planting forest trees on idle lands in New York (xV. Y. State Col. Forestry,
Syraeusc Univ., Ser. XIII, No. 2C (1913), pp. 15, figs. 6).— This bulletin dis-
cusses the utilization of idle nonagricultural lands in New York, with special
reference to the improvement and the extension of woodlands.

The northern hardwood forest: Its composition, growth, and management,
E. H. Fkothingham (V. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 2S5 (1915), pp. 79, pis. i5).— This
l)ullotin outlines the extent, general characteristics, and economic importance
of the northern hardwood forests, briefly describes the silivicultural features of
the principal specie.s, and points out the methods of managing hardwood stands
which appear to be best calculated to furnish a continuous supply of the differ-
ent ^^■oods.

A series of volume tables for northern hardwoods for use in estimating the
quantity of standing timber is appended.

The trees and shrubs of the Pacific coast, F, R. S. Bai.four (Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soe., J,l (1915), No. 1, pp. 21-27, pis. 12).— A descriptive sketch of the
flora occurring in four regions along the I'acific coast, and believed to be repre-
sentative of differences brought about by rainfall, latitude, and altitude on the
Pacific slope from British <V)liiiiihia to Southern California.

Trees of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, R. I. Lynch (Jour. Roy. Hort. Spc,
Jfl (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-20, pis. 12). — Descriptive notes are given of some fifty of
the most important trees in the Cambridge Botanic Garden.

The rubber plants of southern Italian Somaliland, G. Scassellati-Sfob-
zoi-iNi (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 9 (1915), No. 9, pp. 521-545, pis. 3, fig. i).— In the
first part of this paper the author gives an account of different native rubber
plants in Italian Somaliland, together with analyses of the latexes and mis-
fellanoous information relative to these plants. The second part of the paix^r
gives an account of the experimental culture of Ceara rublier in tliis colony.

Timber physics. — Treatise on timber tests and summary of results, W. II.
Warken (Dept. Forestry, N. S. ^yales, Bui. 10 (1915), pp. 28, pis. 2. figs. 10).—
This treatise is based on results of mechanical tests of New South Wales
timbers which have been previously published in full (E. S. R.. 27, p. 43). The
object of the present treatise is to show the application of the results obtained
in the test with special reference to their use by the engineer, architect, builder,
and student.

Problems in kiln drying lumber. II. D. Tiemann (Lumber World Rev., 29
(1915), No. 6, pp. 21-23, figs. S).— In this paper the author describes a number of
practical problems and difliculties which are eucouutereil in the kiln drying of

DISEASES OF PLANTS, 153

wood. Consideration is given to shrinkage and moisture, air drying, kiln drying,
properties of tlie wood wliicli affect drying, causes of various effects tliat re-
sult from drying, and factors to he considered in overcoming the difliculties
in drying.

Preservative treatment of fence posts, G. B. MacDonald {Iowa ^ta. Bui.
15S (1915), pp. 85-151, figs. 32). — This huUetin deals with the results of various
experiments at tlie station during the past 12 years on the durability of Iowa
fence-post woods and with methods and results of preservative treatment.

It is considered probable that by effective creosote treatment woods such as
white cedar, oak, etc., commonly used for posts may be doubled in life and that
many species at present almost valueless, such as willow, soft maple, cotton-
wood, and elm can be made to last 25 or more years with only a small addition
in cost for treatment. It is suggested that the native soft-wooded trees be
selected for treatment and the oaks, hickories, black walnuts, etc., be saved for
other purposes. Small posts, about 4| in. in diameter, if of sufficient strength,
should be selected, thereby saving from 3 to 6 cts. per post on creosote. The
posts should be thoroughly peeled of tlie inner and outer bark and should be
thoroughly seasoned before treatment. The hot creosote should be kept at a
temperature not to exceed 220°' F., as a high temperature causes an excessive
loss by evaporation. The tank should contain sufficient creosote to give tlie
ground line of the posts a good penetration, as the thoroughness of treatment
just above and below the ground line is considered to determine the life of
the post. The penetration of creosote at the ground line of one post of each
lot should be tested, and the heartwood should be tested for penetration when
split posts are being creosoted. It is considered advisable to liave 6 in. of
well-preserved wood above the surface of the ground, and the tops of willow,
soft maple, Cottonwood, boxelder, basswood, aspen, and liickory should be treated
by dipping them into the hot creosote.

A small portable tank installed on the farm or a small cooperative plant is
recommended. Creosote remaining after one season's treatment may be re-
barreled and stored for the following year's work, and a portable tank shoulc*
be stored or otherwise protected after the season's work.

Report of government chemist on destructive distillation of fir waste,
giving- methods and results of tests made at University of WasMngton,
G. M. Hunt {West Coast Lumberman, 29 (1915), No. 336, pp. 26-28, figs. J,).—
This article gives the methods and results of tests conducted cooperatively by
the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the University
of Washington, and summarizes the conclusions relative to different processes
of fir distillation.

Indiana's wood-using industries, compiled by J. C. Nellis (Hardwood Rec,
40 (1915), Nos. 10, pp. 15-18; 11, pp. 19-21; 12, pp. l^-i7).— This comprises a
statistical study conducted by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture with reference to the various wood-using industries of Indiana.
Data are given showing the kinds and quantity of local woods and of woods
from other regions used in these industries, together with the use which is made
of each kind of wood and the properties of the woods that especially fit them for
various uses.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Report of the plant pathologist, M. T. Cook (Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914,
PI). 461-4^6). — An account is given of the organization of the department of
plant pathology at the station and of the work carried on in inspection of nursery
stock, investigations of plant diseases, etc.

154 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

A list is also given of the plant diseases observed during 1914, the list being
arranged alphabetically according to host plants.

Department of botany, C. R. Okton (PennJiylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. l-'fl-
151). — A progress report is given of a study of the apple collar rot and its con-
trol, winter blight or spring disease of tomatoes, the effect of soot and included
gases on growing plants, apple rust, chestnut blight, a plant disease survey of
Pennsylvania, and an investigation of the practical value of asphaltum as a
dressing for cuts and wounds on fruit trees.

In connection with the apple collar rot investigations, some organisms have
been isolated, and inoculation experiments ai*e luider way for the determination
of their connection with the disease. As a result of investigations on its con-
trol, the author recommends cutting out the wounds and dressing with asphaltum,
provided the injury is in its early stage.

The winter blight or spring disease of tomatoes seems to be limited to green-
house growing of this vegetable, and experiments in which root material, soil,
and lesions of stem, leaf, and fruit were tested as causes of this disease, were
carried out without definite results. The study of the soil suggests that there is
a possible correspondence to the amount of acidity in the soil rather than any
particular element.

An attempt was made to determine the length of the period of germination
and sporidial formation on the red cedar, with weather conditions influencing the
same, and also, if possible, to determine the susceptible period of infection l)y
apple rust for the apple leaves and fruit. Bagging experiments were carried out
on wild cral>-apple trees in close proximity to re<l cedars abundantly infected
with Gyninosporangium. Tliere appears to be a fairly definite period in the de-
velopment of the leaves when tliey are most susceptible to infection from the
cedar. AVhether this is primarily due to an inherent resistance in the apple
leaves at certain periods, or whether it is caused by atmospheric conditions
favorable to the germination of the rust spores has not been determined.

In the investigations with asphaltum as a dressing for cuts and wounds, 7
different forms were used and compared with G forms of dressings more or le.ss
in conmion use. Particular attention was paid to the healing, persistence, fun-
gicidal value, waterproof qualities, and the ease with which the compound may
be applied. The conclusions drawn from the preliminary observations indicate
that serious checking tonds to prevent healing; if small wounds are not smoothly
made, healing will be arrested; innnediate application of asphaltum prevents a
tendency of the bark to pull away from the cambium, and healing rosults very
quickly ; applications made in the stimmer did not heal as quickly as cuts made
in the spring; in general, results favor this substitute as offering a cheaper and
more effective Avound dressing.

Sulphur arsenical spray injury and its prevention, J. P. Stewakt {Pcnn-
s}/lvonia Sta. Rpt. 1VJ2, pp. 571-578, pi. 1). — This is a reprint in sliglitly modi-
fied form of the address previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 48).

Perennial mycelium in species of Peronosporacese related to Phytophthora
infestans, I. E. IMeliitjs (f'. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Afir. Rcsrarrh, 5 (IP 15). Xn. 2.
pp. 50-70, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author gives results of experiments and observa-
tions on several North American species of Perono-sporacere, viz, Pcrnnospnra
parasitica, P. ficario', P. ririo', Ci/stopus raHfiidu.'i, and Planmopara halstcdii,
comparisons being made with Phytophthora infcMan.i. The results obtained
indicate that several species of these four genera may be perennial in the tis-
sues of their hosts, the mycelium passing the winter either In the aerial or In
the underground organs of winter annuals, biennials, or perennials.

A list of literature cited is given.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 155

An anthracnose of red clover caused by Gloeosporiuin caulivorum, II. 11.
Fulton {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, p. 249). — The appearance, progress, and
effects of the disease are described. Its occurrence has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 23, p. 448).

Moist weather conditions, combined with rapid succulent growth, favor the
fungus (G. caulivorum), whicli attacks most readily at points of injury on the
stems. The spores are not readily disseminated by wind, and the disease spreads
rather slowly. Development of a new crop of spores requires about a week
after infection. The spores retain their vitality for a number of months, and
the seeds may carry the infection, as may also clover trash. The fungus may
live over to a second season in tissues of the plant.

Control measures include crop rotation < using clover sod for one season only
in the series), fall plowing of clover sod, early mowing of affected fields, and
use of clover seed from healthy crops, or of seed that have been cleaned of
trash and disinfected by soaking for 15 minutes in formalin solution, 1 oz. to 3
gal. of water.

Germination of seed of clover dodders, H. R. Fulton (Pennsylvania Sta.
Rpt. 1912, pp. 250, 251). — This is a report of studies on the two kinds of dodder
common in clover fields in Pennsylvania, Cuscuta arvensis native to North
America, and C. epithymum introduced from Europe.

Precautions to be taken in field practice are use of seed known to be free
from contamination, separate cutting of affected areas as soon as found, and
burning of the dried hay in place after sprinkling with oil.

Hibernation of Phytophthora infestans in the Irish potato, I. E. INIelhus
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 2, pp. 71-102, pis. 5, figs.
3). — As a result of experiments, the author claims that the mycelium of P.
infestans spreads in the tissues of the potato tuber and finally reaches the
sprouts. The growth of the fungus is retarded when diseased tubers are held
in dry soil or at temperatures below 5° C. Infected tubers rot rapidly when
placed in warm wet soil, and this fact is believed to explain the wide variation
in stand observed by earlier writers. The mycelium of P. infestans may remain
alive in seed tubers planted in the soil for at least 45 days, and it is considered
possible that under less favorable conditions for the soft rots the fungus may
live longer. None of the author's observations tend to show that the potato
fungus is latent in the stems and leaves of plants growing from diseased tubers,
as is sometimes claimed.

Laboratory tests showed that the fungus infects not only the sprouts but also
the shoots that break through the soil, the mycelium growing fi'om the tuber
iuto the stem, where it travels up to the surface and forms spores. This usually
takes place in the small dwarfed shoots of the hill, which may become the
centers for serious infection.

Conidia of P. infestans may be borne on the cut surfaces and sprouts of tubers
when planted imder field conditions, but as the cut surface corks over or the
tuber decays, the fructification of the fungus decreases. No evidence was ob-
tained tending to show that conidia borne in the soil are instrumental in starting
foliage infection.

A list of publications pertaining to this subject is added.

Report of potato scab experiments, 1914, H. C Lint (Nero Jersey Stas. Rpt.
191.'f, pp. 477-^^88, fig. 1). — A report is given of experiments carried on for the
control of potato scab, in which particular attention was paid to formalin for
treatment of seed potatoes and of sulphur as applied to the soil. The principal
conclusions have been given elsewhere (E. S. R., 33, p. 246).
18833°— No. 2—16 5

156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.

Histological relations of sugar-beet seedlings and Phoma betse, H. A.
Edson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 55-58, pis. 2). —
In a previous publication (E. S. R., 33, p. 246), the author pointed out the infec-
tion of practically all sugar-beet seed with the fungus P. beta:

In the present publication an account is given of a study of the seedlings in
relation to the fungus. Damped-off and root-sick seedlings were selected at
different stages of the disease, and it was found that cells of badly diseased
but still living seedlings were often nearly filled with the fungus, which showed
a tendency to remain in the interior of the cell rather than in the middle lamella.
Occasionally the fungus was observed running between the cells, but the indi-
cations are that, while it dissolves the middle lamella, it does not feed upon it.
In heavily invaded cells the cell walls are consumed, the cytoplasm disappears,
jind the nuclei disintegrate.

In case of less serious infection, where recovery is possible, the cell walls show
a gelatinized condition only in moderate degree and in an area confined to ix)ints
where the cells have been penetrated by the mycelium.

Sugar beets attacked by the fungus frequently send out new side roots above
the invasion, and succeed in preventing the destruction of this new growth. In
such cases, the fungus is apparently established in a condition of reduced viru-
lence in the interior tissue of the beets. The invaded cells are not killed and
the adjacent ones appear perfectly normal in every respect.

Attention is called to the difficulty of explaining how an organism capable of
such complete destruction has its action suddenly checked and confined to a
stiprophytic existence in the infected area.

The diseases of the sweet potato and their control, J. J. Taubenhatjs and
T. F. Manns {Delaware .S/a. Bui. 109 {1915), pp. 3-55, pis. 26). — The authors
give an account of the following diseases of sweet potatoes, describe the organ-
isms which cause them, and give accounts of their distribution, the loss occa-
sioned by their presence, and means of control: Black rot {Sphwroncma fim-
briatum), vine wilt or yellows, also called stem rot {fusarium batatatis and
F. hypcroxysporum), soil rot {Acrocystis batatas), soil stain or scurf {Moni-
lochoctcs infuscans) dry rot {Diaporthc batatatis), foot rot {Phcnodomus des-
truens), white rust or leaf mold {Cystopvs ipomorw payidura^io'), Septoria leaf
spot {S. batatieola), soft rot and ring rot {Rhizopus nigricans), Trichoderma
rot {T. koningi), charcoal rot {Sclcrotium batatieola), and the Java black rot
{Diplodia tubericola) .

The black rot is claimed to be carried with the seed to the seed bed, and
from there to the land. The stem wilt or yellows is also carried inside the seed,
and, it is claimed, may also persist for a long time in the land. Soil rot is said
to be a very severe disease when once introduced in the soil, but its presence in
Delaware is as yet limited to one section. Soil stain is a superficial disease
which affects only the market value of the roots and not their e<lible quality.
White rust is said to often cause premature dying of the foliage, but the leaf
spot, though prevalent in Delaware, is of little economic Importance. The soft
rot, ring rot. Trichoderma rot, and charcoal rot are storage troubles, some of
which are quite serious.

For the prevention of these diseases, the authors give various suggestions,
which include seed treatment in which corrosive sublimate is said to give better
results than formaldehyde, although formaldehyde is recommended for the
disinfection of the seed-bed soil. For prevention of the storage troubles, proj^er
attention should be given to temperature, ventilation, etc.

Apple collar rot, H. R. Fulton {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 2.'il-253). —
Collar rot of apple trees, which is described as to its general symptoms and
progress, was studied in Pennsylvania in 1910 and 1911.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157

While three organisms, Bacillus amylovorus, IS phcvr apsis malorum, and Schizo-
phyllum commune, were isolated from affected bark, it has not been shown that
any of these are primarily responsible for the trouble, as no infection experi-
ments were successful with j'oung trees.

Satisfactory results have in a number of cases followed a treatment consist-
ing in the removal of all affected bark as soon as detected, leaving a clean-cut
edge of healthy bark which is then washed with a good disinfectant and covered
with a coating of mixed lead paint and boiled linseed oil or with a coating of
tar or asphaltum in case of parts below the surface of the ground. Extensive
wounds should be covered with a sheet of grafting wax to promote tissue for-
mation. Wounds made to remove borers should be disinfected, overbearing and
excessive leafage should be prevented, and the roots should be given sufficient
fertilizer, aeration, and water.

Jonathan spot rot, M. T. Cook and G. W. Martin (New Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1914, pp. 500-503). — This is a detailed account of investigations, the results of
which have already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 748 ; 33, p. 348).

Orange or cedar rust of apple, H. R. Fulton (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912,
pp. 253, 254). — Results are given of studies testing the relative importance of
the several factors or conditions resulting in the infection of apple by the
orange or cedar rust fungus {Gymnosporangium macropus) .

Spraying experiments to control rose mildew and black spot, M. A. Blake
and C. H. Connors {Neic Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 38, 39). — ^The authors re-
port some experiments to test the efficiency of formaldehyde solutions for the
control of rose mildew and black spot under greenhouse conditions. American
Beauty rose plants were potted and allowed to reach a good condition of growth,
when different lots were sprayed with formaldehyde diluted in the following
proportions : 1 : 300, 1 : 250, 1 : 200, 1 : 150, and 1 : 100. All these dilutions were
used with safety, no burning resulting, and although the plants when potted were
badly infected with black spot, after spraying the spots ceased to spread.

A similar experiment with Killarney, using a dilution of 1 : 250, was under-
taken, the results of which were disastrous, as nearly all the leaves were lost
from the plants. This experiment is believed to indicate the danger of untried
spray materials, and also the difference in resistance to injury on the part of
different varieties.

Chestnut bark disease, H. R. Fulton {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 254,
255). — This is a brief note on the progress of a study on the life habits of the
chestnut blight fungus (DiaportJie parasitica), on the variousi factors which
may affect its activity, and on species related to that fungus.

Physiological studies on the chestnut blight disease, R. A. Waldron (Penn-
sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 152-156, pis. 4). — A brief account is given of in-
vestigations carried on by the author, in which the morphology of the fungus
Endothia parasitica, the germination of its spores, and their methods of dis-
semination were studied.

A Nectria parasitic on Norway maple, M. T. Cook (New Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1914, P- 504). — The substance of this article has already been noted (E. S. R.,
33, p. 249).

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Game laws for 1915. — A summary of the provisions relating to seasons,
export, sale, limits, and licenses, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Bancroft, and F. L.
Eaknshaw (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 692 (1915), pp. 64, figs. 4).— This,
the sixteenth annual summary of the game laws of the United States and
Canada, has been prepared on the same general plan as those previously issued
(E. S. R., 32, p. 244).

158 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

A review of the American moles, H. H. T. Jackson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Biol. Survey, North American Fauna No. 38 (1915), pp. 100, pis. 6, figs. 27). —
It is pointed out that moles are widely distributed throughout a large part of
North America and are very numerous in many places. While they have in
some localities proved injurious to agriculture, they are generally beneficial
through the destruction of insects, which form much of their food.

The present paper is intended to serve as a basis for investigations of their
economic status, careful investigations of which are said to be under way.
The present work, which is largely systematic, recognizes five genera, namely,
Scalopus, represented by three species with eleven varieties ; Scapanus by four
species with nine varieties ; Neiirotrichus by one species with two varieties ;
and Parascalops and Condylura by one species each. Keys are given for the
separation of the genera, species, and subspecies. The accounts of the species
and subspecies include their synonymy, type locality, geographic range, general
characters, etc., together with a list of the number and locality from which
specimens were obtained.

Distribution and migration of North American gulls and their allies,
W. W. CooKE {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 292 (1915), pp. 10, figs. 51).— This bulletin
presents information regarding the ranges of the .several species of gulls, in-
cluding skuas and jiegers, especially the breeding ranges and migrations, and
includes data for use for legislative reference to serve as a basis for legal pro-
tection for the species by States in which they are found. Tliey are repre-
sented in the United States by 22 .species or subspecies and are important as
scavengers, enemies of mice, and of insects.

Report of the entomologist, T. J. Headij:e (New Jersey Stas, Rpt. 1914, PP-
339-399). — In the first part of this report the author presents a general out-
line of the work including a classified tabular statement of the name, date, and
locality from which insects were received. Notes are next presented on the
in.sects of the year, the more important of which are the grape leaf-hopper, pear
psylla, plant lice, San Jos6 scale, oyster shell scale, false apple red bug (Lygidea
mendajr), potato flea-beetle (Epitrix cucumcri<>), rose chafer, May beetle, straw-
berry weevil, white pine weevil (Pissodcs strobi), hickory bark beetle H^rolytus
qnadrispivosus) , an unusual greenhouse insect, viz, Euractophagus graph ipicrus,
army worm, apple tree tent caterpillar. Florida fern caterpillar (Eriopus flori-
densis), Argentine ant (Iridomyrmcx hiimilis), etc.

Experiments by C. S. Beckwith in combining nicotin preparations with spray-
ing mixtures led to the conclusion that black leaf 40 and " Nickotiana " can be
mixed with the common spray mixtures without a serious precipitate forming
and without any apparent detriment to the nicotin.

A report on Potato Spraying and Dusting Experiments for the year 1914, by
A. E. Cameron (pp. 361-381) presents data previously noted (E. S. R., 33, pp.
336, 636), and a report on Fly Control on the College Farm, by C. H. Ricliard-
son (pp. 382-399) is noted on page 160.

Outdoor wintering of bees, E. F. Phillips and G. S. Demtjth (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 695 (1915), pp. 12). — This popular account of the care which
.should be given bees when wintered outside is based in part upon investigations
previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 254).

Grasshoppers and their control on sugar beets and truck crops. F. P.
JIilliken (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 691 (1915), pp. 16. figs, ii).— This
bulletin deals with the four species of grasshoppers which were responsible for
most of the injury to Kansas truck crops during 1911. 1912. and 1913. namely,
the differential grasshopper (^fclanoplu/i ditfrrentialis), the two-lined gra.ss-
hopper (J/, hivittatus), the lesser migratory grasshopper (J/, atlanis). and the

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 159

Bruner grasshopper {Aeoloplus bruneri). A brief description is given of tlie
four species, followed by accounts of egg laying, development, habits, climatic
checks, natural enemies, and control measures, including destruction of the eggs
by plowing, harrowing, and disking, and destruction of the young and adults by
poisoned bran mash, the hopperdozer, burning, and the utilization of poultry and
of hogs. Methods of protecting sugar beets, truck crops, and gardens are also
considered.

rieas as pests to man and animals, with suggestions for their control,
F. C. BiSHOPP (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 683 {1915), pp. lii, figs. 6).— A
popular account.

The grasshopper outbreak in New Mexico during the stimmer of 1913,
H. E. Smith {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 293 {1915), pp. 12, figs. 2).— An outbreak of
the so-called long-winged grasshopper {Dissosteira longipennis [Ocdipoda
nebracensis] ) in the Pecos Valley of New Mexico was one of the most important
of the several grasshopper outbreaks that took place in the United States in 1913.
The present bulletin describes the distribution of D. longipennis in America, its
seasonal history, the origin of the outbreak, the nature of its habits, food plants,
parasitic and predaceous enemies, and artificial remedies.

A list of 15 references to the literature cited is appended.

The Zimmerman pine moth, J. Beunneb {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 295 {1915),
pp. 12, pis. 11). — This is a report of work with Pinipestis simmermani com-
menced in the fall of 1912 and continued during 1913-14 in conjunction with
other work with forest insects, particularly in Montana and Idaho.

This pine moth is very destructive to coniferous trees, especially to yellow pine
{Pinus ponderosa) in various sections of the West; and also injures other species
of pine. It is largely the cause of " spike-top " in mature timber, and it spike-
tops, stunts, and kills outright innumerable trees of the so-called " second
growth." Correspondence and collections show it to occur almost everywhere
in the West, and it has also been reported from the Eastern States. Its habits
and the result of its larval work also apparently do not vary materially anywhere
in its range.

It attacks mature trees from between 10 to 30 ft. from the top down, and
second growth from about breast high up to from 35 to 40 ft. " Fresh infesta-
tion is only indicated by the castings on the surface area of the attacked trees.
. . . During the spring following infestation drops of pitch usually begin to
ooze out of the tunnels in the bark and cover the surface of the average wound
with a uniform, thin layer, somewhat similar in appearance to a liberal appli-
cation of paint with a brush. The inner bark assumes a spongy appearance and
gains in thickness, which tightens and even breaks the outer bark, together with
the dried pitch covering it. The entire infested space finally presents a strik-
ingly rough aspect which resembles the injury of no insect except Pissodes
schwarzi, which produces a similar effect at the base of trees. By repe&ted in-
festation at the border of the wound, in the course of years the tree is gradually
girdled and the part above the collar dies and finally rots off at its base, pro-
vided the moth abandons the tree at this stage. But frequently infestation con-
tinues downward, on young trees usually until the lower branches, which by
that time show a tendency to develop into tops, are reached and the trees killed,
and on mature ones to a point where the thickness of the bark fails to suit the
insect. . . . The wood from trees that have been infested by the moth is in-
variably so permeated with pitch that the lumber cut from such logs is either
materially reduced in value or is rendered wholly unfit for commercial use."

The eggs are deposited during any of the milder months, and larvae of all
sizes, except the most minute in winter, may be found at any time of the year.
" On approaching maturity, about the middle of June, the larva gi'ows sluggish

160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and is found to be transformed into the chrysalis within a few hours. . . .
The period of pupation in captivity under varying temperatures and during all
seasons within a period of two years has in all cases proved to be exactly 29
days. Eggs laid the previous autumn hatch in early spring and develop into
adults during August and September of the same year, while eggs deposited
during May evidently develop into adults early the following spring." Eggs
deposited in July appear to hatch within about two weeks.

" In most sections of the Rocky Mountains the Rocky Mountain hairy wood-
pecker {Dryobates villosus monticola) is unquestionably the most efficient
natural force in restraining the Zimmerman pine moth. Thousands of trees are
each year regularly infested by the moth in comparatively small areas, and this
bird as regularly destroys almost all of the larvfe in all of them during early
winter. . . , The cocoon of a pimplinid of a new genus and new species is fre-
quently found in the tunnels of the pine moth in Montana and Idaho. In some
localities this parasite kills as many as 80 per cent of the larvae of the moth In
second-growth trees. . . . Another, somewhat larger parasite {Ichneumon n.
sp.), is frequently found during winter in the chrysalis of the moth. . . .

" To end ' spike-topping ' in mature stands, and to eliminate damage in grow-
ing timber, or at least reduce it to a negligible amount, it is necessary to re-
move (1) those trees which, below the spike, show branches with yellow needles
(a certain indication of present infestation), (2) those which are struck by
lightning and remain gi-een, as the moth usually breeds in great numbers along
the lightning scars, and (3) those which display knobby growths on branches,
they being in many localities the most prolific .«!Ource of replenishment of the
moth."

The apple aphids and red bugs and their control, J. P. Stewabt {Pennsyl-
vania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 452-.'t5S, pis. 4). — A brief account of these insects with
directions for tlieir control.

Fly control on the college farm, C. H. Richabdson {New Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1914, pp. 382-399). — This is a report of work carried on from April 24 to
November 1, 1914, in continuation of that of the previous year (E. S. R., 32,
p. 551).

The work is presented under the headings o^" studies of the fly fauna of the
college farm, .species which are attracted to milk, breeding places, annotated
list of the flies seen upon the college farm, experiments with baits for fly traps,
laboratory and outdoor experiments with various larvicldes control of the fly
breeding in horse stalls, etc.

The work of the year indicates that surface treatment of manure piles with
iron sulphate will not result in the total elimination of the larvie contained
therein. While better results were obtained in the use of borax, the number of
larva? and pupre killed was not entirely satisfactory. In a test of tlie effect of
larvicidal doses of iron sulphate and bleaching powder (CaOCli) on the growth
of barley, bleaching powder had a very disastrous effect, but the results did not
indicate that the fertilizer value of manure would be injured by the iron sul-
phate. In experiments pyroligneous acid failetl to repel the adult house fly or
prevent its breeding in manure. It was found that 100 lbs. or less of iron sul-
phate properly applietl will undoubtedly keep horse stalls free of larvre
through the fly season. Flight experiments show that flies came into the barns
from a considerable distance. Tests of ammonia show its attractiveness for
house flies to be feeble, while it is concluded that skatol and indol deserve a
trial as baits for fly traps, although their present cost would probably limit
their use to rather weak solutions.

Report on the mosquito work for 1914, T. J. HEADua: {Netc Jersey Stas.
Rpt. 1914. pp. 401-466). — This detaile<l report of the mosquito work carrie<l on

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. IGl

under the entomolosist's direction during 1914 includes an account of the salt
marsh work done under the Little Silver contract, by C. S. Beckwith (pp.
415-447), discussions of the mosquito problems in the several counties, mos-
quitoes of the year, etc.

Spraying experim.ents to control thrips upon roses in the greenhouse,
M. A. Blake and C H. Connors (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- SO, JfO). —
It is stated that several florists who have used a combination of sugar, water,
and Paris green against thrips on roses in the greenhouse appear to have suc-
cessfully controlled this pest. It is thought that the change which occurs in
the mixture may result in the formation of arsenic sucrate or arsenic glucosate.
Application of the formula above mentioned to American Beauty roses in the
demonstration greenhouse gave successful results and no burning of any con-
sequence resulted. However, when the sugar was replaced by molasses severe
burning ensued.

Results of spray tests in which white sugar, brown sugar, and molasses were
used in the formula are presented in tabular form. When white sugar was
used no serious burning resulted, whereas brown sugar gave a slight burning
and molasses was found to be unsafe to use.

Peach borer observations at Vineland, M. A, Blake and C. H. Connors
(New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 75-81, pis. 7). — The authors present records
of the borers removed from trees in the experimental orchards and the time
required for removing them. The observations are summarized as follows :

"A rather complete study for two years in orchards containing over 60
varieties of peaches does not indicate that one variety is more immune from the
attacks of the peach borer than another. Certain sections of orchards be-
come infested more quickly and more completely than others. Outside rows
are commonly more severely infested than interior rows, even regardless of the
surrounding conditions. Trees once infested or injured are apparently very
susceptible to continued attack. Rows of trees badly infested one year are,
therefore, likely to be proportionately affected in succeeding years. A row
lightly infested may occur alongside one quite badly infested where the varieties
and cultural conditions are the same. The results of experiments with borer
repellant considered on the basis of the actual number of borers found after
treatment are not complete unless a previous record of infestation has been
made. Trees should be examined twice for borers, the examinations to be made
a few days apart so that any borers that are overlooked the first time can be
discovered at the second examination by the fresh 'sawdust '."

White grubs or larvs3 of the May beetle in greenhouse soils, M. A. Blake
and C. H. Connors (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 36, 37). — In treating com-
post soil for the destruction of May beetle larvre or white grubs the authors found
that applications to the soil of formaldehyde at the strength of 1:75 with a
sprinkling can as the soil is being turned with a fork will kill about 50 per cent
of the grubs after a few hours' exposure. At this strength and at the rate
of 1 : 50 most of the medium-sized larv?e are killed, but the large and small-
sized larvte remain alive.

Woolly aphid of elm and Juneberry (Schizoneura americana in part, of
authors), Edith M. Patch (Maine Sta. Bui. 241 (1915), pp. 197-204, fivs- 2).—
The author calls attention to the fact that American entomologists have com-
monly applied the name «S. americaria to two distinct species of plant lice. The
first of the two species, which inhabits the leaf cluster or aphid rosette of the
American elm, from, which it migrates to apple, several varieties of mountain
ash (Pyrus sp.), and hawthorn (Crataegus), has previously been reported upon
and figured by the author (E. S. R., 30, p. 548) as S. lanigera and later by
Baker (E. S". R., 32, p. 848) as Eriosoma (S.) lanigera. The second of the two

162 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

species to which the name S. amer'icana has been commonly applied, and which
curls or rolls elm leaves, is the one considered in the present bulletin, " Since
the name lanigera takes care of the rosette species on elm as well as on apple, S.
americana seems to be left free for the aphid curling or rolling the leaf of the
American elm. Riley's description of the leaf deformations caused by S.
americana seems to indicate clearly enough that he originally applied this name
to both these species as his successors have certainly done until recently ; and
the synonymy 'Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part, of authors)' correctly
designates the ' rosette aphid ' of the elm."

The present paper outlines the chief points in the life cycle of the second or
" rolling aphid." The author finds that when spring migrants leave the elm leaf
which has furnished sap for their development they are led to Juneberry
(Amelanchier) which is common in ^Maine. When the migrant reaches one of
these bushes it settles upon a leaf and soon afterwards creeps to the underside
where it remains quietly, ordinarily for the rest of its life. Before many hours it
begins to give birth to young and continues this process for several days. These
young soon walk down the stem of the plant and later arrive on the under-
ground stems of the Juneberry where they settle in groups. This becomes the
summer residence of the species. In the fall a generation of winged female.s
is developed among the underground forms and these, the fall migrants, leave
the Juneberry and take flight to the American elm.

Among the several predaceous insects which frequent the elm leaf curls of
this aphidid mention is made of a capsid (Camptobrorhis nitcnJ^), a coccinellid
larva, and syrphus maggots. In regard to control measures the author states
that where the Juneljerry is planted for park or ornamental purposes within
aphidid flight of American elm, it would seem desirable to try drenching the soil
at the base of the shrub with blackleaf 40 or other good tobaccor decoction.
Phobably once about mid-July and again late in the month would be the most
favorable time for this treatment as the colonies would be young and susceptible
and likely to be nearer the surface than later in the season. Young elms can
be protected by spring sprays of tobacco decoction before the leaves become
curled, "Where largo power sprayers are available old elms sprayed with drive
nozzles could probably be cleaned of most of the infestation. Dormant sprays
of lime-sulphur heavily coating the elm bark should be tested as to their efti-
ciency in killing the overwintering egg.

The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosus), P. A. Glenn (Illinois Sta.
Circ. ISO (1915), pp. 5-24, pis. 4, figs. 2). — This is a general account of the
origin and distribution, life history and appearance, food plants, and means of
distribution and of control.

Mealy bugs of citrus trees, C. P, Clausen (California Sta. Bui. 258 (1915),
pp. 19-^8, figs. S). — Accounts are here given of four of the important mealy bugs
which feed upon citrus trees in Southern California, namel.v, Pscudococcus citri,
P. baker i, P. citrophilus, and P. loni/ispinus. The injury inflicted has resulted
in a considerable loss of fruit and in an extensive dropping of foliage. By far
the greatest amount of injury is caused by the common mealy bug (P. citri).
An infestation at Uplands. Cal., was found to be caused by a si^ecies now desig-
nated as the citrophilus mealy bug (P. citrophilus).

"The life history during the summer covers approximately two months, the
egg stage requiring 8 to 10 days and the nymphal stages a total of about 50
clays. Maximum numbers are oi'dinarily found uixm the trees during the early
spring and late fall months. The spread from one grove to another is effected
upon picking boxes, pickers' clothing, cultivating tools, by birds, etc. Parasites
at the present time are not very effective in mealy bug control, and their work

FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITIOK. 163

should not be relied upon to the exclusion of artificial control methods where the
infestation is serious. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is not to be
recommended. The citrophilus mealy bug is more resistant to hydrocyanic acid
gas than any of the three other species. Spraying with water under high pres-
sure, using the M. A. C. nozzle, is the most effective means of control, and when
thoroughly done gives a considerable degree of success. Treatment should be
repeated whenever the injury produced by the insect becomes sufficient to war-
rant the expense."

Boll weevil control by cotton stalk destruction, AY. E. Hinds {Alabama Col.
Sta. Circ. 33 {1015), pp. Jt2~Jfl, figs. 2). — This circular emphasizes the im-
portance of cotton stalk destruction in the early fall and suggests methods of
accomplishing it, including a description and plan of an A-shaped cotton stalk
cutter, as given by Newell and Dougherty."

The grass worm or fall army worm (Laphygma frugiperda), W. E. Hinds
and J. A. Dew {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 186 {1915), pp. 61-92, pis. 4, fig. 1). —
This is a detailed report of studies of the life history, habits, and control of
L. frugipcrda, a resume of observations of which by Dew has been previously
noted (E. S. E., 29. p. 655).

" In southern Alabama the life cycle required an average period of about 30
days. The various stages averaged as follows: Egg, 3 days; larva, 14 days;
pupa, 10 days; adult life to include oviposition, 3 days. . . . Hibernation ap-
pears to occur in Alabama, principally at least, in the pupal stage. No other
hibernating stage was found. . . . Only a small percentage (possibly not over
10 to 20 per cent) of the eggs of dipterous parasites produce parasitism among
the worms. Most of them are shed with the larval skins before hatching. In
Alabama, in 1912, parasitic species of Sarcophagidfe were more numerous and
beneficial than the Tachinidae. Egg parasites were comparatively rare. . . .

" In cultural control the most effective practice was found to be light, shallow
cultivation during the pupal period. A single harrowing destroyed from 35 to
50 per cent of the pupte. Where the worms destroy field crops in August the
best practice would seem to be to plow under the remains of the crop and follow
with at least three thorough workings with the disk harrow during a period of
10 to 15 days, then replant to any fall crop or cover crop desired. . . . Among
the arsenical poisons, the best results were obtained from arsenate of lead and
arsenite of zinc, both applied as sprays."

FOODS— HUMAN NUTEITION.

Meat flour, F. Baumann {Konserv. Ztg., 16 {1915), Nos. 25, pp. 97, 98; 26,
pp. 101, 102; 27, pp. 105, 106). — In this summary and digest of experimental
data the author describes the method of preparation and the properties of flour
made by drying and milling lean meat. The fact is emphasized that it is neces-
sary to use meat containing as little fat as possible, as the best safeguard against
rancidity, and to remove most of the water. In addition, it has been found
advisable to use about 3 per cent of sodium chlorid as a preservative. Meat
flour prepared in this way is said to possess a good odor and taste ; due to its
high protein content it is a valuable food ; and it is also well digested.

The putrefaction of prepared meat, game, wild fowl, and fish, Weichel
{Arch, ^yiss. u. Prakt. Ticrheilk., 41 {1915), No. 4-5, pp. 322-372).— In this
summary and digest of experimental data very complete information is given
as to the underlying causes and conditions of the decay of different kinds of

" Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 30 (1909).

164 EXPERIMEXT STATION RECORD.

animal foods.- A very extensive biblio{n*aphy is appended containing almost
entirely German and French references.

Some physiolog'ic and biochemic observations on milk, W. T. Cabstabphen
(Va. Med. Semi-Mo., 20 {1915), No. 13, pp. 319-326).— This article is a summary
and digest of recent experimental data regarding the nutritive value of milk.
The work reviewed has to do chiefly with the lime, iron, and phosphorus content
of milk. A bibliography is appended.

Action of heat upon cane sugar dissolved in cow's milk, P. La\talle
(Clin. Infant, 12 (19i4), No. 6, pp. 167-169; abs. in Ztschr. Kinderheilk., Ref.,
8 il91Jf), No. 8, p. 123). — Cane sugar added to cows' milk was partially de-
composed during the sterilization of the milk. The addition of lactic acid to the
milk before sterilization increased the amount of inversion, indicating that the
degree of decomposition depended upon the amount of lactic acid formed in the
milk before sterilization.

Different kinds of sugar in the diet of children, A. Gismondi (Pediatria
[Naples], 22 {19U), No. If, pp. 241-25^; abs. in Ztschr. Kinderheilk., Ref., 8
(1914), No. 6, p. 282). — In the opinion of the author, cane, malt, and milk
sugars are of unequal value in the nutrition of children, each having useful and
harmful actions. He regards a mixture of the three sugars consisting of 40 per
cent lactose, 40 per cent saccharose, and 20 per cent maltose as the most suitable
for addition to artificial diets.

Beans and similar vegetables as food, Lucile Breweb and Helen Canon
(Cornell Reading Courses, 4 (1915), No. 89, pp. 181-200, figs. 12). — This pamphlet
contains information regarding the nutritive value, digestibility, and relative
cost of legumes as food. Cooking hints and several recipes are also given, and
a short bibliography concludes the publication.

Dropsy and anemia on exclusive potato diet, O. Strauss (Med. Klinik, 11
(1915), No. 31, pp. 854-856: abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 65 (1915), No. 12,
p. 1063). — The author reports a clinical study of a number of cases of disease
observed in Poland among people who had subsisted upon practically nothing but
potatoes for several months. The symptoms, which suggested heart disease and
dropsy, disappeared with the provision of better nourishment and improved
hygienic surroundings. These observations indicate, in the opinion of the
author, that a one-sided potato diet is unable to protect against the dangers of
inanition.

The significance of solanin as a potato poison, Droste (Pharm. Zentralhallc,
65 (1915), No. 26. pp. 311, 312). — A summary and digest of exi^rimental data
from which the author concludes that the amount of .solanin developed in potatoes
under ordinary conditions is never sufficient to produce potato poisoning. When
solanin is present about 70 per cent is found in the parings. It is the author's
opinion that the action of yeast and bacteria in potatoes is responsible for
so-called " potato poisoning."

The use of hay flour in the nutrition of animals and men, F. Oetken
(IViDU'?" Londic. Zig., 65 (1915), No. 42. p. 338). — .Vnalytical data are given com-
paring the percentages of digestible nutrients obtained from barley, wheat, and
rye flour; oat and rye straw; and alfalfa and red clover hay.

Lichens as a food for animals and man, F. Tobler (Naturwissenschaften, S
(1915), No. 28, pp. 365-^367). — A summary and digest of data regarding the
preparation and possible uses of lichens for food piirposes.

Investigations of yeast as a food, M. Schottei.u-s (Dcut. Med. Wchn-schr.,
41 (1915). No. 28. pp. sn-819). — The author reports a series of feeding ex-
periments with nine normal men, who were given increasing amount^; of yeast
in a simple mixed diet. The subjects receiving the yeast were well nourished

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 165

and gained in weight. The conclusion is drawn that a small addition of yeast
(25 to 30 gm.) to the ordinary mixed diet is a desirable means of increasing its
nutritive value.

The utilization by the animal organism of yeast cultivated in solutions of
sugar and inorganic salts, W. Volk (Ztschr. Spiritimndus., 38 {1915), No. 26,
pp. 235, 2S6). — Analytical data are given showing the composition of yeast
grown in a solution of sugar and inorganic salts. Feeding experiments with a
dog are also described, the results of which indicated that the coefficients of
digestibility for protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 85, 34.1, and 54.5 per cent,
respectively. The author concludes from these data that artificially cultivated
and brewery yeasts are equally valuable food materials and may be used oc-
casionally to replace meat in the diet.

The digestibility of yeast, A. Loewy and von deb Heide {Berlin Kim.
Wchnschr., 52 {1915), No. 23, pp. 600, 601). — Metabolism experiments of seven
days' duration are reported in which each of the subjects (men) received 100 gm.
of yeast per day as a part of a simple mixed diet. Of the 79.35 gm. of protein in
the diet 31.69 gm. were furnished by the yeast and the remainder by the meat,
cakes, and potatoes, which formed the other ingredients of the ration. The
digestibility of the yeast protein for the first four days of the experiment was
estimated to be 81 per cent, and for the last three days, 85 per cent.

A bacteriological study of retail ice cream, S. H. Ayers and W. T. John-
son, Jr. {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 303 {1915), pp. 24, figs. ^).— The investigation re-
ported in this bulletin forms the first part of a study of the bacteria of ice cream.
The following problems were investigated : The number of bacteria in commercial
ice cream during the summer and winter months ; the determination of the
groups of bacteria found in commercial ice cream ; and a study of the relative
value of several different methods for the determination of Bacillus coll in ice
cream. Samples of ice cream representing 24 different manufacturers were pur-
chased at retail stores throughout the city of Washington, and represented the
ice cream as it is received by the consumer. Samples were collected in both the
summer and winter months.

Examination of 65 samples of vanilla ice cream showed that their average
acidity was 0.206 per cent, calculated as lactic acid. No relation was found to
exist between the acidity of the samples and their bacterial content.

The 94 samples of ice cream collected during the summer months showed an
average bacterial content of 37,859,907 per cubic centimeter, and the 91 samples
examined during the winter months showed an average bacterial content of
10,388,222. None of the summer samples contained less than 100,000 bacteria,
but the bacterial content of 14.28 per cent of the winter samples fell below this
figure.

Employing the " milk-tube method," the bacteria in 71 summer samples and in
28 winter samples were divided into general groups of acid-coagulating, acid-
forming, inert, alkali-forming, and peptonizing organisms. The results of the
bacteriological examination are presented in detail and discussed extensively.
The authors state that " the bacterial groups bore much the same relation to
each other in the average summer and winter samples. There was, however, in
the summer samples a higher percentage of the acid-coagulating gi'oiip of bac-
teria and a lower percentage of the alkali and peptonizing groups than in the
winter samples." It was found that there was a higher percentage of rapid
acid-coagulating bacteria in ice cream during the summer months. In the sum-
mer samples, 52.81 per cent of the bacteria of the acid-coagulating group, and
in the winter samples 26.69 per cent, were active enough to coagulate milk in 48
hours when incubated at 30° C. The average number of peptonizing bacteria

166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

found during the winter season was about one-fiftli of tlie number found during
tlie summer.

Gas-forming bacteria of the colon-aerogenes group when determined on litmus-
lactose-asparagin agar were found present in 0.1 cc. in 106 of the 120 samples ex-
amined. " Of the 14 negative samples, 13 were of the winter series and 1 was
examined during October. The average number of gas formers in the entire
series of samples was 16,298 per cubi? centimeter, Fiftj'-seven samples exam-
ined during the summer averaged 29,544 per cubic centimeter. The 49 winter
samples contained an average of 8S9 per cubic centimeter. Ice cream contained
a much larger number of gas-forming organisms during the summer season. A
large number of media were used in an attempt to devise a suitable medium for
the detection of Bacillus coli in ice cream, and our results show that there is no
entirely satisfactory method known at present."

The useful and harmful constituents in coffee, H. Frfxtnd ( Pharm. Zentral-
halle, 56 {1915), 2\'o. 28, pp. SJt3-3],S, fig. /).— A summary and digest of ex-
perimental data treating of the comparative composition of coffee prepared bv
several different commercial methods.

Efficiency of coffee-making devices, R. F. Bacon {Tea and Coffee Trade
Jour., 29 {1915), No. 5, pp. 427-429). — This article reports the results of a study
of the comparative efficiency of nine commercial coffee-making devices. Data
are given showing the percentage of cafTotannic acid and caffein in the brews,
together with the number of grains of caffein contained in one average-size
cup of each brew.

The caffein content of Java tea, J. J. B. Deuss {Chein. Weekbl., 12 {1915),
No. 42, pp. 938-94^). — Comparative analytical data are reported showing the
amount of caffein contained in a number of commercial brands of tea. The
mininuim quantity in a good grade of Java tea is given as about 3 per cent.

Spices, J. K. Jank {St. Louis: Author, 1915, pp. 121). — This book, which is
intended for manufacturers, grocers, etc., contains information regarding the
botanical origin, geographical source, commercial use, and chemical composi-
tion of the principal .spices. The federal standards for each spice are given
and the common commercial grades are described. The more common seeds,
herbs, leaves, etc., are treated in a similar way. A large amount of miscel-
laneous information, including federal and state laws on labeling, net weights,
etc., is also given.

Nonalcoholic carbonated beverages, sanitary condition and composition,
R. RI. Allen, J. O. La Bach, W. R. Pinnell, and L. A. Brown (Kentiirky f^ta.
Bui. 192 {1915), pp. 59-125). — This bulletin presents the results of a sanitary
survey of the soft-drink industry of the State in which the methods employed
were similar to those developed in milk inspection.

Sanitary inspections were made of the plants where these products were pre-
pared, and this included an investigation of the equipment iised. Especial
attention was given to the methods employed in washing bottles. The necessity
for thorough sterilization of the bottles or other containers is emphasized. It
is recommended that they be kept in live steam from 30 to 40 minutes and any
subsequent contamination guarded against.

Chemical and bacteriological examinations of the water used in the manu-
facture of soft drinks showed that many of the plants were using water which
needed purification by filtration or sterilization.

The results of the bacteriological examination of the soft drinks are presented
in detail, and from these results some of the conclusions drawn are that the
bacteriological count of the finished product is not a correct index of
the sanitary conditions existing in the manufacture of soft drinks, and that

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 167

although carhonic-acid gas is antiseptic and germicidal to a considerable extent,
it can not be relied upon as a sanitary safeguard since it does not inhibit or Ivill
all micro-organisms.

Data regarding the chemical examination of a number of samples are given in
tabular form. An examination of 25 samples of so-called " pops " containing
caffein showed the average amount to be 0.8 grain per bottle of 200 cc.

The bulletin also contains a report on the value of Endo medium as a pre-
sumptive test for bacteria of the Bacillus coli group. The conclusion is drawn
that this medium is a very reliable presumptive tost for these organisms.

A study of the gelatinizing agents, pasty materials, and thickeners used
in food products, L. A. Congdon (Trans. Kans. Acad. ScL, 27 (1914), PP- Sl-
S6). — These substances are considered with reference to their physical and
chemical properties and their detection in food materials. Those most com-
monly used are said to be gelatin, starch, agar-agar, gum tragacanth, dextrin,
gum arable, albumin, and fruit and vegetable pectins. A table is given in which
these substances are classified into six groups, with the group reactions for their
detection.

[Food and clothing in the United States Navy], S. McGowan (U. S. Navy
Dept, Ann. Rpt. Paymaster Gen., 1915, pp. 5-1). — Included in this publication
is some information regarding the purchase of food supplies, the satisfactory
character of the ration, and costs. It appears that for the year 1915 the average
daily cost of subsistence per man was 36.038 cts., as compared with 36.648 cts.
for 1914. The report also contains some information regarding the United
States Navy clothing problem, including the manufacture of garments at the
Charleston Navy Yard and elsewhere.

[Progress in] physiological chemistry, F. G. Hopkins (Ann. Rpts. Prog.
Chein. [Loudon], 11 (191Jf), pp. 188-212). — This report contains a summary and
digest of the more important experimental data contributed to the science of
physiological chemistry during the year 1914. Among the subjects in which
progress has been reported are catalysis, the specificity of tissue enzyms, defen-
sive ferments, the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, the creatin problem,
and vitamins.

Differences in the digestion in adults and infants, J. F. McClendon (Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 (1915), No. 1, pp. 12-14). — As a contribution to the
knowledge of the conditions under which the digestive enzyms act in the case
of both adults and infants, the acidity of the stomach and reaction of the duo-
denal contents were measured by means of hydrogen electrodes.

After a normal meal, the acidity of the adult stomach was found to reach
its maximum in from two to three hours. The rise in acidity was the more
rapid the lighter the meal, though the degree of acidity varied with the indi-
vidual. The duodenal contents proved to be barely alkaline.

As to digestion in infants, the author concludes that " the acidity of the
infant's stomach rises slowly after the milk begins to leave it, and four hours
after nursing may be the same as some normal adult stomachs. That of the
gastric juice of the new-born is 0.00.5.

"The acidity of the duodenal contents of the infant is 0.0008, and hence it is
probable that both peptic and tryptic digestion take place in the intestine of the
infant. Pepsin was always found and was apparently more abundant (active)
than the trypsin."

The acidity of the infant stomach, R. Hess (Ztsclir. KiJiderheilk., 12 (1915),
No. 6, Orig., pp. J,09-.',39 ; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 30 (1915), No. 7, pp. 308, 309). —
Examination of the stomach contents of more than 70 infants showed that in the
majority of cases too little acid was present during the earlier weeks to permit

168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of peptic digestion. At the end of nine months the acidity was sufficient for the
action of pepsin.

Influence of fat and carbohydrate during protein starvation on the ex-
cretion of neutral sulphur in the urine, H. Zellek and H. Straczewski (Arch.
Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., No. 5-6, (191Jf), pp. 585-594,' o^^- fn Zentbl.
Physiol., 30 (1915), No. 2, p. 96). — Metabolism experiments with men and dogs
showed that the substitution of tlie carbohydrate of a protein-free diet by fat
leads to an increase in the excretion of botli nitrogen and neutral sulphur in
the urine.

The syTithesis of cholesterin, S. Dezani and F. Cattoretti (Arch. Farmacol.
Sper. e Sci. Aff., 19 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-9; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 30 (1915),
No. 5, pp. 225, 226). — Feeding experiments here reported showed that laboratory
animals (white mice) when fed on a ration free from lipoids, pliytosterin, and
cholesterin could synthesize cholesterin.

Adiabatic device for bomb calorimeter, J. A^ Fries (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1912, pp. 793-801, figs. 1). — The equipment described, evolved in experiments in
cooperation with the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition and the
Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, is applicable to any bomb
calorimeter of the Atwater-Berthelot type, and in principle is the same as that
used in the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter. Experimental data are given
showing the efficiency of the apparatus.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Distribution and digestibility of the pentosans of feeds, G. S. Fbaps ( Texas
Sta. Bid. 175 (1915), pp. 5-24). — In tliese experiments the samples used were
the feeds and excrements from tlie digestion experiments previously reported
(E. S. R., 27, p. 668).

It was found that legumes contain a niucli lower percentage of pentosans than
nonlegumes. Approximately 28 per cent of the pentosans of nonlegumes is in
the crude fiber, 44.5 per cent is dissolved by fiftieth-normal acid and alkali, 2.2
per cent is dissolved by 1.25 per cent sulphuric acid, and 26.7 per -cent, by 1.25
per cent alkali. On an average 18.8 per cent of the pentosans of nonlegumes are
in the crude fiber, 24.8 per cent dissolved by fiftieth-normal acid and alkali, 26.9
per cent dissolved by 1.25 per cent sulphuric acid, and 29.5 per cent dsisolved by
1.25 per cent alkali.

" The total pentosans of the legumes were on an average digested better than
the pentosans of nonlegumes, though there were several nonlegumes fully up to
the average for legumes. The pentosans soluble in fiftieth-normal acid and
alkali are digested to a greater extent than the remaining pentosans. Those of
legumes are on an average considerably more digestible than those of non-
legumes. Pentosans in crude fiber are apparently digested to a greater extent
than those soluble in 1.25 per cent sulphuric acid or 1.25 per cent caustic soda.
This may be due to digestive processes rendering crude fiber more soluble in acid
or alkali, and thus throwing a portion of it into the nitrogen-free extract group.
Pentosans are destroyed by digestion with hot fiftieth-normal acid or alkali, or
stronger solutions. The alkali is somewhat more destructive than the acid, but
the losses are nearly the same with the stronger or weaker reagent, being about
10 per cent. The ' pentosans ' which are destroyed by boiling with acid or alkali
may be the same substances (furaloids) which give rise to the substances in the
hydrochloric acid distillate, which are destroyed by a redistillation."

Feeding stuffs inspection and analysis, 1915, B. E. Cukky and T. O. Smith
(New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 175 (1915), pp. 23). — Analyses are given of the
following feeding stuffs : Bran, middlings, red dog flour, wheat screenings, cotton-

ANIMAL PKODUCTION, 169

seed meal, hominy meal, dried beet pulp aud molasses, molasses meal, ciit clover,
alfalfa meal, alfalfa, dried beet pulp, brewers' aud distillers' grains, gluten feed,
linseed oil meal, provender, meat scrap, meat meal, lish scrap, beef scrap, and
various mixed and proprietary feeds.

The Kansas feeding stuffs law, revision of 1913; amended 1915 (Kansas
Sta. Circ. 52 (1015), pp. 10).— An account of the Kansas feeding stuffs law, as
amended in 1915, together with a table giving the minimum, maximum, and
average protein, fat, and crude fiber content of the following feeding stuffs :
Wheat bran, wheat bran and screenings, wheat bran and scourings, corn bran,
standard shorts, shorts and screenings, shorts and scourings, brown shorts, brown
shorts and screenings, white shorts, white shorts and screenings, wheat mixed
feed, wheat mixed feed and screenings, corn chop, corn chop and corn bran,
Kafir corn chop, milo maize chop, barley chop, alfalfa meal, hominy feed, linseed
meal, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed calie, aud cold-pressed cotton seed.

Kansas live stock remedy law, with list of remedies registered April 1,
1915 (Kansas Sta. Circ. 50 (1915), pp. 15).— An account of the law of 1913 re-
lating to the manufacture and sale of medicinal stock foods and remedies,
together with a list of ingredients commonly contained in these remedies and
the firms registering live-stocli remedies in the State.

A system of pasturing alfalfa in Salt River Valley, Arizona, R. W.
Clothiek (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Office Sec. Circ. 54 (1915), pp. 4). — A system of
rotation pasturing of alfalfa in use in Arizona is described.

One farm is a dairy and stock farm of 160 acres, all in alfalfa. It is divided
into 8 fields of 20 acres each. All of these fields are pastured more or less at
different times during the year, but occasionally the crop is cut for hay instead
of being pastured off. When pastured a field is first opened to dairy cows giving
milk. When they have secured the best of the feed they are put into a new field,
and dry cows and young stock are turned in to" clean up the feed left by the
milch cows. When this has been done all the stock is taken off the field, which
is watered and not pastured again until another crop has matured. When a
field is cut for hay the crop is put up quickly with a hay loader, and dry
cows and young stock are turned in to clean up waste hay. The field is then
watered and all stock kept off until another crop is ready to harvest. By
this system the farmer keeps the equivalent of 168 full-grown cattle on his
farm for 12 months and has 360 tons of surplus feed. This is sold when prices
are high and when prices are low it is fed to fattening steers not included in
the above enumeration of animals kept on the farm. The stand of alfalfa
has been maintained in excellent condition for 10 years.

On another farm the live stock consists of matured steers and mules. The
crop enterprises are the production of alfalfa hay and alfalfa seed. There are
140 acres of alfalfa divided into five fields, two of 18 acres each, two of 40
acres each, and one of 24 acres. By following the rotation system of pasturing
described above these fields were made to furnish 261 days of pasturage to
the equivalent of 139 mature cattle, and in addition they produced 247 tons
of hay, 10,000 lbs. of alfalfa seed, and 50 tons of alfalfa straw. The farm main-
tained the equivalent of 141 full-gi-own animals for 12 months and produced a
surplus of hay and seed which sold for $1,860. On this farm the stand of
alfalfa is being maintained.

The associative digestibility of corn silage, cotton-seed meal, and starch in
steer rations, P. V. Ewing and C. A. Wells (Georgia Sta. Bui. 115 (1915), pp.
269-295, figs. 7). — This bulletin reports the results of a series of investigations
to determine the influence of one ingredient of a ration on the digestibility
of the other ingredients of the ration. The feeds used were corn silage, cotton-
seed meal, and corn starch. Studies were made on nine distinct rations, com-

170 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

pounded as follows, in percentages of net thermal energy values (not weights) :
Ration 1, silage, cotton-seed meal, and starch, 100 : 0 : 0 ; ration 2, 0 : 100 : 0 ;
ration 3, 10 : 30 : 0 ; ration 4, 50 : 50 : 0 ; ration 5, 34.5 : 34.5 : 31 ; ration 6,
69 : 0 : 31 ; ration 7, 30 : 70 : 0 ; ration 8, 15.8 : 36.9 : 47.3 ; ration 9, 52.7 : 0 : 47.3.
High-grade yearling Shorthorn steers were used, and the digestion trials were
of 10 days' duration with a suitable interim between each trial.

It was found that starch, when fed in excessive amounts, seemed to exert
a depressing effect upon the digestibility of the nitrogen and crude fiber, even
when the excess was not great. When 47.3 per cent of the net energy of the ra-
tion was supplied in the form of starch there was also a depression in the di-
gestibility of the total ash. These depressions in digestion of nitrogen, crude
fiber, and ash were accompanied by a rise in the digestion of fat, which was
quite noticeable in the high starch rations. The depression in the digestibility
of the several nutrients brought about by the addition of starch was largely
overcome, and in some instances completely overcome by the addition of cotton-
seed meal, even though the quantity of starch remained constant. Increasing
the quantity of crude fiber in tlie ration did not exert a depressing effect upon
the dige.stibility of the nitrogen-free extract, but tended rather to increase the
percentage of niti'ogen-free extract digestetl.

The variability of the results from different steers, due either to the in-
dividuality of the animals or to the Imperfections of the usual methods of
conducting metabolism experiments, was so great as to obscure in many ca.ses
the variations resulting from the influence of food combinations. The nearer
the rations approached what is generally considered a normal ration, such as
a ration in which 70 per cent of the net energy is supplied in the form of
silage and 30 per cent in the form of cotton-seed meal, the smaller were the
variations among individuals.

Steers when changed from one ration to another apparently do not at first
secure all of the nutriment from the ration that they will secure after they have
been on the feed for a time. Especially does this seem to be true when the
change is from a rich to a poorer diet. Even when as nmch as 47.3 per cent of
the net energy of the ration was supplied in the form of starch the iodin test
did not indicate the presence of starch in the feces. Within certain limits the
total quantity of nitrogen excreted by the feces was fairly constant, despite
marked changes in the nitrogen intake and digestibility. A 200-kg. steer will
excrete by the feces as much as 5.84 gm. daily of metabolic nitrogen for a con-
siderable period (25 days).

The figures obtained relative to the actual coefficients of digestion, as com-
pared with the calculated, so far as the silage and cotton-seed meal rations are
concerned, indicate that for most nutrients a fair degree of reliability can be
placed upon the calculated coefiicients of digestion. For the dry matter the
variation was never over 5 per cent ; for the nitrogen, never over 7 i)er cent ; for
the crude fiber, never over 10 per cent ; for the fat, never over 14 per cent ; and
for the ash, never over 30 per cent. In the case of the silage and cotton-st^ed
meal rations, modified by the addition of starch, much less reliability could be
placed upon the calculated coefiicients of digestion. For the dry matter the
variations amounted to as much as 20 per cent ; for the ash, 35 per cent ; for the
nitrogen, 73 per cent ; for the crude fiber, 45 per cent ; for the nitrogen-free
extract. 15 per cent ; and for the fat, 55 per cent.

Cotton-seed cake vs. cold-pressed cotton-seed cake for beef cows. Mixed
grain vs. cotton-seed cake for growing' beef cattle. A. D. P^aville (Wyominff
Sta. Bui. 106 (1915), pp. 11). — In part 1 of this bulletin it is shown that in an
experiment with two lots of four beef cows each 2.4 lbs. of cotton-seeil cake.

ANIMAL PKODUCTIOiSr. 171

when fed with native hay, was practically equal in feeding value to 3 lbs. of
cold-pressed cake. Part 2 treats of an experiment with two lots of four beef
heifers each, fed 141 days, in which it was found that a ration of 4 1))S. of a
mixture of equal parts of corn meal and mill-run bran gave better gains than
did 2 lbs. of cotton-seed cake. The economy of gains depended upon the relative
cost of feeds.

The maintenance of a beef-breeding herd, W. H. Tomiiave and B. O. Se\^b-
SON (Pcunsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 101-13J,, pis. ^).— This is a continuation
of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 266).

In this experiment the two lots of ten cows each were wintered from Novem-
ber 15, 1912, to April 25, 1913, in an open slied and fed a ration composed of
corn silage and cotton-seed meal, corn silage being fed to meet the appetite of
the cows and cotton-seed meal at the rate of 1 lb. daily per cow. Lot 1 (Short-
horn cows) made a total gain during the period of 11.9 lbs. per head; lot 2
(Aberdeen-Angus cows), 36.6 lbs. per head. The two lots consumed the same
total amount of feed, approximately 9,600 lbs. of corn silage and 161 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal per head, which cost $19.32 per head. The cost of bedding was
estimated at $4.52, the labor cost in feeding $2.50, and the value of manure
$7.60 per head, making the net cost of wintering a cow $18.73. The average
daily gain made per head by the Shorthorn calves from these cows was 1.56
lbs. and by the Aberdeen-Angus calves 1.41 lbs., or an average of 1.47 lbs., which
cost, per pound of gain, 4.11 cts.

Maintenance rations for breeding flocks of mutton and wool sheep, B. O.
Sevekson (Fennsylrania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 11/9-177). — Four lots of 10 ewes
each, lots 1 and 2 being composed of Shropshires and lots 3 and 4 of Delaine-
Merinos, were fed for 20 weeks. Lots 1 and 3 received a roughage ration con-
sisting of corn silage supplemented with cotton-seed meal. The silage was fed
twice daily in accordance with appetite, while the cotton-seed meal was fed at
the rate of 1 lb. per 25 lbs. of silage. The grain mixture was composed of
shelled corn, oats, wheat bran, and linseed meal 5:3:2:1: This mixture was fed
at such times and in such amounts as were sufficient to keep the ewes in good
breeding condition. Lots 2 and 4 were fed a roughage ration composed of corn
silage fed in the evening and alfalfa fed in the morning. The amount of each
was governed by appetite. The grain mixture was similar to the mixture fed
lots 1 and 3. Analyses of the feeds are reported.

It was noted that the lots receiving corn silage as the sole roughage made
greater gains for the entire period than those also receiving alfalfa. It appears
that corn silage with cotton-seed meal as a source of protein was as efficient as
corn silage with alfalfa hay as a source of protein. The average gains per head of
breeding ewes for the period were : 9.054, — 1.119, 11.546, and — 1.563 lbs. for the
respective lots.

Comparing the lots fed silage and those fed alfalfa and silage, the greatest
losses during lambing time were with the latter. The Shropshires were affected
by more variation in weight than the Delaine-Merino lots. This is said to sub-
stantiate the old version that " Merino sheep, though not as easily placed in
high condition of flesh, will retain their condition with greater persistence than
mutton sheep."

The air-dry matter consumed by lots 2 and 4 in the form of alfalfa hay re-
mained practically uniform and identical in both lots. A lesser amount of air-
dry matter was consumed by both lots in the form of corn silage than in the
form of alfalfa hay. In lot 2 the amount of air-dry matter in the corn silage con-
sumed gradually decreased with the advance of the feeding period. In lot 4 the
amount was practically constant, decreasing slightly with the advance of the

18833°— No. 2—16 6

172 EXPEKIMENT STATION BEOORD.

experiment. This serves to indicate that the amount of corn silage consumed by
breeding ewes decreases with prolonged feeding and that alfalfa hay will re-
main practically constant when both are fed as roughage in the same ration.
The total amount of air-dry matter consumed by breeding ewes was greatest
with lots fed alfalfa hay and corn silage as roughage. Due to greater weight and
size, the Shropshire consumed more air-dry matter than the Delaine-Merino ewes.
The consumption of air-dry matter per 100 lbs. of live weight was also slightly
less with the Delaine-Merino ewes receiving corn silage as roughage than the
Shropshire consuming the same ration. From these data it appears that the
Delaine-INIerino breeding ewes or wool sheep require more air-dry matter per
imit weight than mutton-type Shropshire ewes.

The cost of feeding the ewes in all lots increased with the addition of grain
and commercial feeds. Lot 1, receiving corn silage alone as a roughage, had a
daily cost of 2.282 cts. per ewe and 1.72 cts. per 100 lbs. of live weight during the
period. Lot 2, receiving alfalfa hay and corn silage as roughages, had an average
daily cost of 2.933 cts. per ewe and 2.264 cts. per 100 lbs. of live weight. The
same correlation was obtained with the costs of feetls fed the Delaine-Merino
sheep. The average cost per ewe was I.O.'jG cts. daily in lot 3 and 2.698 cts. in
lot 4, and per 100 lbs. of live weight the cost was l.S.')l cts. daily in lot 3 and 2.641
cts. in lot 4. The cost of maintaining the Delaine-^Ierino ewes was less than
that of the Shropshire ewes because of the greater size and feed capacity of the
Shropshire sheep. However, the cost of feed fed per unit weight was less with
the Shropshire than with the Delaine-Merino ewes.

A study was made on the effect of rations fed, the behavior of the ewes and
lambs, the percentage of lambs raisetl in each lot, the development of lambs after
birth xintil they reach eiglit weeks of age, the condition of the ewes, the sex of
lanil>s, and the feed consumed by the lambs.

Comparing the two Shropshire lots 1 and 2 with the two Delaine-Merino hits
3 and 4, the average weiglit of ewes and lambs was greater with the former.
The Shropshire ewes averaged 131 lbs. and the Dehiine-Merino ewes 102.16 lbs.
at the time of weaning. The Shropshire lambs averaged 9.42 ll)s. and the De-
laine-Merino lambs 8.52 lbs. The Shropshire ram lambs averaged 10.58 lbs.
and the ewe lambs 8.88 lbs.

Tlie lambs in lot 1 consumetl the greatest amount of air-dry matter per head
daily. In lots 3 and 4 tlie amount consumed was practically identical. The
Shropshire lambs consumed more grain than the Delaine-Merino lambs. The
average weight of ram lambs in the Shropsliire lots at the end of eight weeks
was 35.2 lbs. and of Shropshire ewe lambs 28.59 lbs. The ram lambs in the
Delaine-Merino lots averaged 29.25 lbs. at the end of eight weeks, while the ewe
lambs wei.ghed 28.25 lbs. The Shropshire and Delaine-^Merino ewes fwl corn
silage supplemented with cotton-seed meal had heavier lambs than ewes of the
same breed receiving corn silage and alfalfa hay as roughage.

In a study made of the production and value of wool by the breeding ewes,
there appeared to be a greater amount of yolk or oil in the fleeces of the lots
receiving corn silage alone as roughage. Unwashed Shropshire fleeces brought
more per pound than the Delaine-Merino fleeces. The average weight of the
fleeces was 6.799, 6.123, 12..587, and 11. .386 lbs. for the respective lots.

The author states that this investigation is still in progre.ss and that a dupli-
cation is deemed necessary to justify definite conclusions.

Report of the animal husbandman (yew Jersey Stas. Rpi. 191^, pp. 85-9S,
pis. 2). — A 4-acre plat of rape, soy beans, and sweet clover pastured an equiva-
lent of 60 days by 30 spring pigs produced, deducting gains made by corn, 1,854_
lbs. of iwrk. It was observed that the pigs preferred the bean forage and that

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 173

the rape was next in palatability. A 2-acre plat seeded with rye in November
and pastured during the winter, seeded to corn and soy beans in June and in
August broadcasted witli rape and rye, and pastured during tlie summer, pro-
duced 776 lbs. of pork. A 3-acre tract seeded with rye and vetch in November,
with corn and soy beans in Slay, rape and soy beans in August, and pastured
during the spring and fall produced a total of 1,461 lbs. of pork. A mixture of
rajie and sweet clover proved especially attractive to pigs, it being preferred to
alfalfa.

The number of sows and their litters that can be pastured on alfalfa with
safety throughout the year was found to be five per acre, provided they are
given a liberal grain ration dur'ng the time when they are nursing the pigs.
The most rapid and economical gains resulted in the case of two Duroc sows
that were fed ear corn with 10 per cent of tankage while grazing on alfalfa
forage. The pigs responded to this ration and made more than 1 lb. of gain per
day throughout the season. On a basis of net gain i>er acre, i. e., after deduct-
ing the cost of feed consumed and calculating pork at 10 cts. per pound live
weight, the alfalfa fields, now six years old, produced a net profit of .$41 per
acre in 1914. It is concluded that swine are able to market alfalfa in the form
of pork at a profit unequaled by any other method of handling this crop.

Of a number of pigs sold to a hog cholera serum laboratory, certain pigs
proved noticeably resistant to the disease when injected with the virus. It was
found that the hardiest and most resistant pigs were farrowed from sows that
had been housed in the open, with only the protection afforded by the colony
houses. Other pigs which had been pen raised and had not been given free
range nor fed on a forage crop reacted shortly after an injection of the virus.

Pigs given a mineral mixture of charcoal, salt, bone meal, air-slaked lime,
gentian, sulphur, and ferrous sulphate did not root, whereas pigs not receiving
this mixture did root.

Trials with the colony-house system of wintering brood sows proved very
satisfactory. The sows were hardy and the litters large and healthy. It was
found that the best pigs could be traced to the brood sows giving the most
milk, and that sows farrowing in good flesh were the heaviest milkers. To this
end the grain ration was increased after the sow or gilt was safely settled,
say 45 days after mating. At farrowing time the sows were all in good flesh
and bloom. The corn and alfalfa ration was supplemented vv'ith some bran and
tankage during the five weeks preceding farrowing. The corn was taken away,
entirely two weeks before parturition and the amount of feed increased in bulk
by the use of pulped roots and alfalfa leaves. The sows were again placed on
full feed (all they would eat and clean iip with relish) when the pigs were four
weeks old. An attempt was made to combine the feeding of alfalfa hay after
farrowing, but it proved too bulky and the sows lost flesh and failed to give a
satisfactory flow of milk. Green rye gave much better results than the alfalfa
hay, apparently because of its succulent properties.

Trials previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 569) were continued to determine a
method whereby the refuse product known as garbage tankage or " stick "
could be safely fed to pigs. It was found that two methods of neutralizing the
acidity were practical, one being the use of lime water, and the other material
used being ground limestone. The product varied materially in its composition
both chemically and mechanically, and for this reason it is not deemed possible
to give a definite formula governing the amount of these materials required for
neutralization. A mixture made up of corn meal, stick, and blackstrap mo-
lasses 4:8:3, together with a small amount of red dog flour, was fed to pigs for
96 days, producing an average daily gain of 1.656 lbs. per pig. This mixture

174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

proved its usefulness in fattening old sows for market. In its present form the
stick is too bulky, and it is suggested that it be dried and distributed in the
form of powder.

In a lot of pigs fed corn and digester tankage with skim milk, the gains cost
10 cts. per pound as compared with 3.76, 4.99, 5.99, and 4.6 cts. in lots where
the stick was used, but these results are not deemed conclusive.

Rape for fall pigs, C. K. McClelland and P. V. Ewing {Georgia Sta. Circ.
73 {1915), pp. Jf, fig. 1). — General information on the value of rape for fall pigs
based on .station work is summarized. Pigs fed on rape pasture averaged from
2.5 to 33J per cent larger than when fed in a dry lot. The loss of pigs to
weaning age was also retluced by the u.se of this pasture from 20 to 2.j per cent
to less than 6 per cent. On fall-planted rape from 14 to 21 hogs per acre were
grazed from October 28 to April 7.

Growing and fattening hogs in Montana, P. N. Flint and R. F. 5Iilij:b
{Montana Sta. Circ. 50 {1915), pp. Jf3-Tl, figs. 2). — General information is given
on methods of growing and fattening hogs under Montana conditions. An
article l)y H. Welch on diseases of swine is apiiondt^l.

[Changes in form due to fattening of horses], W. A. Cochel and B. O.
Se\-ersox {Pennsylvania Sta. Ept. 1912, pp. 13.'f-l.',0, figs. 5). — This reports
measurements taken of the fattening horses used in the experiment previously
noted (E. S. R., 2S, p. 171).

A record of the outline of the chest and the middle of the paunch of each
Individual horse was made at the beginning and close of the oxi^riment by
means of an adjustable chain, for the purpose of determining where the fat was
placed on the body. It was found that there was little change in depth of body,
especially at the he.irt girth; that there was an ap|iareut iniproveniont in the
spring of the rib and a very material increase in the width of the body through-
out. It appeared that the greatest changes in form due to the fattening process
are in those parts of the body where there is the heaviest covering of muscle.
A very marked change in the form of the chest was noted in the U>catinn of the
point of greatest width, which is nearly 2 in. higher in the fat animal than in
the one in thin condition. There was a smoothness in outline and rotundity of
form after fattening entirely absent before the finishing process is started. In
the outlines of the middle of the paunch of thin horses there was a flattened
appearance above the median line, while the same measurements after fattening
resulted in an almost perfect circle.

As the horses lost in weight and condition, due to work, they assumed a form
similar to that which they had before the fattening period. These changes show
that the horse at hard work may not only utilize his daily rations for the jtro-
duction of work but may draw upon the reserve energy which is stored up in the
form of fat on his body. There was very little change in the length of head and
shoulder and the distance from the chest and hock to the ground. The length of
back as measured from the scapula to the hip decreased slightly, due to a deposit
of fat over the hips and immediately behind the scapula ; there was an apparent
lowering of the hind flank. The losses in these two measurements, however,
were so slight as to l)e within probable error of measurements. There was an
increase in height both at the withers and croup. At the beginning the horses
%\ ere higher at the withers, but when finished were higher at the croup, probably
due to the deposit of fat within the heavy muscles over the hips.

The results of these measurements seem to Indicate that the greatest change
in fattening horses is one of width rather than depth; that the smoothness,
symmetry, and general appearance are greatly improved by the " rounding out "
process due to deposit of fat within the muscles and that the form of the indi-

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 175

vidiial is largely a matter of condition, while the type is almost entirely due to
breeding.

Developing- draft colts, W. A. Cochel and B, O. Severson (Pennsylvania
Sfa. Rpt. 1912, pp. 126-134, pis. ifi).— This is an amplification of work pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 773), with additional data on the rate of growth
and change in form of draft colts from weaning until two years of age.

Cross-section measurements of the heart and paunch girth were made at in-
tervals of three months from November, 1910, to April, 1912. It appears that the
rate of growth as measured by the increa.se in the length of bones is continuous
from birth to maturity, but that the increase in width of body may remain
stationary while that in depth increases. This is to a very large extent due
to the amount of food that the animal consumes over and above that required
for maintenance and growth which is represented by a deposit of fat over the
outside of the chest. There was apparently a greater increase in the depth of
che.st than in the depth at the middle of the paunch, doubtless due to the colts
being " paunchy " at the beginning of the feeding period.

Lineal measurements were also taken. It was observed that the height of
withers was materially greater at weaning time than that of the croup, while in
their 2-year-old form the difference was very much less. The depth of the
chest increased 32 per cent during the entire period, while the distance from the
chest to the ground only increased 9.78 per cent, showing that the foal is much
more " leggy " than the mature horse. There was very little change, amounting
to only 1.8 per cent, in length of the cannon of the hind leg as indicated by
the measurement from the point of hock to gi'ound. There was a very material
increase in the length of shoulder and also in the length of back as measured
from the scapula to the hip. In all of the measurements, however, the increase
in width was proportionately greater than the increa.se in height, so that the
body may be said to change in both depth and width to a greater extent than in
the length of the long bones of the skeleton. There was apparently a much
greater increa.se in the circumference of the girth at the heart than in either of
the circumferences at the hind flank or in the middle of the paunch. During the
last period, when the grain rations were increased very materially in order to
induce fattening, the most noticeable change was in the width of the body
throughout. There was practically no additional growth in the depth of the
chest or in the length of the cannon during this period. The greatest change
was in the rounding out and improvement, in the symmetry, form, and general
appearance of the animals rather than any actual change In the form as indi'
cated by the change in skeleton.

Individual characteristics of hens, H. W. Jackson (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1912, pp. 228-241, pis. 10). — Three experiments were conducted to ascertain the
difference in individual preference for feed stuffs, and variation in the nutritive
ratio preferred by individuals.

It was noted that hens taken from the same general flock and previously fed
on the same or similar rations developed pronounced preferences in feeding,
preferences which persisted throughout the entire period of observation. One
hen, for example, promptly selected a ration of corn, wheat, and scrap, with a
very large proportion of corn, and that ration remained characteristic of her
throughout the entire year. The proportions varied and on lighter laying in the
second season wheat consumption decidedly increased, but her corn preference
persisted to the end. Hens that showed an indisposition to consume enough
oyster shell properly to inclose the eggs were given 10 grains of powdered oyster
shell daily in capsules. The shells resumed their normal strength, thickness,
and texture.

176

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Different dry mash mixtures were tried, but there was no apparent pref-
erence. With the exception of certain hens, dry mash consumption was very
slight regardless of the mixture used. None of the hens showed a particular
liking for meat scrap. It was found that the consumption of oyster shell varied
with the egg production.

The consumption of grit was small and in practically all cases governed by
the season, reaching its height in early winter and dropping to practically noth-
ing in .spring and summer, at which time also shell consumption reaches its
highest point. Attention is called to the fact that the heaviest grit consumption
is at the time when new feathers are being formed and when presumably the
greatest demand is being made for mineral elements. While the average con-
sumption of grit by these hens, on a ration consisting mainly of whole grains for
an entire year averaged 0.14 oz. per hen per week, cockerels being fattened on a
ration of finely ground grains and buttermilk have been found to consume 0.84
oz. weekly per fowl.

The effect of season and production on food consumption, while it seems to be
indicated in the records of individuals, gives uncertain results when applied to
totals or averages for a number of individuals. The year divides itself into
three periods, two laying periods and one nonlaying period. The first period runs
from July 6 to October 25, 16 weeks ; October 26 to February 28, 18 weeks ; and
March 1 to July 4, 18 weeks. The average food consumption and performance
per week for each hen is given by periods in the following table :

Average food consumption per week per hen for the three seasonal periods.

Period.

Com.

Oats.

Wheat.

Mash.

Meat
scrap.

Total
feed.

Ovster
sheU.

Grit.

No. of
eggs.

Weight
of hen.

July 6 to Oct. 25

Oct. 26 to Feb. 28. . .
Mar. 1 to July 4

Oz.
8.49
8.76
6.70

Oz.
1.71

.87
1.72

Oz.

12. 8»
13.42
12.80

Oz.
1.94
1.01
1.49

Oz.
1.14

.59
.75

Oz.
26.13
25.11
22.98

Oz.

0.69
.32
.92

Oz.

0.13
.23
.02

2.50

.32

3.47

Oz.
4.90
5.29
5.64

It is seen that tliough the production of eggs dropped practically to zero
during the second period, tlie food consumption dropped very little as com-
pared with the first period. In the third period egg production was fairly heavy
and weight increased ; food consumption perceptibly decreased. Apparently,
winter conditions make as much of a draft on the fowls as egg production.

All uonproducers were found to be diseased either in the liver or ovaiT.
and it is deemed an interesting point for further observation as to the extent
to which nonproduction may be the result of pathological conditions which
do not noticeably affect general health for months or even years.

Report of the poultry husbandman, H. R. Lewis and W. C. Thompson {New
Jersey Stas. lipt. I'JUf, pp. 99-139, pis. 6). — In exiieriments to determine the
value of sour milk as a suppleiuentary feed for growing chicks there did not
appear to be any appreciable difference between the palatability of the naturally
soured skim milk and a commercial product, Bulgalactine milk. The sour
skim milk formed a source of easily digested protein. The chicks receiving sour
skim milk consumed a larger amount of mash and on the average more grain,
with a corresponding increased rate of growth. The sour skim milk seemed
to increase the appetite, causing a greater consumption and a more economical
use of the food. Sour skim milk fed chicks made a larger and more uniform
gain than those not receiving it, and appeared brighter and healthier at the
close of the experiment than did the others. There was also lower mortality
iu all milk-fed pens than in those not receiving milk.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177

In a comparison of the effect of a 25 per cent and a 10 per cent meat scrap
ration for laying pullets it was found that the increased percentage of meat
scrap resulted in an increased egg production which more than offset the in-
creased cost of the ration. The increased percentage of meat scrap showed no
detrimental effects upon the vitality of the fowls, but appeared to give them
increased vigor. The forced production of the pullet year was not, however,
followed by a continued high production during the second year. The birds re-
ceiving a lower percentage of meat scrap during the first year kept up a uniform
production throughout the second year, not noticeably dropping as in the case
of the birds receiving the higher percentage of meat scrap, which seemed to
have been somewhat broken down by the heavy production during the previous
year. However, it is thought that the forcing of birds during their pullet year
for high egg production is justified. During the second year these birds might
be kept for breeders, in which case they would receive a lower percentage of
meat scrap and no attempt made to force egg production.

Five pens of White Leghorn pullets were fed alike except as to the protein
feeds allowed. Pen 1 received meat scrap, or animal protein, and pens 2, 3,
4, and 5, 33 per cent of soy-bean meal, gluten meal, linseed-oil meal, and cotton-
seed meal, respectively, in a dry mash. All pens received the ordinary grain
mixture. Data are given for the first year's egg production and food consump-
tion, but further work is to be done before definite conclusions are reached.
It has been observed that during the first year the mortality is high in the pens
receiving the oil meal and the cotton-seed meal. A number of the birds have
apparently broken down under the strain of the highly concentrated rations.

Five pens of 50 White Leghorn pullets each were fed alike except as to suc-
culent feeds. Pen 1 received a commercial product, Succulenta tablets; pen
2, dried-beet pulp ; pen 3, mangel beets ; pen 4, sprouted oats ; and pen 5, no
succulents of any kind. The total egg production for the year was 4,432, 4,670,
5,347, 5,517, and 4,239 for the respective lots. Further experiments are to be
conducted before definite conclusions are reached.

A description is given of a proposed standard multiple unit duck house cover-
ing New Jersey conditions, and of a double-pen breeding house to be used for
breeding flocks on general farms.

From the results of crossbreeding work with reciprocal crosses of Black Lang-
shans and White Leghorns, it is concluded that the Black Langshan is essen-
tially a white bird with white plumage, white shanks, white beak, and a bay eye.
Superimposed upon this is a black pigment. This superimposed black pigment
is sex limiting in this mode of inheritance only when the male bird possesses this
black pigmentation ; in which case, so far as this inheritance in the first genera-
tion is concerned, it behaves similar to a dominant character. White Leghorns
carry, without a doubt, a factor for barring. Results tend to point to the fact that
the factor which inhibits the appearance of the barring (if such a factor is used
to explain the nonappearance of the barring) varies in intensity in different in-
dividuals, and may vary in the same individual at different times. The cause
for this at present is undetermined. Further work along this line is contem-
plated before definite conclusions are reached.

Preliminary observations indicate the need of shade on the range for growing
chicks, results with corn proving more satisfactory on the whole than peach trees
or buckwheat for the purpose.

Severe winter weather resulted in a great many frozen combs and wattles
and in a general lowering of vitality in all breeding flocks with both males and
females. Eggs saved for hatching during tha^ jriod were found, upon incubat-
ing, to be very low in fertility and what fertile eggs were secured were found to
contain germs which were weak.

178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

From experiments in progress to determine the relation which exists between
the vigor, age, and health of the breeding flock and the hatchability of eggs
which are produced, it has been concluded that for hatching eggs should be saved
only from hens which have reached maturity, or from hens which have been
through at least one complete molt, and from mature birds that have not been
excessively forced for heavy egg production during the previous winter and are
vigorous and healthy in every respect.

Experiments indicate that there is no advantage in late fall hatched pullets.
Birds hatched late in the season did not have time to mature before winter set in
and consequently were not fitted for egg production until along in the spring.
From tests with various kinds of brooder stoves it is concluded that the most
efficient forms are those which have a capacity of from 2.'50 to 300 chicks.

A brief note on summer sickness of fowls, with symptoms of ptomaine poison-
ing, is given, the trouble being ascribed to eating carrion flesh. There is also
a detailed description of a scheme which has been worked out for the cooperative
selling of eggs.

Experiments in fattening fowls for market, H. W. Jackson and R. V.
Mitchell {Pennfujlvania Sta. Ri)t. 1912, pp. 190-208, pis. 2). — Metho<ls of
fattening poultry for market are described, and experimental work reported.

There appeared to be little difference in gains in crate fattening as compared
with pen fattening with the American class of fowls. The kind of birds best
.suited for this kind of feeding are considered to be those of the American clas.s,
.'^uch as the Barred I'lymf)uth Rocks, Wyandottes. and Rhode Island Reils, and
the season of the year best suited for this kind of work from August 15 to
November 15.

Experiments in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 172)
were conducted to determine what feeds are most profitably fed and the best
method of feeding. Six groups of two pens each of five 2 to 3 lb. White Leg-
horn cockerels each were fed for two weeks the following rations: Group 1,
white bolted corn meal, low-grade flour, oatmeal, p<>a meal, buckwheat middlings,
and wlieat middlings, 24 : G : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ; group 2. the same ration as group 1 in the
proportion of 12 : 4 : 6 : 6 : 4 : 2 ; gi-oup .3, the same as group 2 in the proportion of
1 : 1 : 10 : 10 : S : 4 : group 4, white bolted corn meal, oatmeal, low-grade flour, pea
meal, buckwheat middlings, wheat middlings, and tallow, 23.5 : 5.5 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ;
group 5, white bolted corn meal, oatmeal, low-grade flour, pea meal, buckwheat
middlings, wheat middlings, and sugar (brown), 22.5:5.25:1:1:1:1:2.2.5, re-
spectively. Group 6 was a check lot. The cockerels were not profitably fat-
tened on any ration, although the quality of flesh was .somewhat improvtxl. The
best gains were made on the widest rations, the gains decreasing uniformly
with the nutritive ratio of the ration fed.

In a second experiment three groups were fed three weeks on corn meal, low-
grade flour, wheat middlings, buckwheat middlings, and buttermilk in the fol-
lowing proportions: Group 1, 65:15:15:5:300; group 2, 00: 10: 15: 15: 2CX):
group 3, 55 : 10 : 1." : 20 : 150. The results of the test indicate that from 1.5 to 1.75
lbs. of buttermilk per pound of ground grain, which makes the ration thin enough
to pour, gives better results than a ration either too thick or too thin. It is
thought that approximate results might be secured with soured skim milk where
buttermilk is not obtainable.

In connection with this experiment it was found that pens receiving no grit
or green feed made better gains than the lots with these adjuncts to the ration.
Comparing fowls fed in crates with fowls fatteneil in jiens it was evident that
Leghorns weighing over 2 lbs. will do decidoflly better in pens. Comparing pen-
fattened fowls with those on range, the experiment indicates that some con-

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 179

finement is an advantage. Pens in wliich meat scrap was used in addition to
tlie regular grain ration made better gains than pens witliout meat, but it was
found that it can not be substituted for milli to any extent. Talking tlie total
weekly gains of all pens, the best gains (26.7 lbs.) were in the first week and
were much smaller (14.78 lbs.) in the second, with a still further reduction
(12.36 lbs.) in the third week.

In a third experiment in which rations similar to those in experiment 1 were
fed for tliree weeks it was again found that the best gains were secured with
wider rations. The ration containing tallow was most satisfactory in respect
to the total gain secured. Gains again dropped as the proportion of protein
increased, notwithstanding the facts that rations with milk gave better results
than those without, and the use of milk in the mixture necessarily makes a
narrow ration with any combination of grain feeds. A comparison of results
secured in feeding for three weeks with feeding for two weeks shows that in
this experiment practically all the gains were secured during the first two weeks.
A comparison of crate feeding and pen feeding gave results favorable to crate
feeding.

Experiments to determine the probable profit in fattening farm-raised fowls,
previously reported (E. S. R., 28, p. 172), were continued. It was found that
whole grain rations produced slight gains at a heavy expense. The addition of
meat .scrap to grain increased tlie gains somewhat, but the addition of wlieat
proved to be a disadvantage. Corn meal with meat scrap, while better than
whole grains, was too expensive even when mixed witli milk. The addition
of low-grade flour produced a material increase in gains. Other conditions
being equal, better results were secured when fowls were fattened in a warm
room (corresponding to the ordinary temperature in September and October)
than in a cold room. It is suggested that this does not indicate the advisability
of heating rooms in which to fatten fowls in cold weather, but to indicate the
probable desirability of fattening fowls at a time of the year when suitable con-
ditions can be had without expense.

There does not seem to be any advantage in the use of grit and green feed
in short feeding tests, but both are probably needed in fattening tests extending
over two weeks.

From records kept it appears that the total killing loss in preparing fowls for
market was 14.2 per cent in one test and 10.9 per cent in another.

Crude fiber in the ration of laying hens, W. A. Cochel and H. W. Jackson
(Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 220-227). — This is an amplification of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 773), witli additional notes on the effect of the
feeds and methods of handling on the stage of molt among the birds. There ap-
pears to be no consistent relationship between the rations fed and the weight
of the eggs.

A comparison of simple rations with variety in feeding laying hens,
W. A. Cochel and H. W. Jackson (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 2^1-247
pi. 1). — ^This is an amplification of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 773),
together with additional notes on feed costs of different rations.

Improving the Kansas egg, W. A. Lippincott (Kansas Sta. Circ. 51 (1915),
pp. 10, figs. 6). — General directions are given for improving tlie quality of
market eggs.

Experiments in incubation, H. W. Jackson (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1912,
pp. 209-219, pis. 3). — This is an elaboration on work previously noted (E. S. R.,
28, p. 773). In a study of the best date to discontinue turning eggs in the incu-
bator, it was found that better results were secured by turning eggs until they
began to pip. Such turning did not appear to interfere with chicks being in
proper position for pipping.

180 EXPERIMEXT STATION RECORD.

Silver fox farming- in eastern North. America, N. Deabborn (C7. S. Dept.
Agr. Bill. 301 {1915), pp. 35 figs. 22). — It is said that the silver fox is a color
phase of the common red fox. The beauty and rarity of its pelt have made it
the most valuable of fur animals. It was first successfully domesticated in 1894
in the Canadian Province of Prince Edward Island. In 1910 pelts from ranch-
bred foxes brought higher prices than those from wild foxes, the average value
being over $1,300 each. Since that time the demand for breeding stock has been
so great that very few domesticated foxes have been slaughtered. Stock com-
panies have been organized to engage in the new industry, with the result that
a careful study of foxes in domestication has been made which will contribute
materially to the permanence of fox farming.

"A fox ranch should be situated where it will have good drainage and be par-
tially shaded by a young growth of deciduous trees. Each pair of foxes should
have a runway of about 2,500 sq. ft. They thrive on a varied diet, including
meat, fish, bread, mush, milk, and table scraps. The reproductive period is about
10 years. The young are born in April or May, the average litter containing four
cubs ; but as only about half of the captive females produce young in any given
year, the annual increase has not averaged above 100 per cent.

" Foxes bear captivity well. No widespread disease has appeared among them.
Wounds heal readily, and cases of sickness are usually attributable to a lack of
proper care. By selective breeding the originators of fox culture produced a
superior strain of animals in the cour.se of a few years. This fact is an assur-
ance that even greater improvements can be achieved by selecting, from different
geographic races, foxes of the largest size and crossing them witli animals having
the finest fur."

Report of the biologist {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 253-293. pis. 3).—
Data on the climatic conditions as related to oyster propagation, distribution of
oyster fry, spawning, and spatting at the Barnegat and Tuckerton stations during
the season of 1914 are given.

DAIRY lARMING— DAIRYINa.

Report of the dairy husbandman, A. S. Cook {Neic Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914.
pp. 141-169). — In an experiment to determine the feeding value of cured alfalfa
hay as compared with green alfalfa fed as a soiling crop for cows producing
milk, and to ascertain the physical effect of green alfalfa fed as a soiling crop
with silage as compared witli alfalfa hay, two lots of cows were fed by the
reversal method during two periods of 40 days each. Both lots received in
addition silage, beet pulp, corn meal, gluten, distillers' grains, cotton-secxl meal,
and bran. The total average weight of the cows on the alfalfa hay ration was
practically the same as of those on the soiling crop ration, and the production
of both lots remained remarkably constant during the entire experiment. The
average daily milk production was 22.G lbs. per head when alfalfa was fed as
compared with 23.1 lbs. on the soiling crop ration. On the alfalfa hay ration
358.4 lbs. of milk fat from milk testing 3.27 per cent was producefl, and on the
soiling crop ration 3G4.9 lbs. from 3.29 per cent milk. The cost of feed was
$153.90 and tlie profit over feed cost $100.91 on the alfalfa hay ration as com-
pared with a feed cost of $132.07 and a profit over feed cost of $125.99 on the
soiling crop ration. For every pound of alfalfa hay that was fed 1.9 lbs. of
milk was produced, while it required 2.68 lbs. of green alfalfa fed in the form
of a soiling crop to produce 1.9 lbs. of milk.

Two lots of three calves and three yearling heifers each were fed by the
reversal method a soiling crop ration (mainly green alfalfa) and a corn silage
ration. Both lots in addition received skim milk, alfalfa hay, corn meal, bran,

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 181

oats, and peas. Each ration contained practically the same amount of protein
and carbohydrates.

The average daily gain in weight per calf on the soiling crop ration was
1.32 lbs. per day and on the silage ration 1.33 lbs. It required 3.2 lbs. of
nutrients for 1 lb. of gain in the soiling crop ration and 3.4 lbs. in the silage
ration.

The cost of feed for the station herd was $113.95 per cow last year and .$95.24
this year. It is estimated that only 47 per cent of the value of the milk has been
spent for feed. The cost of labor, bedding, stabling, etc., per cow per year is
estimated at $35.19. The total profit realized per cow per year was $52.19.

Data on the cost of feed and other items for Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, and
Ayrshire calves are given, also records and results of cow te.sting asssociation
work. In a study of these data as i-egards the relation of the amount of feed
fed and the cost of feed to the milk produced it was found that when silage is
used in the roughage ration the greatest profit over feed cost in proportion to
the amount of milk produced was received when practically the same amount of
dry matter was fed in the roughage in the grain, and where 1 lb. of dry matter
was fed in the total feed for approximately 1.2 lbs. of milk produced. When
the pounds of milk produced for each pound of dry matter fed in the roughage
exceeded 3 lbs. and the pounds of milk produced for each pound of dry matter
fed in the grain was below 2 lbs. the profit over feed cost was considerably
less in proportion to the milk produced. When the pounds of milk exceeded
4 for each pound of dry matter in the grain and were below 2.5 for each pound
of dry matter fed in the roughage there was also a decrease in the profit in pro-
portion to the amount of milk produced.

Data are also given on the average production found per cow for 12 months
for each breed tested for advanced registry. The average cost of feed for a
7-day record was $4.11, estimated to be slightly above 50 per cent of the value
of the product ; the average cost of feed for the 30-day test was $15.92, slightly
less than 50 per cent of the value of the product. These figures indicate that
cows on advanced registry test are being much more economically fed than is
generally supposed.

The average amount of feed consumed per cow for one year by the different
breeds is computed. The cost of this feed per cow for one year was as follows :
Guernsey, $103.14; Jersey, $77.77; Ayrshire, $184.33; Dutch Belted, $105.40;
and Brown Swiss, $131.13.

Comparison of certain grain mixtures, H. E. Van Nokman and H. P. Davis
(Pennsylvania Sta. Rid. 1912, pp. 266, 267). — In an experiment to determine
whether there was any appreciable difference in milk yield due to the character
of the feeds, when so mixed as to have the same protein to energy ratio but
derived from different sources, six lots of three cows each were fed during three
periods of four weeks each by the reversal method three different grain mix-
tures having the same ratio of protein to energy. The greatest difference in
milk yield for the periods covered was 0.25 lb. of milk per cow per day, in the
next 0.11 lb., and in the third 0.05 lb. per cow per day. In other words, for all
practical purposes one mixture was as efficient as another in this experiment, so
far as milk yield was concerned, but thex*e was a marked difference in cost of
energy per 100 lbs. in the several mixtures.

The least expensive mixture was corn and cob meal, cotton-seed meal, dis-
tillers' dried grains, and gluten feed 4.25 : 1 : 3 : 1, having a ratio of protein to
energy of 1 : 5 and costing per 100 lbs. of energy $1.79.

The food requirements of milch cows in an open shed as compared with
regular stabling, H. E. Van Noeman and H. P. Davis {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.

182 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

1912, pp. 259-266). — Records were kept of the condition and production of two
lots of six cows eacli, one lot housed under typical Pennsylvania barn conditions,
the other in an open shed from November 30, 1911, to ilarch 14, 1912. The
average difference between the indoor and otudoor temperatures was 12.7 dt^
grees at the time of the morning milking and 7.69 degrees at the time of the
evening milking.

The time required to care for the group outside and the group inside was
practically the same. The amount of bedding necessary to keep the animals in
a cleanly condition was estimated to be more for the outside gi'oup. The ani-
mals all remained in good health throughout the period. The appetite of the
outside group was always keener, and thoy were more alert than the inside group
and always more active when turned into the yard for water. The hair was
coarse, rough, and long and the hides were stiffer on the outside group.

The water drunk by each group was measured for 15 days, the. average con-
sumed by the outside group per cow per day being 64.3 lbs. and for the inside
group 61.4 lbs., but the period was deemed too short to be conclusive. The two
groups were practically of the same weight at the commencement of the te.st,
and this weight was maintained practically constant until llie last three weeks
when the outside group startetl to lose weight. The average milk yield wlion
the temperature was above the average temperature for the week showed almost
no variation from the average yield when the temperature was l)elow the average
temperature for the week in either group. The variation did not amount to 1 lb.
of milk f(jr a lot of six cows in the instance showing the great«'st difference.

The average daily milk production for the period was 16.8 lbs. per cow for the
outside group and 17.13 lbs. for the inside group ; the average daily fat produc-
tion, 0.978 and 0.917 lb. per cow; the average total solids pro<luced daily, 2.66
and 2.r>9 lbs. per cow; the total energ>' produced in milk per cow per day, 7.47
and 7.16 therms; and the daily excess of energy consumed over production, 5.8
and 5.49 therms, respectively.

Food requirements of milch, cows in open shed as compared with, regular
stabling, 11. E. Van Nokman {I'rnnstjlrnnid Sia. h'lit. 19 IS, pp. 161-163). — Two
lots of re])ros('ntative gratle Cuernsey cows were fed the .same grain mixture and
each individual cow fed grain in proportion to her average daily milk yield of the
preceding week, with all the silage and hay that she would consume without
gaining materially in weight, lot 1 being fed outside all winter and lot 2 inside.

The results so far secured suggest that there is less difference in the yield of
milk from cows stabled in the open shed as compared with those in closed barns
than is popularly supposed. The feed consumptii>n was practically no greater
in the open .shed. There was more net energy required for maintenance outside
than inside. There was more milk productnl inside than outside, but there was
more net energy produced in the form of milk outside than inside, due to the
difference in the composition of the milk. The.se differences are tliouglit to be
less than the differences which might be due to the variation in the individuality
of the animals.

No relation between milk yield and the temperature conditions was noted,
although it is thought this would possibly not hold true for a heavy-producing
cow.

Summary production of the station herd for twenty-one years, H. E. Van
Norman and H. P. Davis (Penmylrania Sta. h'pt. 1912. pp. 267, 26S). — A
summary of the production of the station dairy herd for the past 21 years is
given, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 21, p. 270).

Rules relative to testing dairy cows {Maasachusctts Sta. Circ. 57 {1915), pp.
/{). — A revision of Circular 28, previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 775).

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 183

The Sharpies milking' machine, H. E. Van Norman (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 163, 164). — In ^ study of the use of a milking machine it appears that
one man using two machines secures the greatest efllciency witli a herd of 20
annuals, and that as the number falls below this the actual time of the man per
cow is increased. One man and two machines apparently can do the work of two
hand milkers, and where the number of men required for milking determines the
amount of labor on the farm, it is thought the use of the milking machine will
be practicable if other circumstances justify the investment.

Germ content of stable air and its effect upon the germ content of milk,
G. L. A. RuEHLE and AV. L. Kulp {New York State Sta. Bid. J,09 {1915), pp.
419-474, figs. 4)- — This bulletin is composed of two parts.

I. Methods of bacterial analysis of air (pp. 422-440). — This material has been
previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 610).

II. Stable air as a source of bacteria in milk (pp. 446-474). — In this investiga-
tion attention was limited to a study of the contamination due to the general con-
dition of the stable air, no attention being given to localized air contaminations
that occur in milking due to dirt falling through the air from the cow's body.
An attempt was made to control all conditions which might influence the results
and to measure the factor of air contamination as directly as possible. An ap-
paratus is described which was so constructed as to make it possible to imitate
the milking process very closely and yet allowed the use of a sterile fluid in the
place of milk as drawn from the udder, which, it has been found, contains vari-
able numbers of bacteria.

It was found that the number of bacteria present in the air of the station
stable during such barn operations as milking, feeding hay, grain, and the like
usually varies between 50 and 200 per liter of air. Occasionally much lower re-
sults were secured and also a few much higher, the highest being 825 per liter.
When sterile water was " milked " in the station stable from the apparatus
designed for the purpose, the germ content of the liquid was found to average
12 per cubic centimeter with a maximum of 73 and a usual range of from 5 to 15
per cubic centimeter.

A large number of tests were made in the stable loft. Here it was easily
possible by sweeping up debris from the floor to secure dusty conditions which
were as bad as the worst possible conditions obtainable in commercial dairies.
When a heavy dust was raised at the beginning of each test the germ content
of the air was usually between 1,000 and 2.000 per liter, with an average of 2,068,
a minimum of 329, and a maximum of 5,200 per liter. When the dust was
maintained continuously throughout the test the numbers obtained in the com-
pletely satisfactory determinations averaged 9,575 bacteria per liter of air, with
a minimum of 960, a maximum of 28,200, and a usual range of from 2,.500 to
10,000 per liter.

Sterile water milked under these extremely dusty conditions gave an average
germ content of 47.6 per cubic centimeter when the dust was raised but once,
the highest number being 133, and the usual range between 30 and 100 per cubic
centimeter. When the heavy dust was maintained continuously the average
germ content of the water milked was 604 per cubic centimeter, with a minimum
of 69, a maximum of 1,430, and a usual range of from 300 to 1,000 per cubic
centimeter.

In three commercial stables 58 analyses gave only seven results in which the
germ content of the air was greater than the highest count (825 per liter) ob-
tained in the station stable, and of these seven only four were decidedly higher
than this figure. Milking under the worst of these conditions would, as shown
by the work done where an artificial dust was raised, have added from 100

184 - EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

to 1,000 or more bacteria per cubic centimeter to the milk. On tlie other hand,
under the conditions usually found in these stables the number of bacteria added
to milk drawn would have been so few as to be undetectable by known methods
of analyses.

It is suggested that other possible sources of contamination, such as the in-
terior of the udder, the cow's body, the milkers' hands and clothes, and the con-
dition of the utensils be kept in mind in interpreting the importance of the air
as a source of milk contamination. Accurate data showing the relative values
of each of the.se .sources of contamination are not yet at hand.

Data were secured which show the effect of exposing a pail of milk to the
stable air. The data were secured partly by experiment and partly by calcula-
tion from the experimental data. Under the conditions obtaining in the station
stable it was found that an average of 55 colonies developed from the bacteria
which fell on a square centimeter area when dry chopped hay was fed, 71 per
square centimeter when dry grain was being fed, and 114 per square centimeter
when milking was in progress. When the effect of leaving 5 liters (about 5 qt.)
of milk standing in an open 12-in. pail in the open stable for one hour was cal-
culated fi'om these data it was found that the numbers of bacteria which would
be added would be 96, 124, and 199 per cubic centimeter under the above con-
ditions. It is deemed probable that no greater contaminations than those just
noted occur normally in commercial dairies.

A few analyses indicate, however, that conditions are bad enough at times
to produce measurable contaminations in the milk even if this is exposed for a
short time only.

Methods of maJcing some of the soft cheeses, W. W. Fisk (Xcw York Cot'
ncll 8ta. Circ. 30 {1915), pp. 41-62, figs. 7). — Methods of making pot, baker's,
and cottage, Neufchatel, cream, and club varieties of soft chee.se are described
on the basis of tests carried on for several years at the station. Field data,
analyses, and a bibliography of 28 references are included.

VETERINAEY MEDICINE.

Report of the sixteenth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
lianitary Association {Rpt. U. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc, 16 {1912), pp. 1S2,
figs. S). — The papers presented before the sixteenth annual meeting are as
follows: Tick Eradication, a Fundamental Principle Necessary to Consider in
the Agricultural Development of the South, by E. M. Nighbert (pp. 19-35) ;
Immunization Against Hemorrhagic Septicemia, by J. R. Mohler and A. Eich-
horn (pp. 35-40) (E. S. R., 28, p. 281) ; Hemorrhagic Septicemia, by S. H. "Ward
(pp. 40-44) ; Johne's Disease, or Pseudotuberculosis, by J. G. "Wills (pp. 44-50) ;
The Value of Physical Examination and Clinical Diagnosis in the Control of
Tuberculosis in Cattle, by V. A. Moore (pp. 51-55) ; State Control of Contagious
Diseases in Live Stock, by J. I. Gibson (pp. 55-58) ; Advance Registration for
Pure-Bred Cattle Free from Tuberculosis, by O. E. Dyson (pp. 58-66) ; Inspec-
tion of City Milk from Producer to Consumer, by G. E. Leech (pp. 66-72) ; The
Sanitary Barn and Clean Milk Production, by C. Way (pp. 72-79) ; The Con-
trol of Hog Cholera with Immune Serum, by P. Fischer (pp. 79-83) ; Fixed Hog
Cholera "\'irus, by J. Reichel (pp. 83-101) ; Live Stock Sanitary Control AVork
in Canada, by F. Torrance (pp. 101-105) ; Contagious Abortion Bacillus "N'ac-
cine, by J. Reichel (pp. 105-111) ; Contagious Abortion, by W. L. Williams (pp.
111-126) ; Preventive Measures Against Equine Influenza Based on Its Bac-
teriology, by N. S. Ferry (pp. 127-146) ; The Pathology of Parturient Paresis
(Milk Fever) and the Calcium Salts as a Factor in the Onset of Labor, by J. H.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 185

Kastle and D. J. Healy (pp. 146-154) ; Strangles of Horses and Its Control, by
B. F. Kaupp (pp. 154-155) ; and Tests for Glanders Based on Field Work in the
State of Wyoming, by B. F. Davis (pp. IHo-lGO).

Report of the seventeenth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
Sanitary Association {Rpt. U. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc, 17 (1913), pp. 255,
figs. 7). — The papers presented before the seventeenth annual meeting are as
follows : The United States Government Meat Inspection, by V. A. IMoore (pp.
19-24) ; IMeasles in Live Stock and Its Relation to Kural Sanitary Conditions,
by B. H. Ransom (pp. 24-27) ; The Diagnosis of Glanders, by J. R. Mohler and
A. Eichhorn (pp. 28-33) (E. S. R., 31, p. 83) ; The Control of Glanders in New
York State, by J. F. DeVine (pp. 34-37) ; The Control of Hog Cholera— A Re-
view of Four Months' "Work by the Bureau of Animal Industry, by M. Dorset
(pp. 38-46) ; How May a State Most Effectively Combat Hog Cholera? by J. W.
Counaway (pp. 46-48) ; Necessary Equipment of State Laboratories for the
Production of Hog-Cholera Serum, by P. Fischer (pp. 48, 49) : Control of Hog
Cholera in Germany, by K. Schern (pp. 50-67) ; Investigations with Swamp
Fever, by L. Van Es (pp. 67-71), a bulletin on which has been noted (E. S. R.,
26, p. 287) ; The Purity of the Farm Water Supply and Practical Methods
of Insuring Clean Drinking Water, by H. A, Whittaker (pp. 72-78) ; De-
layed Reactions Following Injection of Tuberculin, by J. G. Wills and C.
Linch (pp. 78-96), abstracted on page 187; Some Effects of Poor Ventila-
tion, by C. C. Lipp (pp. 97-101) ; Elimination of Sources of Contamination
in Milk, by W. D. Frost (pp. 101-107) ; The Present Status of the Control
of Bovine Tuberculosis by Vaccination, by S. H. Gilliland (pp. 107-112) ;
The Possibilities and Limitations of the Intradermal Test for Bovine Tuber-
culosis, by C. M. Haring (pp. 114-123) ; Bovine Tuberculosis in Illinois —
Modern Method of Handling in Pure-Bred Herds, by O. E. Dyson (pp. 123-132) ;
The Present and Future Attitude of the Railroads Toward Live Stock Sanitary
Control Work, by F. S. Brooks (pp. 132-137) ; Proper Basis for Interstate Rec-
ognition of Health Certificates, by S. H. Ward (pp. 137, 138) ; The Control of
Hog Cholera by Slaughter Methods, by G. Hilton (pp. 138-147) (E. S. R., 31, p.
886) ; Necessary Regulations for Inspection and Disinfection of Horses and
Mules for Interstate Shipment, by C. E. Cotton (pp. 147-150) ; Official Inspec-
tion of Interstate Cattle, by C. J. Marshall (pp. 151-162) ; The Most Successful
Methods of Tick Eradication, by J. A. Kiernan (pp. 163-184) ; Obseiwations on
Dourine in the Northw^est, by A. W. Miller (pp. 184-187) ; Anthrax Immuniza-
tion and Control, by E. R. Forbes (pp. 187, 188) ; and Investigations of the
Etiology of Infectious Abortion of Mares and Jennets, by E. S. Good (pp. 189-
191) (E. S. R., 29, p. 779).

Water hemlock (Cicuta), C. A. Jacobson (Nevada Sta. Bui. 81 (1915), pp. 7-
Jf6, figs. 10). — This bulletin deals particularly with chemical and toxicological
work with Cicuta, an account of which plant by Marsh, Clawson, and Marsh,
dealing largely with the botanical and pathological sides, has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 880). Botanical data and accounts of typical cases of
poisoning are included.

The summary as drawn by the author is as follows :

" Water hemlock is an umbelliferous, poisonous plant, growing along the banks
of streams and in marshy ground. It is recognized under at least three distinct
species in this country, all three containing the same poisonous principle,
cicutoxin, which is located primarily in the rhizome or rootstalk of the plant.

" Cicutoxin is an unstable resinlike substance of the formula C19H26O3, and is a
complex derivative of pyrone. It decomposes and polymerizes readily, especially
at temperatures above 50° C. It is extracted from the tubers bv means of ether

186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

and enters violently into combination with free broinin. It forms combinations
with lead, barium, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, and yields the double acetyl
derivative. A tentative structural fornmla for the compound has been proposed.
A reliable chemical test for its presence has been found. Cicutoxin is a spasmo-
toxin, producing symptoms that may be separated into a prodromal, a paroxysmal,
and a paralytic stage. Death generally results in from 30 minutes to 12 hours.
The lethal dose of cicutoxin for the average rabbit is 175 mg. and ' 50 mg. per
kilo body weight ' for cats when administered per mouth. Cicutoxin attacks a
nerve center in the calamus scriptorius and kills by asphyxiation and exhaustion.
It is not a constitutional poison and the lethal dose can not properly be given in
terms of milligrams per kilo body weight. No antidote is known, and the most
reliable treatment at present consists in producing vomiting and allaying the
convulsions by means of a narcotic."

Some observations on the theory and practice of dipping, W. F. Coopkk
and H. E. Laws {Parasitology, 8 (1015), Xo. 2, pp. l!)0-2n, pi. 1, figs. 2).— This
is a critical review of work done in the past, together with deductions drawn
from the available data. The subject is taken up under the headings of the
process of dipping, the effect of dipping on the tick, the effect of an emulsion In
a dipping fluid, the action of the emulsion, does the tick take up arsenic from the
blood or from the skin of the dipped host, cumulative action of arsenic in dip-
ping, the quantity of arsenic applied in dipping, the effect on pathogenic organ-
isms of arsenic in tlie blood of dipped animals, and dipping in relation to try-
panosoniiasi.s. Tabular data and notes are presented in several appendixes. A
list of 20 references is iiiclu<lo<l.

Suppurative lesions in horses and a calf of California due to the diph-
theroid bacillus of Preisz-Nocard, I. C. II.vll and C. W. Fishek (Jour. Ama:
Vet. Med. Assoc, 1,8 {1015), No. 1, pp. 18-30, figs. 2). — The authors report hav-
ing observed, during the fall months only, a peculiar abscess formation in eleven
horses and one calf, simulating in at least one ca.se the ulcerative lympliangitis
of European writers. "The.se ab.sce.sses are usually, though not invarial)ly, lo-
cated in the prepectoral region and their depth in tin* tissues supports the idea
of a true lymi)hatic infection ; if unopened, however, they ultimately transform
into ulcers. Ulcerative lymphangitis is well known abroad, but till now has
remained unrecognized in the United States. Tlie disease we have found usually
yields to simple surgical treatment, but we Imve observed one refractory case.

" Pure cultures of the specific cause were recovered from each of these cases
and their identity was proved with similar organisms recovered by us from sheep
afflicted with caseous lymphadenitis, i. e., the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard.

" In certain cases the infections we have studied bear some clinical resem-
blance to farcy, epizootic lymphangitis, and sporotrichosis, but may be readily
differentiated from these by bacteriological analysis^ Further, orchitis in male
guinea pigs resulting from the inoculation of pus containing either B. mallei
or the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard needs offer no confusion in diagnosis if the pus
is studied microscopically and culturally."

A list of 32 references to literature on the sub.1ect is appended.

Dourine and the complement fixation test, E. A. Watson {Parasitology, 8
(1915), No. 2, pp. 156-183). — The purpose of this paper is to draw further atten-
tion to the value of the complement fixation reaction as a diagnostic test in
dourine and to recommend a method of procedure and technique arrived at witli
an experience of 15.000 tests for dourine made at the Veterinary Research
Laboratory, Lethbridge. Alberta.

The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease at Birkenhead (Rpt. Proc. Cnnf.
Birkenhead, Bd. Agr. and Piffhcries [fit. Brit.] and Dept. Agr. and Teelt. Insfr.
Ireland, 1914, Feb., pp. 27). — This is a report of proceedings at a conference on

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 187

foot-and-mouth disease, held at Birkenhead on February 26, 1914, between repre-
sentatives of tlie Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and of the Department of
Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, in which evidence relating to
the introduction and occurrence of the disease in England is presented.

The identity of Trypanosoma rhodesiense with, the trypanosom.e of the
same appearance found in game, W. Yorke and B. Blacklock {Brit. Med.
Jour., No. 2788 {19H), pp. 12SJt-1236) .—'' In favor then of game being the
reservoir of human trji^anosomiasis in south central Africa we have the follow-
ing facts : Human beings and game are known to be infected with trypanosomes
identical as regards morphology, pathogenicity in laboratory animals, and their
development in Glossina uiorsitans. The human trypanosome can be successfully
inoculated into game. The peculiar sporadic occurrence of the disease in human
beings suggests that they were infected from a widely spread reservoir of the
infection (the game) rather than from one another.

" In conclusion, we submit that the hypothesis that man enjoys marked natu-
ral immunity and is in consequence to a great extent resistant to infection with
this parasite affords a satisfactory explanation of the distribution of the disease,
of its comparative rarity, and of the fact that Taute's attempt to infect himself
failed."

Concerning the identification of trypanosomes occurring in Russia, L.
Yakimoff (Compt. Rend. Sac. Biol. [Paris], 78 {1915), No. 10, pp. 303-306).—
The investigations of the author indicate that the dourine trypanosome {Tnj-
panosoma equiperdum) of Russian origin and that of Algeria are identical;
that the trypanosome of the ass and of the camel in Bokhara are identical ;
that the trypanosome of dourine in Russia is not identical with that occurring
in the camel and ass in Bokhara or with T. hrucei; and that the trypanosome
of the ass in Bokhara is not identical with T. brucei.

Delayed reactions following injection of tuberculin, J. G. Wills and C.
LiNCH {Rpt. U. S. Live Stoek Sanit. Assoc, 17 {1913), pp. 78-96, figs. 3).—
•' Our experience in a great number of these so-called slight reactions has shown
the necessity of great care being exercised in relation to condemning cattle not
showing a pronounced temperature rise. It is not unusual to find animals that
show a slight elevation of temperature exhibit on slaughter pronounced lesions
of tuberculosis. Hutyra and Marek state that in cattle that have had previous
injections of tuberculin the reaction passes over sooner than normally and in
advanced disease it may set in very late. In our observations we have failed
to find this to be the rule, but have found many delayed reactions and few early
reactions even in cases where temperatures were taken for 48 hours, beginning
2 hours after tuberculin was injected. Our experiences indicate that the pre-
vious injection of tuberculin has a tendency to reduce the extent of temperature
rise in a tuberculous animal, and this observation would seem to support the
theory of once a reactor always a reactor. Under such circumstances a history
of the herd is of value to the examiner in determining what action will be taken,
especially with individuals which do not show definite reactions. In badly dis-
ea.sed herds it is unquestionably necessary to consider a slight rise in tempera-
ture with more suspicion than in cases where few reactors are found."

Histoiy of tuberculosis in the college herd, H. H. Havner {Pennsylvania
St a. Rpt. 1912, pp. 177-190, pi. i).— This account is largely a reprint of the
bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 885), with some additional data.

The life history of Nematodirus filicollis, a nematode parasite of the
sheep's intestine, C. L. Boulenger {Parasitology, 8 {1915), No. 2, pp. 133-155,
pis. 2, figs. 5). — A report of studies of this parasite commenced in August,
1913, at Wye, in Kent, and continued at the University of Birmingham.
18833°— No. 2—16 7

188 EXPEBIMENT STATION BECOED.

The investigations showed X. fllicoUis, in spite of but few records of its oc-
currence, to be extremely abundant at all seasons, and it was found in a large
percentage of lambs and yearlings suffering from gastrointestinal troubles, as
well as in a number of apparently healthy animals. The nematode usually occurs
in the duodenum, but in case of heavy infestation is also found in other parts
of the small intestine and has been recorded from the fourth stomach as well.
While in a majority of cases it occurs in relatively small numbers, the author
has occasionally observed thousands in the duodenum alone, the lambs thus
heavily infected always exhibiting .symptoms of helminthiasis. To what ex-
tent the symptoms are due to the presence of \. filicoUis could not be de-
termined, as this nematode is always associated with other parasites both in the
.small intestine and other parts of the alimentary tract. Among the parasites
found associated with it in the small intestine were the taiieworm iloniezia
expansa, and the nematodes Bunostomum trigonocephahim, Ostertapia circuni-
cincta, Cooperia oncophora, Trichostroiigylus vitrinus, and Strongyloides papil-
losus.

" The eggs of A^ filicoUis when laid contain an embryo with seven or eight
cells ; they pass out of the infested host with the feces. Even under favorable
conditions development takes place slowly, and the embryos are not ready to
hatch until 24 to 28 days have elapsed. In their early stages the embryos are
not able to withstand desiccation and are killed if frozen or subjected to high
temperatures. ...

" The sheathed larvae are often retained for a long time within the egg-
shells, and both in this position and after hatching can resist complete desicca-
tion for considerable periods (20 months or even longer) ; when dried they are
able to withstand freezing as well as temperatures much above those likely to
be met with in the open. The free larvc-e will live for a considerable time in
water. They possess well-<leveloped migratory instincts and climb vertical sur-
faces such as grass .stems and blades and tlie glass walls of the vessels in which
they are kept. The sheaths are cast off by the larvje when these are subjected to
temperatures approximating to the blood temi>erature of the host ; completion
of the .second molt occasionally also takes place at laboratory temperatures under
certain abnormal conditions.

" No infection experiments were made on sheep, but other evidence shows
that these animals must become infected by swallowing the sheathed larvje
either when free or while still inclose<l in the eggshells. A number of young
stages of the parasite were met with in the intestines of sheep, the smallest of
these being only little more advanced in structure than the larv£E just after
ecdysis."

A list of 24 references to the subject is appended.

T7mbilical necrobacillosis in lambs, W. B. Mack {Amer. Yet. Rev., 47
{1915), A'o. 5, pp. 592-597, figs. 3). — The author reports upon an outbreak of
this disease in Nevada in which 70 per cent of a loss of 2,200 lambs was due
to this affection, as previously noteil (E. S. R.. 33. p. 676).

The State, the owner, and the veterinarian in relation to hog cholera serum
and virus, M. H. Reynolds {Amer. Vet. Rev., ^7 (1915), No. 5, pp. 558-^69).—
The author describes a plan for hog cholera control work by and under the
supervision of the State and reports practical field tests of it made in Min-
nesota.

Hog cholera, E. A. Cahili. {-Jour. Amer. Vet. iled. Assoc., 48 (1915), No. 1,
pp. 31-38). — A discussion of this disease, particularly as regards Massachusetts
conditions.

Directions for the dissection and study of the cranial nerves and blood
vessels of the horse, G. S. Hopkins ([Ithaca, N. Y.]: Author, 1913, pp. 35,

RURAL ENGINEERING. 189

pis. 5). — This companion work i.s ari-anged on the plan of the guide previously
noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 87).

The control of contagious epithelioma in chickens by vaccination, W. B.
Mack and E. Records {Nevada Sta. Bui. 82 (.1915), pp. 5-16). — This is a report
upon vaccination experiments made during the course of outbreaks in seven
flocks, brief reference to which work has been previously noted (E. S. R., 33,
p. 676).

" The use of a virus prepared by triturating the morbid products collected from
the skin and mucous surfaces and attenuated at 55° C. for one hour checked the
spread of the disease promptly and exercised a favorable influence upon visibly
infected birds. Cases thus treated ran a shorter and milder course than those
not treated, and the mortality was materially reduced. Two injections were
suflicient in most instances, but severe advanced cases benefited by a third and
larger dose." In five flocks, containing 3,062 birds, 1,668 of them thoroughly
exposed and 1,394 visibly infected, the spread of the disease after vaccination
was negligible. Of the 1,394 visibly infected birds treated, 1,094, or 78.55 per
cent, recovered.

" On the whole the treatment was satisfactory and successful. In five flocks
no unfavorable results followed the subcutaneous administration of the vaccine,
but in two flocks serious toxic and septic processes were apparently caused by it.
The crude preparation used is not, therefore, without danger, and a more refined
product must be devised."

Campaign to eliminate bacillary white diarrhea (Massachusetts Sta. Circ.
56 (1915), folio). — The agglutination test for the detection of the causative
organism of this disease (Bacterium pnllorum) having made it possible to elimi-
nate infected fowls from breeding flocks, the station cooperating with the exten-
sion service herewith announces its preparedness to begin testing breetling hens.
The collection of blood samples will be made by the extension service, and the
agglutination tests by the station.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Excavating machinery used in land drainage, D. L. Yaenell (U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 300 (1915), pp. 37, pis. 9, figs. ^).— This bulletin discusses the de-
velopment of excavating machinery and deals with the essential features of con-
struction, cost, operation, cost of operation, and selection for certain conditions
of the floating dipper dredge, the floating grab-bucket dredge, the dragline
scraper excavator, the dry-land dipper excavator, the dry-land grab-bucket ex-
cavator, the templet excavator, the wheel type of excavator, the hydraulic
dredge, and machines for cleaning old ditches.

" The floating dipper dredge is more widely used in drainage work than is any
other type of excavating machine. For work through wet land no other ex-
cavator will equal it in cheapness of construction of ditches having a cross sec-
tion of from 100 to 1,200 sq. ft. It is by far the most efficient machine to use
where many stumps will be encountered. Owing to its limited reach it is not
generally applicable to levee construction. . . . The floating dipper dredge
should be operated downstream, where practicable.

" In general, the clam-shell or orange-peel dredge is not well adapted to ditch
construction, especially if there are stumps to handle. Certain types of soil,
such as the muck of southern Louisiana, can, however, be handled to advantage
with this machine. It is also suited to levee building when equipped with a long
boom.

190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

" The dragline scraper excavator is . . . especially suited to the construction
of ditches and levees of large cross section where the ground is sufficiently stable
to support the machine. The scraper excavator is also suitable for ditch cleaning.

" The various forms of so-called dry-land machines find quite extensive use in
drainage. The dipper and orange-peel dredges of the dry-land type are suitable
for use where sufficient water can not be had to float a dredge. The templet and
the wheel types of excavators are applicable to open land where the soil is
neither too hard nor too wet. The ditches cut by these latter machines are
superior in hydraulic efficiency to those of similar section cut by any other type
of excavator. The dry-land machines should be operated upstream. The hy-
draulic dredge is not suited to ordinary drainage ditch construction. It has been
used to some extent in cleaning ditches and, with the use of slope boards, has in
at least one instance made a satisfactory record in levee construction."

State highway mileage and expenditures to January 1, 1915 (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Office .Sec. Circ. 52 {1915), pp. 6). — This circular, preparetl by the Division
of Road Economics of the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, re-
ports data showing that in the 20-year period ended January 1, 1915, expendi-
tures aggregating $211,859,163 have been made by 39 States for the construction
of 35,477 miles of improved roads.

Other data showing the distribution of expenditures under state control for
the year 1914 are also reported.

Highway bonds, L. I. Hewes and J. W. Glox-er (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 136
{1915), pp. 136, pis. 9). — This bulletin presents a compilation of data and an
analysis of economic features affecting the construction and maintenance of
highways financed by bond issues, and discusses in addition the theory of high-
way bond calculations.

The following topics are covered : County highways, economic value of the
market road, cost of highway construction, cost of highway maintenance, the
bond issue, total cost of highways, and expediency of issuing highway bonds.
The following appendixes are included : State highway bonds ; approximate lists
of county and district highway and bridge bonds ; table showing cost elements
of gravel, macadam, and bituminous macadam roads in Maine, Massachusetts,
and New Jersey ; and theory of interest applied to highway bond calculations.

Trail construction on the National Forests ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv.,
Trail Construction on National Forests, 1915, pp. 69, pi. 1, figs. 22). — It is the
purpose of this handbook (1) to establish a uniform classification of trails on
the National Forests in accordance with their use, (2) to establish standard
specifications for each class, (3) to describe approved methods of location, con-
struction, and maintenance, and (4) to furnish reference data useful in pre-
paring estimates and in actual construction work.

Trails following main valleys and streams are classed mainly as A and those
following ridges or tributary streams under B or C. The important points to
consider in the location of a trail are enumerated as follows : (DA south ex-
posure has less snow, is drier, often more open, and has an increased fire hazard,
(2) ridges afford less expensive trail routes than valleys, but the period of use
is correspondingly reduced, (3) steep side hills, near the angle of repose, are
liable to landslides or snowslides, (4) bridges and temporary structures should
be avoided as far as possible, and (5) the permanence of a trail depends on the
material and its drainage. Three standard maximum grades for trail construc-
tion are given, namely, 6 per cent, 12 per cent, and IS per cent. Twelve per cent
is considered the limit for safe mountain roads, while 18 per cent is designated
as the maximum efficient trail grade. It is stated that long, steep grades should
have breaks at frequent intervals where animals may n-st and recover, which
for grades between 15 and 20 per cent should be spaced about 200 to 300 yds., and

RURAL ENGINEERING. 191

for grades exceeding 20 per cent about 100 to 150 yds. apart. The resting places
sliould be about 30 ft. in length and should not exceed a 5 per cent grade. The
best grade between any two points is upon a line having the same percentage
from beginning to end, and the avoidance of reversed grades, if possible, is rec-
ommended.

Under construction it is stated that the width of clearing should be sufficient
for the easy passage of loaded pack animals. A maximum width of trail, on
solid foundation, of 48 in. is considered sufficient, while 15 in. is the minimum
set for class A trails. The tread should have a slope toward the hill of about 1
in. per foot. In grading, the cut bank should be sloped according to the angle
of repose of the material sufficiently to prevent sliding from the upper side. If
a switchback is found necessary it should be made so that a horse can walk
around the turn. Turns should be made level and with a minimum radius of
4 ft., and the grade of the trail approaching and leaving the turn should not
exceed 5 per cent for a distance of a few yards.

Other general information regarding construction is given, including drain-
age, corduroy construction, and slide and solid rock work.

With reference to bridges, it is stated that the factors affecting the selection
of a bridge site are, in order of their importance, shortness of span, favorable
banks, minimum range of high water, straight and unobstructed channel above
and below, and accessibility. The ideal site is one where the stream is narrow
and straight and affords free and unobstructed flow, even in flood stage, and the
banks are high and of solid material. Specimen designs for types of bridges,
with dimensions of members for different spans, are given. It is stated that
for spans less than 20 ft. a simple nontruss stringer bridge will adequately meet
the needs, while for spans between 20 and 36 ft. the king truss design will ordi-
narily be most suitable, and the queen truss for spans between 36 and 60 feet.
Cable suspension bridges are considered to be especially applicable to spans of
from 75 to 200 ft., while trestle bridges are used only to cross deep canyons or
draws with a small stream flow.

" On account of the variability in the strength of gi-een timber, bridges of such
material are commonly built with a large factor of safety." Under existing
conditions of trail work on the forests, it is stated that stringers less than 12 in.
in diameter are not generally used in spans of 8 ft. or over.

Tables are given showing the minimum safe dimensions for bridge members.
The bridge plans shown are designed for a total load, live and dead, of 125 lbs.
to the square foot, and when good structural timber is used afford a factor of
safety of 6. In this connection it is stated that snow loads on forest bridges
usually exceed any live loads to which such structures may be subjected.

Other general information is given regarding bridge construction and a final
section is included on administration. A section enumerating the tools necessary
in trail and bridge work is appended.

Telephone construction and maintenance on the National Forests {U. S.
Dept. Ayr., Forest Serv., Telephone Construction and Maintenance on the Na-
tional Forests, 1915, pp. 83, pis. 2, figs. ^3). — This pamphlet gives detailed in-
structions, with illustrations, as to the construction and maintenance of tele-
phones in National Forests. A form of contract between a commercial tele-
phone company and the Secretary of Agriculture for telephone service in con-
nection with the National Forests is appended.

A small aero-electric plant, E. H. Williamson, Jb. (Sci. Amer., 113 {1915),
No. 10, pp. 200, 201, figs. 6). — Directions for constructing a small wind power
plant for the generation of electrical current are given, with illustrations.

The generation of hydrocyanic acid gas in fumigation by portable ma-
chines, H. D. Young {California Sta. Circ. 139 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 5).— This cir-

192 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

cular describes two portable machines for tlie generation of hydrocyanic acid
gas for fumigation and reports a study of the accuracy of the machine method
as compared with pot generation.

The first machine consists of a cylindrical drum within which there is a tray
suspended. Mounted above the drum are two reservoirs for sulphuric acid and
cyanid solution, respectively. These solutions are measured in cylinders and
are then run within the drum. The gas is very quickly generated and by its
own pressure forced through the outlet hose under the tent. The chief differ-
ence in principle of pot and machine generation is that in the machine the
cyanid is added in solution instead of in the solid form as in the pots and the
generation, therefore, takes place much more quickly.

The second machine consists essentially of two tanks, one above the other.
In the lower tank is placed the sulphuric acid and water, in the upper one the
cyanid solution. By the action of a suitable pump measured quantities of the
cyanid solution are forced into the tank containing the acid and water and the
gas is generated almost instantly and discharged through the delivery hose
with considerable force. The basic principle involved is that small successive
quantities of cyanid solution are added to a large amount of acid and water
until the acid is nearly exhausted.

The drip from the delivery hose of the second machine was analyzetl for
over 300 charges without finding a trace of sulphuric acid. The experimental
results showed the high and uniform percentage of gas evolved when the latter
machine was working with fairly high charges at short intervals. Almost as
satisfactory results were obtained with a longer interval. "A rate of 30
charges per hour is probably as slow as it is wise to run the machine and with
small charges this is too slow." With 4-oz. charges a smaller, but still efficient,
amount of gas developed. " The best production of gas is obtainetl with a high
temperature. It is extremely important to keep the cyanid solution and tank
scrupulously clean. Any dirt or small bits of wood may interrupt the pump
and so make the charges irregular. Under normal conditions with clean solu-
tions the pump works with great regularity."

The silo in California agriculture, F. W. Woll {California Sta. Circ. 138
(1015), pp. 23, figs. 7). — This circular gives general information in regard to
silo construction, silage crops, and the feeding of silage, with special reference
to California conditions.

The construction of poultry buildings, J. Hadlington (Dept. Agr. N. S.
Wales, Farmers' Bid. 100 (1915), pp. 15, figs. 8). — This bulletin describes and
illustrates the continuous-house principle for poultry buildings, a combined
roosting and scratching shed, and the colony system, with specifications.

Standards of ventilation in the light of recent research, C. E. A. Winslow
(Science, n. ser., Jt2 (1915), Xo. 1080. pp. 358, 359).— T\n<^ is an abstract of a
paper presented at the recent meeting of the Society of American Bacteriolo-
gists reviewing the investigations of the New York State Commission on Venti-
lation previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 70).

Ventilation in its relation to air-borne diseases, A. C. Abbott (Science, n.
ser., 42 (1915), No. 1080, p. 358). — This is an abstract of a paper presente<l at
the recent meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists reviewing various
observations which have been made on this subject. The author reaches the
conclusion that ventilation has nothing whatever to do with either the trans-
mis.sion of the so-called "air-borne" diseases or the lessening of their trans-
mission. He is of the opinion "that transmission by way of the air.- strictly
six-aking. is of Infinitely less importance than transmission by animate and
inanimate carriers that have been in intimate contact with the patient."

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 193

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Measure of rural migration and other factors of urban increase in the
United States, J. M. Gillette and G. R. Davies (Quart. Pubs. Amer. Statis.
Assoc, n. ser., 14. (1915), No. Ill, pp. 642-653). — The authors have attempted
to measure the urban increase as it is influenced by various causes.

Among the conclusions reached were that the decennial birth rate was 24.7
per cent for the urban population as against 30.36 for rural. By subtracting the
losses by death, it is estimated that the natural increase for urban districts
was S.S and for rural districts 1G.9. Of the gain in urban districts between
1900 and 1910 of 11.826,000 persons, it is estimated that 4,866,000 was due to
immigration from abroad, 2,509,000 to the natural increase in population,
924,000 to the incorporation of new territory with urban territory, and 3,527,000
to migration from rural districts.

Contributions to urban growth, E. Clark {Quart. Pubs. Amer. Statis.
Assoc, n. scr., 14 (1915), ^^o. 111, pp. 654-671, fig. i).— The author, by a study
of comparative birth and death rates and migration, concludes that between
1900 and 1910 from 30 to 37.1 per cent of the total increase in urban population
was due to alien immigration, 27.3 per cent to natural increase, and 35.6 to 42.7
to migration from the country to the city.

Farm leases in Iowa, O. G. Lloyd (Iowa Sta. Bui. 159 (1915), pp. 157-206,
figs. 8). — This report is based partially upon a detailed study of 114 selected
farms previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 390), and partially upon the Census re-
turns for agriculture. Among the conclusions drawn are the following :

" Farms with double the amount of total capital produced double the amount
of labor income. The advance in the price of land caused owners to enlarge
their farms in order to get the rise in price. Large farms used labor more effi-
ciently than small farms and had less per acre, but in each group of farms of the
same size tho.se with the highest labor cost made the highest labor income. . . .
Live stock farms with about four times as many animal units per acre as grain
farms made about four times the labor income and produced one-half more corn
per acre. The group of tenants with five times the capital of the smallest capital
group remained on the same farms nearly three times as long and made more
than eight times the labor income."

He found that there is a reasonably fair division of the net income on these
farms at the present time. Tenants received a net income of about $1,7.50, or
more than three times the net income of a farm hand. Landlords receive a net
income of about 8i per cent, or more than double the time deposit rate of the
State. Speculation in land is deemed largely responsible for the difference be-
tween the market price and the productive value of land. Land has advanced in
price at a more rapid rate than rent, due to an anticipated rise being added to the
present price.

It is held that the method of renting could be improved by supplying adequate
capital and capable supervision to equip and manage the farm. A number of
systems were found, designated as the stock-share system, the share-cash sys-
tem, and the cash system. The stock-share and cash rented farms have more
than one-half larger business than farms under other methods of renting, and
have one-fourth larger farms and more labor per acre. Stock-share rented farms
had three times the number of live stock kept on bushel rented farms and obtained
one-third higher corn yields. Tenants remained on the same farm the longest
time when renting under the cash and stock-share plans. The stock-share rented
farms were more profitable, and considering the risk and trouble in each method
of renting, the stock-share method is deemed more fair thau any of the others.

194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

The bulletin also contains a model lease, points out the principal provisions of
a satisfactory lease, and gives detailed data for a number of farms, indicating
how the capital should be invested, the receipts to be expected, and the expenses
to be paid in order that fair profits may be secured and high yields maintained.

Formulas for calculating' interest on farm equipment, W. J. Spiixman
(U. S. Dept, Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 53 {1915), pp. 4)- — The author believes that
interest should be charged on that part of the original cost represented by the
estimated length of the original life of the machine yet available. The total
interest charge would be one-half the product of the cost of the machine by the
interest rate and the number of years of life of the machine plus one. The
average interest cost can be obtained by dividing the total interest charge by
the number of years in the life of the machine.

Finding facts for farmers, C. J. Brand (Agr. Student, 22 (1915), No. 1, pp.
35-37). — In this article the author has briefly described the principal types
of work being carried on in the Office of Markets and Rural Organization of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Report of the Agricultural Organization Society. 1915 [Rpt. Agr. Organ.
Soc. [Londan], 1915, pp. XI -r 109). — Containetl in this report is the usual in-
formation relating to the munber of societies and the extent of their activities
(E. S. R., 32, p. 792). This number also gives .special information concerning
their operations under war conditions.

Our foreign trade in farm and forest products (fJ. S. Dept. Ag): Bui. 296
(1915), pp. 51, figs. 2). — This bulletin, prepared under the direction of P.
Elliott, continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 89), but in place of
statistical tables previously u.sed the extent of the imports and exports of the
various agricultural items is noted only in the text.

It is pointed out that " the foreign trade of the United States has increased
more than tenfold during the last G4 years, the products interchanged with f<ir-
eign countries being valued at $400,000,000 in 18.51 and $4.2.">9,000.000 in 1914.
The exports of domestic merchandise were valued at $179,000,000 in 18.51, of
which $147,000,000, or 82.1 per cent, were agricultural products ; the exports of
domestic merchandise increased to $2,330,000,000 in 1914, of which the agricul-
tural value was $1,114,000,000, or 47.8 per cent.

" The imports of merchandise in 1851 were $211,000,000, of which $61,000,000,
or 27.7 per cent, wore agricultural products ; this trade increased to a grand
total of $1,894,000,000 in 1914. of which the agricultural portion was $924,000,000,
or 48.8 per cent. . . .

" The principal domestic farm and forest products exported from the United
States during the fivt^year period. 1910-1914, are cotton, packing-house products,
grain and grain products, and forest products, which represent over three-fourths
of the total domestic farm and forest products exi)orted. Cotton exceeded all
other items in the value of domestic farm products exported, having an average
annual value of $.550,000,000 ; packing-house products, next in order, were value<i
annually at $155.000.000 ; grain and grain products, over $150,000.000 ; and forest
products, $100,000,000. . . .

" The principal farm and forest products entering into the import trade of the
United States during the five-year period, 1910-1914. are packing-house products,
coffee, animal fibers, and sugar. The average annual value of each of these four
articles exceeded $100,000,000. while their combined annual values amounted to
over one-half of tlie total imports of farm and forest lu-oducts."

Report on agriculture in the Netherlands for 1914 (Dept. Landb., Nijr. en
Handel [Netficrlauds], Vcrslag en Meded. Dir. Landb., No. S (1915). pp.
LXXXIV+lJf2. — There are given in this annual report data as to the amount

AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 195

of land used for different agricultural purposes by Provinces, the area devoted to
different crops and average yields, number of live stock, number of agricultural
exploitations by sizes, extent of cooperative organizations, number and business
transactions of cooperative creameries, transactions of rural credit institutions,
and prices and imports and exports of the principal agricultural products.

Germany's imports and requirements of agricultural products from, foreign
countries, F. Wohltmann {Kuhn Arch., 6 {1815), pt. 1, pp. 239-295).— In this
article the autlior has given for 1902-1905, 1907-1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913 data
as to the imports, exports, and trade surplus and deficits for practically all kinds
of agricultural produce and fertilizing materials used in Germany, as well as
estimates for the per capita trade surplus or deficits for the principal items.

Prices and wages in India (Dept. Statis. India, Prices and Wages India,
1915, pp. yi+226). — This report contains wholesale prices for 1912-13 at the
principal markets, average annual prices from 1897 to 1913, import and export
prices, and a comparison of tlie average price in India and the United Kingdom
in 1873 and 1889-1913 of the principal agricultural pi'oducts and live stock.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The value and methods of teaching the fundamental subjects in the
veterinary curriculum, H. S. Murphey (Cornell Vet., 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 117-
130). — In this paper, presented at the meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, at Oakland, Cal., in September, 1915, the author discusses
some of the things that he thinks should be considered in outlining and teaching
a course in veterinary medicine at the present time.

" Based on the assumption that the end in view is the training of men to
practice or to do other work in the treatment and control of disease in animals,
in other words, the foundation for special surgery, obstetrics, medicine, food
inspection, and sanitation," he would include physics, chemistry, zoology,
botany, anatomy, physiology, bacteriology, parasitology, pathology, and clinical
diagnosis — both physical and so-called laboratory diagnosis. He concludes,
among other things, that the fundamental subjects should be taught from a
veterinary standpoint, that the objective method of teaching is the best, that
special surgery, medicine, etc., can not be properly taught to students who do
not know the fundamental facts and principles of the foundation subjects, that
college courses need readjusting so that each subject will receive its just share
of time and material, that more time and money must be spent in training the
student than at present, that use should be made of increased knowledge from
all sources, etc.

The importance of anatomy and physiology in animal breeding, R. Dis-
SELHORST (Kilhn Arch., 6 (1915), pt. 1, pp. .3.3-49). — The author discusses the
importance of a knowledge of anatomy and physiology in the study of animal
breeding.

Teaching animal husbandry in high schools, W. W. Smith (Pnrdue Agr.,
10 (1915), No. 1, pp. 12, 43, fig. 1). — The author briefly outlines the necessary
qualifications of the teacher of animal husbandry and the method of teaching
subjects best suited for high-school instruction, viz., types and breeds of farm
animals and fe^ds and feeding, in a standard high-school coiu'se of 18 weeks.

The rural school system of Minnesota: A study in school efficiency, H. W.
FoGHT (U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 647 (1915), pp. 56, pis. 10, figs. 4).— This study of the
efficiency of rural schools in Minnesota includes a discussion of the progress in
industrial education in, the state high schools, Holmberg consolidated schools,
and associated schools. It is shown that the attendance of students on the agri-

196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

cultural courses increased from 1,331 in 1909-10 to 4,053 in 1913-14 in 138
schools, taught by graduates of the agricultural colleges. The attendance of
students in cooking classes has increased from 637 in 1908-9 to 5,799 in 1913-14,
and in sewing from 994 to 6.680.

The school system of Ontario with special reference to the rural schools,
H. W. FoGHT (U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 659 {1015), pp. 58, pis. 12).— In this study
of the rural schools of Ontario special emphasis is given to such phases as have
seemed of greatest interest in view of certain prevailing American conditions.
Attention is called to the successful efforts of the provincial department of
education to make the most of its small one-teacher schools by the introduction
of agriculture in the form of school gardening and home projects ; the practical
system for scliool maintenance and inspection ; and the preparation of rural
teachers in model schools, normal schools, and at the provincial agricultural
college. In a discussion of recent progress in agricultural e<lucati()n it is
found (1) that real progress did not begin until textbook courses were abolished
and the subject ceased to be obligatory and was made attractive and practical
as a part of the daily experience of each child; and (2) that the success of
elementary agriculture in Ontario rural schools must be sought in teachers
properly prepared for their work, the satisfactory division of the school year,
government grants to schools, and a good system of organization.

Elementary agriculture and horticulture in rural and village schools of
Ontario, Canada, S. B. McCready (Xnturc-Studt/ Rev., 11 {11)15), Xo. 5, pp.
217-229). — The author reviews the outstanding features in the development of
a scheme of teaching agriculture and horticulture in tlie elementary schools of
Ontario, beginning witli the publication of a text on agriculture for the schools
in 1845 and the instruction of teachers in agriculture in 1847, discusses the re-
lation between nature study and agriculture and the general metliod of teach-
ing elementary agriculture, and gives an outline of in.^tructions and a suggested
yearly program arranged by months for use by teachers in reporting on instruc-
tion given.

Agricultural instruction in Chile, The Agricultural Institute of Santiago,
V. V. Urbina {Hacieiuht, 10 {1915). Xo. 11, pp. S.'fO. .^.',1. figs, ol.— A brief his-
torical review of the establislnnent of higher agricultural instruction in Chile
and a description of the equipment of the Agricultural Institute of Santiago
and the objects of its 4-ypar course are given.

Bural Denmark and its schools, H. W. Foght {New York: The Macmillan
Co., 1915, pp. xy+S55, pis. 15, figs. 8).— The subject matter of this book has
appeared in somewhat modified form in previous publications (E. S. R.. 31,
p. 598; 32, pp. 493, 794).

Poultry instruction, Maynie R. Cubtis {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and
Invest. Poultrij Husb., 1 {1915), No. 10, pp. 73-76, 77).— A brief account is given
of 11 years' work in poultry instruction in Ireland.

Elementary agriculture, W. L. Nida {Chicago: A. Flanagan Co., 1915. pp.
VI-\-29Ji, pi. 1, figs. 140). — This is a revisefl etlition of an earlier publication
(E. S. It., 30, p. 598), in which a chapter on boys' and girls 'clubs, and exercises,
problems, and experiments in various subjects treated in the text have been
added. It does not include a list of One Thousand Questions on Agriculture
Answered containe<l in the 1913 teachers' editi<m of this text.

Illustrated lecture on the production of poultry and eggs on the farm,
H. M. Lamon {U. S. Dept. Agr., States Relaticms Serv. Syllabus 17 {1915).
pp. 22). — This lecture on poultry and egg production, prepare<l in cooi>eration
with the Bureau of Animal Industry, treats of breeds and hreetling. feeding,
meat and egg production, houses, marketing, diseases, and storing or preserving

MISCELLANEOUS. 197

eggs. A list of 51 lantern slides designed to illustrate the lecture and a list of
references to literature on poultry keeping are appended.

Agricultural extension, A. Agee, A. L. Claek, J. H. Voobhees, and A. J.
Farley (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 175-199). — This includes a report
of the division of extension in agriculture and home economics as to organiza-
tion, financial support, and work, and reports of the extension specialists In
poultry husbandry, agronomy, and horticulture.

MISCELLANEOTJS.

Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1914 (Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt. 19H,
pp. XXyi+504, pis. 47, fiffs. 2). — This contains the organization list of the
stations, a financial statement for the State Station for the fiscal year endec*
October 31, 1914, and for the College Station for the fiscal year ended June 30,

1914, a report by the director, and departmental reports, the experimental fea-
tures of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Reports
of the fertilizer and lime inspections have been noted in Bulletins 272 ( E. S. R.,
32, p. G24) and 274 (E. S. R., 33, p. 27), and feeding stuffs in Bulletin 271
(E. S. R., 32, p. 667).

Thirty-third Annual Report of New York State Station, 1914 (New York
State Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 1, pp. VIII +997, pis. 59, figs, ^i).— This contains the
organization list ; a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1914, and as to the state funds for the fiscal year ended Septem-
ber 30, 1914 ; reprints of Bulletins 373-393, Technical Bulletins 32-39, Circulars
26-32, and popular editions of Bulletins 373 and 3S0, 374, 375, 378, 379, 381-383,
387-389, 391, and 392, and all of which have been previously noted ; a list of the
periodicals received by the station; and meteorological observations noted on
page 118 of this issue.

Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1912 (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt.
1912, pp. 826, pis. 152, figs. 24). — This contains the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, a report of the director show-
ing by projects the work of the station during the year, and departmental
reports, the experimental work in which is abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
The report also contains several special articles abstracted elsewhere in this
issue, and a reprint of Bulletin 118, previously noted.

Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1913 (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 750, 2)ls. 124). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, a report of the director on the work
and publications of the station during the year, and departmental reports, the
experimental work in which is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The report
also contains several special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and
reprints of Bulletins 121 and 124, previously noted.

Annual Report of South. Dakota Station, 1915 (South Dakota Sta. Rpt.

1915, pp. 28). — This contains a report by the director on the organization, work,
and publications of the station, a list of exchanges, a financial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, and departmental reports.

List of bulletins available for general distribution (West Vi7'ginia Sta.
Cire. 21 (1915), pp. 4)- — The publications of the station and extension depart-
ment available for general distribution are listed and briefly described.

NOTES

Alabama College and Station. — Dr. F. A. Wolf, plant pathologist, has accepted
a position as head of the department of botany and plant pathology at the
North Carolina College and Station, beginning January 1, and succeeding H. R.
/'ulton, who has accepted an appointment with the Bureau of Plant Industry
of this Department.

Arizona Station. — .T. F. Nicholson, bacteriologist at the Idaho College and
Station from 1909-1914, and subsequently agricultural expert for a western
railway system, has been appointed agronomist beginning January 1. W. E.
Bryan, assistant in agronomy in the Louisiana Stations and who received the
M. S. degree at the University of AVisconsin in 1915, has been appointed assist-
ant plant breeder beginning February 1.

Massachusetts College and Station. — The college is asking the legislature for
appropriations of .$382,000 for immediate needs, including ?230,000 for a library
building, $40,000 for a dormitory, .$3.5,000 to complete the power plant, $12,000
to complete the rural engineering shops, .$60,000 for miscellaneous improvements,
and ,$5,000 for extra labor due to the enactment of the Saturday half holiday
law. It is also requesting an authorization of $200,000 per annum for five
years for new buildings, improvements, equipment, and the purchase of land.

A temporary exchange of instruction in landscape gardening has been effected
with the University of Illinois, F. A. Waugh lecturing at the latter institution
in exchange with R. R. Root.

R. Hay Ferguson, for the past two years extension professor of agricultural
economics, died December 1, 1915. Professor Ferguson was born in Belfast,
Ireland, September 22, 1870, afterward moving to New Zealand and graduating
from Canterbury University. In 1913, he was graduateil from the Ontario
Agricultural College, specializing in agricultural economics. His special field
of work in Massachusetts was the organization of cooperative exchanges and
marketing, and he had also suggested a plan for a rural credit system.

Missouri University and Station. — The station has been authorized to estab-
lish two additional soil experiment fields. One of these is to be on either the
Mississippi or Missouri River bottom lands in the central or eastern part of
the State, the other on the river bottom land on one of the smaller rivers in
northwest Missouri.

Nebraska University. — The technical course in forestry in the college of agri-
culture was abolished in the spring of 1015 and farm forestry organized under
the department of horticulture. T. W. Nicolet was ai)pointed assistant professor
of horticulture to offer courses in farm forestry and landscape gardening, and
entered upon his duties October 15, 1915.

Cornell University. — An inventory or survey of the natural resources of the
State, with particular reference to the development of a permanent agriculture,
is contemplated. It is announced that this work will in no sense duplicate other
state agencies, but looks toward the unification and cooperation of all the avail-
able forces and agencies within the State to secure joint action in developing and
preserving its resources.
198

NOTES. 199

The Bureau of Farmers' Institutes held its seventeenth annual normal insti-
tute at the university November 10-12. The program included about 50 speakers,
particular prominence being given to cooperation and the marketing and distri-
bution of farm products. There were special sessions on poultry husbandry and
a women's conference. During the same week was also held the third annual
meeting of farm bureau managers.

New York State Station. — Edward J. Lewis, formerly employed in commercial
work, has been appointed assistant chemist. He succeeds R. F. Keeler who has
been transferred to inspection work, vice F. N. Crawford, resigned to take post-
graduate work at the University of Illinois. Arthur J. Mix has been appointed
assistant botanist during the absence of M. T. Munn for a j-ear's post-graduate
work at the Michigan College. Adin H. Horton, for 25 years an employee of the
station and most of this period computer and mailing clerk, died December 9,
1915.

Ohio State University and Station. — County farm bureaus have been estab-
lished in Marion, Highland, Sandusky, and Miami counties under tlie direction
of M. C. Thomas, Joseph P. Hershberger, K. C. Egbert, and George R. Eastwood,
respectively.

Beginning January 1, the regular series of station bulletins will be limited to
technical reports of its investigations and will be sent only to libraries, persons
engaged in scientific research, and others who may specifically request them. In
their stead there will be sent to the genei'al mailing list a Monthly Bulletin,
reporting the progress of the different departments of the station's work in
nontechnical form.

Recent station appointments include L. L. Rummell as editor ; W. L. Robison
and D. G. Swanger as assistants in animal husbandry ; and Oliver Gossard and
O. H. Smith as assistants in soil investigations.

Oregon College and Station. — H. P. Barss, research assistant in plant pa-
thology, has been appointed professor of botany and plant pathology, succeeding
H. S. Jackson whose resignation has been previously noted.

South Carolina College and Station. — Dr. F. M. Rolfs, associate professor of
botany and bacteriology and associate botanist and plant pathologist, has re-
signed to accept an appointment at the Oklahoma College and Station. Dr. Roy
C. Faulwetter, of Columbia University, has been appointed associate botanist
and plant pathologist in the station, giving all his time to station work, and
W. B. Aull, assistant to the botanist, has been appointed assistant professor of
bacteriology exclusively for teaching work.

Nursery and Market Garden Experimental and Research Station in Hertford-
shire.— This station was established in 1914 by the Nursery and Market Garden
Industrial Development Society, Ltd., which is empowered to conduct experi-
ments in the cultivation and preparation for market and sale of fruits, flowers,
vegetables, trees, shrubs, plants, and similar products in Great Britain, to carry
on educational work connected therewith, and to disseminate information re-
garding these industries.

The management of the station is vested in a committee chosen by the Lea
Valley and District Nurserymen's and Growers' Association, Ltd., the committee
of the Lawes Agricultural Trust, and the County Councils of Essex and Hert-
fordshire, including among others, H. E. Armstrong, J. B. Farmer, S. U. Picker-
ing, E. J. Russell, J. A. Voelcker, and T. B. Wood, and with A. B. Lister as di-
rector. It has been financed mainly by contributions of about $4,000 from local
nurserymen and others for permanent endowment, and $1,250 per annum for
five years for maintenance, grants of $6,500 from the Development Fund for land
and buildings and $3,000 per annum for maintenance, from the Hertfordshire

200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

County Council of $1,500 for endowment, and from the Essex County Council of
$250 per annum for maintenance.

A tract of several acres in Hertfordshire at Turner's Hill, Chestnut, Waltham
Cross, has been purchased, and an office, botanical and chemical laboratories,
and an extensive range of experimental greenhouses completed in the fall of
1914. Station work was begun January 11, 1915, special prominence being given
to studies of truck diseases and the use of bacterized peat and the effect of
greenhouse temperatures on tomatoes, as well as the standardization of soil for
proposed manurial tests. It is also expected to appoint a chemist for studies of
the physical factors of the house and soil atmosphere and its effect on vegeta-
tion, and to take up physiological studies of factors influencing growth, trans-
piration, respiration, assimilation, etc., under greenhouse conditions.

Necrology. — Prof. Francis M. Webster, chief of cereal and forage crop investi-
gations of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, died January 3 at
Columbus, Ohio, where he had been attending the recent meetings of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science.

Professor Webster was born at Lebanon, N. H., August 8, 1849, and began his
entomological work in 1882 as assistant state entomologist of Illinois. From
1885 to 1888 he was professor of economic entomology- at Purdue University and
consulting entomologist to the station from 1888 to 1891, as well as special agent
of this Department from 1884-1892, and entomologist of the Ohio Station from
1891-1902. He had also served as assistant in the biological survey of Illinois,
and had made entomological trips to Australia and neighboring countries.

Professor Webster was a fellow of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science and ex-president of the Association of Economic Ento-
mologists, and a member of numerous other entomological and scientific organiza-
tions. He was one of the pioneers in investigations in entomology as applitnl to
agriculture in this country, and was widely recognized as an authority on
insects affecting cereals and truck crops.

Miscellaneous. — The Plant ^Vorld announces two prizes of $.50 each for the
best papers embodying original woi*k in soil physics. The right is reserved to
withhold both prizes if no worthy papers are submiltetl, or to combine the
prizes for the rewarding of a paper of exceptional merit. The conditions gov-
erning the award will be similar to those employed in connection with the
prizes offered in 1915 for papers on the water relations of plants. The contest
terminates December 1 and the announcement of the award will be made not
later than March 1, 1917.

A tract of about 29.000 acres of land in eastern Idaho, near Spencer and ad-
joining the Targhee National Forest, was set aside by President Wilson. Octo-
ber 30, 1915, to be utiliztnl by the liureau of Animal Industry as the Uniteti
States Sheep Experiment Station, with general range studies in sheep raising on
a large scale.

Dr. Hugo Fischer has been appointed acting head of the chemical and bac-
teriological department of the Kaiser Wilhelm Department for Agriculture at
Bromberg.

Dr. Albert Stutzer, professor of agricultural chemistry at Konigsberg, is to
retire from active service with the present semester.

Beginning with the present academic yearVassar College is offering courses
in horticulture and landscape gardening.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

Subscription Price, per Volume

OF Nine Numbers

AND Index, $1

lASued February 36, 1018.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

ABSTRACT NUMBER

No. 3

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief.

BtTEEAU OF Animal Industry— A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — ^Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard. Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henehaw, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineerlng- L.W. F&ge, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ALABAMA—

College Statioa; Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o
Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore.o
Tuskcgee Station: Tuskeget Institute; 0.^v.
Carver. 0

Alaska— S«fc«.' C C. Georgeson.b

Abizuna— JuMon; O. F. Freeman.'^

ASKJiNS\&—Fa]/ettevilU: M. Nelson.o

CALI70BN1A— ^(rrM*!/.- T. F. Uunt.o

CoLOEADO— For( ColUm: C. P. Oillette.a

Connecticut—

State Station: .Veu" flown; Ig g j^jjjiu o
Storrs Station: Storr«; i ' '

Delaware— A'eufark; H. Eayward."

Y'LOV.ias.— Gainesville: P. H. RoUs.o

Oeoroia— SrperJmeTif,' R. J. H. DeLoach.o

Guam— /slonJo/ Guam; A.C.Hartenbower.k

Hawaii—

Federal Station: Honolulu: J. M. Westgatc.b
Sugar Plunters' Station: Honolulu;B.. P. Agee.a

Idaho— J/ftscoM'.- J. S. Jones."

iLiXKOiS— Vrbana: E. Davenport."

Indiana— Zo Fayette: A. Qoss."

Iowa— .^ mes: C. F. Curtlss.o

K^nsAS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.o

Kentucky— Leiin^ton.- J. U. Kastle.o

Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Route;
Sujar Station: Audubon Park,

New Orleans;
North La. Station: Calhoun;

Maine— Orono; C. D. "Woods.o

Maetland— Co??e^« Park: H. J. Patterson.o

Massachusetts— J mft«r«i.' W. P. Brooks."

MicmoAN— £<Mt Lansing: R. S. Shaw.o

Uim!ZSOT\— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.
Woods.o

lUssis^ifpi—AffrictUtural CoUe^e: E. R. Lloyd.a

Missouri—

College Station: Colu/fnhia; F. B. Mumford.o
Fruit Station: MourOain Orove; Paul Evans.o

o Director. ^ Agronombt

W. R. DodsoD.o

Montana— Bo2«naa- F. B. LInfield.«
Nebraska- iinco^Ti.- E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— 7J<no.- 8. B. Doten.o
New IIampshibe— Durftow; J. C. Kendall."
New Jersey— AVw Bruruwick: J. G. Llpman."
New lAzxico— State College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—

State Station: Oentva; W. H. Jordan."

Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina—

College Station: Weti RaleighA^ ^y Kllgore."

State Station: KoW^ft; / " "

North Dakota— .^^icutturoJ OolU(/e: T. P.

Cooper."
Omo— Wootter: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— Sftf/f/'orer.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— Corponit.* A. B. Cordley."
Penns^xvania-

State College: R. L. Watts."

Stale College: Institute of Animal Nutrition
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico—

Federal Station: Mayaguti-' D. W. May.»

Insular Station: Rio Piedraf; W. V. Tower."
Rhode IKL AND— A"i7V5/on,* B. L. Hartwell."
South Carouna— C7fnJ«on College: J. N. Harper
South Dakota— Brooklnjr J. W. Wilson."
TENNESSEE— KnozvUle: II. A. Morgan."
TZXA9— College Station: B. Youngblood."
Utah— lopon.- E. D. Ball."
Vermont— BurNn^on." J. L. Hills."
VraaiNii-

Blocksliurg: W. J. Sohoene.i

Norjolk: Truck Station; T. C, Johnson."
Washinqton— Pu/haon.* I. D. Cardiff."
West ViBOrNi.^.- J/orjjonfoun.- J. L. Coulter."
Wisconsin— J/aJ<*on.- H. L. Russell."
Wyoming— Loromte.- C. A. Diinlway.<^

In charge.

Actine director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
A'ssistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers{W- H- I^^J;^^^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^y- ^- ^Jy^^' ^^' ^'

Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.

Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Hiunan Nutrition-^ H. L. Lang.

[C. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairjdng, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.

Veterinary Me<licine{|-^;H--"-
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 3.

Recent work in agricultural science 201

Notes 294

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

EnzjTBs of apples and their relation to the ripening process, Thatcher 201

Solidifying and melting point of mutton tallow and its fatty acids, Meldrum . . 201

The solidifying point of mutton tallow, II, Meldrum 202

The presence of an amino group in wool, Gebhard 202

Nephelometry. — I, History and development, Kober and Graves 202

A modified method for determining carbon-free ash in plant substances, Boltz. 202

A Kjeldahl distillation apparatus, Pickel 203

Titration of nitrates with ferrous sulphate, Bowman and Scott 203

Molybdic acid recovery, Armstrong 204

Effect of ammonium chlorid upon ferric and aluminum hydroxids, Daudt. . . . 205

Determination of dextrin and sugars in food products, Muttelet 205

Note on the determination of sulphates in bread, Howard 205

The determination of fat in ice cream by the Babcock method, Utt 206

De^'ice for successive determination of solids and fat in milk, Seidenberg 206

Comparative fat determination in cheese, Nilges 206

Fruit by-products, Cruess ._ _ _ 207

Application of improved methods in wineries, Bioletti and Cruess 207

I

n CONTENTS.

METEOROLOGY.

Page.

Work in agricultural meteorology 207

Importance of agricultural meteorology from international point of -s-iew, Azzi 207

Influence of meteorological factors on yield of grain in Bologne, Azzi 208

Meteorological record for 1912, Withycombe 208

Climate and meteorology [of Canada], Stupart 208

The temperature of western and equatorial Africa, Chudeau 208

Atmospheric pressure in western and equatorial Africa, Chudeau .^ 208

The distribution of rainfall in western Africa, Hubert 208

Electric niagaras, Beckerich 208

A new chemical hygrometer, Rideal and Hannah : 208

Bacteria in city, countn,', and indoor air, Browne 208

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil reconnoissance in Alaska, Bennett and Rice 209

Soil 8ur\'ey of Bullock County, Alabama, Smith and Wilkinson 210

Soil survey of Escambia County, Alabama, Burke et al 210

Soil survey of the Fort Lauderdale area, Florida, Baldwin and Hawker 210

Soil survey of Hernando County, Florida, Jones and Morrison 211

Soil survey of the Indian River areaj Florida, Mooney and Baldwin 211

Soil survey of Terrell County, Georgia, Long and Baldwin 211

Soil survey of Wilkinson County, Mississippi, Tharp and Spann 211

Soil survey of Douglas County, Nebraska, Meyer et al 211

Soil survey of Saunders County, Nebraska, Meyer et al 212

Soil survey of Rowan County, North Carolina, Hardison and Jumey 212

Soil survey of Paulding County, Ohio, Lewis and Shiffler 212

Soil survey of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, Jones et al 213

Soil survey of Jackson County, Tennessee, Rogers and Derden 213

Soil survey of Jefferson County, Texas, Carter, jr., et al 213

Reconnoissance soil survev of south-central Texas, Kocher et al 213

Soil survey of the Cache Valley area, Utah, Nelson and Eckmaun 214

Soil survey of Stevens County, Washington, Van Duyne and Ashton 214

Soil survey of Buffalo County, Wisconsin, Geib et al 215

Productivity relations in different layers of a soil profile, von Nostitz 215

Effect of temperature on movement of water in soils, Buoyoucos 215

Effect of temperature on some physical processes in soils, Buoyoucos 216

Soil temperatures as influenced by cultural methods, Oskamp 217

The biochemical reduction processes in the soil, von Wolzogen Kuhr, jr 217

Separation of soil protozoa, Kopeloff, Lint, and Coleman 217

A review of work on soil inoculation, Golding and Hutchinson 218

The nitrifying powers of soils as indices to their fertility, Lipman 218

Free nitrogen and the higher plants, MoUiard 218

Bacterial toxins in soils, Greig-Smith 218

A systematic scheme for experimental work with fertilizers, Stuart 218

Availability of nitrogenous fertilizers in California, Lipman and Burgess 219

Calcium cyanamid as a retarder of denitrification, Lumia 219

Nitrate deposits in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon, Mansfield 220

Preparation of Viatka phosphate. Kochetkov 220

Speed of solution of natural phosphates, Kazakov 220

Mechanical enrichment of natural phosphates in calcium phosphates. Kazakov 220

Effects of caustic lime and chalk on soil fertility, Hutchinson and MacLennan. . 221

Lime and the American vine, De Angelis d'Ossat 221

The gypsum industry in 1914, Loughlin 221

Relation of sulphur compounds to plant nutrition, Hart and Tottinghara 221

Report upon sewage sludge as a manure, Wilson 222

Analyses of rocks and minerals by U. S. Geological Survey, 1880-1914, Clarke. 222

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

ooo

Senile changes in leaves of Vitis vulpina and certain other plants, Benedict. .

Radium and plant growth 223

Freezing and frost killing of plants, Plahn-Appiani 223

Light and growth, I, Blaauw 223

Effects of photodynamically active coloring matters, Gicklhorn 223

CONTENTS. m

Page.

The anthocyan pigments and their production in plants, Everest 223

Hydrotropism in roots of Lupinus albus, Hooker, jr 223

Exchange of ions between L. albus and culture solutions, True and Bartlett. . . 224

Exchange of ions between L. albus and culture solutions, True and Bartlett. . . 224

On alfalfa laccase, Bunzel 225

The germinability of hard leguminous seeds, Pugliese 225

Sex characters of some abnormal Begonia flowers. Bond 225

Factors influencing flower size in Nicotiana, Goodspeed and Clausen 225

On the origin and behavior of CEnothera rubricalyx, Gates. ._ 226

Note on the inheritance of heterostylism in Primula acaulis, Gregory 226

On variegation in Primula sinensis, Gregory 226

Parthenocarpy in fruits, Osterwalder 226

New or noteworthy grasses, Hitchcock 226

A study of soil fungi from Norway, Traaen 226

An automatic transpiration scale of large capacity, Briggs and Shantz 226

FIELD CROPS.

[Cultivation of field crops] 227

[Report of field crop experiments] 227

Forage crops, Ricks 227

[Field crop experiments at the Nebraska Station] 228

[Report of the department of agronomy], Withycombe 228

Work of Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm in 1914. Knorr 228

[Agronomic] work of Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in 1914, Blair. 229

Influence of cultivation on composition of cereals, Tretiakov 230

Natural wheat-rye hybrids, Leighty _ 230

Winter grain in South Dakota, Hume, Champlin, and Morrison 230

Variety test potatoes, Gaskill 231

Experiments in the cultivation of rice at Maha Iluppallama, Harbord 231

HORTICULTURE.

■Report of horticultural investigations], Withycombe 231

Horticultural investigations on Scottsbluff reclamation project, 1914], Knorr. . 231

Horticultural investigations at Yuma experiment farm, 1914], Blair 231

^Notes on Egyptian horticulture], Brown _ 232

Report on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, 1915, Davies 232

The Florida plant act of 1915 ., 232

Standard insecticides and fungicides v. secret preparations. Gray 232

Raising cabbage seed, Wilkinson 232

Winter rhubarb, culture and marketing. Bland 232

Papago sweet corn, a new variety, Freeman 232

Further experiments on parthenogenesis in tomatoes, Hostermann 233

Fruit culture for South Carolina, Niven 233

Pollination of fruit trees: Observations and experiments, Middlebrooke 233

The analyses and classification of cider apples, Truelle 233

The cost of producing apples in Maine in 1914, Gardner 233

Seedless pears resulting from late frosts, Hostermann 234

A page of viticultural meteorology, Marescalchi 234

Grape pruning: The spur and long cane systems compared, Maney 234

Inheritance of certain characters of grapes, Hedrick and Anthony 234

The green grapes of direct bearers, Ravaz and Obiedoff 234

Hybrid direct bearers in C6tes-du-Nord in 1914, DesmouLins and Villard. .... 234

Observations on direct bearers in the Vaudois vineyards, Faes and Porchet — 234

Vine gi'owing in Italy, CettoUni 235

Raisin making, Bioletti 235

Temperature of irrigation water as affecting citrus seedlings, Lipman 235

Handling and shipping citrus fruits in the Gulf States, Ramsey 235

Maturity in oranges, Coit _. 235

Microcitrus. a new genus of Australian citrus fruits. Swingle 235

Experiments on manuring tea seedlings, Carpenter and Andrews 236

Some abnormalities of the coconut palm, Petch 236

Walnut mutant investigations, Babcock 236

Walnut culture in Arizona, Thornber 236

The cultivation of medicinal plants, Kilmer 236

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Some effects of selection on production of alkaloids in belladonna, Sievers 237

The cultivation and distillation of wormwood in Wisconsin. Kremers 237

Changes of color and structure of flowers by remo-ving sunlight, Rawson 237

On pressing flowers to retain their colors, Fothergill 237

The evolution of the cultivated chrysanthemum 237

Garden gladioli, Hottes 237

The inheritance of doubleness in Matthiola and Petunia, I, Frost 237

Specific and varietal characters in annual sunflowers, Cockerel] 237

Sweet peas, Wright 238

Our house plants and their culture. Schaefer 238

Continuous bloom in America. Shelton 238

The well-considered garden. King 238

A reading list on flower gardening, including lawns, trees, and shrubs 238

How to lay out suburban home grounds, Kellaway 238

Planting to attract birds 238

FOHESTRY.

Cooperation in forestry, Fernow 238

Essential features of successful fire protection organization, MacMillan 238

The working plan of the St. Maurice Protective Association, Sorgius 238

Forestry situation in Quebec, Pich6 239

Report of the director of forests, Jolly 239

Quinquennial review of forest administration in British India to 1913-14 239

Forest service in Netherlands East India 239

The first forest reconnois-sance in west and north Sumatra, Plasschaert 239

Report on the knowledge of the forests of Preanger, Kerbert 239

Timber in Canada, Campbell 239

The betel-nut palm and its cultivation in North Kanara, Kelkar 239

Cinchona 239

Dhauri (Lagcrstrcemia parviflora), Benskin 239

Blackwood {Dalbergia latijolia), Benskin 240

Note on sundri timber {Ueritkra minor), Pearson 240

Seasonal variations in storage of plant food in ITevea brasilumsis, Campbell 240

Preservation of railway ties, Wicksteed 240

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

[Notes from the California Station on miscellaneous plant diseases] 240

Report on economic mycology, Salmon et al 241

Annual report of di\'ision of botany, 1913-14, Evans. 241

The probable nonvalidity of the genera Botryodiplodia, Diplediella, Chaeto-

diplodia, and Lasiodiplodia, Taubonhaus 242

The biology of Piiccinia arcnariie, Wille 242

New Chinese fungi, I, Miyake 242

Parasitism of Coniandra umbellata, Hedgcock 242

The effects of illuminating gas on root systems, Harvey and Rose 243

Fungicidal and insecticidal action of hot water and copper sprays, Semichon. . 243

Mildew of cereals (Scelerospora mocrospora) in France, Arnaiui 243

The action of the sulphuric acid on stalk disease of wheat, Capus 244

Infection experiments with timothy rust, Stakman and Jensen 244

A heart rot of celery caused by bacteria, Wormald 244

Dissemination of bacterial wilt of cucurbits. Rand 244

Some ginseng troubles, Bessey and McClintock 244

Experiments on the control of the root-knot nematode, McClintock 245

AUcrnaria panax, cause of a root rot of ginseng, Rosenbaum and Zinnmeister. . 245

Some potato tuber rots caused by species of Fusarium, Carpenter 246

Germination and infection with the fungus of late blight of potatoes, Melhus. . 246

The control of potato diseases, Gussow 247

Distribution of the \iru3 of the mosaic disease in tobacco plants, AUard 247

Fungus and other diseases of the apple and pear, Darnell-Smith and Mackinnon. 247

Collar blight and related forms of fire blight, Orton and Adams 247

A bacterial disease of stone fruits, Rolfs 248

Little leaf 248

Fall spraying for peach leaf curl, Reddick and Toan 248

PreLiiiiinary note on a disease of Carica papaya, Nowell 249

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Some observations on red rust of tea plants, Kerklioven 249

Ascochyta clanatkUna, cause of stem rot and leaf spot of clematis, Gloyer 249

The presence in human beings of bacteria capable of producing plant tumors,

Fnedemann and Magnus 249

[Nematodes attacking ornamental plants], Theobald 249

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Use of carbon bisulphid against insects, Vermorel and Crolas 249

Cotton-seed oil soap as a substitute for whale-oil soap, Yothers 250

Arsenate of lime or calcium arsenate, Scott "... 250

The prevention of rabbit injury to young apple trees, Cory 250

Seventh report of Quebec Society for Protection of Plants, 1914-15 250

[Insect pests in Bihar and Orissa], Woodhouse 250

The Hessian fly and western wheat-stem sawfly, Criddle 250

Further studies of the enemies of clover, del Guercio 251

Important insect pests collected on imported nursery stock in 1914, Sasscer . . . 251

Orchard insect pests and methods of control, Wilson 251

Some insects injui'ious to forestry in the Baltic governments, Rodzianko 251

The minor horrors of war, Shipley 251

Observations on the life history of Bupalus piniarius, Platnikoff 251

Notes on the biology of Orgyia dubia, Sacharov 251

Prelincdnary note on the life history of the codling moth in Illinois, Forbes. . 251

Cutworms and their control, Gibson 251

Rearing moths and Tachina flies from the army worm, Sherman, jr 251

A new pest, the chrysanthemum midge (Rhopalomyia hypogsea), Felt 251

The economic relations of the Sarcophagidae, Aldrich 251

Notes on the onion maggot in 1914, Bourne 252

How contact insecticides kill, Shafer 252

Winter cover washes. Lees 253

Correction of misuse of name Musca, description of two new genera, Townsend 253

Further reports on flies as carriers of infection 254

The olfactory sense of Coleoptera, Mclndoo 254

One new genus and two new species of Cerambycidae, Fisher 254

A unique tj^pe of insect injury, McConnell 254

The apple flea wee\dl in Illinois (Orchestes canus), Glenn 254

The Malayan locust (Pachytyliis sp.), Pratt 254

Rhabdoblatta brunneonigra, a new cockroach from China, Caudell 255

A new Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera) from British Guiana, Hood 255

Life history of Thelia biviaculata (Membracidae), Funkhouse 255

Some new species of Jassoidea, Crumb 255

Observations on the oviposition of certain capsids. Knight 255

The use of water under pressure for the control of mealy bug, Yothers 255

The citricola scale {Coccus citricola), Quayle 255

An outbreak of the alfalfa looper {Autographa gamma calif omica), Parker 255

Carnivorous habits of Xylina bethunei, Sanders 255

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

The alimentation of man, Franz 255

Report of fruit and vegetable utilization experiment station at DahJem, 1913.. 255

Chemistry of flesh foods. — II-IV, Retail cuts of mutton and lamb, Wright 256

The density of wheat as an index of its milUng value, Lindet et al 256

The nutritive value of hay, straw, and other plant parts, Friedenthal 256

Army biscuit recipes, Badcock 256

Banana meal from Jamaica 256

Viability of Bacillus typhosus in ice cream, Mitchell 256

[Food inspection, pure food, and other topics], Ladd and Johnson 256

A penny lunch, Maury and Tachau 257

Your household budget in graphic form, Winslow 257

Book of recipes compiled among the "Pennsylvania Germans," Thomas 257

Aluminum alloys and use for canteens and cooking utensils, Boes and Weyland 257

R61e of pancreas in digestion and absorption of fat. — I, Digestion, Terroine. . . 257

Role of pancreas in digestion and absorption of fat. — II, Terroine and Weill. . 257

The carbohydrate ferments of pancreatic juice, Mellanby and Woolley 257

Lipo-cholesterin variations during inanition and feeding experiments , Terroine . 258

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The value of extractives in nutrition, Aron 258

Nutrient enemas, Scheel and Be^trup 258

Albumin milk in infant" feeding, Poulsen 258

Homogenized olive oil and fat-free milk mixtures in difficult feeding, Ladd 258

Some studies on sugar in infant feeding. Porter and Dunn 258

Sugar cane products as the main cause of pellagra in the south, Blosser 258

Experimental pellagra from restricted diet, Goldberger and Wheeler 258

Pellagra. — Its possible relation to rise in cost of food, Sydenstricker 259

Prevention of pellagra among institutional inmates, Goldberger et al 259

Changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood, Milroy 260

Comparison of methods for determining respiratory exchano:e of man. Carpenter. 260

Energy transformations during horizontal walking, Benedict and Murschauser. 260

The gaseous metabolism of gymnasts, Peltret and du Bois-Reymond 261

Exercise in education and medicine, McKenzie 261

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Feeds and feeding, Henry and Morrison 261

Acidosis and its relation to protein storage, Steenbock et al 261

Notes on the fodder problem in India, Mackenna 262

The food value of Stuolobium pachylobium beans, Shrewsbury 262

Mistletoe 262

Feeding almond hulls. True 262

The utilization of waste materials from breweries as foodstuffs, Windisch 262

Commercial feeding stuffs, Jones, jr. et al 263

Commercial feeds, rickol. Dewar, and Jackson 263

Analyses of feed stuffs, SchoU 263

Biology and its makers, Locy 263

The growth of organs in the albino rat &a affected by gonadectomy, Hatai 263

On the presence of interstitial cells in the chicken's testis. Reeves 264

A fossil ruminant from Rock Creek, Texas, Troxell 264

The Central-German red cattle breed, Schmidt 264

Shorthorn conditions in Argentina, Harding 264

Feeding in South Texas, Madison 265

Oil meal as a food for skim milk-fed calves 265

Wool authorities at San Francisco, Jones 265

Goat breeding, Machens 265

Soiling V. pasturing grain-fed pigs 265

Animal husbandrj'. Withycombe 265

Establishing the swine industry on North Platte reclamation project, Jones 267

Marketing the 1915 hog crop, f eters 267

California hog book, Guilford 268

The Cape horse: Its origin, breeding, and development, Van der Schreuder. . . 268

Modern horse management, Timmis 268

The education of the horse, Neal 268

[Poultry investigations], Dougherty 268

Poultry breeding, Slocum 268

A hen that crowed 268

Poultry' culture; sanitation and hygiene, Kaupp 269

Skunk culture for profit, Holbrook 269

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Dairy investigations] 269

Feeding dairy cows in Washington, Nystrom 269

Milk records in Berks and Bucks, 1913-14, Mackintosh 269

World's champion Red Poll, " Muria," Kerr 269

Milking Shorthorn association formed 269

Milch goats, True 270

The American milch goat record 270

Profit and pleasure in goat keeping, Lounsbury 270

Quantity and quality of milk from the four quarters of the udder, Goldoni 270

Action of pituitrin on the secretion of milk. Maxwell and Rothera 270

Composition of milk as affected by calcium pha^phate, Lauder and Fagan 270

On the diffusible phosphorus of cow's milk, Wardlaw 271

Nature of deposit from milk by BpiuniDg in centrifuge, Wardlaw 271

CONTENTS. Vn

Page.

Laboratory methods and standards to improve certified milk, Traum 271

Method lor determining manurial pollution of milk, Weinzirl and Veldee 272

Resistances to infection of raw, pasteurized, and boiled milk, Cripps and Purvis. 272

Immunized milk in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, Rosenberg. 272

Do we need a law regulating moisture in cheese? Doane 273

The composition of Dutch cheese and the system of control, Van Rijn 273

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of eighteenth meeting of United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. 273

[Report of veterinary work in California] 274

Report of the state veterinarian, Keane 275

Report of veterinary department, Dawson, Munsell, and DeMilly 275

Report of the veterinarian, Paige 275

Veterinary notes. Cave 275

Annual report of the veterinary service for the year 1913, Littlewood 275

Report on the civil veterinary department Burma, 1915, Evans 275

Applied immunology, Thomas and Ivy 275

Investigations of the fixation of toxins by the leucocytes, Kobzarenko 275

Parasitism and Eosinophilia, Paulian 276

The recognition of atypical forms of blackleg in the United States, Meyer 276

Contributions to the sero diagnosis of glanders, Pfeiler and Scheffler 276

Trichinosis, Ransom 276

The "tryposafrol" treatment of trypanosomiasis, Nuttall and Hindle 276

Bacilli content of apparently nontuberculous animals, Miiller and Ishiwara 277

Danish investigations sho-nang how tubercular fowls infect pigs, Dimne 277

Observations upon the tuberculin test as applied to bovine animals. Mason 278

Failure of tuberculin to cause reaction in tubercular cattle, Berry 278

Production and detection of specific ferments for typhoid-coU group, Smith. . 278

Diseases and treatment of the horse, cow, and hog, Gordon 278

Live stock conditions and losses in the Selby smoke zone, Haring and Meyer. . 278

Corrosive sublimate poisoning stock, Darner 279

Effect of cotton-seed meal on regenerative organs of the cow, Bamett 279

Bacterial flora of the buccal cavity of healthy hogs, Van der Laan 279

The relation of parasites to hog cholera, Connaway 280

Hog cholera control investigations of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dorset. . 280

Standardization of antihog-cholera serum, Haslam 280

Proceedings of committee on federal ante-mortem inspection 280

The dog as a cairier of parasites and disease, Hall 280

The cause of pernicious anemia of the hoise, Seyderhelm 280

Recognition of swamp fever or infectious anemia in New York, Udall and Fitch. 280

Some spirochetes found in papillomatous neoplasma in horses, Carpano 280

Poultry diseases, their symptoms, prevention, and cure, Butzke et al 280

Anatomical and histological studies on new avian cestodes, Baczy6ska 281

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Experiments in the use of current meters in irrigation canals, Harding 281

[Irrigation investigations in California] 282

Irrigation of rice on the coastal prairies of Texas, Haskell 282

Drainage and reclamation 283

Land drainage by means of pumps, Woodward, revised by Okey 283

Water resources of Hawaii, 1913, Larrison 284

Surface water supply of Hudson Bay basins and upper Mississippi River, 1913. 284

Surface water supply of Oregon, 1878-1910, Henshaw and Dean 284

Profile surveys in 1914 on Middle Fork of Willamette and White Rivers, Oregon. 284

Profile surveys in Spokane River and John Day River basins 284

The water resources of Texas and their utilization, Rockwell 284

Desert wells 284

Report of the second interstate conference on artesian water, Brisbane, 1914. . . 284

Culture media employed for examination of water, I, Chamot and Redfield 284

Culture media employed for examination of water, II, Chamot and Sherwood. . 285

Culture media employed for examination of water, III, Chamot et al 285

The sterilization of water with lime, Haller 286

Farm water supplies 286

Clean water and how to get it on the farm, Trullinger 286

Vm CONTENTS.

Page.

Water supply, plumbing, and sewage disposal for country homes, Trullinger. . . 286

Drainability of Emscher tank sludge, Stevenson 287

Third international road congress 287

Gas, gasoline, and oil engines, Hiscox, revised by Page. 287

The superiority of electrical power for agricultural operations, Beck 287

Coatings for cement vats 287

RURAL ECON'OMICS.

The marketing of Wisconsin potatoes, Taylor 288

Farmers' market bulletin 288

Proceedings of meeting of New York State Agricultural Society, 1915 288

Agricultural achievements and problems in North Carolina, Graham 288

Report of the Rural Credits Commission 289

How debtors and creditors may cooperate 289

Fifty years of agricultiu-al politics, 1865-1915, Matthews 289

Report and tables relating to Irish agricultural laboiers 289

Connecticut agriculture : List of farms for sale, 1915 289

Studies in farm tenancy in Texas. 289

Commercial organizations of the United States 290

The American coimtry gul. Crow 290

Monthly crop report 290

[Tntcmational statistics of agriculture] 290

Statif^tical notes on cereals 290

Yearbook of figures, 1914 291

General abstracts ehoxving acreage under ciops and live stock, 1914-15 291

[Agiicultiu-al statistics of France] 291

[Consumption of agricultural products in France] 291

Aimual report of the department of agriculture, Uganda, 1915 291

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education [in the United States and Canada], Leake 291

Rural education: A complete course of study for rural schools, Pickard. ...... 292

The summer traveling practice course as a means of teaching horticulture, Coit . 292

Observations on agricultural extension teaching, Schnider 292

Elementary lessons and experiments in agriculture for boys, Mayo et al 292

Exercises with plants and animals for southern rural schools. Miller 292

A manual of soil physics. Barker and Young 293

Lessons on cotton for the rural common schools. Lane 293

The wheat industry for use in schools, Benstson and Griffith 293

The science of home making, Pirie 293

Outline for home furnishing and decoration, Fletcher 293

First social agricultural week, October 3-10, 1913 293

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of California Station, 1915 294

Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1914 294

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1914 294

Report of the Eastern Oregon Branch Station, 1911-12, Withycombe 294

Coimty experiment farm law 294

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 294

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Arizona Station: Page.

Bui. 75, May 1, 1915 232

Bui. 76, June 30, 1915 236

California Station:

Bui. 200, Oct., 1915 219

Circ. 140, Oct. , 1915 207

Circ. 141, Oct., 1915 232

An. Rpt. 1915 207,

227, 235, 240, 248, 262, 265, 268,
269, 270, 274, 282, 283, 287, 294

Indiana Station:

Bui. 181, Aug., 1915 263

Iowa Station:

Bui. 160, Oct. , 1915 234

Massachusetts Station:

Twenty-seventh An. Rpt.,

1914, pts. 1 and 2 231, 275, 294

Micliigan Station:

Spec. Bui. 72, Feb., 1915 244

Tech. Bui. 20, July, 1915 245

Tech. Bui. 21, July, 1915 252

Tech. Bui. 22, July, 1915 216

Mississippi Station:

Bui. 172, Jan., 1915 227

Nebraska Station:

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1914. 228,

294

New York Cornell Station:

Memoir 7, June, 1915 222

Memoir 8, July, 1915 248

Circ. 31, Sept., 1915 248

New York State Station:

Tech. Bui. 44, Aug. , 1915 249

Tech. Bui. 45, Aug. , 1915 234

North Carolina Station:

Farmers' Market Bui., vol. 2,
No. 12, Oct., 1915 288

North Dakota Station:

Spec. BuL, vol. 3, No. 21,

Oct., 1915 256,279

Che. 9, Oct. 1915 267

Ohio Station:

Circ. 155, Aug., 15, 1915 294

Oregon Station:

Rpt. East Oreg. Sta., 1911-12. 208,
228, 231, 265, 294

Pennsylvania Station:

Bui. 1.36, Aug., 1915 247

South Dakota Station:

Bui. 101, Aug., 1915 230

Washington Station:

Popular Bui. 92, July, 1915. . . 269
West. Wash. Sta., Mo. BuL,

vol. 3, No. 7, Oct., 1915. ... 294

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 256, July, 1915 288

Research Bui. 36, Sept., 1915. 261
Research Bui. 37, Aug., 1915. . . 246

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agricultural Research: Page.

Vol. 5, No. 3, Oct. 18, 1915. . . 201,

217 226 242

Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. 25, 1915. .' . 215"^

217, 245

Vol. 5, No. 5, Nov. 1, 1915.. 244, 246

Vol. 5, No. 6, Nov. 8, 1915.... 221,

244, 247, 281

Bui. 260, The Dog as a Carrier of

Parasites and Disease, M. C. Hall. 280
Bui. 294, Lessons on Cotton for the
Rural Common Schools, C. H.

Lange 293

Bui. 304, Land Drainage by Means
of Pumps, S. M. Woodward, re-
vised by C. W. Okey 283

Bui. 305, Exercises with Plants
and Animals for Southern Rural

Schools, E. A. Miller 292

Bui. 306, Some Effects of Selection
on the Production of Alkaloids

in Belladonna, A. F. Sievers 237

Farmers' Bui. 696, Handling and
Shipping Citrus Fruits in the

Gulf States, H. J. Ramsey 235

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 1, No. 6,

Oct. 16, 1915 290

Bureau of Plant Industry:

EstabUshing the Swine Indus-
try on the North Platte Rec-
lamation Proj ect , C . S . Jones . 267
Work of Scottsbluff Experi-
ment Farm, 1914, F. Knorr. 228,

231
Work of Yuma Experiment
Farm, 1914, R. E. Blair. . 229, 231
Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1913 —

Soil Survey of Bullock
County, Ala., H. C.
Smith and W. E. Wil-
kinson 210

Soil Survey of Escambia
County, Ala., R. T. A.
Burke and J. M. Snyder

etal 210

SoU Survey of Indian
River Area, Fla., C. N.
Mooney and M. Baldwin 211
Soil Survey of Wilkinson
County, Miss., W. E.
Tharp and W. M. Spain . 211
Soil Survey of Douglas
County, Nebr., A. H.
Meyer, E. H. Smies,
and T. M. Bushnell, et
al 211

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con

Bureau of Soils — Continued. Page.

Field Operations, 1913— Con.

Soil Survey of Saunders
County, Nebr., A. H.
Meyer, E. H. Smies, and
T. M. Bushnell, etal... 212

Soil Survey of Muskogee
County, Okla., G. B.
Jones, C. Van Duyne.
E. Scott, and H. W.
Hawker 213

Soil Survey of Jackson
County, Tenn., R. F.
Rogers and J. H. Der-
den 213

Soil Surv^ey of Jefferson
County, Tex., W. T.
Carter, jr., L. R.
Schoenmann, T. M.
Bushnell, and E. T.
Maxon 213

Reconnoissance Soil Sur-
vey of South-Central
Texas,A.E.Kocher.... 213

Soil Surv^ey of the Cache
Valley Area, Utah, J.
W. Nelson and E. C.
Eckmann 214

Soil Survey of Stevens
County, AVash., C. Van
DujTie and F. W. Ash-
ton 214

Soil Survey of Buffalo
County, Wis., W. J.
Geib, C. Lounsbury, and

L. Cantrell, etal 215

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Reconnoissance in
Alaska, with an Esti-
mate of the Agricul-
tural Possibilities, II. 11.
Bennett and T. D. Rice. 209

Soil Survey of Hernando
County, Fla., G. B.
Jones and T. M. Mor-
rison 211

Soil Survey of Terrell
Countv, Ga., D. D.
Long and M. Baldwin . . 211

Soil Survey of Rowan
County, N. C, R. B.
Hardison and R. C.
Jurney 212

Soil Survey of Paulding
County, Ohio, H. G.
Lewis and C. W. Shif-

fler 212

Field Operations, 1915 —

Soil Survey of the Fort
Lauderdale Area, Fla.,
M. Baldwin, H. W.
Hawker, and C. F.
Miller 210

Scientific Contributions: a Page-

Exchange of Ions Between
Lupinus alhus and Culture
Solutions, R. H. True and
H. H. Bartlett 224

Exchange of Ions Between
Lupinus albus and Culture
Solutions, R. H. True and
H. H. Bartlett 224

On Alfalfa Laccase. H. H.
Bunzel 225

New or Noteworthy Grasses,
A.S.Hitchcock 226

Natural Wheat-rve Hybrids.
C. E. Leighty..' 230

Microcitrus, a New Genus of
Australian Citrus Fruits,
W.T. Swingle 235

Some Ginseng Troubles. E. A.
Bessey and J. A. McClin-
tock 244

Experiments on the Control
of the Root-knot Nematode,
J. A. McClintock 245

Cotton-seed Oil Soap as a Sub-
stitute for Whale-oil Soap,
W. W. Yothers 250

Important Insect Pests Col-
lected on Imported Nursery
StockinI914.E. R.Sasscer. 251

The Economic Relations of
the Sarcophagidse. J. M.
Aldrich 251

Correction of the Misuse of the
Generic Name Musca, with
Description of Two New
Genera. C. II. T. To\vnsend. 253

The Olfactorv Sense of Coleop-
tera, N . E .' Mclndoo 254

One New Genus and Two New
Species of Cerambycidae,
W.S.Fisher 254

A L'nique Tvpe of Insect In-
jiu-y, W. R. McConuell. . . 254

Rhabdobhtta brunneonigra, a
New Cockroach from China,
A. N.Caudell 255

A New Hoplandrothrips (Thy-
sanoptera) from British
Guiana, J. D. Hood 255

Some New Species of Jasso-
idea, S. E. Crumb 255

The Use of Water Under Pres-
sure for the Control of Mealy
Bug, W. W. Yothers 255

Poultry Breeding, R. R.
Slocum 268

Do We Need a Law Regulating
Moisture in Cheese? C. F.
Doane 273

Foot-and-mouth Disease. A. D.
Melvin and J. R. Mohler. . . 273

» Printed in scientific and technical publications outside of the Departments.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

XI

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd.

Hog Cholera Control Investi-
gations of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. — Re-
port of Progress, M. Dorset. .

Trichinosis, B. H. Ransom. . .

Live Stock Importation Prob-
lems in the Philippines,
A. R.Ward..

Irrigation of Rice on the Coast-
al Prairies of Texas, C. G.
Haskell

Page.

280
276

274

282

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page-
The Water Resources of Texas
and Their Utilization, W. L.

Rockwell 284

Clean Water and How to Get
it on the Farm, R. W. Trul-

linger 286

Water Supply, Plumbing, and
Sewage Disposal for Country
Homes, R. W. Trullinger. . . 286

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Vol. XXXIV. Abstract Number. No. 3.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Enzjnns of apples and their relation to the ripening process, R. W.
Thatcher (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 103-
116). — From the results of investigations reported from the Minnesota Station
it appears that the only enzyms which participate in the changes in the carho-
hydrates of apples during the ripening process are oxidases. The juice of the
apple contained no diastases, and it appears, tlierefore, that after the starch
disappears from the apples the diastases also disappear. None of tlie apples
which were available for the investigations contained any starch. No invertase
was found, which confirms the findings of Warcollier (E. S. R., 19, p. 307). The
presence of none of the other common types of carbohydrate-splitting enzyms
could be determined.

The author concludes that the fact that the changes which take place during
the ripening are inliibited by surrounding the fruit with an atmosphere of car-
bon dioxid, as shown by the experiments described, is easily explained on the
basis of their being oxidase changes, since it is a well-known fact in enzymology
that the presence of a large excess of the end products of a reaction generally
inhibits the action of the accelerating enzym in an increasing degree as the pro-
portion of the end product increases. Carbon dioxid is undoubtedly the end
product of oxidase activity, so that the result obtained is what would naturally
be expected. Small amounts of esterase and protease which were found in the
ripening apples indicate the possibility of the hydrolytic decomposition of the
small quantity of essential oil and of protein material contained in the flesh
of the apple during the ripening process or subsequent breaking down of the
tissue.

An examination was also made of apple seeds. Diastases were found to be
present in considerable amount ; invertase, absent ; emulsin, present in consider-
able amount; lipase, present in small amount; protease, present (hydrolyzed
both albumins and peptone) ; and oxidases, absent.

The solidifying and melting' point of mutton tallow and its fatty acids,
R. Meldrum {Chem. News, 109 (1914), No. 2827, pp. ^9-51) .—This investigation
was undertaken to ascertain the relationship between the melting and solidifying
points of mutton tallow and its fatty acids. The thermometer-bulb method was
used for the melting point, and the solidifying point was determined by Dalican's
method.

The author has demonstrated that mutton and beef tallow do not possess a
constant solidifying point for any given sample. Experimental data submitted

201

202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

show that solidification tal^es place from about 6 to S" C. below the meltiiifr
point. Also, previous to solidification the thermometer falls to from 10 to 12°
below the melting point. This characteristic property is common to all mixtures
of solid and liquid glycerids but does not hold good for mixtures of solid and
liquid fatty acids. The tallows used in all the observations contained free
fatty acids and therefore free gycerin, and whether small amounts of these
modify the solidifying point and are the cause of low zeros or erratic " rises "
is being investigated.

The solidifying point of mutton tallow. — II, R. Meldbtjm {Chem. Neics,
111 {1915), No. 2883, pp. 98, 99; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 (1915), No.
6, p. 288). — " Solid glycerids were separated from mutton tallow by treatment
with ether, and their solidifying point determined by Dalican's method, the
mass being melted at 80° C. and stirred while cooling from 55 to 47°, and the
thermometer then fixed at 1.5 in. from the bottom of the tube. The solidifying
point ranged from 49.7 to 51°, with a rise of from 3.4 to 4°. The presence of
suspended matter and the method of stirring had no influence on the results,
and no secondary stationary point was observetl. Erratic variations of the
'zero' solidifying point (i. e., the temperature to which the thermometer falls
before the rise commences) and of the rise were much smaller in the case of
the solid glycerids than of the original tallow, this being attributed to the in-
fluence of the greater proportion of liquid glycerids in the latter. Such varia-
tions do not occur with mixtures of stearic and oleic acids. Fluctuations of
the melting points of glycerids appear to be due to errors of manipulation, while
the solidifying point is influenced by the spee^l of crystallization. Constant
results are obtained when a constant amount of substance crystallizes per unit
of time. Glycerids require supercooling to start rajiid crystallization, and each
glycerid appears to have a specific ' zero ' point of incipient solidification. When
glycerids (especially mixtures of solids and liquids) are supercooled, the latent
heat of fusion may be insufficient to raise the temperature of the mass to the
normal solidifying point."

The presence of an amino group in wool, K. Gebh.vbd {Farbcr Zlg., 25
(1914), No. 14, pp. 279-283; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indu.'i., 33 (1914), No. 17,
p 856). — The author found that when wool was treated with formaldehyde, as
described by Kann," it still retained its power of reacting with nitrous acid to
form a true diazo compound. Wool probably contains two substances, an amino
acid and a colloidal substance loosely attached to the amino group of the acid.
It is thought that Kann, who maintains that wool does not contain an amino
group, probably split ofl; and coagulated the colloid, leaving the amino acid free
with an active amino grou]).

Nephelometry (photometric analysis). — I. History of method and develop-
ment of instruments, P. A. Koeer and Saba S. Graves (Jour, //i/f ».«. and Engin.
Chem.. 7 {1915). No. 10, pp. 843-847. figs. 10). — A general review of the subject.

A modified method for determining carbon-free ash. in plant substances,
G. E. BoLTZ (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 10. pp. 859. 860).— It
is claimed that the usual method for determining ash in plant substances gen-
erally introduces an error, due to the presence of carbon dioxid in combination
with bases present. This is especially true of an ash containing large amounts
of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. A procedure which has proved very
satisfactory is as follows :

" Weigh from 2 to 10 gm.. depending upon the material, into a platinum dish.
Ignite over a low flame until most of the carbon is burned off. Cool, cover the
dish with a watch glass and add through the lip of the dish about 20 cc. of hot

Farber Ztg., 25 (1914), No. 4, pp. 73-75.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 203

distilled water. Filter into a weighed 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, wash the residue
three or four times with hot water, replace the filter paper with residue in the
platinum dish, dry, and ignite until practically all the carbon is consumed.
Transfer the remaining ash to the Erlenmeyer flask with hot water, using a
policeman to loosen any particles that may adhere to the dish. Evaporate the
moisture and dry the ash at 110° C. until thoroughly dry ; weigh. The weight
minus the weight of the flask represents the crude ash.

"Connect the flask containing the crude ash to an apparatus [described else-
where "] for determining the carbon dioxid, treat the contents of the flask with
80 cc. of distilletl water free from carbonates and 20 cc. of dilute hydrochloric
acid (1:10). Aspirate purified air through the apparatus while liberating the
carbon dioxid. Boil for 30 minutes and absorb the gas in 50 cc. of a 4 per cent
solution of sodium hydroxid. Drain the sodium hydroxid solution out of the ab-
sorption tower and wash the remaining caustic solution out of the tower with
250 cc. of CO^-free water. Exactly neutralize with normal hydrochloric acid,
using phenolphthalein as indicator. Add 2 drops of methyl orange solution (1
gm. in 1,000 cc.) and titrate with twentieth-normal hydrochloric acid until the
color of the methyl orange is just changed. From the number of cubic centi-
meters of twentieth-normal hydrochloric acid used subtract blank: 1 cc.
twentieth-normal hydrochloric acid=0.0022 gm. carbon dioxid. The titration
where phenolphthalein is used is ignored. The carbon, sand, and silica are
determined as outlined on page 22 in Bulletin 107, U. S. Bureau of Chemistry
[E. S. R., 20, p. 512]. The carbon dioxid plus the unburned carbon and sand is
subtracted from the weight of crude ash. The remainder represents the amount
of carbon-free ash."

A Kjeldahl distillation apparatus, J. M. Pickel {Jour. Indus, mid Engin.
Chem., 7 (1915), No. 9, pp. 787-789, figs. 3).— An apparatus, which the author
states he has used for a number of years with excellent results, is described.
Claims are made that it is simpler, more flexible, and less costly than that de-
scribed by Holmes (E. S. R., 33, p. 10).

Titration of nitrates with, ferrous sulphate, F. C. BoWman and W. W.
Scott {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 9, pp. 766-769). — A simple
and reliable method for the titration of nitrates, as shown by analytical data
submitted, was devised by the authors. The method is based on the well-known
ferrous sulphate test for nitrates. The procedure recommended is as follows :

Dissolve 176.5 gm. of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate in 400 cc. water, and stir
into tills gradually 500 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid 1 : 1. Cool the mixture and
make up to 1,000 cc. The order of mixing given should be followed, for a
different order is apt to cause precipitation of an iron sulphate that can not be
redissolved.

Either potassium bichromate or nitric acid may serve for a standard. With
the former, the strength of the iron solution is estimated by Penny's method,
0.2 cc. being allowed for the end point in titrating nitrates.

" A more satisfactory method of standardizing is to titrate a nitric acid solu-
tion of known strength under the exact conditions in which the iron solution is
to be used. For this, dilute 41 cc. of the usual 70 per cent laboratory nitric acid
to 1,000 cc. and titrate with normal caustic alkali. Use 10 cc. of the dilute
nitric acid to standardize the ferrous sulphate solution in the manner described
above."

For titration the sample should be chosen to contain 0.3 to 0.6 gm. of nitric
acid. For the most accurate work, the titration should be on practically the
same quantity of nitric acid as was used in standardizing the solution.

"Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 4 (1912), No. 8, p. 611.

204 EJyPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

" Place 100 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, free from nitrates, in a 250 cc.
beaker set in a large porcelain casserole full of cold water. Run the sample in
slowly from a 10 cc. pipette to the bottom of the acid, stirring meanwhile with
the pipette ; this procedure is designed to prevent loss of nitric acid fumes. Run
in the ferrous sulphate solution slowly in a fine stream with constant stirring
until the solution turns from yellow to faint brown or pink. Then rinse out the
pipette by sucking it full of the acid and draining it and continue titrating cau-
tiously to the first color change. The end point is clear to 0.05 cc. and different
operators should agree within 0.1 cc.

" The casserole of water serves the double purpose of cooling the acid and
making the end point much clearer. It is sometimes necessary to halt the titra-
tion and let the solution cool. The temperature should never exceed 60° C. and
is better kept below 40°. Let the burette stand five minutes before taking the
reading, as the ferrous sulphate solution drains very slowly."

With care the error in the method does not exceed rh ot the quantity of
nitric acid estimated. It is not suitable for traces. Constancy of conditions is
important. Chlorates, bromates, iodates, chlorids, bromids, and iodids interfere
but nitrites do not when sulphuric acid is used as a medium. The method is
recommended for technical purposes and results of tests made are given.

Molybdic acid recovery, C. G. Abmstbong {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
7 {1915), No. 9, p. 764, fiff- !)• — Numei'ous methods for the recovery of molybdic
acid were tried but discarded on account of thoir impracticability or unnecessary
consumption of expensive reagents. A method was finally devised as follows :

The waste molybdic acid residues wore filtered from any phosphomolybdate
precipitate that it contained. This was most conveniently accomplished by
means of an asbestos suction filter.

" The filtered solution is then placed in a 5-liter German flask and supported
inverted over a large evaporating dish on a sand bath, allowing but a small
amount of the solution in the dish. This method allows a largo amount of liquid
to be evaporated with little attention. The flask may be refilled until the pre-
cipitate of molybdic anhydrid, which forms in the bottom of the evaiwrating
dish, becomes too bulky.

" Remove the flask and evaporate the solution in the dish until it begins to
foam consi(leral)ly and there is just enough solution left to cover the precipitate
and keep the ii-on in solution. Cool, dilute with one-half volume of cold water,
allow to settle, and decant. Wash the precipitate thoroughly a couple of times
with water by decantation to remove the iron salts and treat with enough 1 : 1
ammonium hydroxid to fill the dish. A dark brown precipitate will form, due
to precipitated iron.

"The whole is then washed into a large flask, warmed slightly, and allowed
to stand a couple of hours with an occasional shaking to facilitate solution.
When all is in solution, or after two hours, the liquid may be filtered oK by a
siphon, sand, and asbestos suction filter into another flask. Arrange the suction
tube so that the lower portion of the solution, containing the precipitate, will be
the last to come upon the filter, thus preventing troublesome clogging of the filter
by the iron precipitate. Add 5 per cent of the original amount of ammonium
hydroxid to the solution to make up for that used in precipitating the iron."

This solution contains the molybdic anhydrid as ammonium molybdate and,
when the specific gravity of it is taken with a hydrometer at 25° C.. by referring
to an accompanying curve the percentage of molybdic anhydrid present may be
found and the proper amount of fresh molybdic anhydrid added to bring the
concentration up to any required strength. The solution of ammonium molyb-
date may be evaporated to dryness and then roasted to 600° to molybdic anhydrid.
The recovery in these tests, which were carried out on large amounts of residues

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 205

under actual working conditions, was 93 per cent, and the recovered molybdic
acid obtained by evaporation and roasting at 600° tested chemically pure in all
cases.

The cost of recovery is practically nothing.

The effect of ammonium chlorid upon ferric and aluminum hydroxids dur-
ing- ignition, H. W. Daudt {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcni., 7 {1915), No. 10,
pp. S^7. 8-'f8). — Experimental work cited indicates that the washing of ferric and
aluminum hydroxids free from ammonium chlorid is unnecessary. No loss oc-
curred in either hydroxid by washing with ammonium-chlorid solutions of con-
centrations of 1 per cent or lower, and it was found to be advantageous to have
small quantities of ammonium chlorid present in the wash waters on account
of the tendency of the precipitate to become colloidal when electrolytes are alto-
gether absent. By precipitating the aluminum hydroxid in hot solution, boiling
the suspended precipitate for approximately 4.5 seconds and transferring to
the filter immediately, no difficulty was experienced in getting easy and rapid
filtration.

Determination of dextrin and sugars in food products, C. F. Muttelet
{Ann. Falsif., 7 {19U), No. 69, pp. 372^80).— Continuing the work previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. IS), a procedure is given which includes also the de-
termination of dextrin.

In the method 20 gm. of the preserve is transferred with the aid of tepid
water to a 200 cc. flask, then lead subacetate is added for the purpose of defeca-
tion, care being taken to avoid an excess (should an excess be used it may be
removed with bicarbonate of soda). Water is added to make the volume to
200 cc, and the solution is decolorized with animal charcoal. The reducing
sugar is determined in the solution so obtained and the results {p) are cal-
culated as invert sugar to 100 cc. of solution. The amount of reducing sugar
present after inversion ((7=sugar in 100 cc. of solution after inversion) is then
found. This is followed by determining the sugar after inversion with hydro-
chloric acid for 20 minutes in the autoclave at 110° C. This is calculated as
grams of sugar in 100 cc. of solution and is represented by m. The rotation of
the original solution is established at 20° in the 200 mm, tube and expressed
as D.

The amount of sucrose {S) present in the solution is found as follows:

S=[0.95 {q—p)], and corresponds to a rotation (e) of (1.33°-S).

The quantity of dextrin A— [0.90 {m—q)] corresponds to a rotation of 5=
8.9 A degrees.

The sum of the weight of glucose (G) and levulose (L) corresponds to a rota-
tion of d.

d=D — {c-{-d) from which is obtained L and G.

L=il()QXp)—d
2.93

G={p—L) gm.

The results of some trials with fruits, jelly, marmalade, comfits, and sirups
with the method are given.

Note on the determination of sulphates in bread, C. D. Howaed {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), No. 9, p. 807). — ^After reviewing former
methods for the determination of sulphates in flour and bread, the author states
that he has adopted the following procedure :

" Twenty-five gm. of the air-dry ground bread was digested for two to four

hours on the top of the water bath at gentle heat with 200 cc. of 5 per cent

hydrochloric acid, the mixture being well stirred at intervals. After cooling,

the clear extract was decanted through a folded filter, the residue washed two

22434°— No. 3—16 2

206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

or three times with warm water, and the filtrate precipitated as usual with
barium chlorid. As a rule, the precipitated sulphate was clean. In those cases
where it showed contamination with organic matter, the barium sulphate, after
ignition and weighing, was treated in the Gooch with a few cubic centimeters
of acidulated hot water, followed by a second ignition and weighing."

No experimental data are given.

The determination of fat in ice cream by the Babcock method, C. A. A. Utt
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), Xo. 9, p. 773). — The author concludes
that the Babcock method if properly conducted is simple, desirable, and accu-
rate. The use of hydrochloric-acetic acid mixture was not found satisfactory
in most cases. The procedure outlined in the usual Babcock method, using a
mixture of sulphuric and acetic acids, was found to give excellent results on
commercial ice cream.

The method is outlined in detail. Some analytical data are submitted in
which checks were obtained in ice cream mixtures made up according to various
formulas within from 0.04 to 0.15 per cent of the amount occurring in the
mixtures.

A device for the successive determination of the solids and fat in milk
and other fluids, A. Seidenbebg {Jour. IMus. and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No.
9, pp. 769-773). — The advantages and disadvantages of the methods in use for
the determination of fat in milk are discusse^l.

The author has devised a new method for the determination of the total
solids and the fat in milk, using a single sample. The apparatus used is an
oxidized copper wire gauze 7 by 10 cm., of 40 or GO mesh, ri(lge<l or plaited
laterally with from 18 to 20 ridges about 2 mm. high and about 2 mm. apart.
The two long sides of the gauze are bent up for 2 mm. in such a way as to
close the opening of the grooves formed by the ridges. The gauze is placed
upon two ridges 2 mm. high running the length of a di.sh made of heavy
tin foil on the surface of which are numerous cross-sectional indentations. The
dimensions of the dish are 7 by 10.5 cm. Three of the sides are 4 mm. high, and
the fourth (a long side) 8 mm. The sides are not joined at the corners.

In making determinations of solids and fat the wire gauze and dish are first
weighed accurately and then 4 or 5 gm. (or other weighed quantity) of milk is
evenly distributed drop by drop by means of a pipette over the entire gauze.
The milk is then dried to a constant weight in an air bath at 100° C. and the
device weighed to find total solids. For the determination of fat the gauze is
rolled into a conical form along with the dish, the high side and ridges of the
dish being first flattened out. After the gauze and dish have been rolled up the
high side at one end is folded up, the other end being left open, and the device
introduced into a Soxhlet or other extraction apparatus. After extraction it is
dried to constant weight, the loss in weight being fat.

The containing dish is used but once in order to obtain the best results. The
wire gauze, however, may in some cases be used again by burning off the milk
solids, washing out the ash, and drying thoroughly in the flame.

The method is also recommended for the deterinintition of solid matter in
such substances as glues, varnishes, shellacs, oils, tanning materials, etc. ; sirups,
flavoring extracts, and other saccharine products ; and for the extracts of vine-
gars, wines, beers, and other distille<l liquors.

The method has been thoroughly tested and compared \\ith other methods
and has been found to give most satisfactory results.

Comparative fat determination in cheese with Dr. Herramhof s and Dr.
Hesse's volumetric method and the g'ravimetric method of Ratzlaff, H. Nilges
{MUclnr. Zcnthl., 43 {1914), No. 16, pp. J,25-430) .—The results obtained by the
Herramhof method (E. S. R., 33, p. 314) were slightly higher than (hose by

METEOEOLOGY. 207

the Hesse method and the Kooper method (E. S. R., 31, p. 613). The latter
methods, however, are easier and quicker. It is thouglit that the Herramhof
apparatus would be of great value if the total solids could be determined with
it at the same time, as suggested by the originator.

Desiccation tests made with this and the sea sand method showed great varia-
tions. Tlie fat content as determined in the dried cheese mass obtained by the
Herramhof and sea sand methods did not show such great variations as did the
figures for dry matter, the variations in fat being between 0.03 and 4.37 per
cent, with an average of 1.51 per cent, while the average for dry matter was
S.54 per cent.

Fruit by-products, W. V. Cetjess ( California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 31 ) . — Methods
have been devised whereby clear palatable jellies are produced from oranges
and lemons. " One ton will yield approximately 300 gal. or 6,000 6-oz. glasses,
Jlethods of clearing orange and lemon juice were tested. Fining with 8 to 12
lbs. of Spanish clay, settling, and filtration were found satisfactory. Small
amounts of sulphurous acid prevent darkening and the development of a
' musty ' taste."

The practical application of improved methods of fermentation in Cali-
fornia wineries during 1913 and 1914, F. T. Bioletti and W. V. Crxjess (Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. IJfO (1915), pp. llf, figs. 8). — A continuation of the enological
investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 183; 23, p. 209; 25, p. 716) is
reported, confirming previous observations.

It was found that the use of pure yeast and sulphurous acid can be applied
successfully on a practical scale and yields more perfect fermentations and
sounder wines. A new method is outlined in detail, and analyses of the wines
reported. Wines made by the improved method kept a great deal better at warm
temperatures than the spontaneously fermented wine. Sulphurous acid alone
gave as sound wines as where pure yeast was used in addition to the sulphurous
acid. The amount of sulphurous acid left in the wine did not exceed 64 per
cent of the limit allowed under the Food and Drugs Act and averaged only
about 21 per cent.

METEOEOLOGY.

Work in agricultural meteorology (Tnidij Selsk. Klioz. Met., No. 14 (1915),
pp. 150, figs. 10). — This report contains the following articles: The Importance
of Agricultural IMeteorology from the International Point of View, by G. Azzi
(see below) ; The Influence of Meteorological Factors on the Yield of Grain in
the Province of Bologne, by G. Azzi (see p. 208) ; The Influence of the Principal
Meteorological Factors on Winter Rye, by R. G. Zalenskii ; Halos of the Sun
and Moon as Indexes of Weather Changes, by E. A. Khvol'son ; A Simplified
Deduction of the Formula for Adiabatic Changes in an Ascending Current, by
P. I. Brounov; Problems and Results of Agricultural Meteorology, by V. K.
Gauer ; and Programs of Meteorological-Agricultural Observations.

The importance of agricultural meteorology from the international point
of view, G. Azzi (Trudy Selsk. Khoz. Met., No. 14 (1915), pp. 3-iS ) .—Defining
agricultural meteorology as the correlation of the sum of the meteorological
factors and plant growth, the author points out the necessity for securing uni-
formity of methods in (1) the determination of the critical periods of different
plants in different localities ; (2) the preparation of charts showing the probable
distribution of droughts, precipitation, and frost; (3) the determination of
zones of good, medium, and poor yields as correlated with the meteorological
conditions; and (4) the extension of the zone of good yields by better adaptation
of crops to climatic conditions.

208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. .

The influence of meteorological factors on the yield of grain in the
Province of Bologne, G. Azzi (Trudy Sclsk. KJioz. Met., Xo. IJf (1915), pp.
19-47, fig. 1). — Studies made according to the Russian method of determining
critical periods in plant growth are reported, the results showing that the criti-
cal period for wheat as regards rainfall occurs during the two ten-day periods
immediately preceding heading. If, during the first of these ten-day periods, the
precipitation is not less than 30 mm., or if this period is dry and during the pre-
ceding period the rainfall was not less than 60 mm., the probability of agricul-
tural yield is excellent even if no more rain falls iintil autumn.

Meteorological record for 1912, R. Withycombe (Oregon Sta., Rpt. East.
Greg. Sta., 1911-12, pp. 32, 83). — A summary by months of observations on tem-
perature (maximum, minimum, and average), precipitation, cloudiness, and
wind at the substation at Union during 1912 is given. The total precipitation
for the year, 17.74 in., was about normal for the region.

Climate and meteorology [of Canada], R. F. Stupart (Canada Yearbook,
19H, pp. 128-139). — The main climatic and meteorological characteristics of
the different provinces of Canada are noted and tables of temperature and pre-
cipitation at various places in the Dominion during 1914 are given.

The temperature of western and equatorial Africa, R. CufDEAU (Compt.
Raid. Acad. ,Sci. [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 5, pp. 106-109) .—A\ai\ahle data on
this subject are collated and analyzeil with reference to different regions in this
area.

Atmospheric pressure in western and equatorial Africa, R. CHUDEAtr
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 161 (1915), Xo. 12. pp. 351-354; abs. in Rev.
Sci. [Paris], 53 (1915), I-II, No. 19, p. 479).— The data obtained from 13 sta-
tions are suunnarizetl showing tlio mean, monthly, and annual pressure with the
diurnal variation.

The distribution of rainfall in western Africa, H. Hubert (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. (/'r/r/.s). ICO il'.il.;), Xo. /.s\ /»/). 606-60H) .—Th\f> article deals briefly
with the sources and types of rainfall of this region and the phenomena which
control it. It is held that in general the distribution deiiends upon the dis-
placement of the zone of equatorial calms.

Electric niagaras, A. Beckertch (Jardin, 28 (1914), ^^o. 657, pp. 203-205,
figs. 2; 29 (1915), Nos. 664. pp. 272, 273, figs. 2; 665, pp. 281-283, fig. 1; 666y
pp. 290. 291). — This article discusses briefly the tlieories of the formation of
hail, the principles of construction of the towers used for re<lucing the electric
tension of the clouds and thus dispersing hailstorms, the action of these towers,
and the question of tlieir efficiency as means of hail protection.

The general conclusion is that past experience with this means of hail protec-
tion is not conclusive and that the whole question of hail formation and hail
protection needs further investigation. The lines along which this investigation
should be pursued are indicated.

A new chemical hygrometer, E. K. Rideal and A. Hannah (AnaJyst, 40
(1915), No. 467, pp. 4S-o4, figs. 3; ahs. in Intcrnat. In-^t. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 439, 540).— What is stated to
be a simple and accurate means of measuring the moisture content of the air,
based upon its absorption by sulphuric acid, is described.

Bacteria in city, country, and indoor air, W. W. Browne (Science, n. ser.,
42 (1915), No. 1080, p. .557).— This is an abstract of a paper presentetl at the
recent meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists which reportetl re-
sults of bacteriological examinations of 134 samples of city air, 85 of country
air, 87 of oflice air, and 47 of factory air.

It was foimd that the number of bacteria was larger and the fluctuations
greater in the air of occupied spaces than iu that of open spaces. The micro-

SOILS — FEKTILIZEKS. 209

organisms developing at 20° C on gelatin were generally found to be under 50
per cubic foot, rarely over 100 per cubic foot. The number of those developing
at 37° was rarely over 50 per cubic foot. The number of streptococci was 10 per
100 cu. ft.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil reconnoissance in Alaska, with, an estimate of the agricultural pos-
sibilities, H. H. Bennett and T. D. Rice {U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Advance Sheets
Field Operations Bur. Soils, I'JJ-'f, pp. 202, pis. 3S, maps Jf). — This report, issued
September 20, 1915, deals with the soils and agricultural possibilities of the
Cook Inlet-Susitna, Yukon-Tanana, and Copper River regions of Alaska.

The Cook Inlet-Susitna region includes approximately 6,000 square miles of
land, comprised in the plain-like country and adjacent bench lands bordering
Cook Inlet from Kachemak Bay northward and extending up the Susitna and
Matanuska valleys. " At least one-third of this area . . . consists of arable
land possessing topographic and drainage characteristics and chemical and
physical properties quite favorable to farming. . . . The remainder of the low-
laud country largely represents Muskeg or marsh, isolated areas in the Muskeg,
and areas of unfavorable topography. Extensive drainage operations will be
required to reclaim the marsh land, and to make available the included well-
drained land." " The Cook Inlet-Susitna benches and lowlands embrace a con-
siderable variety of soils ranging in composition from silt loam through fine
sand to peat, and in drainage, from well-drained bench land to water-soaked
marsh." Exclusive of Muskeg and muck, there are two broad soil divisions in
the region, namely, bench land soils and stream bottom soils. Of these the
Knik loam and fine sandy loam soils are the most extensive.

The Yukon-Tanana region comprises (1) the lowlands of the lower Tanana
River, from the vicinity of McCarty to the Yukon River, known as the Tanana
Flats; (2) the lowlands of the Yukon River, chiefly comprised in the Yukon
Flats; and (3) the area of highlands or hill country between the Tanana and
Yukon lowlands, the Yukon-Tajiana uplands. " The lowest estimated area of
available farming land in this region is 4,500,000 acres. In this estimate only 50
per cent of the 7,000 square miles of the lower Tanana bottoms is included and
less than 25 per cent of the uplands lying to the north of the Tanana River."
The soils of the Tanana bottoms are mainly sandy and silty and are flat and
mostly well drained. In the hills north of the Tanana bottoms is an area of
approximately 500,000 acres of deep silt loam soil which is considered to be the
best soil in Alaska. These soils are well drained and have good moisture-hold-
ing capacity. " There are still larger areas of other cultivable soils on the slopes
of the hill country." In the Yukon-Tanana region seven of the principal soil
types are mapped of which the so-called Gilmore soils and stony mountainous
areas, Tanana soils, and Yukon soils are the most extensive.

The Copper River regions include the Copper River Basin and the Copper
River Delta. The former is a broad expanse of plain-like country almost com-
pletely inclosed by mountains and containing a large area north of Copper
Center the topography of which is favorable for agriculture. " The principal
soil here, however, is not so favorable, being predominantly of a clayey char-
acter, and so stiff and probably cold-natured that it would be difficult to till."
The soil of the Copper River Delta " represents a mixture of the recent glacial
outwash, chiefly gravel and sand, with the sand and silt of the Copper River
alluvium."

A comparison of Alaska with Finland and parts of Siberia is also included.

210 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

Soil survey of Bullock County, Alabama, H. C. Smith and W. E. Wilkin-
son (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 50,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Alabama,
was issued July 15, 1915. It deals with the soils of an area of 388,480 acres in
southeastern Alabama, which is divided physiographically into two parts, the
" prairie region," comprising the northern part, and the " sandy-lands region,"
the southern part. The topography of the prairie region ranges from hilly and
even rough to undulating, while that of the sandy-lands region varies from a
broad, sandy upland plain to somewhat hilly country. The rougher areas are
excessively drained, while the lower uplands and the terraces require artificial
drainage. A large total area is subject to erosion.

The soils of the county are broadly grouped into upland soils derived from
lime-bearing rocks and from unconsolidated sandy deposits of a later ago, second
terrace soils originating from rather recent stream action, and first bottom soils
subject to annual inundation and still in active process of formation. Thirty-two
soil types, representing 17 series and 1 miscellaneous type, are mapped, the Sus-
quehanna clay and fine sandy loam predominating. The Norfolk series, includ-
ing sand, fine and coarse sand, and fine sandy loam, is second in extent.

Soil survey of Escambia County, Alabama, II. T. A. Burke, J. M. Snydeb,
A. il. O'Neal, Jr., and F. W. Kolb {V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field
Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 51, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooj)-
eration with the State of Alabama and issuetl July 17, 1915, deals with the soil
characteristics of an area of 604,160 acres in southern Alabama, the topography
of which varies from level or gently rolling to rolling. The drainage is mainly
into the Conecuh River.

Physiographically the county is divided into uplands extending to the river and
stream terraces, and lowlands which include the terraces and bottom lands of
the rivers and streams. The upland soils, derivetl through processes of weather-
ing from beds of sand, sand and gravel, or sandy clay, vary from gravelly sand
through sand and gravelly loam to sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and clay, and
with the exception of two types are generally well drained. The lowland soils
are of alluvial origin. Including swamp. 28 soil types, of 13 series, are mapped,
of which the Huston fine sandy loam is the most extensive. The Norfolk .series
is second in extent, the Norfolk fine sandy loam being widely developed through-
out the county. It is stated that one of the chief needs of the soils is organic
matter.

Soil survey of the Fort Lauderdale area, Florida, M. Baldwin and II. W.
Hawker (f. »S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915,
pp. 52, pis. 9, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issuetl July 31. 1915. deals with the
soils of an area of 225,600 acres, comprising a relatively narrow strip of territory
extending from the Atlantic Ocean east of Fort Lauderdale to Lake Okechobee.

The topography of the area is generally fiat and nearly level and natural drain-
age over most of the area is entirely inadequate, the only well-«lrained portion
being near the coast. The soils are classed as cumulose soils and soils derived
from marine sediments. The former, comprising muck and peat, are composed
mainly of vegetable matter in various stages of disintegration and decay, with
the admixture of various quantities of extraneous inorganic material and are by
far the most extensive. The loss on combustion of typical sample of muck was
found to average about 50 per cent. The loss on combustion of peaty muck was
65 to 84 per cent of the weight of the oven-dried sample. Peat had an ash con-
tent varying from 6 to 16 per cent. In addition to the peat and muck cunuilose
soils, 7 other soil series are recognized in the area, these, however, covering only
about 10.5 per cent of the area.

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 211

Soil survey of Hernando County, Florida, G. B. Jones and T. M. Mobeison
(f7. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp. 30,
pis. 4, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, issued September 30, 1915, deals with the
soils of an area of 302,720 acres on the western coast of Florida, the topography
of which ranges from level to hilly. There is no well-defined drainage system
in the county, most of the surface water escaping through sinks and under-
ground streams. The soils of the county are largely sandy, although there are
some areas of clayey soils and a number of areas having a clay subsoil. The
soils are grouped into four divisions, namely, (1) imperfectly drained flat-
woods, (2) undulating to rolling areas, (3) depressed areas, and (4) tidal over-
flow soils. Including muck, swamp, tidal marsh, and I'ock outcrop, 16 soil
types are mapped, of which the Norfolk fine sand is the most extensive, covei'-
ing nearly half the county.

Soil survey of the Indian River area, Florida, C. N. Mooney and M. Bald-
win {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. ^7,
pi. 1 fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issued July 31, 1915, deals with the soils of
an area of 218,240 acres along the middle east coast of the Florida Peninsula,
the surface features of which range from low coastal swamps and level flat-
woods to dune-like coastal ridges. The drainage is mainly effected by seepage.
The soils of the area range from cumulose deposits through sands, or a mixture
of sand, gravel, and shell fragments, to calcareous clay. They are grouped
with reference to origin into cumulose soils, unconsolidated marine material,
and residual or partly residual soils. Seventeen soil types, of 8 series, are
mapped, of which the St. Lucie sand is the most extensive.

Soil survey of Terrell County, Georgia, D. D. Long and M. Baldwin ( V. S.
Dept. Agr., Advanee Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp- 62, fig. 1, map
1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agri-
culture, was issued September 13, 1915. It deals with the soils of an area of
213,760 acres in southwestern Georgia, the topography of which ranges from
level to rolling. The county is said to be, as a whole, well drained.

The soils of the county are alluvial and upland, the latter being derived
mainly from unconsolidated clays, sands, marls, and consolidated limestone.
The soils are divided according to texture into sands, fine sands, loamy sands,
sandy loams, loams, clay loams, and clays. Including muck and swamp, 35
soil types, of 15 series, are mapped, of which the Greenville series, including
seven types, is the most extensive.

Soil survey of Wilkinson County, Mississippi, W. E. Tharp and W. M.
Spann {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
52, pi. 1, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of
Mississippi, was issued July 17, 1915. It deals with the soils of an area of
426,880 acres in southwest Mississippi, the western part of which consists of
level delta lands and the remainder mainly of rolling to hilly uplands dissected
by innumerable drainage lines.

Tlu-oughout the uplands of the county the prevailing surface material is loess.
It is from 20 to 50 ft. deep on the western hills, but gradually thins toward the
east until its average depth is but a few feet. The loess is generally underlaid
by a red sandy formation. In the eastern section soils derived in part from
the underlying sands and clays are found. Including rough broken laud,
meadow overwash, and river wash, 17 soil types, of 9 series, are mapped, of
which the Memphis silt loam is the pi*edominating tj'pe, covering over half the
county.

Soil survey of Douglas County, Nebraska, A. H. Meyer, E. H. Smies, T. M.
Btjshnell, R. R. Sp afford, R. R. Burn, and C. W. Smith (17. S. Dept. Agr.,
Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 4S, fig' 1, niap 1). — This

212 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

survey, made in cooperation with the Nebraska Soil Survey and issued June 14,
1915, deals with the soils of an area of 211,840 acres in middle-eastern Ne-
braska, which includes three distinct topographic divisions: (1) Uplands, (2)
old alluvial terraces, and (3) first bottom lands. The surface of the upUind is
rolling to rough and extremely dissected. The county has well-established
drainage to the southeast.

The upland and terrace soils are of silty texture, while the bottom lands vary
in texture from loose incoherent sand to heavy clay. The upland is covered by
a bed of loess which varies from a thin mantle to 100 ft. in depth. Fifteen soil
types, of 7 series, are mapped, of which the Knox silt loam is the most exten-
sive, followed by the Marshall silt loam.

Soil survey of Saunders County, Nebraska, A. H. Meyeb, E. H, Smies, T. M.
BusHNELL, R. R. Spafford, R. R. BruN, and R. J. Scakbobough {U. S. Dept.
Agr., Advance Sheets Field OperaVons Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 52, fig. 1, map 1). —
This survey, made in cooperation with the Nebraska Soil Survey and issued
June 10, 1915, deals with the soils -^ an area of 487,040 acres in eastern Ne-
braska, the topography of which varies from flat in the stream bottoms and
terraces to extremely dissected in parts of tlie upland. " There are three dis-
tinct topographic divisions: (1) The uplands, derived from loessial and glacial
material ; (2) the alluvial terraces, deposited at a time when the streams were
flowing at a higher level; and (3) the first bottom lands, embracing the recent
alluvium of the Platte River and its tributaries." The county is drained by the
Platte River and Walioo and Salt creeks.

In textui'e, most of the upland and terrace soils are silty, while those of the
bottom lands vary from a loose incoherent sand to heavy clay. Including 3
miscellaneous types, 18 soil types, of 10 series, are mapped, of which the
Shelby silt loam, the Marshall silt loam, the Waukesha silt loam, and the
Wabash silt loam are, in their order, the predominating types.

Soil survey of Rowan County, North. Carolina, R. B. H^vrdison and R. C.
JuKNET (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp.
Ifl, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the North Carolina
Department of Agriculture, was issue<l September 29, 1915. It deals with the
soils of an area of 330,240 acres in west-central North Carolina, the topography
of which is prevailingly rolling. The greater part of the county consists of broad
interstream areas. The area includes a great variety of soils adapted to a wide
range of crops. The upland soils are of sedimentary origin and tlie bottom
soils of alluvial origin. Twenty-seven soil types, including 10 series, are mapped,
of which the Cecil series is the most important, covering over half the county.

Soil survey of Paulding County, Ohio, H. G. Lewis and C. W. Shiffleb
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operation's Bur. Soils, 191^, pp. 29, fig.
1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Ohio Experiment Station,
was issued September 8, 1915. It deals with tlie soils of an area of 204,320
acres in northwestern Ohio, the topography of which is level to slightly rolling.
The drainage is to the northeast through tlie Maumee and Auglaize River sys-
tems and there are many large tracts between rivers that have no well-developed
natural drainage.

The soils have a marked uniformity, are of glacial and lacustrine origin, and
range in texture from sand to clay. Eight soil types, of 8 series, are mapped,
of which the Clyde clay is the most extensive, covering over three-fourths of the
area. The Clyde clay consists mainly of swampy, dark-colored soils, while the
lighter-colored soils are included in the Miami and Beluiore series, and the
alluvial soils in the Genesee series. " In general the darker-colored soils of the
county are fairly well supplied with organic matter, while the lighter-coloreii
soils are in need of humus. The Miami soils are apparently deficient in liiue."

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 213

" The soils most in need of tile drainage are the Clyde clay and the Miami clay
and clay loam, though almost all of the types are materially improved by
tiling."

Soil survey of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, G. B. Jones, C. Van Duyne,
E. Scott, and H. W. Hawkek {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Opera-
tions Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 4S, pis. 2, fig. 1, map 1 ) . — This survey, issued August
4, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 520,960 acres in eastern Oklahoma,
which includes three physiographic divisions, namely, the prairie plains, of
nearly level to rolling topography; the wooded uplands, a part of the Ozark
Uplift, and consisting of a rugged escarpment with a nearly level crest, deeply
intersected by an extensive system of small and intermittent streams ; and bot-
toms and terraces along the Arkansas and Canadian rivers. The county is
drained by the Arkansas and Canadian rivers through numerous tributaries.

The county has a great diversity of soils, which are grouped in three classes
as residual prairie soils, mountain soils, and alluvial bottom land soils. Forty
soil types of 15 series are mapped, of which the Gerald series is the most exten-
sive. The prairie soils include the Gerald, Oswego, Spearfish, Bates, and Leslie
series and rock outcrop ; the mountain soils include the Hanceville and Dekalb
series and rough stony land; and the bottom soils comprise the Yahola and
Osage series, occupying the first bottoms, and the McLain, Reinach, Brewer,
Muskogee, Shawnee, and Teller series, occurring on second bottoms to high
terraces.

Soil survey of Jackson County, Tennessee, R. F. Rogebs and J. H. Deeden
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 29,
fig. 1, map 1 ) . — This survey, made in cooperation with the Tennessee Geological
Survey, was issued July 29, 1915. It deals with the soils of an area of 201,600
acres in the northeastern part of middle Tennessee. The county lies in the lime-
stone section and includes the highlands of the uneroded Highland Rim section,
a larger area of slope land between this and the stream bottoms, a large extent
of stream bottom lands, and considerable steep gullied land lying along the
sloping areas. The surface drainage is rapid.

The soils of the county are classed in accordance with the physiographic sec-
tions. Eighteen soil tj-pes, of 6 series, are mapped, of which the Clarksville
series, including gravelly loam, stony loam, and silt loam, is the most extensive,
followed closely by the Hagerstown series. Applications of organic matter and
phosphatic fertilizers are beneficial. Erosion represents a serious soil problem
in the area.

Soil survey of Jefferson County, Texas, W. T. Caetek, Je., L. R. Schoen-
mann, T. M. Bushkell, and E. T. Maxon (?7. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets
Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. ^7, pis. 3, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey,
issued November 10, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 588,800 acres in
southeastern Texas, which is divided into uplands comprising the gi'eater part of
the county ; a flat, almost level coastal prairie ; and lowlands consisting of a
broad belt of marshy land. Practically all the drainage is into Sabine Lake and
thence into the Gulf. The soils are grouped into two distinct divisions, (1) old
upland soils of the coastal prairie, and (2) recent soils, which are coastal marsh
or sea flats subject to overflow by salt water at extreme high tides, and recent
bottom lands along the streams and marshy lowlands in the upland portions of
the county. Including 4 miscellaneous soils, 21 soil types of 9 series are mapped,
of which the Lake Charles clay, silty clay loam, and very fine sandy loam and
the Lomalto clay are the predominating types.

Reconnoissance soil survey of south-central Texas, A. E. Kocheb et al.
(U. S. Dept. Ayr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. lit,
pis. 5, figs. 4> '>nap 1). — ^TWs survey, issued June 12, 1915, deals with the soils

214 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

of an area of 14,576,000 acres, including nineteen counties, in south-central
Texas. Ttie greater part of the area lies in the rough stony section of the
Edwards Plateau. " With the exception of the small level tract in Crockett and
Schleicher counties, the area is as thoroughly drained as any section of equal
size in the State, there being more than twenty rivers within its limits carrying
Avater the entire year. In fact, drainage throughout much of the area is
excessive, . . .

" Most of the soils are derived from calcareous materials and are relatively
high in lime and humus. Those derived from crystalline roclvs are low in both
these constituents. The soils of the Coastal Plain section consist of the dark-
colored Houston types, the gray-colored Blanco and Laredo types, and the
reddish-brown Miller and San Antonio types. On the uplands of the Edwards
Plateau are found the reddish-brown to black soils of the Crawford series, the
gray to light-brown soils of the Brackett and Miles series, and large areas of rough
stony land. On the terraces and in the valley basins are found the Frio and
Roswell series and the reddish-colored soils of the Padernales series. In the
Llano-Burnet basin are found four groups of soils derived from crystalline ma-
terials. These are the reddish-colored Tishomingo soils, the most varied group
in the area ; the Pontotoc soils, a bright-red series derivetl from sandstone ; the
grayish-brown Lancaster series; and a miscellaneous group called Katemcy
soils." Forty soil types are mapped, of which the Crawford stony clay and rough
stony land of tlie uplands of the Edwards Plateau are the predominating types.
" On account of the facilities for irrigation, the most valuable of these soils are
the Frio, Laredo, Blanco, and San Antonio types. ... A large proportion of
the types are too rough and stony for cultivation."

Soil survey of the Cache Valley area. Utah, J. W. Nelson and E. C. Eck-
MANN {U. S. Dipt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soiis, 1913, pp.
70, pis. If, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issued June 26, 1915, deals with the soils
of an area of 28S.000 acres in the northern part of Utah and extending into
Idaho, which is drained through the Bear River. The materials deposited in the
valley since its formation are grouped as lake-laid deposits and alluvial deposits.
Thirty-eight soil types, representing 12 series, are mapped, of which the Trenton
series, including fine sandy loam, clay, loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam, is
the most extensive. " The valley is well watered and adapted to a varied agri-
culture. . . . Some alkali occurs in low, poorly drained places over the valley
floor, and a considerable area is in need of drainage."

Soil survey of Stevens County, Washington, C. Van Dtttne and F. W.
AsHTOJf (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 191S,
pp. 137, pis. 5, figs. 5, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State
of Washington and issued November 6, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of
1,531,840 acres in northeastern Washington which is divided into six general
physiographic divisions, the Columbia-Kettle River Valley, the Colville-Chamo-
kane Valley, the Spokane River Valley, the Spokane Plateau, the Calispell
Mountain Range, and the Huckleberry Mountain Range. The greater part of
the county is well drained, a small total area is excessively drained, and a still
smaller part is poorly drained.

With reference to the physical factors affecting the agricultural value of the
soils, the land is divided into poorly-drained areas, well-drained areas with
favorable moisture supply, excessively-drained areas subject to occasional
drought, hilly lands, and rough, stony, or mountainous areas, the last two areas
being the most extensive, covering 39.6 and 39.2 per cent of the total area,
respectively. With reference to origin, the .soils of the county are classified as
residual soils, ghuial drift soils, glacial lake and river terrace deposits, wind
laid deposits, alluvial fan and foot slope material, flood plain deposits, organic

SOILS — FERTILIZEES. 215

matter accumulations, and miscellaneous nonagricultural material. Fifty soil
tj'pes of 18 series are mapped, of which the Stevens silt loam, the Loon sandy
loam and the Waits silt loam glacial drift soils, and the Huckleberry silt loam
residual soil are the most extensive agricultural types. Chemical analyses of
100 representative samples of the principal soil types are also reported, the
results of which are taken to indicate that the lime content of the soils is gen-
erally sufficient, the phosphoric acid and potash contents are fairly high in all
except the sandier series, and the organic matter and nitrogen contents are
generally low on all but the loamj' soils.

Soil survey of Buffalo County, Wisconsin, W. J. Geib, C. Lounsbury, L.
Cantkell, T. J. DuNNEWALD, and O. J. Noek (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets
Field Opera f ions Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 50, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in
cooperation with the State of Wisconsin, was issued October 23, 1915. It deals
with the soils of an area of 439,680 acres on the middle-western boundary of
Wisconsin, which topographically is divided into undulating to strongly rolling
uplands proper, terraces and level valley areas, and overflow plains of the
present streams. With the exception of the flood plains of the largest streams
the county is naturally well drained.

The upland soils are predominantly silty and the terrace, valley, and flood
plain soils have been derived mainly from erosion of the uplands. Including
rough stony land, peat, and meadow, 19 soil types are recognized, of Avhich the
Boone silt loam is the most extensive and is considered to be one of the most
desirable soils in the county. The Union silt loam, second in extent, and the
La Crosse series, consisting of dark-colored terrace soils, are also classed among
the best agricultural soils of the county.

The productivity relations in different layers of a soil profile, A. von
NosTiTZ (Landiv. Jahrb., 47 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 113-152, pis. 2, figs. 2; abs. in
Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1648, 1643; Chem. Zentbl., 1915, I, No. 5, pp.
214, 215; Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
6 (1915), No 4, PP- 542-544)- — The work of others bearing on the subject is
reviewed and pot culture experiments and chemical, physical, mechanical, and
biological studies are reported. The purpose was to determine the relative pro-
ductive powers of the surface soil and subsoil of different soils and the reasons
therefor. The soils used were a loamy sand soil containing little humus, a sandy
loam containing much fine sand, and a strong clayey loam containing much
humus. All the soils, except the loamy sand, were tested in three layers, the sur-
face soil being the top 25 cm., the subsurface soil the layer from 25 to 50 cm.,
and the subsoil the layer from 50 to 75 cm. The loamy sand was tested in two
layers to a depth of 50 cm.

The results in general showed that the productive power of the soils decreased
as the depth of the soil layer tested increased. The difference in productivity
between the surface and subsoil was lessened by proper fertilization, but was not
removed.

The decrease in crop yield with increasing depth of soil layer tested was not
always accompanied by a corresponding decrease in content of mineral matter
in the crop, this being in some cases relatively higher in crops obtained from
deeper layers. The low relative productivity of the deeper soil layers was found
to be caused by less bacterial activity and a smaller content of humus, nitrogen,
and soluble phosphoric acid in the deeper layers than in the surface soil.

Effect of temperature on movement of water vapor and capillary moisture
in soils, G. J. BouYorcos (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915); No.
4, pp. 141-172, figs. 11). — Experiments conducted at the Michigan Experiment
Station with light and heavy sandy loam, two types of silt loam, clay, and quartz
sand, each of which contained a large number of different moisture contents

216 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD,

ranging from very low to very high, are reported, the purpose being to study the
movement of moisture (1) from a warm to a cold column of soil of uniform
moisture content, (2) from a moist and warm column to a dry and cold column
of soil with and without an air space between the two columns, and (3) from a
moist and cold column to a dry and warm column of soil. Only two temperature
amplitudes were employed, 0 to 20° C. and 0 to 40°.

It was found that when one-half of a column of soil of uniform moisture
content was maintained at 20 and 40° and the other half at 0° for eight hours
the percentage of water moved from the warm to the cold soil increased in all
the different types of soil with a rise in moisture content until a certain water
content was reached, and then decreased with further increase in moisture
content. The percentage of moisture at which the maximum thermal transloca-
tion of water occurred was different for the different classes of soil, but the per-
centage of the maximum thermal translocation of water was about the same for
all classes of soil for any one of the temperature amplitudes. The percentage
of moisture at which this maximum thermal translocation occurretl is designated
as the " thermal critical moisture content."

These results led to the conclusion that the capillary movement of water in
moist soils is not controlled entirely by the curvature of the capillary films, as
is generally believed, but also by the unsatisfied attractive forces of the soil for
water,

"When a moist column of soil was kept at 20 and 40° and a dry column of soil at
0° for eight hours and the two columns were separated by an air space, the per-
centage of moisture distilled over from the moist and warm colunm to the dry
and cold column of soil was very insignificant for both amplitudes of tempera-
ture and was about the same for all moisture contents.

These results led to the conclusiou (1) that the amount of water lost from the
soil by water vapor is very small, (2) that there is no rising of vapor during
the night from the warmer soil below to the cold soil above, and (3) that the
water of the dew is not derived from the soil vapor, as is commonly believed.

When a moist column of soil was in contact with a dry column of soil and the
former was kept at 20 and 40° and the latter at 0° for eight hours the amount of
moisture moved from the moist and warm soil to the dry and cold soil increased
with temperature and Mith moisture content. But wlien the moist column of
soil was maintained at 0° and the dry column of soil at 20 and 40° for the same
number of hours there was very little, if any, movement of water from the former
to the latter.

These results led to the conclusion that temperature has a very marked influ-
ence on the conservation of moisture by mulches.

Effect of temperature on some of the most important physical processes in
soils, G. J. BouYOUCOS {Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 22 (1915), pp. 6S. figs. 34). —
This bulletin reports the studies notetl above, and in addition reports exi»eri-
ments on thermo-osmose in soils ; the effect of temperature on the percolation
of water, the retention of water, and the rate of fiow of air in soils ; and the
effect of temperature changes on the aeration of soils.

No thermo-osmotic phenomena were observed in soils. It was found that in
the case of sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam, clay, and muck the rate of water
percolation increased with rise in temperature up to about 30° C. and then de-
creased with further rise in temperature. In the case of sand, however, the
rate of percolation increased with a constant rise of temi>eratiire. The water-
holding capacity of soils and the rate of flow of air through soils decreased with
rise in temperature. Temperature changes were found to have a marke<l in-
fluence on soil aeration. " This influence is not due merely to the expansion of

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 217

gases of the soil, but also to the absorption of gases by the soil at different tem-
peratures, and to the aqueous vapor."

Soil temperatures as influenced by cultural methods, J. Oskamp {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 4, pp. 17S-179, figs. ^').— Two
years' field experiments at the Indiana Experiment Station on tlu-ee plats in
a young apple orchard, which included (1) tillage with a cover crop, (2) straw
mulch, and (3) grass land, are reported. The soil temperatures were recorded
l)y means of soil thermographs.

The greatest variation in temperature between plats occurred during the sum-
mer months. In the spring and fall there was a transition period in which the
temperature differences were less. During the Avinter the temperatures were
quite constant from day to day, with very little variation between plats. In the
spring the diurnal range was considerable in the plat under tillage with cover
crop and the grass land, but varied little under the straw mulch, which exhibited
a very gradual warming up. During the summer season, fluctuations became
quite pronounced under tillage and grass, but the straw mulch still maintained
its uniformity. During the season of greatest daily range the maximum and
minimum temperatures occurred about 10 p. m. and 10 a. m.. respectively. In
the fall the temperatures and ranges were not radically different from those of
spring, except that the general trend of temperatures was reversed.

" In conclusion it may be said that a system of clean cultivation with a winter
cover crop is characterized by extreme diurnal and annual fluctuations in soil
temperature; that a straw mulch equalized these fluctuations to a marked ex-
tent, as does also a grass crop, though in less degree."

The biochemical reduction processes in the soil, C A. H. von Wolzogen
KiJHR, Jr. {Arcli. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 23 {1915), No. 13, pp. 501-511;
abs. in Chetn. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 15, p. 2120). — The author discusses reduction
and oxidation processes in the soil in their relation to soil ventilation and drain-
age and the presence of aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and draws attention to
the so-called sulphate reduction process caused by Microspira desulfuricans,
which, according to Beijerinck," decomposed gypsum in the presence of organic
matter and set free hydrogen sulphid. The hydrogen sulphid was fixed as iron
sulphid, which is thought to account for the black color of many tropical soils.

In chemical studies of swamp sugar-cane soils, rich in organic matter, it was
found that hydrogen sulphid was set free by treatment with dilute acids and
the soil was colored black with iron sulphid. In a solution containing sodium
lactate, asparagin, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, and ferric sul-
phate, when inoculated with the soil and incubated at from 28 to 30° C. for
from four to five days, a strong sulphate reduction took place. Other culture
media with the same soils produced like results. Organic matter from the soils
also reduced ferric to ferrous salts in dilute solutions of hydrochloric or sul-
phuric acids, as indicated by potassium ferricyanid. It is thought, therefore,
that the reducing pov.er of such soils may be measured by the amounts of fer-
rous iron present after the action in weak acid solution, and that in all proba-
bility, since the reduction takes place only in neutral solutions, the appearance
of ferrous compounds is due to reduction by anaerobic bacterial activity. It is
also thought that cane soils showing local spots with poor growth will have a
greater reducing power than those showing normal growth.

Separation of soil protozoa, N. Kopeloff, H. C. Lint, and D. A. Coleman
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 3, pp. i37-i40).— Experi-
ments made at the New Jersey Experiment Station are reported, the purpose of
which was to separate the different kinds of protozoa from each other and from
bacteria.

« Centralbl. f. Bakt., 2. Abt, 1. Bd., 1895, p. 1.

218 EXPERIMENT STATIOjST EECOED.

In the separation of flagellates from ciliates an 8-day-old culture of soil organ-
isms was used which was prepared by adding 100 gm. of clay-loam soil to 1
liter of a 10-per cent hay infusion plus 0.5 per cent egg albumin. The numbers
of protozoa in the culture solution were counted, and 10 cc. of the solution was
then allowed to filter through from one to five thicknesses of sterilized filter paper
and the filtrate incubated for 5 days at 22° C. It was found that large ciliates
were not able to pass through filter paper at all. The numbers of small ciliates
decreased rapidly on increasing the thicknesses of filter paper from two to four.
Thus, with four thicknesses of filter paper all the ciliates in the solution were
separated from the flagellates and the small ciliates were easily separated from
the large ciliates. With five thicknesses of filter paper it was found that 90
per cent of the bacteria in the original solution had passed through the filter,
thus leaving the protozoan residue comparatively free from bacteria.

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

A review of work on. soil inocvilation, J. Golding and H. B. Hutchinson
(Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, p. 668). — In this brief review it is stated that
" experience has shown that it is not suflicient to have a pure and active culture
in order to attain success in soil inoculation, but that the soil itself shall be suit-
able for the growth and continued existence of the introduced organism, and
that the supply of mineral nutrients shall not be the limiting factor in the
growth of the plant. . . . Comparative work with pure cultures and inoculation
by means of soil which has previously carrie<l a specifieil leguminous crop has
shown in the majority of cases the superiority of the latter, and cultivation
in the laboratory has latterly included the use of soil media or soil itself since
the organism appears to retain its power of infection to a greater extent in
this than in other media. The use of pure cultures possesses advantages on the
score of cheapness and convenience, . . . and recent work especially has shown
the danger attending transference of plant diseases in soil used for legume in-
oculation. The relations attending infection of the plant and subsequent mutual
existence are very complex, and future experimental work in preparing cultures
must aim at reproducing these conditions in order to permit of the production
of cultures in active growth and possessing great virulence."

The nitrifjring' powers of soils as indices to their fertility, C. B. Lipman
(Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 35 (1914), pp. 73-79).— In a general discussion of
this subject the author cites cases of uneven growth of barley on two fields, one
of silt loam and the other of humus loam soil. In both cases the better growth
was associated with a higher nitrifying iwwer of the soil. From the.'^e and
other observations he concludes that the nitrifying power of a soil is one of
the prime factors in determining its productive power.

Free nitrogen and the higher plants, M. Molliabd {Coinpt. Rend. Acnd. Sci.
IPari^'i, 160 (1915), No. 9. pp. 310-313; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53 (1915), I,
No. 8, p. 127). — In experiments with radishes under rigorously aseptic condi-
tions results were obtainetl from which the author concludes, with Boussingault.
that this plant is incapable of utilizing the free nitrogen of the air.

Bacterial toxins in soils, R. Greig-Smith (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914.
pp. 667, 668).— The substance of this article has been previously noted from
another source (E. S. R., 31. p. 620').

A systematic scheme for experimental work with fertilizers, A. T. Stx'art
(Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. 3. scr.. 8 (1915), Sect. III. pp. 167-176.
pi. 1, figs. 3; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 17. p. 2^/8).— This article em-
phasizes the fact that the number of factors influencing the action of fertilizers
is so great as to make it diflicult to draw general deductions. The meaning of
the law of minimum as applied to fertilizers is discussed and curves iilusti-Mtins
the law are given.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 219

A solid diagram of four dimensions, with a triangle as a base, from which
any possible combination of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash may be ob-
tained is described. " The corners of the triangular base represent the elements
and the fourth dimension represents the total quantity of all the elements ap-
plied. Systematic tests of fertilizers may be made by selecting points on the
triangular diagram. Tables are given showing a plan for comparing the relative
value of different forms of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid in a three
years' rotation."

The determination of availability of nitrogenous fertilizers in various
California soil types by their nitrinability, C. B. Lipman and P. S. Burgess
{Califoniia Sta. Bui. 260 {1915), pp. 107-127). — Laboratory experiments with
29 soil types, from 20 counties in California, showing wide variations in texture
and chemical and biological composition and representing a number of the im-
portant soil regions of the State, are reported, the purpose of which was to
determine the amount of nitrate produced in one month at a constant tem-
perature of 82 to 86° P. from 1 gm. of each of 14 nitrogenous fertilizers thor-
oughly mixed with 100-gm. portions of soil. The fertilizers used were dried
blood, high-gi'ade tankage, steamed bone meal, fish guano, cotton-seed meal,
calcium cyanamid, sulphate of ammonia, goat manure, garbage tankage, apple
pomace, barnyard manure, green alfalfa, green kelp (Macrocystis), and .sewage
sludge.

It was found that the most ready and most economical transformation of
nitrogen into nitrate occurred in the soils with the so-called low-grade forms of
nitrogen fertilizers, like cotton-seed meal, steamed bone meal, goat manure,
garbage tankage, and sewage sludge. The so-called high-grade forms of nitro-
gen, like those of dried blood, high-grade tankage, and fish guano, v.-ere not
well suited to most of the arid soils, dried blood giving the poorest results,
tankage next, and fish guano last. " Whenever soils contain a good supply of
organic material and the reaction is alkaline, good results may be expected
from these three materials, however."

Ammonium sulphate was the most readily available of the two inorganic
forms of nitrogen tested, but is classed with the low-grade nitrogenous fer-
tilizers in this respect.

A preliminary report of greenhouse experiments is also included, in which
the soils were used in larger quantities and alfalfa, barnyard manure, and kelp
nitrogen used for the nitrifiable material. With one exception, the barnyard
manure nitrogen and kelp nitrogen not only gave no increase of nitrates in
either the three or seven months' incubation period, but actually induced con-
siderable loss of nitrate from the soil's original content thereof. Alfalfa nitro-
gen, on the other hand, nitrified in all the soils, though much better in some
than in others.

A new form of garbage tankage and also apple pomace were tested in three
typical soils. " The latter only induced losses of nitrogen from the soils with
which it was tested, but the former gave results which place it in the same
class with steamed bone meal, cotton-seed meal, sludge from septic tanks, and
goat manure."

These results are taken to indicate that present practice in the use of nitro-
genous fertilizers on the soils of the State must be changed and recommenda-
tions for their practical use are given.

Calcium cyanamid as a retarder of denitrification, C. Lumia {Atti R. Accad.
Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. set:, 23 (1914), II, No. 12, pp. 659-662,
fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 15, p. 2120). — Experiments in which
calcium cyanamid was added in amounts varying from 1.5 to 2.5 per cent to
20 cc. of a nutritive solution almost identical with the Giltay solution and

220 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

which contained 10 per cent potassium nitrate and 100 gm. of sifted soil are
reported.

The results show that the calcium cyanamid in its lowest concentration
markedly decreased denltrification. This is thought to explain the more durable
and uniform action of calcium cyanamid when used as a fertilizer by other
investigators as compared with that of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate.
It is also thought that inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers can be best utilized
when mixed with calcium cyanamid as the latter acts both as a nitrogenous
fertilizer and a retarder of denltrification.

Nitrate deposits in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon, G. R. JIaxsfikld
{U. -S'. Geol. Survey Bui. 6.20-B (lUlo). pV- J!>-'i'i. pJ'<- 2, fig. i).— This paper
reports the occurrence of nitrate deposits near Homedale, Idaho, located in the
canyons of Sucker Creek and Jump Creek and describes the geography and
geology of the region.

The nitrates are always associated with rhyolites. The nitrate occurs in
little veinlets which form only a small part of the whole mass. It is thought
probable that the Homedale nitrate district is only a part of a much larger niter-
bearing area in which locally, as at Sucker Creek, the niter occurs in notable
amounts. Enough work has not been done to justify a positive statement re-
garding the economic value of the deposits.

Preparation of the phosphate extracted by sulphurous acid from Viatka
phosphate, V. P. Kochetkov (/~ liczuVt. Vcuct. Opi/tov Lab. Rabat, 9 {IdlS),
pp. 1-20). — These experiments included tests of the dissolving action of sul-
phurous acid on the phosphoric acid of phosphorite and the precipitation of the
sulphurous solution by (1) evaporation of the solution to dryness, (2) elimina-
tion of excess sulphur dioxld Ity boiling, and (3) precipitation of the phosphate
with lime.

It was found that passing a current of sulphurous acid through phosphate sus-
pended in water almost completely dissolved the phosphoric acid. The addition
of sulphuric acid to the water in an amount hardly sulRcient to decompose the
calcium carbonate of the natural phosphate was found to increase the dissolving
power of sulpluirous acid for phosphoric acid. After evaporation to dryness the
residues contained from 22 to 24 per cent of phosphoric acid, of which 57 to 80
per cent was soluble in citric acid. Boiling the solution resulted in the precipita-
tion of about half of the phosphate dissolved, which contained from 23 to 36 per
cent of phosphoric acid. The other half of the dissolved phosphate was pre-
cipitated by milk of lime, the product "containing from 16 to 26..5 per cent phos-
phoric acid, of which from 86 to 94 per cent was soluble in citric acid.

Speed of solution of compounds of potassium, aluminum, and iron of natural
phosphates by mineral acids, I, A. V. Kazakov (/~ Rczul't. Vcfict. Opiitor Lab.
Rabot, 9 {1013), pp. 21-/(5, pi. 1, figs. 8). — A review of the fundamental princi-
ples underlying the speed of chemical phenomena in general and of the solution
of solid bodies in particular and a review of literature bearing on the subject are
followed by a report of experiments to determine the role of concentration of the
solvent, duration of the reaction, degi'oe of pulverization of the phosphate, pre-
liminary roasting of the phosphate, and rapidity of introducing the solvent on
the speed of dissolution of potassium, aluminum, and iron of four different
natural phosphates. The solvents use<l in different concentrations were sul-
pliuric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids. The results are gi-aphically reported.

Mechanical enrichment of natural phosphates in calcium phosphate, A. V.
Kazakov (Iz RczuVt. Vcgct. Opytov Lab. Rabot, 9 (1913). pp. 46--5G. figs. 7).—
Experiments on six series of typical natural phosphates are reported, the object
of which was to determine the effect of grinding and sifting into two fractions
and of roasting on the phosphoric-acid content of the two fractions.

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 221

The phosphates were ground to a size of from 0 to 0.5 mm. in diameter and were
sifted into two fractions below and above 0.08 mm.

The greatest difference in phosphoric-acid content of the two fractions was
obtained with the first phosphate series, containing an average of 16 per cent
phosphoric acid, where the fine-grained fraction contained 24 per cent phosphoric
acid and the coarse-grained fraction 13 per cent. Anotlier series showed only a
small difference, and three series no difference. The sixth sample, containing
from 26 to 27 per cent phosphate, showed results opposite to those obtained with
the first sample, the coarse-grained fraction being the richer in phosphoric acid.
The theory underlying this phenomenon is explained. After a preliminary roast-
ing of the first series of phosphates it was found that the fine fraction contained
the more phosphoric acid.

The effects of caustic lime and of chalk on soil fertility, H. B. Hutchinson
and K. MacLennan {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pi). 668, 66'J).— This ar-
ticle briefly summarizes the results of investigations discussed in previous re-
ports (E. S. R., 33, p. 622).

Lime and the American vine, G. de Angelis D'Ossat (Sta:;. 8 per. Agr. Ital.,
47 il'JlJi), No. 8, pp. 603-620, figs. 2; ahs. in CJiem. Zentbl, 1915, I, No. 8, p. 392;
Chem. Ahs., 9 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1653, i65/f).— References to the work of others
bearing on the subject are cited and culture experiments with different vine types
are reported, from the results of which it is concluded that chlorosis is not so
dependent on the absolute amount of calcium oxid in the soil as on its relative
solubility. An apparatus for determining its solubility is described. The crystal
system to which calcium oxid compounds belong also influences the solubility,
owing to the surfaces presented to attack, calcite dissolving much more readily
than aragonite. Other soil constituents, especially clay and humus, influence the
solubility of the lime by their effect on the physical and chemical structure of the
soil.

The gypsum industry in 1914, G. F. Loughlin (U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral
Resources of the United States Calendar Year 1914, pt, 2, pp. 261-270, fig. 1). —
This report deals with the production of gjT)Sum in this and other countries and
with imports and trade conditions and reviews the history of gypsum production
in this country since 1880. The number of short tons of raw gypsum mined in
1914 was 2,476,465, or a decrease of 123,043 tons from the quantity mined in 1913.
The quantity of raw gypsum ground and sold for land plaster in 1914 was 52,945
short tons, or a decrease in quantity of 1,870 tons from 1913.

Relation of sulphur compounds to plant nutrition, E. B. Hakt and W. E.
ToTTiNGHAM ({7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 233-250.
pis. 3). — Data are presented from greenhouse studies at the Wisconsin Experi-
ment Station with one type of soil (Miami silt loam) indicating that certain
plants are measurably increased in their growth by addition of sulphates. Pre-
vious experiments have shown that sulphates have little effect as compared with
soluble phosphates on the soil flora, and this limits the number of crops for which
sulphates may be expected to prove an effective fertilizer. Leguminosse and
Cruciferse plants made the most marked response to sulphates. In general cal-
cium sulphate was more effective than sodium sulphate. The influence of the
sulphates was most marked in the case of root development, the sulphates being
particularly effective in this respect with red clover and rape. The well-known
benefit of gypsum to red clover is correlated with this special effect of sulphates
on root development, as well as the high percentage of protein in clover, making
a special demand for sulphur. In these experiments elemental sulphur was gen-
erally harmful, this being attributed to incomplete oxidation of the sulphur or
to acidity resulting from the formation of sulphuric acid.

A bibliography of 16 references to literature on the subject is given.
22434°— No. 3—16 3

222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Report upon sewage sludge as a manure, H. M. Wilson (Wakefield, Eng-
land: West Riding Rivers Board, 1913, pp. 10; abs. in Wasser u. Abicasser, 9
(1915), No. 4i PP- 106-108). — Analyses of sewage sludge from 22 sources in
English cities, with reference to their content of fertilizing constituents, are
reported, which show that the nitrogen varied from 0.9 to 3 per cent of the dried
sludge, the phosphoric acid from 0.2 to 2.6 per cent and in one case reached 5.5
per cent, and the potash from a trace to O.S per cent.

Objection to the use of sewage sludge for fertilizing purposes is due to its
high fat content and to its being in a form inconvenient to handle.

Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the "United States
Geological Survey, 1880-1914, F. "W. Clakke (U. S. Gcol. Survey Bui 591
(1915), pp. 376). — This report brings together the results of analyses of rocks
and minerals from different parts of the United States made by the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey during the past 34 years, together with bibliographic and petro-
graphic data. In the analyses of minerals, sections are included dealing with
different phosphates and nitrates. Other data are included which may be of
importance in a study of the soils or of natural structural materials of a region.

AGEICULTTJRAL BOTANY.

Senile changes in leaves of Vitis vulpina and certain other plants, H. M.
Benedict (Xcw York Cornell Sta. 21em. 7 (1915), pp. 281-370, figs. 7). — On
account of its possible bearing on the vitality of plants continuously propa-
gated asexually, the author has conducted an inve.stigation on the possibility of
senile changes, the studies being made on leaves of V. vulpina and some related
plants, especial attention being paid to changes in venation due to increase
in age, a brief account of which has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 32, p. 728).

In addition, comparisons were made of photosynthetic activity of leaves from
young and old plants, respiration, imbibition, cellular changes, effect on nucleus
and cytoplasm, etc.

The vein islets in the leaves of T. vulpina were found to become smaller as
the leaves became older, due to the encroachment of vascular tissue. Leaves
borne on plants vegetatively reproduced showed vein islets similar to the plant
from which the original cuttings were secured. The same difference with age
was found to occur in plants of T. bicolor, and apparently the same condition
exists in a number of other woody perennials. The decrease in the size of the
islets means a reduction in the number of photosynthesizing cells, and the evi-
dence shows a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis as well as in the rate of
respiration. The leaves of young vines were found to have a greater capacity
for imbibing water than the leaves of old vines, which is believed to be the
result of less vascular tissue in the former. There is thought to be an increase
in the number of stomata per square millimeter, but a decrease in the size of the
stomatal aperture and of guard cells. In the size of the palisade cells, and prob-
ably in the mass of nuclei of border parenchyma cells.

Discussing the results as to the significance of senile changes to the problem
of the running-out of vegetatively propagated fruits, the author concludes that
there are specific morphological changes in the leaves as the plant grows old,
which appear to be independent of external conditions, and. so far as prelimi-
nary investigation goes, the results tend to support the view that propagation
by cuttings does not prevent the progress of senile degeneration in the tissue
of the cuttings.

A bibliography is appended.

AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY. 223

Radium and plant growth {Garil. Chron., 3. ser., 58 {1915), No. 1494, p. 102,
fig. 1). — It is stated that in experiments carried out by M. H. F. Suttou the
previous year, the germination of rape seed was accelerated when radio-active
ores were mixed with tlie soil, but that in two tests made by him during tlie
summer of 1915 with radium bromid tlie treated plants, wliich for about a
week outgi'ew the controls, showed a very unfavorable contrast therewith iu
about six weeks. This result is regarded as tending to show the noxious or
inhibiting effect of 7-rays on plant gi'owth.

Freezing and frost killing of plants, H. Plahn-Appiani (Bl. Zuckerriiben-
lau, 22 (1915), No. 4, PP- S7-40). — Discussing the effects of differing degrees of
cold and rates of change as noted in several p-ants, the author holds that the
death point in plants due alone to cold as such is generally placed too high.

Light and growth, I, A. H. Blaaitw (Ztschr. Bat., 6 (1914), No. 8, pp. 641-103,
figs. D). — The author, describing studies pursuant to those pi-eviously noted
(E. S. R., 23, p. 724), sums up the principal recent conclusions by stating that
a given light stimulus occasions a typical growth reaction in the plant cell
which follows certain definite laws, and that the phototropism of Phycemyces,
as noted in the experiments described, is the resultant of growth reaction to
light on different sides of the cell.

The effects of photodynamically active coloring matters in solutions on
plant cells and tissues, J. Gicklhorn (Anz. K. Alcad. Yviss. [Yienna'\, Math.
Nat una. EL, No. 9 (1914), pp. 14O-I42; abs. in Bat. CcntbL, 126 (1914), No. 25,
pp. 662, 663). — These studies are claimed to have shown that plant cells, with
or without chlorophyll or anthocyanin, are subject in different degrees to char-
acteristic forms of injury on exposure to light and fluorescing coloring matters
• in solution, the injury being due not alone to light directly but also to the
heightening of toxic activities by light influence. High degrees of stimulation
check the streaming movement of the cell plasma, and continuance of the in-
jurious illumination stops it entirely.

Chlorophyll is thought to have been shown in these experiments to act as
a sensibilizer in the process of carbon dioxid assimilation.

Recent chemical investigations of the anthocyan pigments and their bear-
ing upon the production of these pigments in plants, A. E. Eveeest (Jour.
Genetics, 4 (1915), No. 4i PP- 361-361). — The author summarizes the more im-
portant points that have been investigated recently by himself (E. S. R., 31,
p. 62G) and others regarding the possible relationship between the red, purple,
and blue plant pigments (anthocyans) and the yellow plant pigments of the
flavone or flavonol class, and he points out their bearing upon some theories pre-
viously offered.

A list is given of anthocyan pigments said to have been already isolated in a
chemically pure and crystalline condition with the claim that the structure of
each has now been definitely established.

It is claimed that the anthocyans always occur as glucosids (anthocyanins) ;
that the same pigment (some anthocyans showing partial exceptions) may ex-
hibit a blue, purple, or red color, according as it exists as alkali salt, pure pig-
ment, or oxonium salt of some acid ; that the anthocyans may be obtained from
flavonols by reduction followed by spontaneous dehydration ; and that glucosids
of flavonols can pass, by reduction, to glucosid anthocyans (anthocyanins) with-
out intermediate hydrolysis. It is held that the molecular weights of the antho-
cyanidins are of the order of those of the flavonols.

Hydrotropism in roots of Lupinus albus, H. D. Hookek, Je. (Ann. Bot.
[London], 29 (1915), No. II4, pp. 265-283) .—Work previously reported (E. S. R.,
31, p. 728) has been followed up with a more detailed study of hydrotropism.

224 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

It is stated that roots of L. albus are always positively hydrotropic, the reac-
tions occurring only within a relative humidity of 80 to 100 per cent, the mini-
mum effective moisture difference at 20° C. being a fall of 0.2 per cent, the
optimum 0.4 per cent, and the maximum 0.5 per cent.

A presentation period was not determined, but reaction becomes perceptible
in six hours. The hydrotropic sensitivity resides chiefly in the tip, but also in
lesser degree in the parts above.

Of the two factors, one mechanical and the other vital, which are held to
determine the reaction of the root to a hydrotropic stimulus, the intensity varies
inversely as the former and directly as the latter; the latter predominating
under weak, the former under intense stimulus.

Hydrotropism is not regarded as a special case of traumatropism, but as prob-
ably equivalent to osraotropism.

A bibliography is given.

The exchange of ions between the roots of Luplnus albus and culture solu-
tions containing one nutrient salt, R. H. Tul-e and H. H. Baktlett {Amcr.
Jour. Bot., 2 (1015), No. 6, pp. 250-218, figs. 13). — In continuation of work by
one or both of these authors as previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 624 ; 31, p. 730;
32, p. 824), the authors report that, in recent studies with seedlings of white
lupine, roots grown in darkness in distilled water gave up their salts to the
water at a varying rate until the plants died from exhaustion of their reserves.

Monobasic potassium phosphate and potassium chlorid solutions act e.-^sen-
tially like distilled water in the concentrations herein employetl. Solutions of
potassium sulphate and potassium nitrate differ from the above only in a slight
absorption phase re.sulting in a minimal net gain in salts to the plant. Absorp-
tion and gi-owth in the sodium chlorid occur essentially as in potassium nitrate
and potassium sulphate.

Solutions of magnesium nitrate, also those of magnesium sulphate, show a
slight but distinct absorption phase resulting in a net gain in salts to the plant.
Higher concentrations result in action toxic to the plants, lower in a leakage
therefrom.

Calcium nitrate and calcium sulphate were actively absorbed by the roots in
all concentrations studietl, and apparently enable the plants to retain possession
of the salts already present in the plant.

The exchange of ions between the roots of Lupinus albus and culture solu-
tions containing two nutrient salts, R. II. True and H. H. Babtlett (Amcr.
Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 7, pp. 311-S23, figs. 3). — In this investigation seedlings
of L. albus were supplied with solutions containing mixtures of the nitrates of
calcium, magnesium, and potassium in pairs in different proportions and in dif-
ferent total concentrations.

It is stated that when these nitrates are offered in pairs in solutions varying
from 120 NXIO— ' to 480 NXIO— ', the roots usually absorb more electrolytes
than from the solutions tested singly. In mixtures, as in single solutions, ab-
sorption tends to increase when concentration is Increased, the magesium salts
appearing to offer an exception on account of the narrow range of physiologi-
cally useful concentrations of this ion.

In mixtures of the nitrates of calcium and potassium, the unfavorable effect of
the latter ion is seen in the large proportion of the former required to give maxi-
mum absorption, though the value of a small amount of potassium ion is evi-
dent. The absolute amount of calcium seems to be of great influence, a largo
proportion thereof increasing absorption in the greater dilutions. The favor-
able influence of this ion is therefore striking in mixed as well as in unmixed
solutions.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 225

In mixtures of the nitrates of calcium and magnesium, the greater absorp-
tion of the latter ion in comparison with that of potassium appears, as also
does the great significance of even a small proportion of calcium.

In unmixed solutions, the magnesium ion is much more favorable to absorp-
tion in the weaker concentrations, the potassium ion in the highest, absorption
of these two being about equal at a concentration of 360 NXIO— '. Absorp-
tion from mixtures exceeds that from either solution singly, except in the weak-
est concentrations. It appears probable that a large proportion of magnesium
is more favorable in weaker concentrations.

On alfalfa laccase, H. H. Bunzel (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 (1915), No. 4, PP-
697-706, fig. 1). — The author has reported work bearing upon the conclusions
of Euler and Bolin (E. S. R., 22, p. 115) regarding the existence of a laccase as
an oxidase in Medicago sativn. The simplified oxidase apparatus and method
previously described (E. S. R., 32, p. 508) were employed.

It is claimed that the effect of salts of strong bases with weak acids on tlie
rate of oxidation of hydroquinone by atmospheric oxygen is due entirely to the
concentrations of the hydroxyl ions in such solutions ; that there is no hydro-
quinone-oxidizing oxidase, laccase, in M. sativa; and that the accelerating effect
of the preparation obtained from M. sativa on the rate of oxidation of hydro-
quinone by atmospheric oxygen is due to the alkalinity of the solution of the
salts contained in that pi-eparation.

The germinability of hard leguminous seeds, A. Pugliese {Staz. Sper. Agr.
ItaL, 4S {1915), No. 1, pp. 77-S2, fig. 1).—A machine and a method are de-
scribed by which hard leguminous seeds are subjected to the action of a scarify-
ing surface revolving at desired velocities and then tested in germinating ex-
periments. From the results given it appears that the percentages of germina-
tion were generally augmented by this treatment, the degree varying consider-
ably according to the species employed.

On the primary and secondary sex characters of some abnormal Begonia
flowers and on the evolution of the monoecious condition in plants, C. J.
Bond (Jour. Genetics, i (1915), No. Jf, pp. 3^1-352, i)ls. 2). — Discussing two types
of abnormal flowers as observed in Begonia, the author holds that the presence
in the same flower of abnormalities of accessory and of essential floral
parts is important as showing that instability of equilibrium in the primary
sex elements carries with it in nearly all cases instability of equilibrium of
somatic tissues also. It is suggested that the almost universally central and
terminal position of the female elements in hermaphrodite flowers is a fact of
considerable phylogenetic importance, the female portion of the flower repre-
senting the undifferentiated reproductive rudiment from which the male portion
has segregated off during the course of evolution.

It is thought that the association between the segregation of primary and that
of secondary sex characters is less intimate in plants than in animals.

Factors influencing flower size in Nicotiana with special reference to
questions of inheritance, T. H. Goodspeed and R. E. Clausen (Amer. Jour.
Bot., 2 (1915), No. 7, pp. 332-374, figs. 4). — The authors report measurements
at different ages and under varying conditions of the length of the corolla and
spread of the limb as noted in a large number of individuals of Nicotiana, dis-
cussing such differences as appear to be associated with culture conditions,
hybridization, age of plants, anthesis, and removal of flowers. The general con-
clusion is reached that measurements of blooms, in order to represent the flower
size of a population, must extend over the greater part of the period of blooming
normal thereto, or else must cover an identical portion of the flowering period
of each plant.

226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

On the origin and beliavior of (Enothera rubricalyx, R. R. Gates (Jour.
Genetics, 4 (1015), No. 4, pp. 353-360). — The author, critically discussing phases
of recent work and conclusions as given by ShuU (E. S. R., 32, p, 521), claims
that the supposedly pure CE. rubricalyx used was in reality a hybrid, and that
this should everywhere in that article be treated as a cross between CE. rubri-
calyx and CE. grand iflora.

Note on the inheritance of heterostylism in Primula acaulis, R. P. Gregoby
(Jour. Genetics, 4 (1015, No. Jf, pp. 303, 304)- — The author reports that in ex-
periments with P. acaulis the results obtained from different niatings were simi-
lar to those from previous studies (E. S. R., 25, p, 328) with P. sinensis. The
inheritance of the characters short style and long style was of a simple Mende-
lian type, the former being dominant, the latter recessive.

On variegation in Primula sinensis, R. P. Gregory (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1915),
No. 4, pp. 305-321, pis. 2). — An account is given of observations uix)u a race of
P. sinensis in which it has been found that the characters of normal green,
variegated, or pale yellowish green organs containing chloroplasts are trans-
mitted from parent to offspring through the egg cells only, the male gamete ap-
parently playing no part in determining the nature of the zygote in respect
of these characters. The facts as noted are thought to support the hypothesis
that the plastids of the zygote are derived solely from those present in the
unfertilized egg, and that certain characters are inherent in the plastids and are,
therefore, handed on to the products of its division.

A proposetl modification of the current hypothesis as outlined is thought to
explain tlie maternal transmission of characters as herein discussed.

Parthenocarpy in fruits, A. Ostebwaldeu (Lnndir. Jahrb. Schwciz,29 (1915),
A'o. 1, pp. 25, 26). — Referring to previous studies of Ewert (E. S. R., 21, p. 29;
24, p. 339), the author gives the results of observations during several years
on apples and pears of .several varieties which sho\ve«l parthenocarpic fruits
in widely ranging percentages. This potentiality is believed to be common even
in highly bred varieties and to offer possibilities of considerable practical im-
portance.

New or noteworthy grasses, A. S. Hitchcock (.itncr. Jour, Bot., 2 (1915),
Xo. 6, pp. 299-310). — A list of new or noteworthy grasses resulting from a recent
i-evision of the specimens of grasses from the United States in the National
Herbarium is given.

A study of soil fungi from Norway, A. E. Tbaaen (Nyt Mag. Naturmdensk.,
52 (1914), Xo. 1-2, pp. 19-121, pi. 1, figs. 7). — From soils of different parts of
Norway 120 fungi were isolated and studied. Of these only 7 were very com-
monly met. These were the new genus Geomyces, with G. vulgaris, G. sulphur-
cus, and G. auratus n. spp. ; the new genus Humicola, with H. juscoatra and H.
grisea n. spp.; Triehodcrma lignorum; and Actinomyces sp. Rarely occurring
forms described are G. cretaceus n. sp. and Chwtomidium barbatuni n. sp.

A bibliography of related literature is given.

An automatic transpiration scale of large capacity for use with freely
exposed plants, L. J. Bkiggs and H. L. Shantz (I . S. Dcpt. Ayr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 117-132, pis. 3, figs. IS). — In this paper the authors
have described an automatic transpiration scale of 200 kg. capacity and 5 gm.
sensibility, designed for use in connection with the large culture pots employed
by them in their water requirement measurements (E. S. R., 32. p. 127).

A brief review is also given of other classes of transpiration balances.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 227

FIELD CROPS.

[Cultivation of field crops] {Proc. Intermit. Cong. Trop. Agr., 3 (lOUf),
pp. S2-8S, 176-187, 272-3.'{5). — These pages coataia abstracts of the following
papers presented at the London meeting of the International Congress of Tropi-
cal Agriculture: The Work of the British Cotton Growing Association, by J. A.
Hutton ; The Production of AVheat in the Tropics, by A. E. Humphries ; The
Indian Grain Trade, by P. Noel-Paton ; The Wheats of Algeria and Tunis and Their
Selection, by E. Baillaud ; Recent Work in Australia on the Improvement of Wheat,
by P. B. Guthrie ; The Production of Maize with Special Reference to South Africa,
by J. Burtt-Davy ; Burma Rice, by A. C. McKerral ; The Sugar Cane in India, by
C. A. Barber ; The Classification of Indian Sugar Canes, by C. A. Barber ; The
World's Demand for Cotton and India's Share in Meeting It, by A. Schmidt;
Problems in Connection with Cotton Cultivation in Egypt, by G. C. Dudgeon;
The Improvement of Cotton by Selection, by J. S. J. McCall ; The Cost of Labor
as Affecting the Cotton Crop (especially in the United States), by J. A. Todd;
Commerce and Science in Cotton Growing, by J. W. McConnel ; Cotton Cultiva-
tion in the German Colonies, by M. Schanz ; Problems Connected with the New
Egj-ptian Cotton Pest, Gelechia gossypiella, the Pink Boll-worm, by L. H. Gough ;
Injurious Salts and the Cotton Plant in Egj^pt, by Y. M. Mosseri ; Culture of
Cotton in Turkestan Russia without Irrigation, by B. de Fedtschenko ; The
Experimental Cultivation of Egyptian Cotton in Greece, by G. P. Cosmetato ;
Variations on Hereditary Factors in Egjptian Cotton, by N. Parachimonas ;
A Note on the Improvement of Cotton in British India, by G. A. Gammie ; The
Introduction of American Cotton into Sind Province, India, by G. S. Hender-
son ; Preliminary Notes on Chemical Manures in the Cultivation of the Cotton
Plant in Egjpt, by V. M. Mosseri; Jute and Its Substitutes, by R. S. Finlow;
The Present Position of Fiber Cultivation in the German Colonies, by W. P.
Bruck ; Scheme for the Establishment of a Practical Slethod for the Determina-
tion of the Commercial Value of Fibers, by C. de Mello Geraldes; The Fiber
Industry of Slauritius, by P. A. Stockdale; Results of the Acclimatization in
Sicily of Agave rigida sisilana, by C. Tropea ; The Paper-Slaking Value of
Tropical Fibers, by C. Beadle and H. P. Stevens ; The Fibers of the Netherland
East Indies ; The Fiber Industries of British East Africa, by A. Wigglesworth ;
The Production of Fine Sea-island Cotton in the West Indies, with Particular
Reference to the St. Vincent Industry, by W. N. Sands ; The Cotton Industry of
the Leeward Islands Colony, by H. A. Tempany ; Flower-bud and Boll Shedding
of Cotton in the Iloriu Province, Nigeria, by T. Thornton ; Cotton Cultivation in
Uganda, by S. Simpson ; Contribution to the Study of Cottons in the Portuguese
Colonies, by C. de Mello Geraldes ; Prospects of Cotton Growing in Eritrea, by
G. Mangauo ; The Cotton Industry in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, by
P. H. Lamb ; Cultivation of Cotton in the Colony of Eritrea, by G. L. de Capi-
tani ; Growing of Cotton and Raising of Cattle in Southern Italian Somaliland,
by G. Scasselatti ; and Cotton Possibilities in Italian Somaliland and Jubaland
(British East Africa), by R. Onor.

[Report of field crop experiments] (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 27-29). —
Brief notes are given on variety tests with wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa, corn,
and sorghum, cultural tests with wheat and Sudan grass, and the eradication
of Johnson grass. Close planting of Egyptian and Durango cotton gave larger
yields per acre, smaller plants, and an unimpaired fiber.

Forage crops, J. R. Ricks (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 172 (1915), pp. 3-23, figs.
5). — Methods of production that have been found to give satisfactory results
and results of cultural tests, are given for Johnson grass, Sudan grass, Bermuda
grass, sorghum, alfalfa, crimson clover, co'wpeas, and soy beans, and variety

228 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

tests of covrpeas and soy beans. Brief discussions of less important grass,
leguminous, and miscellaneous forage crops are included.

Results in yields of 2- and 3-year-old alfalfa showed very little difference
whether the seed bed had been prepared by plowing 7 in. deep, subsoiling 18 in.
deep, or dynamiting from IS to 24 in. deep.

[Field crop experiments at the Nebraska Station] {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pp. IX-XV). — " Experiments with corn have shown conclusively that inbreeding
tends rapidly to dwarfing and sterilization of the plants, although some seed is
produced. Cross-breeding, on the other hand, between different strains which
have been inbred for a number of years restores vigor and vitality, resulting in
a normal or increased yield of corn." Data giving the results of a study of the
water requirements of corn show that the most fertile soil well-manured re-
quires less water to produce a unit of weight of either ear or total plant than
a more inferior soil.

Tabulated data show the effect of variety and adaptation of water require-
ments of crops ; effect of the degree of exposure of the potometer upon the
grbwth and water requirements of com ; effect of the size of the potometer
upon the growth and water requirements of corn in unmanured and manured
soils ; the average yield of digestible nutrients of corn, wheat, oat.s, and soy
beans at the station during the six years 1909 to 1914 ; variety and cultural tests
of soy beans ; and a summary of comparative yields of corn, wheat, oats, and soy
beans at the station for the six years 1909 to 1914.

[Report of the department of agronomy], R. Withycombe (Oregon Sta.,
Rpt. East. Orcg. Sta., lUll-12, pp. 6-32, figs. 11). — This reports work covering
the years 1910, 1911, and 1912 in the improvement by selective hybridization of
cereals, grasses, and legumes, the eradication of M-eeds, and cooperative tests of
hybrid barleys and oats.

It is noted that a few superior selections of hybrid barley have been produced,
both in point of yield of grain and production of hay. In variety tests with oats
Silver Jllne had an average 3-year yield of 65.2 bu. per acre, and Sixty-Day a
2j'ear average yield of 73.9 bu. Black-eyed Marrowfat and Canadian field peas
are two varieties recommended as giving the most satisfaction in a field pea
variety test.

A cross between the Little Club and Fortyfold varieties produced a selection
of very desirable winter wheat which gave a gluten test of 53 per cent as against
the general wheat average of 30 per cent. A very desirable spring wheat has
been produced by crossing the Durum and Club varieties. A partially beardless
stitiin of rye was produced by crossing and selection in an effort to secure an
entirely beardless variety.

Brief notes are given on cultural tests of grasses, legumes, forage, and fiber
plants.

It is stated that 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 35 per cent solutions of iron sulphate
jirodueed no perceptible results when iised as a spray in the eradication of
morning-glory. The application of a 20 per cent solution of iron sulphate as a
spray in fields of oats and barley wilted pigweed considerably within 24 hours,
and retarded the growth of mustard to a considerable extent.

The work of the Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm^ in 1914.
F. Knorr {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Srottsblujf Expt. Fann,
1914, pp. IS, figs. 3). — This bulletin describes weather and crop conditions on
this project, in Nebraska, and gives some results in yields per acre of experi-
ments with field crops under Irrigated conditions, in continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 223).

The crops included in these experiments were alfalfa, beets, corn, flax, oats,
barley, potatoes, spring wheat, winter wheat, stock beets, and pasture grasses.

FIELD CROPS. 22 d

Variety tests are reported with whetit, barley, oats, stock beets, and corn.
Plats of alfalfa and corn in some of the rotations are noted as having been
successfully pastured off with hogs. Grain sorghums do not seem to be
successful under ii-rigation in western Nebraska.

The irrigation and cultural experiments with potatoes gave inconsistent
results. " The largest yields were obtained where the soil was kept moist
throughout the season, the average yield on land so treated being 296.8 bu.
per acre. The poorest-shaped tubers were produced on the plats where the
plants were allowed to suffer between irrigations; the average yield in these
cases was 244.4 bu. per acre. The lowest yields were obtained by irrigating
every other row alternately, the average being 215 bu. per acre."

Seed stock of potatoes from irrigated and dry land has been tested for three
years. In this time there has been no material difference in yield associated
with differences in the source of the seed, and there has been no apparent
running out of the stock.

Three years' work in cultural methods with sugar beets, in which the soil
was plowed 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 in., has revealed no consistent effect on the
yield. Different depths and methods of cultivation also showed no material
differences in yields.

Seeding alfalfa on unprepared stubble land in August gave as good stands
as when the soil was disked or harrowed previous to seeding, and diminished
blowing and drifting of the soil.

" Nearly all the grasses seeded came through the winter of 1913-14 in good
condition except the Italian rye grass, of which about 50 per cent was winter-
killed. One of the pasture mixtures planted in 1913 contained alfalfa seed at
the rate of 2 lbs. per acre. This produced enough alfalfa among the grasses to
cause bloat in the cows that were on the pasture in 1914."

[Agronomic] work of the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in
1914, 11. E. Blair (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Yuma Expt. Farm,
lfJl4, PP- 1-lS, figs. 4)' — This describes general agricultural, experimental, and
climatic conditions (including* meteorological data) on this project, covering
both sides of the Colorado River in Arizona and California, and gives results of
cultural experiments with cotton, alfalfa, grain sorghums, Sudan grass, hemp,
flax, and broom corn, continuing previous studies (E. S. R., 32, p. 225). A
specially designed sleeping house erected for workmen is briefly described.

Experiments in spacing cotton showed less than 9 in. to be the optimum for
distance in the row. It was shown that the main cultural factor determining
large yields vvhere cotton is grown under irrigation is the application of water
at the proper time, which will be determined entirely by the development and
behavior of the plant and which will vary widely with different types of soil.

Wheat, barley, or oats proved good nurse crops for fall planting of alfalfa,
although wheat allowed the development of the best stand of alfalfa. White
milo maize and dwarf milo maize proved the heaviest yielders of the grain
sorghums.

In a thinning-space test with dwarf milo maize " notably higher yields were
obtained from 18-in. thinning, while the 3-in. thinning produced the highest per-
centage of well-filled heads. The 3-in. thinning was also most uniform in time of
ripening. This test will be repeated during 1915."

Sudan gi'ass made a good showing, and, although an annual, it has continued
to produce for three years. Sudan grass sown for seed spaced in 40-in. rows
produced better than in 24-in. rows, while broadcasting at 20 lbs. per acre pro-
duced the best yields.

230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The New Era and Groit varieties of co%^Toeas are noted as being successful
green-manure crops used in securing good stands of alfalfa on light soils, as they
increased the water-holding capacity of such soils.

Tabulated data show the amounts of water applied to the various crops and
the yields in the several tests.

Influence of the mode of cultivation on the chemical composition of the
grains of cereals, S. S. F. Teetiakov {Trudy Poltav. Selsk. Khoz. Oyytn.
^tantsii. No. 12 {1913), pp. 28-44; abs. in Zhxir. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour.
E.ept. Landto.), 15 {1914), No. 1, pp. 83, 84). — This gives results of analyses of
the grains of winter and spring wheats, winter rye, oats, and barley cultivated
under various conditions of fertilization and soil preparation.

^Vith barnyard manure the protein content of spring wheat was increased
from 13.48 to 16.13 per cent, of winter rye from 11.69 to 13.3S per cent, of spring
wheat from 13.69 to 14.94 per cent, and of oats from 11.38 to 12.81 per cent. The
phosphorus content of winter wheat was increased from 0.77 to 1.22 per cent.
Leguminous plants, annual and perennial, in preceding the cereals apparently
increased the protein content of the latter, the influence of the perennial plants
being more pronounced. "With corn preceding summer wheat tlie protein content
of the latter increased from 13.38 to 16.2.J per cent. Potatoes apparently in-
creased the phosphorus content of the summer Avheat immediately following,
while mangels produced a contrary effect. With black fallow, nonfertilized, the
protein content of winter and summer wheats which followed the winter cereals
was increased but not the protein content in rye and oats.

Natural wheat-rye hybrids, C. B. Leighty {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7
{1915), No. 5, pp. 209-216, pis. 2). — In this article the author compares the
characteristics of several heads of cereals, found in different fields of wheat,
with tliose of artificial hybrids of rye on wheat.

He concludes that the hybrids found were produced by the fertilization of
wheat flowers with rye pollen, basing his conclusion on the following reasons :
"(1) The plants were found growing in plats of wheat; (2) no sc^d has ever
been secured by any plant breeder, so far as reported, by fertilizing rye flowers
Avith wheat pollen. In the writer's own experience no less than 80 rye flowers
have been pollinated with the pollen from several different kinds of wheat, and
no seed has ever'T)een secured. The reciprocal cross is, however, not readily
secured. In the writer's experience, again, no less than 173 flowers of different
kinds of wheat have been pollinated with rye pollen, and only 4 seeds have been
secured, these being in a single head.

" Taking all these things into consideration, it seems evident that the plants
found are first-generation hybrids of wheat and rye, the seeds from which they
grew having been produced by natural fertilization of wheat flowers with rye
pollen. In no other way can the facts be explained."

Winter grain in South Dakota, A. N. Hume, M. Champlin, and J. D.
Morrison {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 161 {1915), pp. 227-261, figs. 11).— This bul-
letin records experimental work carried on in cooperation with this Department
at farms in five sections of the State, representing the different soil and cli-
matic conditions. Climatic and soil conditions for each locality are given.

At Brookings it was found that after several years' trials both winter wheat
and winter rye could be grown successfully, the wheat yielding as high as 34.2
bu. per acre and the rye 46.8 bu. Seeding with a double-disk drill on plowed
and harrowed land or in high corn stubble gave better results than other meth-
ods. Wheat apparently was most profitable when seeded at the rate of 4 to 5 bu.
and rye at the rate of 3 pk. per acre.

HORTICULTUBE. 231

Winter rye was found to be the most dependable small-grain crop for the
vicinity of Highmoro, where winter wheat frequently winterlcilled. Five pk. of
seed planted during September proved to be the best seeding rate and date.

Winter wheat was grown successfully at Eureka on plowed and harrowed land
by mulching with a thin layer of straw late in the fall. At Cottonwood winter
rye has given better results than wheat, yielding as high as 7.8 bu. per acre in
1914. At the Belle Fourche farm at Newell, as also at Highraore, " the Kharkov
and its near relative, the Turkey, have been most successful." "At Newell, as at
Brookings, the winter wheat has proved more profitable than the best variety
of spring wheat."

Variety test potatoes, E. F. Gaskill {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. lOl-i, pt. 1,
pp. 41a, Jf2a). — This gives the yields of a 3-year variety test of potatoes (1912
to 1914). Late-variety yields ranged from 118 to 434 bu. per acre and early-
variety yields from 89 to 224 bu.

Experiments in the cultivation of rice at the government experiment sta-
tion, Maha Iluppallama, North-Central Province, G. Haeboed (Dcpt. Agr.
CcijJcrn Bui. 21 (1915), pp. 8). — Different methods of cultivation, the native
method of sowing broadcast, dry cultivation, and transplanting, produced,
respectively, 47, 33.5, and 60 bu. of rough rice per acre. Results of spacing
trials, in which single plants were set 2. 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in. apart, showed
the 10-in. spacing to give the best monetary returns.

HOaTICULTURE.

[Report of horticultural investigations], R. Withycombe (Oregon Sta.,
Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta., 1911-12, pp. 37-40). — Data are given on a limited spray-
ing experiment conducted to determine the relative value of the first, second,
and third sprays in tlie control of the codling moth. Tlie test indicates that
the first spray applied at the time the blossoms fall is the most effective.

A cover crop test was started in the substation cherry orchard during the
fall of 1911. Of the crops tested winter rye and hairy vetch proved most
satisfactory.

Data are also given on a test of 36 varieties of strawberries conducted during
the three seasons, 1910, 1911, and 1912. None of the varieties has proved
very satisfactory. Clark Seedling, although not a heavy producer, possessed
more quality than any of the other varieties tested. Senator Dunlap, Brandy-
wine, Clyde, and 16 to 1 ai'e given as satisfactory varieties for home gardens,
but are not recommended for commercial berries under eastern Oregon
conditions.

[Horticultural investigations on the ScottsblufE reclamation project experi-
ment farm, Nebraska, in 1914], F. Knoee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.,
M^orJi Scottsbluff Expt. Farm, 1914, pp. 18, 19). — Notes are given on acclimati-
zation and variety tests of orchard and small fruits, shade trees and shrubs,
and vegetables.

[Report on horticultural investigations at the Yuma experiment' farm,
1914], R. E. Blajr (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Yuma Expt.
Farm, 1914, PP- 18-24, fig-^- 3). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R.,
32, p. 232) a brief report is given of progress made in cultural and variety
tests of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals during 1914.

Very good results have been secured in transplanting seedling date palms
from the nursery to the orchard through careful preparation of furrows for
irrigation before planting, care in setting the crowns of the plants well above
the earth line, and frequent irrigations. The block of Smyrna-Adriatic fig
hybrids came through the winter of 1914-15 with much less frost damage than

^32 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr EECOED.

in previous years. Propagation of some of tliese hybrids tliut produced the best
fruits without caprification was started during the year.

A small collection of citrus varieties has been planted. Growth measure-
ments for 1913 and 1914 are given for the various deciduous fruits and nuts
being tested. A very destructive, unidentified disease of the pomegi-anate fruit
commonly occurring in the Yuma region has responded somewhat favorably to
treatment with Bordeaux. Data are given on variety of tests of onions,
tomatoes, and watermelons.

Most of the ornamental trees and shrubs planted on the test grounds in the
spring of 1913 have made excellent growth. Desert gum {Eucalyptus rudis)
trees which were frozen to the ground in January, 1913, had an average height
of 13 ft. 2 in. and an average trunk diameter of 2.035 in. when measured in
November, 1914. Among the herbaceous flowering plants grown in the region
it has been found that few, if any, are superior to the chrysanthemum. Data
are given on a test of 14 superior varieties of chrysanthemums. Two species
of bamboo, Dendrocalamus strict us and Bambos arundinacea, are in the garden
and passed through the winter with little frost injury.

[Notes on Egyptian horticulture], T. Brown {Agr. Jour. Egypt, Jf (1914),
No. 2, pp. 129-137). — This article comprises descriptive notes on the culture of
Jews' mallow (Corchonis oUtoriuf<), lablab {Dolichos lahlab), Arabian tea
(Catha cduUs), and peaches in Egjpt.

Report on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for the year
ending March 31, 1915, H. J. Davies {Rpt. Govt. Hart. Gardens Lucknorc,
1915, pp. 10). — In addition to the usual information relative to the administra-
tion and management of the garden, notes are given on fruit and food-producing
trees as woll as other trees and plants of economic value that are being tested.

The Florida plant act of 1915 (State Plant Bd. Fla. Circ. 1 {1915), pp. 7).—
This circuhir contains the text of the Florida law enacted to prevent the In-
troduction into and dissemination within the State of insect pests and diseases
injurious to plants and plant products of the State and also establishing a
state plant board to carry out the provisions of the act.

Standard insecticides and fungicides v. secret preparations, G. P. Gray
{California Sta. Circ. 1^1 {1915), pp. -)). — In this circular the author points
out the disadvantages in using secret preparations as compared with the use
of standard insecticides and fungicides that have been fully tested by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture and the experiment stations.

Raising cabbage seed, A. E. "Wilkinson {Country Gent., 80 {1915), No. 44.
p. 1C54, figs. 3). — The methods employed in raising and harvesting cabbage seerl
by a seed grower in X(nv Yorlc State are described.

Winter rhubarb, culture and marketing, R. Bland {San Luis Rey, Cat.:
Author, 1915, pp. 69). — A short treatise on the culture of rhubarb in semi-
tropical parts of the United States for shipment to the early spring markets.

Papago sweet com, a new variety, G. F. Freeman {Arizona Sta. Bui. 75
{1915), pp. 453-468, pis. 3, figs. 2).— In the summer of 1910, a number of
wrinkled sweet grains were found in ears of two types of common squaw corn
grown by the Papago Indians. The smaller type was extremely hardy and re-
sistant to worms. The larger type was sweeter but more susceptible to injury by
worms and ear molds. The two tj-pes were bred together and the present bulle-
tin gives the results of four years' work in breeding and selection. Directions
are given for growing sweet corn and the control of smut together with notes by
A. W. Morrill on ear worms and tlie corn flea-beetle.

The first year after the cross was made, the average weight of the ripe ears
was about 31 gm. After four years of breeding this weight has been doubled
and the size and depth of grains has been materially Increased. As shown by

HOKTICULTXJRE. 233

analyses, the com is somewhat sweeter than field corn and is so superior to east-
ern varieties of sweet corn for planting in the Southwest that it is now offered
to the public under the name Papago. Breeding operations are to be continued
with the view of developing standard size of ear and grain.

Pollination studies of native corns and several eastern sweet corns indicate
that the failure to develop a large number of grains in the sweet corns is prob-
ably due to too great a variation between time of silking and time of tasseliug.
Experiments in desuckering Papago corn indicate that, for this variety, vigor
usually carries with it the production of a number of suckers and also a large
number of ears per stalk. Variety tests of Papago and various eastern sweet
corns resulted in a much greater yield and vigor for the Pagago.

Further experiments on parthenogenesis in tomatoes, G. Hostermann
(Ber. K. Garf. Lchranst. Dahlem, 1913, pp. 5If-61, fig. 1). — In continuation of
previous investigations (E. S. R., 29, p. 837) the author experimented with sev-
eral varieties of tomatoes growing both outdoors and in a forcing house. His
experiments show in general that the plants will bear more or less fruit even
though the stamens are removed before pollination can take place. The parthe-
nogeuetic fruit is considerably smaller than normally cultivated fruit.

The work is to be continued with special refei-ence to determining the best cul-
tural conditions for the production of seedless tomatoes.

Fruit culture for South Carolina, C. F. Niven {Clemson Agr. Col. S. C,
Farmers' Reading Course Bui. 15 {1915), pp. 86, figs. 16). — This bulletin com-
prises a practical treatise on the culture and care of orchard fruits and grapes,
including lists of varieties recommended for planting and instructions for the
control of insect pests and diseases.

Pollination of fruit trees: Observations and experiments from 1904 to 1912,
W. J. MiDDLEBKOOKE (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 2Z (1915), No. 5, pp. 418-433).—
Pollination experiments were conducted during the 5-year period 1907 to 1912
with ditierent varieties of apples, pears, apricots, nectarines, cherries, peaches,
and plums. The trees were established in pots and fruited under glass without
artificial heat. Tabular data are given and discussed showing the results ob-
tained with the different fruits by cross-pollination as compared with pollina-
tion by the varieties' own pollen and mixed pollen taken from various varieties
indiscriminately.

The data secured from this investigation plainly indicate that there is a
greater possibility of securing good average crops of fruit where a number
of different varieties ai'e grown in proximity to each other. Pollination by
bees as tested for one season did not give nearly as good results as those ob-
tained by artificial pollination. Experiments on pollination by wind in which
the wind was sinudated by the use of bellows produced good results.

The analyses and classification of cider apples, A. Truelle {Rendement,
Classement, Caracteres, et Traitements dcs Pomnies a Cidre pour la Dessicca-
tion. Argentan, France: E. Langlois, 1915, pp. 19). — This comprises a large
number of analyses of different varieties of French cider apples, including
their classification relative to the yield in dry matter; a discussion of the
physical, organoleptic, and chemical characters of cider apples ; and the special
treatment of varieties intended for evaporation.

The cost of producing' apples in Maine in 1914, A. K. Gardner {Mai7ie Dept.
Agr. Bui., 14 [1915), No. 3, pp. 22). — In this bulletin cost data secured in 1914
relative to the production of apples in nine different orchards are reported. The
orchards selected represented differences in soil, variety, age, altitude, distance
from the railroad, and other points.

From the data secured as a whole it is estimated that under good orchard
management it costs from $1 per barrel to produce apples when the production

234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

is 2 bbls. per tree up to $2 per barrel when the production is only 0.5 bbl. per
tree.

Seedless pears resulting from late frosts, G. Hostebmann (Ber. E. Gdrf.
Lehranst. Dahlon, 1913, pp. 61, 62, fig. 1). — In this note the author calls atten-
tion to the production of seedless pears resulting from the destruction of the
flowers by a late frost during the spring of the year 1913.

A page of viticultural meteorology, A. Marescalchi {Ann. R. Accad. Agr.
Torino, 51 {lOl.'t), pp. 218-232, figs. 5). — The results of 40 years' observations
on meteorological conditions as related to grape growing at Montferrat are
.summarized.

Grape pruning: The spur and long cane systems compared, T. J. Maney
{loiva Sta. Bui. 160 (1915), pp. 211-232, figs. 15).— This bulletin describes some
cooperative pruning experiments carried on near Council Bluffs during the
season of 1914 for a comparison of the spur system with the long cane and
spur renewal system. Practical instructions in pruning and training both
old and young grapevines are given. The bulletin concludes with a bibliography
of the more important publications on grape growing.

As determined by the results for one season the vines pruned according to
the long cane system yielded on the average 41 per cent more grapes than the
spur-pruned vines, indicating that the long cane system must have some good
features. It is suggested that the grape grower set aside a few vines and test
the system for himself.

Inheritance of certain characters of grapes, U. P. Hedbick and R. D.
Anthony (New York State Sta. Tech. Bvl. 45 (1915), pp. S-i9).— The contents
of this bulletin have been previously notetl from another source (E. S. R.. 33,
p. 641).

The green grapes of direct bearers, L. Ravaz and S. Obiedoff (Prog. Agr.
ct Tit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntrc), 36 (1915), Xo. 38, pp. 275-28^, figs. S).— The authors
point out that there i.s an almost constant tendency among many of the direct-
bearing Franco-American grapes to produce a greater or less number of imma-
ture, usually green, berries in the bunches at harvesting time. An anatomical
study of a large number of these berries leads to the conclusion that they do not
fail to mature on account of lack of fertilization, but rather through exhaustion
of reserve material which is withdrawn by other berries In the bunches having
a better-developed conductive system.

The hybrid direct bearers in the C6tes-du-Nord region in 1914. A. Des-
MOULiNs and V. Vii.lard (I'rog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntre). 36 (1915), No.
J,3, pp. 395-403).— In continuation of previous data (E. S. R.. 31, p. G37) obser-
jvations are given for the fifteenth year relative to the behavior of a large
number of hybrid direct-bearing grapes with special reference to their resistance
to disease and adaptation to various soil conditions.

Observations on direct bearers in the Vaudois vineyards, H. Faes and F.
Porchet (Observations sur Ics Producteurs Directs dans le Vignoble Vaudois.
Lausanne: Station Viticolc de Lausanne, 1915, pp. 15; Terre Taud., 7 (1915),
Nos. 32, pp. 235-237; 34, PP. 252, 253; 36, pp. 264-266; 37, pp. 273, 274; 38, pp.
279, 280; 40, pp. 294-297). — This comprises a report of observations covering a
number of years relative to the behavior of a large number of direct-bearing
grapes in experimental vineyards located under the direction of the Viticultural
Station of Lausanne in different parts of the Canton of Vaud. Information is
given relative to the resistance of various stocks to mildew, phylloxera, and
climatic conditions, and also on the yield and quality of the grapes, must, and
wine. The more promising direct-bearing grapes observed in these experiments
are discussed at length.

HOETICULTTJRE. 235

The authors conclude in general that the results thus far secured warrant
a continuation of the study of the best hybrid direct bearers.

Vine growing in Italy, S. Cettolini (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Roine'\, Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 7, pp. 900-90S).—A statistical
review of viticultural conditions in Italy.

Kaisin. making, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 32). — In con-
firmation of observations previously reported by the author (E. S. R., 32, p.
235) data are given showing the increase in crop by allowing the raisin grapes to
come to a more advanced stage of ripeness before harvesting. Observations in
six Muscat vineyards near Fresno indicated a loss from too early picking of
from $12 to $22 per acre. The number of pounds of grapes required to make a
pound of raisins decreases with advancing ripeness. The station tests indicate
that 3.4 lbs. should be the minimum for Muscat and 3.8 lbs. for Sultanina grapes.
A favorable average is 3.2 for the former and 3.6 lbs. for the latter. Higher
ratios indicate insufficient ripeness or losses in handling.

Temperature of irrigation water as affecting citrus seedlings, C. B. Lipman
(California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 17). — Experiments conducted by the author for
a number of years have shown marked effects of retardation of growth of citrus
seedlings which received water at temperatures of 39, 44, 50, and even 55° F.
The seedlings are stunted in growth and look sickly when they receive water
at the first two temperatures. The maximum growth is obtained with water
at about 72°. Water of higher temperature shows a slight stunting effect on the
orange seedlings which becomes very noticeable at 86°.

Handling and shipping citrus fruits in the Gulf States, H. J. Ramsey
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 696 (1915), pp. 28, figs. 10).— A practical dis-
cussion of the subject, based upon the Department's extensive investigations
relative to the handling of Florida citrus fruits (E. S. R., 30, p. 841). It takes
up cau.ses of decay in transit ; prevention of losses due to decay ; v.'hat careful
handling means; harvesting, packing, and shipping operations; field handling;
packing-house handling ; methods of shipment ; refrigeration ; precooling ; and
cold storage.

Maturity in oranges, J. E. Coit (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 21). — A test
made by the author of the maturity standard of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture of eight parts of total solid to one part of acid in oranges has sho^vn that
some districts which were supposed to produce early oranges do not bring them
so early to maturity. Furthermore, a variation was found in the total solids
to acid ratio of more than 100 per cent between individual oranges in a com-
mercial pack. Oranges on the outside of the tree matured earlier than those on
the inside. The juice from different parts of the same orange often varied as
much as 15 per cent, there being considerably more sugar obtained from the
juice near the navel than near the stem. Consequently it is recommended that a
large number of oranges, as well as the juice from both halves of each orange, be
included in the sample.

Microcitrus, a nev/ genus of Australian citrus fruits, W. T. Swingle (Jour.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 (1915), No. 16, pp. 569-578, figs. 4)-— In continuation of
studies of the species of Citrus and related plants (E. S. R., 31, p. 237) the
author here proposes and describes another new genus of Australian citrus
fruits.

Microcitrus comprises four species, all from eastern Australia, which have pre-
viously been described under Citrus. The species described include the finger
lime (Microcitrus anstralasica), Garroway's finger lime (M. garroxoayi), the
dooja or Australian round lime (M. australis), and the Russell River lime (M.
inodora). Since the two commonly cultivated species, the dooja and finger lime,
are decidedly more hardy than the lime or lemon, it is believed that they may

236 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

prove of use in breeding new types of liardy citrus fruits. A number of liybrids
have recently been made by the author between the finger lime and the common
lime (C aurantifolia).

Experiments on the manuring of tea seedlings, P. H. Carpenter and E. A.
Andrews {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 4 (lOl-i), pp. 117-
IJfS). — This article describes the results of some preliminary experiments in the
manuring of tea nurseries which were carried out during the year 1913 at the
Tocklai Experiment Station with the object of testing the value of organic and
inorganic manures for the development of tea seedlings.

Some abnormalities of the coconut palm, T. Fetch (Ann. Roy. Bat. Gdrd.,
Peradcniya, 6 (.1015), No. 1, pp. 21-30). — In these notes the author describes a
number of abnormalities which are of more or less common occurrence among
coconut palms and fruit.

"Walnut mutant investigations, E. B. Babcock (Pi'oc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1
(I'Jlo), No. 10, pp. 535-537). — A discussion of the walnut mutant {Juglans cali-
fornica qiiercina) previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 33S) with special reference
to the character of mutation.

The author finds in part that the mutation takes place in female flowers only
and appears in the first generation after the mutation occurs, but upon crossing
the species type it is completely recessive in the Fi generation. The nature of
the mutation is such that only certain genetic factors are affected without hav-
ing the chromosome number disturbed.

Walnut culture in Arizona, J. J. Thobnbeb (Arizona Sta. Bui. 76 (1915),
pp. JfGO-503, pis. 2, figs. 9). — In this bulletin the author describes the work of
C. R. Biederman and R. A. Smith, sr., in grafting French and English walnuts
upon Arizona stock. Consideration is given to miscellaneous trials in growing
walnuts in Arizona. The Arizona walnut (Juglans major) is describetl with
reference to its range, growth, and value as a stock for English and French
nuts. Notes are given on growing walnuts in California, together with sug-
gestions for walnut growing in Arizona.

The methods of propagation employed by C. R. Biederman, and here described
in detail, consist of bark grafting and splice grafting. As high as 90 per cent of
live grafts have been secured and with successful manipulation grafting is
accomplished during most of the growing season. The important features of
these methods of grafting as employed by Biederman are the exposing of a
relatively large cambium surface on the scions so as to insure contact at many
points with the cambium surface of the stock, the hollowing out of some of the
pith and wood of the scarf or diagonal cut of the scion to prevent this from
swelling and pushing the cambium surfaces apart, and also to enable the cam-
bium surfaces of scions and stock to He closely together. Special tools are
employed such as a thin-curved steel bark separator for separating the cambium
from the wood of the stock, a small knife-shaped gouge for hollowing out the
wood and pith, and a small plane for fitting the surfaces closely together.
Extreme care is used in selecting and storing scions, sanitary methods are used
throughout, and all cut surfaces are v\-axed to prevent drying out.

The method of grafting employed by R. A. Smith, sr., consists of cleft graft-
ing below the surface of the ground at the point of the somewhat enlarged root,
fine moist dirt being drawn closely against the base of the tree so as to cover up
both stock and scion.

The cultivation of medicinal plants, F. B. Kilmer (Amcr. Jour. Pharm..
87 (1915), Nos. 8, pp. 843-359; 9, pp. ^21-435).— A review of the present status
of the drug plant industry. Including a bibliography of literature on drug
culture.

HORTICULTURE. 237

Some effects of selection on the production of alkaloids in belladonna,
A. F. SiEVEKS {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 306 (1915), pp. 20, figs. 10).— In a previous
iDvestij^atiou a wide range of variation was found in tlie allialoidal content of
belladonna plants (E. S. R., 30, p. 44). Tlie present work was undertaken to
determine wlietlier the characteristic of alkaloid production is transmissible
to the progeny thx'ough seed and whether the character is changed by vegetative
propagation. Consideration is given to selection of typical plants, method of
controlling pollination, first generation plants from cross-pollinated parents,
comparison of Fi plants from cross-pollinated and close-pollinated parents,
second generation plants from cross-pollination, and reproduction of selected
plants from cuttings.

The results thus far show that Fi plants from seed of cross-pollinated selected
individuals display the characteristic of the maternal parent with regard to
alkaloid productivity. This condition is generally true for at least two suc-
cessive seasons. Close pollination of the parent plant has shown only a mod-
erate influence on the transmission of this characteristic.

Second-generation plants from cross-pollination have been grown at widely
separated places, including Arlington, Va., Madison, Wis., and Timmonsville,
S. C. At all three stations the plants have shown the relative alkaloid-
producing tendencies evident in the original parent plant and the generation
preceding. On the other hand, certain conditions of locality appear to affect the
general quality of alkaloids produced. For example, two pickings from ]\Iadi-
son. Wis., yielded more alkaloids than those at Arlington. Nothing definite
developed to indicate that a relationship exists between the amount of precipi-
tation and sunshine and percentage of alkaloids produced. Plants grown from
cuttings showed a marked tendency to remain true to type.

The cultivation and distillation of wormwood in Wisconsin, E. Kkemees
{Bui. Univ. Wis. No. 73S (1914), pp. 32-45, figs. 9).— A popular account of the
wormwood oil industry in Wisconsin based upon a survey of the industry
conducted under the direction of the Pharmaceutical Experiment Station.

Changes of color and structure of flowers by removing sunlight at selected
hours, H. E. Rawson (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 41 {1915), No. 1, pp. 42-46). — ^As
a result of the experiments here described the author comes to the conclusion
that both color changes and structural changes in flowers may be brought about
and fixed in succeeding generations by exposure to some particular form of
sunlight. Generally speaking it appears that low sun promotes yellows, middle
sun reds, and high sun purples, with special reference to latitude and climate
in England.

On pressing flowers to retain their colors, C. F. Fothergill {Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc, 41 {1915), No. 1, pp. 40, 41)- — The important feature of the method
of pressing here described consists of the use of layers of cotton batting sup-
ported by wire meshes, instead of the usual blotting paper and boards. This
permits of a rapid drying out of the flowers before the pigment is decomposed.

The evolution of the cultivated chrysanthemum {Missouri Bat. Gard. Bui.,
3 {1915), No. 10, pp. 123-126, pi. 1).—A short popular account.

Garden gladioli, A. C. Hottes {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 11, pp. 499-504,
figs. 3). — This comprises a short discussion of plant breeding work in connec-
tion with the development of the present forms of cultivated gladioli.

The inheritance of doubleness in Matthiola and Petunia. — I, The hypo-
theses, H. B. Feost {Amer. Nat., 49 {1915), No. 5S6, pp. 623-636, fig. i).— A
review of the literature of the subject with bibliography appended.

Specific and varietal characters in annual sunflowers, T. D. A. Cockekell
{Amer. Nat., 49 {1915), No. 586, pp. 609-622, fig. 1).—A critical study of the
22434°— No. .3—16 1

238 EXPEEIMEXT STATION EECOED.

annaal sunflowers leads the author to conclude in part that there have been few
really new developments in the Helianthus annuus group. Species which seem
very distinct prove on examination to have few special characters of their own.
As with the dahlia, the horticulturist may expect to be able to produce many
interesting varieties by selecting and saving the various possible combinations,
but analysis shows that the genes going into these are the old ones, the effects
of which may be seen from time to time, even in wild plants.

Sweet peas, EL J. Wright {London: T. C. d E. C. Jack, 1914, rev. ed.,
XI +116 pis. 8). — In the present edition of this work (E. S. R., 23. p. &i2) lists
of varieties have been revised and brought up to date.

Oxir house plants and their culture, H. Schaefeb (Un^cre Zimmerpflanzen
und ihre Kultur. Rati^bon: J. Eabbel, 1914, pp. Til +101, figs. 48). — ^A practical
guide to the culture, care, and utilization of the more desirable ornamental
house plants.

Continuous bloom in America, LotnsE Shzltox (Xeic York: Charles Scrib-
net's Sons, 1915, pp. XTIII+140, pis. 26). — A jwpular treatise on ornamental
gardening with special reference to plant material, plant arrangement, and the
blooming period of various plants. The work also contains miscellaneous gar-
dening advice, together with a number of planting charts.

The well-considered g'arden, LonsA Y. King (Xeir York: Charles Scribner's
Sons. 191-'. pp. XT +290. pis. 33). — A popular treatise on ornamental gardening
with spet ial reference to plant material, design, and color arrangement. Infor-
mation is also given relative to garden accessories, gardening expedients, etc.,
together with a brief sketch of a number of desirable garden books. Some notes
on garden clubs are appended.

A reading list on flower gardeninf. including lawns, trees, and shrubs
(Kansas City. Ho.: Pub. Libr.. 1915. pp. 11). — A bibliography prepared by the
Kansas City Public Library.

How to lay out suburban home grounds, H. .T. Kellaway (.Vftr YorA-; John
Wilcj d S'7ns. 1915, 2. ed., cnl.. pp. XI +134. pl- 1- fio*- 55). — The present edition
of this treatise on the development of small suburban grounds (E. S. R.. 19. p.
745) has been somewhat enlarged.

Planting to attract birds (Baltimore: Ilunder-Thomscn Press. 1915, pp.
4S). — This comprises a concise list of the berry-bearing trees and shrubs that
help provide food for birds, including a brief description of their habits, flowers,
and fruits.

FORESTHY.

Cooperation in forestry, B. E. Ferxow (Com. Conserv. Canada Rpt., 6 (1915),
pp. 120-126, pi. 1). — In this paper the author suggests methods of improving
the administration of public timber lands in Canada, calls attention to the
desirability of expanding the scientific work of the Dominion Forestry Branch
as a basis for future forest management, and cites illustrations from other
countries to show the desirability of developing forestry as a systematically
planned state business.

Essential features of a successful fire protection organization. H. R, Mac-
MnxAN (Com. Consen: Canada Rpt.. 6 (1915), pp. 127-135). — A paper on this
subject read before the Canadian Commission of Conservation, and in which
the author draws largely from the protective policy of the British Columbia
Forestry Branch.

The working plan of the St. Maurice Protective Association, H. SoBCirs
(Canad. Forestry Jour.. 11 (1915). Xo. 11. pp. 241-249. figs. 5).— A short account
of forest fire protective work in the St. Maurice Valley. Quebec Province.

FORESTRY. 239

Forestry situation in Quebec, G. C. Piche (Com. Conaerv. Canada Rpt., 6
(1915), pp. 195-199). — ^A short review of progi-ess made in various lines of
forestry by the Forest Service of Quebec since its reorganization in 1909.

Report of the director of forests, N. W. Jolly (Ann. Rpt. Dir. Forests
[Queensland], 1914, PP- 7, pis. 4,' Ann. Rpt. Dept. Pub. Lands Queensland, 1914,
pp. 49-^3, pis. 4)- — -^ report relative to the administration and management of
the state forests in Queensland, including a financial statement for the y^ar
1914. Data relative to state forests, national parks, and timber reserves are
included, together with a statistical account of the sawmilling industry from
1909 to 1914.

Quinquennial review of forest administration in British India for the
period 1909—10 to 1913—14, to which is appended the annual return of
forest statistics for the year 1913—14 (Quinquen. Rev. Forest Admin. Brit.
India, 1909-1914, pp. 2+12+31, pi. 1). — A statistical review of forest adminis-
tration in British India with reference to the constitution of the forests, or-
ganization, conservation and improvement, forest management, exploitation and
commercial development, financial results, and research. The usual statistical
review for the year ended June 30, 1914, including a summary of revenues,
expenditures, and sui'plus during the previous 25 years, is appended.

Forest service in Netherlands East India (Netherlands East Indian-iian
Fran-ei-sco Com., Dept. Ayr., Indus, and Com., Essay No. 13 (1914), pp. 16, pis.
9). — This paper gives an account of the development and exploitation of teak
and wild timber forests, principally on the islands of Java and Aiadoera. Con-
sideration is also given to the lumber industry and the forestry experimental
station, together with a brief review of foi'estry in the remaining islands of
the East Indian Ai'chipelago.

The first forest reconnoissance in west and north Sumatra, E. K.
I'LASscHAEBT (BoseJibouick. Tijdschr. Tectona, 8 (1915), No. 8, pp. 521-538). —
An account is given of a preliminary survey of the forests in west and north
Sumatra with special reference to the physiography of the region, the important
species comprising the forests, and opportunities for exporting the timber.

Report on the knowledg'e of the forests of Preanger, H. J. Kerbekt (Bosch-
houick. Tijdschr. Tectona, 8 (1915), No. 4, PP- 185-219). — A descriptive account
of the forests of Preanger, Java, including data relative to the important timber
species.

Timber in Canada, R. H. Campbell (Canad. Forestry Jour., 11 (1915), No.
11, pp. 265-268). — This comprises a statistical estimate and discussion i-elative
to the available saw timber supply in the Canadian Provinces.

The betel-nut palm (Areca catechu) and its cultivation in North Kanara,
N. A'. Kelkak (Poona Ayr. Col. Reprints No. 2 (1915), pp. 13, fig. 1). — An ac-
count of the betel-nut palm with reference to its nomenclature, habitat, region of
culture, soil and moisture requirements, methods of culture, preparation of nuts
for market, varieties, economic uses of the tree, and estimates of expenses and
income per acre.

Cinchona (Netherlands East Indian-San Francisco Com., Dept. Ayr., Indus,
and Com., Essay No. 24 (1914), pp. 9, pis. 4)- — ^An account of the cinchona in-
dusti-y with special reference to the cultivation and preparation of cinchona in
Netherlands East India.

Dhauri (Lagerstroemia parviflora), E. Benskin ( [Indian] Forest Bui. 28
(1915), pp. 11, pi. 1). — An account is given of this Indian forest species with
reference to its general distribution ; locality and habit ; description, properties,
and uses of the timber ; minor products ; natural reproduction and rate of
growth ; artificial reproduction ; and notes on distribution and extraction in
different Provinces, A sample of the natural wood accompanies the bulletin.

240 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

Blackwood (Dalbergia latifolia), E. Benskin {[Indian] Forest Bui. 27
(1915), pp. 12, pi. 1). — A note similar to the above on Bombay blackwood or
rosewood of southern India.

Note on sundri timber (Heritiera minor), R. S. Peabsox ( [Indian] Forest
Bid. 29 {1915), pp. 8, pi. 1). — This comprises a note similar to the above on
sundri timber.

Seasonal variations in the storage of plant food in Hevea brasiliensis and
their relation to resting periods, L. E. Campbell {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 22
{1915), pp. 18, pis. 7). — In this bulletin results are given of a comparative study
of untapped and tapped trees of //. brasiliensis, conducted with the view of
determining what relation, if any, exists between food storage and the resting
period of the tree.

As briefly summarized the experiments show that there is a variation in the
amounts of rubber obtained which agrees with the order of variation in the
amounts of reserve starch in the bark and wood during the same months. The
results indicate that the period during which the rubber trees are rested must
include the period which extends from the time the new leaves are developing
to about the third week after the leaves have fully developed. This resting
period can be profitably extended by ceasing tapping when the loaves are falling
and commencing again one month or more after the trees have regained their
full foliage.

Preservation of railway ties, H. K. "Wicksteed (Cow. Conserv. Canada Ept.,
G {1015), pp. 76-86). — In this paper the author discusses the importance of wood
preservation and describes a method of artificially seasoning and waterproofing
ties and other timbers developed by G. W. and G. B. !McMullen. In the new
process the ties are placed in a kiln, here described, atid surrounded with warm
vapor, which softens and volatilizes the saps and resins in the wood. After
some hours of treatment the amount of moisture is slowly reduced until finally
the ties are removed with not more than 5 per cent of moisture in them. The
ties are then waterproofed in a hot bath of heavy asphalt and sanded to absorb
superfluous stickiness.

A brief report on the above process by .T. S. Bates is also given.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

[Notes from the California station on miscellaneous plant diseases] (Cali-
fornia Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 22-24, 25). — Brief accounts are given of investigations
which have been carried out on a number of plant diseases.

The cause of bench root in citrus nursery stock has been found to be the
inability of the root to penetrate the tough, fibrous seed coat before encircling
the cotyledons in an effort to break through the seed coat. Seeds which had
the coat removed before planting showed no bench root, and soaking the seed
before planting was found to reduce the trouble to about 10 per cent.

Recent investigations by Sliss E. H. Smith have shown that the so-called sour
sap disease, which has resulted in extensive losses in citrus nursery stock, is due
to the fungus which has been described as causing the brown rot of lemons
(E. S. R., 19, p. 658).

In the treatment of gum diseases of lemon, and also of scaly bark of orange,
Bordeaux paste has given very satisfactory results.

Investigations by the division of plant pathology have shown that the age and
productive capacity of many of the deciduous orchards of the State are refluced
by fully 50 per cent by wood-decaying funsri. This loss, it is said, can be largely
avoided by pruning and by disinfecting large cuts with corrosive sublimate and
afterwards keeping the cuts covered with asphaltum.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 241

Marked differences in susceptibility between different varieties of olive to
olive knot are reported. The nature of tlie disease has been quite thoroughly-
determined, and it has been found tliat the best method of prevention and control
is to cut out knots at the first appearance in the orchard, so as to prevent the
disease attacking the whole orchard.

A study of the oak fungus {Armillaria sp.) has shown that it is a very
destructive plant disease which may be controlled, under some conditions, by
trenching, and under other conditions the fungus may be destroyed by means of
carbon bisulphid. It is stated that citrus, prune, peach, apricot, and almond
trees are attacked by this fungus, while pears, black walnuts, and figs are
inuuune to it.

Some notes are given on the curly top disease of sugar beets, in which the
possible relationship to an organism transmitted by insects is pointed out.

Attention is called to fruit stains, spots, and rots caused by the wither-tip
fungus {Collet otrichum glceosporioides) , and it is stated that the oil from
lemons and oranges is toxic to the fruit rind when present in very small
amounts, if the surrounding atmosphere is moist. Oil spot injury is said to be
identical in appearance with the so-called green spot.

Report on economic mycolog'y, E. S. Salmon et ai.. {Jour. Southeast. Agr.
Col. Wye, No. 22 {1913), pp. 3S7-496, pis. 19, figs. 11).— A report is given on the
special investigations noted below, or previously (E. S. R., 32, pp. 148, 547)
from other sources.

Besides a list of diseases most frequently sent in for examination and report,
more particular mention is made of the silver leaf fungus {Stereum pur-
pureum), a mild outbreak of corky scab {Spongospora solani), isolated out-
breaks of wart disease {Chrysophlyctis endobiotica), crown gall of alfalfa
{Urophlgctis alfalfce), and the bi'own rot fungus {Sclerotinia fructigena)
attacking frequently and severely cherries, plums, and apples.

The American gooseberry mildew is reported upon as extending its acreage
considerably during the last few years. Pruning of diseased bushes is being
evaded, in spite of penalties, by many growers on account of the view that the
practice is unprofitable and disastrous to the bushes. Spraying experiments
against the mildew (E. S. R., 29, p. 249) have been followed up by biological
studies, which are reported, and by comparative tests at three centers, lime
sulphur and liver of sulphur being used. The former preparation gave decid-
edly the better results as a fungicide, and it proved also to be remarkably
adherent when once dry, even under exposure to heavy rains. Studies in the
life history of the fungus show that berries cari-ying the winter stage may
infect the soil under the bushes and spread the disease the following year.
Early pruning is regarded as of primary importance and spraying at certain
times as a valuable adjunct. Varieties are listed as suited to different strengths
of lime sulphur to be employed, and desirable conditions and management
recommended are outlined.

Annual report of division of botany, 1913—14, I. B. P. Evans {Union So.
Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 14^-158). — This includes investigations on
forage crops, poisonous plants, and noxious weeds, as well as on various plant
diseases.

The most important plant diseases noted during the year are said to have
been club root of cabbage and cauliflower {Plasmodiophora hrassicce), stem rot
of cabbage {Phoma brassicw), and a disease of loganberry, {Hendersonia rubi).

The reports of van der Byl on th^ mottling disease of Acacia mollissima have
already been noted (E. S. R., 33, pp. 151, 523).

A report on coconut palm troubles in Portugese East Africa includes a leaf
spot {Pestalozzia palmarum), bud rot {Bacillus coli), two fungus diseases of

242 EXPEKIMEISTT STATION RECORD.

young nuts due, respectively, to Gloeosporium sp. and Diplodia palmicola, non-
setting of fruit ascribed to defective pollination, and chlorosis ascribed to de-
fects in ventilation and drainage.

A carnation wilt is attributed to a Fusarium which is under investigation.

Diplodia pinea is found to attack and kill nursery stock and adult trees in
seven species of pines.

Dry rot of maize {Diplodia inaydis), which causes increasing loss, is retarded
by addition of lime to the soil. A root disease of maize is ascribed to a Fusarium.

Puccinia graminis is under investigation as regards means of control.

A study of bacterial disease of mango by Ethel M. Doidge is briefly reported
upon. Inoculation experiments have been only partially successful.

A new disease of Schinus molle is reported as attacking nursery stock 12 to
18 in, high, causing black spots on the stems, and also on the leaves, which soon
dry up, but usually not attacking the woody stems of the second season's
growth. It is ascribed to an undescribed species of Colletotrichum, and has
been controlled with Bordeaux mixture.

In continuation of investigations by Miss Doidge on potato disease (E. S. R.,
3.3, p. 742), black lieart in imported potatoes is found to be due to abnormal
temperatures during transit. Fumigation tests with tubers employing formal-
dehyde gas showed little or no injury.

A short list is given of publications issued during the year.

The probable nonvalidity of the genera Botryodiplodia, Diplodiella, Chreto-
diplodia, and Lasiodiplodia, J. J. Tauhexhais {Avier. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No.
7, pp. 32.i-331, pis. 8). — The author reports a further study of the fungus desig-
nated as L. tuhcricola, the cause of Java black rot of sweet potato (E. S. R.,
30, p. 150), but suspected to be really a Diplodia.

As a result of this work, the author concludes that the genera Lasiodiplodia.
Chaetodiplodia, Botrj^odiplodia, and Diplodiella are not tenable, and that their
species should be placed in the genus Diplodia, which is retained becaiise of its
priority. It is thought probable that further work will show the nece.ssity of
abolishing the genera Rhyncodiplodia and Pellioniella, and that more work will
further reduce the large number of species of Diplodia.

A bibliography is given.

The biology of Puccinia arenariae, F, Wilij: {Ber. Deut. Bot. OcselL, 3S
{1915), No. 2, pp. 91-95). — Describing five series of tests made with P. orenari<p
from various hosts on different plants, the author concludes that while sharp
specialization was not established, a degree thereof may have ])een indicated
by the results of some inoculations as noted.

New Chinese fungi, I. Miyake {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 28 {19U), No. 327, pp.
37-56, pi. 1). — The author reports having collected in northern Cldna in 1912
a number of fungi, of which he has named as new species Pleospora lespcdezcB
on stems of Lespedeza hicolor, Rehmiella ulmtcola on leaves of XJlmus sp.,
JEcidium callistepfii on leaves of Calli^tephus .sinensis. Coniothyrium fi/ior on
leaves of Tilia cordata, C. spirwce on leaves of Spircea pubcsccns, Scptoria
perillw on leaves of Perilla ocimoides, and Septogloeum anemones on leaves of
Anemone sp.

Parasitism of Comandra umbellata, G. G. Hedgcock ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 3, pp. 133-135). — On account of C. nmbcUata serv-
ing as a host for the alternate or summer stage of the heteropcious rust,
Peridermium pyriforme, the author has investigated the root system of this
and a related species and has found C. ttmbeUata parasitic on 50 species of
plants covering a wide range of families, and. in addition, it was found on at
least 3 unidentified species of grasses.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 243

Attempts have been made to grow these plants in a greenhouse, and suc-
cessful results were obtained when they were transplanted without breaking
the roots of the parasite attached to those of the host, or when they were
germinated in the presence of the roots of the host plants after the seed had
been exposed to freezing temperatures.

It is stated that Meinecke found that seeds sown in 1913 remained dormant
until 1915, when they germinated and grew without attachment to host plants.
This indicates that species of Comandra can live without parasitism if neces-
sary, but it remains to be seen whether these plants will continue to grow
indefinitely without the presence of host plants.

The effects of illuminating gas on root systems, E. M. Haevey and R. C.
Rose (Bot. Gaz., 60 {1915), No. 1, pp. Zl-kh, figs. 9).— This investigation was
undertaken to determine some of the effects of illuminating gas on root sys-
tems, in order to secure further diagnostic characters of gas poisoning and to
ascertain whether the chief causes of gas injury are the soluble constituents or
the relatively insoluble ones which are found mainly in the interstices of the
soil.

Tests are described in which it is claimed that the odorous constituents of
gas, which are slightly or not at all toxic to roots of plants, were readily
absorbed and strongly held by the soil. The constituents remaining in the
gaseous state thus constituted the chief source of injury to root systems.
Ethylene is probably the most harmful of the constituents, except in very high
concentrations of illuminating gas, in which case other substances and other
factors may become operative.

High concentrations of illuminating gas resulted in rapid killing, with devel-
opment of no other symptoms. Low concentrations of ethylene gas, or of
illuminating gas having like concentrations thereof, caused abnormal develop-
ment of tissue, from 2.5 to 20 per cent of illuminating gas producing this effect
within 8 to 21 days.

Abnormal tissue development in the roots of woody plants often followed
slow percolation of gas through the soil. In low concentrations of illuminating
gas, hydrolysis of starch and some related chemical reactions were accelerated.

The etiolated sweet pea seedling is said to be a very delicate indicator of
illuminating gas in the soil.

A bibliography is appended.

The fungicidal and insecticidal action of hot water and hot coppei* sprays,
L. Semichon {Conipt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1 {1915), No. 5, pp. 190-206). —
It is stated that while the tissues of fruit trees and garden plants undex'go
without injury spraying for a few seconds with water at a temperature of about
65 to 75° 0. (149 to 167° F.), some of their common cryptogamic parasites are
checked by spraying at 55 to 65° C. (131 to 149° F.), and these temperatures
are also fatal to injurious insects.

These temperatures are said to confer increased capacity to spread, penetrate
interstices, and adhere in case of copper sprays. The cost of treatment and
possible adaptations thereof are also discussed.

Mildew of cereals (Sclerospora macrospora) in France, G. Aenaud {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1 {1915), No. 14, pp. 429-435, figs. 2). — The presence
of 8. macrospora on wheat is noted, supposedly its first appearance in France,
though not uncommon in parts of Italy, where other plants, cultivated or wild,
are also attacked.

The fungus appears to develop most favorably in moist localities, attacking
all aerial portions of the plant, but more commonly the leaf. It may cause
deformation, discoloration, and desiccation, the damage done to crops, however,
appearing to be comparatively small, except in very humid localities.

244 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Of preventive and remedial measures, drainage and rotation are regarded as
practicable, and cultivation of resistant varieties as desirable, if found to be
possible.

The action of sulphuric acid on stalk disease of wheat, J. Capus (Coinpt.
Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1 {1915), Ko. 6, pp. 224-231) .—The results are given
of a study on tlie development of foot or stalk disease of cereals ascribed to
Leptosjihceria herpotrichoides.

The action of sulphuric acid, regarding which conflicting opinions are held,
has been studied. It is thought that the killing of the lower leaves by the use
of this acid, as reported by Rabate (E. S. R., 30, p. 441), may be the actual
cause of the checking of the fungus, which is opposed by aeration and sunshine,
and also by di-yness of the soil, luxuriant growth or abundant soil moisture
being very favorable to its development.

Infection experiments with timothy rust, E. C. Stakman and Louise Jen-
sen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 5, pp. 211-216) .—As
a result of experiments carried on at the Minnesota Station, in which inocula-
tions were made on seedlings, the authors have found that timothy rust (which
has been called Puccinia phleipratensis) may be supcessfully transferred di-
rectly from timothy to Avcna sativa, A. fatua, A. elatior, Hordeum vulgare,
Secale cercale, Dactylis gJomerata, Elymus virginicus, LoJiuin italicum, L.
perenne, and Bromns tecionim.

Attempts to increase the infection capabilities of the rust by the use of bridg-
ing hosts for short periods of time were unsuccessful. The infection capabili-
ties of timothy rust are said to be quite similar to those of P. graminis aveno'.
Attempts to infect timothy with P. graminis avcnxe and P. graminis hnrdei were
unsuccessful. The morphology of the spores of timothy rust on different hosts
varies slightly, those produced on barley being considerably smaller than those
on more congenial hosts.

A heart rot of celeiy caused by bacteria, H. WoEi[ALD (Jour. Southeast. Agr.
Col. Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. 457-413, pis. 4, fig. 1).—A somewhat detailed ac-
count has already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 542) of the organism there de-
scribed as BaciUvs apiovorus n. sp., the cause of a celery rot. It is thought
probable, as the result of recent studies described, that several bacteria may be
concerned in the production of bacteriosis in celery.

The chief protective measures recommended are the burning of plants affected,
rotation, and control of attacks by snails, slugs, nematodes, and biting insects.

A bibliography is appended.

Dissemination of bacterial wilt of cucurbits, F. V. Rand ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 257-260, pi. 1). — A preliminary note is
given of investigations conducted to throw some light on the mode of hiberna-
tion of the bacteria which cause the wilt of cucurbits and of developing some
practical method of control.

Cucumber plants were grown in cages so constructed as to prevent the en-
trance of injurious insects, and the results obtained indicate that the wilt bac-
teria are carried over the winter by the hibernating beetles and inoculated into
the cucumbers as they feed upon the young leaves. From results obtained in
four cages, it appears that not all hibernating beetles can carry the disease, but
only those which have previously fed upon wiltetl plants. Negative evidence Is
also afforded by the fact that in all the cages from which beetles were excluded
the plants remained free from the disease in two fields where it was very
prevalent.

Some ginseng troubles, E. A. Bessey and J. A. McClintock (Michigan Sta.
Spec. Bui. 72 (1915), pp. 8-15, figs. 5). — Notes are given on the black rot of
ginseng, due to Sclerotinia panacis, the control of daniplng-off of ginseng seed-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245

lings by treatment of the soil with formaldehyde, and the ginseng nematode and
its relation to golden seal.

The blaclj rot fungus is said to attack the roots during the winter and not to
spread at all during the growing season. During the first winter only the
outer part of the diseased root is blackened, but during the second winter
infected roots turn black throughout and become more or less hollow and
shrunken. Sterilization of the soil with a 40 per cent solution of formalde-
hyde, 1 part to 50 or 1 part to 25, applied at the rate of 1 gal. per square foot,
has successfully controlled the black rot fungus. Sterilization with steam,
where such was possible, has also given good results.

For the control of the damping-olf of seedlings, soil sterilization by applica-
tion of a solution of formaldehyde is recommended.

A detailed account is given of studies conducted to determine whether golden
seal could be used in rotation with ginseng where nematodes were present in
the soil, a preliminary account of which has already been given (E. S. R., 31,
p. 345). For the control of the nematodes, no chemical treatment has been found
entirely satisfactory, and the only practical method seems to be that of steam
sterilization, which, it is said, would cost about $10 per 1,000 square feet of soil.

Experiments on the control of the root-knot nematode, J. A. McClintock
{Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 20 {1915), pp. 3-23).— The results of field and lab-
oratory experiments for the control of nematodes are given, the investigation
being carried on in connection with a study of ginseng diseases (see above).

In the field plats were enclosed by galvanized sheet iron to a depth of
30 in. and treated with carbon bisulphid, tobacco stems, sulphuric acid, formalde-
hyde solutions, naphthalin, ammonia, Black Leaf 40, tobacco dust, kerosene,
and gasoline. The data obtained from the above experiments indicate that
none of the treatments could be depended upon to eradicate the root-knot
nematode from the soil. Carbon bisulphid, tobacco stems, and strong formalde-
hyde solutions reduced the number of nematodes, and these treatments might
be practicable in case of rapidly growing crops, but they would not be of any
pai'ticular importance with a crop lilce ginseng, which occupies the soil from
four to sis years.

The laboratory experiments were carried out on egg masses treated with
a large number of different chemicals. Taken as a whole, it did not appear
that the chemicals could be depended upon to control nematodes as they did
not prevent the hatching of the eggs.

Steam sterilization under pressure of 70 lbs. for 30 minutes or 80 lbs. for 15
minutes, it is thought, would destroy all the nematodes present in soil.

Altemaria panax, th.e cause of a root rot of ginseng, J. Rosenbaxtm and
C. L. ZiNNSMEiSTEE {U. S. Dcpt. Agi'., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 4, pp.
181, 182, pis. 2). — While engaged in a study of the diseases of ginseng, the
authors noted in a garden near Cleveland, Ohio, roots which showed a peculiar
dry-rotted condition about the crown. An examination showed the presence
of an Alternaria-like fungus, closely resembling that described by Whetzel as
the cause of blight, to which the name A. panax was given (E. S. R., 27, p. 446).

By means of culture and inoculation experiments the authors have produced
the disease in which symptoms and lesions were characteristic when made from
both A. panax and the species thought to resemble it. As no cultural differ-
ences can be recognized, they believe the two fungi are identical and that the
organism causing the blight may also cause the root rot.

For control, in addition to spraying, care in ti'ansplanting so as to injure the
roots as little as possible, the removal of all tops and stems in the fall, and,
where the crowns of the roots are sufiiciently deep below the surface, burning
over the soil after the tops have been removed are recommended.

246 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED.

Some potato tuber rots caused by species of Fusarium, C. W. Cabpentee
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 5, pp. 183-210, pis 8).—
The object of this paper is to demonstrate tlie parasitic nature of certain species
of Fusarium, the tuber rots considered being all of the stem-end and wound-
parasitic type.

A new stem-end and wound-invading dry rot that is said to be the cause of
serious damage in Pennsylvania is attributed to F. eumartii n. sp. Anotlier
widely prevalent dry rot similar to the above is referred to F. radicicola. This
latter species and F. oxysporum are associated with the so-called jelly end rot,
a serious trouble in the tule lands of California. Experimental inoculations
show that F. oxysporum and F. hyperoxysporum, species of the section Elegans,
which has been reported as containing purely vascular parasites, are capable of
entirely destroying potato tubers. F. oxysporum is also said to be the cause
of certain types of tuber rot. F. radicicola will cause no rot at temperatures of
12° C, and constant storage temperatures below 50° F., it is said, will prevent
the action of F. radicicola, F. eumartii, and F. oxysporum. It is claimed that
the following species of Fusarium are added to those known to be tiie cause of
tiiber rot through wound infection : F. radicicola, F. eumartii, F. oxysporum. and
F. hyperoxysporum.

A bibliography of cited literature is given.

Germination and infection with the fungus of the late blight of potato
(Phytophtbora infestans), I. E. Melhus {Wisconsin Sta. Research Bui. 37
(1915), pp. 64, figs. 8). — The author presents the results of a study of external
influences on spore germination and a study of the infection of potato foliage
with Phytophthora.

The spores were found to germinate either directly by germ tubes or indirectly
by the production of zoospores, the type of germination being determined by
temperature, moisture, and medium. The spores were killetl in from 6 to 24
hours when exposed to dry atmospheric conditions such as exist in an ordinary
room, and by frost which is suflicient to kill the host plant. Leaf juices result-
ing from the softening of diseased tissues were found to have an inhibiting
effect on germination, but light did not hinder germination so long as the tem-
perature was not above the optimum. Indirect or zoospore germination was
found to take place in dew or rain in the open under field conditions, while direct
germination was not observed on foliage in the open.

The toxicity of various salts to P. infestans, and also Pla^mopara riticola,
was tested by the glass slide method, and it was found that, when subjected to
optimum temperature conditions for indirect germination, 0.0159 per cent of
corner was necessary to prevent germination. Slight changes in the amount of
calcium oxid in Bordeaux mixture were not found to change its toxicity mate-
rially, and Bordeaux mixture made by the so-called Woburn formula was not
more toxic than one high in lime. The spores of Plasmopara were found slightly
more resistant to the polysulphids than those of Phytophthora.

In connection with studies on infection of potato foilago, it was found that
plants chilled for periods of from 12 to 24 hours at 10 to 13° C. showed a greater
iimount of infection than controls held at higher temperatures. This is be-
lieved to be due to the effect on the fungus rather than on the host, as chilling
had no tendency to increase susceptibility. Infection becomes visible in two
to three days at temperatures between 23 and 27°, and it may take place on
foliage only when direct germination occurs, and through either the upper or
lower surface of the leaf. The difference in susceptibility of the upper and
lower surfaces is attributed to the difference in the relative number of stuin.'ita.

A bibliography is appended.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247

The control of potato diseases, H. T. Gussow {Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec.
Plants [etc.], 7 (19U-15), pp. 43-49, fig. 1).—A. discussion is given of potato
canker, which is said not to be known to exist at present in Canada, and of
powdery scab, which has not been observed west of Quebec, for protection from
wliich directions ai-e given, applying to infected tubers or soil, to diseased or
insect-infested plants, or stored tubers.

Distribution of the virus of the mosaic disease in capsules, filaments,
anthers, and pistils of affected tobacco plants, H. A, Allaed ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Joxir. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), Ko. 6, pp. 251-256, pi. 1). — Continuing earlier
woi'k (E. S. R., 30, p. 450), the results are given of inoculation experiments in
which various parts of the floral organs of plants infected with the mosaic
disease were used in an attempt to determine whether the disease might be
carried by seeds.

Successful inoculations were made where filaments, anthers, and pistils fur-
nished the inoculating material, and it is believed possible that embryonic de-
velopment never proceeds in those ovules actually invaded and infected by the
virus of the disease. In all experimental tests, germinable seeds from plants
infected with the disease always produced normal, healthy seedlings.

Fungus and other diseases of the apple and pear, G. P. Daknell-Smith and
E. MACKINNON (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 99 (1915), pp. 45, figs.
36). — A summary is given of local disorders of apple and pear.

Canker, here including diseases characterized by extended and persistent
lesions of the bark, is produced by Sphwropsis malorum, Glceosporium fructige-
num (Glomerella cingnlata), Vnlsa sp., and Phyllosticta sp., while some canker
producing organisms not yet recorded here are Nectria ditissima, Nummularia
discrefa, Phomopsis mali, and Bacillus amylovorus. Bitter rot (O. fructigenum,
ascigerous stage O. cingulata) of apple is controlled with Bordeaux mixture.
Black rot (S. malorum or Diplodia sp.) is discussed in connection with varietal
susceptibility of apples. Cytospora, the common pycnidlal stage of Valsa, is
described. Apple blotch (Phyllosticta solitaria), here very similar to P. pruni-
cola, is controlled by Bordeaux mixture. Blight (B. amylovorus) has been kept
out of Australia. Mildew (Podosphcera tridactyla or P. oxyacanthce) is con-
trolled with a spray of lime sulphur or of iron sulphid, applied when the biids
are unfolding. Crown gall (Bacterium tumefaciens) is controlled by rigid re-
jection of suspected nursery stock. Apple scab (Ventu7-ia in<equalis, conidial
stage Fusicladium dendriticum) is in a degree resisted by about one-third of the
varieties named, while pear scab (V. pyrina) attacks severely several varieties.
Bitter pit is dealt with at some length in connection with recent statements by
McAlpine (E. S. R., 33, p. 582). Glassiness or water core is also described.

Of noncryptogamic disorders, spray injury, frost band, and chlorosis are
briefly discussed.

Collar blight and related forms of fire blight, C. R. Oeton and J. F. Adams
(Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 136 (1915), pp. 3-23, figs. 14).— A description is given
of a form of fire blight which principally attacks the trunks of apple trees
near the surface of the ground. This trouble seems to be quite common and
destructive in Pennsylvania, and is said to be quite distinct from the winter in-
jury and some forms of root rot with which it is often confused.

The cause of collar blight is Bacillus amylovorus, the well-known fire blight
organism, and different varieties of apple seem to vary in regard to sus-
ceptibility to attack.

Among the predisposing factors to collar blight are fertilization, mulching,
cultivation, root grafting, and the age of trees. It seems to be more prevalent on
trees which have been highly fertilized with nitrogenous manures. INIulching
about the trees also is conducive to the appearance of collar blight, and cultiva-

248 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

tion, through the possible injury of the bark, is thought to favor the entrance of
the organism. The propagation of orchard trees by root grafting is said to
favor this form of the trouble, as top-worked or budded trees do not appear
to be so commonly attacked.

The authors discuss methods of dissemination, the organism being apparently
distributed largely by insects.

For control, cutting out the blight and sterilizing the cut surfaces with cor-
rosive sublimate, after which the cut area is coated with white-lead paint, are
recommended.

A brief description is given of blossom blight, fruit blight, twig blight, and
canker blight, which are due to the same organism as that causing collar blight
and which occur on apple, pear, and quince trees.

A bacterial disease of stone fruits, F. M. Rolfs (New York Cornell Sta.
Mem. 8 (.1915), pp. 375-436, figs. 12). — In this publication, which is also a thesis
for the degree of doctor of philosophy in Cornell University, the author de-
scribes a bacterial disease of stone fruits due to Bacterium pritni.

Cultivated varieties of the apricot, nectarine, peach, and .several varieties
of plum are affected by this disease, various names being given to it, such as
leaf spot and shot hole on the leaves, black spot and crack of the fruit, black
spot and black tip of the young twigs, and bacterial canker when the disease
occurs as open perennial wounds on branches. The trouble is reported from
20 States, extending from Connecticut to Florida and westward as far as Kansas,
Oklahoma, and Texas.

The symptoms of the disease are described at length, after which the mor-
phology and cultural relations of the organism are given. Attention is called
to the varying resistance of different varieties to attack, the majority of Ameri-
can varieties suffering but little, while nearly all Japanese varieties of plum
are very subject to the disease. Other host plants show similar differences
in susceptibility.

Experiments for the prevention of the disease indicate that Bordeaux mixture
will control it, but as the foliage of the peach and nectarine is specially sensitive
to the action of copper salts, these must be greatly reduced. Self-boiled lime
sulphur alone was found to be much less effective than Bordeaux mixture, but
after 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead was added to 50 gal. of the lime sulphur it be-
came much more effective.

For the control of this disease the author recommends careful selection of
stock, the cutting out of old neglected trees where young trees are being planted,
thorough preparation of the soil, and complete fertilization, together with the
spraying.

A bibliography is given.

Little leaf (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 10, 11). — A disease designated as
little leaf is said to attack different kinds of trees and is particularly serious
on peaches in the San Joaquin Valley.

An investigation has been made of the trouble, and the results thus far ob-
tained indicate that it is accompanied by a lack of available nitrogen in the
soil. This may be due to a lack of total nitrogen or to a lack of nitrifying
power.

Abnormal bacterial conditions have been found in soils in connection with
this disease, as well as dieback and mottled leaf, and this has led Lipman to
conclude that these physiological diseases are probably associated with weak
nitrifying power of the soil (E. S. R., 33, p. 740).

Fall spraying for peach leaf curl, D. Reddick and L. A. Toan (New York
Cornell Sta. Circ. 31 (1915), pp. 65-73, fig. 1). — An account is given of spraying
of peach orchards for the control of leaf curl, lime-sulphur solution being used

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 249

as a fall application. The investigations of the authors, as well as reports from
growers, have in no case shown that lime-sulphur solution applied late in the
fall was not effective for the control of leaf curl, and it is believed that this
treatment would be a safe practice for New York orchardists.

Preliminary note on a disease of Carica papaya, W. Nowell [Agr. News
[Barbados], 14 {1915), No. 341, p. 174)- — What appears to be a well marked
disease on the stem, leaves, and fruit of papaya in Barbados, is ascribed to a
Colletotrichum. A disease which may prove to be of similar causation is re-
ported from Montserrat as particularly prevalent in the neighborhood of
Plymouth.

Some observations on red rust of tea plants, A. R. W. Ivebkhovex (Depf.
l.andh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 32
{1914), pp. 35-40). — Oiving the results of observations during several years,
the author concludes that Cepfialeuros virescens, though often found in asso-
ciation with attack by Helopeltis, is itself the direct cause of the losses asso-
ciated with red rust of the tea plant. This disease, which is now common In
parts of Java, is said to attack more severely the younger and weaker plants,
especially those of the finer types. The relation of Helopeltis to attack by the
alga is discussed, as is also that of severe pruning.

Use of Bordeaux mixture is said to prove inadequate as a means of control,
and the same is true of other direct treatments. Emphasis is laid upon im-
provement of cultural conditions as the best means of protection.

Ascochyta clematidina, the cause of stem rot and leaf spot of clematis,
W. O. Gloyeb {New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 44 {19 15), pp. 3-14, pis. 5).— This
is a reprint of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 33. p. 650).

The presence in human beings of bacteria capable of producing' plant
tumors, Q. Fkiedemann and W. Magnus {Ber. Deut. Bot. GeseU.,33 {1915), Xo.
k, pp. 96-107, pi. 1 ) . — This is partly a report on the continuation of studies by
Magnus (E. S. R., 34, p. 56).

Results are given of studies regarding the capability of Bacterium tumefaciens
to produce abnormal growths in plant tissue. The omnivorous character of this
organism and its ready physiological modification are well shown by results of
inoculations as described. It is thought that tissue production in plants after
inoculation may bear some relation to wound tissue formation.

[Nematodes attacking- ornamental plants], F. Y. Theobald {Jour. South-
east. Agr. Col. TTye, No. 22 {1913), pp. 286-291, pis. 2, figs. 2).— It is stated
that the breeding place of the chrysanthemum nematode {Aphelenchus ritsema-
bosi) has been found to be the flower buds. Larvffi hatched in the soil died, but
those hatched in the bud lived when transferred to the soil and attacked the
J-oots developed by healthy cuttings. Soil, dead plants, and cuttings may be vehi-
cles for their dissemination.

Badly stunted and deformed larkspur proved to be full of nematodes as to the
lower portion of the stem, and these nematodes attacked larkspur planted in soil
in which they had been placed. It is thought that the organism, Tylenchus
deva^tatrlT, was introduced with the manure. The same nematodes also were
found in hyacinths, where their presence produced a peculiar stunted appear-
ance. The infection is thought to come by way of the bulbs, which, however, do
not show externally the effects of the attack, which is said to have been ascribed
previously to a distinct species, T. hyacinthi.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— EITTOMOLOGY.

The vise of carbon bisulphid against phylloxera and other insect enemies
of plants, Y. YEEiidBEL and Ckolas {Guide du Yigneron de VHorticulteur et
de VAgriculteur pour VEmploi du Sulfure de Carbone contre le Phylloxera et

250 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

les Parasites des Plantes. VillefrancJie (Rhone) : Librairie du Progres Agricole
et Viticole, [1915], 17. ed., pp. 132, figs. 7^).— This treatise gives general direc-
tions, etc., for tlie use of carbon bisulphid in combating insect enemies of plants.

Cotton-seed oil soap as a substitute for whale-oil soap, W. W. Yothebs
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 298, 299).— The author's experiments show
that cotton-seed oil soap, which does not possess the disagreeable odor of fish oil
soap, can be used as a substitute for it.

Arsenate"bf lime or calcium arsenate, AV. SI. Scott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), No. 2, pp. 194-199). — ^A somewhat more detailed account than that pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 33, pp. 339, 340).

The prevention of rabbit injury to young apple trees, E. N, CJoby (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 270, 27i ) .— Lime-sulphui' is said to have given
satisfactory results and to be the most economical wash that can be used in the
protection of large orchards against cotton-tail rabbits.

Seventh annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants
from Insects and Fungus Diseases, 1914-15 (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec.
Plants [etc.'i, 7 (19U-15), pp. US, figs. 3i).— Among the more important en-
tomological papers presented in this, the usual annual report (E. S. R., 32, p.
151), are the following: Some Successes and Failures in Controlling Insects in
1914, by C. R. Crosby <pp. 23-33) ; The Brown-tail Moth in New Brunswick, by
E. H. Strickland (pp. 59-64) ; Forest In.sect Conditions in Stanley Park, Van-
couver, B. C, by R. N. Clu-ystal (pp. 72-75) ; Some Insect Parasites of the Bud
Moth (pp. 76, 77) and Two Bacterial Diseases of Injurious Insect Larvje (pp.
81-85), by E. M. DuPorte ; Shade Tree Insects in Quebec, by J. M. Swaine (pp.
91-115) ; and Principal Injurious Insects of the Season, 1914 (pp. 121-125),
Insects Affecting Shade Trees, Greenhouse Plants, Domestic Animals, and the
Household (pp. 126-134), and Useful Keys to Some Economic Families of In-
sects (pp. 135-142), by W. Lochhead,

Four parasites, namely, Pimpla (Itoplcctes) conquisitor, (Microdus) Bassus
earinoides, Opius (Biostcres) sp., and Pcntarthron vtinutum (Trichogramma
pretiosa) have been reared by DuPorte from the bud moth, of which all but J/.
earinoides are recorded from this host for the first time. DuPorte also briefly
reports upon work with a disease of the tent caterpillar due to a spore-bearing
bacillus, and with the disease of the white grub caused by Micrococcus nigro-
faciens.

[Insect pests in Bihar and Orissa], E. J. Woodhouse (Ann. Rpt. Agr. Stas.
Bihar and Orissa, 1913-14, pp. 10-14). — Brief accounts are given of the insects
dealt with during the year under report, including the black cutworm, potato
tuber worm, rice worm (Nijmphvla depu7ictalis), etc.

The Hessian fly and the western wheat- stem sawfly in Manitoba, Sas-
katchewan, and Alberta, N. Criddle (Canada Dcpt. Agr., Ent. Branch Bui. 11
(1915). pp. 23. figs. 4). — The first part of this bulletin (pp. 7-15) deals with the
life history and bionomics of and control measures for the Hessian fly as studied
by the author in the Canadian Northwest, where it has been the source of con-
siderable injury. It is thought to have reached Manitoba during the middle
eighties, although no definite records of its appearance in that Province are
available prior to 1899, in which year the attack covered practically the whole
area under wheat crop, causing a loss of from 10 to 30 per cent.

The second part of this bulletin (pp. 16-23) deals with the western wheat-
stem sawfly (Cci)hus occidcntalis), first recorded in Canada in 1S95. an account
of which pest by Webster and Reeves has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23,
p. 56).

ECOlSrOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 251

Further studies of the enemies of clover, G. del Guercio (Redia, 10 {1915),
Xo. 1-2, pp. 235-301. figs. .'^2) . — This paper includes information additional to
that previously noted [lu. S. R., 31, p. S4S).

Important insect pests collected on imported nursery stock in 1914, E. R.
Sasscer {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 2, pp. 268-270).— A brief account is
given of the more important insect pests detected on nursery stock at ports of
entry.

Orchard insect pests and methods of control, H. F. Wilson {Portland, Oreg.:
Pacific Horticultural Correspondence School, 1915, pp. 126, pis. 4, figs. 47). — ^A
popular treatise prepared for use in correspondence school vs^ork.

On some insects injurious to forestry in the Baltic governments, V. N.
RoDziANKO {Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 5, p. 217). — A report
of v\-ork carried on at the entomological laboratory established in February,
1914, as a branch of the Baltic station.

The minor horrors of war, A. E. Shipley (London: Smith, Elder d Co., 1915,
2. ed., pp. XIX-\-178, figs. 64)- — This work deals with the various ectoparasites,
flies, etc., which may transmit disease to man, and with the Mediterranean
flour moth in soldiers' biscuits.

Observations on the life history of Bupalus piniarius, V. Platnikoff
{Lesnoi Jour., 44 {1914), No. 5, pp. 801-810; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 2, pp. 314, 315). — In
uddition to pine the lepidopteran here considered attacks spruce, juniper, and
more rarely spruce cones.

Notes on the biology of Orgyia dubia, N. Sachakov (Rev. Russe Ent., 14
(1914), No. 4, pp. 7, figs. 2; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 5, p.
219). — This lepidopteran is common in the Government of Astrakhan and in
other parts of southeastern Russia. The caterpillars breed on wild plants,
largely on wormwood and also on Alhagi camelorum, and at times may cause
considerable injury to fodder grasses.

Preliminary note on the life history of the codling moth in Illinois, S. A.
Forbes (Urbana, III.: Off. State Ent., 1915, pp. 15, figs. 6). — Extraordinary
losses of apples in southern Illinois in 1914 from injury by the codling moth,
notwithstanding skilled and persistent spraying, led to a general inquiry as to
exact details of its life history in Illiuos. Observations and experiments are
under way, but in the meantime this preliminary circular is issued as a help
to an understanding of the problem.

Cutworms and their control, A. Gibson (Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch
Bui. 10 (1915), pp. 31, figs. 20).— This is a revised and enlarged edition of that
part of Bulletin 3 (E. S. R., 27, p. 659) dealing with cutworms.

Rearing of moths and Tachina flies from larvae and pup as of army worm in
North Carolina in 1914, F. Sherman, Jr. (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2,
pp. 299-302). — Rearings and observations here reported indicate that Winthemia,
qtiadripustulata, an account of which by Metcalf has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 20, p. 1051), is the chief insect parasite of the army worm in the central
part of North Carolina and that Phorocera claripennis was also an appreciable
factor in 1914. Architas analis and Goniomyia unifasciata both killed many
pupre in western North Carolina in 1914.

A new pest, the chrysanthemum midge (Rhopalomyia hypogsea), E. P.
Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, p. 267). — This midge is said to have
caused serious injury in the houses of a commercial chrysanthemum grower in
Michigan.

The economic relations of the Sarcophagidae, J. M. Aldrich (Jotir. Econ.
Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 242-247). — Records of the rearing of Sarcophagidse as

252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

parasites of insects are brought togetlier, and additional data by R. R. Parlier
follows (pp. 246, 247).

Notes on the onion magg-ot in 1914, A. I. Boubne (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {.1915),
No. 2, pp. 276-279). — A report of work carried on in continuation of that pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 350).

How contact insecticides kill, G. D. Shafer {Michirjan Sta. Tech. Bui. 21
(1915), pp. 67, pi. 1, figs. 3). — In this second report, which forms part 3 of the
studies previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 753), the author considers certain prop-
erties of carbon bisulphid, gasoline, and a few other fluids, as well as tempera-
ture and some dry powdered contact insecticides by means of which the insecti-
cidal action of these agents is accomplished after their absorption into the insect
tissues or after mere application.

The general conclusions drawn are as follows :

" Reductases, catalases, and oxidases were found in water extracts and in the
insoluble pulp of the tissues of Passalus cornutus and other insects. ^loreover,
almost certain evidence indicated that the same three kinds of enzyra-like bodies
exist in the intact tissues of living insects. Heat of certain intensities, and the
several contact insecticides studied (gasoline, carbon disulphid, hydrocyanic acid
gas, sodium fluorid, etc.), when used at a concentration sufficient to kill insects,
deleteriously affected the activities of reductases, catalases, and oxidases —
usually in unequal degree, thus disturbing the natural or normal balance of such
activities. If the catalase, oxidase, and reductase activities are actually of as
vital importance to the life processes of the tissue cells as certain evidence indi-
cated, then the deleterious action of the contact insecticides studied in this con-
nection must be an important factor — perhaps, in some cases, the determining
factor — in causing the death of treated insects.

" A study of the influence of the various contact insecticide.? upon the life
processes in nervous tissue cells seems of next importance In this connection.
Fat or fat-like membranes (e. g., lard and lanolin) absorbed ga.soline vapor (and
chloroform vapor) from air charged with that vapor, and the absorbed vapor
rendered the membranes less permeable to oxj-gen. This finding may, in part,
account for the fact that less oxygen was used by an insect deeply under the
influence of gasoline, since a similar condition existed — in that, under such cir-
cumstances, the lipoids of the living, oxygen-absorbing cells, and of the body
fluids surrounding them, were impregnated with gasoline. So also, the same find-
ing may help to explain the fact tliat. in the presence of air containing gasoline
vapor, less hydroquinon was oxidized in an ' insect tissue extract plus hydro-
quinon solution' (in which the reductase had mostly passed) than was the case
when the same extract was in pure air.

" "Waxen membranes which had been thoroughly wet with lime-.sulphur solu-
tion were found to be less permeable to oxygen than before they were treated
with the solution. Thus lime-sulphur, in addition to its effect as described in a
former paper, would render the waxen covering of a scale insect less permeable
to oxygen.

"Pupre of the luna moth and adults of P. corntitus in a dormant condition
from cold absorbed much less gasoline vapor or vapor of ether in air than did
the same insects when they were most active, at a warm room temperature, in
air charged with practically the same percentage of vapor. This lowered
absorption capacity which was found to accompany the dormant condition may
furnish the chief explanation of the fact that insects dormant from cold are
harder to kill by ordinary fumigants and by those contact sprays which depend
partly upon volatile insecticide ingredients for their effectiveness.

" It was found that certain nonvolatile, powdered solids were able to net as
effective contact insecticides when used on certain insects. Such dry, powdered

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253

insecticides stucli fast iu exudations on portions of the insect body, wliere they
became partly dissolved, after wliich they appeared to be slowly absorbed
tbrougti tlie body integument.

" Both powdered borax and sodium fluorid may kill cockroaches in the man-
ner of purely contact agents, but normally they become stomach poisons as
well — since the roaches regularly lick and swallow some of the powder in clean-
ing it from their bodies. •

" In tlie case of powdered solid contact insecticides, the advantage seemed
to lie in having the powder so fine and dry that it could sift readily into all
crevices and could adhere well. Similarly, other things being equal, a weak
surface tension gave a liquid contact insecticide an advantage, enabling it to
thoroughly wet the bodies of insects and to flow into all irregularities of the
area treated.

"Among several substances which were found to increase the ' spread ' of lime-
sulphur solution, saponin or extracts taken directly from the stems and leaves
of Saponaria officinalis (bouncing bet) seemed to be best. It is suggested that
perhaps the use of extracts from ' bouncing-bet hay ' with lime-sulphur solution
might prove profitable in orchard spray practice.

"Experiments with ammonia (derived from dry liquefied ammonia) as a
fumigant for mill insects were rather disappointing, but the liquefied ammonia
was easy to apply and might prove to be a desirable fumigant for insects in some
instances.

" When carbon tetrachlorid was compared with carbon disulphid as to its
action on grain insects in tight flasks, six times as much of the former was
required for effective fumigation. The carbon tetrachlorid was vaporized with
heat and satisfactorily used at the rate of 3.55 lbs. for 100 cu. ft. of air space,
to insure furs against moths — fumigation being repeated every five weeks during
the summer months. The charge as used killed adults of Tinea Mselliella.

" Evidence indicates that heat might be applied to advantage as an insecticide
in many situations where it has never been the practice to use it."

Winter cover washes, A. H. Lees {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1015), No. S-4, pp.
S51-364 ) . — The experiments here reported were conducted with a view to obtain-
ing more definite information on psylla control, experience having shown that
a lime wash applied as late as possible before the buds burst in the spring will
cause a very decided decrease in their attack.

The results indicate that " a thick covering largely prevented the appearance
of larvse in the buds. The lime coatings largely prevented rupture of the egg-
shell, and where rupture had taken place many had not succeeded in getting out
of the shell. Of those that had, many did not succeed in getting to the surface.
Of those that had succeeded in getting to the surface, a good proportion were
killed by the powdery lime adhering to their bodies. The whiting coat almost
entirely prevented hatching, but did not have such a desiccating action. Under
laboratorj^ conditions a thin wash as lime and water 1 : 10 produced as good a
result as a thick wash, but under outside conditions a thick coat is necessary in
order to allow for the eroding power of weather conditions." Thus it appears
that the beneficial action of lime wash on psylla eggs is due to the mechanical,
sealing action rather than to any chemical effect.

Correction of the misuse of the g'eneric name Musca, with, description of
two new genera, C. H. T. Townsend {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 {1915), No. 12,
pp. 433-4S6). — The genera Promusca of which Musca domestica is the genotype
and Vivipart)musca of which if. bczzi is the genotype are erected. It is pointed
out that M. vomitoria was designated by Latreille in 1810 as the type of the
genus Musca.

22434°— No. 3—16 5

254 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Further reports on flies as carriers of infection {Rpts. Local Govt. Bd.
[Gt. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Subjs., n. scr., No. 102 (1914), PP- S2; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., S {1915), Ser. B., No. 6, pp. S8-90).— Three articles are pre-
sented in the seventh of these reports (E. S. R., 30, p. 756).

Do house flies hibenmtef by S. 31. Copeman and E. E. Austen. — Fifty-eight
consignments of flies were received from all parts of England in response to a
request for specimens of flies, sent out in order to obtain definite information
regarding hibernation. These were represented by 94 specimens, as follows:
Pollenia rudis, 27; Muscina stabulans, 14; Musca domestica, 12; Pyrellia
eriophthalma, 12; Musca corvina, 9; Limnophora septemnotata, 6; CaUipho-ra
crythrocephala, 3; Fannia canicularis, 3; Phaonia signata, 2; Dasyphora
pratorum, 1 ; Phorbia muscariu, 1 ; Muscina pabulorum, 1 ; Chloropisca notata,
1; Blepharoptera serrata, 1; and TephrocMami^ canescens, 1,

Notes presented as to conditions under which they were found are said to
afford no support to the belief that in England house flies hibernate in the
adult stage. The few specimens of the house fly were all taken in an active
condition. Some of the other flies, however, such as the extremely common
P. rudis, were often found partially dormant.

The destruction of flies by means of bacterial cultures, by J. M. Bernstein. —
Experiments were conducted by the author along the line followed by Hesse,
who was led in 1912 to the conclusion that Mucor racemosus is polymorphic
and that Empusa muscw is merely a parasitic form of it.

" There can be no doubt that the original statement made by Hesse concern-
ing the possiliility of experimentally bringing about the deaths of flies by E.
muscw has been verified, but there is much to be done on the subject yet, in
order that points still obscure may be satisfactorily cleared up. In the first
place the development of the spores of Empusa in moist chambers has not
been satisfactorily followed out, nor has the development of M. racemosus
from the Empusa spore been proved."

An investigation of Mr. Hesse's work on the supposed relationship of Empusa
musc(P and Mucor racemosus, by J. Ramsbottora. — The author gives an account
of the cultivation of spores of E. musco". It is stated that so far as preliminary
observations go a single Empusa spore on germination has never given rise to
the mycelium and eventually the fruit of .1/. racemosus, and where such have
occurred in a culture the mycelium could usually be tracetl to a cluster of
spores which might easily have had the smaller spores of Mucor in their midst.

The olfactory sense of Coleoptera, X. E. McIndoo (Biol. Bui., Mar. Biol. Lab.
Woods Hole, 28 (1915), No. 6, pp. 407-460, pis. 2. figs. S).

One new genus and two new species of Cerambycidae, W. S. Fisheb (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 (1915), No. 2, pp. 77-79).— The genus Paratimia and the
species P. conicola and Hylotrupes juniperi, the former reared from old cones
of Pinus aticnuata in California and the latter from dying juniper (Juniperus
pachypliloca) in Arizona, are described.

A unique type of insect injury, W. R. McConnell (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915). No. 2, pp. 261-267). — An account is given of the bean leaf beetle (Cero-
toma trifurcata), the larva of which has been found to feed upon and injure
the nodules on the roots of the cowpea in the lower Mississippi Valley.

The apple flea weevil in Illinois (Orchestes canus), P. A. Glenn (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 27.9-286' K— Substantially noted from another
source (E. S. R., 31, p. 4.56).

The Malayan locust (Pachytylus sp.), H. C. Pratt {Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay
States Bui. 2'f (ini5), pp. .}?, pis. 13, flgs. -J1.^ — -V description is given of the life
history of I'dchyhilus sp.. with an account of its distributidn and jiractical
methods for controlling its increase. Notes on the distribution and destruction

FOODS — HUMAN NUTKITION". 255

of locusts in the Federated Malay States in 1913 and 1914 and field methods by
F. de la Mare Norris are also included (pp. 28^2).

Rhabdoblatta brunneonigra, a new cockroach, from China, A. N. Caudell
{Pror. Ent. Soc. Was7i., 17 (1915), No. 2, pp. 9-i, 95, fig. 1).

A new Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera) from British Guiana, J. D. Hood
(Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 8, pp. 241-2U, fid- 1).— Hoplandrothrips afflnis,
n. sp., the only representative of the genus from South America, was collected
from between leaf sheaths of sugar cane, at Rose Hall, Berbice, British Guiana.

Life history of Thelia bimaculata (Membracidae), W. D. Funkhousek (Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amcr., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. UO-152, fiys. iO).— This article relates to
one of the most common and widely distributed species of Membracidre in tlie
eastern United States. It is said to be abundant on locust (RoUnia pseudaca-
da) in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., where the studies were conducted.

Some new species of Jassoidea, S. E. Ckumb (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 8 (1915),
No. 2, pp. 189-198, pi. i). — Six species of Deltocephalus, three of Chlorotettix,
and one each of Athysauus, Phlepsius, and Eutettix are described as new. .

Observations on the oviposition of certain capsids, H. H. Knight (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 293-298, pis. 2, fig. i ) .—Observations made
during 1914 of the oviposition of the apple red bug (Heterocordylus malinus),
false apple red bug (Lygide<v mendax), false tarnished plant bug (Lygtis in-
■vitus). and Paracalocoris colon are reported upon.

The use of water under pressure for the control of mealy bug, W. W.
YoTHEEs (Jom: Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 304, 3(^5).— Reference is made
to a 200-acre citrus grove in Florida where the mealy bug is controlled through
the application of water under a pressure of 60 lbs. Three sprays are said to
be sufficient to control quite a severe infestation.

The citricola scale (Coccus citricola), H. J. Qtjayle (-Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), No. 2, pp. 291, 292). — A description of this scale by Campbell has been
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 57).

An outbreak of the alfalfa looper (Autographa gamma calif ornica), .1. R.
Parkee (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. £S6-29i ) .— The alfalfa looper,
previously unknown in Montana as a pest of any importance, attracted attention
during 1914 in all parts of the State, but was particularly injurious in the cen-
tral and south central counties.

Carnivorous habits of Xylina bethunei, G. E. Sanders (Canad. Ent., 47
(1915), No. 6, pp. 183, 184).— The fifth and sixth stage larvse of X. letliunei,
the most common fruit worm or apple worm in Nova Scotia, have been found
to eat into the cocoons of the forest tent-caterpillar and devour the pupse.
Forty-five of 160 cocoons collected at Bridgetown, Nova Scotia, July 8 to 10,
from apple trees were found to have been destroyed by these larvae.

FOODS— HITMAN NUTRITION.

The alimentation of man, P. Franz (Rev. Inst. Agr. Cataldn San Isidro,
63 (1914). Nos. 9, pp. 129-132; 11, pp. 168-172; I4. pp. 228-231; 15, pp. 246-248;
16, 257-259; 17, 273-275; 19, 309-313).— A summary and digest of data which
consider the fundamental principles of nutrition and give information regarding
the chemical composition and cost of the more important foods making up the
diet in Spain.

Report of the fruit and vegetable utilization experiment station of the
royal horticultural institute at Dahlem for 1913 (Landtc. Jahrb., 46 (1914),
Ergmisungsb., pp. 78-90, figs. 2). — The experiment station reports as a part of
its work (for the year 1913) the following studies of fruits and vegetables: The
estimation of solanin in tomatoes ; the ohemical composition of rhubarb, the fruit

256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of the Japanese quince, dried bananas, pulp from cider presses, and raspberry
juice; an investigation of a vegetable food product prepared by combining
cereals, legumes, and fresh vegetables ; a study of the material lost in the blanch-
ing of mushrooms; and tests of the comparative value of pears preserved in
different ways.

The chemistry of fiesh foods. — II— IV, The composition and nutritive value
of the retail cuts of mutton and lamb, A. :M. Wright (Trans, and Proc. Xew
Zeal. Inst., 47 (1914), PP- 569-572). — The investigations here reported are a con-
tinuation of previous work (E. S. R., 28, pp. 365, 366). Ten each of average
quality sheep and lambs were weighed alive, immediately slaughtered, and
weights and percentages of the carcasses and of each of the by-products deter-
mined. A carcass of mutton and a carcass of lamb were cut into the joints
usually offered for sale in the retail trade and the weights and percentages of
fat, lean meat, and bone in each of the cuts recorded. Data are given regarding
the relative costs of tlie different retail cuts and the composition of the boneless
meat.

The density of wheat as an index of its milling value, Lindet, Fleurent,
and Akpin (Compt. Rend. Aead. Ayr. France, 1 (1915), No. 21, pp. 632-S3S). —
Analytical data are given from which the authors conclude that the weigiit of a
unit volume of grain is of practically no use as a standard for the evaluation of
wheat. A number of factors which affect this value are considered somewhat
at length.

The nutritive value of hay, straw, and other plant parts, H. Fbiedenthal
(Die NdhrwerterschVusHuny in JIcu und Stroh und Pflanzenteilcn allcr Art.
Leipsic: Reichenbach'sche Verlagsbuehhandlung, 1915, pp. 47, figs. 7). — A sum-
mary and digest of data which considers especially the metlioil of preparing
such materials for food purposes. Analyses of several kinds of straw are given,
and the composition of these substances compared with that of some common
food materials.

Army biscuit recipes, Miss L. M. Badcock (Jour. Roy. Army lied. Corps, 2S
(1914), ^0. 4' PP- 4-i^-450). — Recipes are given for the preparation of several
dishes of which army biscuits form a basis.

Banana meal from Jamaica (Bui. Imp. In^t. [So. Kensington], 13 (1915),
No. 2, pp. 200. 201). — Comparative analyses are reported of banana flour, wheat
flour, and maize meal. The banana flour contained less protein and fat but
more ash than either wheat or maize flour.

Viability of Bacillus typhosus in ice cream, O. W. H. Mitchell (Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc., 65 (1915), No. 21, pp. 1795-1797).— In discussing the rea-
sons for undertaking this investigation, the author refers to several epidemics
of typhoid fever in which the evidence pointed strongly toward ice cream as
the cause, although conclusive proof was not secured. In the experiments re-
ported six mixtures of ice cream were prepared according to common house-
hold recipes, and typhoid bacilli added in quantities varying from 40.000 to
320.000 bacilli for each cubic centimeter of the mixture. After freezing, samples
of 100 cc. of the inoculated ice creams were packed in ice and salt and stored
at temperatures varying from —3 to —4° C. The lengths of time after which
Bacillus typhosus was isolated from the various samples varied from 12 to 39
days.

[Food inspection, pure food, and other topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K.
Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 (1915), No. 21, pp. 355-368) .—The
results of the inspection of a number of .samples of food and beverages are
given, together with Information regarding some patent medicines. Among the
pure food topics considered are warnings against the use of second-hand kegs
for soft drinks and the use of saccharin in foods.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION". ^57

A penny lunch, Saeah W. Maury and Lena L. Tachau {Louisville, Ky.:
1915, pp. 6Jf, pis. 2). — This book gives information regarding the lunch served
at the normal school in Louisville, Ky., especially as to the equipment and the
foods served. Recipes are also included.

Your household budget in graphic form, Emma A. Winslow ( [New York:
Author}, 1914, PP- 6, fig. 1). — This consists of blank charts in which the income
and expenses for food, clothiii.?, etc., may be shown graphically.

Mary at the farm and book of recipes compiled during her visit among- the
'''Pennsylvania Germans," P]i)ith M. Thomas (Norristoicn, Pa.: John Harten-
stine, 1915, pp. ^0, pis. 20, figs. 30). — This book is in reality a study of house-
keeping conditions among the inhabitants of German descent in southeastern
Pennsylvania. It contains information rarely seen in print regarding many old
handicrafts, as well as many recipes tested by long use among practical house-
keepers of the region. It also gives much advice regarding the general prin-
ciples of housekeeping.

Aluminum alloys and their use for canteens and cooking utensils, J. Boes
and H. Weyland (Ztsclir. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gennssmtl., 30 {1915), No. 8, pp.
800-305). — Chemical analyses are reported of five aluminum alloys which con-
tained appreciable quantities of copper, iron, nickel, magnesia, and silicon.
Experiments were carried out to determine the durability of these alloys under
such conditions as are common in the everyday iise of cooking utensils. The
results of the tests indicated that owing to the increased tendency of the
aluminum in an alloy to go into solution in the presence of electrolytes, weak
bases, or organic acids these alloys are entirely unsuitable for cooking purposes.

Role of the pancreas in the digestion and absorption of fat. — I, Digestion,
E. F. Teeroine (Jour. Pyhsiol. et Path. G6n., 15 {1913), No. 6, pp. 1125-1133). —
Studies are reported of the relationship between the chemical composition,
physical properties, and digestibility of fats. Experiments in vitro showed that
in general the digestibility was more complete in the case of those fats containing
a large percentage of triolein, while the physical properties of the fats appeared
to tlie author to be of secondary importance. Of the vegetable fats studied,
walnut oil, and of the animal fats, human fat, were the most labile toward pan-
creatic lipase.

Role of the pancreas in the digestion and absorption of fat. — II, Absorp-
tion, E. F. Terroine and J. Weill {Jour. Physiol, et Path. G6n., 15 {1913), No.
6, pp. 1148-115S). — Feeding experiments with laboratory animals are reported,
the rate of fat absorption in the case of goose fat, coconut oil, pork fat, mutton
fat, and cacao butter being determined by analysis of the blood at a given time
after the ingestion of fat.

Goose fat and coconut oil were the most rapidly absorbed. In general the rate
of absorption corresponded to the rate of digestion in vitro. Saponification
seemed necessary to absorption, for the fatty acids readily soluble in bile ap-
peared more quickly in the blood stream.

The ferments of the pancreas. — V, The carbohydrate ferments of pan-
creatic juice, J. Mellanby and V. J. AVoolley {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1915), No. 4,
pp. 246-264). — From a consideration of the results of experiments in vitro to
determine the nature and properties of pancreatic juice, the authors advance the
following hypothesis :

" Pancreatic juice contains one carbohydrate ferment only (amylopsin). In a
neutral medium, or in the presence of neutral salts, this ferment breaks down
starch to dextrin and maltose only. When acid is added to pancreatic juice, the
ferment associates itself with some of the acid, and the activity of the ferment
is determined by the hydrogen-ion concentration of this ferment complex."

258 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

In addition, they conclude that "the activity of pancreatic juice to which
hydrochloric acid has been added suggests that this secretion is capable of hydro-
lyzing the starch of a dietary to dextrose. Pancreatic juice alone or in the
presence of neutral salts, acids, or alkalis, has no action on lactose or cane
sugar."

Earlier work has been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 859).

Lipo-cholesterin variations during' inanition and feeding experiments,
E. F. Terroine {Jour. Physiol, et Path. Gen., 16 {1914), ^'o. 3, pp. 386^97)-.—
Examinations of the blood of laboratory animals during periods of starvation
and food ingestion indicated that its composition varied considerably as regards
water, fatty acids, and cholesterin. The cholesterin content diminished regu-
larly during the early periods of inanition. When a fat-rich diet was eaten, an
increased amount of both fatty acid and cholesterin appeared in the blood,
regardless of the cholesterin content of the food. The ratio of cholesterin to
fatty acid remained remarkably constant.

The value of extractives in nutrition, H. Aeon {iIo)wtsschr. Kinderheilk.,
Orig., 13 {1915), No. 8, pp. 358-380). — Feeding experiments with laboratory
animals (rats) are described, and the course of growth illustrated by charts.

With the addition of an extract of wheat bran to a basal ration of starch, fat,
casein, and salts, the animals thrived and increased in weiglit. Extract of malt
gave similar results, but its action was slower. When the basal ration alone
>vas consumed, the animals lost weight and finally died.

Nutrient enemas, V. Scheel and E. Begtrup {Ugeskr. Lager, 77 {1915), yo.
l.'i, pp. 5.'i3-551 ; ahs. in Jour. Amer. iled. Assoc, 6^ {1915), Xo. 21, p. 1804). —
The clinical experience of the authors showed the good ab.sorption and utilization
of suitable nutrient enemas. Milk and eggs were not properly absorbed, but
amino acids prepared by the digestion of meat or milk by trypsin-erepsin were
used to supply from 400 to 600 calories daily with good results.

Albumin milk in infant feeding, V. Poxtlsex {Ugeskr. Lager, 77 (1915), No.
22, pp. 8'75S92). — Clinical observations upon 85 infants under one year of age
and 29 children from one to five years old are reported. No advantages were
noted from feeding albumin milk in cases of acute gastro-enteritls, but in chronic
dyspepsia good results were obtained in nearly every case.

Homogenized olive oil and fat-free milk mixtures in case of difficult feed-
ing, M. Ladd {Arch. Pcd., 32 {1915), Xo. 6, pp. 409-425).— The author reports a
number of clinical observations and describes a method of administering homo-
genized olive oil as a substitute for cream in case of fat intolerance in infants.

Some studies on sugar in infant feeding, L. Porter and C. H. Dunn {Amer.
Jour. Diseases Children, 10 {1915), Xo. 2, pp. 77-86). — Clinical observations
upon 18 infants supplemented by analytical data are reported, from which the
authors conclude that the dangers of sugar injuries and sugar intoxication have
been exaggerated, and that in cases of mild fat intolerance it may be desirable
oftentimes to meet the energy requirements by using large quantities of soluble
carbohydrate.

Some observations further incriminating sugar cane products as the main
cause of pellagra in the south, R. Blosser {South. Med. Jour., 8 {1915), No. 1,
pp. 33-36). — Observations are reported of 133 pellagrins, all but 3 of whom had
eaten large amounts of cane sugar and sirups. The author states that the ex-
clusion of sugar and other cane products from the diet resulted in a cure for
121 cases, while 8 improved markedly and only 4 died.

Experimental pellagra in the human subject brought about by a restricted
diet, J. GoLonERGER and G. A. Wheeler {Pub. Health Hpis. [('. S.]. 30 {1915).
No. 46, pp. 3336-3339). — ^A brief outline is given of experimeuts planned to study

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 259

the possibility of producing pellagra in the healthy human individual by a
restricted, mainly carbohydrate (cereal), diet.

The subjects were 12 white convicts who had accepted the offer of a pardon
as an inducement to submit to the experiment. They were given a diet contain-
ing biscuits, corn bread, grits, rice, fried mush, brown gravy, sweet potatoes,
and cane sirup, the average energy value of a day's ration being 2,952 calories.
The entire population of the camp served as controls, but more especially 20
individuals who were under continuous surveillance similar to that of the sub-
jects of the experiment. The general sanitary environment of the controls and
subjects of the experiments was the same but personal cleanliness, cleanliness
of quarters, and freedom of insects were decidedly better in the case of the sub-
jects of the experiments.

Of the 11 volunteers who completed the experiment 6 developed symptoms
which were diagnosed as pellagra. The first symptoms appeared in not later
than five months after the beginning of the restricted diet. The conclusion is
drawn that the pellagra in the 6 volunteers was the result of the restricted diet
on which they subsisted.

The prevalence of pellagra. — Its possible relation to the rise in the cost
of food, E. Sydenstrickeu {Pub. Health Rjjts. [U. S.], 30 (1915), No. 43, pp.
3132-3148). — In this report data are presented regarding the income and diet
of workingmen's families, which were collected in investigations of family
budgets. From a discussion of this data the following conclusions, in part,
are drawn:

" The lower the economic status of the white American family, the greater
is the pressure for sacrifices in diet, particularly in animal protein foods, since
animal protein foods are the most expensive,

" The economic status of wage-earners' families in the Southern States, par-
ticularly of cotton-mill families, is lower than that of wage-earners' families
in other sections of the country.

" Certain factors have tended to restrict the supply of protein foods in
southern industrial localities that do not restrict, at least to the same extent,
the supply of carbohydrates and hydrocarbons. Budgetary studies of a large
number of native white wage-earners' families, generally comparable as to
annual family income and size, indicate that the proportion of proteins in the
diet of southern families is considerably less and of carbohydrates and of
hydrocarbons considerably gi-eater than in the diet of northern families. . . .

" The increase in retail food prices has been at least 40 per cent higher in
proteins than in carbohydrates or in hydrocarbons.

" The available data thus point to a lessened financial ability of southern
wage-earners' families to provide a properly balanced diet, as well as a de-
crease in the availability (measured by retail prices) of an animal protein food
supply for the wageworking population, particularly since about 1907 or 1908."

The prevention of pellagra. — A test of diet among institutional inmates,
J. GoLDBEEGEK, C. H. Waking, and D. G. Willets (Puh. Health Rpts. [U. S.l,
SO {1915), No. 43, pp. 3117-S131).— The diet at two orphanages where pellagi'a
had been endemic for several years was modified in accordance with the direc-
tions of the authors, as published in a previous paper (E. S. R., 32, p, 564).
The modifications consisted chiefly in a marked increase in the amounts of
fresh animal and leguminous protein foods and a reduction in the amount of
carbohydrate food. The hygienic and sanitary conditions remained unchanged.

No evidence of a recurrence of the disease was observed in the 67 pellagrins
in one institution, and no new cases developed among the 99 nonpellagTin
residents, all of whom had been under observation for a year, since the change

260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

in diet. In the other institution there was a recurrence in the case of only one
of the 105 pellagrins and no new case in the G9 nonpellagrin residents.

Since a similar modification of the diet in certain wards of the Georgia State
Sanitarium no evidence of recurrence in any of the pellagrins has been ob-
served, although 47 per cent of the control pellagrins in wards where the diet
had not been modified showed a recurrence.

" The conclusion is drawn that pellagra may be prevented by an appropriate
diet without any alteration in the environment, hygienic or sanitary."

As a practical application of this experimental data, the author recommends
the following modifications in the diet of a population where pellagra is espe-
cially prevalent: An increase in the amount of fresh animal and leguminous
foods, especially during the late winter and spring, and a reduction in the diet
of carbohydrate foods.

A bibliography is appended.

Changes in the hydrog'en ion concentration of the blood produced by pul-
monary ventilation, T. H. Milkoy {Quart. Jour. Expt. Physiol., 8 (1914), No.
2-3, pp. 141-153). — Pulmonary ventilation experiments were conducted with air,
air and oxygen, and gas mixtures rich in carbon dioxid for the purpose of de-
termining the effect of these factors on the hydrogen ion concentration of the
blood. Analyses were made of the blood of cats and dogs as the experimental
animals. Among other conclusions, the author suggests that, due to the short
duration of the variations of hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, this factor
is closely related to the activity of the respirati^-y center.

A comparison of methods for determining the respiratory exchange of
man, T. M. Cakpenteb (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 216 (1915), pp. 265,
figs. 72, pi. 1). — This publication reports in great detail an extensive study of
the comparative value of several different methods of measuring the respira-
tory exchange in man. The forms of apparatus used in the investigation were
the bed respiration calorimeter, the two types of the Benedict universal respi-
ration apparatus, the Zuntz-Geppert apparatus, the Tissot method, the Douglas
method, the Mueller valves, two forms of the Haldane gas-analysis apparatus,
and a small hand spirometer. A detailed descrii>tion of each of these types
and the method of using them comprises the first part of the publication.

The results of the tests are reported in detail. Normal, healthy young men
were used as subjects; during the experiments they usually were placed In a
reclining position. The comparisons of two forms of apparatus were made
under the same conditions and on the same day. Determinations were made of
the elimination of carbon dioxid, the consumption of oxygen, the pulse rate,
and the respiration rate. The muscular activity of the subject was also re-
corded. In some experiments a determination was made of the volume of
respiration and the total ventilation of the lungs.

The third part of the publication is devoted to an extended critical discussion
of the different types of respiration apparatus and their technique. Especial
consideration is given to the sources of error and to the relative advantages
and disadvantages of each method. In concluding the report, several ixiges are
devoted to a discussion of a number of factors influencing the accuracy of the
results obtained in these and other experiments on the respiratory exchange of
man.

For the details of the discussion and of the experimental data the original
publication should be consulted.

Energy transformations during horizontal walking. F. G. Benedict and H.
MuRSCHAFSER (Camcgie Inst. Washington Piih. 231 (1915). pp. 100. figs. 6.
pi. 1). — Tlie object of this investigation was to study the increase in metabolism
due to walking on a level at increasing rates of speed. An extensive review is

ANIMAL PRODUCTION-. 261

given of earlier studies of tlie gaseous metabolism during walking, and the results
of 20 different investigations are summarized and compared on the basis of the
movement of 1 kg. of weight through 1 meter of horizontal distance./

In the experiments here reported the subjects were athletes more or less
trained to severe muscular activity. The walking was done in a specially de-
signed treadmill. The universal respiration apparatus was employed in measur-
ing the respiratory exchange. Values were determined for the carbon dioxid
production and the oxygen consumption. Automatic records of the respiration
rate and in some instances the pulse rate were also obtained. The distance
walked in the case of each subject, the number of steps taken, and the height
to which the body was raised during walking were also determined and recorded
automatically.

To establish a base line with which to compare the metabolism during walk-
ing, preliminary experiments were carried out. In some of these the subjects
stood with the body relaxed, in others they leaned against a support at the back,
in others they leaned upon a staif, and in others they stood with muscles tense as
in the position of " attention." In the walking experiments, the subjects walked
at a slow speed, a medium speed, a very fast speed, and in some experiments were
actually running.

The results of the experiments are reported in detail. In an extended discussion
of the data reported, the authors consider the basal metabolism of the subjects
as influenced by food and body position ; the metabolism of the subjects during
walking ; the influence of the character of the diet on metabolism ; the heat out-
put per unit of work ; the influence of fatigue on the heat output per
unit of work ; a comparison of the heat output per unit of work during
running and walking ; and an analj^sis of mechanics of locomotion. For the de-
tails of this discussion the original report should be consulted.

The gaseous metabolism of gymnasts, Peltket and R. du Bois-Reymond
(Arch. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. AM., No. 3-4 {1914), PP- 251-272, fig. 1).—K
number of experiments are reported in which the Zuntz-Geppert method was
used to measure the respiratory exchange of men engaged in unusual muscular
activity. The data indicate, in the authors' opinion, that the favorable influence
of gjannastics on the body may be best accomplished by avoiding extreme
exertion and by increasing the actual amount of work done.

Exercise in education and medicine, R. T. McKenzie {Philadelphia and
London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1915, 2. ed., pp. 5S5, figs. 478). — Some of the chap-
ters in this book, especially those which have to do with the effect of physical
exercise upon the muscles, heart, and lungs, and the relation of exercise to nutri-
tion and excretion, are of interest to students of physiology.

ANIMAL PKODTJCTION.

F^ds and feeding, W. A. Henky and F. B. Morrison {Madison, Wis.: The
Henry-Morrison Co., 1915, 15. ed., rev., pp. X-{-691). — This is the fifteenth edition
of this book (E. S. R., 10, p. 82), revised and entirely rewritten. A new series
of standards, the " modified Wolff-Lehmann standards," has been formulated
by the authors, based upon the recent findings of scientists in this and other
countries. A new chapter on economy in feeding live stock has been added,
together with other material changes looking toward a complete and practical
guide to methods of feeding and animal nutrition.

Acidosis in omnivora and lierbivora and its relation to protein storage,
H. Steenbock, v. E. Nelson, and E. B. Hart {Wisconsin Sta. Research Bid.
S6 {1915), pp. 19). — This material lias been previously reported from another
source (E, S. R., 33, p. 368).

262

EXPERIMEXT STATION EECORD.

Notes on the fodder problem in India, J. ;Mackenna {Agr. Jour. India, 9
{191.'t), Nos. 1, pp. 38-58; Jf, pp. 349-355). — An account of drought-re.sisting
fodder crops which grow in India.

The food value of Stizolobium pachylobinm beans, H. S. Shbewsbuby
{Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1913-14, pp. 27, 28). — Examinations were made of
S. pachylobinm beans grown in Trinidad.

No evidence was found of the presence of cyanogenetic or other poi.sonoii.<?
glucosids, saponins, fats, alkaloids, vegetable ptomaines, or tosalbumins. These
beans are deemed superior in feeding value to French, Lima, or Java beans,
and, like these beans, their nutritive properties are principally due to a high
content of carbohydrates and proteins. Owing chiefly to the absence of fat,
their value is considerably less than that of soy beans.

Mistletoe (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 32, 33). — The composition of mistle-
toe, which is said to be readily eaten by cattle and sheep in California, is
given as follows :

Composition of mistletoe.

Part of plant analj-zed.

Condition.

Water.

Protein.

Ether
extract.

Starch,

sugar,

etc.

Crude
fiber.

Ash.

WTinlft planf ,

Air-dried

Fresh

Perct.
12.00
56.88
11.00
56.39
13. .10
57.61

Perct.
9.94
4.77
9.79
4.79
7.95
3.89

Perct.
7.13
3.49
6.84
3.55
7. CI
3.73

Perct.
51.57
25.37
59.79
29.11
48.29
23.68

Perct.

15.14
7.42
9.91
4.85

16.43
8.05

Perct.
4.22

Do

2.07

Leaves

Air-dried

Fresh

2.67

Do

1.31

Air-dried

Fresh

6.22

Do

3.04

Feeding almond hulls, G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 35, S6). —
Pigs when fed an exclusive ration of almond hulls lost weight daily, but when
given 1 lb. of barley for each 100 lbs. live weight and one-half as many almond
hulls as constituted a full ration of these alone, a pound of gain was secured
for each 10.26 lbs. of hulls fed in addition to the barley.

Where sheep were fed almond hulls and alfalfa hay the gains were unsatis-
factory and could be practically accrodifod to the alfalfa hay alone.

The utilization of waste materials from breweries as foodstuffs, K. Win-
uiscH (Pure Products, 11 (1915), No. 11, pp. 521-523). — A discu.^sion of the
feeding of brewers' grains, wa.ste yeast and sediment, and of spent hops, in
Germany.

It is said that for each 50 to 60 bbls. of beer there is about 0.7.5 bbl. of thick
sediment, consisting principally of yeast. Waste yeast and cask sediment are
valuable feed material, being especially high in digestible protein. This mate-
rial is converted into a feed stuff by drying. The yeast must be dried on cylin-
der or roller drying devices similar to those u.sed in the production of Qotato
flakes. From 5.5 bbls. of thickly fluid yeast about 220 lbs. of dry yeast is
recovered.

Brewery waste materials must be carefully stored lest they undergo decom-
position. The best procedure consists in storing the waste yeast and the cask
sediment in well-fumigated kegs in a cold cellar.

Dry yeast contains from 52 to 58 per cent of protein, of which 90 per cent is
digestible, up to 4 per cent of fat, of which 70 per cent is digestible, and from
25 to 30 per cent of carbohydrates, which are all digestible. Dry yeast stimu-
lates the appetite, furthers the assimilation of the other foodstuffs, and, for
certain diseases, displays a marked curative effect. It may be fed to horses,

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 263

cattle, pigs, sheep, and fowls, and in cows favorably influences the production
of milk.

Where it is not possible to dry the waste yeast and the cask sediment these
waste materials may be disposed of as cattle feed in a fresh condition, in
w^hich form they contain about 9 per cent protein. Prior to use they should be
boiled or heated by live steam, thereby killing the yeast and other organisms.
They should be freshly cooked for each feeding and given to the cattle while
still warm. Owing to the slightly bitter taste the feetling of these materials
should be gradual in order to accustom the cattle to the feed. The boiled liquid
yeast may be mixed with chaff, chopped straw, or hay.

Spent hops have less nutritive value than any of the other brewery waste
materials. This material is first pressed, drietl and ground to fine meal, and
then mixed with molasses. The spent hops may be fed in the fresh condition,
in which state they contain 3.3 per cent of protein, of which about 2.5 per cent
is digestible, and 5 per cent of carbohydrate, of which 60 per cent is digestible.

Commercial feeding stuffs, W. J. Jones, Jr., et al. {Indiana Sta. Bui. 181
{1915), pp. 523-835). — Analyses are reported of wheat bran, middlings, red
dog flour, rye bran, rye middlings, rye red dog flour, buckwheat bran, buck-
wheat middlings, cotton-seed meal, cold-pressed cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls,
linseed meal, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, malt sprouts, corn
gluten feed, corn germ meal, corn bran, hominy feed, hominy meal, rice polish,
dried sugar-beet pulp, alfalfa meal, dried blood, bone meal, meat meal, meat
scrap, feeding tankage, ground rye, molasses feed, and various mixed and
proprietary feeds.

Commercial feeds, J. M. Pickel, E. S. Dewae, and J. Q. Jackson {Bui. N. C.
Depf. Agr., 36 {1915), No. 10, pp. 53). — Analyses are given of wheat bran, mid-
dlings, shorts, shipstuff, red dog flour, molasses feeds, cotton-seed meal, corn
chop, rice polish, rice meal, rye middlings, dried-beet pulp, meat meal, beef
scrap, distillers' dried gi'ains, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.

Analyses of feed stuffs, A. Scholl {Ber. Landw. Vers. Stat. Miinster, 1914,
pp. 18-27). — Analyses are given of the following feetling stuffs: Soy-bean meal,
rice meal, peanut meal, linseed meal, palm-kernel cake, cotton-seed meal, rape-
seed cake, sesame cake, coconut cake, and fish meal.

Biology and its makers, W. A. Locy {New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1915,
3. ed., rev., pp. XZF/+477, figs. 125). — This book treats of the sources of biologi-
cal ideas and of the doctrine of organic evolution.

The growth of organs in the albino rat as affected by gonadectomy, S.
Hatai {Jour. Expt. Zool., 18 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-67; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros.
Soc., No. 5 {1915), pp. 460, 461). — In experiments with albino rats to test the
effect of the removal of the sex glands in either sex, which the author calls
gonadectomy, applying the term both to castration of the male and spaying of
the female, five operations were performed : Total gonadectomy, partial gona-
dectomy, ligature of the spermatic cord, removal of one ovary followed by an
isolation of the other ovary from the uterus, and the isolation of both ovaries
from the uterus.

" The body lengths were slightly less in all the rats operated on, except the
spayed females, in which the body lengths were distinctly greater. The tail
length with respect to the body length tends to be slightly longer in the
castrated males. The body weight in respect to body length is greater in
nearly all rats operated on, but especially in the spayed rats. In castrated and
spayed rats the bones (femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna) tend
to be very slightly longer and heavier than in the corresponding controls and
the percentage of water in the bones slightly higher. No characteristic response
was observed for the central nervous system.

264 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

" In the semispayed series the compensatory growth of the remaining ovary
is almost perfect as it attains nearly twice its normal size. In the semi-
castrated the remaining testis showed an increase of 14 per cent, but this may
be solely in the interstitial tissue. The isolated ovaries survived and grew as
if they had been connected with the uterus. In the case of isolation of the
ovary followed by semispaying the remaining isolated ovary hypertrophies in
the same manner as that of the semispayed rat. The ligation of the spermatic
cord may cause a complete atrophy of the testes and alterations of somatic char-
acters similar to those in castrated rats. No definite conclusions could be
drawn in reference to the thyroid gland, which is very variable in weight.

" In castrates the suprarenals show an increase, in spayed rats a decrease.
AVhen the spermatic cords are ligatured (and the testis absorbed) the supra-
renals show reactions similar to those following castration. The thymus in-
creases to about twice its size after gonadectomy. It seems not only to delay
its normal involutionary process but actually to increase in weight. The
weight of the hypophysis is increased on the average by 50 per cent after re-
moval of the testis or after ligature of the spermatic cord (and absorption of
the testis). On the other hand, spaying produced only a slight increase (about
8 per cent on the average).

"After removal of the sex giands and compensatory growth of the hypophysis,
there is no overgrowth of the body or obesity. But these responses appear when
the enlargement of the hypophysis does not occur — in the spayed rats, for ex-
ample. In the semispayed and semicastrated, neither enlargement of the hypo-
physis nor obesity occurs, for the enlargement of the remaining gonad enables
it to furnish the normal amount of gonadin. The total removal of the gonads
tends to increase the resemblance between the two sexes, or it may be said that
gonadectomy favors the production of the secondary sex characters of the oppo-
site sex."

A bibliography of literature cited is given.

On the presence of interstitial cells in the chicken's testis, T. B. Reeves
(Anat. Rec, 9 {1915), No. 5, pp. 3S3-3S6, figs. ^).— The author calls attention to
Alice M. Boring's conclusion (E. S. R., 27, p. 869) that there are no interstitial
cells present at any time in the testes of chickens from one day to 12 months
old, and to the work of .7. des Cilleuls (E. S. R.. 28, p. 668), who found inter-
stitial cells from the thirteenth day onward. The author examined the testes
from cocks 5*, 9, and 18 months old, and found interstitial cells in all the stages
examined.

A fossil ruminant from Rock Creek, Texas; Preptoceras mayfieldi n. sp.,
E. L.Troxell (Amer.Jour. ScL, ^.ser.,JtO (1915), No. 239, pp. 419-JfS2, figs. 3).—
A description of a skull of ruminant found among fossil remains in Texas.

" The skull resembles somewhat that of the ox, especially in the general form
and position of the horns, which come out in the plane of The face, tending up-
ward, then downward and forward. At first it was taken to be the skull of a
sheep, but it is found to be very different. It is about one-half larger than a
.skull of Oris rockymontanus and the horns, which are not so large, do not curve
backward nor are they set close together."

The Central-German red cattle breed, .1. Schmidt (Arh. Dent. Gcscll. Ztich-
tungsk., No. 19 {191.'f), pp. 112, pis. 14). — An account of the breed characteris-
tics, utility value, and distribution of the Central-Gorman red cattle, together
with measurements and comparisons with other breeds.

■Shorthora conditions in Argentina, F. W. Harding {Breeder's Gaz., 68
{1915), No. 13, pp. 49Jf, Jf96). — The principal exposition of Argentina is held
annually during August at Palermo. This year approximately 1,200 i>e<ligreetl
Shorthorns were on exhibition. It is said that in quality the winners were oqwnl

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 265

in every way to our own champions and first-prize winners. The cattle business
generally in South American countries is reported as in excellent condition, due
in part to competition produced by unusually large operations by United States
packers.

Feeding in South Texas, H. M. Madison {San Antonio, Tex.: Publicity
League Chamber Com., 1914, pp. 18, figs. 9). — In this pamphlet a chart is given
showing the relative cost of meat production in the several sections of the
United States, it being estimated that the average cost per pound of gain in
fattening cattle in the South is 5.5 cts. and in the North, 9.41 cts.

Oil meal as a food for skim-milk fed calves {California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p.
So). — Two lots of eight calves each were fed a gi-ain mixture of ground oats,
ground barley, and wheat middlings 2:2:2, one lot receiving 1 part of linseed
meal in addition to this mixture. Three other lots of eight calves each were fed
a grain mixture of ground milo maize and rolled barley 3 : 2, two of the lots
receiving 1 part of linseed meal in addition. The results of this experiment
indicate that the addition of oil meal to the grain ration does not materially
affect the gains made by skim-milk fed calves or the cost of the gains. Some
advantage was noticed, however, as I'egards the thriftiness of the calves receiv-
ing the oil meal.

Wool authorities at San Francisco, J. M. Jones {Breeder's Gaz., 68 {1915),
A'o. IS, p. 498). — A meeting of sheep and wool specialists was held at San
Francisco from August 9 to 11, 1915. The chief topic under consideration was
the Australian system of shearing and classifying wool. The general sentiment
was in favor of the improved method, and it was urged that the question of
improved wool marketing be put before the sheepmen of the range States.

Goat breeding-, A. Machens {Das Wissen des Ziegenziichters. Ratisbon: Josef
Habbcl, 1914, pp. 142, figs. 25). — A general discussion of methods of breeding,
feeding, care, and management of goats in Germany.

Soiling V. pasturing- grain-fed pigs {California. Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. S5). — In
experiments in which two lots of 15 pigs each received the same amount of
barley, lot 1 receiving alfalfa as soilage and lot 2 being pastured on alfalfa, it
was found that the economy of soiling i\ pasturing depends on the cost of labor
and the location of the alfalfa field in relation to the hogi^ens. Only one-tenth
of an acre was cut for soiling during a period of 10 weeks, while four-tenths of
an acre was used for pasturing. The soiling lot received 5 per cent more barley
for a pound of gain than the pasture lot. The pigs on pasture were larger
framed when marketed but not quite so fat as those from the soiling lot.

Animal husbandry, R. Withycombe {Oregon Sta., Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta.,
1911-12, pp. 41-58). — Four lots of four hogs each fed for eight weeks all they
would eat of chopped grains, lot 1 receiving hull-less barley, lot 2 wheat, lot 3
field peas, and lot 4 rye, made total gains during the period of 76.5, 89, 124, and
61.5 lbs. per pig and consumed per pound of gain 4.75, 4.23, 3.34, and 4.4 lbs. of
grain for the respective lots. The gains made varied in direct proportion to the
amount of feed consumed, those consuming the largest amounts of grain pro-
ducing the most gain.

In a similar test with smaller hogs, lot 1 receiving wheat and lot 2 peas, the
total gains for eight weeks were 77.57 and 88.43 lbs. per pig, requiring 4.05 and
3.56 lbs. of grain per pound of gain for the respective lots.

In an experiment to determine the relative feeding value of supplementary
feeds in connection with a gi'ain ration, two lots of four hogs each were fed
eight weeks a full grain ration of barley, lot 1 also receiving all the sugar beets
they would eat and lot 2 all the alfalfa hay they would eat. They made total
gains for the period of 68.25 and 86.5 lbs. per pig, lot 1 consuming 4.18 lbs. of
barley and 0.34 lb. of sugar beets, lot 2 3.41 lbs. of barley and 0.41 lb. of alfalfa

266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

per pound of gain. The liogs fed on chopped barley and alfalfa hay seemed to
have keener appetites than did those which were fed sugar beets. It is thought
that the sugar-beet ration contained too much carbohydrates and not enough
protein.

A lot of four hogs fed eight weeks rye and alfalfa hay made total gains during
the period of 79.5 lbs. per pig, consuming 3.89 lbs. of rye and 0.34 lb. of alfalfa
hay per pound of gain, while a similar lot receiving rye and steamed alfalfa hay
gained 88.25 lbs. per pig, consimiing 3.73 lbs. of rye and 0.31 lb. of steamed
alfalfa hay per pound of gain. The difference in favor of the steamed alfalfa
was deemed too slight to justify the .steaming process.

Two lots of pigs fed eight weeks, lot 1 barley alone and lot 2 barley and alfalfa
hay, made total gains during the period of 71.71 and 91.43 lbs. per pig, lot 1
consuming 4.27 lbs. of barley and lot 2 3.73 lbs. of barley and 0.26 lb. of alfalfa
hay per pound of gain. From this test it is deemed quite evident that gi-ain
should be supplemented with other feeds. This experiment was carried on dur-
ing the winter months, and it is thought that still greater returns may be had
by feeding at the time of the year when the hogs may have access to alfalfa
pasture in connection with a full grain ration.

Two lots of pigs were fed eight Aveeks as follows: Lot 1 barley and tankage
9:1, lot 2 barley and peas 7:3 (both rations containing practically the same
amount of protein). They made total gains for the period of 92.86 and 94 lbs.
per pig, lot 1 consuming 2.43 lbs. of barley and 0.37 lb. of tankage, and lot 2 2.21
lbs. of barley and 1.04 lbs. of peas per pound of gain. In a second similar experi-
ment, substituting wheat for barley, the lots made total gains for the period
of 75.98 and 83.85 lbs. per pig, lot 1 consuming 2.74 lbs. of wheat and 0.41 lb,
of tankage and lot 2 2.60 lbs. of wheat and 1.11 lbs. of peas per pound of gain.

Four lots of eight pigs each fed five weeks, lots 1 and 2 by the self-feeder
method and lots 3 and 4 by the ordinary daily ration method, made total gains
during the period of 81.12 and 70.87 lbs. per pig, lot 1 consuming 3.94 Ibs^of grain
and lot 2, 4.02 lbs. per pound of gain. In a second experiment four lots of pigs
were fed eight weeks, lots 1 and 2 being self-fefl, lot 1 receiving bald barley and
lot 2 peas; and lots 3 and 4 receiving daily rations, lot 3 receiving barley and
lot 4 peas. They made total gains for the period of 05.96. 100.85, 8.3.72. and 84.86
lbs. per pig, lot 1 consuming 3.93 lbs. of barley, lot 2. 3.66 lbs. of peas, lot 3, 3.7
lbs. of barley, and lot 4, 3.69 lbs. of peas per pound of gain.

In an experiment to determine the fee<ling value of ripe as compared with
green peas when hogged off in the field, two lots of 25 pigs each fed four weeks,
lot 1 on ripe peas and lot 2 on green peas, made total gains for the period of
30.4 and 38.4 lbs. per pig, lot 1 producing 380 lbs. of pork to the acre valued at
$26.60, and lot 2, 480 lbs. of pork, valued at $33.60. In a similar experiment in
hogging off field peas two lots of 18 pigs each were fed four weeks as follow,*; :
lot 1 Canadian field peas and kale, lot 2 pea5; alone. They made total gains for
the period of 50.23 and 45 lbs. per pig, lot 1 producing 452.07 lbs. of pork per aero
valued at $.36.17, and lot 2, 405 lbs. of pork per acre valued at $32.40. The results
of these two experiments would seem to indicate that green feed in connection
with grain rations is an important factor in fattening hogs.

In an experiment to determine how to feed young growing pigs in order that
they may make their growth most economically, a lot of light hogs weighing ap-
proximately 78 lbs. each and a lot of comparatively heaAy hogs weighing 111
lbs. were fed on alfalfa pasture and a small grain ration. It was found that
on a ration of 3 lbs. of choppetl barley for each 100 lbs. of live weight the lighter
hogs produced the better returns.

Eighteen pigs, averaging 66.67 lbs. in weight, on alfalfa pasture and a daily
ration of % lb. chopix;d barley i>er pig made a satisfactory growth, yet the gain

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 267

in weight was not large. Pigs weigliing 73.12 lbs. per head on straight alfalfa
pasture appeared to make some growth, but at the end of the test their actual
weight was less than at the beginning. It is concluded that matured hogs seem to
hold their condition very well when on alfalfa pasture, but a young, growing
pig will not thrive without some grain in addition to the alfalfa pasture.

In an effort to work out a maintenance ration of chopped barley and alfalfa
hay for brood sows two sows were started on a daily ration of 5 lbs. of barley
and 2 lbs. of alfalfa hay. At the end of each week they were weighed. If it was
found that they had gained in weight their rations were reduced, and if they lost
their rations were increased. So^v No. 1 lost, in 13 weeks, 17 lbs. on a daily
ration of 2.12 lbs. of chopped barley and 0.61 lb. of alfalfa hay for each 100 lbs.
of live weight, Avhile sow No. 2 gained 33 lbs. on a ration of 1.48 lbs. of barley
and 0.5S lbs. of alfalfa hay for each 100 lbs. of live weight. In a second experi-
ment with three sows it was found that the nearest to a maintenance ration
was that in which 1.27 lbs. of barley and 2.55 lbs. of sugar beets per 100 lbs. of
live weight were fed. When a wheat and alfalfa hay ration was fed, two sows
made a considerable gain in weight, while one sow lost 7 lbs. during the test.
Rye as a winter feed for brood sows produced very desirable results as a main-
tenance ration, one sow making a gain in weight in 13 weeks of 93 lbs. on a ration
of 1.88 lbs. of rye per 100 lbs. of live weight.

From a general summary of these tests in feeding brood sows it is thought that
the ration of barley and alfalfa hay is the most desirable. It appears that 1.78
lbs. of barley and 0.59 lb. of alfalfa hay per 100 lbs. of live weight makes a very
good maintenance ration for a brood sow during the winter. It is thought that
by careful feeding, the alfalfa portion of the ration might be increased and the
grain portion decreased and still produce equally good results.

A detailed plan for a 40-acre hog farm is outlined, it being estimated that
approximately $800 for profit and wages of the man in charge could be realized.

Establishing- the swine industry on the North Platte reclamation project,
C. S. Jones {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Establishing the Swine Indus-
try on the North Platte Reclamatimi Project, 1915, pp. 26, figs. 5). — A general
description of the North Platte reclamation project, embracing about 100.000
acres of irrigable land in Nebraska and Wyoming, with a discussion of the
adaptability for and extent of the swine industry on the project, including an
introduction by F. D. Farrell.

Information has been collected relative to the various methods of management
in operation.

Hog cholera has made its appearance on the project, most of the outbreaks
occurring in July, August, September, and October. It is thought that the
large number of outbreaks during these months was due chiefly to the relatively
high temperatui-es and to the greater use of irrigation water during that period.
It was definitely ascertained during the summer that about 36 per cent of
the outbreaks resulted from infection carried by irrigation water. Losses of
hogs that were treated for cholera averaged from 6.2 per cent in November
to 21.7 per cent in August. The mortality resulting was much higher in young
pigs than in mature hogs, averaging with pigs weighing less than 15 lbs. about
95 per cent; with shoats weighing from 15 to 125 lbs. about 85 per cent; and
with mature hogs about 25 per cent. The physical condition of the hogs was
found to be an important factor in reducing the mortality of treated hogs.

Marketing the 1915 hog crop, W. H. Peters (North Dakota Sta. Circ. 9
(1915), pp. 14. figs. 9). — This circular treats of the status of the hog industry
in North Dakota and gives directions for the feeding, care, and management
of the breeding herd and the fattening of hogs for market.

268 EXPEBIMENT STATIOX KECORD.

California hog book, W. S. Gxjilfoed {San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press,
1915, pp. 252, pis. 31, figs. 22). — This is a compilation of information about hogs
applied to California conditions.

The Cape horse: Its origin, breeding, and development in the Union of
South Africa, P. J. van dee Schreudeb {Thesis, Cornell Univ., 1915, pp. 122). ~
The author reviews the history of horse breeding in South Africa and tells of
the development of the Cape horse, which, although not recognized as a breed
in itself, is a type of horse particularly adapted to the needs of that country.
This horse gained considerable fame as a remount in the British army. The
Cape horse owes his best qualities to Arabian and Thorouglibred stock. It is
thought that with intelligent grading and selection and an efficient government
control South Africa will be able to put in the market a horse equal to the best
of any country.

Modem horse management, R. S. Timmis {London and Xeic York: Cassell
and Co., Ltd. [1915], pp. XV+233, pis. 144)- — Chapters included in this work
are the history of the horse, psychology of the horse, feeding, grooming and
stable management, driving and harness, riding and saddle, stable construction,
diseases and treatment, anatomy and use of the horse's tail, shoeing and care
of the feet, and use and abuse of bearing-reins.

The education of the horse, W. J. Keal {Garland, Mont.: Author, 1915, pp.
44> fiffS- 7). — This pamphlet treats of methods of care and management of the
horse.

[Poultry investigations], J. E. Dougherty {California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
37, 38). — Tests indicate that the best average temperature for an incubator is
102° F. when the bulb of the thermometer is on a level with the top and touch-
ing a fertile egg. If, however, the thermometer is above and not touching the
eggs, the incubator should be starte<l at a fairly high temi^erature and this
temperature gradually lowere<l as the hatch progresses.

A check pen of 50 2- and 3-year-old hens without high protein feed laid 102.1
eggs per hen during the year. Hens of similar character and fed high protein
in addition gave the following number of eggs per hen per year : On soy bean
meal, 104.9 ; meat scrap, 129.7 ; fish scrap, 131.7. When properly fed, fish scrap
did not in any way taint the eggs laid.

Five pens of 33 hens each were fed a grain mixture consisting of whole wheat.
whole barley, and cracked corn or whole Egjptian corn 150:100:50, also a
dry mash consisting of bran, short.s, charcoal, and salt 50:50:5:1, to which
was added either 30 parts of meat scrap alone or 30 parts of a high protein
ration consisting of a combination of meat scrap with soy bean meal or linseeil
meal. The average amount consumed per hen per year in the five lots was 49.5
lbs. of grain and 23.5 lbs. of dry mash. The average number of eggs laid per hen
was 142. The average cost per dozen eggs of grain and mash consumed was 10.5
cts. In this trial no advantage was found in a mixture of vegetable and animal
protein over feeding animal protein alone. Buttermilk at 20 cents per 10<^> lbs.
was found to be a satisfactory and economical substitute for meat scrap at $3.25
per 100 lbs.

Poultry breeding. K. R. Slocum {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), Xo. 11. pp. 483-
487). — The author reviews the experimental work of geneticists during the last
15 years, it being pointed out that, while the work has shown the mode of in-
heritance of many characters, it has not materially modified practical methods
of commercial breeders.

A hen that crowed {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 11, p. .'f82. fig. 1). — A
description is given of a Buff Orpington hen, hatched at the experimental farm
at Beltsville, Md., which laid 110 eggs and in August began to molt. Following
the molt she began to develop the secondary sexual characters of the male ; th»^

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYHSTG. 269

tail feathers changed in appearance, tlie comb increased in size, the head came
to loolv more like that of a cock, and the legs took on the redness characteristic
of the male Buff Orpington. She was observed to crow several times; she
occasionally visited the nest but never laid an egg. Later she was killed. Dis-
section showed no evidence of any development of male reproductive organs, but
disclosed a large tumor on the ovary. It is thought that this gi'owth, by in-
hibiting the secretions connected with feraaleness, had allowed the male char-
acters to become apparent ; for there is reason to believe that every fowl has
the potential ability to develop the characters of either sex.

Poultry culture; sanitation and hyg'iene, B. F. Kaupp (Philadelphia and
London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1915, pp. Jfl8, figs. 197). — This book contains chap-
ters on the breeds of poultry, problems of mating, hygiene and sanitation, con-
struction of poultry houses, diseases and parasites, rations and methods of feed-
ing, broilers and dressing of fowl, care and marketing of feathers, incubation
and brooding, marketing eggs, caponizing, and preparing birds for show.

Skunk culture for profit, F. M. Holbrook (Chicago: Skunk Dcveloptnent
Bureau, 1915, pp. 119, figs. 38). — A general discussion of methods of breeding,
feeding, management, skinning, and marketing of skunks.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYINa.

[Dairy investigations] (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 33, 34, 37). — From the
results of feeding trials in which barley was the sole concentrate fed, it ap-
pears that there is no foundation for the statement often made that barley has
an unfavorable influence on the milk secretion and tends to dry up the cows,
other tests of feeding barley have been noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 575).

Data thus far collected show proportionatelj^ less sterility in dairy cattle
fed exclusively on alfalfa than in those fed partly on alfalfa or in those
receiving no alfalfa at all, thus negativing the popular opinion that alfalfa is
the cause of sterility.

L. M. Davis found that butter made in whole-milk creameries had better
keeping quality than that made in the average gathered-cream plant. Pasteuri-
zation of old cream did not insure good keeping quality in butter made there-
from. The average score of 12 cubes of fresh California June butter, selected
from an entry of the Educational Butter Scoring Contest, was 92, After being
held 14 weeks it was 88.5, thus showing considerable depreciation during
storage.

Feeding dairy cows in Washington, A. B. Nysteom (Washington Sta. Popu-
lar Bui. 92 (1915), pp. 24)- — General directions, on the basis of available data
summarized, are given for feeding cows under Washington conditions.

Milk records in Berks and Bucks, 1913—14, J. Mackintosh (Univ. Col.
Reading, Dept. Agr. and Hort. Bui. 25 [191 Jf], pp. 112, pi. 1). — From records kept
of the milk yields of 39 herds it appeared that cows calving from August to
March may be expected to give from 100 to 150 gal. more milk per annum than
those calving in May and June. Cows calving from July to December appar-
ently have slightly longer milking periods, the chief reason being the change
from winter feeding to the fresh grass of early summer.

World's champion Red Poll, " Muria," R. R. Kerr (Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic-
toria, 13 (1915), Xo. 9, pp. 541-5U, fig. 7).— The Red Poll cow Muria produced
in one year 14,972 lbs, of milk containing 884.16 lbs. of milk fat, which is said
to be the record production for that breed.

Milking Shorthorn association formed (Breeder's Gaz., 68 (1915), No. 14,
p. 569). — Announcement is made of the formation of the American Milking
Shorthorn Breeders' Association, with headquarters at St. Paul, Minn. Ani-
22434°— No. 3—16 6

270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

mals will be registered as foundatiou stocli until the end of 1918 under the
following conditions : Animals imported from England, though not recorded,
that can be shown on sworn testimony to be descended from not fewer than
four generations of recorded Shorthorn sires in the case of females and five
in the case of males, and that measure up to the requirements called for;
animals bred in America that can measure up to the standard called for in
the case of unrecorded imported Shorthorns. Before the progeny of recorded
animals can be recorded they must be the progeny of recorded dams that have
weighed not less than 1,200 lbs. at 30 months old, or not less than 1,400 lbs. at
the age of 36 months ; of heifers with their first calf that have produced not less
than 3,000 lbs. of milk during the first 6 months of lactation, or not less than
4,500 lbs. during the first year ; and of cows at 4 years or over that have pro-
duced not less than 6,000 lbs. of milk in a year.

Milch goats, G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 56).— Three milch
goats completed a year's record as follows: A 2-year-old pure Toggenburg,
2,158 lbs. of milk and 72.8 lbs. of milk fat ; a 2-year-old Toggenburg, 1,118 lbs.
of milk and 40.7 lbs. of milk fat; and a yearling-grade Toggenburg, 1.283 lbs.
of milk and 49.73 lbs. of milk fat. The feed cost of 1 lb. of milk from these
goats was approximately 90 per cent that of 1 lb. of milk of a similar average
fat content produced by a group of 5 cows in the university dairy herd.

The American milch goat record {Dayton, Ohio: American Milch Goat
Record Assoc., l',>14, vol. 1, pp. 86). — This is the first volume of this record
and contains 900 pedigrees, with an Index to owners.

Profit and pleasure in goat keeping, F. C. LouNSBxnjv {Plainfield, N. J.:
Author, 1915, pp. 43, figs. 23). — A description of the principal breeds of goats,
together with instructions on their feeding, care, and management.

The quantity and quality of milk secreted from the four quarters of the
udder, E. Goluoni {Atti Soc. Nat. e Mat. Moden<t, 5. ser., 1 {1914), PP- 69-S6). —
The author in his tests of a number of cows found very little difference in the
relative quality of milk from the four quarters of the cow's udder, but the qual-
ity varied with the individual. However, with all the cows the hind quarters
showed a slightly larger yield.

A bibliography of references is included.

The action of pituitrin on the secretion of milk, A. L. I. Maxwell and
A. C. H. RoTHERA {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1915), No. 6, pp. 483-491).— The authors
found in their studies that '* pituitrin " injections cause a gradual rise of milk
pressure. This increase of pressure was maintained for at least 17.5 minutes
in a goat and at least 40 minutes in a cow. In the goat pituitrin causes extra
milk to be available to the milker for a considerable time. If the effects were
due to muscular contraction, it is thought that they would rapidly reach a
maximum and then decline. In cats about GO per cent of the milk is preformeil
in the gland after G to 7 hours' interval and about 40 per cent is secreted
during suckling, indicating that suckling causes a true secretion. The effect
of suckling is, so far as has been investigated, the same as that of pituitrin,
and it is concluded that pituitrin also causes a true secretion.

On the composition of milk as affected by increase of the amount of
calcium phosphate in the rations of cows, A. Lattdbib and T. W. Fagan {Proc.
Roy. Soc. Edinb., 35 {1914-15), No. 2, pp. 195-202) .—Two lots of three dairy
Shorthorn cows each were fed turnips, cotton-seed cake, bran, hay, and straw,
the mineral matter in this ration, exclusive of the straw, containing about
0.5 lb. of calcium phosphate per cow per day. On this ration the percentage
of phosphoric acid and mineral matter in the milk of each cow was relatively
constant. Lot 1 was kept on this ration throughout, while lot 2 was fed in addi-
tion for five weeks calcium phosphate in the following quantities : For the first

DAIRY f' ARMING DAIRYING. 271

3 days, 2 oz. per cow per day ; for the next 4 days, 4 oz. ; for the next 7 days,
7 oz. ; and for the next 21 days, 8 oz. The addition of calcium phosphate was
then stopped and the original ration continued for two Aveeks.

The addition of calcium phosphate did not increase the amount of phosphoric
acid in the millv. The extra calcium phosphate did not effect an increase in the
percentage of fat, ash, or solids-not-fat. No definite effect on the yield was
observed.

On the diffusible phosphorus of cow's milk, H. S. H. Wabdlaw (Jour, and
Froc. Roy. Soc. N. S. M'ales, 48 (WU), pt. 2, pp. 253-266) .—Thifi paper is an
account of the application of the method of quantitative dialysis to the study of
the diffusible phosphorus of cow's milk.

It was found that when a large volume of milk is dialyzed against a small
volume of water tlie freezing point of the dialyzate after 24 hours approximated
to that of the milk, and did not change as the dialysis was continued ; a definite
state of equilibrium was therefore reached. Milk freed from fat in a centrifuge
contained 3 per cent more ash-forming substances than whole milk. The dif-
fusible calcium of cow's milk amounted to from 30 to 40 per cent of the total
present, and the diffusible phosphorus to from 35 to 55 per cent.

A list of references relating to the subject is included.

On the nature of the deposit obtained from milk by spinning in a cen-
trifuge, H. S. H. Wakdlaw (Jour, and Proc. Eoif. Soc. N. S. Wales, 48 (1914),
pt. 2, pp. 152-171, fl(j. 1). — The author summarizes the results of his studies as
follows :

" The removal of suspended matter from milk by spinning in a centrifuge does
not lower the freezing point of the milk. The rate of deposition of the suspended
matter of milk in a centrifuge is not constant, first decreasing then increasing.
The amount of ash in the deposit shows a variation in the opposite direction to
that of the rate of deposition, first increasing then decreasing. . . . The per-
centages of calcium and of phosphorus in the ash of the deposit are not subject to
much variation ; the average values are CaO 43.1 per cent, P2O5 43.9 per cent.
The nitrogen content of the deposit is also fairly constant ; its average value is
11.5 per cent. . . . The average composition of the deposit is ash 8 per cent,
caseinogen 57 per cent, other protein 16 per cent, lactose 16 per cent, other non-
nitrogenous organic matter 3 per cent. A considerable portion (25 to 70 per
cent) of the deposit is soluble in water. The soluble portion contains the bulk
(up to 90 per cent) of the ash of the deposit."

A list of references relating to the subject is included.

What can be added to our laboratory methods and standards to improve
certified milk, J. Traum (Amer. Jour. Yet. Med., 10 (1915), No. 10, pp. 717-722,
748). — This paper, which was presented at the ninth annual meeting of the
American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, June 17, 1915, discusses
various laboratory methods for the determination of the bacterial content of
milk and makes suggestions as to their improvement.

Experiments conducted by Stabler and Cooke at the veterinary science labora-
tory of the University of California to determine to what extent clarificatioD
would improve certified and other milks are reported. It was found that the
decrease of cellular elements is constant, varying from 70 to 86 per cent ; that
while the slime per cubic centimeter contains from 36 to 2,000 times as many
bacteria as the original milk, the final product yields a bacteria count that is
not very nmch different from the count before clarification ; and that the clarifier
has a capacity of removing only a limited amount of slime at one time, since a
fourth clarification of the same sample did not yield a smaller amount of slime
by weight than the first clarification.

272 EXPERIMENT STATIOXaRECORD.

A bacteriological method for determining manurial pollution of milk,
J. Weinzirl and M. V. Veldee {Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 5 (1915), Xo. i), pp.
862-866). — It is said that the use of Bacillus sporogenes as an indicator of
manurial pollution in milk possesses decided advantages over the B. coli test.
Since the organism is a spore producer and goes over into the spore stage under
ordinary temperatures, it can not be destroyed by pasteurization, so that this
test can be employed on all classes of milks, including pasteurized milks where
the B. coli test is worthless, and centrifugalized or clarified milks where the
sediment filter test becomes useless.

The method employed consisted in the use of plain test tubes and milk sam-
ples. To secure aerobiosis sufficient sterile paraffin was added to the tube to
make a layer one-eighth of an inch or more in thickness. The tube, containing
the sample of milk and paraffin, was heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes, cooled, and
incubated. If B. sporogenes was present the lactose was digested under the
anaerobic conditions and the gas formetl rai.<5ed the paraffin plug some distance
up the tube. If B. vulgnris was present, digestion without gas formation ensue<l.

The relative resistances to infection of raw, pasteurized, and boiled milk,
Lucy D. Ckipps and J. E. Purvis {lour. Noij. !<(i)iit. I)hit., 36 (1915), .\o. 9,
pp. 391-393). — To raw, pasteurizetl, and boiled milk samples was added 0.05 cc.
of a dilute emulsion of Bacillus coli (24 hours' growth), incubated at room tem-
perature and at 37° C. for 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours, and the increase in the number
of bacteria noted.

It was found that the organisms increased much more rapidly in the pas-
teurizeil and boiled milks than in the raw milk, and in the boiled than in the
pasteurized. The increase was strikingly apparent in the 2, 4, and 6 hours'
incubations, and it was noticeable that although the relative increase in the pas-
teurized and boiled milks was not so prominent in the 24 hours' incubation there
was an actual decrease in the raw milk. It is thought that chemical changes
take place during the heating process, Avhich make the constituents of milk
more suitable for the assimilation by and growth of micro-organisms. Also,
" the enzyms of milk undergo definite changes by heat, and, in fact, are de-
stroyed when the milk is boiletl. It may be that these enzyms are responsible
for the germicidal power of raw milk,, whereas in boiUnl milk they are absent
because they have been destroyed ; or, again, it has been suggeste<l that the
destruction of the lactic-acid bacillus by pasteurization facilitates the growth
of undesirable bacilli ; or, again, where there is a mixture of saprophytic and
pathogenic bacteria the condition of the raw milk favors the growth of the
saprophytic type rather than of the pathogenic."

It is concluded from these observations that milk should be pasteurized or
boiled immediately before it is consumed.

Immunized milk in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, .J.
Rosenberg (Med. lier. [.Y. y.], 88 (1915), No. 17, pp. 695, 6P6).— The author
presents evidence tending to show that cows and goats immunized with dead
cultures of the typhoid bacillus develop in their milk specific antibodies, agglu-
tinins, and precipitins; that feeding this milk to animals or human beings con-
veys passive immunity and protection against the typhoid bacillus; and that
ingestion of this milk causes the production of specific antibodies in the circu-
lation, so that the blood, at first negative, responds to the agglutination tt^t.
From these observations it is assumed that " Immunized milk would prtnide
protection against typhoid infection, a prophylactic like antityphoid vaccination
without its risk and the usual symptoms of discomfort." It is also maintaine*!
that immunized milk is a rational remerly for treating typhoid fever, espwMally
in the earliest stages, deserving preference to ordinary milk.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 273

Do we need a law regulating moisture in cheese? C. F. Doane {Hoard's
Dairyman, 50 {1915), No. 13, pp. 386, 387). — The author comments on the in-
creasing difficulty of securing good American cheese, the principal criticisms
being tlie softness of the cheese and its poor keeping quality. It is tliought tliat
if quality is to be placed where it should be for the good of the cheese industry,
the State or nation must regulate the moisture content of cheese, as has been
done with butter. A 40 per cent limit is deemed higli enough to allow for
unavoidable variations and to insure a much better cheese than the average
product of any State at the present time.

The composition of Dutch cheese and the system of control for whole-milk
Dutch cheese, J. J. L. Van Run {Analyst, 40 {1915), No. 414, pp. 391-398).—
Descriptions are given of the Edam and Gouda varieties of Dutch cheese. Both
varieties were originally made of w'hole milk. Edam cheese, however, is now
mostly made from the mixture of the evening milk from which a little cream
has been taken off by hand and the whole morning milk. Genuine Gouda cheese
is nearly exclusively made of whole milk. However, skim-milk cheeses having
the well-known shapes of Eldam and Goiida varieties have appeared upon the
market, with the result that it is not possible to differentiate from the appear-
ance between the original full-cream article and tlie " half-meat," or skimmed,
imitation.

The author points out that while there is no direct relation between the
amount of fat in the milk and in the cheese, it is possible to guarantee a mini-
mum of fat when the cheese is properly made from whole milk. Rich milk,
however, does not necessarily mean a high percentage of fat in the cheese, even
when carefully made and when little fat is lost in the whey.

The results of investigations show that the increase in the percentage of fat
in skim milk has a very marked effect on the increase of tlie amount of fat in the
cheese. Cheese made from skim milk with 0.5 per cent fat showed an average
percentage of fat in the dry matter of the cheese of 12.45 per cent, while with a
fat content of the milk of 2 per cent the fat in the cheese was 38.65 per cent.
An increase of 0.1 per cent in the amount of fat in the skim milk was found to
give, on an average, an increase of 1.75 per cent of fat in the dry substance of
the cheese.

An account is given of several control stations in Holland organized by private
individuals and under supervision of the Government which have adopted marks
for distinguishing the whole-milk cheese.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of the eighteenth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
Sanitary Association {Rpt. V. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc, 18 {1915), pp. 252,
figs. 24). — Tlie papers presented at the eighteenth annual meeting are as fol-
lows: Foot-and-Mouth Disease, by A. D. Melvin and J. R. Mohler (pp. 16-
27) (E. S. R., 32, p. 877) ; Foot-and-Mouth Conditions in Various States (pp.
27-66) ; Recent Developments in Tick Eradication, by P. F. Bahsen (pp. 67-77) ;
The Use of Concrete for Sanitary Farm Improvements, by L. A. Warner (pp.
77-91) ; The Recognition of Atypical Forms of Blackleg in the United States,
by K. F. Meyer (pp. 91-98) (see p. 276) ; Hog Cholera Control Investigations
of the United States Department of Agriculture. — Report of Progress, by M.
Dorset (pp. 99-112) (see p. 280) ; Uniform Methods for Control of Hog Cholera,
by P. Fischer (pp. 112-118) ; Standardization of Antihog-Cholera Serum, by
T. P. Haslam (pp. 118-123) (see p. 280) ; Methods of Manufacturing Antihog-
Cholera Serum and Virus, by F. A. Bolser (pp. 123-127) ; The Refinement of
Hog-Cholera Serum, by J. Reichel (pp. 127-138) ; Antiliog-Cholera Serum Pro-

274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

duction in Kentucky, by R. Graham (pp. 138-146) ; Trichinosis, by B. H. Ransom
(pp. 147-165) (see p. 276) ; Suggestions Relative to the Control of Interstate
Movements of Live Stock, by J. I. Gibson (pp. 166-174) ; Report of the Com-
mittee on Uniform Standards of the Eastern Live Stock Sanitary Association
(pp. 174-185) ; The Spread of Disease Through Garbage, by V. A. Moore (pp.
185-188) ; The Glanders Question in Connecticut, by F. G. Atwood (pp. 189-
207) ; Live Stock Importation Problems in the Philippines, by A. R. Ward, pp.
207-220) ; Infectious Anemia of the Horse, by H. Schmidt (pp. 220-225) ;
Worthless Disinfection, A Serious Problem in Live Stock Sanitation, by J. T.
A. Walker (pp. 225-231) ; etc.

[Report of veterinary work in California] (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 36,
37, 38-43). — Studies were made by I^dyard of the thread lung-worm (Dictyo-
caulus filaria) during an outbreak in Marin Countj- in a recently purchased
herd of 150 Angora goats. Embryos and ova of this nematode were kept alive
in wet soil for three months. It occupies the bronchi and pockets in the nasal
passages, death appearing to be caused through suffocation. Fumigants. tracheal
injections, and anthelminthics were found to be valueless a.s remedial measures.
It was found that mature worms do not survive vapors of chloroform for
longer than 3.5 minutes under laboratory conditions, and an injection of 1.5
cc. of chloroform into each nostril proved successful in eliminating a number of
the worms without any harmful effect on the host resulting. The outbreak was
brought under control by means of chloroform, isolation, and sanitary measures.
During the course of lung-worm investigations the goats were found to be
seriously infested by lice, which represent a new si)ecies, described by V. L.
Kellogg as Trichodectes hennsi.

A practical application of a method of vaccination against chicken pox de-
vised at the Wisconsin Station (E. S. R., 31, p. 887) was made by J. R. Beach.
In a badly infected flock in which 1,177 fowls were treated only 0 per cent
subsequently developed chicken pox lesions, whereas 87.5 per cent of 121 fowls
in the same pen left unvaccinated subsequently developed the disease. Figures
presented indicate that vaccination has a curative as well as a preventive value.
Experiments were made by J. Traum in massaging the injected area in the
intradermal tuberculin test. It was found in 135 cattle tested that massaging
in this way neither obviated nor decreased the reaction but increased it in
9 cases.

Five of 7 calves immunized in 1913 against tuberculosis after the method of
I'earson and Gilliland, were killed, one showing tuberculous infection, one lesions
the nature of which was not determined, and three no lesions. C. M. Haring
concludes that the methods of von Behring and the modifications used by Pearson
and Gilliland not only failed to protect sufficiently to be of practical value, but
that the Pearson and Gilliland method with Culture Ravenel M is positively dan-
gerous in that the vaccine may in some cases transmit bovine tuberculosis. In
order to test the infectivity of a dairy barn, corral, and 30-acre pasture in which
a tuberculous herd had been kept and where several open cases of the disease
occurred, 25 nonreacting healthy animals were placed therein one month after
removal of all infected animals, the manger, water troughs, etc., being left In the
condition in which they were found. After an interval of 70 days the cattle were
tested and none reacted, and 11 were killed for beef and no lesions could be
found. The remaining animals were tested at the end of 6 and 12 months, re-
spectively, but no reactors had developed.

Further data are given on stock diseases in the Imperial Valley (E. S. R., 26.
p. 482). There is said to have been less hog cholera in the valley than during
previous years. Dermatitis in horses, which occurs in the valley primarily dur-
ing hot weather, is said to improve tinder proper grooming. Excellent results

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 275

have been obtained from the application of a preparation consisting of salicylic
acid 4 oz., creolin 4 oz., liquid pitch 4 oz., sublimated sulphur 2 oz., and cotton-
seed oil 1 pint. The skin disease of pigs, known locally as smallpox, has been
demonstrated by W. J. Taylor to be due to the presence of Demodcx foUiculorum
suis. Dipping in a 2 per cent compound cresol solution with water greatly re-
lieves the condition, destroying Bacillus necrophorus which infects the papules.

Report of the state veterinarian, C. Keane (Bien. Rpt. State Vet. Cat., 7
(1914), pp. lit). — This report relates largely to work with infectious diseases,
cattle tick eradication, scabies in sheep, etc., for the biennial period ended June
30, 1914.

Report of veterinary department, C. F. Dawson, W. A. Munsell, and J. W.
DeMilly {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Fla., 26 (19U), pp. 191-247) .—Thin report
includes accounts of hog cholera and cattle tick eradication Avork.

The authors have found that " the virus of hog choera is digested in the intes-
tinal tract of buzzards, and that the droppings of buzzards fed on the flesh of
hogs dead from cholera do not produce cholera when mixed in the feed of hogs.
. . . While the buzzard does not carry hog cholera in its droppings, it seems
highly probable that the buzzard does carry the virus, not only of hog cholera,
but of many other diseases as well, on its feet and feathers and in its vomitus."

It is thought that the disease of dogs known as black tongue may be due to
the infestation of Uncinaria canina since all that were given the thymol-salts
treatment recovered. Reference is made to the occurrence of Aujeszky's disease
or mad itch (infectious bulbar paralysis) in mules in Florida.

Report of the veterinarian, J. B. Paige {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt.
1, pp. 67a, 68a). — The diagnosis of bacillary white diarrhea of fowls by the
agglutination test for Bacterium pullorum as previously described (E. S. R., 31,
p. 683) met with considerable success and was made use of in eliminating car-
riers of the disease.

Veterinary notes, T. W. Cave {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 {19 IS),
pp. 533-557, pi. 1). — These notes relate to prevention of white scour in calves,
by T. W. Cave and W. H. Reid ; blackhead in turkeys, by T. W. Cave ; notes on
the life histories of some nematodes parasitic in the alimentary canal of sheep,
with suggestions for the treatment of the animals so infected, by H. E. Hornby ;
parasitic gastritis and enteritis of sheep, and bacillary necrosis of the liver, a
disease of the unborn lamb, by T. W. Cave.

Annual report of the veterinary service for the year 1913, W. Littlewood
(Ann. Rpt. Vet. Serv. Egypt, 1913, pp. 27). — This report deals largely with
work with contagious diseases of animals and the work of the veterinary path-
ological laboratory.

Report on the civil veterinary department (including- the Insein Veteri-
nary School), Burma, for the year ended March 31, 1915, G. H. Evans {Ann.
Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Burma, 1915, pp. 7-\-15, pi. 1). — This report includes ac-
counts of veterinary instruction, the occurrence and treatment of contagious
diseases, etc.

Applied immunology, B. A. Thomas and R. H. Ivy {Philadelphia and Loiv-
don: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. XV+359, pis. 26, figs. 45).— The authors deal
with the subject as related to the practical application of sera and bacterins
prophylactically, diagnostically, and therapeutically. It has been their aim to
omit most of the experimental research and to present theories only in so far
as they may assist in a more thorough comprehension of the subject. In an
appendix the serum treatment of hemorrhage, organotherapy, and chemotherapy
are dealt with.

Investigations of the fixation of toxins by the leucocytes, Kobzakenko
(Ann. Inst, Pasteur, 29 (1915), No. 4, pp. 190-211). — A report of studies con-

276 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

ducted, together with a review of tlie literature, a list of 26 references to which
is included.

The author finds that the leucocytes of the horse possess the property of
neutralizing diphtheria toxin and that this capacity does not depend upon the
physicochemical property of their protoplasm but upon their activity. The
leucocytes of the horse are capable neither of absorbing nor of neutralizing
the tetanus toxin. Only leucocytes of the rabbit which contain from 15 to 20
per cent of macrophages possess this property and their effect is not very
pronounced. The leucocytes are the defenders of the organism in its fight
against pathogenic agents and their toxins and determine the natural immunity
against the latter.

Parasitism and Eosinophilia, D. E. Paxtlian {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
[Paris], 78 (1915), Xo. 7, pp. 155, 156). — The author finds that helminth toxins
sensitize the organism and the anaphylaxis causes the eosinophils to appear, it
being their part to defend the organisms against the toxins just as the poly-
nuclears defend against the microbes.

The recognition of atypical forms of blackleg in the United States, K. F.
:Meyer {Upt. v. S. Lire Stock Sanit. Assoc, 18 (1915), pp. 91-98). — "Attention
is called in this note to the occurrence in this country of * atypical ' blackleg.
The term is used to specify that blackleg can occur in cattle without showing
the lesions published in text-books and commonly emphasize<l to students and
the laity. The pathologic-anatomical lesions (particularly in the internal or-
gans, as liver and pleura) are far more multiform than suspectetl. It is essen-
tial that complete autopsies be made on all cattle; also, sporadic cases often
offer valuable information and enable the sanitary officer to prevent further
losses. The methods of diagnosis are cited and e.xplained.

"The occurrence of blackleg affections in hogs in this country (in Pennsyl-
vania) is reported. As a causative agent, the so-called Ghon-Sachs bacillus
has been found. These results are confirmed by the work of Koves in
Hungary."

Contributions to the serodiagnosis of glanders; the technique of the K. H.
reaction in diagnosing glanders, \V. Pfeiler and F. Scheffler {Berlin.
Tierdrztl. M'rhnsclir., 31 (1915), Xo. 11, pp. 12 1-1 2 If). —The K. H. (conglutina-
tion-hemolysis) reaction of Pfeiler and Scheyer is a reaction in which there is
hemagglutination and deviation of complement at the same time. If condi-
tions are unfavorable for complement fixation, hemolysis occur.s.

In a study of over 5,000 sera, some were found which did not give the agglu-
tination, complement fixation, or conglutination reactions, but which gave the
K. H. reaction. The K. H. test seems to be adapted to the diagnosis of chronic
cases of glanders. Cases were found which did not give the K. H. reaction,
but gave results with the complement fixation method.

Trichinosis, B. H. Ransom (Rpt. U. S. Live fitock Sanit. Assoc., 18 (1915).
pp. 147-165). — Following accounts of the parasite TrichineUa spiralis and the
disease caused by it, the author discusses sources of infection, prevalence of
trichinie in hogs, effects of heat, low temperatures, and salt upon trichin.np. and
prophylaxis.

Experiments in the " tryposafrol " treatment of trypanosomiasis (Trjrpa-
nosoma brucei) in guinea pigs and of piroplasmosis in dogs, G. H. F. Nuttall
and E. Hindle (Parasitology, 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 218-228).— In tests here
reported both tryposafrol and novo-tryposafrol exerted a directly injurious
effect upon guinea pigs infected with T. brucei. Four dogs infected with
Piroplasma cams died, although treatment with novo-tryp-osafrol was given
under the most favorable conditions, starting on the date of inoculation. " The
drug exerted no influence upon the course of the disease nor upon the appearance

VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 277

of the parasites aud their progressive iucreuse in tlie blood. Novo-tryposafrol
may tlierefore be regarded as useless in the treatment of canine piroplasmosis
suid, judged from these results on dogs, it will no doubt prove to be equally
useless in the treatment of bovine piroplasmosis when it lias received a scien-
tific trial in competent hands.

" In view of the negative results obtained by ourselves and other independent
investigators, working especially with trypanosomiasis, we conclude that the
value of tryposafrol or novo-tryposafrol as a remedy for any of the diseases
enumerated by the authors is open to grave doubt, since the chief claims as to
its eflicacy were based on experimental results which the authors state that
they obtained with nagana."

A list of nine references relating to tryposafrol is appended.

The tubercle bacilli content of the musculature, the blood, and the lymph
of apparently nontuberculous animals, M. Mtjlleb and T. Ishiwaea (Centbl.
Bakt. letc], 1. Abt., Orig., 74 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 393-455, fig. J).— The authors
report that the dissemination of tuberculous infection in the animal's body
takes place chiefly by the lymphogenous route. Tubercle bacilli are not as a
rule demonstrable in the blood stream of animals affected with generalized
tuberculosis, nor are they always noted in tuberculous broncho-pneumonia with
foci. A tuberculous infection of the intermuscular lymph nodes does not indi-
cate an infection of the blood. When tubercle bacilli are present in the blood
or in the intermuscular lymph nodes the musculature is almost always free
from them. The tuberculous infection of the intermuscular lymph nodes occurs
as a rule in either a purely lymphogenous or hematogenous manner through the
agency of the nourishing blood vessel. The infection of the various organs of
the animal body which do not communicate directly with the outside is not
necessarily brought about by way of the blood stream. Some heavily tubercu-
lous animals harbor latent tubercle bacilli in the spleen, liver, and intermuscular
lymph nodes.

Danish investigations showing' how tubercular fowls infect pigs, J. J.
Dunne (Trans, in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 22 {1915), No. 1, pp. ^1-^5). —
Investigations having shown that pigs may be infected with avian tuberculosis,
examinations were made, at the Danish State Laboratory, of tuberculous mesen-
teries and tonsils taken at abattoirs of several swine-slaughtering companies.

Examinations of the diseased organs of 118 tubercular pigs showed 86 of them
to contain bacteria identical in every respect with avian tubercular bacteria,
and 28 to contain tubercular bacteria of the bovine type. In the remaining 4
cases the bacteria deviated in form from both types, but in two cases closely
resembled the avian type.

" The results of the foregoing examinations show that the character of the
disease varies in accordance with the type of tubercular bacteria by which the
pig is attacked. An attack of avian tubercular bacteria is usually of a local
character, while that of bovine tubercular bacteria is of a general character.
... On the whole the results of the investigations show that the overwhelming
majority of the cases of mesenteric tuberculosis are of a local character and
almost exclusively due to avian tubercular bacteria."

Examinations of swine on five farms at Remkolde with a total of 163 pigs,
where bovine tuberculosis no longer exists but where the poultry was tuber-
cular, gave 6, 17, 18, 21, and 36 per cent, respectively, of tubercular animals.

In two cases where the existence of avian tuberculosis amongst the swine was
detected the owners disinfected the sties and the hen roosts and carefully isolated
the animals. The swine reared under the new conditions were found to be
entirely free from the disease, although prior to taking these precautions two
or more animals in every lot were found to be affected. " It appears, therefore,

278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

that the infection of pigs with avian tuberculosis can be prevented most effec-
tively by isolating the pigs and the poultry and taking drastic measures for the
eradication of the disease amongst the latter."

Observations upon the tuberculin test as applied to bovine animals, F. C.
Mason {Dept. Ayr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 15 (1915), No. 2. pp. 318-
S31). — This report presents temperature charts which record the results of
experiments with 300 reacting cows. The conclusions arrived at have been
summarized by the author as follows :

" It has been proved beyond doubt that an injection of tuberculin will
confer upon a tuberculous animal the power of resistance to a second injection
for a certain period. If the amount of the first injection be increasetl, no
increase in length of the period of resistance to a second injection occurs.
This acquired power of resistance to the action of tuberculin, was found to be
retained for one week in 100 per cent of cases, two weeks in 50 per cent of
cases, and three weeks in 33 per cent of cases. In no case did it continue for
four weeks.

" If in testing animals which had previously received an injection of tuber-
culin a double dose be employed, then a reaction will be obtained between the
third and sixth hours in at least 45 per cent of cases. Repeatetl injections of
tuberculin at intervals of 14 days or 21 days gradually increases the number
of animals in the groups which will resist a further injection. It has been
found that if a group of animals be injected with a dose of tuberculin every
14 days until four doses have been given, then on the fifth injection no reaction
follows in any of the animals. A longer period is required to obtain the same
results if the doses be separated by three weekly intervals.

" The ophthalmic and intradermal methods of testing have proved entirely
satisfactory in our hands. Easily demonstrable reactions have been obtaine<l
in animals previously or simultaneously subjected to subcutaneous injection
of tuberculin, also in animals tested by the ophthalmic and intradermal
methods one week previously."

Failure of tuberculin to cause reaction in tubercular cattle, H. K. Bekry
(Vet. Alu77ini Quart. [Ohio State Univ.], S (1915), No. 2, pp. 50-^4).— A table Is
given of the temperatures and post-mortem findings of 178 cattle which gave no
reaction to the tuberculin test but were found to have tubercular lesions.

The production and detection of specific ferments for the typhoid-coli
group, G. H. Smith (Sciciwe, n. ser., 42 (1915), Xo. 1080, pp. 354, 355). — Experi-
ments reported indicate that previous treatment of the bacteria with immune
serum renders them more susceptible to assimilation by the body and thus en-
ables them to bring about a more rapid formation of the specific ferments which
may be detected by the Abderhalden test.

Diseases and treatment of the horse, cow, and hog, W. U. Gordon (Wina-
mae, Ind.: Loehrke d Gordon, 1914, PP- I'+^44)- — -^ popular work.

Investigation of live stock conditions and losses in the Selby smoke zone,
C M. Haring and K. F. Meyer (U. S. Dept. Int., Invest. Lice Stock Conditions
and Losses in Selby Smoke Zone, 1915, pp. 474-502, pis. 3). — " It appears prob-
able that in the past considerable damage to horses has occurre<l in the smoke
zone from lead emanating from the Selby smelter. The effects of this previous
injury are still evidenced by a number of long-standing cases of roaring in horses.
The clinical symptoms of roaring in these horses are due to partial paralysis of
those muscles of the larynx supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves. This
paralysis is probably due to the ingestion of lead. In some cases aspiration pneu-
monia, on account of the paralysis of the pneumogastrlc nerve, had developed.

"The value of the animals affected Is reduced 50 to 90 per cent, according
to the severity of the paralysis. In two cases fatal results have been brought on

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 279

through the Inhalation of food particles, which results in gangrenous pneumonia
(so-called 'Vagus pneumonia'). To date (July 19, 1914), we have not been
able to find any evidence of injury since March, 1914. There is no evidence or
suspicion that the smelter smoke has ever injured cattle or hogs. It is claimed
by certain owners that sheep have been injured, but we have been unable to pro-
cure any clinical evidence to substantiate such assertions.

" Until additional evidence can be found, there is no reason to believe that the
Selby smelter smoke is doing any damage to live stock at present (since March,
1914)."

Corrosive sublimate poisoning' stock, R. W. Dabnek {North Dakota Sta.
^pec. Bui., 3 {1915), No. 21, pp. 353, 354). — Statements have been made that in
some Instances stock have been poisoned from drinking water which had stood in
galvanized troughs previously used for treating wheat for smut with corrosive
sublimate. On immersing a galvanized iron plate in a 3 per cent solution of cor-
rosive sublimate it was found that the solution lost in strength about 1 per cent
in 1.5 hours, while the plate had corroded and lost 5.14 per cent in weight.
Plates thus treated were placed in well water for about 8 weeks. The plate was
found to be rusted and had lost 0.73 per cent in weight. Untreated plates were
fdund not to be rusted. The water was found to give tests for mercury salts.

Effect of cotton-seed m.eal feeding on the regenerative organs of the cow,
W. A. Baenett (Vet. Ahimni Quart. [OJiio State Univ.], 3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 73,
74)- — In an effort to reduce the number of abortions and retained afterbirths in
a certain farm herd in which negative complement fixation and agglutination
tests had been obtained, the feeding of cotton-seed meal was discontinued for
seven weeks before calving, a bulky food with a small quantity of concentrates
being substituted. In cases where this was tried the percentage of retentions of
afterbirth was reduced.

With the remaining pregnant cows a balanced ration containing a very small
quantity of cotton seed was used. Notwithstanding these precautions the num-
ber of abortions was not diminished although less retention of afterbirth oc-
curred. Once the toxic substance contained in the meal is taken up by the
system its elimination is apparently difficult ; at least it is little Influenced by
change in feed alone. Epsom salts seemed to assist in preventing retention of
afterbirth.

" The constant feeding of cotton-seed meal and hulls has been observed to
produce abortion and retention in various parts of South Carolina. Failure to
conceive when bred is a common sequela. This seemed to be due in many cases
to a closing over of the os uteri by adhesions ; breaking down the adhesions
seldom removed the sterility, however."

The bacterial flora of the buccal cavity of healthy hogs with special ref-
erence to auto-infection in hog cholera and swine plague, A. van der Laan
(Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 74 {1914), iVo. 7, pp. 547^79).— The object
of this investigation was to determine the bacteria which occur in the mouths
of healthy hogs. All pigs examined were young animals 6, 7, and 8 weeks old.

From the buccal membrane of every pig Bacillus coli strains and gram-
positive cocci were isolated. From two hogs B. protens was obtained. Ovoid
bacilli were found in the buccal mucosa of three pigs, bacilli of the paratyphoid
B group twice, and a number of nonpathogenic saprophytes. From the mouths
of two hogs organisms having the cultural characteristics of B. voldagsen and
B. typhi stiis (Glasser) were isolated, but they did not, however, behave the
same serologically and pathologically. Erysipelas bacteria and the tubercle
bacilli were not found.

The ovoid bacilli residing saprophytically in the mouths of healthy hogs
could not be distinguished morphologically or culturally from B. nuiscpticus.

280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Among the ovoid bacilli there were virulent strains, the virulency of which
could be increased by passage through animals, and the strains could produce
in pigs a condition typical of swine plague. With the complement fixation test
the saprophytic ovoid bacilli were proved to be identical with the bacillus of
swine plague, and probably all of the nonpathogenic strains of ovoid bacilli can
under certain circumstances become pathogenic and cause auto-infection. The
author agi'ees with Glasser, Dammann, Steilefeder, Pfeiler, and Kohlstock that
the di.seases coming under the caption of hog cholera are not all caused by the
same virus, one being caused by the filterable virus and the other by B. typhi
suis. The latter is in no way identical with B. suipestifer.

A list of 35 references is appended.

The relation of parasites to hog cholera, J. W. Connaway (Breeder's Gas.,
68 {J915), No. 17, pp. 718, 720). — A description is given of the more common
endoparasites of hogs, namely, the common round worm (Ascaris suis), thorn
headed worm {Echinorhynchus gi(jns), lung worm {^tj-ongylus paradoxu.<{), and
kidney worm (Stephanurus dcntatus). They are deemed a source of irritation
;ind inflammatory conditions, thus increasing the susceptibility to hog cholera.

Hog-cholera control investigations of the United States Department of
Agriculture. — Report of progress, M. Dokset (Npt. U. S. Live Stock Sanit.
Assoc., 18 {1915), pp. 99-112. figs. S). — A report upon the progress of the work
being carried on by this Department.

Standardization of antihog-cholera serum, T. P. Haslam {Rpt. U. S. Live
Stock Sanit. Assoc., 18 (1915), pp. 118-123). — An account of work in the stand-
ardization of serum carried on at the Kansas College serum plant.

Proceedings of the meetings of committee on federal ante-mortem inspec-
tion, National Live Stock Exchange (St. Joseph, Mo.: ilcDomild Printing Co.
[19141. PP- 30). — This is a reix)rt of the committees on ante-mortem hog
inspection.

The dog as a carrier of parasites and disease, M. C. Hai.l ( U. S. Dcpt.
Agr. Bui. 260 (1915), pp. 27, pis. 14) ■ — A .summarized account of the subject, in
which the author calls attention to the increasing damage done by tlu' stray
and uncaretl for dog as a carrier of parasites and disease germs liarmful to
both man and live stock.

The cause of pernicious anemia of the horse, R. Sevdf.rhei.m (]'erhnn(}l.
Deut. Path. Gesell., 1914, pp. 4'^6-460). — This address, based upon investigations
previously noted (E. S. R.. 33. p. 681), is discussed by Joest, Schridde. and
Huguenin.

Preliminary report on the recognition of swamp fever or infectious anemia
in New York State, D. H. Udall and C. P. Fitch (CorncU Vet.. 5 (191,5). Xn.
2, pp. 69-^0, pis. 6). — The authors here report upon an outbreak of swamp fever
that extended over an area 2.1 miles square, located in the northern part of
St. Lawrence and Franklin counties, N. Y., and having for its northern boundary
the St. Lawrence River. A considerable portion of the infecte<l region is in-
cluded in the St. Regis Indian Reservation, and the owners of many of the ani-
mals were Indians. The author has been unable to find any previous account
of its occurrence in the eastern United States.

Some spirochetes found in papillomatous neoplasma in horses, M. C.vrpano
(Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. Abt., Grig., 7^ (1914), ^Vo. 7, pp. 584-591. pi. 1. figs.
18). — The author describes an affection of the mucous membrane of the horse
that is characterized by papillomatous neoplasma containing spirochete forms.
Clinically the lesions resemble those found in glanders.

Poultry diseases, their symptoms, prevention, and cure, E. J. Butzke.
C. T. Patterson, and T. E. QfiSENBERRV (Mouvtain Grove, Mo.: Arner. Srfiool
Poultry Husbandry, 1914, PP. 03, figs. SO). — A popular account.

RURAL ENGINEERING. 281

Anatomical and Mstolog'ical studies on some new species of avian cestodes,
H^LENE BaczySska {Bul. Soc. Netichatel. Sci. Nat., JfO (1914), pp. 187-239, figs.
73). — P"'ifteen new species are here dealt with of which two, namely, Davainea
penetrans and D. cohni, were taken from the domestic fowl {Gallus domesticus)
in West Africa.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Experiments in the use of current meters in irrigation canals, S. T. Habd-
ING (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 217-232). — In
connection with experimental work by Scobey previously n(>ted (E. S. R., 33,
p. 183) comparisons of various methods of current-meter gaging of irrigation
canals were made with measurements in which the velocities at from 70 to 120
points were taken. Canals of various types of cross section having discharges
varying from 2 to 2,600 second-feet and velocities of from 0.5 to 8 ft. per second
were included.

" In 96 measurements the 0.2 and 0.8 depth, or two-point method gave results
averaging 0.73 per cent too high, and the 0.6 depth, or single-point method gave
results 4.8 per cent too high. The average variation for a single measurement
was 1.5 per cent for the two-point method. If the results for the single-point
method are corrected by — 5 per cent, the average variation of a single observa-
tion is 2.5 per cent.

" In 55 measurements the vertical integration method gave results averaging
0.76 per cent too high, and an average variation for a single observation of 2.07
per cent. The use of three-point methods gave errors greater than the two-
point method alone.

" There were no marked variations of the accuracy of any of these three
methods due to difference in velocity, depth, or value of n in Kutter's formula.

" In 92 measurements to determine the coefficient to be used to reduce the
liiaximum surface velocity as measured by small floats to the mean for the
entire cross section the coefficient was found to vary with the value of n in
Kutter's formula and the size of the canal. For water cross sections of over
about 35 sq. ft. the coefficient remains constant for any given value of w. . . .
The coefficient varies from 0.6 to 0.91 for different conditions. The average
variation of the coefficient for a single observation from the mean values was
about 6 per cent, and in one-fifth of the observations exceeded 10 per cent.

" In 89 experiments on the use of observations of varying numbers of ver-
ticals across the width of canals, it appears that in uniform cross sections,
such as flumes or lined canals, observations in 8 verticals gave an average
within 1 per cent and in 4 verticals within 3 per cent of the discharge obtained
within 16 verticals. In earth canals observations in 8 verticals give an average
within 3 per cent and 4 verticals within about 9 per cent. For equivalent
accuracy about twice as many verticals should be observed in ordinary earth
sections as in uniform lined sections.

" It was found that the use of only 2 verticals located from one-fifth to
one-sixth of the width of the water surface from the sides of the section in
canals with vertical sides such as flumes, gave results within an average of
2.5 per cent. In concrete-lined sections with sloping sides similar results were
obtained where the velocities were measured at from one-fifth to one-fourth
of the width from the sides, and the areas were secured from the known cross
sections.

" In earth canals 2 points from one-fifth to one-fourth of the width of the
water surface from the sides give velocities varying from the mean of the
whole cross section by about 6 per cent. Where the depths at these two points

282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

are used to give the average depth, the total discharge is determined with an
average error of about 6 per cent. Errors in individual experiments were much
higher."

See also a previous note by Scobey (E. S. R.. 31, p. 288).

[Irrigation investigations in California] (California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
llf-ll). — Irrigation investigations made in cooperation with the Office of Experi-
ment Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and with the California
State Department of Engineering under the direction of F. Adams are reported.
Experiments on the economical use of irrigation water by F. Adams and R. D.
Robertson on about 70 Sacramento Valley farms showed that " on the average
the same rule of diminishing yield and diminishing profits, where more than
30 acre-inches of irrigation water have been applied to alfalfa, holds equally
on those farms, although, of course, the economical duty of water for alfalfa
on very open and very tight clay soils differs considerably. The depth applied
annually on the 70 farms has varied from 1.04 to 9.59 ft. On one farm, where
the application was 9.59 acre-feet per acre, the yield of alfalfa was only 5.84
tons per acre and on another, where the application was 1.04 acre-feet, the
yield was 7.17 tons per acre. In the former case the soil was underlaid with
coarse gravel, whereas in the latter case it was a silt loam."

Duty-of-water studies on alfalfa soils by F. Adams, S. H. Beckett, and O. W.
Israelsen, during which more than 18,(XX) soil-moisture determinations were
made, showed that in one case " the amount of water applied at each irriga-
tion was nearly five times the calculated water capacity of the first 6 ft. of
soil and nearly five times the quantity retained." In another ca.se desirable
practice was illustrated in that " the calculated water capacity, the quantity
applied, and the quantity retained were very nearly equal." On most hard
soils studied " it was impossible to get into the .soil more than about one-third
of the amount tlie first 6 ft. could absorb. . . .

"It is obvious from these results that It Is not economical to apply 2 acre-
feet of water at an irrigation when 0.5 acre-foot is all the upper 6 ft. of soil
will retain. It is equally obvious that a type of practice that fails to put irriga-
tion water into the soil where the crop can utilize it Is faulty."

Irrigation, of rice on the coastal prairies of Texas, C. G. Haskell (Texas
Dept. Ayr. Bui. 43, pp. 88-116, figs. 5).— This paper deals with the methods
develope<l for the Irrigation of rice in southeast Texas.

The soils of the locality consist of sandy loam, loam, and heavy black clay,
with an Impervious subsoil near the surface, and are considenMl to be well
suited for rice growing. A good supply of fresh water is considered es.sentlal
for rice Irrigation, and 99.8 per cent of the water usetl Is pumpetl. The pump-
ing machinery generally is designed to provWle 1 cu. ft. of water per minute
per acre of land Irrigated, the lift varying from 10 to 80 ft. Fourteen years'
study of the duty of water for rice Irrigation Indicated that, allowing time for
a breakdown of the pumping plant and for the stopping of pumping during
or after rains, the duty of water for rice irrigation for prairie land Irrigated
from canals varies from 7.5 to 8 gal. per minute per acre, depending upon
the character of the land and the distance the water Is conveyetl. For the black
clay loam or loam alluvial .soils along the rivers 10 gal. of water per minute
per acre Is considered necessary, while land with a loose subsoil near a river
or lake may require .38 to 40 gal. per minute per acre. Petroleum has been
found to be the best fuel for pumping plants within short distances of tlie oil
fields.

The irrigation canals are built on the highest ground and consist of two
parallel levees built on the surface of the ground 50 to 200 ft. apart with
laterals or smaller canals branching from the main canals to reach land on

RURAL ENGINEERING. 283

all sides. Further general information is given regarding the building of canal
embankments, the distribution of water from canals, and for drilling and
casing wells. The vertical centrifugal pump has been found to give the best
satisfaction in all re.spects and is said to be almost universally used.

Experiments conducted to determine the effect of water containing different
percentages of sea salts on growing rice are also reported, the percentages of
salt in the water varying from 0.0-5 to 1 per cent. It was found that water
with more than 0.3 per cent of salt when applied every two weeks after the
rice had stooled in fresh water killed the rice. Rice irrigated with water
containing 0.2 and 0.3 per cent of salt made only short heads and small grains.
When salt water was applied only once and fre.sh water was applied at the
next irrigation the injury was not so great as when the rice was irrigated
with salt water several times, and when salt water and fresh water were
j;pplied alternately every two weeks during the season the rice was not injured
quite so much as when only salt water was applied.

" Two-tenths per cent or more of salt in the irrigation water will cause some
of the leaves and hulls of the rice plants to turn brown. The more salt there
is in the water beyond a certain percentage the greater is the injury ; 0.15 or
0.1 per cent of .salt in water will cause the rice to grow better than 0.0.5 per
cent, which shows that the.se small amounts of sea salt act as fertilizers.
Larger percentages of salt can be used if there is rain or If there is considerable
fresh water on the field to dilute the salt water."

Further general information is given regarding the preparation of a rice
field for irrigation, including particularly the application of water, the location
and building of levees, and the value of irrigation as a means of controlling
insects and rice plant diseases.

Drainage and reclamation (California Sta. Rpf. 1915, p. IS). — Experiments
on drainage of alkali soils made in cooperation with the Office of Experiment
Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture are reported.

Four miles of 10- and 12-in. tile drains with 6-in. laterals laid at a depth of
a little less than 6 ft. in a quarter-section of vineyard soil rendered unproduc-
tive by alkali were found to remove approximately 97,580,000 gal. of drainage
water the first season, containing 151.5 tons of alkali, mostly common salt.
" Extensive tests of the soil show a very decided decrease in common salt but
no material change in the black alkali. A rather unsatisfactory crop of
Pigyptian corn was grown on the east half of the area. After one season's
flooding the alkali weed, which was so abundant, has almost wholly disap-
peared and Bermuda grass is so rapidly taking its place as to become an
important factor in the cost of reclamation. The cost of the drainage system,
including pump and motor, was somewhat less than $70 per acre, while leveling
the land and operating expenses, including pumping, have cost during the year
$15 per acre additional."

Land drainage by means of pumps, S. M. Woodwabd, revised by C. W. Okey
(V. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 304 (1915), pp. 59, pis. 8, figs. 3).— This bulletin repre-
sents the results of a revision of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p.
589) with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley.

It is stated that a pumping plant should have a capacity sufficient to remove
as a minimum amount in 24 hours a quantity of water sufficient to cover the
entire district to a depth of 0.3 in. " Since it has been shown that the average
depth of water to be pumped from such districts per year will be about 15 in.,
with well-designed and carefully operated plants the total cost per acre of drain-
age area per year should not exceed 80 cts. for a mean lift of 5 ft. and $1.20
for a mean lift of 10 ft. The administration of the business of the district
should be placed in the hands of a competent engineer who is familiar with

284 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

drainage work. . . . Full records of the operation of the pumping plant should
be kept, as well as detailed classification of expenditures. . . . Where prac-
ticable, gravity outlet sluiceways should be installed in connection with a pump-
ing plant for use during- times of low water outside of the drainage district."

Water resources of Hawaii, 1913, G. K. Larrison (U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-supply Paper 373 (1015), pp. iPO).— This report, prepared in cooperation
with the Territory of Hawaii, presents the results of measurements of flow made
on certain streams and ditches, and rainfall records of four of the larger is-
lands of Hawaii for 1913.

Surface water supply of Hudson Bay basins and upper Mississippi River
for the year ended September 30, 1913 {U. S. Geo}. Survey, Water-Supply
Paper 355 (1915), pp. 181, pis. 2). — ^This report, prepared in cooperation with the
States of Iowa and Minnesota, presents the results of measurements of flow
made on streams in the Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River drainage
basins.

Surface water supply of Oregon, 1878-1910, F. F. Henshaw and H. J.
Dean {U. S. Geol. Survey. ^yater■Sur])l!l Paper 370 {1915). pp. yir+S29,
pl. 1 ) . — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon, describes
the topography, climate, and hydrography of Oregon and gives the results of
measurements of flow made on streams in the State from 1S7S to 1910.

Profile surveys in 1914 on Middle Fork of Willamette River and White
River, Oregon (U. S. Geol. Surrey, Water-Supply Paper 318 (1915). pp. 8,
pis. 6). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon under the
direction of R. B. Marshall, describes the general features of the Willamette
and Wliite River basins and gives plans and profiles resulting from plane
table and stadia surveys in the basins in 1914.

Profile surveys in Spokane River basin. Washington, and John Day River
basin, Oregon (U. S. Geol. Surrey. Water-Supply Paper 377 (1915), pp. 7,
l>ls. 10). — Tills report, prepared under the direction of R. B. Marshall, describes
the general features of the Spokane and John Day River basins and gives plans
and profiles resulting from iilane tiible and stadia surveys made in the basin.

The water resources of Texas and their utilization, W. L. Rockwell (Texas
Dept. Ayr. Bui. Jf3, pp. 7-87, figs. 38). — This paper reports a preliminary inves-
tigation of the water resources of the State available and adaptable for irriga-
ton ; the extent, nature, and location of hinds susceptible of and suitable f<ir
irrigation; methods and equipment used in the application of irrigaton water,
including the weir, submerged orifice, and rating flume; and in a general way
better cultural methods for different crops to be employed under varied soil
and cllniiitic conditions.

Desert wells (U. S. Dept. Int., Off. Indian Aff. [Pub.]. 1915, pp. 8, fig. /).—
This pamphlet reports the progress made In obtaining deep-well water supplies
for domestic and irrigation use on the Navajo and Hopi Indian reservations In
Arizona and New Mexico by the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department
of the Interior. In a number of cases suflicient Avater has been obtaine<l for
domestic use, but rarely enough for irrigation.

Report of the second interstate conference on artesian water. Brisbane.
1914 (Rpt. Interstate Conf. Artesian Water [.\ust.], 2 (191J,). pp. .V.V-f ,?.''.7.
pis. 3fi. fig. 1). — The proceedings of this conference are given.

Studies on the culture media employed for the bacteriological examination
of water, I, E. M. Cuaiiot and H. W. Redfield {Jour. Amcr. Chem. Sac, 57
(1915), No. 6, pp. 1606-1630, fig. i).— Experiments with the Schardinger-Dun-
ham medium for testing for the presence of hydrogen sulphid-forming or so-
called putrefactive bacteria in water are reported, the pnriKise of which was
to obtain a medium which would yield positive uniform results in the shortest

EURAL ENGINEERING. 285

time. The method tested consisted of adding a peptone and salt solution to
the water and observing the effect on a strip of paper impregnated with lead
carbonate and suspended over the mixture after incubating at 37° C. for 24
hours.

It was found that irrespective of the inorganic salts present and of the
acidity of the medium a concentration of between 3 and 4 per cent of peptone
in the final inoculated and incubated medium appeared to favor the most rapid
and energetic production of hydrogen sulphid. The addition of beef broth to
simple peptone media slightly increased its sensitiveness, but not in proportion
to the increased trouble and labor involved. " If sodium chlorid is used, the
quantity added must not be over 3.5 per cent." Cultures to which this salt
was added showed greater hydrogen sulphid production than those which con-
tained none. In 3 per cent peptone media, the presence of from 0.5 to 1 per
per cent of potassium chlorid had a decidedly beneficial influence and led to
quicker, better, and far more uniform results than any other inorganic salt
tried.

" Positive results of hydrogen sulphid formation may be obtained In 18
hours. No hydrogen sulphid formation is obtainable in as long a period as
72 hours from natural waters which are truly ' clean,' while much is formed
in from 12 to 24 hours with contaminated waters. The feces of domestic
animals contain bacteria which are capable of producing hydrogen sulphid
from a simple peptone medium in as large amounts as is the case of the
bacteria from human feces. The large amounts of hydrogen sulphid rapidly
produced by organisms of sewage appears to be not due primarily to members
of the Bacillus coli group. This group of hydrogen sulphid-producing bacteria
does not actively ferment carbohydrates. Hence testing for their presence is
a valuable aid supplementing tests for gas producers and is of especial value
in polluted waters in which the B. coli group is absent. Some evidence has
been obtained which apparently indicates that hydrogen sulphid is more rapidly
produced in waters containing a mixed bacterial flora than by the isolated pure
cultures alone."

Studies on the culture media employed for the bacteriological examination
of water, II, E. M. Chamot and C. M. Shebwood {Jour. Amer. Chem. Sac,
37 {1915), No. 8, pp. 19^9-1959, figs. 4)- — In continuation of the experiments
noted above tests were made of the lactose-peptone media.

The results showed that " in the fermentation of lactose by bacteria in water
contaminated by sewage, human feces, the feces of domestic animals, and pure
strains of the Bacillus coli group, the total volume of gas formed increases to
a final maximum with the concentration of the peptone, meat, liver, or meat
extract employed. The composition of the gas formed is dependent upon the
concentration of the nitrogen-containing substance employed.

" The addition of from 0.5 to 1 per cent of potassium chlorid to lactose-peptone
media appears to stimulate fermentation and assure more uniform results.
Similar beneficial efiiects are obtainable with sodium chlorid, but of not so
marked a character. Nothing is to be gained by employing a lactose concen-
tration of over 1 per cent. Neutral media appear to yield slightly greater
gas volumes than media slightly acid to phenolphthalein, but media having a
reaction of approximately + 1 per cent ferment considerably more rapidly and
yield diagnostic results in several hours' shorter time.

"The gas ratios of organisms of the B. coli group are dependent upon the

concentration of the peptone or other similar nitrogenous material in the

media. The addition of meat infusion to peptone media improves this media

when low concentrations of peptone are employed, but yields media whose re-

22434°— No. 3—16 7

286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

actions rapidly change. A very sensitive peptone culture medium yielding uni-
form results and large gas volumes consists of peptone 3 to 4 per cent, lactose
0.8 per cent, potassium chlorid 0.6 per cent, reaction + 1 per cent. Such media
show little change on keeping."

Studies on the culture media employed for the bacteriological examination
of water, III, E. M. Chamot, C. M. Sherwood, and R. C. Lowary (Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 9, pp. 2198-2204, figs. 2).— In the third paper
of this series studies were made to determine the composition of the gases
formed in the fermentation of the lactose-peptone media noted in the above
paper.

It was found that " the percentage of carbon dioxid present in these gases in-
creases with an increase in peptone, meat, or liver until an equivalent of ap-
proximately 4 per cent peptone is reached, after which it remains substantially
constant. Hydrogen decreases with a rise in peptone until 4 to 5 per cent of
peptone is reached, after which the percentage of this gas remains substantially
constant. The ' gas ratio ' varies with the concentration of the nitrogenous
material present in the medium. No methane appears to be formed unless oxy-
gen (air) has free access to the media and the inoculated medium stands for
over 24 hours. A small but nearly constant amount of nitrogen Is found in
the gases of fermentation. An excess of oxygen retai-ds gas formation and
tends to increase the percentage of carbon dioxid."

The sterilization of water with lime, C. Haller (Stddtisch. Tiefbaw., 4,
l)p. 299-303; nhs. in Clicm. ZcnIhL, 191.',, I, Xo. 2, p. 193; Chem. .\bs.. S (19l!f),
No. 12, p. 2206). — The disinfection of water wIumi calcium oxid in sufficient
quantity to combme with the free and half-bound carbon dioxid and magnesium
is added is said to be not due to the toxic effect of calcium oxid. Bacteria of
the typhoid and coli groups die in 48 hours owing to the fact that intestinal
bacteria can not live in water from which the free and half-bound carbon
dioxid have been removed. Water which has been treated with calcium oxid
is said to be soon safe for use even if it had been previously polluted with
Bacilhis typhosus or sewage.

Farm water supplies (Minncapoli.t, Minn.: Bd. Ileal th, 1915, pp. 29, figs.
15). — This paper deals mainly with the sanitary side of farm water supplies.
It points out in a comprehensive manner the dangers lying in a polluted water
supply and describes and illustrates bad well, spring, and cistern conditions
and remedies for the same.

It is pointed out that in the movement of water through the soil natural
purification takes place. " If a suflicient layer of soil exists between the sur-
face and the supply, complete purification will occur. The amount of inter-
A-ening soil necessary for this purpose depends upon the nature of its composi-
tion. Under ordinai'y conditions, as found to exist in Minnesota, 10 vertical
feet of soil will be sufficient, provided the well itself is properly locate<l and
constructed. It is a common belief that pollution may seep through the soil
for long distances and gain entrance into the well in this way, but such an
idea is not universally true. :ind. as a matter of fact, the danger of surface
wash getting into a well in this manner is very slight, and in most localities
in Minnesota can be ignored as a source of danger."

Special attention is also drawn to the dangers of priming wells ami in the
use of deep-dug wells for the deposition of sewage.

Clean water and how to get it on the farm, II. W. Trxtllinger (Xat. Food
Mag., 39 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 193-200, figs. 8).— The substance of this article has
been noted from another source (E. S. II., 33, p. 289).

Water supply, plumbing, and sewage disposal for country homes, R. W.
Teullinger (Dom. Engin. [Chicago Ed.], 72 (1915), Nos. 7, pp. 19^-197, figs.

EUEAL ENGINEERING. 287

8; 8, pp. 224-226, figs. 7; 9, pp. 251,-256, fiys. 6; 10, pp. 281,-286, figs. J,; 11, pp.
S13-315, figs. 5; 12, pp. 338-31,0, figs. 8).— The substance of this article has been
previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 690).

Drainability of Emscher tank sludge, W. L. Stevenson {Municipal Jour.,
39 {1915), No. 12, pp. J,27, J,28, figs. ^).— The author states that the essential
properties of sludge disposed of on land are odor, volume, and drainability and
reports the results of experiments to determine a simple test for the last. Com-
posite samples of each batch of sludg;e placed on the drying beds of a sewage-
disposal worlis were submitted to the two following procedures :

A portion amounting to 700 cc. is placed in a 1,000-cc. measuring cylinder,
and the amount of clear water separated at the bottom is observed and
recorded at hourly intervals. This is continued until the sludge begins to
settle down into the water again. Another 700-cc. portion is placed in a
vertical piece of glass tubing of the same internal diameter as the measuring
cylinder. Over the lower end of the tube is secured a piece of wire screen
which supports a i-in. layer of small pebbles, a ^-in. layer of clean Jersey
gravel, and a 2-in. layer of fine sand. The tube is held in a retort stand over a
funnel resting in a measuring cylinder to collect the water draining out of the
sludge, and the accumulated amount of water is read at hourly intervals until
the sludge ceases to drain. The results are graphically reported, together with
the usual analysis.

The results indicate that the factors which should be combined to represent
the drainability of a sludge are (1) the rate of drainage, represented by the
slope of the first part of the curve, (2) the ratio between the amount of water
■drained from a liter of sludge and the amount of moisture therein as deter-
mined by the usual evaporation method, and (3) the time required for the water
to begin to drain out. Good sludge will be indicated by (1) having a steep
slope, (2) showing a large number for the ratio, and (3) showing a short time;
poor sludge the reverse.

Third international road congress {Internat. Assoc. Road Cong., III. Cong.
[London], 1913, Rpts., pp. 3335, pis. 56, figs. 373).— The proceedings of this con-
gress are reported in detail and consist mainly of 123 reports on various phases
of road design, construction, maintenance, cost, and administration, and on
laboratoi-y work related thereto.

Gas, gasoline, and oil engines, G. D. Hiscox, revised by V. W. Page (New
York: The Norman 11'. Henley Publishing Co., 1914, 21. ed., rev. and enl., pp.
6J,0, pis. 2, figs. 433). — In this, the twenty-first edition of this book, it has been
attempted to include striking examples of all recent developments in the field
of internal combustion engineering. The design, construction, and operation of
all forms of gas, gasoline, kerosene, and crude oil engines, including particularly
farm and gas tractor motors, ai*e dealt with.

The book contains chapters on the subjects usually discussed in such a
treatise, including the following of particular agricultural engineering interest :
Cylinder capacity of stationary gas and gasoline engines; types and details of
stationary explosion motors ; kerosene, distillate, and crude oil motors ; and
farm motors — gas tractor power plants — electric-lighting plants.

The superiority of electrical power for agricultural operations, W. Beck
(Ztsclir. Landic. Kammer Schlesicn, 19 {1915), Nos. 20, pp. 596-598; 21, p.
621). — A brief statement of the amount of electrical power required for oper-
ating different agricultural machines is given.

Coatings for cement vats {California Sla. Rpt. 1915, p. 31). — "Laboratory
tests by the division of viticulture and enology indicate that coating of mixed
paraffin and beeswax, paraffin, rosin, and beeswax, tasteles fossil asphalt, such

288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

as Gilsonite, applied in solution or melted with paraffin or Saracen wax, are
more satisfactory than any of the commercial paints tried."

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The marketing of Wisconsin potatoes, H. C. Taylor (Wisconsin Sta. Bui.
256 {1915), pp. 38, figs. 24). — The author has estimated that Wisconsin markets
outside of the State from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 bu. of potatoes per year. By
assuming the per capita consumption to be 5 bu. he has estimated that 20 per
cent of the total potatoes entering interstate commerce comes from Wisconsin, 25
per cent from Maine, 24 from Michigan, 16 from Minnesota, and 8 from Colo-
rado. Wisconsin potatoes are consumed principally through the North Central
States.

Tlie storage of potatoes is performed largely by farmers. Dealers' ware-
houses in the potato district of central AVisconsin would, if full, hold only
about one-third of the potatoes grown in that region.

The author claims that the price paid for potatoes when they reach their
desination is influenced greatly by their appearance when the car is opened.
If machinery for gi'ading potatoes were more generally used Wisconsin potatoes
would have a wider market and bring better prices.

He has classified the potato buyers into three groups — the big distributing
companies, the local independent buyers, and the managers of farmers' com-
panies. He claims the last-named can perform the function of grading, hand-
ling, and loading cars more clieaply than the others. The large companies
spend more than .$1,000 a month on telephone and telegraph messages. This
service is essential to the efficient direction of the potato shipments but must
affect large quantities in order to be economical. Generally, the farmers' com-
panies do not handle sufiicient quantities to warrant such a service.

Chicago, the greatest market for Wisconsin potatoes, demands potatoes
.shipped in bulk so that they may be sorted before sacking for the city trade.
This is an expensive system which might be done away with by careful grading
at loading stations. He finds that the middlemen charges vary according to the
service rendered and the bargaining power of dealers, buyers, and producers.
The farmer reaps the principal benefit of rising prices and must stand the loss
if prices are low.

Farmers' market bulletin {North Carolina Sta., Farmers' Market Bui., 2
{1915), No. 12, pp. 29). — In this bulletin is given the history of the Currituck
Produce Exchange. Its failure, as at first organized, in the cooperative sale
of potatoes is attributed mainly to the fact that the inspection was not of a
character to establish a reputation for grade. Upon reorganization an inspector
was employed from without the local community, and a standard grade was
established which made the exchange very effective as a sales agency.

There is also included in the bulletin a form of by-laws for a growers' cotton
marketing association, and comments regarding the prices received for 1914
apples. The usual list of growers having produce for sale is given.

Proceedings of the seventy-fifth, annual meeting of the New York State
Agricultural Society, 1915 {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bttl. 71 {1915), pp. 1579-1796,
pis. Jjl, figs. 6). — Among the papers read at this meeting were a nmnber relat-
ing to the organization of cooperative enterprises by farm bureaus, the market-
ing and transportation of agricultural produce, and factors that make for
success in agricultural cooperation.

Agricultural achievements and problems in North Carolina, AV. A. Graham
{Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 36 {1915), No. 7. pp. 5-2/).— The author shows the
progress of agricultural production in North Carolina in the last fifty years,

RUKAL ECONOMICS. 289

and compares it with conditions in other States. He also describes the work
of the different divisions of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture to
improve agricultural conditions within the State.

Keport of the Rural Credits Comm.ission {Salem, Oreg.: State, 1915, pp.
35). — In this report to the twenty-eighth Legislative Assembly of Oregon a brief
description is given of the various types of cooperative organizations, such as
the Rochdale societies of Great Britain, the Raiffeisen and Schulze-Delitzsch
in Germany, the breeding and marketing organizations of Denmark, and the
Irish Agricultural Organization Society. Recommendation is made that a
national Landschaften or mortgage credit system be established for furnishing
short-term loans to farmers, that the States pass laws for the organization of
cooperative societies and that there be a state federation of farmers' organi-
zations, state control of live-stock breeding, and a simplification of land regis-
tration.

How debtors and creditors may cooperate {Saskatchewan Dept. Agr.
[Pamphlet], 1915, Aug. 1, pp. Jf). — In determining what claims should be paid
first, the following are considered as preferred — operating expenses, such as
wages, thrashing, taxes, groceries, twine, rent, blacksmithing, and repairs ;
bank loans ; and interest on mortgages ; and the following as ordinary claims —
land, lumber, machinery, and all other items of equipment. If a farmer has
not sufficient money to pay all claims, it is believed he should pay all items
classed as preferred, as well as interest on all other debts, or, if he can not do
this, he should pay a part of all his preferred claims and interest on all ordi-
nary claims.

It is pointed out that " debtors could also avoid trouble by^ knowing accurately
their ability to pay and, if they have to make promises, by remembering that
the time of performance will soon arrive and that he who performs what he
promises is more popular than he who promises and fails to perform."

It often happens that debtors are forced by special collectors to give some
creditor a preference to which he is not entitled, and is hence unable to pay
the others wliat he would like to pay them. Cooperation among creditors is
suggested to do away with this practice.

Fifty years of agricultural politics, 1865-1915, A. H. H. Matthews {Lon-
don: P. S. King d Son, Ltd., 1915, pp. XV+4S1, pis. 7).— This book gives a
historical sketch of the efforts of the British Central Chamber of Agriculture
to effect legislation regarding cattle diseases, local taxation, land tenure, rail-
v\-ay rates and conditions, establishment of a board of agriculture, malt taxes,
fraudulent competition, and agricultural education.

Report and tables relating to Irish agricultural laborers {Dept. Agr. and
Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1914, pp. 35). — This report shows the number
of migratory agricultural laborers, the source, destination, and total supply of
agx-icultural labor, and the average rate of money wages paid.

Connecticut agriculture: List of farms for sale, 1915 {Hartford, Conn.:
Bd. Agr., 1915, pp. 157, pi. 1, figs. 16). — There is given in this report a general
description of the agriculture of Connecticut, together with the annual list of
farms for sale (E. S. R., 32, p. 390).

Studies in farm tenancy in Texas {Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 21 {1915), pp. 151,
figs. 32). — The following topics are discussed in this bulletin: The growth and
development of tenancy in Texas ; the personal property of the tenant ; sources
of credit and capital for the tenant; the chattel mortgage and the one-crop
system; financing the production of live stock; rents and the bonus system;
the economic aspects of the tenant problem in Ellis County, by W. E. Leonard ;
personal experiences of tenants and landowners who have been tenants; and
farm tenancy and the public schools, by E. V. White.

290 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Commercial organizations of the United States {U. S. Dept. Com., Bur.
Foreign and Dom. Com., Misc. Her. No. 28 {1915), pp. 104). — There is included
in this report a list of national, state, and local organizations, giving the num-
ber of members, purpose of organization, annual income, and special activities.
Among these organizations are a number bf associations relating to agriculture.

The American country girl, Martha F. Crow (New York: Frederick A.
Stokes Co., 1015, pp. VIII-\-367, pis. 15). — In this book the author has described
the life of the country girl and the problems she has to solve, and gives sug-
gestions for the upbuilding of better rural womanhood.

Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt. 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. 53-
64, figs. 9). — This number gives the usual monthly estimates of the acreage, con-
dition, and yield of the more important agricultural crops, the farm prices of
important products, and the range of prices at important markets, with mis-
cellaneous data, including charts showing monthly variation of crop prices.

The number of bales of cotton ginned from the growth of 1015, prior to
September 25, 1915, was 2,900,007, as compared with 3,393,752 for 1914.

A special inquiry among the crop correspondents relative to the sales of
farm products has been summarized as follows: "Of every $100 worth of
product sold by all who reported, approximately $36 were for live animals,
$20 were for the products of live stock, $40 were for crops, and $4 represented
miscellaneous items. As the correspondents are representative farmers, the
averages of their reports in the United States and in the larger States are
probably nearly the sjime as the averages for all the farmers in the States.

" The character of farmers' sales varies widely in different sections of the
country. In the cotton States, as would be expected, by far the greater part
of the sales are as crops. Thus, in Georgia, for every $100 worth of products
sold, $75 represents crops. $14 live animals, $8 animal products, and $3 mis-
cellany. Even in Texas, regarded as a cattle as well as a cotton State, cotton
so far predominates that $75 ri'presonts crops, $15 live animals, and $7 animal
products out of very $100 of sales. It may be that the cattle section of the
State is not so fully represented in the returns as the cotton section : but com-
plete returns from all farmers probably would not materially modify these
figures.

" New England farmers make most of their .sales in the form of animal
products, largely milk, butter, and eggs. In New York, $53 of every $100 of
sales are for animal products. $14 are for live animals, $27 for crops, and $<>
for miscellany. Vermont farmers sell only $10 of crops for every $100 of all
sales."

[International statistics of agriculture] {Ann. Statis. [France'], 33 {1913).
pp. 1S5*-193*). — These pages contain statistical data showing for practically all
countries the area and production of wheat, oats. i>otatoes. and vineyards from
1850 to 1913. and the number of live .'^took fr(«m 1«35 to 1910.

Statistical notes on the production, imports and exports, prices and mari-
time freights of cereals {Intem4it. Inst. Agr. [Rome'[ Bui. Agr. and Com.
Statis., 6 {1915), No. 9, Sup., pp. 39). — In this supplemental report there has
been estimated the 1915 crop to determine whether it is sufficiently large to
meet the usual annual consumption.

In the Northern Hemisphere, which produces and consumes practically the
entire cereal production, the quantities necessary for consumption during the
year 1915-16 ai'e calculated on the basis of the average of the quantities avail-
able during the last five years. 191(V11 to 1914-15. A surplus is estimated of
165.000,000 quintals of wheat. 40,000,000 of rye, 23.000,000 of barley. 75.0(X>.-
000 of oats, and 31,000,000 of maize.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 291

Yearbook of figures, 1914 (Chicago: Drovers Journal Publishing Co., 1915,
pp. 112). — Contaiued in this pamphlet are data relating to receipts of live stock
at the principal markets for 1914, and for Chicago the number of head, car
loads, average weight of stock, and average, low, and high prices for a series
of years.

General abstracts showing the acreage under crops and the number and
descriptions of live stock in each County and Province, 1914-15 (Dept. Agr.
and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1915, pp. 31). — This annual statement
gives statistical data showing the acreage in crops and the number of live
stock and poultry by Provinces and Counties for 1914-15. There is also a sum-
mary statement for Ireland, as a whole, giving comparative data for earlier
years.

[Agricultural statistics of France] (Ann. Statis. [Francel, 33 {1913), pp.
113-13S). — These pages contain statistical data showing the acreage, produc-
tion, average yield, and value of the principal agricultural crops for 1912, the
number of live stock on December 31, 1913, and the prices of the principal agri-
cultural products and provisions.

[Consumption of agricultural products in Trance] (Ann. Statis. [Fraiwel,
S3 (1913), pp. 106*-117*). — There is given in these pages the production, im-
ports and exports, and total and per capita consumption, from 1827 to 1913,
of wheat, potatoes, sugar, wine, beer, tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa, cotton, wool,
and silk cocoons.

Annual report of the department of agriculture, Uganda, 1915 (Ann. Rpt.
Dept. Agr. Uganda, 1915, pp. 89, pi. Jf).— In addition to the reports of the
different branches of the department relative to their work, there is included
information concerning the number of live stock, area in crops, and area in
agricultural products.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The means and methods of agricultural education [in the United States
and Canada], A. H. Leake (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1915, pp. XXin-\-
273, pis. 13, fig. 1). — The author gives an historical review of the development
of agricultural education including some ancient records, and discusses some
conditions of rural life; the rural elementary school and its improvement;
teaching agriculture in the rural school, including the correlation of agricul-
ture with other subjects, the place, purpose, and character of nature study,
school and home gardens, hindrances to the introduction of nature study and
agriculture, and benefits to be derived from the teaching of these subjects;
the consolidation of schools; rural school extension comprising school credit
for home projects, boys' and girls' agricultural clubs, school fairs, young people's
institutes, short courses, and rural evening schools ; secondary education in
agriculture, including its monetary value, the advantages of agricultural in-
struction in existing high schools and their reorganizaation for such instruction,
advantages and organization of separate or special agricultural high schools,
the need of both, the course of study, and the need for specially trained
teachers ; the use of land in connection with the schools, and home projects ;
agricultural colleges — their purpose, struggles, place in the educational system,
and future, the report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching regarding them, and the broader problems awaiting the colleges ; the
scope, organization, phases, and outlook for future development of the agricul-
tural college extension service ; institutes and other helps for the adult
farmer ; the women on the farm, including work for the farm girl in the
elementary rural school and high school, household science in the home, col-

292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

lege courses for women, women's institutes, and domestic science trains ; the
training of teachers, including the training of persons preparing to teach in
rural schools and of teachers already in service, the training of teachers for
higher schools, and the Graduate School of Agriculture; and the example of
Denmark in cooperative work, its people's high schools. Royal Agricultural and
Veterinary Institute, and rural organization.

Rural education: A complete course of study for modem rural schools,
A. E. PiCKABD (St. Paul, Minn.: Webb Publishing Co., 1915, pp. 429, figs. 154).—
This book treats of school organization and management from the modern
standpoint of an industrialized rural school ; that is, a redirected course of study
in which a broader and better country life is the ultimate aim. It discusses
the proper environment and the academic, industrial, and country life work of
rurnl schools, including agi-icnlture and agricultural and horticultural, animal
husbandry, and home economics booklets; activities outside the schoolroom com-
prising the home credit plan, school gardens, and corn and tomato contests
for children, and farmers' clubs and institutes, cow testing associations, the
application of the tuberculin test and vaccination for hog cholera, demonstra-
tion work in fertilizers, pure seed, and alfalfa and drainage projects for adults,
and the rural school as a social center; the Minnesota plan of association of
rural schools with a central school for the purpo.se of getting the benefits of the
agricultural and industrial work done in the latter, a de.scription of the asso-
ciated schools at Cokato, Minn., as typical of these schools, and the advantages
to the rural communities of such association; and outlines of three-year
courses for juninr and senior high schools.

The summer traveling practice course as a means of teaching horticulture,
J. E. CoiT (Cornell Countryman, 13 (191.5), No. 1, pp. 2S-32, 58, 60. fig. i).— This
is a description of the work of the six weeks' summer practice course in citri-
culture which is a uniform requirement for graduation in the College of Agri-
culture of the University of California.

The course is taken at the end of the sophomore year, wlien the student has
completed the four agricultural fundamentals, plant propagation, soil tech-
ncilogy, genetics, and agiicultural chemistry, but before he has cho.sen his major
subject. Six units of credits are allowe<l, but the same number are simul-
taneously added to the total number requirefl for graduation. The author has
come to agree with the students in their belief that it would be better if the
summer practice courses were given at the end of the junior year, after stu-
dents have taken the general cour.se in their major subject.

Observations on agricultural extension teaching, A. Schnider {Land\r.
.Jahrh. Bayern, 3 (191.3), No. 6, pp. 259-268). — Observations are given for the
benefit of students and beginners in the work of itinerant instruction in agri-
culture on the selection of subjects, preparation of lectui-es, manner of address,
advice to indivi<lnal farmers, etc.

Some elementary lessons and experiments in agriculture for our Virginia
boys, N. S. Mayo, A. Lockhabt, and J. H. Binford (Va. Dept. Agr. and
Immigr., Farmers' Bui. 16 (1914), PP- 36, figs. 22). — This publication contains
lessons and experiments on the improvement of seed corn, judging corn, the
composition and use of lime on the farm, a test for acidity in the soil, plant
growth, cultivation, fertilizers and the part they take in the growth of crops,
calculating a fertilizer formula, swine, a balanced ration, spraying fruit and
truck crops, and directions for malcing a number of articles in wood, including
a corn shocker, wagon jack, plank drag, bracket shelf, kitchen table, etc.

Exercises with plants and animals for southern rural schools. ?]. A. Miller
(U. a. Dcpt. Ayr. BuL 305 (1915), pp. 63, pis. 5).— This guide for the teacher

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 293

contains outlines of simple exercises with plants and animals, arranged after
a monthly sequence plan, for the first five grades in Southern rural schools.
It is intended to serve as an approach to the study of formal or text-book
agriculture in the upper elementary grades. Practical exercises and field trips,
as well as correlations with other school subjects, are suggested. An appen-
dix includes lists of birds and references to literature, and a planting table.

A manual of soil physics, P. B. Barker and H. J. Young (Boston and Lon-
don: Ginn and Co., 1915, pp. yi-\-101, figs. 14). — This loose-leaf manual con-
sists of exercises on the origin, composition, and pjiysical properties of soils
and the relation of these properties to methods of soil management. The work
outlined is sufficient for two semesters with two laboratory periods a week,
and is the outcome of ten years' experience in teaching the important physical
properties of soils.

Lessons on cotton for the rural common schools, C. H. Lane ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 294 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 4)- — The author outlines 14 lessons and exer-
cises in cotton growing to serve as a supplement to the organized school work
in elementary agriculture in the rural common schools. Suggestive correlations
with other school subjects and references to literature are included.

The wheat industry for use in schools, N. A. Bengtson and Donee Gkif-
riTH (yew Yorlc: The Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XIII +341, pi. 1, figs. 1S4).—
This text for use in the upper grades of elementary schools consists of a study
of the wheat plant, its cultivation and growth, harvesting, thrashing, local trans-
portation and storage, production, marketing, and milling, the uses of wheat
products, an industrial review, and wheat in Australia, Argentina, the United
States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Each chapter is followed by questions and
exercises.

The science of home making, Emma E. Pieie {Chicago: Scott, Foresman, and
Co., 1915, pp. 404, pl- Ij fiffs. 39). — This text, which is planned to cover two
years of work but may be adapted to a shorter period, is intended for use in
home economics classes of the gi-ammer and lower high-school gi'ades in both
city and rural schools. It treats of (1) the home and its care, (2) the selection,
preparation, and serving of food, including a chapter on the family budget and
marketing, (3) the care and feeding of children and invalids, and (4) launder-
ing. The underlying facts and principles of the various subjects are taken up
and experiments, questions, and problems are included. Emphasis is given
to the physiological facts of food and digestion, hygiene, sanitation, and the cost
of material. An appendix contains supplementary recipes, lists of equipment
for the kitchen and for cleaning and laundering, forms for household accounts,
and a bibliography.

Outline for home furnishing- and decoration, C. Fletcher (Utah Agr. Col.
Ext. Div. Circ. 32 (1915), pp. It). — The outline is divided into 10 lessons and
deals with principles governing beauty, exterior and garden treatment, and in-
terior treatment. A bibliography is included.

First social ag-ricultural week, October 3—10, 1913 (Santiago, Chile: TJni-
versidad Catolica de Santiago, 1914, pp. LX XVI II +392, pi. 1, figs. ^7).— This
report contains addresses made at the first .social agricultural week in Chile,
October 3-10, 1913, at the Catholic University of Santiago. The leading agri-
culturists of all the Provinces were invited to attend.

294 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of California Station, 1915 {California Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
76, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This contains tlie organization list and a report of the direc-
tor on the work and publications dui'ing the year, as well as of the instruction
and extension work of the college of agriculture. The experimental work
recorded, not previouslj^ abstracted, is for the most part abstracted elsewhere
in this issue.

Twenty-seventh. Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1914 (Massa-
chusetts Sta. Rpt. 1914, pts. 1-2, pp. IX+69a+n8, pis. 15, figs. 6).— This con-
tains the organization list, reports of the director and heads of departments, a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and reprints of
Bulletins 156-102, previously noted. The report of the assistant agriculturist
includes fertilizer tests with oat hay, raspberries, blackberries, rhubarb, as-
paragus, potatoes, corn, mixed hay, and soy beans, and variety tests of potatoes,
the latter being noted on page 231. The report of the veterinarian is abstracted
on page 275.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1914 {Nebraska Sta.
Bpt. 191 J/, pp. XXXVI, figs. 5). — This contains the organization list, a report
as to the work and publications of the year, a report of the extension service
of the college of agriculture, and a financial statement for the period ended
June 30, 1'J14. Data as to field crops are abstracted on page 228 of this issue.

Report of the Eastern Oregon Branch Experiment Station, 1911—12, R.
WiTHYCOMBE {Otcgon Std., Rpt. Eaiit. Ovcg. Sta., 1911-12, pp. 60, figs. 19). — The
experimental work recorded in this rep<»rt of the superintendent of the Eastern
Oregon Substation is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in tliis issue.
Plans of the new barn at the substation are also included.

County experiment farm law (Ohio Sta. Circ. 155 {1915), pp. 4)- — ^The text
of the Ohio laws i)ertalning to the establishment and maintenance of county
experiment farms is given.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation {^ya^h^ngton
Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., S {1915). X». 7. pp. 19, fig. i).— This number
contains brief articles on the following subjects: Developing a Small Poultry
Farm, by H. L. Blanchard ; Cover Crops for Berry Fiehls, by J. L. Stahl ;
Sprouted Grain as a Poultry Food, by V. U. McBride ; Liming the Soil, by E. B.
Stookey ; and Concerning Ground Limestone, by W. A- Linklater.

NOTES

California University. — From 452 replies to a questionaii*e sent out to students
of the college of agriculture, it appears that 58.6 per cent were not brought
up on farms and but 32.3 per cent came directly from farm homes. The period
of actual farm work done by the students had averaged about 19 months.
Nearly 57 per cent entered specifically for a general education in agriculture
and 13.4 per cent for special training. Over 65 per cent considered general
stock or fruit farming the ideal form of employment on graduation, while 14.8
per cent preferred government service, 5.5 per cent station work, 2.4 per cent
college instruction, and 8.2 per cent school instruction. Over 30 per cent believed
they would be financially able to begin farming on graduation.

Delaware College. — The tract of land purchased last spring with a gift of
$218,000 from an anonymous source is being utilized for campus and building
sites. It is expected that the new building for agriculture and science, pro-
vided under the gift previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 794), will be ready for
occupancy in the spring of 1917 and the remodeled college hall in the following
September.

Georgia Station. — The legislature has appropriated $2,500, available imme-
diately. This is to be used to enlarge the laboratory space, keep up the build-
ings and grounds, extend the work to different parts of the State, and help
meet the expenses of the quarterly meetings of the board of directors.

A. S. Chamlee, of Bartow, has been appointed to the board, vice M. G. Gamble.

Kansas College and Station. — The Kansas Industrialist states that R. W.
Miller, instructor in chemistry, has resigned to accept a position with the
Mellon Institute for Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburgh, and
that C. E. Miller, instructor in soils, has become assistant professor of soils in
the Michigan College. M. C. Sewell, superintendent of the Garden City sub-
station, has been appointed assistant professor of soils

Massachusetts College and Station. — ^William H. Bowker, a graduate of the
pioneer class of 1871 and a member of the board of trustees since 1885, died
January 4 at the age of 65 years. Mr. Bowker was also widely known as a
pioneer in the fertilizer industry in this country. As a member of the board
of trustees, he served for many years on the experiment station committee as
well as on other committees, and was also a member of the board of control of
the Massachusetts State Station from 1892-1894. He was intensely interested
in the work of the institution and in various capacities had rendered conspicu-
ous service in its development.

Sumner R. Parker, 1904, of the Franklin County Farm Bureau, has been
appointed assistant state leader in charge of county agent work, vice B. W.
Ellis, resigned to engage in farming.

New Jersey College and Stations. — A. N. Hutchinson, assistant chemist, and
A. C. Foster, assistant seed analyst, have resigned, the latter to become instructor
in botany in the University of North Carolina. Recent appointments include
the following: J. Marshall Hunter as assistant animal husbandman, Allen G.
Waller as assistant in agronomy, Lawrence G. Gillam as extension specialist in

295

296 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

frnit growing, vice Warren W. Oley, resigned, and Louis K. Wilkins as field and
laboratory assistant.

North Carolina College and Station. — The extension service is bringing the
results of station work closely to the people of the State. Many newspapers
and farm journals are now carrying one or more articles weekly and one of the
local dailies is sending a reporter to the college each day for information. It is
stated that as a result of work in Ashe, Allegheny, and Watauga counties, four
cheese factories have been established and the output of cheese doubled in the
past 10 months. Growing soy beans for oil production has also been encouraged.

J. D. McVean, who has had charge of the pig club work in the State, has been
appointed pig club agent in the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department,
and was succeeded .January 17 by B. P. Folk, the county agent of Gaston
County. L. I. Case has been appointed assistant beef cattle field agent.

Ohio State University and Station. — The department of agronomy of the
college of agriculture is carrying on a series of experiments to determine the
effects of the calcium-magnesium ratio in the soil on bacterial life. Storage
tests by two members of the senior class with celery are also in progress in
cooperation with the station.

Oklahoma Station. — Wallace McFarlane. Ph. D., has been appointetl in charge
of the soil division of the agronomy work.

Oregon College. — The annual farmer.s' and home-makers' week was held at
the college, January .3-10. In addition to the lectures and demonstrations, there
were 21 conferences held by county and state organizations, including the State
Grange and Farmers' Union, representatives of which agreed upon a basis
for federating the various state organizations.

A conference of county agriculturi-sts from 13 counties maintaining agents
and the officers of the seven substations was held at the college .January 10-l.j,
with Paul V. Maris, the new state leader of farm demonstration work in charge.

H. C. Seymour, formerly superintendent of schools for Polk County, has been
appointed state leader of girls' and boys' industrial club work, vice F. L. Griffin,
whose resignation has been previously noted, and has entered upon his duties.

Rhode Island Station. — The experimental work of interest to market gar-
deners is to be extended by the addition of over 100 plats. The first main
problem to be undertaken is to be a study of the feasibilty of the partial or
complete substitution of green manures and commercial fertilizers for horse
manure. This is stimulated by the real and prospective scarcity of the manure
supply. An overhead irrigation system sufficient to deliver 80 gallons of water
per minute from a nearby pond has been partly installed to determine the rela-
tive dependency upon water of the various soil treatments. The effect of cer-
tain crops upon those immediately following will also be studied.

L. S. Crosby, assistant in cliemistry, has resigned to accept a commercial
position.

New Entomological laboratories in Canada. — Four new entomological labora-
tories were completed during the summer of 191.5. located respectively at
Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia ; Frederickton, New Brunswick ; Treesbank. Mani-
toba; and Lethbridge, Alberta.

The laboratory at Frederickton is the most elaborate of these structures and
is a two-story and basement brick building 24 by 30 feet, located on the campus
of the University of New Brunswick. Its work has been especially directed
toward the natural control of insects, notably the brown-tail moth, tent cater-
pillar, spruce budworm, and fall webworm. The laboratory at Annapolis Royal
i>- a wooden ono-story and basement building. 20 feet square. It is located
on the county school grounds and is equipped with special reference to com-
bating the brown-tail moth and for studies of the bud moth, fruit worm, and

NOTES. 297

other fruit pests. It replaces a former temporary laboratory at Bridgetown,
which is to be used as a substation wherever most needed.

The laboratories at Treesbank and Lethbridge are of the bungalow type, the
former being 12 by 16, and the latter, located on the Dominion substation farm,
23 by 20 feet.

Short Courses in the Agricultural Colleges. — The following is quoted from the
editorial columns of The Breeder's Gazette:

" This is an open season for short courses. Some years ago neither short
courses nor long courses interested many farmers. They knew what they knew,
and college learning was not attractive to them. A lot of changes follow along
with time, and one of the deepest significance is the altered attitude of farmers
toward educational institutions. When short courses for a few weeks of the
winter were first offered they were tested and found good, and facilities have
been taxed as the years rolled on to give the necessary attention to the crowds
of farmers who assemble. They are not young men. Indeed, some courses
specifically bar men under 25 years of age. They are graybeards who want to
lengthen their years of usefulness and increase their production by taking
advantage of all the facts dug up by investigators and students whose work is to
uncover truth. Some agricultural colleges this winter will fairly resemble army
posts in dormitory equipment. An attempt will be made to give accommoda-
tions on the grounds to all who attend, and in one case we understand a draft
has been made on the cots used by the state militia in order to provide enough
beds for farmers attending the short courses. We are never too old to learn."

First National Conference on Church and Country life. — ^This conference was
held at Columbus, Ohio, December 8-10, 191.5, under the auspices of the
commission on the church and country life appointed in 1913 by the Federal
Council of Churches of Christ in America. About 40 States and 30 religious
denominations were represented and the attendance aggregated about 700. The
agricultural colleges were strongly represented, as well as ministers in active
service and leaders in the various denominations.

The meetings were opened by Rev. Washington Gladden, and with an address
of welcome by Governor F. B. Willis of Ohio. The presiding oflice2 was GifCord
Pinchot, who declared that " we in America may be certain that the life in the
country can not be fine and strong unless it is strengthened by an active and
efficient church."

The primary object of the conference was declared to be to bring to the
attention of the people in general the present condition of the country church
rather than to offer a specific plan for action. As an index to conditions, an
incomplete rural church survey in Ohio was presented showing that 83 per
cent of these churches had less than 100 members and 21 per cent less than
25 members, while less than 40 per cent of the rural population were members
of any church. Only one church in 16 had its individual minister, and one
church in 9 had been abandoned entirely within the last few years.

Committee reports were presented dealing with various aspects of the
problem. That on the country church, its function, policy, and program was
given by President Kenyon L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts, who defined the
function of the country church as " to create, to maintain, and to enlarge both
individual and community ideals under the inspiration of the Christian motive
and teaching, and to help people to incarnate these ideals in personal and
family life, in industrial effort, in political development, and in all social
relationships."

The committee report on the church as a community center by Dr. Earp, of
Drew Theological Seminary, pointed out that a " community center means, not
as many have thought the bringing of everything into the church, but rather

298 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

spreading its influence out into the community and into everj'tliing affecting
men's lives."

A plan proposed by the Massachusetts Federation of Churches was presented
by the committee on training of the rural ministry. This plan recognized that
the country minister should be as able and as thoroughly equipped a man as any
other minister and should be trained for leadership. C. J. Galpin, of the
University of Wisconsin, presented a plan calling for a nondenominational
theological scliool to be located in close proximity to some agi-icultural college
in the middle West for the preparation of rural ministers. He believed that
this might counteract the prevailing drift of the ministry to city churches.

Prof. John Fiske, of Oberlin College, presented a report on financing the
country church, calling attention to its opportunities as a nearby missionary
field. He also maintained that if highly endowed and trained men would
permanently enter the field, country people would finance their own churches
in due season.

A report on The Allies of the Country Church discussed the Young Men's
Christian Association and the Young Women's Christian Association. Miss
Jessie Field discussed the position of the country girl in any scheme for
community betterment.

President W. O. Thompson, of Ohio State Universitj-, gave an address on
The Country Church and Rural Activities, and Rev. Dr. ^Mosiman on the
Social Responsibility of the Church to Its Community, including not only the
various religious groups but the foreign-born, class groups such as tenants and
hired help, young people without special ties, and the like.

A notable feature of the conference was the address of President Wilson,
who spoke of some results of the past and some opportunities in the future.
He maintained that " the church has dei)ended too much upon the individual
example. We must have more cooperation, the vital principle of social life. . . .
Surely the church is the instrumentality by which rural communities may be
transformed; and surely there is nothing in the country community in
which the church ought not to be the leader and actual vital center." He
enumerated viie encouragement of cooi>erative buying and marketing among
farmers and the quickening of the social life as special fields of opportunity.

Nearly all the speakers referred to the extension and other work of the
agricultural colleges, and many pleaded for a closer cooperation between the
rural churches and these institutions. A policy of cooperation rather than of
competition was also strongly advocated between the churches themselves.

Agriculture at the British Association. — The topics under discussion at the
1915 session of the section on agi'iculture dealt especially with problems per-
taining to the maintenance and improvement of the food supply.

The presidential address of R. H. Rew reviewed the existing situation, show-
ing a substantial increase in production in Great Britain during the past year.
T. H. Middleton compared the relative efficiency for food production of dif-
ferent systems o1 farming, advocating greater attention to dairying. J. 'SI. Call
discussed the probable effect of the War on the Future of Agriculture in
Scotland, and W. H. Thompson took up the situation as regards Ireland.
J. Hendrick and E. T. Hainan discussed respectively the outlook with regard
to supplies of fertilizers and feeding stuffs. Reducing prevailing wastes of
liquid manure and utilizing seaweetls were suggested for conserving the potash
supply, while dried yeast and palm-nut cake were described as new fee<ling
stuffs of promise. W. Somerville reported pot culture tests which indicatefl
an accumulation of fertility in grass land from the use of basic slag. T. B.
Wood cited the introduction of new feeding stuffs and the prevention of waste

NOTES. . 299

in feeding as instances of ways in wliicli tlie agricultural scientist may render
direct service to the practical feeder.

Labor and labor-saving machinery were considered by W. J. Maiden, who
pleaded for a reform in educational methods in rural schools to provide
opportunity for training in handling machinery. Thomas Wibberley discussed
the economics of continuous cropping with especial reference to results secured
by him in Ireland. A paper by D. MacPherson and W. G. Smith classified into
five types the upland grazing lands of Scotland with reference to their economic
value and possibilities of improvement. A. G. Ruston, under the topic The
Plant as an Index of Smoke Pullution, claimed a direct correlation between the
degree of atmospheric pollution and the activity of plant growth, the chemical
composition of the plant, the activity of the plant enzyms, and the vitality of
the seed.

The problem of determining the cost of feeding in milk production was taken
up by J. Mackintosh, C. Crowther, and A. G. Ruston, and showed a diversity
in methods and opinions. A. Lauder reported experiments in feeding calcium
phosphate to cows without effect on either the yield or composition of milk.
The studies of Professor Crowther indicated that the method of milking may
have an appreciable influence on the milk and that the time factor apparently
enters into the problem.

The meetings of the section were well attended and much interest is reported
in the papers and discussions.

Progress in Agricultural Instruction in Latin America. — ^A recent decree of the
department of agriculture of Argentina established a practical home school of
figriculture at Tandil, the first of its kind to be founded in the Republic. An
industrial school for women and girls between the ages of 8 and 30 years has
been opened in the city of Buenos Aires for the purpose of teaching them useful
occupations. Similar schools are to be organized elsewhere.

The President of Brazil, with the object of encouraging the growing of cotton,
has established a bureau of cotton in the department of agriculture, to conduct
experiments with different species and to give advice to agriculturists desiring
to engage in its cultivation. A recent executive decree also establishes an agri-
cultural chemical bureau in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to assist and cooperate
with persons engaged in agricultural pursuits and to aid in the development of
the industry. The governor of the State of Sao Paulo has appointed Emilio
Castelho, agronomist in the agricultural school at Sao Paulo, to study the
export business of grasses, Indian corn and other cereals, and alfalfa in
Argentina.

The Government of Chile has appropriated $9,490 for the maintenance of the
agricultural farm and $8,358.50 for the agricultural school at the Quinta
Normal de Agricultura, Santiago.

According to a recent message of President Alfredo Gonzales, of Costa Rica,
the results of the rural agricultural schools have been so satisfactory that the
department of agriculture proposes to establish 50 such schools with practical
and theoretical instruction, and to increase this number as the needs of the
counti-y require. A proposed plan for the founding of a school of industrial
arts and a school of agriculture in the cities of Alajuelita and Cartago is also
being considered. A new board of agricultural credit, with Ramon Solano as
president and Rosalia Carreras as secretary, has been organized in the Alajue-
lita Canton. The first annual celebration of Arbor Day was held by the public
schools on June 15, 1915.

Doctor Arias of the department of agriculture of the Government of Cuba
has taken steps to introduce instruction in bee culture into the agricultural
schools of the Republic. Three agricultural schools have been established in
the Provinces of Pinar del Rio and Havana.

300 EXPERIME:ffT STATION EECOED.

A board of agriculture has been organized in the Department of Zacapa, in
Guatemala, with Federico Castafieda, president, and Antonio E. Lima, secre-
tary. A similar board has been organized at El Progreso with Jose MariS,
Calderon, president, and Pedro Archila, secretary.

A practical school for girls was opened in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in 1915,
with instruction in various branches of home economics.

On the recommendation of a number of agricultiiral students of ilerida, pre-
liminary steps have been taken by several prominent citizens of the State of
Yucatan, Mexico, to establish an agricultural experiment station, the Mexican
agronomist, Francisco Vega y Loyo, being one of the leaders in the undertaking.
It is proposed to get into communication with the principal Mexican experiment
stations as well as those of the United States and Europe.

A rural normal school, the second of its kind established in Paraguay, was
inaugurated in 1915. Stock raising is to be included in the subjects of instruc-
tion. The agricultural school at Asuncion has aided greatly in the introduction
of improved methods concerning the feeding and breeding of stock in the more
thickly populated sections of the Republic, and particularly in influencing small
farmers to give attention to the forage questions by recommending the cultiva-
tion of suitable grasses and legumes for feeding purposes.

Graduate School of Agriculture. — The program of the seventh session of the
Graduate School of Agriculture, under the auspices of the Association of Amer-
ican Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, to be held at the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass., July 3-28, 1916, will include
courses on the fundamental factors of the growth of plants and animals from
physical, chemical, and biological vieu-points, agricultural and economic prob-
lems of production and distribution, land problems, rural organization, and
principles and methods of teaching. There will also be conferences on the
scientific basis of agriculture, making the farm pay, farm finance, social factors
of rural progress, and training of men for agricultural service. Opportunities
for inspection and study of features of the intensive agriculture of New Eng-
land will be offered through excursions under expert guidance during and after
the session of the school.

Miscellaneous. — The incoming officers of the American Phytopathological
Society, elected at the Columbus meeting, December 28-31. 1915. are as follows:
President. Dr. E. F. Smith, of this Department ; vice-president. Dr. M. T. Cook,
of the New Jersey College and Station ; secretary-treasurer, Dr. C. L. Shear,
of this Department ; and members of the council. Dr. F. D. Kern, of the Penn-
sylvania College and Station, and Dr. E. C. Staknian, of the Minnesota University
and Station. Dr. W. A. Orton was elected one of the chief editors of Phyto-
pathology and H. T. Gussow, Dr. C. W. Edgerton, Dr. Stakman, and Dr. V. B.
Stewart, associate editors.

George L. Fawcett, from 1908 to February, 1915. plant pathologist at the
Porto Rico Federal Station, has been appointed professor of mycology and
bacteriology at the University of Tucuman, Argentina.

o

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

MARCH, 1916

No. 4

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OITICB

1916

D. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bueeau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau op Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Eatabrook, Statistician.

Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henehaw, Chi^.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; 3. F. Duggar.a
Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H. Moore."
Ttiskegee Station: Tutke^u Inttitute; G. W.
Carver.a

kixBtuSitka: C. C. Georgeson.^

Arizona— Tuewm.- G. F. Freeman, c

Abkansas— fijyfU«i/Zfc- M. Nelson.o

CkvaoRmx—Berkelej/: T. F. Hunt.o

CoiOEADO— fort Collin*: C. P. Gillette.*

CONNICnCTJT—

State Station: New Eaven; \„ „ , , .

Storrs Station: Storr,; }^- ^- •'<^°**"^ "

Dblawabk— JVetcarfc.' H. Ha>'vard.a
F^omDJL—OainesvilU: P. H. Rolfs.o
Gkoeoia— £xper«m«W.' R. J. H. De Loach. ■»
Ov^ii— Island of Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.*
Hawah—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. K. Westgate'.*

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; B. P.
A gee."
Idaho— J/<Mcotc.' J. S. Jones."
Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport"
Indiana— Lo Fayettt: A. Goss."
Iowa— Amea; C. F. Curtiss.a
Kansas— 2fa7ifta«on.' W. M. Jardine."
Kentucky— X,«xin0<m.- J. H. Kastle.*
LotnsuNA—

State Station: Baton Routt; \

Sugar Station: .dudubon Port, Ittc r> t. a.^ .
r, „ , >vv. R. uoason."

Kew Orleans; I

North La. Station: Calhoun: j

Mainx — Orono: C. D. Woods."

Wlztlaitd— College Park: H. J. Patterson."

Massachttsetts— JtnR<rst.-"W. P. Brooks."

Michigan— JEwt Lansinf: R. 8. Shavr.a

Minnesota- Vniversitu Farm, St. Paul- A. F.

Woods."

liissiasim—AgricuUural College: E. R. Lloyd."

Miasotmi—

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford."

Fruit Station: Mountain Orove: Paul Evans."

" Dlreotor. » Agronomist

Montana— 5 ozemaa* F. B. Linfield."
Nebraska— Irincoin.' E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— irno.- S. B. Doten."
New Hampsiiibe— 2>«rAam.- 3. C. KendaU."
New Jeeset— jV<ru) Brunswick: 3. O. Lipman."
New Uzxico— State College Fabian Garcia."
New York—

State Station: Qeneva; W. H. Jordan."

Cornell Station: Uhaca; B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina-

College SUtion: Wat RaUigb;\

State Station: Raleigh; Z^' ^^- K"«o"-'

North Dakota— .iip^cuUurai College: T. P.

Cooper."
Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— ShRico/rt".- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— CortoUi*.- A. B. Cordley."

Pehnstxvanu—

StaU College B. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animal .Nutrition;
H. P. Annsby."

Porto Rico-
Federal Station: i/aif<v««; D. W. May.o
Insular Station: RioPiedras; W. V. Tower."
Rbodx Island— it j»H?rt on.' B. L. Ilartwell."
Sotma Carolina- C/«7i#on College.- 3. N. Har-
per.o
South Dakota.— Brookings: 3. W. Wilson."
Tennessee— fnoio</fe.- H. A. Morgan."
TEXAS'— College Station: B. YoUngblood."
Vtab— Logan: E. D. Ball."
Vermont— BttrZifHrton.' J. L. HUls."

VlROINU—

Blacksburg: W.J. Schoene.'

Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."

Washington— PuWman." I. D. CardliT."
West Viroinlv— Afor^n/otm.* J. L. Coulter."
Wisconsin— AforfJion." H. L. BusselL*
Wyomino— Loromff C. A. Duniway.»
in charga. • Acting director.

n

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPABTMENTS.

Agricultural Cliemistry and Agroteohny — E. H. Nollait.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^- ^; ^ei^ir^GEE.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pstthology {^- ^- b^yd^' ^^' ^'

Field Crops— G. M. Tuckee, Ph. D,

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. »-»•>»

Economic Zoology and Entomologj' — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. F'gW

[C. F. Langwoethy, Ph. D., D. Sc. ft,>^, .

Foods and Human Nutrition <H. L. Lang. ' ' ' '

IC. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Websteb,

„ , . -nT T • /W. A. HOOKEE.

Veterinary Medicine |-g_ jj_ Nollau.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingeb.
Rural Economics — E. Merkitt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. IMooee.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 4.

Editorial notes: Page.

Dr. E. W. Hilgard, deceased 301

Agriculture at the Second Pan An Tican Congress 303

Recent work in agricultural science 311

Notes ,. = 396

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNT.

Yearly report of progress in agricultural chemistry, edited by Dietrich 311

Progress of animal chemistry, 1911, 1912, 1913, edited by Andreasch and Spiro. . 311

On the composition of the seeds of Martynia loiiidana, Bailey and Long 311

The carbohydrates and the enzyms of the soy bean, Street and Bailey 311

Mucinase in yam, Tadokoro : . 312

Catalysis, II, Woker 312

Arsenious oxid as an alkalimetric standard, Menzies and McCarthy 312

Portable titrating table, Ozias 312

The determination of organic compounds, Rosenthaler 312

Effect of free fatty acids on animal fats and oils, Lowenstein and Vollertsen 312

A new apparatus for fat extraction, Selector 313

Estimation of raffinose by enzymotic hydrolysis, Hudson and Harding 313

Comparison of methods for determination of ammonia in soil, Tarasov 314

The determination of phosphoric acid, Stutzer and Haupt 314

The iron-citrate method for Thomas slag, Popp 314

Estimation of inorganic phosphorus in plant and animal substances, Forbes et al . 315

The calculation of the specific gravity of milk, von Sobbe 317

Methods for examination of bituminous road materials, Hubbard and Reeve 318

A new method for determining proteolytic strength of germinated grain, Nowak. 318

Alcoholic fermentation, Harden 318

The recovery of ammonia as a by-product of the sugar industry, Donath 318

Zacaton as a paper-making material, Brand and Merrill 318

I

n CONTENTS.

METEOROLOGY,

Page.

The organization of the Meteorological Office in London, Shaw 319

The practical value of long-period rainfall observations, Bennett 319

Precipitation and yields of crops, KrQger 319

The relation of rainfall to the depth of water in a well, Smith 319

Correlation of the influence of climate on temperature in soil, Boussinesq 319

The theory and practice of frost fighting, McAdie 319

The temperature and precipitation of British Columbia, Connor 320

The weather of the year 1912 in Hertfordshire, Hopkinson 320

The weather of the year 1913 in Hertfordshire, Hopkinson 320

The climate of Hertfordshire, Hopkinson 320

Annual rainfall of Scotland and the limits within which it fluctuates. Watt 320

Rainfall and vapor tension in western and equatorial Africa, Chudeau 320

SOILS — FERTTLIZEES.

Soils, their properties and management, Lyon, Fippin, and Buckman 321

Soil conditions and plant growth , Russell 321

The question of soil mapping, Reuss 321

Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1912, Whitney et al 321

Soils of Franklin County, Jones 321

The soils of Tennessee, Mooers. 323

[Soil analyses]. Range 323

Soils and agriculture of North Wales. Robinson 323

The concentration of the liquid circulating in Libyan soils, Pantanelli 323

Lithium in soils, Sleinkoenig 323

Absorption of cations and anions by cultivated soil, de Dominicis 324

Behavior of humic acid toward anions, Ritman 324

Humus and humus-nitrogen in California soil columns, Loughridge 324

The presence of proteoses and peptones in soils, Walters 325

Effect of certain organic compounds on wheat plants, Upson and Powell 325

A bacterial test for plant foncl accessories '^auximonesK Botlomley 325

Soil protozoa and soil bacteria. Russell 326

Soil fatigue and sterilization, Z )lla 326

The control of soil washing, Miller 326

The feeding of farm crops, Schneidewind 326

Plant food and soil bacteria, Koch 326

The conditions of complete action of fertilizers, Becker 327

Row fertilizing, Tacke 327

Providing Germany with plant food, Rassow 327

Vegetation experiments with fertilizers, Schulze 327

The nitrogen of processed fertilizers, Lathrop 327

How can crops be grown without potash manures next year? Russell 327

Possible sources of potash, Cresswell 327

The potash situation. Hart 328

A preliminary report on the feldspar and mica deposits of Georgia, Galpin 328

The displacement of potash, Kochergin 328

The destructive distillation of Pacific coast kelps, Hoagland 328

Potash waste products containing magnesium chlorid. Stutzer and Haupt 328

Phosphate rock and its utilization as a fertilizer, Wagguman and Fry 328

The EUiston phosphate field, Montana. Stone and Bonine 329

Some properties of phosphorites from Sengilei, lakushkin and Krivobokov 329

Extraction of phosphoric acid from natural phosphates, I, Kazakov 329

A special Uye of natural phosphate, lakushkin 330

Preparation of enriched superphosphate wUh precipitated phosphate, Shvetaov. 330

Palmaer's phosphate, Prianishnikov and lakushkin 330

Welter's phosphate and its components, Uspenskli 330

Influence of temperature in extraction of Thomas slag with citric acid, Holle.. 331

The assimilation of reverted phosphoric acid by plants, Kochetkov 331

The action of sulphur on plant production, Pfeitf er and Simmermacher 331

The fertilizing action of sulphur on \ines, Zolla 331

Experiments with the sulphate and carbonate of manganese, d'Ippolito 331

Raaium fertilizer, Ramsey 321

The radio-activity of spring water, Ramsey 332

Activated sludge in America, Baker .' 332

CONTENTS. m

Page.

The production of peat in 1914, Davis 332

Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers 332

Commercial fertilizers, Hills, Jones, Williamson, and Anderson 332

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Physiology of the intake of material by the living plant cell, II, Krehan 333

Physiology of intake of material by plant cell, Nothmann-Zuckerkandl 333

The influence of salts on heliotropism, Marcolongo 333

A three-salt nutrient solution for plants, Shive 333

The absorption of ions by living and dead roots, Johnson 334

Influence of Rontgen rays on seeds of Viciafaba, Pfeiffer and Simmermacher. . 334

Relation of root growth to temperature and aeration of the soil. Cannon 334

Studies on the transpiring power of plants, Bakke 334

The anthocyan pigments, Everest 335

Chemistry of the Mendelian factors for flower color, WTieldale 335

Chemistiy of the Mendelian factors for flower color, II, Wheldale 335

Origin of dwarf plants as shown in a sport of Hibiscus oculiroseus, Stout 335

The flora of the Northwest Coast, Piper and Beattie 336

An Aztec narcotic (Lophophora williamsii) , Safford 336

The name of the soy bean: A chapter in its botanical history. Piper 336

Inventory of seeds and plants imported from April 1 to June 30, 1913 336

FIELD CROPS.

Prices and shrinkage of farm grains, Burlison and Allyn 336

Crop rotation, Burdick 337

Concerning the corn crop. Hills 337

Development of the cotton plant: Vegetation experiments, Shreder 337

Handling and marketing the Arizona-Egyptian cotton, Martin 338

Results of selection of seed tubers in potato culture, Clausen 338

Relation of moisture to yield of winter wheat in Kansas, Call and Hallsted 338

Occurrence of manganese in wheat, Headden 339

Wheat — barley, Symeonides 339

Quack grass eradication, Arny 339

HORTICULTURE.

The vegetable garden, Watts 340

Cantaloup marketing in the larger cities, 1914, Sherman et al 340

What the agronomy department is doing to help the canner, Etheridge 341

The marking factor in sunflowers, Cockerell 341

Statistics of vineyards, orchards and gardens, and root crops, 1914-15, Sholl 341

The self-sterility problem, Kraus 341

Notes on the pollination of orchards, Hooper 341

The transfusion of sap, Holmes 341

Protection of orchards against frost by American orchard heaters, Mokrzhetskil . 341

Renovation of the neglected orchard, Davis 341

The apple, Wilkinson 342

Growth of apple trees pruned and not pruned in season of planting, Chittenden. . 342

Hardiness as correlated with structure and composition. Beach and Allen, jr 342

Dwarf apples not commercially promising, Hall 344

What it really costs [to grow peaches]. Page 344

The French vines and the hybrid direct bearers in 1915, Pee-Laby 344

Cover crops in citrus culture, Vaile 344

Green manure crops in Java, Van Helten 344

Mautsaka coffee, Bruijning 344

Coffee hybrids, Wurth 344

Notes on the layering of coffee. Lan and Faraut 344

Cacao manurial experiments, Moore 344

Manurial experiments at Nevis, Howell 344

Chemical changes in the ripening coconut, Vista y Isles 344

Spices. Heijne 344

Medicinal plants of Wisconsin, Denniston and Kremers 345

The nation's rose garden, Mulford 345

The rose garden at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., Beal 345

IV CONTENTS.

Pa^e.

Winter-flowering sweet peas at Wisley , 1914-15, Titchmarsh 345

My growing garden, McFarland 345

My shrubs, Phillpotta 345

Report on the street trees of the city of New York, Baker and Francis 345

FORESTRY.

A reference li«t of trees, shrubs, and woody plants of Oahu, MacCaughey 345

The ashes: Their characteristics and management, Sterrett 346

Shortleaf pine: It3 economic importance and forest management, Mattoon 346

A note on the cultivation of Podophyllum emodi, Troup 346

Tapping the Para rubber tree. — Some physiological experiments, Bateson 347

The natural reproduction of sal and how it can be improved, Hole 347

Growth and yield of spruce in high mountains, von Guttenberg 347

Willows: Their growth, use, and importance, Lamb 347

The compilation of girth increments from sample plat measurements, Troup . . 347

The Forest Service exhibit, Ellis 347

First biennial report Nebraska Forestation Commission, Rohde et al 347

List of lands in tne Forest Preserve, January 1, 1914 347

Economic phases of forestry with reference to Prussian state forests, Martin 348

Forest management in Java, past and present, Brainsma 348

Forestry industry, Kyokwai 348

Forest products on farms 348

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

A bibliography of plant dL^iease prevention, Rees and Macfarlane 348

A bibliography of nonparasitic diseases of plants, Lantz 348

Report of the microbiologist, Ashby 348

Root knot or eel worm attacks new hosts, Melchers 349

Control of yellow rust, Stranak 349

A bacterial disease of western wheat grass, O'Gara 349

Beet blight. Smith 349

[I^eaf spot of wild celery] 350

JPossible origin of leaf spot of cultivated celery, Pethybridge 350

Sclcrotinia libertiana and 5. smilacina on ginseng, Rosenbaum 350

Studies of the Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, Corsaut 350

Disea.ses of sugar beet-j, Fallada 350

Scald of tobacco plants by Paris green, de Bussy and Dietz 351

The bacterial bloom and twig blight of fruit trees, Osterwalder 351

Studies of Monilia blight of fruit trees, Posey 351

Bacterial canker of cherry and filbert disease, Barss 351

Utilization of pentoses by Gloinerella cingulata, Hawkins 351

Apple mildew, Ballard 352

Coryneum fruit spot of apricot'', Barrett 352

An established Asiatic Gymnosporangium in Oregon, Jackson 352

Observations on pnine nist in southern California. Barrett 352

A Nectria and it-^ Fusarium generation on raspberry roots, Osterwalder 352

Some sprays for American gooseberry mildew, Hector and .\uld.- 352

Report* of commission on American gooseberry mildew. Van Doorn et al 352

Infection of grape by Plnsmopara (Peronospora) I'iticola, Miiller-Thureau 352

Injury to grape leaves by addition of sulphur to Bordeaux, Osterwalder 353

Pythiacystis infection of deciduous nursery stock, Smith 353

Mottled leaf of Citrus species, Barrett 353

Citrus gummosis and melaxuma, Fawcett 353

Fruit stain and withertip of citrus, Barrett 354

Injury to orange trees due to nematodes, Trabut 354

The Sclerotinia disease of Campanula medium, Osterwalder 354

Iris leaf blotch disease, Ramsbottom 354

Two eastern forest diseases which threaten the Pacific States, Mctcalf 354

Two new hosts for Peridermium pyri/orme, Hedgcock and Long 354

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

The relation of rodent plague to human infection, Rucker 355

A plague-like disease of California ground squirrels affecting man, ^\lierry . . . . 355

Investigations in Peru of verruga and its insect transmission, Townsend 355

COITTENTS. V

Page.

The establishment of foreign insects in spite of inspection, Weiss 355

In?ect importations Into New Jersey during the spring of 1915, Weiss 355

[Use of quassiin as an insecticide in Russia], Zeiclel 355

The mouth part^ of Thysanoptera, Borden 355

An interesting case of antennal antigeny in Thysanoptera, Hood 356

Further experiments in the control of the tarnished plant bug, Leonard 356

Life history of Enchenojm binotata (Membracidse) on the butternut, Funkhouser 356

Methods of destroying lice and other body vermin, Kinloch 356

Miscellaneous aphid notes, chiefly from Oregon, Wilson 356

Confusion of Rhopalosiphum hippohscs and Myzus hraggii, Gillette 357

A schizoneuran migrating from elm to the apple, Maxson 357

The woolly aphis as a pear pest, Weldon 357

Effect of low temperature on oyster-shell scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi), Webster... 357

The Bermuda grass Odonaspis, Kotinsky 357

Notes on the brown lace-wing ( Hemerobius padficus), Moznette 357

A new species of Stenares, Banks 357

The pupal instar of the fruit-tree leaf-roller, Herrick and Leiby 357

Another migratory moth, Watson 358

Activities of egg parasites of the codling moth in Turkestan, Troitskii 358

Poisoned bait for cutworms, Strickland 358

Notes on Anopheles production from a malarial survey, Carter 358

The role of Anopheles puvctipcnnis in the transmission of malaria. King 358

Mosquito eradication and prevention, Wrightson ' 358

Life nistory of the corn-feeding sp'phus fly { Mesogramma polita), Richardson.. 358

An eastern Chilosia with hairy eyes, Shannon 358

Reproductive and host habits of Cuterebra and Dermatobia, Townsend 358

Commensalism in Desmometopa, Knab 359

Flies which cause myiasis in man and animals, Bishopp 359

An experiment with Stomoxys calcitrans in the Philippines, Mitzmain 359

The effect of various chemicals on blowfly. Cooper and Walling 359

Habits, life history, and structure of Protocalliphora azurea, Coutant 359

Revision of M>-iophasia, Townsend 360

A new nocturnal species of Tachinida?, Waltx^n 360

A new and interesting genus of North American Tachinidte, Walton 360

Some muscoid synonyms, Townsend 360

Kerosene traps as a means of checking up the poisoned bait spray, Severin 360

Control of the imported onion fly with notes on other onion pests, Severin 360

A new enemy of the carob bean in Italy, Eumarschalia gennadii, del Guercio. . 360

Influence of Oscinis frit on growth and yield of cereals, Vassiliev 360

A new species of Mycetaulus, Banks 361

A ^e^'ision of the North American species of Pachybrachys, Fall 361

A review of Henrlksen's cerambycid larvae, Craighead 361

Recent ladybird introductions, Smith 361

Borers of fruit trees, canes, and \T.nes, Somes 361

Life history and control of Agrilus hastulifer, Zvierezomb-Zubkovsky 361

Notes on Ipidse with description of a new species, Hopkins 361

Observations on the metamorphosis of Dendrolimus pini, Shishkin 361

A new genus of scolytoid beetles, Hopkins 361

A mechanical measure for controlling the flea-beetle on potato, Metcalf 361

New records of the shot-hole borer, Essig 361

Uses of ceitain weevils and weevil products in food and medicine, Pierce 361

Life history of Ehynchites auratvs in Turkestan in 1912 and 1913, Troitskii 361

The secretions employed by Rhynchophorous laivse in cocoon making, Knab. 362

The embryology of the honeybee. Nelson 362

The life and habits of bees, von Buttel-Reepen 362

Bee keeping: The life of the honeybee and the production of honey, Phillips. . 362

Notes on Bombida?, with desniptlons of new forms, Franklin .... 1 3G2

A new Diastrophus on strawberry, Beutenmuller 362

Notes on the strawbeny leaf petiole gall (Diastrophus fragari^), Cosens 362

Some eeneric corrections in the Ophioninse, Rohwer, Gahan, and Cushman... 362

A few notes on the habits of parasitic Hymenopteia, Pieice and Cushman 363

Descriptions of new Ichneumonidas and taxonomic notes, Cushman 363

The genus Secodella in North America. Crawford 363

An insect enemy of the foui-lined leaf bug, Crosby and Matheson 363

A new genus and species of Trichogrammatidse from the Philippines, Girault. . 363

The life economy of the chinch bug egg parasite, McColloch and Yuasa 363

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

New speries of Aphidlinae, a subfamily of plant lice parasites, Viereck 363

A new specie? of Campoplex, Franklin 363

Peculiarities of development of Collyria calcitrator, Kurdiumov 363

A destiuctive pine sawfly introduced from Europe, Britton 363

A remarkable new genus of Cepbidse, Rohwer 364

Pneumonyssus fori n. sp., an arachnoid parasitic in the monkey, Weidman ... 364

Life history of Spirobolus marginatus, Barber 364

Migrating armies of myriapods, Baiber 364

Some new gregarine parasites from Arthropoda, Watson 364

FOODS — HUMAN NUTEmON.

Digestibility of some animal fats, Langr^'orthy and Holmes 364

The water content of meat products, Seel 365

Farinaceous milks, Gobert 365

Baking qualities of flours from Canadian Western Pro\iDces, Hai court 365

Baking without grain flour, Ostwald and Riedel 365

Conserves for the army, Moussu 365

The composition of frozen oranges and lemons, Young 365

Certain sanitary aspects of candy manufacture, Cummins 365

[Food and drug inspection], Ladd and Johnson 366

Glucose formation fiom human proteins, Janney and Blatherwick 366

An exclusive oat diet, leading to an acid poiscnins. Morgen and Begcr 366

Treating beii-beri with constituents of rice polishings, ^\'illiam3 and Saleeby. . 367

The nature of the dietary deficiencies of rice, McCollum and Davis 367

The essential factors in the diet during growth, McCollum and Davis 368

Cause of the loss of nutritive efficiency of heated milk, McCollum and Davis.. 368

The estimation of carbon dioxid tension in alveolar air, Roth 369

A text-book of military hygiene and sanitation, Keefer 369

An improved respiration calorimeter for man, Lang^vorthy and Milner 369

A respiratory chamber for small animals, KoUs and Loevenhart 370

ANIMAL PRODUCTION,

New literature, compiled by Daiber et al 370

Environmental influence, heredity, correlation, and growth, Sumner 370

Varia])ilit y and amphimixis, Walton 370

Effect of the popular sire, Ilaynes 370

Rabbit crossing, II, Ilaecker and Kuttner 370

Composition and digestibility of fresh grass and hay, Honcamp 371

Soft com ears for silage 371

Ground nut cake 371

Feeding stuffs inspection 371

Inspection and analysis of feed stuffs, conditioners, tonics, etc 371

Commercial feeding stuffs. Hills, Jones, Williamson, and Anderson 371

Reorganization of the stock breeding department in Brazil 371

Nutritive ratios for growing cattle, Gouin and Andouard 372

Changes in the blood of cattle due to the method of slaughter, Squadrini 372

Sheep industries of United States, New Zealand, and Australia, Marshall 372

The caracul sheep, the producer of "Persian lamb " and other furs, Wallace 372

Difference in weight between raw and clean wools, Lewis 372

Ancestry of the goat 372

Length of gestation period in Yorkshire sows, Dassogno 373

Experiments in swine feeding, "W'ithycombe, Potter, and Samson 373

Straw meal as a feed for pigs, Brahm, von der Heide, and Zuntz 376

Elephant domestication in the Belirian Kongo, Laplume 376

Meat scrap, tish scrap, and skim milk for laying pullets. Philips 376

The value of grit in poultry feeding, Jull 377

A more accurate basis for computing poultry rations, Dann 377

A report of February hatched pullets, Thompson 377

Poultry husbandry, Brown 377

Poultry and their diseases 377

Feeding for egg production, Kompster 377

Practical and inexpensive poultry appliances, Dougherty and Lloyd 377

CONTEITTS. Vn

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYINO.

Page.

Ration and age of calving as influencing growth and dairy qnalities, Eckles. . . 378

The relative val ue of dairy feeds. Savage 379

Physical conformation of cows and milk yield, Hai-ris 379

Result? of milking at unequal periods 379

Problems of the milk standard 379

Angora and milch goats, Hopkins 380

Milk and milk products, Harrington, Richardson et al 380

Reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in coagulation, Milroy 380

Production and distribution of milk and cream in New England, Bowditchetal. 380

The cost of the production of certified milk. Miller aSO

[The cost nfl pasteurized cream 330'

Standardization and branding of dairy produce, Mackliu 381

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Gossj^ol, the toxic substance in cotton-seed meal. Withers and Carruth 381

Influence of Chenopodium oil on intestinal contractility, Salant and Mitchell. . 381

Factors involved in the germicidal effect of low temperatures, Hilliard et al. . . 382

The macrophages of mammals, Evans 382

Annual report of the chief veterinary officer for the year 1913, Stockman 382

Common diseases of farm animals, Craig 383

The veterinarian, Korinek 383

Braxy, "grass sickness," "head grit," and "bracken sickness," M'Gowan 383

Foot-and-mouth disease in the United States, Moore 383

A case of foot-and-mouth disease in man, Clough 383

Use of quinin in the treatment of experimental gaseous gangrene, Taylor 383

Piroplasmosis of parvum type in cattle. — Mediterranean coast fever, Carpano. 383

Some notes and experiments on Sarcocystis tenella, Scott 384

Studies on American sporotrichosis. I , Meyer and Aird 384

Epizootic lymphangitis and sporotrichosis, Meyer 384

The relation of animal to human sporotrichosis. Meyer 385

Conglutination in the diagnosis of dourine, Wehrbein 385

The passage of trj-panosomes in the milk, Lanfranchi 385

Preliminary report on the intrapalpebral tuberculin test, Mohler and Eichhorn. 385

Tuberculosis in pheasants, Pickens 386

Puerperal diseases of cattle and their relation to meat poisoning, Voigt 386

Recent investigations on contagious abortion, Kitt 386

Sidelights on contagious abortion, Williams 386

A review on recent progress in hog cholera investigations, Hoskins 336

The vacuum method of dra^^^.ng antihog-cholera serum, Haslam et al 356

The refinement of hog cholera serum, Reichel 387

Hog cholera control, Stange 387

Bacillary white diarrhea in young chicks in Massachusetts, Gage and Paige. . . 387

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Evaporation and seepage from irrigation reservoirs, Heron 387

Transmission losses in Modesto irrigation canals. Heron 387

Enlarging an irrigation canal. Heron 388

Irrigation weir, measiuing rod, and discharge card, Heron 388

Life of wood pipe, Henny 338

Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1914 389

Water supplies in the Philippine Islands, II, Heise 3S9

The importance of the Bacterium coli in the judgment of water, Quantz 389

Usefulness of Berkefeld filter for water supplies containing lead, Schmidt 390

Automatic device controls hypochlorite application, Ludwick 390

Water purification plants and their operation , Stein 390

Hiahway laws of the United States 390

Papers presented at the Pan-American Road Congress 390

The farmer's poultry house, Kempster 391

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Agricultural development of the Pacific Coast, Wickson 391

The crisis of the small farmer in Italy, Rambaud 391

Economic and social evolution of small agricultural proprietors, Tominasina. . . 391

Vin CONTENTS.

Pae*.

Agricultural credit hanks and cooperative societies 391

Agricultural associations, von Cetto 391

[Increasing the usefulness of district agricultural associations], Lusclika 392

Farmers" elevators in Minnesota, Weld 392

Cooperative owning agreements, Stewart 392

[Railway freight rates on agricultural products] 392

Parcel post profit from farm produce, West 392

Monthly crop report 392

Statistical annual, 1915, Osman 393

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The value of education to the farmer, Johnson 393

Utilization of land by high schools teaching agriculture. I, II, Hummel 394

First annual report on boys' and girls' club work, 1914, Hart 394

Report of the ministry of 'industries [of Uruguay] for 1913 394

Disiiibution of grants for agricultural education and research. 1914-15 394

Fiftieth anniversarj* of Agricultural Institute of Halle. Wohltmann 394

Course of study in elementar\' agriculture for Wisconsin rural schools. Heald.. 395

Schools of agriculture and homemaking. Course of study, Hawkins and Works. 395

[Instruction in agriculture and home economics], Clark 395

Manual training in village and rural schools. Bray 395

Student's manual in household arts: Food and cookery, Metcalf 395

Domestic science. State course of study for the public schools of Indiana 395

Home work for school credit. — 1, Poultry project, Werner 395

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

California Station: Pajre.

Circ. 142. Nov., 1915 377

Illinois Station:

Bui. 183, Nov., 1915 336

Circ. 183, May, 1915 348

Indiana Station:

Bui. 182, Nov., 1915 37G

Iowa Station:

Research Bui. 21, Mar., 1915. 342
Kansas Station:

Bui. 206, May, 1915 338

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 195, July, 1915 322

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 72, Aug., 1915 371

Massachusetts Station:

Bui. 1G3, Aug., 1915 387

Minnesota Station:

Bui. 151, July, 1915 339

Bui. 152, Aug., 1915 392

Missouri Station:

Bui. 135, Sept., 1915 378

Circ. 75, July, 1915 391

Circ. 76, Oct., 1915 377

Circ. 77, Oct., 1915 393

Circ. 78, Oct., 1916 326

Missouri Fruit Station:

Bui. 25, Aug., 1915 361

New York State Station:

Bui. 406, popular ed., Mav,

1915 '. 344

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 22, Nov.

1915 366

Ohio Station:

Bui. 8, tech. ser., June, 1915. 315
Oregon Station:

Bui. 127, Mar., 1915 373

Vermont Station:

Bui. 189, June, 1915 337,371

Bui. 190, June, 1915 332, 337

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agricultural Research:

vol. 5, No. 7, Nov. 15, 1915. . . 350,

354, 381

vol. 5, No. 8, Nov. 22, 1915. . 339, 369

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Bui. 299, The Ashes: Their Charac- Page.
tCTistics and Management, W. D.
Sterrett 346

Bui. 308, Shortleaf Pine: Its Eco-
nomic Importance and Forest
Management, W. R. Mattoon. . . 346

Bui. 309, Zacaton as a Paper-
making Material, C. J. Brand
and J. L. Merrill 318

Bui. 310, Digestibility of Some
Animal Fats, C. F. Langworthy
and A. D. Holmes 864

Bui. 311, The Handling and Mar-
keting of the Arizona-Egj-ptian
Cotton of the Salt River Valley,
J. G. Martin 338

Bui. 312, Phosphate Rock and
Methods Proposed for Its Utiliza-
tion as a Fertilizer, W. H. Wagga-
man and W. H. Fry 328

Bui. 313, Features of the Sheep In-
dustries of United States, New
Zealand, and Australia Com-
pared, F. R. Marshall 372

Bui. 314, Methods for the Examina-
tion of Bituminous Road Mate-
rials, P. Hubbard and C. S.

Reeve 318

Bui. 315, Cantaloup Marketing in
the Larger Cities, with Car-lot
Supply, 1914, W. A. Sherman,
A. D. Gail, jr., and Faith L.

Yeaw 340

Bui. 316, Willows: Their Growth,
Use, and Importance, G. N.

Lamb 347

Weekly News Letter, vol. 3. No. 13.

Nov. 3, 1915 380

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 1, No. 7,

Nov. 13, 1915 392

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Inventory of Seeds and Plants
Imported, Apr. 1 to June 30,

1913 336

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1912 (Four-
teenth Report) 321

IX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributionsra Page.

Estimation of Raffinose by

Enzymotic Hvdrolvsis, C. S.

Hudson and f . S. Harding. . 313
Lithium in Soils, L. A. Stsin-

koenig 323

The Nitrogen of Processed

Fertilizers, E. C. Lathrop... 327
The Flora of the Northwest

Coast, C. V. Piper and R. K.

Beattie 336

An Aztec Narcotic (Lopho-

phora williamsii), W. E.

Safford 336

The Name of the Soy Bean:

A Chapter in Its Botanical

History, C. V. Piper 336

The Nation's Rose Garden,

F. L. Mulford 345

The Forest Service Exhibit,

D.C. Ellis 347

Utilization of Pentfjses by

Glomcrella cingulala, L. A.

Hawkins 351

Apple Mildew, W. S. Ballard. 352
Two Eastern Forest Diseases

Wliicli Threaten the Pacific

States, H. Metcalf 354

Investigations in Peru of Ver-
ruga and its Insect Trans-
mission, C. II. T. Townsend. 355
An interesting Case of Antennal

Antigeny in Thysanoptera,

J. D.' Hood 356

The Bermuda Grass Odonaspis,

J. Kotinsky 357

A New Species of Stenares,

N.Banks 357

The Role of Anopheles puvcti-

vennis in the Transmission of

Malaria, W. V. King 358

An Eastern Chilosia with Hairy

Eyes, R. C. Shannon 358

Reproductive and Host Habits

of Cuterehra and Dorma-

tobia, C. H. T. Townsend . . . 358
Commcnsalism in Desmome-

topa, F. Knab 359

Flies nlilrh Cause Myiasis in

Man and Animals, F. C.

Bishopp 359

Revision of Myiophasia, C. U.

T. Townsend 360

A New Nocturnal Species of

Tacliinidse, W. R. Walton.. 360
A Now and Interesting Genus

of North American Tachin-

idae, W. R. Walton 360

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. rag«-

Some Mus.-^oid Svnonvms,
C . H . T . Townsend . ....".... 360

A New Species of Mycetaulus,

N.Banks 361

A Review of Heru^iksen's
Cerambycid Larvge, F. C.
Craighead 361

Notes on Ipidae with Descrip-
tion of a New Species, A. D.
Hopkins 361

A New Genus of Scolytoid

Beetles, A. D. Hopkins 361

Uses of Certain Weevils and
Wee\-il Products in Food
and Medicine, W. D. Pierce. 361

The Secretions Employed by
Rhynchophorous Larv£e in
Cocoon JIaking, F. Knab ... 362

The Embrvolosv of the Honey-
bee, J. A. Nelson 362

Bee Keeping: The Life of the
Honevbee and the Produc-
tion of Honey, E. F. Pliillips 362

Some Generic Corrections in
the Ophi(>hina?,S. A. Rohwer,
A. B. Galian, and R. A. Cush-
man 362

A Few Notes on the Habits
of Parasitic Hymenoptera,
W. D. Pierce and R. A.
Cushman 363

Descriptions of New Irhneu-
montdae and Taxunomic
Notes, R. A. Cushman. 363

A New Genus and Species of
Trichogrammatidae from the
Philippines, A. A. Girault. . 363

A Remarkable New Genus of
Cephidiv, S. A. Rohwer 364

Life llistorv of Svirobnlus mar-
ginatvs, ti. S. Barber 364

Miirratinir Armies of Myriopcds,

II. S. Barber 364

Influence of Oil of Chenopo-
dium on Intestinal C^ntract-
ilitv, W. Salant and C. W.
Mitchell 381

Prchrainary Report on the
I ntrapaliK'bral Tuberculin
Test, J. R. Mohler and A.
Eichhorn 385

The History and Future of
Highway Improvement,
L. W. Page 390

Course of Study in Elemen-
tary Agriculture for Wiscon-
sin Riu^l Schools, F. E.
Heald 395

• Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. March, 1916. No. 4.

The death of Dr. E. "W. Hilgarcl, of California, closes a notable
career of service to agriculture, both in length and in accomplish-
ment. It marks the passing of the last of the earlier group of
pioneers in agricultural education and research. The work he did
dealt with the very fundamentals of agricultural advancement, at a
period when men saw the needs less clearly and few were qualified
to carry the work forward. Gauged by the time and opportunity,
it will remain a great work. Who shall attempt to measure the result
of it, or the influence of the high standards he set !

It is the habit to pay tribute to men of greatness after their work
is closed and they are no longer able to read such words of praise.
It seems far better to recognize a man's service while he is doing it,
and to give him the sense of appreciation. Happily, the world did
not wait until retirement or death to honor Dr. Hilgard. Reward
came in his active years, in a world-wide recognition and esteem
which gave him an undisputed place among the leaders, and in the
realization of his vision of the place of agriculture in the university
and the State.

Three universities conferred the degree of doctor of laws upon
him; the University of Heidelberg, where he studied, reissued the
doctor's degree to him in 1903 as a " golden degree," in recognition
of a half century's work for science; and the Academy of Sciences
of Munich presented him with the Liebig medal for distinguished
achievements in agricultural science. These academic honors reflect
the high esteem in which he was held as a man of science. In his
State and in his university he was honored and reA^ered, and among
the representatives of agricultural research and education he was
long accorded a foremost place.

These were the rewards of a life work which had been done under
many difficulties and discouragements. Backwardness in recognizing
our agricultural institutions made financial support meager and op-
portunity and encouragement correspondingly limited. But in some
way he found time and means to carry forward his investigation,
and thus help to lay broad and deep the foundation for agricultural
teaching. It was here that his service was most notew^orthy. His
later years were gladdened by the new order, which placed agricul-
ture in a high position in the university and in the life of the people.

TMs gave to his life a rich measure of fulfillment.

SOI

302 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

A short review of Dr. Hilgard's career and its principal lines of
activity was given in these pages at the time of his retirement from
active service in 1909. In this the attempt was made to bring out
the prominent features of his varied service and the chief lines in
which his greatest accomplishments had been made. Since that time,
although laboratory facilities were open to him, his health had not
permitted very active participation in research and the contributions
from his pen had been small. With clear mind but waning physical
strength he gradually resigned his work to the new regime, realizing
that while unfinished plans remained, in an unusual degree his part
had been completed.

From the facts of his life it is interesting to note that he was born at
Zweibruecken in Rheinish Bavaria January 5, 1833, and was brought
to this country by his parents when only three years old, the family
settling at Belleville, in southern Illinois. There young Ililgard
grew up, attended the public schools, and worked on his father's
farm. After graduation from the high school he was sent to the
University of Heidelberg, where he pursued studies in chemistry
and geology especially, and received his degree as doctor of philoso-
phy in 1853.

Returning to this country he became chemist in 1855 of the newly
established Smithsonian Institution at Washington, but soon re-
signed to accept a position in Mississippi, and from 1858 to 1872 his
work was largely in the field of geology. In that period began his
writing upon soils — the maintenance of fertility, interpretation of
soil analysis, etc. He went to the University of Michigan in 1872
and was called from there to the University of California in 1875.

The California College of Agriculture, though considered the real
nucleus of the state university, was then in an undeveloped state, and
upon Professor Hilgard fell the task of giving it form and plan, and
gradually building for it a confidence and support which made possi-
ble its later advancement to a position among the leading institu-
tions of its kind. As a recent writer has well said : " The results of
his labors are the warp of California's first half century of intel-
lectual and industrial life, and upon such enduring work as he
achieved will be spread the splendid fabric of our coming state
advancement and development."

Outside of his university duties Dr. Hilgard found time for much
important work. He was in charge of the agricultural division of
the Northern Transcontinental Survey, lSSl-1883, and as chairman
of a commission appointed by the U. S. Commissioner of Agricul-
ture on the agriculture of the arid regions, he edited a report which
dealt with the climate and agricultural features and the agricultural
practice and needs of the arid regions of the Pacific slope. He con-
ducted an extensive investigation of the soils of the cotton-growing

EDITORIAL. 303

States, in connection with the report on cotton production, with
which he was charged under the tenth census.

His writings were extensive, and liis reports were widely sought,
for they were alive with the results of new work and constructive
reasoning. He saw beyond his work, and with clear purpose and
keen perception he advanced the boundaries of knowledge and clari-
fied the field in what had hitherto proved a most difficult field of in-
quiry. In characterizing his qualities as an investigator, the Paci-fiG
Rural Pi^ess says: "He possessed notably the creative faculty in
thought. He was quick to see his opportunities of public service,
to recognize his duty therein, and he was masterful and tireless in
pursuit of it. He was bold in his conquest of truth and fearless in
his use of it for the interests of mankind. His great undertaking
was in natural science and its relations to agriculture, seizing gladly
the foremost fact from research and pressing it to the humblest
service, but always preserving and enforcing the relations of both
the fact and the service to the broadest interests of his State and of
his fellow men."

Beyond this, he was " unswervingly true and deeply patriotic and
humanistic — a man whose thinking was clear and whose motives were
as unselfish as his service of them was forceful and effective."

It may not be generally Imown that Dr. Hilgard was at one time
invited to accept the appointment of U. S. Commissioner of Agricul-
ture and later the Secretaryship, but his distaste for administrative
details on so large a scale led him to decline acceptance. He pre-
ferred at that stage to remain in the service of the State and the in-
stitution to wliich he had given the best part of his active life. The
necessity for guarding his health in recent years cut him off from
travel and from participation to any large degree in the activities
of scientific societies and similar bodies, whose work he followed
with deep interest.

Personally, Dr. Hilgard was a kindly man, gentle, sympathetic,
looking for the best in others as he gave of the best in himself. His
bright genial nature and his unfailing courtesy gave him a wide circle
of warm friends, and he won the loyalty and affection of those who
came in close association with him. In the highest and best sense he
exemplified the scholar, but his humanity was never lost in his
scholarship.

Strong, forceful, with a zealcus love for truth, he made a very
definite contribution to his generation, and he left a name which will
long be revered.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held at Washing-
ton, D. C, from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916, was an occa-
sion of considerable interest from various points of view, among

304 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

them that of agriculture. It constituted the first assemblage in the
name of science to be held in North America by representatives of
the republics of the Western Hemisphere, thus bringing into closer
relations and acquaintanceship a body of scientific workers with
many interests in common but hitherto relatively strangers. The
wide range of topics embraced in the two weeks' program served to
reveal in a comprehensive manner tlie substantial progress which the
Pan American nations have been making along many scientific lines,
as well as to indicate some ways in which these countries may col-
lectively advance scientific progress in several directions in which
their interests are mutual.

The official nature of the congress constituted one of its distin-
guishing features, and attested the realization by the governments
of the participating nations of the importance of fostering scientific
work. xVppropriations aggregating $85,000 were made by the United
States for the expenses of the congress, and the invitations to the
Pan American nations to send delegates were extended by the Sec-
retary of State. Membership in the congress included official dele-
gates and also representatives of universities, societies, and various
scientific bodies. The list of institutions and societies in this country
appointing delegates was a long one, and included this Department,
the United States Bureau of Education, many of the agricultural
colleges, and a considerable number of societies immediately asso-
ciated with agricultural science. Delegates from the entire twenty-
one Pan American nations eligible were in attendance, and with the
unofficial delegates made up an aggregate membership of several
hundred persons.

The congress was organized into nine sections, most of which were
further extensively subdivided. None of these sections was devoted
exclusively to agricultural science, but Section III on the conservation
of natural resources included subsections on the conservation of the
animal and plant industry and forests, irrigation, and the marketing
and distribution of agricultural products. Agricultural education
constituted a subsection of Section IV, Education, and meteorology
and seismology a subsection of Section II, with considerable atten-
tion to agricultural meteorology. In Section V, Engineering, papers
were presented on such branches as the engineering features of irri-
gation and drainage, highway engineering, farm implements and
machinery, and sewage disposal ; and in Section VII, under economic
geology and applied chemistry, the topics dealt with included the
conservation and handling of the nitrate and phosphate resources,
the preservation of foods, and chemical problems related to rubber
and the utilization of pine forest products. Section VIII, Public
Health and Medical Science, included discussions of insect-borne dis-

I

EDITOEIAL. 305

eases, tuberculosis, nutritional problems and diseases, the food, milk,
and water supply, immunity and anaphylaxis, and similar problems.
One of the avowed objects of the congress was to promote closer
relations between the participating nations by making them more
familiar with each other's conditions and problems. Many of the
papers, therefore, took the form of reviews of the trend of recent
progress in the respective jfields. Another group of papers was pre-
pared with special reference to administrative problems, such as
plant and animal quarantines, the establishment of research organi-
zation in such branches as entomolog}' and forestry, the extension
of the meteorological service, and the feasibility of more effective
cooperation along these lines. There were also numerous papers
reporting results of research, notably along economic lines and in the
section on public health and medical science.

The prominent recognition given to agricultural science is illus-
trated by the program of the section on conservation, of which Mr.
George M. Rommel, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this
Department, was chairman. About eighty papers were presented
before this section, of which over sixty dealt directly with agri-
culture. These papers covered a wide range of subjects, but gave
special attention to the lines of animal industry, the marketing of
agricultural products, irrigation, and forestry.

The function of live stock in agriculture was described by Mr.
Rommel to be sevenfold, including the maintenance of soil fertility,
the rendering more salable or more profitable the feeding stuffs
produced on the farm, the supplying of motive power, the provision
of a major source of income, the improving of the farm business
organization, the furnishing of meat to the farm table, and the
increasing of the attractiveness of farm life. Prof. B. H. Rawl, of
the Dairy Division, maintained that dairying more nearly meets
the requisites of a permanent industry than any other system of
agriculture, since it gives opportunity for the steady employment
of intelligent labor and maintains the fertility of the soil, and when
properly managed it is also profitable.

Prof. F. R, Marshall, likewise of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
discussed the relation between wool and mutton production in the
sheep industries of North and South America; Prof. H. W. Mum-
ford, of tiie University of Illinois, the relation of feed and environ-
ment to the profitable fattening of cattle; and President H. J.
"Waters, of the Kansas College, took up the question of how an
animal grows. The principles and system followed in the govern-
ment control of grazing on the public lands were outlined by Mr.
A. F. Potter, of the Forest Service, and the marketing of live stock

306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

and meats through the great central markets was discussed by Prof.
L. D. Hall, of the Office of Markets and Rural Organization. Recent
progress in the development of methods for the control of parasites
of live stock was epitomized by Dr. B. H. Ransom of the Bureau
of Animal Industry.

The formation of an international veterinary police was advo-
cated by Dr. Jose Leon Suarez of Argentina, and the feasibility of
adopting uniform regulations was discussed by Dr. A. D. Melvin
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. Rafael Munoz Jiminez of
Uruguay, and Dr. Francisco Etchegoyen of Cuba.

The papers relating to plant industry were somewhat less numer-
ous but covered a wide range of subjects. Mention may be made of
five papers from the Bureau of Plant Industry, namely, a discussion
of the water requirements of crops as determined in several localities
by Drs. L. J. Briggs and H. L. Shantz; plant introduction oppor-
tunities open to the Americas, presented by Mr. David Fairchild;
the possibilities of intensive agriculture in tropical America, dis-
cussed by Prof. O. F. Cook ; tropical varieties of maize, by Mr. G. N.
Collins; and the animal organisms of the soil by Dr. N. A. Cobb.
Among the papers from Latin America were a discussion of man-
ganese as a plant food, by Prof. Maimo Sarasin of Uruguay, and on
the conservation of industrial plants, by Prof. Rafael Pinel Batres
of Guatemala.

A lecture by Prof. C. D. Smith, formerly of the Michigan College
and Station, on the resources of Brazil dealt with various lines of
conservation. There was also numerous papers dealing with irriga-
tion problems, and a special discussion by several speakers of plant
quarantine regulations and the possibility of Pan American coopera-
tion in the combating of insect pests and plant diseases.

A notable feature in the forestry discussions was the large atten-
tion given to conditions outside this country. Thus Mr. R. Zon, of
the Forest Service, presented an estimate of South American timber
resources, from which he concluded that although the total forest
area is 1,924,000,000 acres, the Continent can not be considered as a
future source of supplies for the most commonly used woods. Dr.
Cristobal Hicken, of the University of Buenos Aires, discussed the
botany of the forest regions of southern Patagonia, as revealed by his
recent explorations. Major G. P. Ahern described forestry condi-
tions in the Philippine Islands and the organization of the insular
forest service, and Barrington Moore discussed the need of scientific
forestry for Latin America.

The adoption of a definite forest policy and the maintenance of a
forest service by the nations of Central and South America was rec-
ommended by Dr. Elias Leiva Quiros, of Costa Rica, who believed

EDITOEIAL. 307

that the restriction of exploitation to the limits of natural production
■was the chief conservation measure necessary. The development of a
national forest policy was also the theme of Prof. H. S. Graves, of
the Forest Service, who maintained that public ownership of timber
land docs not, as is sometimes claimed, retard development but in-
sures permanent occupancy, whereas " private ownership results in
temporary occupancy followed by exhaustion and depopulation."

The meetings devoted to the discussions of marketing problems
were especially well attended, and the keen interest manifested made
it apparent that this comparatively virgin field of inquiry is attract-
ing wide public attention. The relation of the Government to the
problem was expressed by Dean Galloway, of Cornell University,
as " primarily one of establishing principles, of educating the pub-
lic to the full knowledge of economic, ethical, and moral questions
involved, of the development of social consciousness, and of estab-
lishing and maintaining social justice to the end that all men at all
times receive due compensation for the labor of their hands and
minds."

Dr. T. N, Carver, of Harvard University, discussed the advisa-
bility of collegiate courses in marketing and distribution, and other
speakers took up such topics as future trading in grain, the trans-
portation and distribution of perishable products, the marketing of
farm mortgage loans, the development of a market news service, the
establishment of a practical market system for large cities, and the
formation of cooperative organizations by consumers.

The papers on agi'icultural education consisted quite largely of
descriptions of present plans of organization. Dr. A. C. True, of
the States Relations Service, reviewed the system of education for
the baccalaureate degree in the agricultural colleges of the United
States, and subsequently described the extension work under way.
President A. M. Soule, of the Georgia College, discussed the ex-
tensive work being carried on by that institution in agricultural
extension. Some of the national aspects of agricultural education
were also taken up by President Waters, who advocated specifically
the teaching of agriculture as an informational subject to all school
children, both urban and rural.

Prof. Jose Commallonga y Mena, of the University of Habana,
presented a review of the history and status of agricultural education
in Cuba, Director Crawley explained the organization and work of
the Cuban Experiment Station, and Dr. Alberto Boerger that of the
agricultural station of La Estanzuela in Uruguay. It may be of
interest to note that the chief difficulties enumerated by Director
Crawley were the scarcity of trained Cubans to carry on the work.
24307°— No. 4—16 2

308 EXPEKIMENT STATION" RECOED.

and the need of an extension sj'stem for bringing the results di-
rectly to the farmer. Research in Uruguay, it was stated, has dealt
especially with studies of the laws of inheritance of plants and ani-
mals, grain breeding and culture, and the adaptation of plants to
Uruguayan conditions, and international cooperation in adaptation
work Avas suggested as feasible.

The status of forestry instruction in this country was reviewed
by Prof. J. W. Tourney, of the Yale Forest School, who regarded
the provision of vocational training of secondary grade and oppor-
tunity for demonstration work as more essential at the present time
than the further development of advanced technical instruction in
forestry. A paper by President K. L. Butterfield, of the ^lassa-
chusetts College, called attention to the responsibility of the agri-
cultural college through its extension service in the present transition
period of American agriculture to correlate the various agencies
designed to bring about a more complete organization of agriculture
and country life, but insisted that education and not management
must be the province of the agricultural college or other institutions
in this and related matters.

The meetings of the subsection on meteorology and seismology
were presided over by the chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau, and a
very full program of papers covering various phases of these subjects
was presented. The number of papers which dealt directly or indi-
rectly with applied meteorology, and particularly with meteorology
as applied to agriculture, was surprisingly large, and indicated quite
clearly a rather general awakening of interest in the study of prob-
lems which may be broadly included under the term agricultural
meteorology.

Two papers dealt directly with this subject, one by Prof. J. W.
Smith entitled Agricultural Meteorology, in which data collected in
Ohio as to the critical periods of growth of the staple crops were sum-
marized, and the other by Mr. J. F. Voorhees on climatic control of
cropping systems and farm operations, in which the author main-
tained on the basis of his findings in Tennessee that all successful
cropping systems must be based on climatic conditions, and that more
knowledge is needed of the relationship between plants and animals
on the one side and climatic conditions on the other. A third paper
by Dr. J. E. Church, of the Nevada Station, dealt with problems
encountered in snow surveying as a basis for estimating the seasonal
water supply for irrigation. Other papers considered frost prob-
lems and forecasts in relation to fighting forest fires.

The congress was brought to a close by a general session at which
thirty-six resolutions which had been offered and considered by
the various sections were adopted. These resolutions were designed

EDITOEIAL. 309

to embody the recommendations of the congress, and in a sense rep-
resent a concrete result of its deliberations. Several of the resolu-
tions pertained to agricultural science and are of special interest as
a reflection of the trend of opinion of the congress.

One of these resolutions recommended that each country should
maintain a well organized live stock sanitary service with a corps of
executive officers, inspectors, and laboratory workers. These offi-
cers would endeavor so to enforce the live stock laws and regula-
tions as to prevent the importation, exportation, or spread within a
country of communicable diseases, and would conduct a survey to
locate such diseases. Cooperation between the inspection service of
the various countries was advocated, both in the exchange of infor-
mation regarding the presence of disease outbreaks and in methods
of control; and conferences between these services at regular inter-
vals to devise means to protect the live-stock industry were sug-
gested. Some progress already made along these lines was reported
from several of the South American countries.

The convening at an early date of an American plant protection
conference was recommended in another resolution, with a member-
ship of technical experts. The topics suggested for such a confer-
ence included the formulation of necessary legislation, means of
establishing competent scientific bureaus, and the undertaking of
cooperation in research work and the control of plant introduction.
Plans are already being perfected to work out a scheme of interna-
tional cooperation along some of these lines.

The question of the reclamation of arid lands was declared to be
deserving of immediate consideration by the respective nations. It
was recommended that each country designate a commission to study
existing laws affecting the use of water, the adjudicating of water
rights, methods of conservation, and the use of water for irrigation
purposes. A cooperative study by governmental agencies of forest
conditions and forest utilization was likewise recommended.

A resolution adopted by the previous congress favoring the insti-
tution of organized meteorological work to serve as a basis for the
establishment of a Pan American meteorological service was re-
affirmed. The hope was expressed that the nations not yet providing
such a service would establish it at an early date.

The wider distribution of publications and other information re-
garding the agricultural production of the several countries was fav-
ored. Among the means to this end suggested was the establishment,
in connection with the Pan American Union or other institution, of a
department which, among other duties, could unite the various
specialized organizations of the respective nations into appropriate
groups, facilitate the interchange of ideas and information among

310 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

teachers and others, promote in each country the scientific study of
educational problems, and aid in the publication of a series of vol-
umes, to be known as the Pan American Library and to popularize
in the various languages the scientific and other work of American
authors. A plan for the interchange among the several nations of
instructors and students was also advocated.

The full results accruing from a congress of this sort are not
easily estimated, and are by no means confined to the papers pre-
sented. The promotion of a better understanding of conditions and
the quickening of interest in matters pertaining to the several coun-
tries is in itself an important result. The establishment of a closer
relationship among officials working to a common end or those
engaged in what may be termed intersecting lines of work, such as
the enforcement of quarantine regulations, may be cited as having
many permanent and concrete advantages. In the present case this
object is especially important in view of the limited opportunities
hitherto available.

The length of the present congress and the marked attention given
to social occasions facilitated the promotion of acquaintance and
provided bonds of intercourse which should prove useful in future.
There should also be mentioned the stimulus and encouragement to
those at work in the various lines by the official recognition accorded
scientific work. The various resolutions which were adopted present
opportunities for utilizing the acquaintance and stimulus developed
along specific lines, many of which would be of much service to
agriculture if the plans can be brought to fruition. The decision
to hold the next session of the congress in Lima, Peru, in 1921,
should make possible the accomplishment of definite progress in the
long interval intervening.

EECENTWORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Yearly report in regard to the progress made in agricultural chemistry,
edited by T. Dietkich (Jahrcsbcr. Agr. Chem., S. ser., 16 {1913), pp. XXXI ■{•
563). — A report of the work of 1913 in continuation of tliat previously noted
(E. S. R., 30, p. 309).

Yearly report in regard to the progress of animal chemistry, 1911, 1912,
1913, edited by R. Andeeasch and K. Spiro (Jahresber. Tier-Chem., 4i {1911),
pp. 1423; 42 {1912), pp. 1473; 43 {1913), pp. i7i4).— Abstracts of work pertain-
ing to physiological, pathological, and immuno-chemistry, and pharmacology,
for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 are reported, continuing previous work
(E. S. R., 28, p. 777).

On the composition of the seeds of Martynia louisiana, E. H. S. Bailey
and W. S. Long {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. 867,
868). — Brief botanical and cultural notes of this plant, commonly known as
imicorn, devil's chiws, or elephant's trunk, are given. The seeds of the plant
showed the following percentage composition : Moisture, 2.91 ; protein, 24.41 ;
ether extract, 60.63 ; starch, 4.55 ; crude fiber, 3.05 ; and ash, 3.8. The constants
of two samples of the oil were found to be as follows : Refractive index
(15.5° C), 1.476 and 1.4767; iodin number, 122.3 and 122.8; saponification
number, 197.1 and 198.6; and specific gravity (15.5°), 0.9157.

Compared to other edible oils it has an iodin number between that of sesame
and poppy oil and much higher than the ordinary oils. Its specific gravity is
similar to that of olive oil and mustard oil. Its saponification number is also
high, being near that of poppy oil. The oil is readily hydrogenated and a
bland product with an iodin number of 72.8 is produced, with which feeding
experiments with mice are in progress. The press cake is considered a promis-
ing stock food.

The carbohydrates and the enzyms of the soy bean, J. P. Street and
E. M. Bailey {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. S53-85S). —
A quantitative separation of the carbohydrates of the soy bean was undertaken
in view of the use of the flour for diabetics. " The scheme of analysis in brief
was to treat the finely gi-ound meal successively with boiling 95 per cent
alcohol, cold water, malt extract, 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, and 1.25 per
cent sodium hydrosid, and to determine the kind and amount of carbohydrate
removed by each of these solvents."

The beans selected for the investigation were the Hollybrook variety, and
contained (in percentage): Water, 12.67; protein, 36.69; ether extract, 14.92;
nitrogen-free extract and fiber, 31.08 ; and ash, 4.64. The nitrogen-free extract
comprised the following (in percentage): Galactan, 4.86; pentosan, 4.94; or-
ganic acids (as citric), 1.44; invert sugar, 0.07; sucrose, 3.31; raffinose, 1.13;
starch, 0.5; cellulose, 3.29; undetermined hemicelluloses, 0.04; dextrin, 3.14;
waxes, color principles, tannins, etc. (by difference), 8.6. Only the sugars,
starch, and dextrin, comprising 8.15 per cent of the meal, are forms of carbo-
hydrate generally considered objectionable in a strict diabetic diet.

311

312 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

The analyses of 7 commercial soy-bean flours averaged : Water, 5.1 ; protein,
42.5; fat, 19.9; nitrogen-free extract, 24.3; fiber, 3.7; and ash, 4.5 per cent.
Analy.ses of 19 samples of soy beans are also reported.

From the work on the enzyms of the soy bean the authors conclude that " in
addition to the urease, amyla.se, and glucosid-splitting enzym reported by other
workers, the soy bean contains also a protease of the peptoclastic type, a
peroxidase, and a lipase. Negative results have been obtained for sucrase and
protease of the peptonizing type. It was thought unnecessary to examine the
material for urease, and no attempt was made to corroborate the presence of
the glucosid-splitting enzym. The presence of an active amylase has been
corroborated."

Mucinase in yam, T. Tadokoro (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 5 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 193-197, fiffs. 2). — The author has found a mucin-coagulating enzym
or mucinase in the tubers of the yam {Dioscorea batatas) which he has dis-
tinguished from chymase, the milk-coagulating enzym. The presence of calcium
chlorid was found to accelerate the action of the enzym. This acceleration was
perceived in 0.00001 normal concentration and a distinct increase was ob-
servable in 0.001 normal concentration. This accelerating action was clearly
distinguished from the coagulating power of calcium chlorid. Acetic acid had
no accelerating jwwer on the enzym action and tlie coagulations by acid and
enzym were found to be clearly distinct.

Catalysis, II, GEiixTvtJD Woker (Die Katalyse. Stuttgart: F. Eiike, 1915,
Spez. Teil, 1. Abt., pp. XXII+789). — A continuation of the work previously
noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 504). The use and methods of catalytic agents in ana-
lytical chemistry are fully taken up. Numerous references to original work are
made. A complete subject and author index is inplude<l.

ArEenious oxid as an alkalimetric standard, A. W, C. IIenzfes and F. N.
McCarthy (Jour. Amer. Chan. Soc, 57 (1915), No. 9, pp. 2021-202^) .—The
authors conclude that arsenious oxid is a desirable substance for use as a
primary standard in volumetric analysis, and that it can be employed without
too complicated manipulation for this purpose in alkalimetry. The comparison
of the titer of alkali, as standardized by this and other methods, indicated that
concordant results could he obtained by using benzoic acid, hydrochloric acid
(factor from constant boiling pressure), hydrochloric acid (factor from silver
chlorid determination), and arsenic acid (E. S. R., 28. p. 410).

Portable titrating table, R. E. Ozias (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7
(1915), No. 10, pp. 872, S7S, figs. 2).— A portable titrating table arranged for 8
solutions is described and illustrated by a photograph. The burettes are oper-
ated by compressed air supplied by a Goodyear air bottle which rests on a
shelf attached to the table. The cost of air per annum In operating the table
Is estimated at not over 50 cts.

The determination of organic compounds, L. Rosenthaleb (Der Nachweis
oryonischcr Verbindungen. Stuttgart: F. Enkc, 191Jf, pp. XVin+1070, pi. 1,
figs. 3). — A comprehensive reference work for the qualitative determination of
organic compounds. Numerous references to original articles on the subject
are made. A complete index, giving the name, page of reference, formula,
molecular weight, and percentage composition of the compound is included. An
author index is also appended.

Effect of free fatty acids upon the flash and fire points of animal fats and
oils, A. LowENSTEiN and J. J. Vollertsen (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
7 (1915), No. 10, p. 850). — By experimental data submitted the authors show
that the presence of free fatty acids depresses the flash and fire points of ani-
mal fats and oils, the amount of depression varying with the amount of free
fatty acid present. The flash and fire tests of the original samples were made

AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNT. 313

by means of the Cleveland open-fire tester and compared with the neutral
glycerids and total fatty acids of the fats and oils. The methods used for pre-
paring the neutral glycerids and total fatty acids are described.

A new apparatus for fat extraction, I. Selecter {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Che in., 7 (1913), No. 10, pp. 871, 812, fig. i).— The apparatus, which consists in
the main of three parts, (1) a condensing section, (2) a flooding section, and
(3) a reservoir, is described in detail and illustrated by a figure. Instead of
soaking the sample in the liquid ether, or other solvent, as is done in most of
the apparatus now in use, it is saturated with the vapor and periodically flooded
with redistilled liquid. In testing the apparatus with 10 samples of commercial
feeding stuffs it was found to give better extraction than either the straight
extraction or the Soxhlet methods. The apparatus is easy to manipulate, pre-
senting a smooth outer surface, which reduces the danger of breakage to a
minimum. The recovery of the solvent is also easy and rapid and entails no
loss of time.

The estimation of raffinose by enzymotic hydrolysis, O. S. Hudson and
T. S. IlAUDiNG {Jour. Atncr. Chem. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 9, pp. 2193-2198).— A
method which depends on the polariscopic measurements of the solation before
and after treatment with melibiase has been devised, as follows :

"The solution in which raflinose is to be estimated is first clarified with neutral
lead acetate and the excess of the lead removed as oxalate or sulphate. The
solution should not contain more than 13 per cent sugars, as a higher concen-
tration tends to retard the enzymotic hydrolysis. It must be also slightly acid,
but any free acid is to be avoided, so it is recommended that the solution be
accurately neutralized and then made slightly acid with from- 1 to 2 drops of
acetic acid per 100 cc. of solution. To 95 cc. of the sugar solution 5 cc. of top
yeast invertase solution is added, a few cubic centimeters of toluene shaken
with the mixture to prevent growth of micro-organisms, and allowed to stand
at room temperature until the rotation becomes constant. Fi-om 12 to 24 hours
are usually necessary, depending on the activity of the enzym solution. In the
solution at this stage all sucrose has been inverted and all rafiinose has been
hydrolyzed to melibiose and fructose by the invertase.

" The next step consists in hydrolyzing the melibiose with melibiase and meas-
uring accurately the accompanying change in rotation. The rotation of the
solution should be accurately determined, and since it may now contain consid-
erable fructose its temperature must be carefully controlled for the polariscopic
observation. It is recommended that all readings be made at 20° C. . . . There
is now added to 95 cc. of the solution which has been hydrolyzed by invertase,
5 cc. of bottom yeast extract . . . and the rotation is read immediately after
mixing. It should correspond to the rotation that may be calculated from those
of the bottom yeast extract and the solution to which it was added, since the
reading is made before there has been sufficient time for the hydrolysis of
melibiose to proceed to a measurable extent. The solution should be preserved
with toluene, kept at room temperature, and its reading measured from day
to day.

"A change of rotation in the levo direction indicates the hydrolysis of melibiose.
The specific rotation of this sugar is -{-143° and . . . changes to +70.4° on
hydrolysis. If the solutions are read in a 200-mm. tube in a saccharimeter, a
solution containing 1 gm. of melibiose per 100 cc. will change in rotation during
hydrolysis 4.18° Ventzke . . . Each degi-ee Ventzke change of rotation indi-
cates, therefore, 0.239 gm. melibiose per 100 cc. in the solution as finally consti-
tuted, a value which coi'responds to 0.352 gm. anhydrous raffinose."

314 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Experimental data comparing the method with that of Creydt » are submitted.
Other data show that the method is quite accurate in the presence of sucrose and
glucose, fructose, invert sugar, lactose, maltose, cellulose, and trehalose.

A comparison of the methods for the determination of ammonia in soil,
B. K. Takasov {Zliur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landto.), 15 {19l4)f
No. 2, pp. 118-lSS). — A comparison of the methods of Boussinghalt, Schlijsing,
and Prianischnikov for the determination of ammonia in soil (E. S. R., 28, p.
Ill ; 30, p. 215) has led to the following conclusions:

The method of Boussinghalt usually gives results which are too high; un-
doubtedly since the magnesium oxid acts on the nitrogenous substances of the
soil and liberates ammonia. In the method of Schlosing complete removal of
the ammonia is only obtained by repeated extractions with hydrochloric acid
solution. The action of the hydrochloric acid causes a hydrolysis of the nitrog-
enous material in the soil which, on heating with magnesium oxid, liberates
ammonia, the amount liberated depending on the time of action and also on
the strength of the hydrocliloric acid. The method of Prianischnikov gives
more ammonia than that of Schlosing with soils rich in humus; with loamy
soils the reverse is true. The results obtained indicate that as yet there Is no
reliable method for the determination of ammonia in soils.

The determination of phosphoric acid in vegetable material and in
phosphates, A. Stutzee and W. Haupt {Jour. Landic, 63 {J915), No. 1, pp.
46-JtD). — After having experiencetl some difliculty with the Lorenz method
(E. S. R., 13, p. 14) for the determination of phosphoric acid, the authors adopted
the following procedure:

Two gra. of the dried material was heated in a Kjeldahl flask with 25 cc.
concentrated sulphuric acid and a few drops of mercury until the mixture be-
came colorless. The liquid was then diluted and after cooling transferred to
a 500 cc. Erlenmeyer fla.sk. Solid ammonium carbonate was added to
neutralize the acid, and when it began to dissolve with difliculty a concentrated
solution of ammonium carbonate was added until the liquid was neutral or
only slightly alkaline, as indicated by Congo red or other suitable indicator.
The liquid was then made acid with concentrated nitric acid, filtered if neces-
sary, and heated to incipient boiling. After careful stirring 100 cc. of molybdic
acid solution was added.

The precipitate could be filtered after about two hours' standing, using a
weighed, perforated crucible, fitted with an asbestos mat. The precipitate was
washed with dilute nitric acid or a solution of ammonium nitrate and finally
with strong alcohol to remove the water. The crucible and contents were then
dried at from 130 to 140° C, and gently ignited over the Bunsen flame until
the precipitate became bluish-green in color. After cooling the residue was
weighed as molybdic-phosphoric acid anhydrid (24MoO..PjO»), the factor for
calculating as phosphorus pcntoxid being 0.03946.

The same procedure was used in phosphate analysis.

The iron-citrate method for the determination of citric-acid-soluble phos-
phoric acid in Thomas slag, iM. Popp {Die Eisenzitrat-Mcthode zur Bcstim-
niung der zitronciisdureloslichcn Phosphorsdure in Thomasmehlcn. Berlin:
Paul Parey, 1915, pp. 29, figs. 5). — The author considers briefly the theory and
history of tlie iron-citrate method (E. S. R., 32, p. 611).

In earlier work (E. S. R., 29, p. 409) on the original method of Bottcher and
Wagner, who applied it to Thomas slag, it was found that the ammonium-
magnesium-phosphate precipitate was contaminated with silicic acid, which
caused high results. This difliculty was overcome in two ways: (1) Evaporation

•Ztschr. Ver. Uubcuz. Ind., 37 (1S87), pp. 153-180.

AGEICULTURA.L CHEMISTEY — AGEOTECHNY. 315

to dryness of the citric-acid extract with hydrochloric acid, and (2) boiling the
extract with sulphuric and nitric acids. Tlie first method was found to be
preferable, but the manipulation was not easy and in inexperienced hands led to
erroneous results. It was later shown by other investigators that the silicic
acid was only precipitated when the slag was poor in soluble iron. Through
this soluble iron, which acted as a protective colloid, the silicon dioxid was
held in solution in the amnioniacal liquid. In the absence of soluble iron even
traces of silicic acid were found to be objectionable.

In devising a new method salts of chromium, zinc, aluminum, nickel, cobalt,
copper, mercury, and lead were tried, but not found to prevent the precipitation
of the silicic acid. Ferric chlorid, ferric ammonium sulphate, ferrous ammonium
suliihate, ferric nitrate, ferric carbonate, potassium ferroeyanid, and potassium
ferricyanid were also tried, and it was found that only the presence of the iron
ion was necessary, the acid ion used having no effect on the desired result. The
outline of the improved citrate method follows :

Five gm. of Thomas slag is treated in a half-liter Stohman flask with 5 cc.
of alcohol to prevent caking on the bottom of the flask. The flask is filled to the
mark at 17.5° C. with a 2 per cent solution of citric acid and shaken for one-half
hour in a mechanical shaker. The solution is then filtered, 50 cc. of the clear
filtrate treated with 25 cc. of the iron citrate solution, to which is added 1 cc.
of a 3 per cent solution of hydrogen peroxid and 25 cc. of magnesia mixture, the
liquid stii'red for one-half hour and the precipitate filtered, ignited, and weighed.
The author gives in detail the procedure for the preparation and testing of the
reagents necessary in working the method, and discusses the details and possible
soui'ces of error of the method. A table for converting grams of magnesium
pyrophosphate to percentages of phosphorus pentoxid is appended.

Studies on the estimation of inorganic phosphorus in plant and animal
substances, E. B. Fokbes, F. M. Beegle, and A. F. D. Wussow (Ohio Sta. Tech.
Bui. S {JO Jo), pp. 5-4S).— As previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 303) the senior
author and associates outlined two different methods for the estimation of in-
organic phosphorus, one for use with plant products and the other for materials
of animal origin. The investigation on improvements of the methods has been
continued for a period of three years, and the results are here reported.

The improved procedure for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in
vegetable substances is as follows :

"Pour exactly 300 cc. of 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid (4.6 cc. concentrated
hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.18 to 1.19, per liter) onto 10 gm. of sample in a dry
400-cc. Florence flask. Close with rubber stopper and shake at intervals of 5
minutes for 3 hours. Filter the extract by suction into dry flasks through S.
and S. No. 5S9 ' Blue Ribbon ' papei's, in a Witt filtering apparatus, or a Biichner
funnel.

" Measure out a 250-cc. portion of this filtered extract and precipitate in a
400-cc. beaker with 10 cc. magnesia mixture and 20 cc. ammonia, sp. gr. 0.9.
Allow to stand over night and filter through double S. and S. No. 589 ' White
Ribbon ' papers, taking care to decant as long as possible without pouring out
the precipitate. Then complete the transfer of the precipitate to the paper.

" Wash three times with 2.5 per cent ammonia and then three times with 95
per cent alcohol. Allow the precipitate to drain, and then spread out the inner
paper on the top of the funnel, and allow the alcohol to evaporate. When prac-
tically dry place this inner paper with the precipitate into an Erlenmej'er flask.
Add 100 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol containing 0.2 per cent of nitric acid. Close
the flask with a rubber stopper and shake vigorously until the paper is thor-
oughly broken up. If the precipitate is flaky and refuses to break up on shak-
ing, allow to stand in the acid-alcohol over night.

316 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

" Now filter tlirough a dry filter into a dry flask. Pipette out 75 cc. of the
filtrate into a small beaker and evaporate almost but not quite to dryness.
Dissolve in dilute nitric acid and filter if necessary ; then determine phosphorus
in the usual gravimetric way, by precipitation first with acid molybdate solu-
tion, later with magnesia mixture, and then burning to the pyrophosphate.

" The result obtained as above represents 6.25 gm. out of the original 10 gm.
of material, and so to reduce to 1-gm. basis multiply by 0.16."

Analytical results of the determination of phosphorus in vegetable sub-
stances, as alfalfa, bluegrass, dried brewer's grains, rice polish, gluten feed,
timothy, wheat, and wheat bran, using the above procedure with slight modifi-
cations, are submitted.

The method of R. C. Collison (E. S. R., 28, p. 21) was tested by the authors
but proved unsatisfactory. Further consideration was given the method as out-
lined above with special attention to (1) the completeness of extraction, (2)
the effect of using large amounts of magnesia mixture in the precipitation, (3)
the allowing of more time for the precipitation with magnesia mixture, (4)
the facilitating -of filtration by the use of the centrifuge, and (5) the use of
mechanical means to break up the precipitate in acid-alcohol to insure com-
plete solution of the phosphate. Tabular data are given showing the results
of these tests. The authors draw the following conclusions from their work on
inorganic phosphorus estimation in vegetable substances :

"A 3-hour extraction with 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid in water appears to
accomplish practically complete solution of the inorganic phosphates of finely
ground vegetable substances, but in the case of wheat middlings was shown to
allow enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus, with the liberation of inor-
ganic phosphate. The Introduction of filter paper pulp into such an extract
materially assists in the maintenance of an easily penetrable condition in a
magnesia mixture precipitate from the same. It was found possible completely
to recover phosphates from filter paper pulp alone as used in this work.

"The use of the centrifuge very gi-eatly facilitat'S the filtration of dilute
nqueous-acid extracts of vege able substances.

" There has appeared no reason to doubt the completeness of the precipita-
tion of the inorganic phosphate.-^ from the 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid
solution, through the use of magnesia mixture and ammonia.

" The separation of the inorganic phosphates from the phytin and other
constituents of the magnesia mixture precipitate, through the agency of 0.2
per cent nitric acid in 95 per cent alcohol, is attended by difficulties which have
not yet been overcome. That these difficulties are largely physical, as deter-
mined by the bulky and often gummy nature of the magiiesia mixture precipi-
tate, seems to be a fact. That they are in part of a chemical nature, and due
to the cleavage of phytin or other organic phosphorus compounds of the
magnesia mixture precipitate through the agency of enzyras, appears also to
be true.

"The use of phenol (50 gm. per liter) in the extractive reagent was shown
not to affect the precipitation and estimation of pho.sphates in pure solutions.
In the estimation of inorganic phosphorus in extracts of vegetable substances
the presence of phenol appeared to favor the recovery of added phosphates.
Phenol, when used in this way, sometimes increased but more commonly
decreased the inorganic phosphorus. In extracts of certain vegetable products
the presence of phenol increased the difficulty, rather commonly experienced,
in breaking up the magnesia mixture precipitate in acid alcohol.

" Modification of the acid-alcohol method of Forbes and associates by the In-
troduction of filter paper pulp into the extract from which the phosphates arc
to be precipitated, the use of excessive amounts of magnesia mixture in this

AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY — AGROTECHNY. 317

first precipitation, and allowing unusual duration of time for this precipita-
tion gave apparently perfect results, as judged by recovery of added phosphates,
in certain cases, but unsatisfactory results in others. Incompleteness of re-
covery of added phosphates was shown not to be due to retention of phosphates
by the solid substance of the sample. We are unable to recommend this method,
or any other, as reliable for the estimation of inorganic phosphorus in vege-
table substances generally.

" The acid-alcohol extraction of the method of R. C. Collison is either incom-
plete in 3 hours or else causes a cleavage of organic compounds of phosphorus
with the liberation of inorganic phosphate."

The studies on the estimation of water-soluble inorganic phosphorus in ani-
mal substances were in the nature of comparisons of the neutral molybdate
method of Emmett and Grindley, the barium chlorid method of Siegfried and
Singewald, and the magnesia mixture method of Forbes and associates. Ex-
perimental data presented showed that the methods usually checked by the re-
covery of known amounts of added phosphate. Outlines for the preparation
of cold water extract of desiccated flesh for the determination of inorganic
phosphorus, and of hot water-ammonium sulphate extracts of blood, liver,
and brain are given in detail, as well as tabular data on the determination of
inorganic phosphorus in muscle, blood, and brain.

The authors' conclusions from their work done in 1914 follows:

"The magnesia mixture method gives satisfactorily agreeing results on
blood, brain, liver, and flesh, with a recovery of 96 to 100 per cent of added
phosphates.

" Neither ammonium sulphate nor boiling and ammonium sulphate to-
gether, as used in the magnesia mixture method, were found to cause a splitting
off of inorganic from organic phosphorus in blood.

" The use of heat and ammonium sulphate, as in the magnesia mixture
method, gives lower results than are obtained without heat and ammonium
sulphate, though the recovery of added phosphates is perfect; and evidence
was obtained that these lower results were due not to inclusion of phosphates
in the coagulum obtained by the use of heat and ammonium sulphate, but to
the precipitatin of water-soluble organic phosphorus compounds which, with-
out the use of heat and ammonium sulphate, yield up their phosphorus as
inorganic phosphate, under the influence of the nitric acid used in the subse-
quent steps of the inorganic phosphorus estimation.

" It was found advisable to wash the coagulum with 3.33 per cent ammonium
sulphate rather than with hot water. A more concentrated solution was
shown not to be necessary.

" In the case of blood, the filtration of the extract through paper was found
preferable to the filtration through sand on linen, which is necessary in the
case of brain."

The calculation of the specific gravity of milk, O. von Sobbe {Molk. Ztg.
[Hildesheim], 28 (1914), No. 32, p. 602; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., U (1915),
No. 1, pp. 52). — The specific gravity of curdled milk is determined with difficulty
and only after treating the milk with ammonium hydroxid. This entails the
use of formulas in which the quantity and specific gravity of the ammonium
hydroxid used must be known, and also the quantity of milk used. The author
has therefore estimated the specific gravity of curdled milk by means of the
formula of Mayerhofer-Hoybergsche for the determination of solids other than
fat, rearranging it as follows: S'=4Xr— /, where )S'=specific gravity, r=solids
other than fat, and /= the fat content. By determining the fat and the solids-
not-fat the specific gravity can thus be easily calculated.

318 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED.

Methods for the examination of bituminous road materials, P. HrsBAKD
and C. S. Reeve (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. SlJf {1915), pp. 48, figs. 20).— This is a
revision of Office of Public Roads Bulletin 38 (E. S. R., 25, p. SIO). "Since
the publication of Bulletin 38 considerable progress has been made in the
standardization of methods of examining bituminous road materials. . . .
Special attention is called to modifications in the penetration test, determina-
tion of fixed carbon, and determination of paraffin scale ; and to the substi-
tution of new methods for tlie old distillation tests and for determination of
voids in the mineral aggregate. In addition descriptions of the following
methods are given: (1) Determination of flash and burning points, open-cup
method, (2) dimethyl sulphate test, and (3) methods of examining bituminous
emulsions."

Acid ratio; a new method for determining^ the proteolytic strength of
germinated g'rain in technical analysis, C. A. Nowak (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 7 (1915), No. 10, pp. S5S, 859). — A new method, based on the S0rensen
formaldehyde titration procedure (E. S. R., 19, p. 808), is described in detail.

The final results are not expre.ssed in absolute amounts of nitrogen present
but simply in comparative titrations of the malt extracts. " For brewing pur-
poses a malt having the greatest amount of amino groups is to be preferred,
but only provided the original acidity has been fairly high and the relation or
ratio between the formol acidity and the natural acidity, obtained by dividing
the number of cubic centimeters representing the amino acids by the number
of cubic centimeters representing the natural acidity, is as 1 : 1 or greater,"

This ratio, which the author designates the " acid ratio of malt," is an en-
tirely new factor in malt valuation. An advantage in simplicity and rapidity
over earlier methods is claimed. A further advantage is that one single deter-
mination suffices for the estimation both of the preformed amino acids present
in the malt and also the proteolytic strength.

Alcoholic fermentation, A. Harden (London and New York: Longmans,
Orcen, and Co., 19U, 2. ed., pp. VII + ISG, figs. S). — A second edition of the
monograph previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 714). No change has been made
in the scope of the work, but many additions to the text and a considerable
increase In the bibliography have become necessary on account of the rapid
progress In the subject.

The recovery of ammonia as a by-product of the sug'ar industry. E.
DoNATH (Zcnthl. Kunstdiingcr Indus., 20 (1915), No. 15, pp. 1S7-189). — Earlier
work on the ammonia content of the pressed juice of sugar beets is reviewed.
The author found the ammonia content of pressed juices to be greater than that
reported by previous investigators, due probably to dilTercnces in the procedure
of the determinations. Proposed methods and possibilities for such a recovery
due to the lack of nitrogenous fertilizing materials are discussed.

Zacaton as a paper-making' material, C. J. Brand and J. L. Merrill (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. S09 (1915), pp. 27, figs.- IS). — Experiments are reported which
indicate that zacaton grass (Epicampcs macroura) may prove to be a valuable
paper stock in the future. The grass can be chemically reduced to paper stock
by the soda process under less drastic and less expensive conditions than those
employed for the reduction of poplar wood. Processes, methods, and machinery
employed by the manufacturer of pulp from poplar wood were found entirely
suitable for the treatment of this m-itorial. The yield of air dry fiber from the
»ir-dry grass averaged 43 per cent. Paper manufactured from this stock showed
physical tests equal to those of first-grade, machine-finish printing i)ai)er.

A botanical description and cultural notes on zacaton are also given.

EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. 319

METEOROLOGY.

The org-anization of the Meteorological OflBce in London with special
reference to agricultural meteorology, W. N. Shaw (Ann. Rpt. Met. Com.
IGt. Brit.], 10 {1915), pp. Go-lJ, ; abs. in Jnternat. In^t. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 6, pp. 789, 790).— The scope of the
work of the British Meteorological Office is briefly outlined, and it is explained
that the office collects and digests meteorological information which the agri-
culturist can apply if he wishes. To this end it issues a daily weather report
and provides for the telegraphing of forecasts to those who are willing to pay
for the telegrams. These forecasts are prepared throughout the year, thrice
daily during the harvest season (June to September) and twice daily through-
out the remainder of the year. Weekly and monthly weather reports are also
issued. In actual practice these sources of information are very little used by
the farmers. At present the formal responsibility of the office is limited to pre-
paring forecasts and compiling statistics which will be indispensable when
further investigation has so far developed the laws of weather as to allow of
forecasting coming seasons.

By watching the trend of inquiry about the weather upon the part of the
general public the office hopes to approach the subject of agricultural meteor-
ology on lines suggested by the agriculturists themselves. It is held that " the
further development of the application of meteorology to agriculture is largely
dependent upon education in the rural schools," where the study of weather
is now becoming a part of the regular course of instruction.

The practical value of long-period rainfall observations, J. B. Bennett
(Jour. Scot. Met. Soc, S. ser., 16 (1914), No. SI, pp. 320-328).— This article
emphasizes the importance of long-period rainfall observations, particularly
from the standpoint of the engineer.

Precipitation and yield of crops, E. Krugeb (Deut. Landw. Presse, 42
(1915), No. 47, pp. 420, 421, figs. 4). — An attempt is made in this article to
correlate summer and winter rainfall with the yields of summer and winter
wheat, rye, oats, barley, beets, and potatoes. No clear relation is shown be-
tween the winter rainfall and the yields of any of the crops, but the yields were
clearly influenced by the amount and distribution of the summer rainfall.

The relation of rainfall to the depth of water in a well, J. Smith (Jour.
Scot. Met. Soc, 3. ser., 16 (1914), No. SI, pp. 329-335, figs. 2).— The annual
fluctuation of water level in a well is correlated with the rainfall, showing a
fairly constant fall from spring maximum to autumn minimum. "A minimum
toward the end of the year may be looked for without fail, though in a prolonged
drought it may not occur until early in the following year. There is never any
serious check in the autumn rise of the water level, and once this rise sets in
quite moderate rainfalls are sufficient to insure a steady recovery from the
minimum."

Approximate correlation of the influence of climate on the degree and
increase of temperature with the depth in the soil, J. Boussinesq (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 (1915), No. 24, pp. 747-750; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53
(1915), I-II, No. IS, p. 285).— The conclusion is reached that variations in
climate exert very little influence on the rapidity of the rate of increase of the
temperature of the earth with the distance from the surface.

The theory and practice of frost fighting, A. McAdie (Sci. Mo., 1 (1915),
No. S, pp. 292-301, figs. 9).— This article explains the processes which facilitate
the lowering of the temperature close to the ground, and discusses the efficiency
of the various methods which have been used to interfere with or prevent these
processes.

320 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOBD.

It is shown that air gains and loses heat chiefly by convection. The plant
gains heat by convection and radiation, and perhaps by conduction of an in-
ternal rather than surface character. The soil gains and loses heat chiefly by
radiation. Frosts are generally preceded by a loss of heat from the lower air
strata, due to convection, and a horizontal translation of the air followed by
an equally rapid and great loss of heat by free radiation. There are various
other minor changes which affect the process, but the most important factor is
the actual transference of the air and vapor and the removal of the latter as an
absorber and retainer of heat.

The metliods of frost fighting discussed are (1) the use of protective cover-
ings, including not only cloth, straw, and the like but also smudges; (2) the
direct application of heat by means of such appliances as the improved orchard
heaters used successfully in orange groves; (3) mixing the air and thus getting
the benefit of the warmer air at the higher levels; and (4) spraying or irrigat-
ing, or using sand, as is done in the case of cranberry bogs. The second method
is the one which has proved most successful for large scale operations.

The author concludes that "there is no valid reason, in the light of what
has been already accomplished, why at critical periods which may be antici-
pated the needed volume of surface air may not be sufficiently warmed and the
losses which have heretofore been considered inevitable be prevented."

The temperature and precipitation of British Columbia, A. J. Connob
{Ottawa: The Metcorolopicnl Herince of Canada, 1915, pp. 90, pis. ^). — This is
the first of a series of booklets in which " all the data arising from meteoro-
logical observations In Canada during the last seventy years or more will be
analyzed and published in synoptical form with comment."

The weather of the year 1912 in Hertfordshire, J. Hopkinson {Trans.
Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc, 15 (1915), Xo. 4, pp. 225-238) .—This is a rt-pc.rt
based upon a continuation of long-period observations on temperature, precipi-
tation, and general weather conditions at Watford, St. Albans, and other sta-
tions in Hertfordshire. The principal data are tai)ulatpd and the general
weather conditions for each month of the year are described.

The weather of the year 1913 in Hertfordshire, J. Hopkinson {Tratis.
Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. .S'oc, 15 (1915), No 4, pp. 225-258).— This Is a report
of a continuation of long-period observations on temperature and precipitation
at various places In Hertfordshire, with notes on the weather of each month
of the year.

The climate of Hertfordshire, J. Hopkinson {Trans. Hertfordshire Nat.
Hist. Sor., 15 (1915), No. Jf. pp. 195-206, fig. 1). — A brief account is given of
the main climatic characteristics of this region as deduced from rainfall ob-
servations covering a period of 70 years (1840 to 1909) and other meteorological
observations covering a period of 25 years (1SS7 to 1911). Tlie stations at
which the principal observations wore made were Bennington, St. Albans, and
Berkhamsted.

The annual rainfall of Scotland and the limits within which it fluctuates,
A. Watt (Jour. Scot. Met. Soc., S. ser., 16 (1914), No. SI, pp. 312-319).— The
data obtained at 127 stations having unbroken records for 40 years are
analyzed. It is shown that " for Scotland as a whole, the average annual
rainfall of the driest period of three consecutive years is one-fifth less than
the mean annual rainfall."

Rainfall and vapor tension in western and equatorial Africa, R. CHt'DEAU
(Cowpt. Rend. Arnd. Sci. [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 13, pp. 392-395; ahs. in Rev.
Sci. [Paris], 53 (1915), I-II, No. 20, p. 509).— The available data on this sub-
ject are summarized and discussed.

EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. 321

SOUS— FERTILIZERS.

Soils, their properties and management, T. L. Lyon, E. O. Fippin, and
H. O. BucKMAN (New York: The MacmiUan Co., 1915, pp. XX/+7'6V,, pis. 2,
figs. 83). — This book deals more fully and in somewhat different order with
essentially the same subjects discussed in a previous book of the Rural Text-
book Series (E. S. R., 22, p. 519). Its purpose appears to be to bring the sub-
ject matter of the previous book up-to-date and to present in addition the
fundamental principles of recently developed phases of the study of soils.

The formation, geological classification, and climatic and geochemical rela-
tionships of soils are first discussed. Subsequent sections take up the me-
chanical, physical, and chemical properties of soils in more or less detail, special
reference being made to soil colloids and the absorptive properties of soils.
Considerable space is devoted to soil moisture, its control, movement, and
utilization, and special sections cover drainage, irrigation, and dry farming.
Soil fertility with reference to natural stores of fertilizing constituents in soils
and the use of fertilizers and manures is also discussed, mainly from the
plant physiological standpoint.

Soil conditions and plant growth, E. J. Russell (London: Longmans,
Green & Co., 1915, 3. ed., rev., pp. VII 1+190, figs. 11). — This represents a re-
vision and third edition of this book (E. S. R., 27, p. 821). A new chapter on
the relationship between the micro-organic population of the soil and the
growth of plants, and numerous sections dealing with recent developments of
other parts of the subject, have been added.

The question of soil mapping, Reuss (Centbl. Gesam. Forstw., ^0- (1914),
No. 9-10, pp. 364-369). — As an improvement over the soil mapping scheme of
Graf zu Leiuingen (E. S. R., 32, p. 26), it is suggested that a soil map should
include geological and petrogi-aphic data, data as to the external condition and
physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the soils, and data on soil
types with reference to crop adaptabilities. A general scheme for so present-
ing such data in usable form is briefly outlined.

Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1912 (fourteenth report), M.
Whitney et al. (V. S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1912, pp. 2166,
pis. 35, figs. 56, maps 53). — This report contains a general review of the field
operations of the Bureau of Soils during 1912 by the chief of the Bureau, together
with detailed accounts of the following surveys :

New London County, Conn., by W. E. McLendon; Orange C'"unty, N. Y.,
by G. A. Crabb and T. M. Morrison ; Lehigh County, Pa., by W. T. Carter, jr.,
and J. A. Kerr ; York County, Pa., by J. O. Yeatch, L. A. Hurst, and G. B.
Maynadier ; Reconnoissance Soil Survey of Southeastern Pennsylvania, by C. F.
Shaw, J. M. McKee, and W. G. Ross; Ashe County, N. C, by R. B. Hardison
and S. O. Perkins; Pender County, N. C, by W. E. Hearn, L. A. Hurst, R. B.
Hardison, L. L. Brinkley, and S. O. Perkins; Barnwell County, S. C, by W. T.
Carter, jr., R. T. Allen, J. E. Lapham, F. S. Bucher, and J. H. Agee; Chester
County, S. C, by W. E. McLendon and G. A. Crabb ; Ben Hill County, Ga., by
A. L. Higgins and D. D. Long; Chattooga County, Ga., by A. W. Mangum and
D. D. Long; Dougherty County, Ga., by M. E. Carr, H. Jennings, T. D. Rice,
and D. D. Long ; Troup County, Ga., by A. T. Sweet and H. C. Smith ; Recon-
noissance Soil Survey of Tattnall County, Ga., by H. H. Bennett; The Ocala
Area, Fla., by C. N. IMooney, W. J. Latimer, and H. and E. Gunter ; Clarke
County, Ala., by C. S. Waldrop, L. Cantrell, P. H. Avary, and N. E. Bell;
Conecuh County, Ala., by L. Cantrell, R. A. Winston, and F. W. Kolb; Cov-
ington County, Ala., by R. T. A. Burke, A, M. O'Neal, jr., W. E. Wilkinson,

322 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

N. E. Bell, and J. B. Wilkinson ; Lafayette County, Miss., by A. L. Goodman
and E. M. Jones; Lincoln County, Miss., by A. L. Goodman and E. M. Jones;
Warren County, Miss., by W. E. Tharp and W. M. Spann ; Winston County,
Miss., by G. A. Crabb and G. B. Higlitower ; East Feliciana Parish, La., by
C. J. Mann and P. O. Wood; Archer County, Tex., by A. E. Taylor, C. Louns-
bury, J. O. Veatch, and E. Scott ; Harrison County, Tex., by C. Van Duyne and
W. C. Byers ; Putnam County, Tenn., by C. S. Waldrop ; Robertson County,
Tenn., by J. H. Agee, L. A. Hurst, H. Jennings, and R. F. Rogers; Christian
County, Ky., by R. T. Allen and T. M. Bushnell; Kanawha County, W. Va.,
by W. J. Latimer and M. W. Beck ; Preston County, W. Va., by W. J. Latimer ;
Reconnoissance Soil Survey of Ohio, by G. N. Coffey, T. D. Rice, et al. ; Gene-
see County, Mich., by B. D. Gilbert; Boone County, Ind., by W. E. Tharp and

E. J. Quinn ; Hamilton County, Ind., by L. A. Hurst, E. J. Grimes, R. S.
Hesler, and H. G. Young; Montgomery County, Ind., by G. B. Jones and C. H.
Orahood ; Tipton County, Ind., by L. A. Hurst and E. J. Grimes; Will County,
111., by C. J. Mann and M. Baldwin ; Jefferson County, Wis., by W. J. Geib,
A. H. Meyer, and O. J. Noer ; Barton County, Mo., by H. H. Krusekopf and

F. S. Bucher ; Carroll County, Mo., by E. S. Vanatta and L. V. Davis ; Casa
County, Mo., by H. H. Krusekopf and F. S. Bucher; Miller County, Mo., by
H. G. Lewis and F. V. Emer-son ; Pike County, Mo., by A. T. Sweet and E. C.
Hall; Stoddard County, Mo., by A. T. Sweet, F. S. Bucher, H. H. Krusekopf,
H. G. Lewis, J. E. Dunn, E. C. Hall, and L. V. Davis; Cherokee County, Kans.,
by P. O. Wood and R. I. Throckmorton ; Greenwood County, Kans.. by W. C.
Byers, N. S. Robb, and J. P. Stack ; Jewell County, Kans., by A. E. Kocher,
J. P. Stack, E. H. Sraies, and R. I. Throckmorton ; Otoe County, Nebr., by
W. G. Smith and L. T. Skinner; Barnes County, N. Dale, by L. C. Holmes,
J. E. Dunn, H. A. Hard, A. C. Anderson, W. Rommel, and A. C. Boucher ;
Middle Rio Grande Valley Area, N. Mex., by J. W. Nelson. L. C. Holmes, and E. C.
Eckmann; Mosilla Valley, N. Mex. -Tex., by J. W. Nelson and L. C. Holmes;
Hood River-White Salmon River Area, Oreg.-Wash.. by A. T. Strahorn and
E. B. Watson ; and Fresno Area, Cal., by A. T. Strahorn, J. W. Nelson, L. C.
Holmes, and E. C. Eckmann.

During the calendar year 1912, 34,872 square miles, or 22,318,080 acres,
were surveyed and mapped in detail, making the total area surveyed and
mapped up to the end of that year 284,118 square miles, or 181,835,520 acres.
There were also conducted reconnoissance surveys covering an area of 70,224
square miles, or 44,943,360 acres.

Soils of Franklin County. S. C. Jones (Kentucky Sta. TiuL 195 {1915). pp.
202-235, pi. 1). — This bulletin, prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky
Geological Survey, deals with the general characteristics, chemical composition,
and crop adaptabilities of the soils of an area of 200.73 square miles in the
so-called Purchase Region of Kentucky. The topography of the county Is
divided into four phases, namely, flat or undulating valley lands, abrupt cliffs
and limestone outcrops, sloping and more or less abrupt hills, and gently rolling
table-lands. The county Is drained by tl\e Kentucky River and Elkhorn, Benson,
and Flat creeks.

The soils are of residual and transported origin, the latter covering 15 per
cent of the area. Thirteen soil types arc mapped, of which the yellow clay
loam residual soil of the hills and bluffs is the most extensive, covering 4.'».S2
per cent of the area. The yellow, brown, and stony loams are also prominent
types. Analyses of tj'P'cal samples of the soils of the area are reported, the
results of which are taken to indicate that " the average Franklin County soils
are abnormally rich in the mineral elements and, with the exception of the

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 323

gray or white silt loam, are only slightly acid. For the average soils nitrogen
is decidedly the most limiting element. The chief factors in maintaining the
fertility of Franklin County soils consist (1) in preventing soil erosion, (2) in
increasing the organic matter and nitrogen content, and (3) in liberating plant
food from the large store of mineral elements present in these soils."

The soils of Tennessee, C. A. Mooebs (Resources Tenn., 5 {,1915), No. 4, pp.
155-173, pi. 1, figs. 6).— This report deals briefly with the characteristics, crop
adaptabilities, and fertility requirements of the soils of the different natural
divisions of Tennessee, the topography of which varies from gently undulating
and hilly to mountainous. Tlie upland soils of the State are mainly of residual
origin. The prevailing soil types are silt loams and loam.s, with one large area
of fine sandy loam. The subsoils include heavy silt loams, clay loams, and clay.
The soils of the central basin of middle Tennessee, covering 5,400 square miles,
are practically all of limestone origin and are considered to be the most durable
and productive under cultivation of any large area in the State.

The re.sults of analyses and studies of the soils from the different divisions
made at the Tennessee Experiment Station are reviewed as a basis for recom-
mendations for fertility and cultural treatment.

[Soil analyses], F. H. Range {Bol. Dept. Nac. Fomento [Paraguay], No. 7
(1914), PP- 34-37). — Analyses of 17 samples of tobacco, banana, alfalfa, and
pineapple soils are reported.

Soils and agriculture of North "Wales, G. W. Robinson (Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London], 22 (1915), No. 3, pp. 216-222).— It is stated that the soils of North
Wales are in general medium loams of comparatively uniform mechanical com-
position and contain sand and silt in fairly equal proportions. Clay is almost
invariably the smallest fraction. The soils usually have a high content of
organic matter and chemically are almost always deficient in carbonate of lime,
but are relatively well supplied with potash soluble in hydrochloric acid. Con-
siderable areas of waste land occur in the region, consisting of sandy stretches,
peat, glacial drift soil, and heather moors. Grass is the predominant feature
in the farming of North Wales, and the proportion of arable land is generally
less than 30 per cent of the total.

Kesearches on the concentration of the liquid circulating in Libyan soils
E. Pantanelli (Bui. Orto Bot. R. Univ. Napoli, 4 (1914), pp. 371-383). — Ex-
periments to determine the relative concentrations of the soil solutions of oasis
garden, flat plain, hill, cultivated hill, sand dune, desert, and salt marsh soils
from Tripoli are reported.

It was found that the concentration of the soil solution in salts was correctly
measured by determining the electrolytic conductivity of the liquid percolate
of the soil. Dialysis of the soil solution served to separate the colloid.s. The
concentration of the solution of the dune sands was the lowest. The solutions
of oasis, garden, and flat plain soils were nearly of the same concentration,
which is classed as low. The concentration of the hill soil solution was slightly
higher than these, and that of the desert soils and cultivated hill soils still
slightly higher. The salt marsh soils contained a highly concentrated solution
which was, however, low in colloidal matter. The sandier soils of the de.sert
and hills, while low in crystalline salts, were relatively high in colloidal matter.
The concentration of the solution of the oasis sand soils and dune sands
increased slightly with the depth, while the opposite was true with the salt soils.

Lithium in soils, L. A. Steinkoenig (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7

(1915), No. 5, pp. 425, 420; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 13, p. 1815).—

Determinations of the lithium content of 19 samples of soils taken from six

different areas in the United States showed that lithium, although occurring

24307°— No. 4—16 3

324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

in small amounts varying from 0.001 to 0.01 per cent in the soil and from 0.002
to 0.007 per cent in the subsoil, was present in all soils examined. The content
of lithium did not seem to follow that of any other element in the soil, and
nearly the same amounts were found in the soil and subsoil.

Absorption of cations and anions by cultivated soil, A. De Dominicxts
(Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., l^t (19U), No. 7, pp. U9-4'i3; abs. in Chern. Zentbl, 1915,
I, No. 8, pp. S91, 392). — In this article a series of experiments on the absorp-
tion of the cations and anions of solutions of different salts by five different soils
are reported. The cations tested were those of the chlorids of ammonium,
potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron, and the anions
were those of the chlorid, nitrate, sulphate, carbonate, silicate, phosphate, and
aluminate of sodium.

It was found that the cations of the salts tested were absorbed without excep-
tion by soils, and the anions also in most cases. The degree of absorption
increased with the valence of the absorbed ions. The relations of the cation
and anion absorption were the same in all soils, but the total absorption varied.
Absorption is, therefore, thought to depend on the nature of the soil colloids
and of the soil solution.

Behavior of humic acid toward anions, G. I. Ritman {Iz RezuVt, Vcget.
Opytov Lab. Rabat, 9 {1913}, pp. m-Jf.'tl). — In studies of the action of so-
called humlc acid solutions on salts and acids it was found that the bases of
salts were absorbed. No effect was observed on hydrochloric or sulphuric
acids. With pota.ssium nitrate a marked decrease in nitrate in the solution was
attributed to reduction processes.

Humus and humus-nitrogen in California soil columns, R. H. Loughbidge
{Univ. Cat. Pubs., Agr. Set., 1 {IBlIf), No. 8, pp. 175-274).— A. brief review of
several years' analyses of California surface soils is given and investigations
are reported, the main purpo.«!e of which was to ascertain the extent to which
humus is present in the lower depths of California soils. For this purpose 110
soil columns were taken from 37 counties in regions whose soils are many feet
in depth, each column representing a characteristic type of land in its particular
region.

The soils of California were found to be richer in humus than has been gener-
ally supposed, containing In their depth o*' 3 ft. more than in the soils of humid
regions and in the entire columns of 12 ft. or more double that of humid soils.
The humus content was usually dlstributetl through depths of 12 or more feet,
the highest percentage being in the upper 3 ft. and diminishing downward.
The surface soils were found to have an average of 1.2-8 per cent of humus
and the upper 3 ft. of soil proper an average of 1.06 per cent per foot, or a sum
of 3.17 per cent.

The tule swamps showetl the highest percentage of humus on account of the
mass of decaying roots and other vegetable matter, while the desert plains
showed the least. Humification was retarded in close, compact adobe clays and
the humus content was less than in lighter loam and .sandy soils. The soils of
the valleys of the coast range in the western part of the State showed higher
percentages of humus than any of the other agricultural regions. It was found
that the humus of the soils of the State is very generally derived from plant
roots instead of from accumulations of vegetable material at various depths
during soil formation.

The black color of the soil was not always due to a high humus content, many
black soils showing a smaller percentage of humus than .soils of a gray color.
The average percentage of nitrogen in combination in the humus of the first
foot of the soil columns was 5.92, while that of ench of the upper 3 ft. was 5.6
per cent and a little less for the entire 12 ft, varying from 1 to 20 per cent

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 325

in Individual layers. The organic nitrogen in tlie soil derived from the humus
varied from almost nothing in the lower depths of the soil to as much as 0.13
per cent in the upper 3 ft. The average of the first foot of the soil columns was
0.07 per cent, and for each of the 3 upper feet 0.05 per cent.

Phosphoric acid was present in the humus of these soils to the extent of from
0.01 to 0.08 per cent throughout the entire depth to which humus reaches,
though usually more so in the upper few feet. The humus content was some-
times less in the first foot than in the second on account of being gradually
destroyed by cultivation and summer fallowing. Arid soils are considered to
have an immense advantage over those of the humid region on account of this
distribution of humus and its nitrogen, as well as of mineral plant food, through
a depth of many feet. It is thought that the practical value of California soils
can not be based alone upon the nature of the surface and subsoils, but chiefly
upon the texture and depth of the soil.

The presence of proteoses and peptones in soils, E. H. Walters {Jour.
Indtis. and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 10, pp. 860-863) .—The general charac-
teristic properties of proteoses and peptones are described, and laboratory experi-
ments with a sandy loam soil are reported. The results are taken to indicate
that proteins undergo hydrolytic decompositions in the soil in much the same
way as in digestion by enzyms, acids, or alkalis, and that a mixture of the
various proteoses and peptones resulting from such decompositions exists and
persists in the soil as such for a considerable period.

The effect of certain organic compounds on wheat pla,nts in the soil. —
Preliminary paper, F. W. Upson and A. R. Powell {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 7 {1915), No. 5, pp. ^20-^22, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 13,
p. 1817). — Experiments at the Nebraska Experiment Station on the behavior
of vanillin in concentrations varying from 2.50 to 1,000 parts per million toward
wheat plants in black silt loam, silt loam, and in water cultures showed that
vanillin was not appreciably toxic to wheat plants when present in the soil
in the highest concentrations used, and was much less toxic in the soil than in
water cultures.

Salicylic aldehyde used in concentrations varying from 10 to 500 parts per
million was much less toxic to wheat and corn plants in the soil than in water
cultures, the toxic effect on wheat at the highest concentration being practically
negligible. Further experiments showed, however, that the effect of salicylic
aldehyde on wheat and corn is different for different soils.

" Preliminary experiments on the behavior of cumarin, quinone, and dihy-
droxystearic acid toward wheat plants in the soil indicate that the effect is
entirely different from the effect of these substances in water solutions. Quinone
in concentrations below 500 parts per million in soil is beneficial to the growth
of wheat. The other two substances are somewhat more toxic in the soil than
is vanillin."

A bacterial test for plant food accessories (auxim.ones), W. B. Bottomley
{Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 89 {1915), No. B 610, pp. 102-108).— In ex-
periments to discover a bacterial test for plant-food accessories in soils
(a\iximones) it was found that when the phosphotungstic acid extract from
1 gm. of bacterized peat is added to a normal nitrifying culture solution in-
oculated with nitrifying organisms and the whole is incubated at 26" C. a
thick scum is formed on the surface of the liquid. Further tests showed that
the scum is due to the presence aind specific action of the auximone from the
bacterized peat.

An examination of the scum showed that it consists of two predominant
kinds of organisms, namely, a thin bead rod form and a spindle-shaped form.

326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

When grown separately in a nitrifying solution plus auximone the scum did
not appear. Tests of a number of soils, including loams, clays, and gravels,
showed that all yielded the scum, the best growth being obtained from a
virgin loam. It was found that the rate of growth and thickness of the
scum showed a progressive increase with the quantity of auximone present
fibove a certain minimum. Tests of fresh and well-rotted stable manure
showed that the quantity of auximone present increases with the progressive
decomposition of the organic matter of the manure. Further results brought
out by the experiments indicated that the organisms which form the scum
require no organic carbon for their growth and are similar to the nitrifying
organisms and sulphur and iron bacteria in that they can assimilate atmos-
pheric carbon dioxid by the process of chemosynthesis. They can not live on
nitrates, but must obtain their nitrogen from an ammonium salt, and they
are not destroye<l by heating. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31. p. 826).

Soil protozoa and soil bacteria, E. J. Russell (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 89 (1915), No. B 610, pp. 76-52).— The author is of the opinion that the
conclusion drawn by Goodey (E. S. R., 33, p. 515) that ciliates, amoebae, and
flagellates can not function as a factor limiting the number of bacteria in
soils is not justified by the experimental data reported, and reviews investiga-
tions by himself and his associates (E. S. R., 29, p. 122; 32, p. 816; 33, p. 621) in
support of his theory.

Soil fatigue and sterilization, D.' Zolla (Rev. G&n. Sci., 26 (1915), No. 4.
pp. 116-120). — The work of others is reviewed to show that soil fatigue is not
equivalent to soil exluiustioii, and ihat the cause of soil fatigue can usually
be removed by partial sterilization with heat or antiseptics.

The control of soil washing, M. F. Milleb (Missouri Sta. Circ. 78 (1915),
pp. 12, figs. 9). — This circular briefly discusses soil wa.shing by gullying and
sheet washing and describes methods of prevention and control, consisting
mainly of the use of winter cover crops, deep plowing, contour farming, main-
taining the organic matter content in the soil, and the use of straw, bushes,
trees, dirt, brush, logs, stumps, dams, and debris for large gullies.

The feeding of farm crops, W. ScHNEroEwiXD (Die Emahrung dcr Land-
wirtschaftlichc Kulturpflanzcn. Berlin: Paul Parcy. 1915, pp. yiII+487. figs.
16). — This is a practical treatise, in three parts, for the use of farmers and
contains only such experimental results as have a well-defined, practical as
well as a scientific value.

The first part, presented as a scientific basis for the third part, deals with
the physiology of plant nutrition, both when germinating and during later
gro^^•th. The second part deals with the soil, describing the rock and mineral
constituents forming the earth crust, the physical, chemical, and biological
processes of soil formation, and the different soil types and their properties
and transformations through human agencies. The third part deals with fer-
tilization, first discussing the different fertilizers and fertilizing materials
and their uses, including stable and groon manures and artificial fertilizers
supplying nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, and lime, and, second, describing
the peculiarities of individual crops with reference to the kind. form, and
amount of fertilization required under different conditions. In this connection
plans for crop rotation and field experiments are given. The plans for the
fertilization of individual crops in the different rotations and on the different
soil tj'pes are intended to indicate to the farmer how and to what extent
the kind and amount of fertilization for each crop is dependent on the pre-
ceding crop and its fertilization.

Plant food and soil bacteria, A. Koch (Mitt. Deut. Landic. OeselL, SO
(1915), No. 11, pp. 155-158). — The work of others Is briefly reviewed and ex-

SOILS — PBKTILIZERS. 327

periments reported, the purpose being to show that fertilizers, Including stable
and green manures and artificial manures, serve as sources of nourisliment to
soil bacteria and thereby exert a favorable influence on their activities in mak-
ing available to plants the stores of residual and natural plant food in soils.

The conditions of complete action of fertilizers, Becker (Fiihling's Landw.
Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 9-10, pp. 255-261). — A brief statement enumerating the
most important factors influencing the complete utilization of fertilizers in
soils by crops, such as moisture, humus, lime, tilth, adaptation to season, etc.,
is given.

Row fertilizing, Tacke (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., SO (1915), No. 9, pp.
118, 119). — Row fertilizing of oats and rye on sandy upland moor soils was
accompanied by an increase in crop yield in two consecutive years as com-
pared with broadcast application of fertilizers.

Providing Germany with plant food, B. Rassow (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 28
(1915), No. S2, Aufsatzteil, pp. 196-201).— This is a brief review of the fer-
tilizer situation in Germany.

Vegetation experiments with different nitrogen and phosphoric acid fer-
tilizers, B. ScHULZE {Illus. Landiv. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 00, pp. 817, 818, figs.
4). — In pot culture experiments with oats and mustard on a soil deficient in
nitrogen it was found that of three nitrogenous fertilizers tested the so-called
nitrate-diphosphate, consisting of apatite semidigested with nitric acid, gave
the best results, while little difference was observed between sodium nitrate
and calcium nitrate containing an excess of lime. On the basis of these re-
sults the nitrate-diphosphate is considered to be a valuable nitrogenous
fertilizer.

Further tests on the same soil with the same crops using three other nitro-
genous fertilizers showed that a mixture of lime nitrogen and raw iron oxid
2 : 1 gave better results than pure lime nitrogen or lime nitrogen and Thomas
slag 1 : 2. Mixing the lime nitrogen with Thomas slag seemed to decrease the
availability of the nitrogen.

In experiments with the same crops on a soil deficient- in phosphoric acid,
it was found that precipitated superphosphate, containing 30.37 per cent citrate-
soluble phosphoric acid, gave the best results, followed in order by super-
phosphate, Thomas slag and lime nitrogen mixture 2 : 1, pure Thomas slag,
and nitrate-diphosphate.

The nitrogen of processed fertilizers, E. C. Lathkop (Chem. Netcs, III
(1915), Nos. 2887, pp. 145-14^; 2888, pp. 162-164; 2889, pp. 169-172; 2890, pp.
186, 187).— The substance of this article has been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 217).

How can crops be grown without potash manures next year? E. J. Ritsseix
(Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 (1915), No. 5, pp. 393-406).— It is stated that
the lack of potash may be met by the use of wood ashes, damaged straw,
mangold and other leaves, and liquid manure. " These contain consid-
erable quantities of potash which, in the aggregate, would help materially in
coping with the present shortage. Moreover, the plowing up of leys and grass
land leads to the liberation of the potash stored up in the roots, stems, and
leaves, causing it to become available for the next crop." Two agencies sug-
gested for increasing the availability of potash in the soil are (1) sodium salts,
especially common salt and sodium sulphate, and (2) lime or chalk. "The
former can be used for mangolds and for cereals when necessary. Lime and
chalk are more suitable for leguminous crops, clover, etc."

Possible sources of potash, G. G. Ceesswell (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34
(1915), No. 8, pp. 387-393) .—ThG author discusses chemical and other methods
for obtaining potash from sea water, seaweed, ashes, saltpeter, potash lakes

328 EXPERIMBNT STATION BECORD.

and deposits, feldspar, mica, leucite, alunite, waste liquors from cellulose pulp
mills, sugar residues, and wool scourings.

The potash situation, B. Haet {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No.
8, pp. 670, 671). — Attention is drawn to the possibility of economic potash pro-
duction from so-called cement fume from cement factories and from refuse
heaps from feldspar mining. The economy of the process inv/)lved in the latter
case depends largely on the simultaneous production of alum.

A preliminary report on the feldspar and mica deposits of Georgia, S. L.
Galpin {Geol. Survey Ga. Bui. 30 (1915), pp. XII +190, pis. 11, figs. 5).— Tliis
report contains data on feldspar and mica deposits of Georgia, including notes
on their commercial uses.

It is shown that one class of the feldspars, namely, pegmatite dikes, is of
high quality, containing usually about 12 per cent of potash, enough to make it
worthy of consideration as a source of potash. Appendixes on (1) abstracts of
patents issued by the United States Patent Office on methods for extracting
potash and other substances from silicate rocks and minerals, especially feld-
spar, and (2) ground feldspar as a commercial fertilizer are included.

The displacement of the potash of neutral alumino-silicates by neutral
salts, S. KocHEKGiN {Iz Rezul't. Veget. Opytov Lab. Robot, 9 (1913), pp. SS6-
391, figs. 2). — In tests of the solubility of the potash of different silicates in
ammonium acetate it was found that the potash of the so-called pota.«;sium
zeolite was the most soluble, followed In order by muscovite, nepheline, phono-
lite, biotite, and orthoclase. The solubility of biotite potash showed an increase
for from 2 to 56 days.

The destructive distillation of Pacific coast kelps, D. R. Hoagland {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 8, pp. 673, 671,).— The results of com-
parative laboratory distillations of kelp {Macrocysiis pyrifera) with oak and
fir made at the California Experiment Station to determine some method of
utilizing the organic matter of kelp in addition to the potash and lodin led to
the conclusion that kelp distillates have no commercial value, but that most
of the potash may be easily recovered from the charcoal as a high-grade prod-
\ict. See also a previous report by Burd (E. S. R., 32, p. 723).

Three years' experiments on the effect on the yield of crops of potash
works waste products containing magnesium chlorid, A. Stutzer and W.
Haupt {Drcijdhrige Yersuche ithcr die Wirkung von Chlortnagnesium cnthnl-
tender Endlage von Chlorkaliumfabriken nuf die Emtecrtrdge. Berlin: Paul
Parey, 1915, pp. IV +84, figs. 2). — The work of others bearing on the subject is
reviewed and plat experiments with oats, wheat, red beets, sugar beets, barley,
and rye on soil rich In lime and with hay on meadow land are reported. The
purpose was to determine the effect of irrigating with water containing waste
products from potassium chlorid works in amounts varying from the equivalent
of 1,500 to 2,500 mg. of chlorin per liter.

It was found on three different meadow soils that the waste products in the
highest concentration iised had no bad effects on the yield of hay. The same
results were obtained with the other crops on the soil rich in lime. The
absence of injurious effect of the waste products on these soils is attributed to
the presence of sufficient lime in the soils to neutralize any acid products of
disassociation of the waste products.

Phosphate rock and methods proposed for its utilization as a fertilizer,
W. H. Wagoaman and W. H. Fky {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. S12 {1915), pp. 37).—
This bulletin states briefly the origin, extent, and composition of the phosphate
deposits of Florida, Tennessee, South Carolina, Arkan.sas, Kentucky, .south-
eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, northern Utah, and western Montana, and

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 329

describes a number of processes for treating phosphate rock In the manufacture
of phosphoric acid and phosphatic fertilizers, which are classified as follows :

"(1) Acid treatment, which includes the manufacture of superphosphate and
phosphoric acid, (2) combined heating and acid treatment, (3) double decom-
position by means of a silicate or an alkali, (4) processes used in connection
with the steel industry, (5) processes In which the phosphorus or phosphoric
acid is volatilized, (6) treatment dealing with the production of two or more
fertilizer elements, (7) electrolysis, (8) enrichment or concentration of phos-
phates, (9) processes and apparatus for the mechanical treatment of phos-
phates, and (10) miscellaneous processes."

A classified list of patented processes is appended.

The Elliston phosphate field, Montana, R. W. Stone and C. A. Bonine
{U. S. Ocol. Surrey Bui. 580 {1915), pp. S13-3S3, pi. i).— The geology of this
field is described and it is stated that the phosphate rock is readily dis-
tinguished by its finely oolitic texture, thin bluish-white coating on weathered
surfaces, heavy specific gravity, and peculiar odor. A map of the field and
analytical data indicate tliat in the north half of the field, covering about 7
square miles, a bed of phosphate rock ranging in thickness from 3 to 5 ft.
and averaging approximately 65 per cent in tricalcium phosphate outcrops for 0
miles, which, it is estimated, contains about 70,956,032 tons of phosphate rock.
It is estimated that the south half of the field covers about 1.5 square miles
and contains, on the basis of an average thickness of 4 ft., 15,204,864 tons of
phosphate rock.

Some properties of phosphorites from Seng^lei, L V. flKUSHKiN and P. I.
Kbivobokov (Iz RezuVt. Veget. Opytox Lab. Rabot, 9 (1913), pp. 160-166).—
Studies of the chemical properties of these phosphorites with reference to the
availability of their phosphoric acid content to gi-aminaceous plants are reported.
The original phosphorites and the weathered and decomposed phosphate mass
were studied separately.

It was found that the latter in comparison to the former contained more
insoluble residue, more iron and alumina, and considerably less calcium oxid,
sulphuric acid, and carbon dioxid. The ammonium citrate extract of the
former was colorless and contained only traces of phosphoric acid, while the
extract of the latter was highly colored and contained important quantities of
phosphoric acid, a little more lime, and considerably more iron than that of
the former. Decomposition of the phosphorite frequently was accompanied by
the formation of considerable quantities of iron phosphates.

Extraction of phosphoric acid from natural phosphates, I, A. "V. Kazakov
(Iz RezuVt. Veget. Opytov Lab. Rabot, 9 (1913), pp. 51-10, figs. .J).— A review
of the literature bearing on the subject and a theoretical chemical discussion
of the minimum possible sulphur trioxid and calcium oxid contents of extracts
of phosphates are followed by the results of quantitative analysis for sulphur
trioxid and calcium oxid of a series of extracts obtained by treatment of ground
Viatka phosphates with different amounts of sulphuric acid, the purpose of
which was to determine standards for optimum conditions. In this connection
the author proposes a rapid method for determining such standards, based on
qualitative tests for the presence of phosphates of calcium, aluminum, and
iron.

The results show that the method of qualitative tests not only can replace the
method of quantitative determination of the calcium oxid and sulphur trioxid
but proves the presence or absence of phosphates of calcium, aluminum, and
iron in the extract. In drawing this conclusion the author made a comparison
of the standards determined empirically with those theoretically determined
on the basis of the chemical composition of the Viatka phosphates. The em-

330 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD.

pirical standard was 69.14 gm. of sulphuric acid and tlie theoretical standard
ou the basis of tricalcium phosphate was 64,325 gm., and on the basis of apatite
70.424 gm. This is taken to indicate that for the phosphate used the apatite
content should be taken as a basis for the establishment of a standard.

A special type of natural phosphate, I. V. Iakushkin {Iz RezuVt. Veget.
Opytov Lab. Rahot, 9 (1913), pp. 92-1S6, figs. iO).— Further cropping experi-
ments with a special type of natural phosphate (E. S. R., 29, p. 41S) are re-
ported.

Tests of the inside and outside parts of this phosphate showed the outer
parts to be the most available. This is taken to indicate that a more intensive
secondary process is a necessary factor in the accumulation of semisoluble
phosphoric-acid compounds in raw phosphates. Samples of a relatively avail-
able raw phosphate taken from different depths showed no difference in their
behavior toward crops.

The size of the cereal crop when fertilized with raw phosphate was found to
depend ou the content of phosphoric acid soluble in citric acid. In all cases
of apparent deficiency of phosphoric acid in the deeper layers the crops showed
a low content of easily soluble phosphoric acid. The transition from deficient
to sufficient nourishment of crops was always closely related not only to
the significant increase in the harvest but also to the content of easily soluble
phosijhoric acid compounds in the crops. The percentage of total phosphoric
acid, esi)ecially of phosphorus combined with protein, decreased in certain
cases. Excessive nourishment, while it increased the content of all forms of
phosphorus in the crop, did not increase tht> size of the harvest.

Preparation of enriched superphosphate with precipitated phosphate, K. N.
SHNTiT.sov {Iz RezuVt. Vcget. Opytov Lab. Robot, 9 (WIS), pp. 67-.''7).— Studies
of the preparation of enriched superphosphate were conducted, tlie phosphoric
acid of a water solution of superphosphate being precipitated and treated with
sulphuric acid. With a sample of Viatka phosphate the author succeeded In
obtaining a phosphatic precipitate containing from 30 to 40 per cent pho.sphorIc
acid and an enriched superphosphate containing from 18.4 to 32.3 per cent
total phosphoric acid, of which from 14.4 to 31 .8 per cent was soluble in water.

Palmaer's phosphate, D. N. Pbianisknikov and I. V. Iakushkin (.Iz RezuVt.
Yegct. Opytov Lab. Robot, 9 (19 J 3), pp. 152-159). — Cropping experiments with
oats, millet, and flax to determine the value of Palmaer's phosphate as a ferti-
lizer are reported.

It was found in all cases that this phosphate was well utilized and was supe-
rior to all other sources of phosphoric acid useii, including superphosphate
and Thomas slag. Analyses of the millet crop showed that the phosphoric acid
of Palmaer's phosphate was utilized as well as that of monocalcium phosphate,
and it was markedly superior to superphosphate for flax. It is thought that
Palmaer's phosphate will have a much better effect on sandy soil tending to be
acid than superphosphate. In chemical studies the phosphoric acid of Pal-
maer's phosphate was found to be much more soluble in Potormann's reagent
than that of Thomas slag.

Welter's phosphate and its components, N. A. UspenskiI (Iz RezuVt. Veget.
Opytov Lab. Robot, 9 (1913), pp. 359-377). — Experiments to determine the effect
of the Wolter process on Kasan phosphorite with reference to the uvail-
ablUty of the resulting phosphate are reported. This process involves the
fusion of the phosphorite witli sodium sulphate, carbon, and calcium carbonate.

The Kasan phosphorite contained 40 per cent calcium oxid and 5 per cent
carbon dioxid. A 3-hours' fusion of this pho.'^phorlte with sodium sulphate and
carbon yielded a product, the phosphoric acid of which was as available to
millet in sand cultures as that of Wolter's phosphate or Thomas slag. An ex-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 331

oess of lime in the fusing mixture which formed an unfused residue resulted in
the formation of insoluble calcium phosphates, and the phosphoric acid content
soluble in Petermann's reagent was decreased. The addition of sand to the
fusing mixture had a favorable effect, attributed to the neutralization of in-
jurious excesses of lime and to the possible formation of phosphate of silicon.
The mixture of phosphorite, sodium sulphate, and carbon when fused for 1,5
hours showed 21.63 per cent of its phosphoric acid to be soluble in Petermann's
reagent, as against 60.68 per cent of that in Wolter's phosphate. After 3-
hours' fusion 57.33 per cent of the phosphoric acid of the mixture was avail-
able, as against 69.93 per cent of that of Wolter's phosphate.

The influence of temperature in the extraction of Thomas slag with citric
add, W. HoLUE (Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 128-129, p. 1155; abs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1914, II, No. 25, p. 1409). — In three series of experiments using 2 per
cent citric acid for 15 minutes at average temperatures of 17.5, 24.5, and 26.5°
C. the average difference in phosphoric acid extracted from Thomas slag was
0.034 per cent per degree of difference in temperature.

The assimilation of reverted phosphoric acid by plants, V. P. Kochetkov
{Iz Rezul't. Vcget. Opytov Lab. Rabat, 9 (1913), pp. 187-147, figs. 5).— This is
a report of the third year's sand-culture experiments with different phosphates
(E. S. R., 30, p. 428). The phosphoric-acid fertilizers tested were (1) the
residue obtained after evaporation to dryness of a water solution of a phos-
phate treated with sulphurous acid, (2) the lime precipitate of a solution of
Viatka pho.sphate in sulphurous acid, (3) enriched superphosphate obtained by
treatment of precipitated phosphate with sulphuric acid, and (4) nitro-
superphosphates obtained fi-om the waste liquor of trinitro-toluene works.

As in the previous experiments, excellent results were obtained with the
superphosphates obtained from the Viatka phosphate and with the nitrosuper-
phosphates. The second phosphate had a good effect, but the third had a de-
pressing effect on the crop, due, it is thought, to the presence of sulphites.

The action of sulphur on plant production, T. Pfetffer and W. Simmeb-
MACHER Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 9-10, pp. 243-255, fig. 1).— Pre-
vious experiments by Pfeiffer and Blanck (E. S. R., 31, p. 220) and work by a
number of others bearing on the subject are briefly reviewed and field experi-
ments with beets are reported. In the latter practically the same results were
obtained as with oats in the previous experiments.

These results are taken to indicate that sulphur fertilization is wholly in-
effective on the soil used in the experiments. It is concluded that in the light
of present knowledge a recommendation for the general use of sulphur as a
fertilizer in agricultural practice is not justified.

The fertilizing' action of sulphur on vines, D. Zolla (Rev. 06n. Sci., 26
(1915), No. 4, pp. 120, 121). — Experiments by Chauzit are reported, the results
of which showed that sulphur has a more marked effect when used as a fer-
tilizer when the soil is well stocked with organic matter. The effect of the
sulphur decreased as the content of organic matter decreased. The action of
the sulphur is increased when it is mixed with organic matter and when it is
used in large amounts.

Fertilizer experiments with the sulphate and carbonate of manganese,
Or. D'Ippolito (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 (1914), No. 8, pp. 621-626; abs. in
Chem. Zentbl., 1915, I, No. 8, p. 592). — In plat experiments with medicinal
herbs and cereals on a natural clay soil to test the fertilizing value of manga-
nese carbonate and sulphate, a marked inci'ease in crop yield was obtained with
both compounds. Both are concluded to be valuable catalytic agents in con-
nection with the fertilization of crops.

Radium fertilizer, R. R. Ramsey (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1076, p.
219). — On the basis of an estimate that the upper 5-in. layer of an acre of soil

332 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

contains 1 mg. of radium, it is pointed out that in previous experiments by
Hopkins and Sachs (E. S. R., 32, p. S21) the maximum application of 1 mg. of
radium at a cost of $100 per acre only doubled the radium content of the soil.
It is further estimated that the amount of radium emanation given off by the
soil was from 50 to 100 times as much as that given off by the radium in the
upper 5-in. layer, and that 75 mg. of radium per acre, costing $7,500, will be
required to double this amount.

The radio-activity of spring water, R. R. Ramsey {Amer. Jour. Set., 4. ser.,
40 (1915), No. 237, pp. 809-313). — Tests of the waters of farm springs and of
drilled, driven, and dug wells showed that the radio-activity of 4 Ohio wells
varied from 70X10"" curies per liter to 200X10"^ curies per liter, of 9 Ohio
springs from 100X10"" curies per liter to 610X10"" curies per liter, and of 28
Indiana springs from 77X10"" curies per liter to 2,150X10'" curies per liter.
The emanation content of the springs varied with the flow, some of the higher
values being obtained from wet weather springs.

Activated sludge in America, W. N. Baker {Engin. Neus, 74 {1915), No. 4.
pp. 164-171, figs. 5; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 (1915), No. 17, p. 241I).— Tests at
several experimental plants of the process of treating sewage by aeration in a
tank in the presence of an accumulation of aerated sludge are reported.

The results indicate the possibility of obtaining a high degree of clarifica-
tion and perhaps bacterial reduction, with a stable effluent and a quick-drying
sludge of a high fertilizing value.

The production of peat in 1914, C A. Davis {U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral
Resources of the United States Calendar Year 1914, pt. 2, pp. 575-585). — This
report describes the formation and occurrence of peat, discu.=!.ses its various
uses, and gives data on production and use in this country and in Europe.

It is stated that the peats of the United States are very rich in combined
nitrogen, many of them exceeding 2 per cent and some containing more than 3
per cent of the total dry weight. The most successful peat industry so far
attempted in the United States is said to be that of preparing peat for use as a
fertilizer or as a fertilizer filler. Black, thoroughly decomposed peat Is consid-
ered most satisfactory for this purpose.

The quantity of peat sold for use as fertilizer during 1914 was 14,962 short
tons, as fertilizer filler 22,207 tons, and for fuel and miscellaneous purposes
9,364 tons.

Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers, (La. Dcpt. Agr. and Jmmtgi.
Fert. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 122). — This bulletin contains actual analyses, made at
the Louisiana State Experiment Station, of 8,958 .samples of fertilizers and
fertilizing materials offered for sale In Louisiana in 1913-14, together with their
guaranties.

Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills and C. H. Jones, C. G. Wllliamson, and
G. F. Anderson {Vermont Sta. Bui. 190 {1915), pp. 585-459).— Actual and guar-
antied analy.^^es and valuation of 173 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing ma-
terials offered for sale In Vermont during 1915 are reported, showing tlwit S3
per cent of the brands met their guaranties. " The quality of the crude stock
used seemed to be beyond reproach, save as regards the organic nitrogen in a
few brands."

Data on the relation between selling price and valuation of fertilizers Indi-
cate that during the year " one dollar In three spent for mixed fertilizers was
paid to the manufacturer, railroad, and selling agent for their work, while
but two of the three were paid for plant food. But 55 cts.' worth of plant food
was bought for a dollar In average low-priced goods, and 63 cts.* worth In
medium-priced goods. The average high-priced brand, however, afforded 70
cts.' worth for a dollar."

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 333

AGEICULTTJRAL BOTANY.

Physiology of the intake of material by the living plant cell. — H, Changes
produced by potassium cyanid in the permeability of the vegetable plasma-
membrane, M. KJiEHAN {Internal. Ztschr, Phys. Chem. Biol., 1 {1914) y No. 3-4,
pp. 189-259, figs. 9; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londoyi], 108 {1915), No. 629, I,
pp. 108, 109). — Summarizing the more general results of the tests detailed, the
autlior states that the point of concentration at which plasmoylsis of plant
cells occurs in solutions of certain salts named is raised above that which is
normal to the plant by the addition of potassium cyanid in suitable proportions.
The effectiveness varies with its concentration and the length of exposure
thereto, the effects being reversible after use of the less concentrated solutions.
This elevation is not due to retention within the cell of osmotically-active sub-
stances caused by the limiting influence of potassium cyanid on respiration,
but is due partly to its influence on the colloids of the plasma membrane
and partly to the increased permeability of the membrane for certain solutes
of the external medium.

Physiology of the intake of material by the living plant cell. — III, Influ-
ence of neutral salts and some nonelectrolytes on the injurious effects of
alcohols on plant cells, Helene Nothmann-Zuckeekandl {Internat. Ztschr.
I'hys. Chem. Biol., 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 19-41; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London],
108 {1915), No. 630, I, pp. 199, 200).— Following up the report of Krehan
noted above, the author states that the exosmosis from leaves of Echeveria,
Saxifraga ^armentosa, and Tradescantia discolor in aqueous solutions of the
lower alcohols is augmented by the addition of neutral salts. The increase is
due, apparently, not to an altered solubility of the alcohol but to the summa-
tion of the tendencies separately shown by the dissolved substances.

With higher alcohols, however, the osmotic effect of the solutions is usually
reduced by addition of the salts. It is thought that in this case the alcohol
and the salt obstruct each other in entering by the same path, this view being
confirmed by experiments employing plasmolysis. Entrance is thought to be
afforded by the hydrocolloids of the plasma.

Tannic or aspartic acids or peptone increase the action of the various alco-
hols, but glycin, tyrosin, sucrose, and maltose are inactive.

The influence of salts on heliotropism, Ines Maecolongo {Bui. Orto Bot. R.
Univ. Napoli, 4 {1914), PP- 211-221). — Describing the effects of various admix-
tures of equimolecular solutions of certain potassium, sodium, calcium, and mag-
nesium salts on seedlings of oat, bean, and mustard, the author states that all
these salts increase the readiness and degree of the heliotropic response of
etiolated, but lower those of the normally growing, plantlets.

It is thought that the effects observed may be ascribed to the chemical action
of the nutritive salts without excluding a physico-chemical influence related
to the concentration of the solution.

A bibliography is appended.

A three-salt nutrient solution for plants, J. W. Shive {Amer. Jour. Bot.,
2 {1915), No. 4, PP- 157-160). — The author gives a preliminary report on his
experimentation with wheat and buckwheat in attempting to devise and use
a simpler nutrient solution than the 4-salt mixture used by Tottingham (E. S. R.,
31, p. 425), potassium nitrate being omitted from the Knop formula as used
by that investigator.

From the results as tabulated it is claimed that the 3-salt mixture, in proper
proportions, is eminently suitable for plant development. It gave a markedly
better growth of tops than the 4-salt solution, at least with a total osmotic con-

334 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED.

centration of 1.75 atmospheres, which Is said to be a suitable strength for general
water-culture work.

The absorption of ions by living and dead roots, H. V. Johnson {Amer.
Jour. Bot.. 2 (1915), No. 5, pp. 250-254) .—The author holds that unequal ab-
sorption of anions and cations by roots may be due to the dead rather than to
the living cells. In experiments with beets and carrots he found that the ratios
of the cations absorbed were different in the dead from those observed in the
case of the living plants. In sweet corn the dead roots took up somewhat more
calcium than chlorin, but this was not true of white field corn, which gave
results comparable to those of a single experiment made with dead turnips.

It appears, therefore, that the presence of dead cells has a very marked in-
fluence on the results in some cases. It is suggested also that observed re-
sults may be vitiated by the killing of some of the cells by the solutions during
the exijeriment.

The influence of Rontgen rays on the seeds of Vicia faba as shown in the
development of the plants, T. Pfeiffek and W. Simmermacheb {Landtc. Vers.
Stat., 86 (1915), No. i-«, pp. 55-45).— The authors have studied the after-
effects of Rontgen rays on V. faba seeds and seedlings, employing complete
darkness, the light from a north window, or that in the open. The seeds, before
being sprouted, were exposed to the rays for 30. 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds, the
exact strenijtli of the tubes not bein^' reported.

It is stated that the germinability of T'. faba was increased by previous ex-
posure to the Rontgen rays for a moderate period of time, but that it was
lessened by the longer exposures. The production of dry substance was in-
creased only in case of limited after-illumination. Longitudinal growth of the
aerial portion was somewhat increased in diminished light, great Individual
differences appearing in this series of tests.

On the relation of root growth and development to the temperature and
aeration of the soil, W. A. Cannon {Amer. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 5, pp.
211-224. figs. 5). — The results of the direct aeration experiments on the re-
action of roots were not deemed entirely consistent, and these are to be reiu^sited.

It appears from the results of tests as given that roots which lie close to the
surface of the soil are subject to the influence of an environment quite different
from that affecting the deeply placed roots. It is considered fair to assume
that the characteristic differences in mature root sj-stems are largely the results
of unlike responses to the environmental conditions.

The root factor presents two phases, the root character itself and the man-
ner of response to the soil environment. In the former case, especially in obli-
gate deeply penetrating roots, the limiting factor appears to be only the depth
of the soil. In species having generalized roots and roots which are essentially
shallow growing the limiting factors relate to root re.'=;ponse to such environ-
mental features as moisture, aeration, and temperature. Species having plastic
roots or roots capable of response to a wide range of soil environment should be
more widely distributed than those less capable in these respects. This con-
clusion is said to have been supported by observations so far as they have
shown the true conditions.

Studies on the transpiring power of plants as indicated by the method of
standardized hygrometric paper, A. L. Bakke (Jour. Ecology, 2 (1914), ^o. S,
pp. 145-118. figs. 2). — Employing the method of standardized cobalt chlorld
paper essentially as devised by Livingston (E. S. R., 28. p. 528), the author has
made a study of the daily course of foliar transpiration, the relation of position
and age of the leaves thereto, the relation of the diurnal to the nocturnal
foliar activity, transpiration as an Index of xerophytlsm or of mesophytism.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 335

the transpiring power of floral parts, the rehition of transpiration to wilting,
and transpiring power as an index of drought resistance.

The results as detailed are said to show the suitability of the method for
use in the study of several aspects of ecological behavior. It may offer a simple
and adequate means of classifying plant forms in a scale of xerophytism or of
mesophytism, based upon water requirement so far as this depends upon
foliar transpiring power, which in turn must take into account the full diurnal
course of transpiration, or at least nximerous daily determinations.

Age, position, and structure of the leaves may influence transpiring power,
as may also the humidity of the surrounding media.

A bibliography is appended.

The anthocyan pigments, A. E. Everest (Set. Proff. Twentieth Cent., 9
(1915), No. S6, pp. 597-612, figs. 5). — This is a review of work bearing upon the
nature and composition of the red, purple, and blue flower pigments.

Our present knowledge of the chemistry of the Mendelian factors for
flower color, Muriel Wheldale (Jour. Genetics, If (1914), No. 2, pp. 109-129,
pi. 1; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Dis-
eases, 6 {1915), No. S, pp. Jf04, 405). — In the present paper an attempt has been
made to state, from the evidence available, just what is known of the chemical
mechanism underlying the Mendelian factors for flower color, and the views
of several investigators are discussed.

It is stated that there are varieties of Antirrhinum majtis, ivory, yellow,
and white, which do not form anthocyanin, ivory being dominant to yellow and
containing a factor which is absent from yellow. It is claimed that the pig-
ments in the ivory and yellow varieties are flavones, ivory containing a pale
yellow flavone, apigenin, and yellow containing in addition a deeper yellow
flavone, luteolin, the formation of which is presumably inhibited by the factor
which is present in the ivory. The white variety contains no flavone. When
the yellow or ivory is crossed with a white of suitable composition, the Fi de-
scendants contain anthocyanin, which therefore appears to have been formed
from a flavone by the action of some factor contained in the white. It has
been suggested that anthocyanin is either an oxidation or a condensation prod-
uct of a flavone, or both.

Two anthocyanins have been isolated from Antirrhinum, red and magenta,
the latter containing a factor which is absent from the red. Both red and
magenta contain more oxygen than do the flavones, and magenta contains more
than red.

A bibliography is appended.

Our present knowledge of the chemistry of the Mendelian factors for
flower color, II, Muriel Wheldale (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1915), No. 4, pp. S69-
576). — Since the appearance of the above paper, further work on this subject
by several authors has appeared, and the present paper is concerned with the
bearing of the results announced on the genetics of flower color.

The origin of dwarf plants as shown in a sport of Hibiscus oculiroseus, A.
B. Stout (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 42 (1915), No. 8, pp. 429-450, pis. 2).— An
account is given of studies carried out with the progeny of a single dwarf
plant of H. oculiroseus, which is said to have appeared in a pedigreed culture
as a sporadic variation, differing from the robust form in having short intei'-
nodes, dwarf stature, and smaller leaves (many of which were crinkled), also
in the development of lateral branches near the base.

Plants intermediate in form appear in the progeny of this individual, pos-
sessing one or more characters of the dwarf type in some degree of develop-
ment, but no dwarf was found among the 103 descendants of its 4 sister plants.

336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The common parent possessed In a slight degree the crinkled leaves and short-
ened internodes.

The dwarf plants appeared in varying numbers along with robust and int<-v-
mediate types. The dwarf plants show a strong tendency to breed true, <'■■ •
series giving 72 dwarf plants, 8 intermediates, and 1 robust plant.

It is thought that the differences are not readily explained by a loss or gain
of characters. There is no series of characters in H. oculiroscus or H. mos-
cheutos that can be considered as combining in hybridization to produce the
dwarf.

The simultaneous appearance of variations involving modifications of groups
of characters and of intermediates of various kinds exhibiting sporadic varia-
tions of various degrees of intensity is quite in line with the general evidence of
the sporadic nature and wide range of such variations.

A bibliography is given.

The flora of the Northwest Coast, C. V. PrPER and R. K. Beattie {Lancaster,
Pa.: New Era Printing Co., 1915, pp. XIII+41S). — A descriptive flora, with
keys, is given of the pteridophytes and spermatophytes known to occur in that
portion of Washington and Oregon lying west of the Cascade Mountains and
between 43° 30' and 49" N. latitude, although the northern range of many of
the species extends well within the boundaries of southern Alaska.

In the flora 1,617 species representing 550 genera are included, of which the
following species are described as new: Arctostaphylos columbiana, Godetia
gracilis, Panicularia occidentnlis, PopuUis vancouvcriana, Solidago algida, 8.
vcspertina, and GrindcUa oregnna wilkcsinna. In addition to these newly de-
scrilied species, 14 new combinations of generic and specific names are given.

The material upon which this work is based is quite largely deposited in the
herbarium of the State College of Washington, with which institution the
authors wore connected for a number of years.

An Aztec narcotic (Lophophora williamsii), W. E. Safford (Jour. Heredity,
6 {1915), No. 7, pp. 291-Sll, figs. 11). — An account is given embodying some
results of a study made by the author on the mushroom-like narcotic cactus
or poyote (L. icilliamsii).

The name of the soy bean: A chapter in its botanical history, C. V. FrPER
{Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 {19 H), No. 2, pp. 75-84). — Giving a brief account
of recent studies and other information on the botanical history of the soy
bean and the names that have been applied to this and related species, the
author holds that a proper interpretation thereof requires that the soy bean
should be named Sojn max.

Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foi-eign Seed and
Plant Introduction during the period from April 1 to June 30, 1913 {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indii.'^. Inventory No. 35 {1915), pp. 69, pis. S). — Descrip-
tive notes are given of over 500 plant introductions, much of the material hav-
ing been secured by Meyer in China and Wight in Chile and Peru. Miscella-
neous contributors supplied the remaining material.

FIELD CROPS.

Prices and shrinkage of farm grains, W. L. Bubt.ison and O. 51. Ali.yn
{Illinois Sta. Bui. 183 {1915), pp. 11-26, figs. 5). — In discussing the prices and
shrinkage of farm grains the authors have been governed largely by reports of
the Chicago Board of Trade. Tabulated data show the average prices of farm
grains, by 5-year periods, from 1S79 to 1913. Monthly price averages for farm
grains, together with the monthly percentages of total annual receipts for the
decade 1904 to 1913, are represented by curves and graphs. Tables show the

I

FIELD CROPS. 337

average shrinkage of corn by months for the years 1903 to 1913, excepting 1904
and 1908, at Urbana, III., and the prices necessary each month to compensate
for shrinkage.

The findings of the investigations are summarized as folloves :

" Prices of farm crops in general are regulated by commercial market quota-
tions, which in turn are governed by supply and demand. The increase in prices
of crops within the last few decades has not been so great as many people have
believed. By comparing the average prices for the 15 years preceding the
financial crisis of 1894 to 1898 with the average prices for the 15 years suc-
ceeding this period, It will be seen that the average increase has been only
9.2 cts. per bushel for corn and 6.5 cts. for oats, while the average price for
wheat has not increased. The price for barley has tended to decrease, while
the price for rye has increased about the same as that for corn.

In general for the last 30 years the times of lowest average price for corn,
wheat, and oats correspond closely to the times of largest average receipts.
Except during the summer months, the same is true for rye and also for barley
during the last ten years.

" Shrinkage is one of the most important factors to be taken into consideration
in holding corn for higher prices. The total slu-inkage during the year is more
than 15 per cent. Taking November as a base, the data show that there is no
month for which the price increases sufficiently to compensate for shrinkage.
If January or February is taken as a base, then the increase in price up to
but not including October more than compensates for shrinkage alone. Not so
much is known of the shrinkage of wheat and oats as of corn. It may be said
that they shrink comparatively little after they have gone thoroughly through
the sweat. It would seem profitable, so far as shrinkage alone is concerned,
to hold small gi*ain until the time of highest prices."

Crop rotation, R. T. Buedick {Vermont Sta. Bui. 190 (1915), pp. 440-460,
{•1^. 4)- — This article discusses the principles and practice of crop rotation. It
summarizes available data obtained at several experiment stations, suggests a
number of rotations, and presents a short bibliography.

Concerning the corn crop, J. L. Hills (Vermont Sta. Bid. 189 (1915), pp.
S29-S80). — This article is of an informational character, compiled from many
sources, and treats of the origin and extent of the crop, varieties, corn breed-
ing, seed corn, climatic requirements, corn culture, and management of the crop,
pests, harvest, silos, shrinkage, corn judging, feeding, corn feeds, and school
lessons.

A bibliography of U. S. Department of Agriculture and state experiment sta-
tion publications covering this field is appended.

Development of the cotton plant under the influence of various fertilizers
and at different degrees of humidity of the soil. — Vegetation experiments in
1911 and 1912, R. Shreder (Izv. Turkest. Sclsk. Khoz. Opytn. Stantsli, 5
(1913) : abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landio.), 15 (1914), A'o.
5, pp. 386, 387). — In vegetation experiments conducted in 1903 and 1904 it was
found that only in the presence of sufficient moisture could the fertilizers intro-
duced exert their full influence, and that high humidity in conjunction with
nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers gave the highest yields. The data ob-
tained with reference to evaporation show that at any degree of humidity the
evaporation proceeded most economically under conditions of optimum nutri-
tion (nitrogen plus phosphorus).

The experiments of 1911 showed that the best yields were obtained when
the humidity amounted to 60 per cent of the total capacity.

The experiments with fertilizers in 1912 gave the following results: With
nitrate of soda and superphosphate the total yield doubled. With red clover as

338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

a green manure the yield increased more than twice. Alfalfa did not act so
favorably. The .stems of the cotton plant proved to be a valuable fertilizer, the
yield more than doubling.

The handling and marketing of the Arizona-Egyptian cotton of the Salt
Biver VaUey, J. G. Maktin (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. Sll (1915), p. 16, pis. S).—
This bulletin records results of investigations in 1913 and 1914 to discover the
effect of proper and improper handling of Egj-ptian cotton in the Salt River
Valley from the time it was picked until it was loaded into cars preparatory
to its departure for the mills. The topics discussed include the necessity for
clean picking, storage of seed cotton, ginning the Arizona-Egyptian cotton,
sampling cotton at gin stands, baling and covering the cotton, advisability
of gin compression, tagging, marking, branding, and weighing the cotton, storage
of ginned Egjptian cotton, classing the Arizona-Egyptian cotton, staple lengths,
tables of classification, advantages of grading cotton, and marketing of Arizona-
Egyptian cotton.

The Arizona grades given to the cotton as a result of this study, and which
corre.spond to the official cotton standards of the United States are fancy, extra,
choice, standard, and medium.

From the results the following conclusions are drawn : " The increase in the
estimated size of the Salt River Valley Egyptian cotton crop from 280 bales
in 1912 to 2,200 bales in 1913, and to 6,187 in 1914. demonstrates tlie peculiar
fitness of this locality for the production of Egjptian cotton. The continued
Improvements in methods of handling and equipment will serve to improve
the grade of the product, while the classing of the cotton will tend to secure
a more stable market at better and more uniform prices. Up to the present
time the relatively small crop from the Salt River Valley has been so distrib-
uted that only a few spinners have been able to test this cotton. The testi-
mony from a number of various sources, including some of the largest cotton
firms, spinners, and exporters, intlicates that the quality, character, and length
of staple of this cotton is of such a nature as will establish for it a permanent
market."

Results of selection of seed tubers in potato culture, Ci.auskn (Jour.
Landw., 63 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1S2. fig. 1; ahs. in Gartctiflnrn, 6^ (1915), Nos.
11-12, pp. 187-192; IS-H, pp. 220-224).— This article describes the work,
presents data, and gives the results of selection of seed tubers carried on at
Heide, in Holstein, Prussia, since 1908. Three varieties were used in this work,
namely. Six Weeks, Egg, and Up-to-Date, and line .selection was carefully fol-
lowed in each experiment in order to eliminate any factors that a heterogeneous
parentage might introduce. The author has drawn the following conclusions
from the data obtained :

The yield increases with the increase in size of the seed tuber. Early vari-
eties respond to the selection of heavy seed tubers better than late varieties.
Heavy seed tubers have a greater value on thin or unfertilizo<l soil than on rich
soil. The larger the seed tuhor the smaller will be the yield per unit weight
of seed. Increasing the size of the seed tuber increa.ses the number of tubers in
the yield. The selection of large seed tubers did not lead to an increase in the
size of the tubers in the offspring. The inheritance of tuber numbers vanishes
when all tubers are planted, but is evident when seed tubers of equal size from
different mother plants are coraparetl in their productivity. Two tubers or
pieces of tubers planted in the same hill did not yield as much as did seed
planted .singly but occupying the same soil area.

The relation of moisture to yield of winter wheat in western Kansas, L. E.
Call and A. L. Hallstkd (Kansas Sta. Bui. 206 (1915), pp. S4, figs. /2).— This

FIELD CEOPS. 339

bulletin describes experiments conducted at the Fort Hays substation in cooper-
ation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department.

Meteorological data show the monthly precipitation for a period of 46 years
aggregating 22.98 in. per annum, while evaporation that took place from a free-
water surface during the growing season for a period of seven years (1907 to
1913, inclusive) averaged 49.344 in. Other data show the moisture conditions
of the soil and the crop yields for each season (1910 to 1913, inclusive) for soil
that had been prepared for wheat by late fall plowing, early fall plowing, and
fallowing.

The average results for the four years show that the late fall-plowed ground
contained 2.7 per cent of available moisture at seeding time, early-fall-plowed
ground 4.2 per cent, and summer-fallowed ground 8.8 per cent. The late-fall-
plowed ground produced an average of 5.9 bu. of wheat, early-fall-plowed ground
11.1 bu., and summer-fallowed ground 21.2 bu.

As an average of six years, ground subsoiled once in three years and pre-
pared each season for wheat by plowing early in the fall has produced an
average yield of IS.l bu. an acre, or 3.9 bu. more than ground plowed at the
same date but not subsoiled. Alternate cropping and summer fallowing have
produced an average yield of 21.3 bu. of wheat an acre, or an average annual
yield of 10.6 bu.

Occurrence of manganese in wheat, W. P. Headden (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 8, pp. 349-355). — The author briefly reviews the
work of other investigators in this field, describes the methods employed in this
investigation, which was conducted at the Colorado Station, and gives tabulated
data showing the amounts of iron or manganese found in the kernels of wheat
samples secured from various parts of the United States, Canada, and Europe.
The quantity of manganese found ranged from 0.003 to 0.008 per cent.

" Manganese seems to be present in wheat wherever grown, irrespective of
the conditions of soil and climate. Manganese is present in the wheat kernel
in about the same proportion as iron, though iron greatly predominates in soils.
Fertilizers applied to the soil did not affect the amount of manganese stored
in the kernels. Variation in the quantity of water applied, from 1 to 3 ft., did
not affect the amount of manganese in the grain. I do not wish to draw con-
clusions from my facts relative to the essential character of manganese as a
mineral constituent of plants, though these facts seem to support this view
for wheat and possibly for emmer, rye, oats, etc. It seems improbable that a
nonessential constituent would occur in all samples and in essentially the same
quantity under such a variety of conditions."

Wheat — barley, P. Symeonides {Cyprus Jour., No. 39 {1915), p. 884)- — This
briefly describes a cereal known locally on the Island of Cypress as " Sit-
arokrithi." It is considered a hybrid between wheat and barley.

Quack grass eradication, A. O. Arny {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 151 {1915), pp.
82, figs. 26). — In part 1 of this bulletin the author describes the characteristics
of quack grass and gives methods employed in two experimental fields in efliorts
to eradicate the weed. Part 2 contains tabulated data of the operations on
the fields under rotation. The following is a summary of results of several
years' work:

" Quack-grass seed will grow even if the plant is cut before the seed is
mature. In order to prevent quack grass from developing seeds to the point
where they will germinate, crops in which it is growing should be cut not later
than the last week in June. Young quack-grass plants, if attacked before they
have formed underground stems, are as easily killed as plants of wheat or
other grains of the same age. Manure containing quack-grass seed may be
24307°— No. 4—16 4

340 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

applied on plowed ground before preparing the soil for a cultivated crop. The
seed win grow the same season and the young plants will be killed in the
preparation of the seed bed and the cultivation of the crop. Digging by hand
and removing from the field all portions of the plant, smothering with tar
paper, and spraying with a solution of sodium arsenite are best for the com-
plete eradication of quack grass on small spots. All methods of eradication on
large fields are based on thorough tillage. The implements found on any well-
equipped farm are all that are needed to eradicate quack grass.

" The most effective bare-fallow method of eradication was plowing in
July 3 or 4 in. deep, replowing not later than August 15 5 or 6 in. deep ; and
again in November 6 or 7 in. deep. The disk was used as needed between plow-
ings to keep the quack grass from showing green above ground. The cost of
the additional labor necessary for complete eradication under this system was
$9.60 per acre. No crop was secured from the land that season.

" CJomplete eradication of quack grass while following a system of crop ro-
tation was found practical when more than the ordinary amount of tillage was
given ... To be effective there must be a well-planned and carefully carried out
campaign with which other work is not allowed to interfere. Tillage operations
should injure the quack grass as much as po.ssible and should be repeated
often enough to make effective the work that has preceded. Eradication of
quack grass on land that has been plowed each year is more difficult than on
land that has been undisturbed for a number of years.

" In carrying out the different rotations a regular plan of ' clean-up ' to
eradicate the quack grass was followed on each field with uniformly successful
results. The plan was varied on three of the fields to secure additional data.
A 4-year rotation on four fields, each one in turn having in successive years
grain, hay, corn, and corn, gives exceptional opportunity for the eradication
of quack grass. This rotation can be followed to advantage, e.specially on
fields where quack gra.ss is very vigorous or when weather conditions make the
eradication unusually diflicult. The average cost per acre of the labor neces-
sary for complete eradication, in addition to that which, under good farm prac-
tice, would be given the same fields growing identical crops, was as follows:
Five-year rotation, $10.10; 4-year rotation, $8.71; 3-year rotation, $13.45;
2-year rotation, $8.50; continuous cropping schemes, $7.7L''

HOETICULTITRE.

The vegetable garden, R. L. Watts (.Veir York: Outing Publishing Co., 1915,
pp. 1S6, pis. 8). — A popular treatise on vegetable gardening, the first part of
which deals with the general principles of gardening, including where to grow
vegetables; hotbeds, cold frames, and greenhouses; starting early vegetable
plants ; tillage problems ; stable manures and cover crops ; commercial fer-
tilizers; the seed supply; marketing; intensive gardening; and the home garden.
The concluding chapter contains specific cultural directions for all of the com-
mon vegetables. Data relative to planting distances and quantity of seed re-
quired are appended.

Cantaloup marketing in the larger cities, with car lots supply, 1914, W. A.
Sherman, A. D. Gail, Jr., and Faith L. Yeaw (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. S15
(1915), pp. 19, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This bulletin embraces the results of a study
made In a number of the larger markets in the East and Middle West in an
effort to determine the factors which underlie the successful handling and
marketing of cantaloups. In addition to a discus^sion of various factors in-
fluencing the industry, a map, charts, and tabular data are given showing the
sources, seasonal distribution, and total shipments of cantaloups In 1914.

HORTICULTURE. 341

The shipments as a whole amounted to about 16,500 cars of which California
shipped nearly one-third. Colorado shipped nearly 3,000 cars and Delaware,
Indiana, Georgia, and North Carolina about 1,000 cars each.

What the a^onomy department is doing to help the canner, J. I. Ethee-
IDGE (Canner and Dned Fruit Packer, 41 (1915), No. 23, pp. 42, 43). — A sum-
marized account is given of work conducted at the Wisconsin Experiment
Station and its substations in developing improved strains of canning peas.

The marking' factor in sunflowers, T. D. A. Cockeeeix (Jour. Heredity, 6
(1915), No. 12, pp. 542-545, figs. 2). — In this article the author presents evidence
to show that the marliing factors In sunflowers form a quite definite system
independent of color characters.

Report on the statistics of vineyards, orchards and gardens, and root
crops for the season 1914r-15, L. H. Sholl (So. Atist. Statis. Dept. Bui. S
(1915), pp. 6). — Statistics on the area, production, and value are given for the
year 1914-15, together with comparative data for the four previous seasons.

The self-sterilizing problem, E. J. Kraus (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 12,
pp. 549-551, figs. 3). — In this paper the author calls attention to a number of
unsolved questions with reference to the pollination of fruit, discusses recent
progress in the study, and shows the need of distinguishing the various mor-
phological and physiological factors entering into the problem.

Notes on the pollination of orchards, C. H. Hooper (Fruit, Flower, and
Veg. Trades' Jour. [London], 28 (1915), Nos. 10, pp. 274, 275; 12, p. 325; 13,
p. 343). — As a result of observations made of a large number of orchards dur-
ing the season of 1914, the author presents notes on the relative fertility of
different varieties of apples, pears, plums, and cherries when grown in prox-
imity to certain other varieties as well as their relative failure to mature
fruit when isolated. Attention is also called to the behavior of some of these
varieties in other countries.

The transfusion of sap, R. Holmes (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 58 (1915), No.
1498, p. 173; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 14 (1915), No. 354, P- 373).— The
author calls attention to a case in which a large plantation of one variety of
fruit trees failed to fruit. It was found that branches of these trees would
fruit freely when artificially pollinated with pollen of another variety. Con-
sequently, a graft of the pollinating variety was inserted on the top of each
tree for the purpose of insuring the presence of fertile pollen. The operation
proved successful in causing the trees to fruit, but since the grafts bore no
flowers the author advances the suggestion that the character of producing
fertile pollen may be introduced into sterile varieties of fruit trees by trans-
fusion of sap. Experiments are being conducted along this line by budding
Pond Seedling plum on Greengage trees.

Protection of orchards against frost by means of American orchard
heaters, S. A. Mokezhetskii (Zaslichita Sadov ot Zamorozkov Amerikanskimi
Obogri^ vateliami. Simferopol: Salgirskaia Opytnaia Plodovodstvennaicl
Stantsiia, 1915, pp. 15, figs. 8). — An account is given of some orchard heating
experiments conducted by the Salgir Experimental Horticultural Station, in-
cluding the results secured with various American orchard heaters.

Renovation of the neglected orchard with special reference to the best
orchard practice, M. B. Davis (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 79 (1914), PP- 32,
pi. 1, figs. 14). — This bulletin, prepared with special reference to the renovation
of old orchards in eastern Canada, discusses the practice and results of dehorn-
ing ; thinning out trees, scrapping, cleaning, and tree surgery ; system of culti-
vation; cover crops and kinds to use; fertilizing; and spraying and thinning
the fruit, including some results secured from spraying and thinning.

342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

The apple, A. E. Wilkinson {Boston and London: Ginn & Co., 1915, pp.
XII +.'(92, pis. 4, figs. 195). — A practical treatise on modern practices in apple
growing, based largely upon recent literature on the subject.

The succeeding chapters discuss selection of site ; adaptation of varieties
to soils ; orchard heating ; selection of the trees ; windbreaks ; the use of stable
manure in the orchard ; preparing land for an orchard ; laying out an orchard ;
planting; proper pruning; cover crops; fertilizing; cultivation; sod culture v.
tillage; irrigation and drainage; intercropping; thinning; insects; diseases;
spraying; miscellaneous injuries; picking; grading; packing; marketing;
storage; by-products; cooperation; costs, yields, and profits; growing apples
for the home ; renovating neglected orchards ; propagation ; pollination ; breed-
ing; exhibits, scoring, judging, and describing; color; fruit growing in various
sections of the United States; and varieties. Tables on prices in the New
York market for 30 years, together with a chart showing the preferences of
different United States markets for various apple varieties, are appended.

Comparison of the growth of apple trees pruned and not pruned in the
season of planting, F. J. Cuittenuen {-Jour. Roy. Hork Soc, 41 (1915), No. 1,
pp. 97-109). — The experiment here reported was designed to ascertain whether
varieties of apples having different growth characters respond differently in
respect to tlieir treatment after planting, and whether the use of different
stocks makes any difference in this respect. Some varieties were grown on
Paradise stock and some on Crab stock. Data secured for different varieties
are presented in tabular form and discussed.

The results as a whole led to the conclusion that all varieties of apples
grow better in the first season when pruned at planting than when left un-
pruned. The chock imposed by neglect of pruning is felt by trees on Paradise
stock for at least tliree years after planting, while unpruned trees on Crab
stock appear to recover more quickly and perhaps even to gain slightly in their
second and third years. It is believe<l that the difference in behavior of the
trees on different stocks may explain the difference which has arisen in practice
as between pruning the first and the second years, since trees growing on Crab
stock appear to do nearly as well when pruned the second year as if pruned the
season of planting.

Hardiness in the apple as correlated with structure and composition, S. A.
IJeach and F. W. At.len, Jr. {loiva Sta. Research Bui. 21 (1915), pp. 159-204,
figs. 23). — This bulletin reports in detail several studies conducted to deter-
mine some satisfactory Index for distinguishing hardy apple trees before they
are old enough to fruit.

Some 2,000 individual cutting, compression, and penetration tests were made
of green and dry scions taken from several varieties of apples growing in
Iowa, as well as in other parts of the United States and in Canada. The re-
sults of these tests as a whole suggest that there is a rather close correlation
between hardness of the wood and the ability to withstand cold. At the same
time the variation in certain cases is so great that this conclusion is not given
as a hard and fast rule. Twigs from northern sections, except the forms of
Malus rivularis and the varieties Red June and Patten, were no harder than
twigs from Iowa and farther south.

The possible correlation between hardne.^s of wood and hardiness was also
investigated from the standpoint of specific gravity. The specific gravity tests
of dry wood show a density corre.sponding very closely with the mechanical
tests showing hardness, indicating that the two tests are fairly accurate means
to the same end. Variations in the specific gi-avity of twigs of the same variety
from different sources were noted, but twigs of the same variety from the same
source gave fairly uniform results. The specific gravity of twigs varies to some

HORTICULTUKE. 343

extent, depending upon what part of the twig is used. Based upon tests made
in July, it was found that the tenderer varieties which mature a little later in
the summer gave the gi'eatest specific gravity a short distance back of the tip.
Earlier maturing varieties increased in specific gravity in proportion to the
distance from the tip.

Studies were made of nursery twigs at different seasons of the year and at
different temperatures, with the view of determining the extent of correlation
of maturity and water content with hardiness. The results of these studies
taken in consideration with the data from similar lines of investigation led to
the conclusion that the maturity of the wood at the time cold weather sets in
has the most important bearing on the ability of the tree to withstand cold.
The hardier varieties on the average had a slightly lower moisture content than
the more tender varieties, this difference being more marked during the grow-
ing season. The more tender sorts evaporate w^ater more readily than do the
hardy varieties. After a period of very cold weather the twigs of the hardy
varieties are generally foimd to contain the most moisture.

Studies of the structure of stems in relation to hardiness as conducted by the
authors and a number of other investigators show that the rate of evaporation
is modified by small differences in thickness and structure of the bark, includ-
ing differences in the number of cutinized layers. A lower rate of evaporation
in the hardier varieties appears to be due to a denser cell sap. Most of the
hardy varieties contain a large amount of starch stored in the pith and medul-
lary rays. Forms of M. ioensis, however, proved to be an exception in this
regard.

Studies were also made of the moi'phological differences in apple blossoms as
to their correlation with the hardiness of the variety. The results of this work
indicate that large thick petals are correlated witl> hardiness, although the con-
verse of this is not always true.

Freezing tests were conducted to determine, if possible, the temperatures at
which various twigs will kill under a given condition. All twigs not previously
dried were injured to some extent when held in a temperature of — 10° F. for 20
minutes. The injury which occurred was found to be inversely proportional to
the hardiness of the variety. Even those varieties which can withstand from
— 25 to — 40° under natural conditions can not withstand a sudden drop in tem-
perature to even — 10° ; from which it is concluded that a sudden drop in tem-
perature is more injurious than the actual degree of cold.

With reference to the results of their investigations as a wfeole the authors
conclude that " while in the various lines of comparison which were made there
were found many indications of morphological differences between hardy and
tender varieties, yet from the practical viewpoint it is impossible as yet to name
any one test by which the degree of constitutional hardiness of a seedling apple
may be foretold. Among the various tests for hardiness, that of the length of
season required by the tree to mature the season's gi-owth is of first importance.
Perhaps by taking careful notes on a number of trees of any particular variety
for two or three years or more, noting their time of starting and cessation of
growth, their ability to produce a good root system from the scion, their water
content, the resistance of their twigs to sudden zero temperatures, and their
rate of evaporation, a pretty accurate idea of the ability of the tree to withstand
cold might be obtained. If, in addition, the variety has hard wood, a good
amount of stored starch, and large petals, these would be further indications of
hardiness, although from this study it appears that these points are of less
importance than those first named."

A special apparatus used in making mechanical tests of small twigs is illus-
trated and described. References are given to related studies on hardiness.

344 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

Dwarf apples not commercially promising, F. H. Hat.t. {New York State
Sta. Bui. Ji06, popular cd. {1915), pp. 8, figs. 2). — A popular edition of the bul-
letin previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 639).

What it really costs [to grow peaches], R. W. Page {Country Gent., 80
(1915), No. 47, pp. 1750, 1772, fig. 1). — Detailed cost data are given on seven
years' work in a peach orchard in Moore Ck)unty, N. C.

The French vines and the hybrid direct bearers in 1915, E. P6e-Laby {Vic
Agr. et Rurale 5 {1915), No. 20, pp. S57-362). — Notes are given on the behavior
of various hybrid direct-bearing grapes during the season of 1915, in wl\ich
season the French vineyards suffered severely from mildew and insect attacks.

Cover crops in citrus culture, C. S. Vaile {Mo. Bui. Com. Eort. Cal., 4
(1915), No. 10, pp. 456-461). — A paper on this subject read before the California
State Fruit Growers' Convention, in July, 1915, and based primarily upon exper-
iments conducted by the citrus substation at Rivei'side.

During the past few seasons the vetch and pea crops in certain localities have
been seriously attacked by aphids and much acreage destroyed. The results
of the substation experiments indicate that purple vetch {Vicia atropurpurea)
and sour clover {Melilotus indica) are not only resistant to this trouble but
also yield a heavy growth for incorporation as green manures.

Green manure crops in Java, W. M. Van Helten {Meded. Cultuurtuin
[Buitcnzorg], No. 2 {1915), pp. 35, pis. 4)- — This paper gives short notes on the
green-manure crops discussed In a previous communication (E. S. R., 30, p. 741),
together with the results from practical experiences and investigations with
green manures in different parts of Java, and the results secured in the Bulten-
zorg Cultural Garden with some new green-manure crops. Special reference Is
made to their use in plantations of coffee, rubber, cacao, tea, etc.

Mautsaka coffee, F. F. Bruunino (Tcrslag. Landbouwk. Onderzoek. Rijks-
landbouwproefstat. [Netherlands], No. 18 (1915), pp. 115-146, pis. 12, figs. 10).—
A comparative study of the cafl'ein-free Mautsaka coffee and the coffee of a
number of different species. Including a study of the beans of the various
kinds, leads the author to conclude that the Mautsaka coffee can not be classed
in any of the known .species. Hence, he proposes for it the name Coffca amara.

Coffee hybrids, T. WtJBTH {Pubs. Nederland-Indisch Landb. Synd., 7 (1915),
No. 22, pp. 880-S90). — In this paper the author discusses character transmission
in hybrids with special reference to coffee, reviews the present status of hybrid
coffees, and gives a list of the more promising types.

Notes on the layering of coffee, Lan and Faraut (Bui. tcon. Indochine, n.
ser., 18 (1915), No. IIS, pp. 4OS-4O8, figs. 5).— The authors here describe the
successful layering of coffee plants. The layering was performe<l in the
branches of the parent tree, the incised surface being kept in a moist condition
with a ball of decomposed paddy and clay loam.

Cacao manurial experiments, J. C. Moore {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indies, Rpt.
Agr. Dept. Orenada, 1914-15, p. 10). — Manurial experiments with cacao were
started by the Grenada Agricultural Department on a number of estiites In
1912. Data are here given showing the various treatments and the yield in
wet cacao for the period 1912 to 1914.

Manurial experiments at Nevis, W. I. Howell (Agr. Netcs [Barbados'], 14
(1915), No. S55, pp. S98, S99). — Data for the first year are given for a series of
manurial experiments being conducted under the auspices of the Imperial De-
partment of Airriculture for the West Indies with 7-year-old coconut palms.

Chemical changes in the ripening coconut, T. Vista t Isles {Philippine
Agr. and Forester, 4 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 109-115).— A study of the chemical
changes occurring during various stages of ripening in the coconut, in which

FORESTRY. 345

data relative to changes in color, size, weight, and chemical composition are
given and discussed.

Spices, K. ELeijne (Netherlands East Indian-San Francisco Com., Dept. Agr.,
Indus, and Com., Essay No. 27 (1914), pp. 13). — This pamphlet comprises a
short review of the economic importance of the various kinds of spices grown
iu the Dutch East Indies.

Medicinal plants of Wisconsin, R. H. Denniston and R. E. Kbemers (Bui.
Univ. Wis. No. 738 {li)14), pp. 22-31). — A list is here given of those medicinal
plants that have been observed within the limits of Wisconsin and which are
mentioned in one of the three standard American dispensatories. Data given
show the scientific and common name of the plant, the part used, and references
to the dispensatories in which information relative to the plants can be
found.

The nation's rose garden, F. L. Mut.fokd (Amer. Rose Soc. Proc, 1914, PP-
57-63, fig. 1). — The author gives a progi-ess report on the rose testing garden
established in March, 1914, at the Arlington Experimental Farm in coopera-
tion with the American Rose Society. A list is given of the roses now included
in the cooperative test.

The rose garden at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., A. C. Beax (Amer.
Rose Soc. Proc, 1914, pp- 64-66, figs. 2). — An account similar to the above of
the cooperative testing garden of the department of floriculture of the univer-
sity and the American Rose Society.

Winter-flowering sweet peas at Wisley, 1914—15, C. C. Titchmabsh (Jour.
Roy. Ilort. Soc, 41 (1915), No. 1, pp. 115-122, pi. 1). — An account is given of a
preliminary test of winter-flowering sweet peas, together with notes on a
variety test of summer-flowering sweet peas. In the experiment here noted
the winter-flowering varieties commenced to bloom freely about the middle of
March, whereas the summer-flowering varieties commenced flowering about
May 8.

My growing garden, J. H. McFaeland (New York and London: The Mac-
millan Co., 1915, pp. XII I +216, pis. 36). — A popular work on ornamental and
vegetable gardening, in which the author describes the experiences of himself
and family in planting and working the garden throughout each month of the
year.

My shrubs, E. PHrmpoTTS (London and New York: John Lane Co., 1915, pp.
TI+1S2, pis. 50). — In this work the author gives descriptive notes on several
hundred genera of shrubs with their species that he himself has grown.

Report on the condition of the street trees of the city of New York with
suggestions for an organized system of scientific culture and conservation
of trees for the greater city, H. P. Bakeb and H. R. Francis (Syracuse: N. Y.
State Col. Forestry, 1914, pp- 28, figs. 16). — This report discusses the condition
of the street trees in the city of New York and gives suggestions for an organ-
ized system of scientific culture and conservation of trees for the city.

The subject matter is based upon a survey of the street trees of the several
boroughs of New York City made by the New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse University for the Tree Planting Association of New York.

FORESTRY.

A reference list of some common trees, shrubs, and woody plants of the
Oahu lowlands, V. MacCaughey (Hawaiian Forester and Agr., 12 (1915), No.
11, pp. 290-292). — The present list includes such trees and shrubs as one would
be likely to find along the highway, but not species found only along the
beaches.

346 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

The ashes: Their characteristics and management, W. D. Sterrett {U. 8.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 299 (.1915), pp. 88, pis. 16).— In this bulletin the author dis-
cusses the economic status of the ash ; differentiates the species, in regard to
which there is considerable confusion ; indicates the relative importance of
the species, including a description of the characteristics of the more impor-
tant kinds ; and outlines methods of forest management for commercial grow-
ing of ash timber. A summarized table is given of the species of ash suited
for forest management on different sites and in different regions of the United
States, together with the methods of reforestation to be used. A number of
bark, form, volume, and yield tables for ash are appended.

Shortleaf pine: Its econoniic importance and forest management, W. R.
Mattoon (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 308 {1915), pp. 66, pis. 10, figs. 7).— This bulle-
tin has been prepared with special reference to the management and restocking
of shortleaf pine areas in the Eastern and Southern States and discusses the
adaptability of the shortleaf pine (Pinus cchinata) for forest management,
present supply, annual cut of southern yellow pine, physical and mechanical
properties of the wood, uses, the lumber industry, stumpage value, the essen-
tials of forest management, protection, yield, rotation, thinnings, cutting and
reproduction, cutting on the National Forests of Arkansas, and regeneration by
sowing and planting. A number of volume and form tables, based on measure-
ments taken on the Arkansas National Forest and generally over the southern
Mi-ssissippi Valley, are appended.

A note on the cultivation of Podophyllum emodi, R. S. Troup (Indian
Forester, 41 (1915), No. 10, pp. 361-S65, pis. 3). — This note embodies the re-
sults of observations on the growth and development of the Indian podophyllum
in Jaunsar, United Provinces, and of experiments in its cultivation in the same
locality. Special attention has been given this species because of the higher
percentage of podophyllotoxin in the resin of this plant than in that of the
American species (P. pelt a turn).

Thus far the results of the cultural experiments show that the Indian
podophyllum can be cultivated easily, both from seed or from pieces of rhizome,
but owing to the very slow growth "of the rhizomes it is by no means certain
to what extent the plant can be cultivated with i)rofit.

The tapping of the Para ruhber tree. — Some physiological experiments,
E. Bateson (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 23 (191!,). pp. 54, pis. 8, figs.
IS). — The author presents the results of a number of experiments conducted at
the Kuala Lumpur station to determine the physiological effects of tapping on
Para rubber tree. The work of other investigators along similar lines is also
discussed.

The present work indicates that if any depletion of the starch reserves is
caused by tapping, it is small in amount and temporary in duration. Examina-
tion of the starch reserve to determine the time for retapping is imnecessary,
the thickness of the renewed bark forming a safe criterion. Trees which are
given adequate leaf space will recover in due course from the effects of winter-
ing even if they are continuously tapped. The chief problem is to devise a
system of tapping which, over a period of years, will not be so exhaustive to
the tree as to check its full and natural development. Observations on trees
tapped on two adjacent quarters show that lateral translocation of food mate-
rial is possible. Actual examination of such trees failed to show any con-
siderable deficiency in the starch reserves. Comparative tests of the single-
quarter, adjacent-quarters, and oi)posite-quarters systems of tapping resulted
in the large.st yield of latex from the adjacent-quarters system and the smallest
yield from the opposite-quarters system. In equally nourished trees tapped by

FORESTRY. 347

the three systems, the renewing bark of trees tapped on adjacent quarters will
contain the most food. The advantage as to thickness of renewed bark is also
in favor of the adjacent-quarters system.

Consider;'.! ion is given to the theory and practice of tapping, with special
reference to the Para rubber tree.

The natural reproduction of sal and how it can be improved, R. S. Hole
(Indian Forester, 41 (1915), No. 10, pp. 351-361).— In this article the author
summarizes the chief results obtained in an investigation relative to the dying
back of sal (Shorea robusta) seedlings and to determine the conditions most
favorable for successful germination and early development of the seedlings.

Growth and yield of spruce in high mountains, A. von Guttenberg [Wach-
stum und Ertvag der Fichte m Hochgebirge. Vienna: Franz Deuticke, 1915,
pp. 153, pis. 21, figs. 5). — A contribution to the knowledge of the growth per-
formance and form development of single stems and stands of spruce, based
largely on growth and yield data collected by the author for a number of years
in the forests of Tyrol and the northern Alps.

Special importance from a scientific point of view is attached to studies
of growth and form in single stems as influenced by locality on the one hand
and stand density on the other. The large number of stem analyses made has
enabled the author to construct normal or model stems of spruce for various
localities and stem classes. In view of the lack of data on such old trees,
studies of some 200 to 300 year old stands in Paneveggio, South Tyrol, are in-
cluded in the present work.

Willows: Their growth, use, and importance, G. N. Lamb (TJ. S. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 316 (1915), pp. 52, pis. 10). — In this bulletin introductory considerations
deal with the range of the willow tree in North America ; its various forms ;
soil, moisture, and light requirements ; susceptibility to injury ; and the life
history of the black willow (Salix nigra), which is the most important species.
Consideration is then given to the characteristics and uses of willow wood,
planting willows, cultivation and care, cutting, cost of growing, and yield from
willow plantations.

Under the conditions that have prevailed in the Middle West, where most of
the willow plantations have been made, the average cost of growing has been
from 50 cts. to .$1.50 per cord, estimated on the value of the land at the time
of the planting. It is concluded that it should be possible at this time to grow
willows at $1 per cord on $25 land. The yield of willows cropped at periods
of about 10 years ranges from 1.5 cords per acre per year in poor situations to
as high as 7 cords per acre per year under exceptional conditions.

The compilation of girth increments from sample plat measurements,
K. S. Troxip {[Indian] Forest Bui. 30 {1915), pp. 9). — Suggestions are here
given with reference to methods of compiling increment data from sample
plat measurements.

The Forest Service exhibit, D. C. Ellis {Atncr. Forestry, 21 {1915), No. 26^,
pp. 1110-1113, figs. 5). — A descriptive account is given of the exhibit of the
U. S. Forest Service at the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco, 1915.

First biennial report Nebraska Forestation Commission, C. Rohde, A. H.
Metzger, and W. Ball {Bicn. Rpt. Nebr. Forestation Com., 1 {1914), pp. 8). — A
report to the Nebraska legislature relative to the problem of afforesting the
state schools lands.

List of lands in the Forest Preserve, January 1, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. Conserv.
Com. N. T., 3 {1913), App., pp. 503).— -This comprises a list of lands corrected
to January 1, 1914, belonging to the Forest Preserve of New York State. The
total acreage of the Forest Preserve is 1,825,882.71 acres.

348 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD.

The economic phases of forestry with special reference to the Prussian
state forests, Mabtin {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrb., 63 (1912), Noa. 1, pp. 40-5S; 2,
pp. 79-142; 5, pp. 199-2.51; 64 (1913), Nos. 1, pp. 1-26; 2, pp. 126-136; 5. pp. 213-
230; 65 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 2-25; 2, pp. 91-112; S, pp. 211-263; 4, pp. 287-305;
66 (1915), No. 2, pp. 95-117). — A discussion of various forest problems with
special reference to the administration and management of the state forests in
Prussia. The subject matter is discussed under the general headings of yield
tables, economic principles, the index of the yield capacity of forests, the index
of the production of worth, instruction for the execution of the forest regulations
in the Prussian state forests, the determination of maturity and period of rota-
tion, and the organization of the forest service.

Forest management in Java, past and present, A. E. J. Bbutnsma (Bosch-
bouwk. Tijdschr. Tectona, 8 (1915), No. 10, pp. 735-767). — A descriptive account
of the administration and management of the state forests of Java.

Forestry industry, BL^kubankwai Kyokwai (In Japan and Her Exhibits
at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition, 1915. Tokyo: Soci^t4 des Ex-
positions, 1915, pp. 119-127). — This comprises a statistical account of the for-
estry industry of Japan, prepared with special reference to its use at the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition in 1915. The information deals largely with
the distribution of ownership of forests, production of the forests, and the utili-
sation of various forest species.

Forest products on farms (5. Census 0/ Canada, 5 (1915), pp. V-VII). —
Tabular returns secured in the Fifth Census of Canada are given, showing the
quantity and value of forest products cut on the farms in Canada for the year
1910. The total value of the forest products for all occupied farm lands was
$36,024,429.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

A bibliography of recent literature concerning plant disease prevention,
C. C. Rees and W. Macfari.ane (Illinois Sta. Circ. 183 (1915), pp. 1-78).— The
authors, in compiling this bibliography, have made an attempt to Include refer-
ences to all the articles relatfng to plant disea.ses In which control mea.sures are
given, abstracts of which have appeared in the Experiment Station Ilecord
during the years 1909 to 1914, Inclusive, more than a thousand citations being
given.

A bibliography of nonparasitic diseases of plants, C. W. Lantz (niinoit
Sta. Circ. 183 (1915), pp. 79-111). — In preparing this bibliography, the author
has attempted to present a list of nonparasitic diseases of plants with reference
to the more important literature on the.se diseases. The different diseases are
listed under the common names of the plants upon which they occur, the host
plants being alphabetically arranged.

Report of the microbiologist. S. F. Ashhy {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Jamaica,
1915, pp. 29-31). — It is stated that the Panama disease of bananas persists in
some localities, appearing to be spread by human agency (on the feet, tools,
diseased plants, etc.). Bonnygate disease shows little tendency to spread
beyond areas subject to periodic flooding. Blackhead disease of the bulb and
roots has been found In most cases examined to be due to a nematode, said to
be identical with Tylcnchus bijormis. A brown rot of leafstalks Is ascribed
to a bacterium which gains entrance at injuries due to wind when abnormal
weather has weakened the plants. A heart rot, which was promoted by the
checking of growth during wet weather, is thought to be caused by the same
bacterium found in bud rot of coconut.

Sporadic cases s\re noted of coconut bud rot, which Is thought to be favored by
the weakening influence of drought Destruction of the trees and replanting

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 349

are considered necessary. Leaf dieback, due primarily to drought, was not
entirely controlled by the removal of the affected parts and the use of Bor-
deaux mixture. Cases of root disease were observed on badly drained land
and on impervious clay subsoils. " Eaten leaf " disease, due to fungus attack
in the bud, requires the introduction of a fungicide into the crown of the trees.
A bud rot trouble was thought to be due to Phytophthora parasitica, which is
said not to have been recorded previously as a disease of the coconut.

P. faberi still causes considerable loss to cacao. Promising results in Its con-
trol have been obtained with Bordeaux and with Burgundy mixtures. Some
cases of pod anthracnose {Colletotrichum cradioickii) have been observed, and
this is controlled in the same way.

Cases of gall or knot, due to Sphceropsis tumefaciens, were observed on
limes. The remedy suggested is destruction by fire of all prunings.

A Sclerotium destroying the lower leafsheaths of sugar canes was noted in
two places. It is thought that this may cause loss in wet seasons. The rind
fungus {Melanconium sacchari) rotted prematurely ripened canes on one estate.

Mention is made also of a few insects injurious to coconut, cacao, citrus,
mango, coffee, yams, sugar cane, and cotton.

Root knot or eelworm attacks new hosts, L. E. Melchees (Ohio Nat., 15
(1915), No. 8, pp. 551-555, figs. 4)-— The author states that after contact with
soil containing Heterodera radicicola, infection followed in the case of the
hitherto unreported hosts Vinca rosea. Chrysanthemum frutescens, Celosia
empress, Matthiola incan-a anmia, and Phlox. Specimens of Carum petroselinum
from Kansas were also badly affected with this nematode, not previously re-
ported as parasitic thereon.

Control of yellow rust, F. Stbakak (Deut. Landw. Presse, 42 {1915), No. 42,
p. 379). — This is mainly a discussion of studies reported by several investi-
gators regarding conditions apparently favorable or unfavorable to the develop-
ment of Puccinia glumarum on wheat and measures for its control.

Weather and cultural conditions thought to be influential in this connection
are discussed, including not only those during the spring growth of the crop
(as daily fluctuations of temperature, etc.), but probably also some obtaining
In the previous year. Lists are given of varieties found to be highly suscepti-
ble, moderately so, or resistant, and the.se are briefly discussed in connection
with their several vegetating periods and morphological characters.

A bacterial disease of western wheat grass, P. J. O'Gaea {Science, n. ser.,
42 {1915), No. 10S7, pp. 616, 617). — A description is given of an unusual type of
bacterial disease found on western wheat grass {Agropyron smithii) in the
Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The affected plants are said to be usually somewhat
dwarfed, but the most striking characteristic of the disease is the presence of
masses of surface bacteria which form a lemon-yellow ooze or slime. Some-
times this appears in small droplets, but often it is spread over the surface of
the upper portion of the plant, including the sheath, upper internode, and
inflorescence. The disease seems to be limited to the upper portion of the
plant, not having been found on the roots or lower internodes and sheaths.
When the bacterial slime hardens, it is said that it may be separated from the
plant surface in the form of thin, lemon-yellow flakes. The injury to the
plants is due to the bacterial growth which flrst develops conspicuously on the
surface and later penetrates the interior tissues.

This disease is said to have many characteristics in common with the disease
of orchard grass first described by RSthay and later by Smith as due to
Aplanobacter rdthayi (E. S. R., 30, p. 539).

Beet blight, R. E. Smith {Abs. in Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 291,
292; Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1086, pp. 580, 581).— The structure of dis-

350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

eased beets and characteristics of the beet blight are discussed, nnd the possible
connection of this disease with certain bacteria is pointed out. In the dis-
cussion following the paper it was stated that only insects which have been in
contact with diseased beets are capable of transmitting the disease.

[Leaf spot of wild celery] {Irish Nat., 23 (1914), No. 2, p. 48).— Mention is
made of the discovery by Pethybridge of a fungus on wild celery in the west-
ern part of County Galway, Ireland, thought to be identical with Septoria
petroselini apii of cultivated celery. It is considered improbable that the dis-
ease could have spread to the wild plants from cultivated ones.

Inoculation studies are noted below.

The possible source of origin of the leaf spot disease of cultivated celery,
G. H. Pethybeidge (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 40 {1915), No. 3, pp. 476-480).— The
author reports that the fungus obtained from wild celery (see above), on which
it caused a mild form of disease, produced in cultivated celery effects re-
sembling in every way those of the well-known celery leaf spot. The reverse
test was impracticable as the wild plants were already infected.

From this fact and a study of the parasite the author concludes that this
fungus is identical with Septoria petroselini apii of cultivated celery and may
be the original source of the infection, which is much more severe on culti-
vated than on wild celery.

Pathogenicity and identity of Sclerotinia libertiana and S. smilacina on
ginseng, J. Rosemjaum {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 7,
pp. 291-298, pis. 2, fig. 1). — A report is given of studies made on the white rot
of ginseng, previously attributed to S. libertiana (E, S. R.. 27, p. 649). and of
the black rot of gingseng, which has been reputedly caused by 8. panacis (EL S.
R., 27, p. 247).

The pathogenicity of the species of Sclerotinia causing both of these dis-
eases has been estal)lished, and the one causing white rot is said to be identical
with 8. libertiana occurring on lettuce, celery, and a number of other host
plants. The fungus causing the black rot has proved to be identical with 8.
smilacina, inoculations from ginseng to the original host plant, Smilacina
racemosa, having given positive results.

Studies of the Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, J. H. CoKSAxn- {Abs. in
Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 293, 294; Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No.
1086, pp. 582, 583). — An account is given of studies on the potato disease due
to Rhizoctonia in Oregon. AfiPected plants and tubers were secured from dif-
ferent localities and a large number of strains of the causal organism were
isolated. The cultural characters of these strains were similar, although some
variation was showTi. A number of varieties of potatoes were inoculated with
Rhizoctonia grown under similar conditions, and some varieties proved ex-
tremely susceptible while others were strongly resistant. This was also found
true when the fungus was grown on sterile plugs of raw potatoes. By arti-
ficial means healthy Rhizoctonia-free potato plants were made to reproduce
both the "aerial potato" and "little potato" conditions. These experiments
are thought to indicate that the abnormal effects are secondary results of
Rhizoctonia attack caused by interference with the normal process of food
storage in the plant.

Diseases of sugar beets, O. Fallada {Osterr. TJngar. Ztschr. ZucJccrin<lus. u.
Landic, 44 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-13). — This communication follows the same gen-
eral plan as that of the previous year (E. S. R.. 31, p. 543).

Besides discussions of weather conditions and injurious animals, mention is
made of root rot, noted principally on the darker soils. Clasterosporium putre-
faciens in the leaves, and Phoina betas in both leaves and roots.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351

Scald of tobacco plants by Paris green, L. P. de Bussy and P. A. Diet?;
(Medcd. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 15-25).— It is stated that
the degree of injury due to leaf scald as the result of using Paris green on
tobacco plants in Deli appears to increase somewhat in proportion to the
amount of free arsenious acid present therein. Other factors mentioned are
mechanical injury to the tender moist leaves, and excessive quantity or lack
of uniformity of the arsenical sprays. It is suggested that careful prelimi-
nary tests be made with gradually increasing percentages of the preparation.

The bacterial bloom and twig blig'ht of fruit trees, A. Ostehwaldek
(Landw. Jahrb. Schtvei;z, 29 (1915), No. 1, pp. 29, 30).— It is stated that in 1912
a variety of pear was severely injured by a bacterial invasion of the blooms,
extending to the twigs, which also quickly withered and died, the effects re-
sembling somewhat those due to Monilia fructigena. It is thought that the
disease may be similar to the pear blight in America caused by Bacillus amylo-
vorus, but complete identification of the organism has not yet been found
possible.

Studies of Monilia blight of fruit trees, G. B. Posey (Abs. in Phytopathol-
ogy, 5 (1915), No. 5, p. 294; Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1086, p. 583).— The
author reports the isolation from blighted twigs of apricot, prune, and pear
of a species of Monilia apparently unlike, in cultural characters, the common
brown-rot fungus of the stone fruits due to Sclerotinia cinerea, which is
abundant in Oregon. An investigation of this blight-producing Monilia has
been undertaken, and more than 50 strains have been isolated and comparative
studies made with S. cinerea from different parts of this country and with
S. fructigena from England. The culture studies and inoculations indicate
that the organism in question is apparently an unrecognized species of Monilia
entirely distinct from »?. cinerea and S. fructigena.

The investigations thus far show that this fungus is apparently common in
the Northwest, where it has been found on blighted blossoms, spurs, and twigs,
und on mummied fruits of pear, quince, apricot, peach, prune, plum and
cherry. It usually starts in the spring as blossom blight and works back into
the spurs and branches, where the progress of the fungus is checked as the
season advances. No ascospore stage of the fungus under investigation has
been found, although apothecia of the common S. cinerea were collected on
various mummied fruits.

Bacterial canker of cherry and filbert disease, H. P. Bakss (Ahs. in Phyto-
paihology, 5 (1915), No. 5, p. 292; Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1086, p. 581).—
The author calls attention to the identity of the cause of bud blight and body
canker of cherry trees, an account of which has been previously given (E. S. R.,
S2, p. 644), and to the bacterial disease of filbert which has already been
described (E. S. R., 32, p. G47).

The utilization of certain pentoses and compounds of pentoses by Glom-
erella cingulata, L. A. Hawkins (Amer. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 8, pp. 375-388;
abs. in Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 5, p. 294,' Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No.
1086, p. 583). — A report is given of experiments made to determine the effect of
the apple bitter-rot fungus upon the pentose-containing compounds of the apple
fruit, the relative value of certain pentoses and compounds of pentoses as
sources of carbon for this fungus, and the effect of an aqueous extract of the
fungus mycelium upon xylan.

It was found that the fungus increased the alcohol-soluble pentosan content of
the apple fruit, but decreased the total pentosan content. It readily utilized
either xylose, arabinose, xylan, or arabin as sources of carbon. The two pen-
toses were more favorable sources of carbon than glucose. Aqueous extracts
of the fungus mycelium when allowed to act on xylan produced xylose, and

352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

it is considered that the fungus secretes an enzym which hydrolyzes xylan to
xylose.

Apple mildew, W. S. Ballard (Abs. in Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, p.
292; Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 10S6, p. 581). — Efforts which have been
made to control this disease are referred to, including the use of colloiilal
sulphur, prepared by dissolving sulphur in melted resin, grinding, and putting
into ammonia water, as well as some of the difficulties involved in the use of
Bulphur and the reasons for the use of dilute sprays.

Coryneum fniit spot of apricots, J. T. Barrett (Abs. in Phytopathology, 5
(1915), No. 5, p. 293; Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1086, p. 582).— A descrip-
tion is given of this disease, which is said to be not so widely disti'ibuted on
apricots as was supposed. Spraying operations carried out for its control
have not been satisfactory in all cases.

An established Asiatic Gymnosporangium in Oregon, H. S. Jackson (Abs.
in Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 5, p. 293; Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1086,
p. 582). — The author reports the results of .studies and inoculations with a
newly imported Gymnosporangium discovered on oriental pears in Oregon.

Observations on prune rust (Puccinia pruni-spinosae) in southern Cali-
fornia, J. T. Baekett (Abs. in Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 5, p. 293; Science.
n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1086, p. 582). — This fungus is said to be serious at times
in southern California on apricots and peaches. In some cases early fall prun-
ing has stimulated fall growth in which foliage stays alive through the winter,
and rust development in Oils foliage has caused early spring infection with
very detrimental effects to orchards.

A Nectria and its Fusarium generation on raspberry roots, A. Oster-
WAI.DEB (Landtc. Jahrb. Schiceiz, 29 (1915), No. 1, pp. SO, 31).— It is stated that
the fungus, N. ruhi, noted as apparently parasitic on roots of the raspberry
(E. S. R., 26, p. 450) has been studied In pure cultures and by means of infec-
tion tests on healthy roots both wounded and uninjured, but without result
as regards proof of its really parasitic activity. The author also notes the
view of WoUenweber (E. S. R., 30, p. 537), according to which this fungus is
classed as Hypomyces rubi.

Preliminary note on some sprays for American gooseberry mildew, J. M.
Hector and S. J. M. Auld (Card. Chron.. 3. ser., 58 (1915), No. 1493, pp. 79,
80). — The authors state that under the conditions obtaining In these preliminary
tests the action of American gooseberry mildew Is checked by the use of col-
loidal sulphur (prepared by precipitnting lime sulphur with acid in the pres-
ence of gelatin under suitable conditions), precipitated lime sulphur, various
lime sulphurs, and soda. The.se sprays se^-med also to delay the formation of
the perithecia. The treatments are undergoing further trial.

Beports of the commission on control of American gooseberry mildew,
W. T. C. VAN DooRN ET AL. (Tuinbouw, 2 (1914), ^o. 36. pp. 429-431; 3 (1915).
No. 27, pp. 301-304). — Tests in 1914 with two preparations reported only by
number, gave good results in reducing attack by American gooseberry mildew.
The " California mixture " lessened attack, but the bushes suffered from leaf
cast and the size of the fruits was decreased. A preparation designated as
" Nasfa " lessened attack somewhat, but was associated with a characteristic
form of injury.

The 1915 tests showed less favorable results from the first two preparations
mentioned above.

Recent studies on infection of grape by Plasmopara (Peronospora) viti-
cola, H. MtJLLER-THUBGAU (Laixdw. .Jahrb. Schiceiz, 29 (1915), No. 1, pp. 26-
28). — Reviewing the results of studies previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 244)
tending to show that proper application of fungicides to the lower or stomatal

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 353

surface of the leaves gives complete protection from P. viUcola, the author
states as the result of recent studies that such application does not decrease
sugar formation. A high degree of soil moisture rather disposes the plants to
attack, but the leaves are not so influenced by atmospheric dampness during
several days.

Injury to grape leaves by addition of sulphur to Bordeaux mixture, A.
OsTEBWALDEB (Latidic. Jahrb. Schiceiz, 29 {1915), No. 1, pp. 28, 29). — It is
stated that in the hot summer of 1911 the addition of from 2 to 3 per cent of
sulphur to Bordeaux mixture used to spray grapevines caused a spotting or
killing of the leaves. This was very pronounced in southern exposures and
in general where the direct and reflected heat from the sun caused high tem-
peratures. The injury was attributed to the formation of sulphuric acid under
these circumstances.

Similar injury resulted, with formation of corky areas on the fruits, in cases
where pulverized sulphur was applied after the use of Bordeaux mixture, and
this was similarly explained.

Pythiacystis infection of deciduous nursery stock, Elizabeth H. Smith
{Abs. in Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, p. 291; Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No.
1086, p. 580). — A dieback of young deciduous trees, which has occurred exten-
sively in northern California for several seasons, has been traced to a species
of Pythiacystis morphologically identical with P. citrophthora, first described
as causing a rot of lemons (E. S. R., 18, p. 344).

Most of the root stock is apparently immune to this fungus, but above the
bud the bark is said to be affected, cankers being produced which often girdle
the tree and kill back the whole top. Profuse gumming follows canker forma-
tion. The fungus has been isolated from peach, almond, pear, and plum, and
the disease produced by inoculation in apple, pear, peach, almond, apricot,
prune, and cherry. Similar cankers have been produced by inoculation with
P. citrophthora isolated from lemon fruit

A pythiaceous fungus has been isolated from almond cankers and success-
fully inoculated into almond, readily developing an oospore stage. This fungus
has different characters of growth from the original strain and a less degree
of pathogenicity, but it is believed that it will ultimately be placed in the same
species.

Mottled leaf of Citrus species, J. T. Babbett {Abs. in Phytopathology, S
(1915), No. 5, p. 292; Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1086, p. 58i ) .—Attention
is called to the fact that no specific cause has as yet been discovered for
this disease, which is still classed as nonparasitic. Affected leaves contain
more startch than normally on account of defective translocation, and there is
apparently also an excess of nitrogen. It is stated that some relation appears
to have been discovered between fertilization with nitrate of soda without the
addition of vegetable material and mottled leaf, but the author considers that
this is probably not an effect of the materials used but of the soil conditions
produced, since in plats in which litxeral use of vegetable material had been
made no mottled leaf appeared.

In connection with the discussion of this paper, F. S. Earle stated that there
are probably two distinct types of mottled leaf in Cuba and the Isle of Pines,
arising respectively from what is probably a specific disease of small roots and
from general unfavorable soil conditions.

Citrus gummosis and melaxuma, H. S. Fawcett (Abs. in Phytopathology,
S {1915), No. 5, p. 293; Science, n. ser., 4Z {1915), No. 1086, p. 582).— A descrip-
tion Is given of the gummosis due to Pythiacystis citrophthora, and the
melaruma of walnuts which is caused by a fung\is thought to be a species of
Dothiorella,

354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Fruit stain and withertip of citrus, J. T. Barrett (Abs. in Phytopathology,
5 (1915), No. 5, p. 29S; Science, n. ser., ^2 {1915), No. 1086, p. 582).— The effect
of the fungus CoUetotrichum gloeosporioides on citrus twigs and fruit is con-
sidered. Tlie auttior states that as yet there is no evidence that the fungus is
capable of infecting thoroughly sound and healthy tissue of leaves and twigs,
but that it may infect fruit through germination from appressoria, killing small
areas of rind. Later development of the fungus causes serious fruit rotting
in addition to the tear-stain marks upon the surface.

Injury to orange trees due to nematodes, L. Trabut {Compt. Rend. Acad.
Agr. France, 1 {1915), No. 6, p. 222). — It is stated that a study of orange trees
showing decline in Algeria has led to the conclusion that the injury is due to
a nematode, Tylenchulus scmipcnctrans, in the rootlets. Pi-otective measures
inaugurated include treatments with carbon bisulphid and sulphocarbonates
and inspection of nursery stock.

The Sclerotinia disease of Campanula medium, A. Osterwaloer {Landic.
Jahrb. Schioei;:, 29 {1915), No. 1, p. 31). — Observations during several years on
C. medium affected with a wilt beginning about the time of blooming and
resulting in the death of the plant have shown this disease to be due probably
to 8. libcrtiatia attacking the plants near the surface of the soil, and suggesting
that the overwintering sclerotia were the source of the attack. Early removal
and destruction of affected plants is dimmed necessary.

Iris leaf blotch disease, J. K. Ramsbottom {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc, 40 {1915),
No. S, pp. 481-492, pis. 7). — Reporting a study of the leaf blotch of Iris due to
Heterosporium gracilc, and said to occur on many species, the author states
that the affected leaf fndes prematurely, thus shortening considerably its period
of photosynthesis. The fungus may pass the winter in its fruiting form. The
spores germinate after undergoing temperatures considerably below freezing.

Inoculations of living plants were successful, the germ tube passing through
either epidermis or stomata. The resulting mycelium was either intercellular
or intracflluiar, but pos.sessed no haustoria. Narcissus was not attacked by
this fungus.

Old loaves should be burned. Lime should be applied in autumn and forked
into the soil in spring in case of soils doficiont in that component.

Two eastern forest diseases which threaten the Pacific States. H. Metcalf
{Abs. in Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, p. 291; Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No.
1086, p. 580). — The author takes up the chestnut bark disease due to Endothia
parasitica and the white pine blister rust caused by Cronartium ribicola, and
indicates the danger of (heir introduction to the cultivated chestnut of the
Pacific States, and to the valu.ible sugar pine {Pinus lanibcrtiana) and the
western white pine {P. monticola). He advocates a rigid state quarnntine
against the admission of nursery stock of the genus Castanea. the five-leaf
siiecies of pine, and the genus Ribes.

Two new hosts for Peridermium pyriforme, G. G. Hedgcock and W. H. Long
(V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 7, pp. 289, 290, pi. 1).—
The authors report the occurrence of P. pyriforme on Pinus rigida and P. ari-
zonica, thus adding two new species to the known hosts of this fungus. It Is
claimed that P. pyriforme causes three forms of disease on pines, one with
slight or no hypertrophy, common on Pinus divaricata, P. pungcns, and P. pon-
derosa scopuloruin : a second causing a fusiform or spindle-shaped swelling on
P. arizoniea, P. contorta, P. divaricata. P. pnndcrosa, P. pondrrosa scnpulnrum,
and P. rigida; and a third form causing the formation of globose galls now
first reported on P. contorta.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 355

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

The relation of rodent plague to human Infection, W. C. Ruckeb (Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 (1915), No. 21, pp. i767-i765).— A review of the subject
with references to the literature.

A plague-like disease of California ground squirrels affecting man in
Ohio, W. B. Wherry (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 65 (1915), No. 18, pp. 15J,9,
1550). — This paper relates to investigations previously noted (E. S. 11., 33,
p. 4.50).

The author calls attention to recent experiments of N. E. Wayson showing
that in addition to squirrel fleas (Ccratophyllus acutus), reported by McCoy
and Chapin to be transmitters of tiie virus (E. S. R., 26, p. 461), the house fly
and stable fly may transmit the virus shortly after feeding on an infected
animal. In a discussion of the subject which follows (pp. 1549, 1550), N. B.
Wayson reports having duplicated McCoy's methods of flea transmission of the
di.sease without as successful results. AVhen the stable fly was allowed to bite
the infected animal and then transferred to a normal animal the results were
successful in a small percentage of cases. House flies which were allowed to
feed on and crawl over infected viscera and then over a cocainized eye yielded
nearly 100 per cent of " takes." This method was positive in transmission
even with a 24-hour interval between the exposure to the infection and to the
normal eye. The discussion was also entered into by G. W. McCoy, N. Barlow,
and the author.

Two years' investigations in Peru of verruga and its insect transmission,
C. H. T. TowNSEND (A))ier. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 3 (1015), No.
1. pp. 16-32, pis. 2). — This is a summarized account of investigalions carried
on by the author, accounts of which have been previously noted from other
sources (E. S. R., 32, pp. 248, 350).

The establishment of foreign insects in spite of inspection, H. B. Weiss
iCanad. Ent., 1ft (1915), No. 10, pp. 313-315).— It is pointed out that in spite of
inspection a number of insects have been introduced into New Jersey at
Rutherford, where two large nurseries are located and where there were re-
ceived during the spring of 1914 3,744 cases of imported nursery stock, during
the following fall 1,765. and during the spring of 1915 2,191 cases. Among the
species which have recently become established are Phytomyza aquifolii, found
mining the leaves of English holly; the European pine shoot moth (Evetria
huoliana) in Pinus mxighus growing in the nursery; Agrilis viridis fagi infest-
ing rose stems and doing considerable damage in this and other sections of the
State; Aspidiotus tsugw taken in considerable numbers on Japanese hemlock;
Myelophilus piniperda, which does extensive damage to pine trees in Europe,
found on P. sylvestris; and Pseudococcus sp., from Japan, found to damage
Taxus sp.

Insect importations into New Jersey during the spring of 1915, H. B,
Weiss (Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 10, pp. 326-328) .—The author presents a
list of insects imported on nursery stock from various countries in Europe
during the spring of 1915.

[Use of quassiin as an insecticide in Russia], A. V. Zeidel (Otchet Dieia-
teln. Kiev. Obshch. Selsk. Khoz. i Selsk. Khoz. Promyshch., 1913, p. 106; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 2, p. 104). — Quassiia was found to be one
of the most effective insecticides used against Hyponomeuta malineUus.

The mouth parts of the Thysanoptera and the relation of thrips to the
nonsetting of certain fruits and seeds, A. D. Borden (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), No. 3, pp. 354-360, figs. 9).— Anatomical studies of the Thysanoptera
and observations of their feeding habits are reported.
24307°— No. 4—16 5

356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

An interesting case of antennal antigeny in Thysanoptera, J. D. Hood
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 128-182. figs. ^).— The genus
Plesiothrips is erected for Sericothripa ? perplcrn.

Further experiments in the control of the tarnished plant bug (Lygus
pratensis), M. D. Leoxakd (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), Xo. S, pp. 361-367).—
In continuation of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 650) the
author records tests made of the effectiveness of excluding tarnished plant bugs
from nursery blocks by means of wire screen fences, of bagging, and of
pruning.

Note on the life history of Enchenopa binotata (Membracidse) on the
butternut, W. D. PX-nkhouseb (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. S. pp. 368-
S71). — This membracid is said to occur in abundance on the butternut in the
vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y.

An investigation of the best methods of destroying lice and other body
vermin, J. P. Kinloch (Brit. Med. Jour., Xo 28^2 (1915), pp. IOS8-IO4I ; abs.
in Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], SO (1915), Xo. S2, pp. 22S7-22S9) .—" Dry heat
is more effective than moist heat in destroying lice and tlieir eggs. The louse
can be revived after immersion for one minute in water at 100° C. Exposure
to a dry heat at the same temperature and for the same time appears to kill
both lice and nits. The paraffin bodies are actively insecticidal. and of these
petrol is the most effective. Lice and their eggs are destroyed by immersion in
petrol for one minute, and they may be killed by exposure to the vapor of petrol
for half an hour. Powerful fatty solvents other than the paraffins are actively
in-secticidal. Benzene, toluene, and acetone are as toxic to lice as petrol. Cer-
tain chlorin derivatives of methan, ethane, and ethylene are more lethal to lice
than any other substances, and have the imp<irtant merit of being noninflam-
mable. Immersion in the chlorin derivatives of ethane and ethylene immedi-
ately destroys all lice and nits, and exposure to the vapor of these substances
for five minutes is equally destructive. Even soap solutions containing 2 per
cent of trichlorethylene or 10 per cent of tetraehlorethane are capable of kill-
ing in half an hour at ordinary temperatures all lice and nits.

"A 25 per cent solution of dichlorethylene or trichlorethylene In vaselin
when applied to the human body has been found capable of exerting its in-
secticidal action for hours. The action of a 25 per cent solution of petrol in
va.solin is of .shorter duration, but is also effective for some hours.

" The common phenol disinfectants in their usual degrees of dilution for
disinfectant purposes and at ordinary temperature fail to kill lice or nits, even
after steeping for half an hour, but become efficient as insecticides if the tem-
perature of the steeping tank is maintained at 65°.

" The volatile oils have no direct insecticidal effect. In a moist vajwr of
oil of wintergreen, oil of cloves, oil of caraway, oil of turpentine, oil of euca-
lyptus, oil of thyme, etc., lice live for many hours at body temperature, and can
be revived after immersion in the.se oils.

"Over solid substances, such as iodoform, camphor, and paraform. and in con-
tact with them, and in contact with garments impregnated with sulphur, borax,
blark hellebore, alum, etc.. lice appear to remain practirally unaffected."

Miscellaneous aphid notes, chiefly from Oregon, H. F. Wilson (Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc, 41 (1915). No. 2, pp. 85-108, pis. 7).— Life history notes on
Prociphilus fraTini-dipctala; are first presented. This aphidid, first locateil by
the author at Washington, D. C, on roots of white pine (Pinus strohvs), was
later found to develop upon Fraxinus sp. He has since worked out the rela-
tionship on F. oregona and Pseudotsuga taxi folia in Oregon. In the spring it
appears on leaves of the ash, causing them to curl and assume a gall-like forma-

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357

tion. The young aphidids, which become mature about the last of May, usually
disappear about the first week in June, supposedly to the roots of Douglas fir.
In the full part of the aphidids leave the roots and migrate to the ash and pro-
duce the sexual forms.

A second species which has been imported into Oregon on red and white ash
has been identified by the author as P. humelice. Descriptions of the various
stages of P. fraxini-dipetaloe are presented, followed by a list of the Aphididae
infesting sage brush (Arteinesia sp.) in Oregon, consisting of 13 species, 6 of
which are described as new, and by descriptions of 9 additional new species
of apliidids, 7 of which are from Oregon.

Confusion of Rliopalosiplium hippohaes and Myzus braggii, C. P. Gillette
{Jour. Eeon. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 375-379, figs. 21).— The difference in
these aphidid species Is pointed out.

A schizoneuran migrating from elm to the apple, A. C Maxson {Ent.
Neics, 26 {1915), No. 8, pp. 367, 368). — The author presents evidence to show
that the migration of the elm cluster or elm rosette aphid to the apple takes
place in Colorado. He concludes that ScMzoneuva lanigera and the elm cluster
louse are the same, the latter being the spring form of the former.

The woolly aphis as a pear pest, G. P. Weldon {Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cat.,
4 {1915), No. 9, pp. Ui-iU, figs. 2).— Since August, 1913, when the woolly
aphis was found abundant at Martinez, Cal., on the roots of seedling trees in
the nursery row as well as on old trees of the Bartlett variety near by,
investigations throughout the State have shown that there are few places where
it does not occur. In some of the mountain districts of the State at least its
presence has resulted in quite severe injury to trees.

Effect of low temperature on the oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi),
R. L. Webster {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 371-375, figs. 3).— The
author's studies indicate that a temperature of — 32° F. was too cold in Iowa
during the winter of 1912-13 for the eggs of the oyster-shell scale to survive.

The Bermuda grass Odonaspis, J. Kotinsky {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17
{1915), No. 3, pp. lOl-lOJ/, figs. 2). — Odonaspis ruthce, which infests Bermuda
grass {Ci/nodon dactylon) in Honolulu, living mostly underground on the stem,
is described as new.

Notes on the brown lace-wing' (Hemerobius pacificus), G. F. Moznettb
{Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 350-35.',, pi. 1).—A more detailed ac-
count than that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 651).

This lace-wing was found to be particularly important in destroying the
oviparous females of the rosy apple aphis {Aj)his sorbi) and the currant aphis
{Myzus ribis). However, this species preys upon almost all species of Aphi-
didie, and during July, 1913, it was found quite abundant in hopyards feeding
upon the wingless females of the summer generations of the hop aphis and also
on the red spider of the hop {Tetranychus telarius). The larval period was
found to average 14 days. The life cycle at a temperature ranging from 60 to
80° F. during the day and from 40 to 50° at night required an average period of
38 days. Five larvge observed from December 11 to December 18 consumed from
24 to 27 aphidids each, or a total varying from 191 to 216 each.

A new species of Stenares, N. Banks {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 {1915), No.

s. pp. m 145).

The pupal instar of the fruit-tree leaf -roller (Archips argyrospila), G. W.
Herrick and R. W. Leiby (Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 6. pp. 185-187).— A
tabular record of 227 pupse under observation during June and early July shows
the minimum length of the pupal instar to be 9 days and the maximum 16 days,
with an average of 12.6 days.

858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Another migratory moth, J. R. Watson (Ent. News, 26 {1915), No. 9, pp.
419--/f22). — This article relates to the noctuid moth Anticarsia gemmatiUs, the
caterpillars of which are great pests of the velvet bean and also attack the
kudzu vine and horse bean in Florida.

It appears that the damage to the velvet bean in the Miami section begins in
July, at least six weeks earlier than at Gainesville, which is near the northern
limit of its occurrence in the larval stage. Records show the migration of the
adult to the Northern States to be somewhat similar to that of the cotton leaf
worm. It is thought to be quite certain that it does not ordinarily winter over
even in central Florida but works northward from the southern part of the
State.

Some notes on the activities of egg parasites of the codling moth in
Turkestan, N. N. Troitskii (Trudy Pervago Yscross. Si^sda DQiatcl. Prikl.
Ent., Kiev, 191S, pp. 1S5-1S9; abs. m Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 5,
p 241). — Examinations made in 1913 of various orchards in Turkestan led to
the discovery of several parasites of the eggs of the codling moth in addition to
iPentartliron) Trichogramma carpocapsw. Amongst these N. Kurdftimov has
identified the following: T. emhryophagus in Tashkond. T. scmUidU ?
{minuttim ?) in Tashkend, and Trichogramma sp. in Ferghana and Samarkand,
where T. carpocapsw was absent.

Poisoned bait for cutworms, E. H. Strickland {Canad. Ent., 1ft (1915),
No. 7, pp. 201-20k). — Experimental control work during the past two years with
Porosagrotis orthogonia and Euxoa ochrogastcr, and again during the present
spring upon a species of Chorizagrotis, have shown shorts to be far more valu-
able than bran for use in a poisoned bait.

Notes on Anopheles production from a malarial survey, H. R. Carter
(Amcr. Jour. Trap. Diseases and Prev. Sled., 2 (1915), No. 12, pp. 753-758). —
This paper deals with the relation of foul and clear water to breeding different
kinds of mosquitoes, season and districts of breeding of Anopheles punciipen-
nis, collections of water not producing Anopheles yet showing Anopheles larvae,
and complete and incomplete breeding places.

The role of Anopheles punctipennis in the transmission of malaria, W. V.
King (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), Nos. 109^, pp. 873, 874; 1096, pp. 934, 935).—
The author has demonstrated, through feeding experiments, that .1. punctipen-
nis is an efficient host for tertian malaria. It is pointed out, however, that this
does not necessarily indicate that it is an efficient carrier of other forms of
malaria, and that the investigations of Hirschberg indicate that it is not.

Mosquito eradication and prevention, with special reference to the
malaria-bearing or Anopheles mosquito, W. D. Wkightson (Amer. Jour.
Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 2 (1915), No. 12, pp. 738-752, figs, f?).— Methods
of controlling mosquitoes are dealt with.

A contribution to the life history of the corn-feeding syrphus fly (Meso-
gramma polita), C. H. Richardson (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 3, pp. 338-
342, pi. 1). — The author reports studies made during the course of an infesta-
tion by this fly which extended over a considerable portion of 200 acres of
sweet corn at Jobstown, N. J., during the summer of 1913. Adults and larvse
were found to feed on pollen, but no deleterious effects upon the corn were
observed.

An eastern Chilosla with hairy eyes, R. C. Shannon (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wa^^h.,
17 (1915), No. 3, p. 168).

On the reproductive and host habits of Cuterebra and Dermatobia. C. H. T.
TowNSEND (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1077, pp. 253-255). — Upon dissecting
a female specimen of Cuterebra cvniculi the author found the uterus to contain
well over 5,000 eggs, and perhaps nearer 10.000.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 359

"The presence of the incubating uterus, enveloped with tracheae, indicates
that the egg is held within the fly until the maggot is well formed. ... As
far as Cuterebra is concerned, we can feel quite confident that its host relation
is maintained through stealth, and that, barring accidents, the fly never comes
in contact with the host. The eggs are probably deposited in the burrows or
runways of the rabbits, rats, and other small mammals which it parasitizes."

Notes on the habits of Dermatobia follow.

Commensalism in Desmometopa, F. Knab (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wasli,., 17 (1915),
No. S, pp. 111-121). — Attention is called to the fact that agromyzids of the
genus Desmometopa feed on the juices of insects freshly ijilled by other
rapacious arthropods with which they are associated.

Flies which cause myiasis in man and animals. — Some aspects of the
problem, F. O. Bishopp (Jowr. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 317-329).— A
review of the subject with references to the literature.

An experiment with Stomoxys calcitrans in an attempt to transmit a
filaria of horses in the Philippines, M. B. Mitzmain (Amer. Jour. Trop.
Diseases and Prev. Med., 2 {1915), No. 12, pp. 759-763, pi. l).—One hundred
and fifty-four stable flies which had engorged upon a horse, the blood of which
showed as many as 12 microfilarisE in a single field under a low-power micro-
scope, were applied daily for 42 days to four normal horses. Blood examina-
tions for the presence of microfilaria gave negative results for all four animals.
The greatest death rate among the infested flies was during the flrst ten days,
i. e., during the period when development of the microfllarise took place in
their bodies.

The effect of various chemicals on blowfly, W. F. Cooper and W. A. B.
Walling {Aivn. Appl. Biol., 2 {1915), Nos. 2-3, pp. 166-182) .—The authors
report upon experiments conducted at the Cooper Laboratory for Economic
Research, Watford, England, with the object of determining the insecticidal
value of various chemicals, a large number of which have never been actually
employed as insecticides. The results are presented in detail in tabular form.
The general summary drawn by the authors is as follows :

" Of substances repellent to the blowfly and therefore capable of protecting
sheep from their ravages, the following appear to be the most suitable : Methyl
salicylate, p-nitranilin, picric acid, creosote, green oil, boric acid, fusel oil, pine
oil, alizarin oil, origanum oil, mustard oil, sod oil, iodoform, dimethylanilin,
quinoliu, allyl alcohol, aloin, saponin, copper carbonate, nitrobenzene, sinapis
oil, and aniseed oil.

" For the application of toxic agents, a powder form has been found to be
very convenient and efficient, precipitated chalk forming a suitable and cheap
basis. The substances, applied in this form, which appear to be most toxic to
the blowfly larva, comprise the following: Arsenic sulphid, nitrobenzene, eu-
calyptus oil, methyl salicylate, cedarwood oil, p-nitranilin, ^-naphthylamin,
oxalic acid, borax, quinolin, allyl alcohol, picric acid, dimethylanilin, copper
carbonate, oil of cloves, turpentine, ^-naphthol. creosote, fusel oil, sinapis oil,
aniseed oil, and iodoform. Since the young larvae are much more susceptible
than the old, in field work, the medicated powder should be applied either
previous to, or in the very earliest days of, the larval stage.

" Various vapors have been shown to be toxic to the blowfly larvae, and of
these the most successful are brombenzene, chloral hydrate, ethyl acetate,
iodin, and pyridin."

The habits, life history, and structure of a bloodsucking muscid larva
(Protocalliphora azurea), A. F. Coutant {.Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1915), No. 3,
pp. 135-150, figs. 7). — The author reports upon studies at Ithaca, N. Y., of the

360 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

larva of this dipteran, which occurs as a normal bloodsucking parasite of
nesting birds, with fatal results in some cases. The structure of the larva
and of the pupa are described, as are the habits and distribution of the adult

A list of 9 references is appended.

Revision of Myiophasia, C. H. T. Townsend {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11
(1915), No. 3, pp. 101-11 Jf).

A new nocturnal species of Tachinidae, W. R. Walton (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 17 (1915), No. 3, pp. 162-Wt. figs. 3).

A new and interesting genus of North American Tachinidae, W. R.
Walton (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 3, pp. 10^-107, figs. 6).— A
tachinid reared at Pasadena. N. J., from undetermined grasshoppers is de-
scribed as CoquiUettina plankii n. g. and n. sp.

Some muscoid synonyms, C. H. T. Townsend (Ent. News., 26 (1915), No.
10, p. 366).

Kerosene traps as a means of checking up the effectiveness of a poisoned
bait spray to control the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). with
a record of beneficial insects captured in the kerosene, H. H. P. and H. C.
Severin (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. S, pp. 329-338, pi. i).— This paper is
in continuation of in v est i orations previously noied (E. S. R.. 32, p. 153).

Life history, natural enemies, and the poisoned bait spray as a method of
control of the imported onion fly (Phorbia cepetorum) with notes on other
cnion pests, H. H. P. and H. C. Sevekin (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. S,
pp. 3Ji2-3oO). — This paper reports upon studies made in Wisconsin of the
life history of P. cepetorum, its natural enemies, probable causes of its enor-
mous increase, and the poison bait spray for it. In addition briof notes are
presented on the blaclc onion fly (Tritoxa flcxa), barred-winged onion fly
(Chcetopsis cmea), Euxesta notata, onion thrips, cutworms, miscellaneous in-
sects injurious to onions, and insects bred from decayed onions.

The number of eggs which are laid at one deposition may vary from 1 to 15.
Under field conditions the incubation period of eggs deposited by the first brood
of P. cepetorum in early June varied from 3 to 4 days. The larval period was
completed in from 2 to 3 weeks in green onions, onion sets, and small seeded
onions, but in seeded onions from the previous year the develoiimeut of the
maggots was often prolonged and, in some instances, required from 4 to 5
weeks. The pupal period under field conditions required from 9 to IG days
during the latter part of June and early July, the majority of the second brood
of flies emerging in 11, 12, and 13 days. They were found to develop in radishes
and in manure. The period of emergence of the second brood af onion flies
under field conditions extended from June 28 to July 25, most of the flies issuing
from July 1 to July 12.

The rove beetle Aleochara anthonujice is said to be the most important enemy
of this pest in Wisconsin. A report of the results of control work with the
poison bait spray, by Sanders, has been noted (E. S. R.. 33. p. 357 K

Concerning a new enemy of the carob bean in Italy, Eumarschalia gen-
nadii, G. del Guercio (Rcdia, 9 (1913), No. 2, pp. 227-232, figs. 3; abs. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 1, p. 55). — A dipteran, thought to be Schizomyia
gennadii, for which the author erects the subgenus Eumarschalia, is said to
have attacked the carob bean in Italy since 1904. In some districts from 50 to
60 per cent of the crop is affected. Control consists in the collection of injured
beans toward the end of summer, just before harvesting, and placing in an
oven or boiling water.

The influence of Oscinis frit on the growth and jrield of summer-sown
cereals, E. M. Vassiltev (Reprint from luzh. Russ. Selsk. Khoz. ll(i~.. 1914. PP-
17; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 147, l^S).— Work with

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 361

the frit fly in Petrograd in 1911 indicates tliat the application of a mineral
fertilizer will overcome its injury to oats to a considerable extent.

A new species of Mycetaulus, N. Banks (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 (,1915),
No. 3, p. 145).

A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys, H. C. Fall
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 41 (1915), No. 3, pp. 291-486).— A revision of the
chrysomelid genus Pachybrachys. The author recognizes 159 species, of which
73 and a number of varieties are described as new to science.

A review of Henriksen's cerambycid larvae in Danmark's Fauna, Biller
III, Traebukke, 1914, F. C. Craighead (Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., 17 (1915), No.
S, p. 127).

Recent ladybird introductions, H. S. Smith (AIo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4
(1915), No. 11, pp. 523-525, figs. 3). — The introduction of two valuable ladybird
beetles, Chilocorus bipustulatus and Exochomus quadripustulatus, from Italy
into California duruig the summer just past is recorded.

Borers of fruit trees, canes, and vines, M. P. Somes (Missouri Fruit Sta.
Bui. 25 (1915), pp. 3-23). — A brief account is given of the more important
insect borers of fruit trees, canes, and vines, their life histories and habits, to-
gether with a key for their identification and a host list.

Life history and control of Agrilus hastulif er, E. V. Zvieeezomb-Zubkovskt
(Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 227, 228).— Since 1905,
when this beetle was first reported as a forest pest in the Government of
Kief, it has done considerable damage to oak and hornbeam each j^ear in the
forests of that government and of southwestern Russia.

Notes on Ipidae with description of a new species, A. D. Hopkins. (Proc,
Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 1, p. 54)- — A new species collected from Pinus
radiata and P. contorta from California to Idaho is described as Ips (Tomicus)
radiatee.

Observations on the metamorphosis of Dendrolimus pini, K. Shishkin
(Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 5, p. 227).— A brief account
based upon observations made during 1910, 1911, and 1912, in the Government
of Poltava.

A new g'enus of scolytoid beetles, A. D. Hopkins (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
5 (1915), No. 12, pp. 4^9-433). — The genus Conophthorus, the type species of
which is Pityophthorvs coniperda, is characterized and brief descriptions given
of a large number of new species.

A mechanical measwre for controlling the flea-beetle (Epitrix fuscula) on
potato, C. L. Metcalf (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 240, 241, pi. 1).—
The difliculty met with in controlling flea-beetles on potatoes by means of in-
secticides led the author to construct the trap here described. This consists of
a box the inside of which is covered with a thin coat of tree tanglefoot. As
the vines pass through the box from one end to the other the flea-beetles leave
them and are caught by the tanglefoot.

Counts made of the number of insects caught by this trap showed flea-
beetles to the number of 1,357 from one-twentieth of an acre, or at the rate of
over 25,000 per acre, and the apple-leaf hopper at the rate of 40,000 per acre.

New records of the shot-hole borer, E. O. Essig (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cat,,
4 (1915), No. 9, p. 445)- — The loquat is added to the list of fruit trees attacked
by Eccoptogaster (Scolytus) rugulosus.

The uses of certain weevils and weevil products in food and medicine,
W. D. Pierce (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (191), No. 3, pp. 151-154, fig. 1).

The life history of Rhynchites auratus in Turkestan according to ob-
servations in 1912 and 1913, N. N. Troitskii (Trudy Pervago Vseross. Siezda
DQfatel. Prikl. Ent., Kiev, 1913, pp. 131-134; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915),

362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 2^0, 2^1). — The weevils appear early in April and first attack
the blossoms of cherry trees, gnawing a hole in the side of the calyx and fre-
quently penetrating into and destroying the ovary. In 1913 from 63 to 66 per
cent of the blossoms were damaged in this way. When the young fruits appear
the beetles feed exclusively on them, in 1913 74 per cent having been damaged
in that stage. From 50 to 72 per cent of the eggs are parasitized by a chalcidid.

The secretions employed by Rhynchophorous larvae in cocoon making, F.
Knab (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. S, pp. 15^-158).

The embryology of the honeybee, J. A. Nelson (Princeton: University
Press, 1915, pp. VI+282, pis. 6, figs. 95). — Following a brief historical review
the author deals with the subject under the headings of the organization of the
egg; cleavage; formation and completion of the blastoderm; the germ layers;
the amnion and the cephalo-dorsal body; general a-^eount of the development
of the embryo, with especial reference to the external form ; the nervous sys-
tem ; tracheal system, endoskeleton, and hypodermis ; the oenocytes ; muscles,
fat body, and circulatory system ; sex organs — ovaries ; alimentary canal ;
yolk and yolk cells ; duration and rate of development ; and technique.

A bibliography of eight pages Is appended.

The life and habits of bees, H. von Buttel-Reepen (Lehen und Wescn der
Bicnen. lirun^irick: Fricdr. Vieiceg rf Son. 1915, pp. .Y/r+300, pi. 1, figs. 60). —
The first part of this work (pp. 7-15S) deals with the life history of bees. In-
cluding the geographical distribution of the honeybee and its varieties and other
species of Apis, polymorphism and morphology, parthenogenesis in the honeybee,
biology, etc. The second part (pp. 159-256) deals with the general organization
of the honeybee.

A 2.3-page bibliography and author and subject indexes are included.

Bee keeping: A discussion of the life of the honeybee and of the produc-
tion of honey, E. F. Phillips (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1915. pp.
XXn+4.57, pis. 8, figs. 180). — In the preparation of this handbook the author
has made use of the information gained in Investigations of bees and bee culture
by the Bureau of Entomology- of this Department, of which work he Is in
charge.

The subject is dealt with under the following chapter headings: Bee keeping
as an occupation, apparatus, the colony and its organization, the cycle of the
year, the life of the individual in relation to the colony, the life processes of the
individual, the nervous system and the sen.ses, the reproductive processes and
parthenogenesis, races of bees, regional differences within the United States,
the first steps in bee keeping, the apiary site, the manipulation of bees, .«;prlng
management, swarm control and increase, the production of extracted honey,
the production of comb honey, marketing the honey crop, the production and
care of beeswax, the care of bees in winter, the sources of nectar and pollen,
bee diseases and enemies, the rearing of queens, and mijsoellaneous information.

Notes on Bombidae, with descriptions of new forms, H. J. Franklin
(Ent. Neics, 26 (1915), No. 9, pp. ^OO-^i?).— Supplementary to the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 59).

A new Diastrophus on strawberry, W. Beutenmuller (Canad. Ent., J^l
(1915), No. 11, pp. 353, 354, fig- D- — A cynipid which forms galls on the
petioles of strawberry at Toronto, Canada, and elsewhere, is described as
Diastrophus fragarire n. sp.

Notes on the strawberry leaf petiole gall (Diastrophus fragarise). A.
CosENS [Cawid. Ent.. 1,1 (1915), No. 11. pp. 354. 3.55, fig. i).— Brief Udtos are
presented on the strawberry gall dosrriliod above.

Some generic corrections in the Ophioninae. S. A. Rohweu, A. B. Gahan,
and R. A. Cushman (Proc. Ent. Soc. M'ash., 17 (1915), No. S, pp. 149, 150).

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. S63

A few notes on the habits of parasitic Hymenoptera, W. D. Pierce and
R. A. CusHMAN (Proc. Ent. Soc. M'asJi., 17 (1915), No. 3, pp. 164-167).

Descriptions of new Ichneumonidae and taxonomic notes, li. A. Cushman
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 {1915), No. S, pp. 132-U2) .—This paper consists
largely of descriptions of new species of economic importance, together with
notes on previously described species and genera. Among the new species of
importance are Calliephialtes thurherm from Anthonomus grandis thurberiw
in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ; Trematopygus eriocampoididis from
Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerasi, and Omorgus tortricidis from Polychrosis
viteana at North East, Pa.; and O. plithorimoca from Phthorimxca operculella,
at Pasadena, Cal. The genus Prosmoridea is erected for Prosmorus elotigatus.

The genus Secodella in North America, J. C. Crawford (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 17 (1915), No. S, pp. 142-144)- — The author recognizes five species, of
which four are described as new to science, namely, Secodella cushmani from
Polychrosis viteana at North East, Pa. ; S. acrobasis from Acrobasis nebulella
at Monticello, Fla. ; S. rugosus from Oswego, N. Y. ; and S. viridis from an
unknown locality.

An insect enemy of the four-lined leaf bug (Pcecilocapsus lineatus), C. R.
Crosby and R. Matheson (Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 6, pp. 181-183, figs. 4). —
The larva of a hyraenopteran found at Ithaca, N. Y., to burrow through the pith
of Weigelia stems until it reaches a row of eggs of P. lineatus and then to eat
and destroy them, is described as Cirrospilus ovisugosus n. sp.

A new genus and species of Trichogrammatidae from the Philippines, A. A.
GiBAULT (Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 7, pp. 233, 234) .—Pseudobrachsticha
semiaurea, reared from the eggs of Hilda breviceps at Los Banos, Philippine
Islands, represents a new genus and species.

Further data on the life economy of the chinch bug egg parasite, J. W.
McCoLLOCH and H. Yuasa (Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1915), No. 2, pp. 248-261, figs.
S). — A detailed report of life history studies of Eumicrosoma benefica, a brief
account of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 354). Collections
of eggs were made in 16 localities in Kansas during July and August, and the
average parasitism for the State, exclusive of Manhattan, was 14..5 per cent.

New species of Aphidiinse, a subfamily of plant lice parasites, H. L.
ViERECK (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 285, 286).— The two
new plant lice parasites here described, namely, Epliedrus wstivaUs and Morv-
octonus secundus, make a total of 11 species of the subfamily recorded from
California.

A new species of Campoplex, H. J. Franklin (Ent. Netvs, 26 (1915), No. 8,
pp. 356, 357). — Campoplex variabilis, which was found to parasitize from 25
to 30 per cent of the larvae of Epelis truncataria faxonii at Wareham, Mass., is
described as new to science.

The peculiarities of development of Collyria calcitrator, N. V. Kubdiumov
(Trudy Pervago Yseross. Stezda Dteiatel. PriJcl. Ent., Kiev, 1913, pp. 94-96;
abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 5, p. 237). — This ichneumonid, one
of the principal parasites of the wheat sawfly (Cephus pygma^tis) and fre-
quently destroying 75 per cent of its larvae, has been found through experi-
ments at the Poltava Station to oviposit in the egg of its host. The egg of the
parasite develops very slowly and produces a larva in the body of the larva
of the host, where it winters and destroys its host the following spring.

A destructive pine sawfly introduced from Europe (Diprion [Lophyrus]
simile), W. E. Britton (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 3, pp. 379-382, pi. 1). —
This important European sawfly has been found to occur on pine in nursery
at New Haven, Conn., where it appears to have become established.

364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A remarkable new genus of Cephidae, S. A. Rohweb {Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash.,
11 (1015), Xo. 3, pp. 114-117, figs. 5).— The new genus and species here de-
scribed as Syntexis libocedrii was reared from larvje and pupae collected in the
cells near the outer surface of the wood of a large incense cedar (Liboccdrus
decurrens) at Rose Camp, Cal.

Pneumonyssus foxi n. sp., an arachnoid parasitic in the lung of a
monkey (Macacus rhesus), F. D. Weidman {Jour. Parasitology, 2 {1915), No.
1, pp. 37-45, pi. 1). — The new species here described, tentatively placed in the
genus Pneumonyssus, is the fifth arachnoid species described from the air
passages of the monlvey.

Fragmentary notes on the life history of the myriapod. Spirobolus mar-
ginatus, H. S. Barber {Proc. Ent. Sac. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 3, pp. 123-126).

Migrating armies of myriapods, H. S. Barber {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.. 17
(1915), No. 3, pp. 121-123).

Some new gregarine parasites from Arthropoda, Minnie E. Watson (Jour.
Parasitology, 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 27-36, pis. 2). — Three species of gregarines in
Diplopoda, 9 in Coleoptera, and 5 in Orthoptera, one of which represents the
new genus Leidyaua, are describetl as new to science.

FOODS— HTJMAN NUTRITION.

Digestibility of some animal fats, C. F. Langworthy and A. D. Holmes
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 310 (1915), pp. 23).— This bulletin reports the results of
a study of the digestibility of lard, beef fat, mutton fat. and butter. The sub-
jects of the experiments, normal young men, were fed a basal ration, with
which were incorporated the fats to be Ftudle<l. Test periods included 3 days,
or 9 meals, of the ration containing the fat studieil. The average amounts of
fat eaten per subject per day were as follows : Lard. 90 gm. ; beef fat. 100 gra. ;
mutton fat, 53 gni. ; and butter, 100 gm. The amount of protein consumetl was
somewhat lower than that specified in dietary standards, but this amount was
a matter of personal choice.

"The values for the digestibility of the carbohydrate content of the dieis
were 96, 97, 97, and 96 per cent [respectively, for lard, beef fat. mutton fat, and
butter] . . .

" The average energy value available per man per day as calculated by the
usual factors and the coefficients of availability found in the digestion experi-
ments was 2,235 calories for the lard, 2.730 calories for the beef fat, 2,145 cal-
ories for the mutton fat. and 2,420 calories for the butter diet. The.se energy
quantities would be insufficient for severe nuispular activity, but should meet
the needs of those following sedentary occupations."

From the close agreement of the average coefficients of availability of energy
calculated for the rations it is concluded that " the different fats did not ex-
ercise any unusual effect upon the digestibility of the other constituents of the
rations."

The coefficients of digestibility of the fats studied after allowance had been
made for metabolic products were as follows : Butter fat. 97 per cent ; lard, 97
per cent ; beef fat, 93 per cent ; and nuitton fat, 88 per cent. From a compari-
son of these coefficients with the melting points of the fats it is concluded that
the fats of a low melting point are capable of a more complete assimilation
than those of a higher melting point.

"In the beof-fat experiments, in which approximately 140 gm. of fat were
consumed per day, the subjects reported a tendency toward a laxative condi-
tion, which was not noted when the amount of fat consumed was decreased. As

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 305

no such condition resulted from eating the other fats, it would seem from the
information at hand that the limit of tolerance for these may have been higher
than for beef fat."

Similar experiments are being carried on with other culinary and table fats.

The water content of meat products, E. Seel (Chem. Ztg., S9 {1915), Nos.
66, pp. 409, 410; 69, pp. 431, 432). — A controversial article. On the basis of
the analysis of a large number of samples of sausage, the author disagrees with
Feder (E. S. R., 32, p. 252) and concludes that the ratio number 3.5 is more
nearly correct than 4.0 for denoting the relative amounts of water and " or-
ganic nonfat " in chopped meats.

Farinaceous milks, Gobekt (Ann. Falsi/., 8 (1915), A'o. 19-80, pp. 165-170). —
The Swiss Codex defines farinaceous milks as preparations composed of a desic-
cated mixture of milk and of cereal or legume flour, the starch of which has been
rendered as soluble as possible. Analyses were made of three products of this
type to determine the percentages of water, fat, reducing sugars, cane sugar,
casein, and other soluble and insoluble matter present. The only one of these
products having the composition considered by the author ideal contained 4.1
per cent of fat and 6 per cent of casein.

Baking qualities of flours from grades of wheat from the Canadian West-
ern Provinces, R. Harcoukt (Jour. Soc. Cheni. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 15, pp.
821, 822).— The results are reported of baking tests with flour produced in an
experimental mill from several different grades of wheat grown in western
Canada in the years 1911 to 1914. The factors studied included the percentage
of wet gluten and water absorption, the weight and size of the loaf, and the
color, texture, and appearance of the bread.

Baking without grain flour, W. Ostwald and A. Riedel (Chem. Ztg., 39
(1915), No. 85-86, pp. 537, 538, figs. 5). — Baking tests are described which were
made with potato and tapioca flours used singly or mixed in equal proportions,
and to which in some cases were added potato-flour paste and baking powder,
or milk and yeast, a little sugar and salt, and in one case eggs. The best re-
sults were obtained with the potato flour and paste, to which milk and yeast
were added.

Conserves for the army, Moussu (Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1 (1915),
No. 23, pp. 668-677). — A summary and digest of experimental data consisting
in part of the report of Piettre, which describes the composition of several
meat and vegetable products intended for army use and outlines the technique
employed in preserving vegetables both alone and with meat.

The composition of frozen oranges and lemons, H. D. Young (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1038-1041). — Con.siderable data are
reported regarding the effect of freezing on the composition of the juice of
oranges and lemons. The factors determined were the specific gravity and
acidity of the fruit and of the fruit juice, and the sugar content of the juice.
Samples of both frozen and unfrozen fruits were examined, some having been
picked at short intervals and others shortly after having been frozen and then
stored. The results are summarized by the author as follows :

" The principal change caused in citrus fruits by freezing is an excessive loss
of moisture. This is shown by a marked lowering of specific gravity.

" The percentages of sugar and acid decrease slightly but definitely.

" Since the change in the composition of the juice is slight, its edible qualities
are not impaired if it is not frozen so severely as to cause it to dry up."

Certain sanitary aspects of candy manufacture, E. H. Cummins (Amer.
Jour. Pub. Health, 5 (1915), No. 11, pp. 1148-1163).— This investigation was
carried out to determine the death rate of different pathogenic bacteria in

366 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

candy. Information of a general nature is given regarding the Importance of
the confectionery industry and its sanitary aspects. Only chocolate-coated
candies were considered. The methods of their manufacture are discussed
briefly in so far as they influence the sanitary quality of the finished product
Some data are given showing the bacterial content of various raw materials
used in the manufacture of chocolates.

In the experiments a mixture of sugar, chocolate, and milk powder was pre-
pared. After being sterilized, portions of this were inoculated with cultures
of the different types of bacteria to be studied. The inoculated portions were
stored at approximately 20° C. (68° F.) and samples taken from them at
stated intervals for bacteriological examination. The organisms used were
Bacillus typhosus, B. coli, B. pertussii, and B. tubercuU.

A study of the effect of hand and machine methods of dipping chocolates
upon the bacterial content showed that in almost every instance machine-
dipped chocolate contained less bacteria than did hand-dipped ones. Little
or no increase in the number of bacteria originally present took place in the
case of the machine-dipped chocolates.

In general it was found that the raw materials, especially the chocolate, are
the sources of a large number of the bacteria present in chocolate candies.

The experiments with B. pertussii (the organism of whooping cough) showed
that witliin a few hours after inoculation these organisms ceased to be present
In the candy. In the opinion of the author there is little possibility of the
transmission of this disease by candy infecte<l in the factory. Although the
results obtained with the tubercle bacillus are regarded by him as unsatis-
factory, they indicated a very slight possibility of the tubercle bacillus sur-
viving for a long time in chocolate. After a long period of storage it was
possible to isolate the tj^phoid organisms from the inoculated candy, and the
results indicated that there is a possibility of typhoid being transmitted
through infected candy In case a worker should be a carrier. It was found
also that the organisms of the colon type survived for a long time, and the
results of the experiments indicate<l that after being inoculated into candy
these organisms would probably find their way into tlie body through this
source.

The death rate of the organisms seemed to be somewhat related to the
amount of water present in the candy. In a candy of high-water content the
bacteria died out faster than in a candy of low-water content. The author
states that a continuance of this work is being carried on.

[Food and drug inspection], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North
Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., S (1915), No. 22, pp. 565-552).— This bulletin reports
the results of the sanitary inspection of a number of establishments where
foods are manufactured and sold, including stores, hotels, restaurants, etc.
The scores of the places are given. Data are also given regarding the inspec-
tion of a number of foods and patent medicines.

The metabolic relationship of the proteins to glucose. — III, Glucose forma-
tion from human proteins, N. W. Janney and N. R. Blathebwick (Jour.
Biol. Chcm., 23 (1915), No. 1, pp. 77-80). — From the results of experiments with
phlorizinized dogs fetl protein in the form of human muscle the conclusion is
drawn that not more than about 60 per cent of body protein can be converted
into glucose. This corresponds to a urinary G:N ratio of about 3.4:1. For
earlier work in this series see a previous note (E. S. R.. 33. p. SOS).

The injurious effect of an exclusive oat diet, leading to an acid poisoning.
A. MoRGEN and C. Begeu ( llopix-Sci/lcr'.s Ztsclir. I'hij.>)i()l. Chcm., H', [n)l5).
No. 5-6, pp. 824-336). — Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rabbits)

POODS — HUMAN NUTKITION. 367

were conducted by the authors for the purpose of determining the Influence on
metabolism of ingesting an exclusive oat diet. The animals receiving a pure
oat diet lost weight steadily and finally became emaciated and anemic. The
addition of dicalcium phosphate or sodium chlorid did not improve this con-
dition, but when calcium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate were added to the
diet the rabbits gained in weight and ate a constant or increasing amount of
the oat ration. The conclusion is drawn that acid poisoning is the cause of
the harmful action — that tlie oat diet does not supply sufficient basic mineral
matter to neutralize the acids formed in the process of digesting the oats.

Experimental treatment of human beri-beri with constituents of rice
poUshings, R. R. Williams and N. M. Saleeby (PhilUpine Jour. Sci., Sect. A,
10 (1915), No. 2, pp. 99-118, jjIs. 2).— Clinical observations are reported of 27
cases of human beri-beri, some of which were treated with allantoin, others
with hydrolyzed extract of rice polishings, and the rest with unhydrolized
extract. The authors' conclusions follow :

"Allantoin has a beneficial effect in certain cases of beri-beri, although prob-
ably never amounting to a complete cure. Its value should be tested further.

" Hydrolyzed extract of rice polishings has benefited all the types of beri-
beri upon which it has been tried. It can be of practical service, but should bo
used only in cases under the direct supervision of physicians and nurses.
Unhydrolyzed extract of rice polishings is a safe and valuable remedy for
infantile beri-beri, but is of little use for older cases.

"The vitamin of rice polishings possesses specific and prompt curative prop-
erties far beyond those of any other known substance. Unfortunately, its cost
at present prohibits its general use among the poorer classes, who are the chief
sufferers from beri-beri.

"As a whole, the observations . . . are in accord with the broad proposition
that the disease, in a pi'actical sense at least, results primarily from a poor
diet, deficient more particularly in specific substances of the nature of Funk's
vitamin."

The nature of the dietary deficiencies of rice, E. V. McCollum and
Maeguekite Davis (Jour. Biol. Chetn., 23 {1915), No. 1, pp. lSl-230, figs. 1,2). —
In extension of earlier work (E. S. R., 33, pp. 367, 465) the authors conducted
a series of feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) to study the
food properties of polished and unpolished rice, as well as the supplementary
relationship between rice and certain naturally occurring food substances.
The methods of preparation of the extracts employed in the experiments are
described, and curves are given showing the gi'owth of the rats in each
experiment. The results of the work, which are reported in detail, may be
summarized briefly as follows :

These experiments show that " there are necessary for normal nutrition
during growth two classes of unknown accessory substances, one soluble in
fats and accompanying these in the process of isolation of fats from certain
foodstuffs, and the other soluble in water, but apparently not in fats." This
water-soluble accessory is also soluble in alcohol.

It is also evident that " purified proteins, fats having the growth-promoting
property, and salt mixtures of appropriate composition, can not adequately
supplement polished rice so as to produce a diet which will support growth.
. . . Unpolished rice is so supplemented by additions of purified foodstuffs as
to make a food mixture which supports normal growth. . . . The inorganic
content of polished rice has been closely imitated by suitable additions of
salts and free mineral acids in a ration derived from milk powder and dextrin
and in one from desiccated egg and a dextrin, without causing any loss of
growth-promoting power of the food mixture.

368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

'• Polished rice does not exert a toxic effect on animals even when it con-
stitutes as much as 80 to 90 per cent of the food mixture. Simple mixtures
of rice and egg, rice and milk powder, rice and wheat embryo, carrying such
a content of rice, have proved perfectly satisfactory for growth and for pro-
longed well-being.

" The addition of quantities of wheat embryo or of milk powder as small as
2 per cent of the food mixture, consisting aside from these constituents of
polished rice, casein, salt, and milk fat, furnishes enough of an essential
accessory to induce growth.

" The essential accessory substance, aside from that carried by milk fat, is
present in water and in alcoliolic extracts of wheat embryo and of egg yolk.
The accessory substance which is soluble in water and in alcohol is stable
to heat. Prolonged boiling does not injure it to a noticeable degree.

"The amounts of water extract (freed from protein by coagulation) which
we have found necessary to supply enough of the water-soluble accessory to
induce normal growth carry nitrogen equivalent to about 1 per cent of the
total nitrogen of the ration. Amounts of alcoholic extract of wheat embryo
carrying as litttle as 0.6 gm. of .solids and 0.0095 gm. nitrogen (0.33 per cent
of the total nitrogen of the ration) suffice to induce normal growth.

" The water-soluble accessory is not the same one as is furnished by milk
fat. Twenty per cent of milk fat addition does not induce any growth unle.ss
the other accessory is supplied.

" Polished rice and salts, together with sufficient wheat embryo to supply
liberal protein and water-soluble accessory additions, do not support growth.
The fat-soluble accessory must likewise be supplied before growth can proceed."

The essential factors in the diet during' growth, E. V. McCollum and
Margukrite Davis {Jour. Biol. Cbcm.. 23 (1915), No 1, pp. 231-21,6. figs. 12).—
Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) are de.-icribed which are
in continuation of the work mentioned above. The basal ration contained
casein, from which all the water soluble constituents had been removed by
dialysis, dextrin, a mixture of inorganic salts, and agar-agar. In some of the
tests these substances alone in varying proportions made up the ration; in
other experiments different amounts of butter fat were added; in others, the
water and alcohol soluble extract of the wheat embryo; and finally both butter
and water-soluble extract were incorporated in the diet.

From the results obtained the authors conclude that "certain at present un-
identified substances aside from protein, carbohydrates, fats, and salts are in-
dispensable for growth or prolonged maintenance, nnd furthei'more there is a
class of such accessories soluble in fats and another soluble in water and
alcohol. From the data available ... it .seems highly probable that, while the
amount of accessory substances of either of these clas.ses which is required to
induce growth is small, the evidence points to the belief that a certaiu quantity
must be present before any growth can take place, and that above this amouut
growth seems to be in some measure proportional to the amount of accessories
present.

"It is obvious that in the study of the relative values of isolated proteins
fed with mixtures of purified food substances comparable amounts of these two
classes of accessories must be supplied. Otherwise no safe interpretation can
be put upon the results."

The cause of the loss of nutritive efficiency of heated milk, E. V. Mc-
CoLLVM and Marguerite Davis {Jour. Biol. Chew.. 23 {IDJi}). \o. 1, pp. 2^7-
254< fl9»- 6). — In order to ascertain the factors involved in the loss of efficiency
of milk by heating (which had been observed in the above experiments), ad-
ditional feeding experiments with rats were conducted in which a basal ration

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION". 369

of polished rice, casein in varying amounts, millv fat, and a salt mixture was
supplemented by the following hoated preparations from milk : Milk from
which the casein had been removed (whey), heated in the autoclave; milk from
which the casein and albumin had been removed, boiled six hours ; and lactose
(heated in the autoclave).

The following summary of conclusions it given :

" Skim milk powder which has been wet and long he«ted in a double boiler
or heated for a period of one hour in an autoclave at 15 lbs. pressure, no
longer supports growth as does the unheated product. When heated, milk
powder also loses its property of supplementing certain rations made up of
polished rice, plus salts and milk fat : i. e., rations which require both protein
and water-soluble accessory to make them support growth.

" Wheat embryo, which is as efQcient as milk powder in supplementing
such rice rations, can be heated for one hour in an autoclave at 15 lbs. pressure
without manifesting any deterioration in this respect as does milk.

" Skim milk from which the casein has been removed (whey) can be heated
in an autoclave at 15 lbs. pressure for one hour without noticeable loss of its
nutritive properties. It still supplies the water-soluble accessary in active
form.

" Whey from which the albumin has been removed by coagulation can be
kept at the boiling temperature for six hours without any appreciable loss
in its activity as far as the water-soluble accessory Is concerned. Also lactose
which has been heated in an autoclave for one hour at 15 lbs. pressure still
behaves as does the unheated product in supplying to rations the water-soluble
accessory.

" Heating casein in a moist condition for one hour in an autoclave at 15 lbs,
pressure destroys its biological value as a complete protein. Heated casein or
heated milk powder are shown to have little, if any, toxicity. The deteriora-
tion is due to a loss of value of the protein fraction of the ration through
changes wrought in the casein."

The estimation of carbon dioxid tension in alveolar air, P. Roth (Jour.
Atner. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 5, 413-418, figs. 5). — A method is described
for obtaining samples of alveolar air. In the author's opinion, the carbon
dioxid tension in alveolar air is a most valuable index of the intensity of
acidosis in the body.

A text-book of military hyg'iene and sanitation, F. R. Keefer {Phila-
delphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1914, PP- 305+8, figs. 47). — Though
designed particularly for the u.se of those interested in problems of military
hygiene, this book has much of interest to the student of home economics
problems, as is shown by such chapter headings, as physical training, prevent-
able diseases, clothing, water supply, foods and their preparation, and the dis-
posal of wastes. The volume is based in considerable measure upon actual
experience gained through a long period in promoting the physical condition,
health, and fitness of soldiers, and deals primarily with measures which insure
these resiUts.

An improved respiration calorimeter for use in experiments with man,
C. F. Langworthy and R. D. Milner {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
5 {1915), No. 8, pp. 299-348, pis. 7). — This paper describes the respiration
calorimeter used for experiments with man in the Office of Home Economics,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Detailed descriptions are given of the con-
struction of the respiration chamber, the methods and apparatus employed in
the determination of the respiratory exchange, and the measurement of latent
and sensible heat. An apparatus for measuring muscular work performed by

370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

the subject of an experiment is also desoribed and tests of the accuracy of the
apparatus are reported. For the details of this report the original paper should
be consulted. An appendix of cited literature is included.

For an earlier description see a previous note (E. R. R.. 25, p. 570).

A respiratory chamber for small animals, A. C. Kolls and A. S. Loeven-
HAET {Amer. Jour. Physiol, S9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 67-76. figs. 8).— Detailed
descriptions are given of three respiratory chambers which are suitable for a
study of the caseous metabolism of small animals (dogs, rabbits, cats, rats,
mice, etc.) It Is possible to keep animals in these chambers for a week or
more in a given atmosphere of oxygen and nitrogen, but they are not designed
to measure energy exchange. For the details of construction, the original
should be consulted.

ANIMAL PRODTJCTION.

New literature, compiletl by M. Daiber et al. (ZtscTir. Tnduktive Abstam.
u. Vercrhunrfslehre, 1/f {1015), Xo. 2, pp. {l)-{S-'f)). — A bibliography of litera-
ture published during 1913, 1914, and 1915 on breeding, inheritance, and related
subjects.

Some studies of environmental influence, heredity, correlation, and growth
in the white mouse, F. B. Sumner {Jour. Expt. ZooL, 18 {1915), No. S, pp.
S25-4S2, figs. 17). — In these studies about 2,300 animals were measured.

Certain differences were noted between the mean measurements of lots which
were reared in a cold room and those reared in a warm room. As regards the
tail and foot these differences were considerable In amount and of almost cer-
tain statistical significance. After the initial retardation of the cold-room
animals in re.spect to tail length the tails grew faster, both relatively and abso-
lutely, than those of the warm-room animals. In both lots the shorter tails
grew, on the average, faster than the longer ones. There was a tendency
toward compensation in growth, such as has been observed for the weight of
guinea pigs.

References to the literature are appended.

Variability and amphimixis. L. B. Walton {Amcr. Nat., Ji9 {191,5), No.
5S7, pp. 6.'f9-GS7, figs. 6). — This Is a report of a comparative study of the
variability in zygospores of Spirogum ivflata formed by lateral (close breed-
ing) and by scalariform (cross-breeding) conjugation, and its bearing on the
theory of amphimixis and the problem of evolution. A bibliography is ap-
pended.

Effect of the popular sire, W. Hatnes {Jour. Ucredify, 6 {1915), No. 11, pp.
494-496, fig. 1). — In a statistical study of three varieties of terriers It was
found that over 40 per cent of the puppies were sired by approximately 20 per
cent of the stud dogs. It is thought that prepotency is especially strong in
certain fanilllos and that this undoubtedly Influences selection, but only in-
directly. The reputation of the Individual dog, both as a show winner and a
sire of winners, is almost always the determining factor in a breeder's selec-
tion, but It Is thought that It can hardly be a coincidence that In these three
breeds popularity and prepotency should have been combined. The fact that
artificial selection gives to certain selected, but not uniform, males an undue
preponderance of Influence, must always keep the type of domestic animals
In an unstable state. This is thought to be an important factor in the great
variability always noted among domesticated breeds.

Rabbit crossing, II, V. Haecker and Olga Kuttner {Ztschr. Induktive
Abstam. «. Vererbungslehre, 14 {1915), No. 2, pp. 49-70. pis. S, fig. /).— An
account of crossbreeding experiments with rabbits In a study of color inherit-
ance.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 371

Composition and digestibility of fresh grass and of hay dried naturally
and artificially, F. Honcamp (Landw. Vers. Stat., 86 {1915), No. S-4, pp. 215-
276). — In digestion trials with sheep to determine the relative digestibility of
hays cured in various ways it was found that fresh grass and the resulting
hay obtained by rapid desiccation in a vacuum apparatus had practically the
same digestibility, while in naturally dried hay the digestibility was less.
Ordinary drying of grass in the air and sun was always accompanied by a loss
of nutritive substances even aside from possible mechanical loss. The fat
content and its digestibility were unfavorably influenced by drying the hay
under these conditions, probably due to the fact that certain substances soluble
in ether and easy of digestion are entirely decomposed or converted into com-
pounds that dissolve only with difficulty and are indigestible. Likewise the
carbohydrates are easily decomposed in the natural drying process.

Artificial drying of grass at a low temperature, if ordinary precautions were
taken, caused no material loss in digestible nutrients. Artificial drying of
grass by means of air heated by direct fire, as in the case of the ordinary
drying apparatus, was always accompanied by a decrease in the digestible
protein material.

Soft com ears for silage (Better Iowa, 1 (1915), No. SO, p. 1). — Successful
experiments conducted at the Iowa State College in ensiling soft ears of corn
in the late roasting stage are reported. The ears were finely chopped, packed
tightly in small silos, and fermented for 12 days. The resulting silage was
very good, having a favorable odor much like ordinary entire corn silage,
and being bright, light colored, clean, free from mold, and palatable. Tests
showed sufficient silage acids present to preserve without over acidity or
sourness.

Ground nut cake (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 (1915), No. 4, pp. S08S1S). —
A general discussion of the feeding value of peanut cake, with a resume of
feeding experiments conducted in various countries.

Feeding stuffs inspection (Maine Sta. Off. In.sp. 72 (1915), pp. 101-196). —
Results of the inspection are reported, not as individual analyses, but in gen-
eral findings for each brand as compared with its guaranties, and the various
groups are discussed.

Inspection and analysis of feed stuffs, conditioners, tonics, etc. (In Off.
Bpt. on Feed Stuffs, [etc], 1914, Columbus, Ohio: Agr. Com. Ohio, Div. Agr.,
1915, pp. 5-8). — Analyses are given of bran, middlings, cotton-seed meal, oil
meal, malt sprouts, meat meal, hominy feed, dried brewers' grains, tankage,
meat scrap, blood tankage, corn gluten meal, alfalfa meal, screenings, dried
beet pulp, red dog flour, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.

Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, C. G. Williamson, and
G. F. Anderson (Vermont Sta. Bui. 189 (1915), pp. 297-328).— Analyses as to
protein content are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal,
linseed meal, gluten fearl, distillers" and brewers' drietl grains, hominy feeds,
provender, corn meal, dried beet pulp, alfalfa meal, meat scrap, cracked bone,
bone meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, red dog flour, and various mixed
and proprietary feeds. A synopsis of the Vermont statute dealing with feed-
ing stuffs is included.

Eeorganization of the stock breeding department in Brazil (Diario Off.,
Estad. Lnid. Brazil, .56 (1915). No. H. z9. 31; Bui. Off. Bur. Rcmeig. Bresil d
Paris. No. 33 (1915). pp. S-19 ; abs. in Internal. Itist. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. S, pp. 1079-1083). — An account of
the reorganization on .January 27, 1915, of the stock-breeding work in Brazil
into what is known as the department of pastoral industry. The duties of this
24307°— No. 4^16 6

372 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

department as regards veterinary inspection of ports, importation of animals,
registration of pedigree stock, and the federal stock-breeding stations are
described.

Nutritive ratios for growing cattle, A. Goltin and P. Andouard (Bid. Sta.
Agron. Loire-Inf., 1912-13, pp. 35-40). — A discussion of the WolfE-Lehmann and
the Kellner tables, together with a summary of digestion experiments with
young cattle. For maintenance requirements it is stated that 60 gm. of pro-
tein per 100 kg. of live weight is necessary, and in additon about 180 gm. of
protein for each kilogram of gain in weight. In general a ration which con-
tains 1 part of crude protein to 4 parts of nonnitrogenous elements seems to
meet the requirements during active growth.

Changes in the blood of cattle due to the method of slaughter, G. Squadriih
(Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 26 (1915), No. 2, pp. 51-56). — In experiments to
determine the effect which the different methods of slaughter have upon the
alteration of the blood of cattle, it was found that in shooting the coagulation
of the blood is almost instantaneous, the rapidity being greater the less the
time elapsing between shooting and bleeding. If the time between death and
bleeding was as much as three or four minutes coagulation was delayed. The
amount of fibrin in the blood was unchanged but the fibrin appeared to be
not entirely normal. The other methods of slaugliter tested had no abnormal
effect upon the coagulation of the blood.

Features of the sheep industries of United States, New Zealand, and
Australia compared, F. R. M.\rshall (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. SIS (1915), pp.
35, pis. 8). — The items discussed in this bulletin are the general conditions of
sheep husbandry in New Zealand and Australia, the tenure of pastoral lands
in these countries, flock management, breeds and types of sheep, shearing and
wool classifying, expense of preparing wool for market, selling graded or
classed wools in the United States, cooperative .shearing sheds in New Zealand,
education of wool growers and their employees, sheep raisers' organizations,
and the probable extent of future importations of mutton and wool from
Australasia.

The caracul sheep, the producer of " Persian lamb " and other furs of
ovine origin, R. Wallace (Abs. in Froc. Intermit. Cong. Trop. Agr., S (19H),
pp. 265-270). — A discussion of the breed characteristics and of experiments in
crossing this breed of sheep.

Difference in weight between raw and clean wools. W. S. I^kwis (Chrm.
Engin., 22 (1915), No. 5, pp. 197, 198). — A number of fleeces carefully sampled
and thoroughly cleansed of all grease and dirt showed average shrinkages of
from 19.5 to 54 per cent, according to the breed of sljeep.

In the South Australian wools the greatest .shrinkage difference between two
determinations upon samples drawn in the same manner from the same fleece
was 3 per cent, while for the New Zealand wools the largest difference was 6
per cent. The.se differences were calculated on the basis of raw-wool weight.

The difference in shrinkage between two fleeces of the same bree^l of sheep
grown in the same location was found to be as great as 9.5 per cent. The
results of such tests upon 13 different breeds of sheep showed a mean varia-
tion of 4.5 per cent in the shrinkage.

Ancestry of the goat (.Jour. Heredity. 6 (1915). No. 11, pp. 519-524. figs. S). —
A general r#sum6 of the ancestry and later development of the goat, showing
that modern breeds aie all descendants of a single .species. Breeding work has
been along two general directions, to improve the yield of milk and to improve
the yield of hair, considerable success having been attained along these lines.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 373

Length of gestation period in Yorkshire sows, Ji. Dassogno {Indus. Latt. e
Zootec, 13 (1915), No. 12, pp. 180-182).— An examiuation of 176 cases in York-
shire sows showed a gestation period usually varying between 111 and 116 days,
with the average 114 days. The longest period was 128 days, the shortest 106
days. The predominance of one sex in the offspring did not noticeably alter
the length of the gestation period, nor did the size of the litter nor the shape
and weight of the young pigs exert any influence upon it. The length of
period did, however, vary with the age, vigor, and general condition of the
sow, and more especially with the functioning of the ovaries.

Experiments in swine feeding, J. Withycomre, E. L. Potter, and G. R.
Samson [Oregon Sta. Bui. 127 (1915), pp. SO).— This bulletin summarizes the
results of hog-feeding experiments conducted at the station since 1904, as
previously noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 84).

In an experiment comparing chopped wheat and chopped barley two lots
of 5 pigs each were fed for 75 days; the lot receiving the wheat made an
average daily gain of 1.37 lbs. per head, and the lot fed the barley 1.35 lbs.
The lots required 4.78 and 5 lbs. of feed, respectively, per pound of gain. It
was found that white the barley proved superior to wheat during the first part
of the test it did not do so well during the latter part. During the first part
of the test the hogs ate more barley than wheat.

In an experiment comparing ground wheat, ground barley, and ground vetch
seed 3 lots of 4 pigs each, fed for 61 days, made average daily gains per head
of 1.3, 1.15, and 0.32 lbs., requiring 4.72, 5.34, and 9.63 lbs. of feed per pound
of gain, respectively. In this test vetch seed proved very unpalatable and en-
tirely unsuited for hog feeding.

In an experiment comparing skim milk and chopped wheat versus chopped
wheat alone, 3 lots of 6 pigs each fed for 61 days, lots 1 and 2 receiving
chopped wheat and lot 3 chopped wheat and skim milk, made average daily
gains per head of 1.79, 1.61, and 2..58 lbs., respectively. Lot 1 required 4.24 lbs.
of feed per pound of gain, lot 2, 4.4 lbs., and lot 3, 2.6 lbs. of feed and 5.59 lbs.
of milk. In this test lot 1, which was fed on a plank floor, consumed 3.6 per
cent less feed per 100 lbs. of gain than lot 2 which was on a dirt floor.

In an experiment comparing dry chopped barley, dry chopped wheat, and wet
chopped wheat, 3 lots of 6 pigs each were fed for 77 days, with average dally
gains per head of 1.015, 1.1, and 0.95 lbs., requiring 5.24, 4.69, and 4.55 lbs. of
feed per pound of gain, respectively. In this test the advantage of wet wheat
over dry was negligible.

Four lots of 7 pigs each were fed for 60 days, lot 1 receiving chopped barley,
lot 2 chopped barley and skim milk, lot 3 chopped wheat, and lot 4 chopped
wheat and skim milk. In this test the advantage of barley over wheat when
fed alone was 12 per cent, and the advantage of wheat over barley when fed
with skim milk, 13 per cent. To save 100 lbs. of barley it required 236 lbs. of
skim milk, and to save 100 lbs. of wheat, 113 lbs. of skim milk. The cost
per pound of gain was 5.44, 4.83, 6.11, and 4.28 cts. for the respective lots.

Four lots of 7 pigs each fed for 43 days, lot 1 receiving chopped barley, lot
2 chopped barley and skim milk, lot 3 chopped wheat, and lot 4 chopped wheat
and skim milk, made average daily gains per head of 1.47, 1.86, 1.4, and 1.96
lbs., for the respective lots. Lot 1 required 4.01 lbs. of grain per pound of
gain, lot 2, 2.97 lbs. of grain and 2.13 lbs. of skim milk, lot 3, 4.22 lbs. of grain,
and lot 4, 2.82 lbs. of grain and 2.02 lbs. of skim milk. The advantage of barley
over wheat when fed alone was 6 per cent. When fed with skim milk the
advantage of wheat over barley was 5 per cent. The cost per pound of gain
was 5, 4.24, 5.28, and 4.03 cts. for the respective lots.

374 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECORD.

Three sows fed 10 lbs. of kale per head daily for two months made a total
gain per sow of 5 lbs. Ten lbs. of kale per day proved a bare maintenance for
265-lb. sows.

Two lots of 6 shoats each fed for two months, receiving kale and shorts and
beets and shorts, respectively, made average daily gains per head of 0.29 and
0.16 lb. The gains were too slow to be considered satisfactory in either case.

Four lots of 4 pigs each fed for 60 days, lot 1 receiving chopped wheat and
skim milk ; lot 2, chopped wheat ; lot 3, chopped barley and skim milk ; and lot
4, chopped barley, made average daily gains per head of 1.95, 1.26, 1.91, and
1.59 lbs., respectively. The advantage of barley over wheat when fed alone was
20 per cent. The advantage of wheat over barley when fed with skim milk was
2 per cent.

Two lots of 6 pigs each fed for 60 days on grain, shorts, and chopped barley,
lot 1 also receiving green alfalfa and lot 2 tankage, made average daily gains per
head of 1.06 and 1.55 lbs., respectively. In this test 100 lbs. of tankage were equal
to 30 lbs. of barley and 465 lbs. of green alfalfa. The lot on tankage showed
better appetite throughout the test and was in better market condition at the
close.

In this experiment two lots of 6 pigs each were fed for 60 days, lot 1 receiving
wheat in a self-feeder and lot 2 being fed ground wheat in the usual manner.
Lot 1 gained 0.612 lb. per head per day and lot 2, 0.847 lb., requiring 6.3 and 5.42
lbs. of wheat per pound of gain, re.spectively. The ready-ground wheat showed
an advantage of 16 per cent in economy of gain and 37 per cent in rate of gain.
Following the test both lots were fed on ground wheat and made practically
the same gains.

Two lots of pigs on second-growth vetch pasture, lot 1 receiving shorts,
barley, and skim milk and lot 2 shorts and barley, made average daily gains of
1.47 and 1.12 lbs., respectively. Lot 1 required 3.41 lbs. of grain and 6.57 lbs.
of milk per pound of grain, and lot 2 5.14 lbs. of grain. This experiment indi-
cated that second-growth vetch pasture during midsummer is not satisfactory
as a supplement for grain in pig feeding.

Four lots of 7 or 8 pigs each fed for 62 days, lot 1 receiving i?horts and
ground wheat ; lot 2, wli^'at and milk ; lot 3, shorts and wheat : and lot 4, wheat
and milk, made average daily gains per head of 1.21. 1.64. 0.60, and 1.52 lbs.
for the respective lots, lot 1 requiring per pound of gain 1.45 lbs. of shorts and
2.90 lbs. of wheat; lot 2, 2.46 lbs. of wheat and 4.4 lbs. of milk; lot 3. 1.83 lbs.
of shorts and 3.41 lbs. of wheat; and lot 4, 2.5 lbs. of wheat and 3.94 lbs. of
milk. In this experiment lots 1 and 2 were crossbred and were very thrifty,
while lots 3 and 4 were scrubs and greatly lacking in uniformity.

In a test to determine the cost of production two litters of crossbred Berk-
shire-Yorkshire pigs were used. It was estimated that the birth cost of each
pig was 29 lbs. of grain, 65 lbs. of skim milk, and ,V acre of pasture. •This
feed had a value of about 70 cts. After farrowing, the.'JO pigs were raised
almost altogether on milk and grain. From birth to Novombor 8, at which time
they weighed 104 lbs. each, it required per pound of gain 2.28 lbs. of skim
milk and 2..57 lbs. of grain, mostly shorts, this gain including the maintenance
of the sow while suckling. It is estimated that it cost 4.24 cts. per pound of
gain during this period, which, added to the birth cost, makes the total cost
for each pig at 100 lbs. .$4.94. These pigs were then divided into two lots, lot 1
receiving shorts and wheat and lot 2 skim milk and wheat. The cost per
pound of gain was 6.09 cts. for lot 1 and 4.54 cts. for lot 2. The total feed
cost of each 200-lb. finished pig fattened on shorts and wheat was .?11.03 and
for each pig fattened on skim milk and wheat $9.48.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 375

Four lots of 6 pigs each fed 45 days, lots 1 and 2, hand fed, lots 3 and 5
fed by the self-feeder method, lot 1 receiving ground wheat and tankage,
92.8 ; lot 2, ground wheat ; lot 3, ground wheat and tankage ; and lot 4, ground
wheat; made average daily gains of 0.65, 0.49, 0.76, and 0.61 lb. per head,
respectively ; lot 1 requiring 5.1 lbs. of the wheat and tankage mixture ; lot 2,
6.7 lbs. of ground wheat ; lot 3, 5.06 lbs. of wheat and tankage ; and lot 4, 5.69
lbs. of ground wheat per pound of gain. The lots receiving the tankage gave
better results. It was found, on the average, that 1 lb. of tankage saved 3.75
lbs. of wheat.

Two lots of pigs were fed for 62 days a mixture of grain and tankage, lot
1 being fed under shelter and lot 2 in a muddy lot. Lot 1 made an average
daily gain per head of 1.44 lbs., requiring 3.33 lbs. of feed per pound of gain,
and lot 2, 1.43 lbs. gain, requiring 3.39 lbs. of feed. From these results it
appears that the two methods of shelter gave equally satisfactory results.

Two lots of 7 pigs each fed for 61 days, lot 1 receiving skim milk and barley,
and lot 2 barley and tankage, made average daily gains of 1.57 and 1.43 lbs.,
lot 1 requiring 6.12 pounds of skim milk and 2.69 lbs. of barley and lot 2, 3.31
lbs. of barley and 0.35 lbs. of tankage per pound of gain. The test showed that
under these conditions skim milk was 9 per cent better than tankage on the
basis of the digestible nutrients contained, but that on a basis of the usual
prices for each there was no difference in the economy of the two feeds.

Two lots of 7 pigs each fed for 59 days a mixture of wheat, shorts, and
tankage 5:4:1, lot 1 being hand fed and lot 2 fed by the self-feeder, made
average daily gains per head of 1.61 lbs. and 1.61 lbs., requiring 4.1 anil 4.31
lbs. of feed per pound of gain, respectively. In a second experiment the liand-
fed lot gained 1.24 lbs. daily and required 5.36 lbs. of feed per pound of gain,
while the self-fed lot gained 1.62 lbs. and required 4.18 lbs. of feed. From
records kept of the cost of production of two litters of Duroc-Jersey pigs it is
estimated that the cost of production is 6.81 cts. per pound for a 100-lb. pig.

Three lots of 10 pigs each fed barley and tankage 9 : 1 for 61 days, lot 1
receiving dry feed, lot 2 being fed by the self-feeder, and lot 3 receiving
soaked feed, consumed 6.88, 7.71, and 6.93 lbs. of feed per head per day and
made average daily gains of 1.48, 1.82, and 1.54 lbs., requiring 4.63, 4.21, and
4.50 lbs. of feed per pound of gain, respectively. It appeared that the palata-
Lility of the ration was increased by soaking for 12 hours before feeding. In
this test the best pig gained 2.44 lbs. daily during the period, while the poorest
gained only 1 lb. daily. Both of these were barrows, but of the best 10
pigs 7 were barrows and 3 gilts. It was found that one-half of all the gilts
in the test gained within 0.17 lb. of each other and were in the middle one-
third when arranged in order of gains made. As many barrows as gilts were
in the poorest one-third, and although there were but 14 barrows and 16 gilts in
all, only 3 gilts got into the best ten. The cost per pound of gain of the self-
feeder lot was 6.31, of the lot receiving the soaked ration, 6.65, and of the dry-
ration lot, 6.82 cts. Were the labor item taken into account, it would make a
still better showing for the self-feeder lot.

Two lots of 10 pigs each were fed barley and tankage 90.9 : 9.1 for GO days,
lot 1 receiving feed which had been soaked for 12 hours and lot 2 dry feed.
These lots consumed 7.23 and 7.11 lbs. of feed per head per day, made avernge
daily gains of 1.66 and 1.72 lbs. per head, and required 4.36 and 4.13 lbs. of
feed per pound of gain, respectively. It is concluded from this test that with
barley ground or crushed comparatively fine and mixed with tankage no
saving is made by soaking the ration, or if any saving is made it is not suffi-
cient to pay for the extra trouble and equipment required for soaking the
ration.

376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In this test the average daily gain per head for the different litters varied
from 1.2 to 1.91 lbs. Two of the 9 litters represented averaged less than the
poorest lot, while one litter averaged better than the best lot. It is suggested
that this shows the error of conclusion which may be drawn from feeding tests
where small numbers are involved and no account is taken of the breeding of
the animals under test. There was only a difference of 0.04 lb. gain daily in
favor of the barrows. The best pig was a member of the best litter, and the
poorest pig a member of the poorest litter.

Seventeen winter pigs were turned on an acre of clover pasture to determine
whether clover is a profitable feed for pigs. They received in addition ground
barley and tankage 92 : 8. During the 6-week period the pigs consumed 2 lbs. of
feed per pound of gain. It is estimated that the clover used by these pigs
during the 6 weeks would have the value of 366 lbs. of the grain mixture, valued
at $5.40.

Two lots of 10 pigs each, which had been previously run on clover pasture,
were fed for 44 days a mixture of barley and tankage 92 : 8, lot 1 being fed in
the dry lot, and lot 2 on clover pasture. These lots made average daily gains
of 1.545 and 1.909 lbs. per head, requiring 3.89 and 3.66 lbs. of feed per pound
of gain, respectively. The pigs in the pasture lot ate more feed and made more
gain. It appears that the clover saved 22.9 lbs. of grain in producing each 100
lbs. of pork.

Straw meal as a feed for pigs, Brahm. R. von der Heide, and N. Zuntz
(Mitt. Dent. Landir. (Irsrll, SO (1915), Xo. 16. ^26-22S).— Straw meal mixed
with gluten, sugar, mola.sses, or skinnned milk when fed to pigs showed a deficit
in the nitrogen balance. Respiration calorimeter results demonstrated that the
meal increased the work of digestion. By fermenting the fiber of the straw
meal by means of bacterial action a high digestive coefficient was obtained, but
in this experiment also the nitrogen balance showed a deficit. It is concluded
that these results do not warrant the adoption of this method of feeding.

Elephant domestication in the Belgian Kongo, Laplume (Proc. Intemat.
Cong. Trop. Agr., S (19H), pp. 352-354). — A discussion of methods of domesti-
cating and training the elephant for draft purposes.

Poultry investigations. — I. The value of meat scrap, fish scrap, and skim
milk in rations for laying pullets, A. G. Philips {Indiana Sta. Bui. 182
(1915), pp. 837-856, figs. 4; pop. cd. pp. 4, f\g. 1). — In four experiments, each of
one year's duration, four lots of single-comb White leghorn pullets were fed a
basal ration of corn, wheat, oats, bran, and shorts 10 : 10 : 5 : 5 : 5, lot 1 receiving
in addition 3.5 parts of meat scrap, lot 2. 3.6 parts of fish scrap, lot 3, from 50
to 62 parts of skim milk, and lot 4 being used as a check lot.

It was found that the feeding value of meat scrap for Leghorn pullets was
$23.92 per 100 lbs. ; of fish scrap, $27.65 per 100 lbs. ; and of skim milk. $2.04 per
100 lbs. When fed skim milk pullets laid slightly better in December and
January. The meat-scrap pen averaged 13r) eggs per pullet ; the fish-scrap pen,
128 eggs ; the skini-milk pen, 135.4 eggs ; and the no-meat food jien, 32.5. The
consumption of the meat-scrap pen was 70.29 lbs. of feeil per fowl at a cost of
98.4 cts. ; the fish-scrap pen, 74.13 lbs. of feed per fowl, at a cost of 99.5 cts. ;
and the no-meat food pen, 57.01 lbs. of feed per fowl, at a cost of 72.2 cts. The
consumption of the skim-milk pen was 63.86 lbs., excluding the milk, or when the
milk was included 157.61 lbs., at a cost of $1.10 per fowl. It costs an average of
8.5 cts. to produce one dozen eggs in the meat-scrap pen. and 9.7 cts. each in the
fish-scrap and skim-milk pens.

The amount of dry matter to produce 1 lb. of eggs in the meat-scrap and
skim-milk pons was 3.7 lbs. each, in the fish-scrap iion 4.02 Ib.s., and in the no-meat
food pen, 13.53 lbs. Meat scrap, fish scrap, or skim milk thus greatly increased

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 377

the efficiency of the grain and dry mash feed. Meat scrap apparently produced
slightly better fertility and hatchability of eggs than did the fish scrap or skim
milk, but birds fed neither skim milk nor meat scrap showed slightly the best
average fertility, and in two experiments the best hatchability. The profit in
the meat-scrap pen was $1.55, in the fish-scrap pen $1.56, and in the skim-milk
pen $1.62. Birds receiving neither meat scrap, fish scrap, nor skim milk were
kept at a loss. At 30 cts. per 100 lbs., skim milk is considered slightly more
expensive to feed than meat scrap at $2.50 per 100 lbs.

Leghorn pullets produced about 21 lbs. of manure at night a year.

The value of grit in poultry feeding-, 1\L A. Jull (Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr.
and Invest. Poultry Busb., 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. i^-ifi).— Experiments are re-
ported, the results of which point out the practical necessity of grit for the
economical digestion of the whole grain by chickens, more efficient use being
made of the feed when grit was fed. Chicks which received no grit consumed
approximately 0.2 lb. more mash than did those to which grit was fed. The
absence of grit had no diminishing effect on egg production, but the majority
of the eggs were thin shelled and a few were soft shelled. There was apparently
no relation of grit to the absorption of the yolk sack.

A comparison of digestible coefficients for cattle, swine, and poultry as
suggesting a more accurate basis for computing' poultry rations, A. B. Dann
{Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. 10-
W- — The author presents data tending to show that digestion by poultry is
more nearly like cattle than it is like swine, but that poultry do not digest
fiber. In view of these facts it is suggested that it might be advantageous at
the present time to use the easily computed method of eliminating the fiber
from the digested nutrients as obtained from experiments with cattle, and
adopt these values in the computation of poultry rations.

A report of February hatched pullets, W. C. Thompson {Jour. Amer. Assoc.
Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 2 {1915), No. 2, p. 16).— It has been thought
that the April hatching of Leghorns was the most economical practice, as early
hatched Leghorns, on account of their development at 4i months of age, usually
went through a fall molt. In February, 1914, a large number of Leghorn eggs
were hatched, from which on the first of August, 1914, were selected 200 good
pullets. These were placed in a laying house and accurate records kept for
one year.

It was found that the egg production during August, September, and October
was more than enough to balance the decrease which took place in November
and December, when the birds molted. The birds were fully matured and
developed long before the cold winter set in, so that it was possible and prac-
tical to use their spring-laid eggs for hatching purposes, another distinct advan-
tage of the early hatching of the Leghorn pullets.

Poultry husbandry, E. Brown {New Yoi'k: Longmans, Green d Co., 1915, pp.
XII-]rJil6, figs. 82). — This book treats of the development of the poultry in-
dustry, and of methods of breeding, feeding, care, and management of poultry
for market purposes.

Poultry and their diseases {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Londonl, Misc. Pub. 4
(1914). pp. 1-81, figs. 7). — Information is given on methods of breeding, feeding,
care, and management of poultry, ducks, and turkeys in England.

Feeding for egg production, H. L. Kempster {Missouri Sta. Circ. 76 {1915),
pp. 12. figs. 2). — This circular treats of the adaptability of various feed stuffs
for poultry feeding and of methods of feeding. A number of rations for egg
production are suggested.

Practical and inexpensive poultry appliances, J. E. Dougherty and W. E.
Lloyd {California Sta. Circ. U2 {1915), pp. 22, figs. 18).— A number of poultry

378 EXPEBIMENT STATION KECOED.

appliances, either designed or modified at the station, are described, including
trapnests, hoppers, catching hook and coop, blood can, fattening ci-ate. supply
can, egg cabinet, sorting tiible, marking system for eggs, and an electric egg
Candler.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The ration and age of calving as factors influencing the growth and dairy-
qualities of cows, C. H. EcKLEs (Missouri Sta. Bui. 135 (1915), pp. 3-91, figs.
27). — From replies to questions sent out by the Missouri Station to dairy cattle
breeders it appears that there is a wide range of opinion with reference to such
points as relation of age at first calving to type, milking qualities and size, and
the effect of heavy grain feeding during the period of growth upon size, milking
qualities, and type. With a view to securiug accurate data on these points, an
investigation covering eight years' time and including 40 animals was con-
ducted.

The 40 animals were divided into two main groups, one of which received a
heavy ration from birth to first calving, the other group receiving a light ration.
After the first calving both received a normal ration for dairy cows. The
heavy ration consisted of whole milk during the first six mouths, and all the
grain and hay the animals would consume up to the first calving. The light-
fed group received skim milk during the first si.x months, and hay or pasture
only after this age up to the first calving. The factor of age at first calving
was introduced by having one-half of each of these two groups calve at an
early age for the breed and the other half about a year later. Complete records
of the feed received, growth as shown by monthly skeleton measurements and
weighing, were kept from birth to maturity. Milk records were kept for each
animal covering two or more lactation periods.

The heavy ration resulted in a more rapid growth of skeleton, especially
during the period of most rapid development, but later the heavy ration
resulted in the animals becoming much fatter. The animals receiving the
light ration grew less rapidly, but growth continued longer, although this
group never reached quite the size of those having the heavier ration when
young. The difference between a heavy and light ration for growing heifers
showed more strongly upon the weight than upon the rate of skeleton growth.
It is suggested that one cause of small cows in commercial herds may be the
character of the ration during the growing period.

It was found that age at first calving had a pronounced effect upon size of
cows. Milk production is a severe tax upon the cow and checks growth to a
marked degree, but gestation does not check the growth to any marked extent.
The strongest factor tending to stunt the size of cows is scanty feeding during
the growing period combined with early bre»Miing. The time of sexual ma-
turity of the animal is Influenced to a considerable extent by the ration. Those
receiving the heavy ration matured sexually at an age of from two to four
months younger than those receiving the light ration.

The heifers receiving the heavy ration during growth were slightly Inferior
in milk production to those receiving the light ration. Apparently some detri-
mental effect upon the milking functions followed the use of the heavy grain
ration, but it Is not deemed probable that within the limits ordinarily found
under practical conditions Ihis factor would exert sufficient influence to be
worth consideration. Some high-producing cows were found in each group and
also some medium and some inferior. The data Indicate that the factors which
are the result of heredity, such as the influence of ^he sire and individuality
of the animal, are the real determining factors with reference to the milking

DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 379

functions of a cow. Inferior milk-producing cows are duo mainly to inheritance
rather than treatment received when young.

The experimental data given and a compilation of the records of the station
hei-d for 22 years go to show that the highest milk production on the average
is secured from cows well matured before lactation begins. The highest pro-
duction among 95 cows was found to be from those calving between the ages
of 28 aud 32 months, the lowest for those calving under 20 mouths old.

Heavy feeding when young tended toward the development of larger and
somewhat coarser animals than lighter rations. At the time of calving the
conformation of the animal raised on a heavy grain ration was somewhat dif-
ferent from that of one raised on a ration of roughage. When both were
placed on the same ration after calving this difference soon disappeared. Early
calving tended toward a smaller and more refined type of cow than resulted
from calving a year later.

The opinion of breeders that a heifer raised largely on roughage has a
greater capacity for handling feed when mature was not substantiated by
this investigation. A decided difference existed for a short time after calving
but this gradually disappeared aud no distinction between the two groups
could be noted after two months. It was found that there was no difference in
the amount of nutrients required to produce a pound of milk by animals of
the two groups.

From these results it is concluded that it is possible to influence the rate of
growth, size when mature, and type to some extent by the liberality of the
ration during the growing period, and the age at first calving. Within limits
of variation the character of the ration with reference to the amount of nutri-
ents supplied does not exert any appreciable effect upon the milking func-
tions of the cow when mature. The age at first calving is a factor of some im-
portance with reference to the development of the milking function in the cow.
Calving at an extremely early age is detrimental to the best development of
the milking function while nothing is gained by too great delay.

The relative valu-e of daii-y feeds, E. S. Savage (In Off. Rpt. on Feed Stuffs,
[etc.,] 1914, Cohimbus, Ohio: Agr. Com. Ohio, Div. Agr., 1915, pp. 57-61). — The
author points out some discrepancies in the various feeding standards, and
suggests^ the importance of securing a simple and reliable method of calculat-
ing the relative value of the different feed stuffs.

Physical conformation of cows and milk jrield, J. A. Haebis (Jour.
Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 8, pp. 34S-350, figs. 3).— The author comments on the
data collected by Korreng (E. S. R., 28, p. 472), which indicated an intimate
negative relationship between width of nether jaw of dairy cows and milk
yield. It is suggested that Korreng's measurements were taken on a group
of animals that are not racially homogeneous. A mixture of heavy beef cattle
giving a low milk yield and light-built dairy cattle would theoretically give
just such a result as this. The author warns against conclusions of this sort.
What is really needed is a means of predicting yield from more readily meas-
ured characters within a pure race.

Results of milking at unequal periods (Dairy, 27 (1915), No. 321, pp. 230,
2ul). — The results of experiments conducted by D. A. Gilchrist at Ai-mstrong
College are cited, these demonstrating that the longer the period between milk-
ings the poorer the quality of the milk. When the periods were approximately
equal the quality of the morning's and evening's milk was very similar. The
total quantity of milk appeared not to be influenced by the equal or unequal
periods of milking.

Problems of the milk standard (Dairy, 27 (1915), No. 322, p. 262).— Data.
collected at the milk competition at the Royal Show at Nottingham showed a

380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

significant variation between morning and evening milk. While the evening
milk averaged 4 per cent of fat, the general average of the morning deliveries
showed only 3.09, a dangerously narrow margin of safety. There was also
found to be a wide difference in the milks of individual cows of the same breed.
Among the Ayrshires one cow gave milk with 4.72 per cent of fat, while another
gave milk with 2.97 per cent. From these observations it is concluded that with
the unpreventable inequalities of high-quality milk there is danger of even the
well-meaning producer being unjustly subjected to prosecution.

Angora and milch goats, S. H. Hopkins {Brit. Columbia Dept. Agr., Live
Stock Branch Bui. 64 {1915), pp. 37, figs. 18).— Information is given on the
breeding, feeding, care, and management of Angora and milch goats.

Milk and milk products, C. Hakrington, M. W. Richabdson et al. (In
A Manual of Practical Hygiene. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1914, 5. cd.,
rev. and enl., pp. 98-189, pis. 4, figs. 7). — A discussion of the composition and
the physical and chemical characteristics of milk, butter, cheese, and other
milk products, as related to human hygiene.

The reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in the coagulation
process, T. H. Miijjoy (Biochcm. Jour., 9 {1915}, No. 2, pp. 215-228; ahs. in
Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 14, p. 813). — During the coagulation of
milk with rennin the acidity (hydrogen ion concentration) remained constant,
but it was increased by adding calcium chlorid and lowered by adding an
alkali oxalate. Fresh milk that had been preheated below the boiling point for
one hour showed an increased acidity and, owing to the separation of tricalcium
phosphate, a lower calcium content. Such milk was only very slowly acted
upon by rennin, but its coagulability was rai.sed by adding calcium chlorid or
by increasing the acidity by means of sodium acetate and acetic acid. The
calcium chlorid exertcil an action beyond that of influencing the acidity.

Investigation and analysis of the production, transportation, inspection,
and distribution of milk and cream in New England, J. P. Bowditch et al.
{Boston: Boston Chamber Com., 1915, pp. 63, pi. 1, fig. 1). — An account of a
study made of methods of production, transportation, inspection, grading, and
distribution of dairy products in New England. The lack of knowledge of costs
among farmers, the lack of systematic methods of distribution among dealers,
and the lack of a standardized product were consideretl to be the principal diffi-
culties at the present time.

The cost of the production of certified milk, W. E. Miller {Proc. Amer,
Assoc. Med. Milk Com., 7 {1913), pp. 260-263).— It is estimated by the author
that for the particular firm investigated 8.42 per cent of the cost of certified milk
was due to the cost of certification. The remaining items of cost are given as
follows: Wages 28.26 per cent, supplies 2.4, stable — hauling 0.31, power and
refrigeration 0.58, repairs 1.31, freight 5.46, feed 47.23, miscellaneous 4.79, and
bedding 1.24 per cent.

[The cost of] pasteurized cream {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weekly News Letter, S
{1915), No. 13, p. 7). — In tests made in several creameries, the interest on in-
vestment in equipment, including depreciation, repairs, and labor, was esti-
mated at 31 cts. per 100 gal. of cream ; coal, at $5 per ton, 4 cts. ; water, at 50
cts. per 1,000 cu. ft., and ice, at $1 per ton, 10 cts. ; making a total of 45 cts.,
or 0.15 ct. per pound of butter. In a creamery equipped with a 300-gal. vat
ripener, in which pasteurization was also done, the total cost of pasteurizing
a vat of cream was about 54 cts., or approximately 0.06 ct. per pound of butter.

An important factor in the total cost is the proper designing and arrange-
ment of the heating apparatus. With poorly arranged apparatus and leaky
piping, the loss in heat may reach 30 per cent of that required to pasteurize.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 381

On the other hand, the use of exhaust steam may lessen the work of the boiler
to the extent of 1 horsepower to each 400 lbs. of cream pasteurized per hour.

The flash process, in which the cream is raised to a high temperature for a
short time only, was found to require about 17 per cent more heat than that
needed for the holder process, in which the temperature is maintained for a
longer time at a somewhat lower point. In consequence, the flash process calls
for a corresponding increase in the quantity of water used in cooling, and the
total cost is somewhat greater than in the holder process.

Standardization and branding of dairy produce, T. Macklin {Hoard's
Dairyman, 50 {1915), No. 16, pp. 481, 490, 491). — A discussion of New Zealand
methods of dairying, the progress that country has made in methods of stand-
ardization and branding of dairy products, and the resulting remarkable export
trade in butter. It is suggested that the United States adopt similar methods.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Gossypol, the toxic substance in cotton-seed meal, W. A. Withers and
F. E. Cakruth {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 261-
288, pis. 2). — This is the third paper in a series of studies of cotton-seed meal
toxicity reported from the North Carolina Station, of which the first two have
previously been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 477).

The results of the investigations here reported in detail have been sum-
marized by the authors as follows : " Gossypol, first isolated by Marchlewski
from cotton-seed oil and considered by him a prospective dyestuff, was ex-
tracted by us from cotton-seed kernels and found to possess toxic properties.
Cotton-seed kernels were used as the initial material instead of cotton-seed
meal because they yield gossypol more readily to solvents and are toxic to about
the same extent. Ethyl ether was used as the solvent, the kernels having been
extracted with gasoline to remove most of the oil. Evaporation of the ether
leaves a crude product which we have designated ' gossypol extract.' A purer
product, ' precipitated gossypol,' was obtained from the ethereal solution by the
addition of gasoline, and a crystalline product, ' gossypol acetate,' by precipita-
tion by acetic acid.

" Gossypol was fatal to rabbits when administered intraperitoneally in the
form of gossypol extract or crystalline gossypol acetate, either when fed in one
large dose in the form of gossypol extract or when fed in small daily doses in
the form of gossypol extract, precipitated gossypol, or gossypol ' acetate.' "

" The smallest amount of gossypol administered intraperitoneally by us and
found fatal to rabbits was 0.24 gm. of crystalline gossypol acetate per kilogram
of live weight."

" Gossypol forms an oxidation product which is nontoxic. Cotton-seed kernels
are rendered less toxic by the partial extraction of gossypol and nontoxic by a
more nearly complete extraction of it. Methods for rendering cotton-seed ker-
nels nontoxic depend upon extracting the gossypol or changing it to physiologi-
cally inert forms by oxidation or by precipitation."

A list of 23 references to the literature cited is appended.

The influence of oil of Chenopodium on intestinal contractility, "W.
Salant and C. W. Mitchell {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 39 {1915), No. 1, pp. 37-53,
figs. 9). — The authors' investigations have been summarized as follows:

" Oil of Chenopodium in dilutions of 1 : 5,000 and 1 : 10,000 in Locke's solu-
tions produces in the isolated Intestine of rabbits a marked decrease of tone
which remains permanent and diniiuishes frequency as well as force of contrac-
tions which disappeared altogether in 20 to 25 minutes. Recovery occurred
when the intestinal segments were placed in Locke's solution without oil of
Chenopodium.

382 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

" In carnivorous animals, oil of Chenopodiuni usually, but not always, causes
a preliminary rise of tone followed by a steady decline. Rhythuiic contrac-
tions may increase in frequency but disappear finally. Recovery may take place
when the segments are put into Locke's solution.

" The reaction to oil of Chenopodium was greater in the ileum than in the
duodenum or jejunum, but was most marked in tlie colon. Caffein has no
antagonistic effect but may, on the contrary, aid depression of tone caused by
oil of Chenopodium. Neither barium chlorid nor pilocarpin has a true antago-
nistic effect but may prevent to a small extent depression of tone when added
before oil of Chenopodium. Pilocarpin has no action on intestine which has
been poisoned by oil of Chenopodium, but barium produces an increase of
tone. Nerve ends as well as muscle fiber are attacked by oil of Chenopodium,
but the latter is more resistant. Relatively large doses of oil of Chenopodium
are required to inhibit peristalsis in intact rabbits by intravenous injection.
The presence of substances antagonistic to oil of Chenopodium is offered as an
explanation."

Notes on the factors involved in the germicidal effect of freezing and low
temperatures, C. M. Hflliard, Christina Tokossian, and Ruth P. Stone
(Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1091, pp. 770, 771). — Ninety-nine per cent and
over of Bacillus coli succumbed to freezing in tap water In three hours,
while with B. svblilis the reduction wos not at all uniform, but seldom ex-
ceeded 80 per cent. Three strains of B. coli tested showed no appreciable
variability in relation to the disinfecting influence of cold and freezing. Inter-
mittent freezing had but slightly greater germicidal value than sustained freez-
ing for the same period of time.

Tubes containing the bacteria were frozen and held for three hours for
comparison nt api)roxiniately —15" C. and —2°. The colder temperature
was considerably more fatal. Tubes kept at ^ O.-'i" use<l as controls in most
of the experiments showed marked variation, but seldom showed over 30 per
cent to 40 per cent of the bacteria to be killed.

Cream containing 30 per cent of milk fat afforded a very striking protection
to the bacteria when frozen, whether the freezing was continuous or intermit-
tent.

The results letl the authors to infer that the degree of cold, time of freezing,
crystallization and external pressure, and the composition of the media in
which the freezing occurs all have an influence upon the germicidal potency
exhibited l^y cold.

The macrophages of mammals, H. M. Evans {At)ier. Jour. Physiol., S7
(1915), No. 2, pp. 24S-258). — A critical discussion of the subject with references
to the literature.

The facts presented " Justify recognition that the great Baass of mononu-
clear cells which we have described constitute a sharply defined cell group
or class. The macrophages may now be defined as those mononuclear cells,
wherever they may be, lining vascular channels, resident in the connective
tissues or entirely free, whose protoplasm constitutes a physical system charac-
terized above all by its response to finely particulate matter."

Annual report of the chief veterinary officer for the year 1913, S. Stock-
man (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Ann. Rpt. Chief Vet. Off.. 191S, pp. i4,
figs. 2). — This annual report (E. S. R., 31, p. 177) first discusses the outbreaks
of foot-and-mouth disease which occurred in 1913 (pp. 4-7), then hog cholera,
swine erysipelas, glanders, anthrax, sheep scab, parasitic mange, tuberculosis,
abortion, etc., and gives an account of scrapie (pp. 33-^4), including a history
of the disease, animals affected, symptoms, nature of the disease, treatment
and prevention, and general suggestions.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 383

Common diseases of farm animals, R. A. Craig {Philadelphia and London:
J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. XII +334, pl- 1, ftffS- 123).— The several parts of
this general work deal with the subject under the headings of nonspecific or
general diseases, the teeth, surgical diseases, parasitic diseases, and infectious
diseases.

The veterinarian, C. J. Korinek (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Veterinarian
PnhJlsMng Co., 1915, pp. 256, figs. SO). — A popular work in which the causes,
symptoms, and treatment of diseases of the horse, cattle, swine, sheep, goat, and
poultry are described.

Inquiry into braxy, with a note on " grass sickness " and " head grit " in
lambs, and "bracken sickness" in cattle, .T. P. M'Gowan (Trans. Highland
and Agr. Sac. Scot., 5. set., 27 (1915), pp. 54-1^1, figs. 14)- — A critical review
of the literature and a report of investigations conducted at Edinburgh.

The author has obtained Bacillus hipolaris septicus ovium^ from all cases
studied and considers braxy to be a form of hemorrhagic septicemia. " For
the present, until the advantages of vaccination by means of a vaccine prepared
from B. bipolaris septicus ovium have been more fully established, it would
appear to be imwise to recommend measures directed against this, the primary
cause. Such measures would have the further disadvantage of being expensive
to apply."

Foot-and-mouth, disease in the United States, V. A. Moore (Cornell Yet.,
4 (1915), No. 4, pp. 157-163). — A discussion of the outbreaks of the disease in
this country, together with remarks regarding the prevention of its recurrence.

A case of foot-and-mouth disease in man, P. W. Clough (Bill. Johns Hop-
kins Hosp., 26 (1915), No. 296, pp. 351-354, pis. S). — A detailed, illustrated
description of a moderately severe typical case of foot-and-mouth disease which
occurred at Baltimore, Md., in a medical student 20 years of age. The infec-
tion is thought to have taken place through dairy products, since the disease
was present at the time in cattle in the neighborhood.

The use of quinin in the treatment of experimental gaseous gangrene,
with notes on the value of quinin hydrochlorid as a general antiseptic, K,
Tayi-or (Lancet [London], No. 10 (1915), II, pp. 538-540; Sci. Amer. Sup., 80
(1915), No. 2076, pp. 242, 243).— "The results of the observations may be
briefly summarized as follows : Quinin has shown a marked bactericidal ac-
tivity against the gas bacillus. It has inhibited its growth in vitro, where it
was ten times as effective as carbolic acid. It has reduced the mortality from
gaseous gangi-ene in animals from 100 per cent to 41 per cent. Quinin has
shown strong laboratory evidence of value as a general antiseptic. Its general
bactericidal power was higher than that of carbolic acid. It was especially
effective in a menstruum of pus. It did not damage healthy tissue in local in-
jections of effective concentrations. It is known to produce local anesthesia,
frequently a desirable result. It produced no symptoms of intoxication in the
animals treated. It was u.sed in hypertonic solution. It showed a strong
antitryptic action in vifero."

Piroplasmosis of the parvnm type in cattle on the southern border of the
Mediterranean. — Mediterranean coast fever, M. Carpano (Clin. Vet. [Milan],
Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 38 (1915), Nos. 12, pp. 497-529, figs. 13; 13-14, PP- 553-
596, pis. 2, figs. 5; afrs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 3 (1915), No. 3, pp. 81, 82).— The
author has studied this disease in imported Servian cattle of which 100 per
cent became infected and 90 per cent died.

Clinically, an acute or fulminant form, a subacute form, and a chronic form
may be recognized. The symptoms are those of a chronic piroplasmosis. Ac-
cording to the author there is evidence that the disease is not caused by a
single organism, but by two distinct species which are associated with each

384 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD.

other. One of these is said to be identical with Theileria parva and the other
with Piroplasma annulatum. In severe cases more than 90 per cent of the
corpuscles may be invaded. It appears to be practically certain that under
natural conditions the disease is spread by Ui/alomma wgyptium.

Some notes and experiments on Sarcocystis tenella, J. W. Scon {Jour.
Parasitology, 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 20-24). — The author considers the studies
here reported to be chiefly important for their negative significance.

"Infection with S. tenella failed to occur (a) as the result of feeding in-
fected muscle, (b) as the result of eating grass contaminated with feces from a
carnivorous animal previously fed on infected muscle, and (c) by allowing in-
fected muscle to decay either on dry grass or in a pond. The apparently
positive results of the third experiment are best explained as due to con-
ditions independent of that experiment. All of the evidence favors the
view that the sheep is not the definitive host of S. tenella. and therefore is in
accord with Darling's suggestion [E. S. R., 33, p. 863] tliat the muscle para-
sites of vertebrates are aberrant forms."

A bibliography of nine titles is appended.

Various sporotricha differentiated by the fermentation of carbohydrates. —
Studies on American sporotrichosis, I, K. F. Meyer and J. A. Aird (Jour.
Infect. Diseases, 16 (1915), No. S, pp. S99-409) .—The authors' investigations
have led to the following conclusions :

" The differentiation of pathogenic sporotricha into two distinct species by
means of the fermentation of carbohydrates is impossible. The reactions are
not fixed and are as inconstant as the many variations noted in the formation
of clilamydospores and, frequently, in pleomorphism. There does exist, how-
ever, an apparent relation between the pigmentation of the sporotrichum strains
and the ability of the.se .strains to ferment saccharose. The a and /3 types are
the most active fermenters.

" This and other evidence, wliich will bo presented elsewhere, make it ap-
parent that the American sporotricha. of which we studied 35 strains, have
in many respects type characters in common with f^porothrix henrmnnni. In
the light of De Beurmann's and Gougerot's work some of the American strains
are doubtless S. beurmanni, and it is not permissible to call such strains ' S.
schenckii ' merely for the sake of simplicity. The discussion of De Beurmann
and Gougerot on this subject can now also, in our opinion, be satisfactorily
closed, namely, that S. .vhenckii, Hektoen-Gougerot strain, is an absolutely
fixed type. The true S. schenckii is represented, however, by all of the recently
Isolated strains. Inasmuch as most of these strains are undoubtedly identical
with S. beurmanni, the .S. schenckii is identical with the S. beurmanni.

" The American strains of pathogenic sporotricha are therefore best classified
as one species: .S. schcnckii-beurmanni (as suggeste<l by Greco)."

Epizootic lymphangitis and sporotrichosis. — Studies on American sporo-
trichosis, II, K. F. Meyer (Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., S
(1915), No. S, pp. lJf4-16S).— The studies reported in this second paper on the
subject have been summarized by the author as follows:

" Epizootic lymphangitis of equines is caused in South Africa. Algeria, and
Jamaica by a parasite which morphologically (Gram positive, irregular inside
structure, budding forms) has all the characteristics of a yeast and which
biologically behaves, in the complement-fixation test, like a blastomyces. The
similarity with Leishmania bodies, which is suggested by .some staining re-
actions (with Giemsa, etc.) and the position of the parasites in the phagocytes,
is explained, and it is demonstrated that the serologic tests and the more care-
ful morphological studies with hematoxylin stains do not justify the creation

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 385

of a new species of lymphosporidium (Gasperini, 1908)." The parasite is not
a protozoan but a blastomyces, namely, Cryptococcus farciminosus.

" In the United States the disease which was diagnosed as epizootic lymphan-
gitis in 1907 has been recognized as being sporotrichosis. Epizootic lymphan-
gitis apparently does not exist here. Morpiiologically, by cultures and serum
tests, the two diseases can easily be separated. In horses the parasite of sporo-
trichosis is very rare in the pus and can rarely be demonstrated microscopically.

" The sera from sporotrichotic infections give complement fixation with the
C. farciminosMs, indicating a relation of the Sporothrix schenckii-beurmatmi to
the cryptococcus. This observation is further proof of the vegetable nature
of the parasite of epizootic lymphangitis.

" Human- infections from equine sources of epizootic lymphangitis and sporo-
trichosis are rare. It is in the interests of comparative tropical medicine that
suspected cases of infections of epizootic lymphangitis should, in future, be
carefully investigated bacteriologically and sei'ologically."

A bibliogi'aphy of 38 titles is appended.

The relation of animal to human sporotrichosis. — Studies on American
sporotrichosis, III, K. F. Meyer (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 7,
pp. 579-585, fig. 1 ) . — The conclusions drawn in this third paper are as follows :

" Spontaneous sporotrichosis of domesticated animals, particularly horses, is
very common in certain parts of the United States. Extensive bacteriologic,
serologic experiments have proved the identity of the causative organisms in
human and animal sporotrichosis. The pathogenicity for human beings was
observed in an accidental laboratory infection. The geographic distribution
of equine sporotrichosis, which is apparently closely connected with certain
telluric and climatic conditions, covers, in two States, the same territories
from which numerous cases of human infection have been reported in the
last five years. In Pennsylvania equine sporotrichosis as so-called ' epi-
zootic lymphangitis ' has been noted in as many as 150 cases annually. Only
2 human cases are on record in that State. A careful study of one case
suggested at first a contact infection with a sporotrichotic horse, but this
assumption could not be proved conclusively. . . .

" The absence of sporotrichosis among veterinarians and farmers in Penn-
sylvania, where equine sporotrichosis is so exceedingly common and so often
treated calling forth undoubtedly close contact with infectious material,
demonstrates that sporotrichotic infections in man are established by this
channel of contact in rare instances only."

Conglutination in the diagnosis of dourine (trypanosomiasis of the horse),
H. Wehrbein (Jour. Inject. Diseases, 16 {1915), No. 3, pp. 461-465). — The
author finds that the conglutination method can be used for the diagnosis of
dourine but that it is more sensitive to faulty technique and hence more
difficult to employ than the usual complement-fixation method.

The passage of trypanosomes in the milk, A. Lanfranchi (Bui. Soc. Path.
Exot., 8 {1915), No. 7, pp. 438-442) .—In the author's experiments with the dog,
Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense, and T. gambiense passed from infected
animals in the milk. T. evansi failed to do so.

Preliminary report on the intrapalpebral tuberculin test, J. R. Mohleb
and A. Eichhorn {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 48 {1915), No. 1, pp. 121-
123). — A careful study of the ophthalmic test by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry has shown it to be less ac<?urate than the subcutaneous test. The in-
tradermal test employed on the subcaudal fold at the base of the tail has
proved more promising.

« Sperimentale, 62 (1908). No. 3, pp. 346-375.

386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The intrapalpebral test, which consists of the intradermal injection in the
lower eyelid of ordinary subcutaneous tuberculin (concentrated to 50 per cent
of its original volume) was applied to a number of animals known to be
affected with tuberculosis and others known by previous subcutaneous tests to
be free of the disease. In from 12 to 24 hours from the time of injection in
the animals affected with tuberculosis the development of an edema in the
lower eyelid was observed, which continued to increase in intensity until in
about 48 hours it reached its height, but persisted for 72 hours or even longer.
In some instances it extended almost in a circular form around the entire
orbital cavity, while in others it only affected the eye in a semicircular man-
ner, appearing as a puffy swelling which was perceptible from a considerable
distance. In severe reaction the conjunctiva became injected, with an in-
creased flow of tears and not infrequently a muco-purulent discharge — phe-
nomena which are similar to those in the ophthalmic reactions.

" For diagnostic purpo.ses, however, the latter phenomena are not essential,
as the edema which persists for 48 hours after the injection is a sufficient
indication upon which to base a positive diaj5iM)sis of tuberculosis. In making
the observations anyone may readily observe the reaction from a distance of
from 25 to 50 ft. in the tuberculous animals, whereas in the healthy animals
there is no reaction whatsoever, both eyes having the same normal appearance.

" In some instances the reaction was also accompanied by a more or less
pronounced systemic disturbance, indicated by an elevation of the temperature,
which varied from 2 to 4' above the preinjecting temperature. . . . The ad-
ministration of the tuberculin causes no difficulty and the small quantity of
the fluid required can be readily forced into the cutaneous tissues with a
proper syringe and needle." The dose of tuberculin to be injected is 0.25 cc,
which must be injected in the skin proper and not under the skin.

" From the limiteil observations made on this test it appears that further
experimentation is justified ; and, should additional experience prove the test
to be sufficiently accurate for diagnostic purposes, it could be employed either
In place fif the subcutaneous or as a tost supplementary to the latter method."

Tuberculosis in pheasants, E. M. Pickens (.Cornell Vet., 4 {1915), Xo. J^,
pp. 1S3-190, figs. S). — The author reviews the literature and reports upon an
outbreak of this disease in New York State.

The puerperal diseases of cattle and their relation to meat poisoning, A.
VoiGT {Die pucrperalen Erkrankiingen des Rindes und ihre Bezichungcn cm den
Flcisctivcrgiftungcn. Inaug. Diss., Unit-. F.eipsic, 1912, pp. 89). — This discussion
of the subject includes a bibliography of 212 titles.

Recent investigations on contagious abortion, T. Kitt {Mon(it.t7i. Prakt.
Ticrhcilk.. 26 {191^), No. 5-4. pp. 164-174; ab.9. in Cornell Vet., 5 {1915), No. 1,
pp. 61, 62). — A general review and discussion of the subject with 26 references
to the literature.

Sidelights on contagious abortion, W. L. Williams {Cornell Vet., 5 {1915),
No. 1, pp. 25-47). — This account, basetl upon investigations previously noted
(E. S. R.. 31, p. 779), consists of a general discu.'^sion of the disea.<?e and tl»e
handling of it. together with an account of studies of the agglutination test
near parturition.

A review of recent progress in hog cholera investigations. H. P. Hoskinh
{Jonr. Awer. Vet. }fed. Assoe., 4S {1915), No. 2, pp. 160-173). — A review of
recent work with references to the literature.

The vacuum method of drawing antihog-cholera serum. T. P. Haslam,
A. E. Hagan, and R. V. CHRI.sTIA^f {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 {1915), No. S,
pp. 4S7-492, figs. 5). — The authors here describe and illustrate a system which
has been devised as a result of a series of exi)erimenta at the Kansas Expert-

RURAL ENGINEERING. 387

meat Station whereby blood may be rapidly and aseptically drawn from the
tail of a hog by means of a vacuum. A specially constructed instrument for
vacuum tail bleeding, a satisfactory method for the restraint of the hog
during bleeding, and an efficient method of separating the defibrinated blood
from the fibrin are also described.

The refinement of hog cholera serum, J. Reichel (Rpt. U. S. Live Stock
Sajiit. Assoc, 18 (ID 15), pp. 127-138, figs. S). — Tests made by the author are
said to prove conclusively that the cellular debris of antihog-cholera serum does
not contain any protective substances. The results were subsequently confirmed
through separating the solids from the liquid portion of hog-cholera " anti-
toxin "—defibrinated blood — with chemical precipitants and filtration, the
liquids alone being found to include the protective substances. " Repeated
tests on susceptible test pigs of a mixture of the globulins as one of the end
products, the serum albumin as another, and the cellular debris, etc., as
another showed that the globulins alone carried with them the protective
substance. Subsequent tests showed that the protective substance was asso-
ciated with the pseudoglobulin alone, and for practical purposes it seenis un-
necessary to separate the euglobulin from the pseudoglobulin."

Hog cholera control, C. H. Stange (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 48 (1915),
No. 2, pp. 156-159). — ^A statement of the situation in Iowa.

Bacillary white diarrhea (Bacterium pullorum infection) in young chicks
in Massachusetts, G. E. Gage and Bekyl H. Paige (Massachusetts Sta. Bui.
163 (1915), pp. 48, 2)ls. S, fig. i).— This bulletin sets forth the facts concerning
bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks, including a discussion of its cause,
distribution, diagnosis, and economic importance in Massachusetts. See also
a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 683). The results obtained from the work
of the veterinary department in applying the macroscopic agglutination test
as a means of detecting hens which may be the source of infection are
reported upon, details relating to the results of the testing of representative
flocks from chosen districts being presented in tabular form. A map showing
the areas in which infection has been detected by the isolation of cultures of
B. pullorum and the agglutination test is attached. The infection appears to
be distributed throughout the State.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Evaporation and seepage from irrigation reservoirs, K. A. Heron (Engin.
News, 14 (1915), No. 7, pp. 294, 295, figs. 2). — Evaporation, seepage, inflow, and
outflow records of tw(> somewhat shallow reservoirs with unfavorable bottoms
ire briefly reported, showing that the seepage losses are greater as the depth
of water in the reservoir increases. The water carries very little sediment and
the bottoms are sand, silt, and adobe underlaid with a hardpan layer from 2 to
8 ft. thick.

Transmission losses in Modesto irrigation canals, K. A. Heron (Engin.
News, 74 (1915), No. 13, p. 583, fig. 1). — A summary of observations of trans-
mission losses by seepage and e\aporation on IS unlined earth canals and lat-
erals of the Modesto irrigation district, California, are graphically repor^d.

According to the curve of average losses for the 18 canals, the losses varied
from 2 second-feet per mile of canal for canals carrying 100 second-feet to over
3.5 second-feet per mile of canal for canals carrying 600 second-feet. The unusu-
ally high transmission losses are attributed to the warm .summer temperature
and to the sandy formations and soils of the district. It is thought that the
cui've will represent average conditions in generally sandy areas.
24307°— No. 4—16 1

388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Enlarging an irrigation canal, K. A. Hekon {Engin. News, 74 (1915), No. 11,
pp. 486, 487, figs. 9). — A concrete-lined irrigation canal was enlarged by rais-
ing the lining wall, breaking up one wall with dynamite and moving it back,
and lowering the bottom.

Irrigation weir, measuring rod, and discharge card, K. A. Heron (Engin.
News, 74 (1913), No. 6, p. 257, figs. 2). — At frequent intervals In canals of the
Modesto project, California, weirs are placeil to allord a vertical drop in grade
or to raise the head on a side gate. Movable flashboards are used to obtain
the desired head. The structures consist of two or more weirs, each about 3J
ft. in length, constructed on a downstream slope of between 35 to 45° from the
vertical. Tests of a method of making measurement'^, consisting of holding
vertically on the weir crest a J-in. smooth iron rod to determine the head and
using this in the Francis formula as though there were no end contractions
or slope to the weir, have shown tlie metliod to be sufHciently accurate for
practical purposes.

Life of wood pipe, D. C. Henny (Redam. Rec. [U. S.], 6 (1915), No. 8, pp.
354-358; Engin. News, 74 (1915), No. 9, pp. 400-403; abs. in Engin. Rec, 72
(1915), No. 6, p. 162). — The author summarizes his experience and reports
studies in tabular form on continuous and sectional wood-stave pipe and sec-
tional bored-wood pipe, drawing the following conclusions in regard to the
relative life of hr and redwood in pipe :

" Under favorable conditions of complete saturation fir well coated may have
the same life as redwood uncoated. Either kind of p\[>e will have a lonc:er
life if well buried in tight soil than If exposed to the atmosphere. Such life
may be very long. 30 years and over, if a high steady pressure is maintaiui'd.
Either kind of pipe will have a longer life if exposed to the atmosphere tluin
if buried in open soil, such as sand and gravel and volcanic ash. provide<l in a
hot and dry climate it be shaded from the sun. Under questionable conditions,
such as light pressure or partially filled pipe, fir, even if well coated, may have
only from one-third to one-half the life of re<lwood. Under light pressure the
use of bastard staves in fir pii>e should be avoided.

"The use of wooden .sU^^ves in connection with wire-wound pipe is objection-
able and has caused endle.ss trouble and expense. It is possible that the ob-
jection may be partially overcome by dipping the ends of sleeves in creo.sote
and by applying a heavy coating of tar to the ends of the sleeves. Saturation
of sleeve wood will never be as perfect, however, as of the straight pipe, and
full creosote treatment of the wood or else some form of metal sleeve, either
riveted iron or steel heavily coatetl, or cast Iron, will probably be well worth
its extra cost. If wooden sleeves are employed, they should be provided at
least for sizes from 10 in. up with individual bands to permit taking up leaks.

" Pitch seams do not occur in redwood. In fir they should be distinctly
liniito<l as to size, frequoncy. and depth. In respect to knots, there appear.s
to be no reason for making any distinction betwiH?n the two classes of woo<l.
Small, sound knots, If not passing through the full thickness and not occur-
ring close to edges or ends might be itorniitted in either wood. Sap is objec-
tionable, and the higher cost in prohibiting it entirely or of putting narrow
limitations on it is probably justifietl In both fir and redwood,

" Wooden pipe is not suitable in cases where it can not be kept full and under
pressure during periods of use. Coating can not under such condition be
expecteil to afford protection against decay. Coating should be continuous
and heavy, not less than t^ In. to be fully effective, and should preferably
consist of more than one individual coat of a mixture of asphaltum and tar,
or of an application of gas tar followed by one or more applications of refined

RURAL ENGINEERING. 389

coal tar. Little experience, liowever, can be quoted In support of all-tar
coating."

Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1914 {U. S. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 388 {WIS), pp. XXXIII -{-12^, pis. 2).— This re-
port, prepared in cooperation with the State of New Mexico, presents the
results of measurements of flow made on streams in the Rio Grande River
and interior of New Mexico drainage basins.

Water supplies in the Philippine Islands, II, G. W. Heise {Philippine Jour.
Sci., Sect. A, 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 135-169).— This is the second report on pro-
viding the people of the Philippines with pure drinkng water (E. S. R., 33,
p. 5S7).

It is stated that during 1914 the Bureau of Public Works drilled 120 deep
wells, of which 103 were successful, while Provinces and private individuals
drilled perhaps an equal number. The total number of deep wells in the
Islands is over 1,000.

During the year about 200 chemical analyses and 2,100 biological examina-
tions were made, but, owing to the fact that many of the samples were not
properly taken and were not accompanied by sufficient data concerning their
sources, their sanitary analysis in a number of cases is considered of doubtful
value. Field investigations of the water supplies of Mindoro, Cebu. and Pauay
are reported, with analytical data in tabular form. In many borings, especially
near the coast, brackish water is encountered during the first 30 to 70 meters,
even though fresh water may be found at low levels. The minimum tempera-
ture of deep wells drilled in the lowlands is about 28° C. (82.4° F.), but the
temperature range is great. The deep well waters ranged in total solids content
from about 120 to 8,200 parts per million, and in chlorin content from 1.5 to 4,471
parts per million. The highest free ammonia content recorded was 32.7 parts
per million. " In general, the deep wells show a high degree of bacteriological
purity. The flowing wells, so far as known, are all sterile or very nearly so,
and deep-pimipiug wells seldom show any marked degree of bacterial pollution
except where the equipment is defective or carelessly handled."

Of 16 surface wells examined 15 gave unmistakable evidence of pollution
on a single examination, while the sixteenth was so located that contamination
at some time seemed a foregone conclusion. " It would probably be con-
servative to say that the water from over SO per cent of the wells is unfit to
drink, and that very few of the wells are safe throughout the year. . . . The
surface wells, with the exception of a few located so near the ocean that they
were obviously contaminated by sea water, range in total solids content from
164 to 1,230 parts per million, and in chlorin content from 5.5 to 436 (average
about 150), while the highest free ammonia content noted is 0.64."

The spring waters examined varied widely in qualitj', the total solids content
ranging from 24 to 6,025 parts per million and chlorin from 0.7 to 3,120 parts
per million, while the maximum free ammonia content was 6.2 parts per
million.

The importance of the Bacterium coli in the judgement of water, E. Quantz
{Ztschr. Hvf/. II. Infektionskrank., 78 {19U), No. 2, pp. 193-221 ; abs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1915, I, No. 11, p. 570; Centhl. Bnkt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 43 {1915), No. 17-18,
pp. 465, 4S6). — Tests of a large number of water supplies, mainly from wells,
are reported, the purpose of which was to determine the significance of
B. coli bacteria in judging the purity of water supplies.

It was found that normal ground water does not contain B. coli bacteria,
and their presence in ground water is taken to indicate pollution from surface
sources. Owing to the fact that B. coli bacteria do not readily multiply nor
live long in water, the test is considered to be more %aluable than the total

390 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

bacterial count. The absence of B. coli bacteria in well water after repeated
tests, however, does not necessarily indicate the absence of contamination.

It was also found that B. coli bacteria are apt to occur rather widely in
surface soil, their numbers decreasing rapidly with depth. It is thought,
therefore, that surface wash bringing B. coli bacteria into well water does not
always contaminate it, but the more numerous these bacteria in well waters
and the more typical their acid-forming aciivities the greater is believed to be
the danger of disease contamination. It is considered advisable that the final
decision in this matter be governed by the location and surroundings of the
well.

It is further concluded that the number and character of B. coli bacteria
present in well water may serve to indicate the efficiency of filtration.

Further experiments on the usefulness of the Berkefeld filter for the puri-
fication of water supplies containing lead, P. Schmidt {Arch. Hyg., 82 {1914).
No. 8, pp. S51-354; abs. in Chem. Zcnthh, 1915, I, No. 11, p. 565).— In experi-
ments extending over four months to determine how long a Berkefeld house-
hold filter will continue to remove the lead from water contaminated with
lead, it was found that the lead in the filtrate gradually increased, reaching a
maximum after 22 days and a filtration of 3,000 liters of water. Thereafter
there was a gradual decrease of lead in the filtrate until it was reduced to
one-tenth. These results are taken to indicate that the iron in the water
formed a filtering layer of colloidal iron on the filter surfaces. The author
concludes, therefore, that the Berkefeld house filter is a useful aid in the
purification of such waters, especially if they contain traces of iron. Further
experiments showe^l that the lead was fixed on the surface of the filter in
hydroxid form.

Automatic device controls hypochlorite application, E. E. Ludwick {Engin.
Rec, 72 {1915), No. 4, pp. lOS, 104, fiffs. 6). — An apparatus for automatically
gaging the amount of chemical to a varying flow of sewage in an institutional
sowa;:e-disposal plant is described. The works compri.se an Imhoff tank, in-
termittent siphon, sprinkling filter, chemical house, and a final settling tank.
The rise and fall of the sewage in the siphon chamber actuates the mechani.<?m.

Water purification plants and their operation. M. F. Stein {New York:
John Wiley d Srm.t, 1915, pp. VIII+25S, pis. .?. figs. 10,3; rev. in Engin. Rec, 7S
(1915), No. 9, p. 268). — The purpose of this book is to give instructions for the
operation of water-purification plants. It has in general been the endeavor to
treat the subject with .special regard to the requirements of the nontechnical
operator of small plants, for whose benefit it has been attemptetl to include all
information and data required, such as instructions for preparing standard
solutions, making bacterial and chemical tests of the water, handling coagiilants.
wa.hing filters, keeping records?, etc. As a further aid, charts embracing the
computations necessary in determining the amounts of coagulants to be used
have been added. A chapter giving detailed descriptions of the various types
ol plants and their component parts, together with numerous examples, and a
chapter on the natural chemistry of water are also included.

Highway laws of the United States {Good Roadf, n. .^er.. 10 {1915), No 6.
pp. 83-97). — This Is a digest of the laws governing the administration, con-
struction, and maintenance of highways in the several States.

Papers presented at the Pan-American Road Congress {Good Roads, n.
ser., 10 {1915), No. 14, pp. 189-215). — These papers include the following: The
History and Future of Highway Improvement, by L. W. Page ; The Es.sentials
of Proper Laws for Highway Work, by E. A. Stevens : The Essentials of
Proper Laws for Highway Work, by A. N. .Johnson ; Highway Indebtedness.
Its Limitation and Regulation, by N. P. Lewis; The Determination of the

RURAL ECONOMICS. 391

Justifiable Outlay for Specific Cases of Highway Improvement, by C Richard-
son ; Organization and System in Highway Work, by A. B. Fletcher ; System in
Highway Accounting, by S. D. Gilbert; Proper Road Location, Its Importance
and Effects, by W. R. Roy ; Road Drainage and Foundations, by G. W. Cooley ;
Roadway Surfacings, by F. F. Rogers ; Street Pavements, by C. Hill ; Main-
tenance— Materials and Methods, by A. W. Dean ; Convict Labor for Highway
Work, by G. P. Coleman; Resurfacing Old Roads, by W. D. Uhler ; and The
Benefits and Burdens of Better Roads, by S. E. Bradt.

The farmer's poultry house, H. L. Kempstkb (Missouri 8ta. Circ. 75 (1915),
pp. 13, figs. 19). — This circular describes and illustrates the types of poultry
houses used by the department of poultry husbandry of the University of
Missouri.

With reference to house construction it is stated that 4 sq. ft. of floor space
and 8 to 15 In. of roosting space should be allowed to each hen and one nest
to every four or five hens. " Where muslin Is used for ventilation purposes, 1
sq. ft. of muslin should be placed on the south side for every 15 sq. ft. of floor
space, if the house is 15 ft. wide. If the house is 10 ft. wide, on the south
side use 1 sq. ft. of muslin to every 20 sq. ft. of floor space, and if the house
is 20 ft. wide, on the south side use 1 sq. ft. of muslin to every 10 sq. ft. of
floor space. [These] rules will also apply in the use of the shutter front
method of ventilation. The height of the tops of the windows, if placed on the
south side, should be a little less than one-half as high as the house is wide.
Glass should be placed in the house at the rate of 1 sq. ft. to every 15 sq. ft. of
floor space. If the chickens are yarded, 150 sq. ft. of yard space should be
allowed for each bird. The square house is the most economical to construct."

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Agricultural development of the Pacifi.c Coast, E. J. Wickson (In Nature
and Science on the Pacific Coast. San Francisco: Paul Elder & Co., 1915, pp.
21/f-227). — The author gives the historical development of the agriculture
and describes the climate, soil, irrigation system, tillage, and present extent of
agriculture in the Pacific Coast States.

The crisis of the small farmer in Italy, B. Rambaud (Ann. Ecole Nat. A fir.
Grignon, 4 (1913), pp. 46-111). — The author discusses the extent of small farm-
ing, crops grown, live stock kept, rotations followed, and the general systems
of agriculture in the different Provinces, and considers methods of improving
the farm operators' condition and making their agriculture more profitable.

Economic and social evolution of the small agricultural proprietors, 0.
ToMMASiNA (A7in. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 51 (1914), pp. 193-203) .—The author
treats of the origin, advantages, and disadvantages of this type of farming,
and means for improving the condition of this class. He suggests the forma-
tion of an association to sell their products and the establishment of coopera-
tive credit associations and other organizations to enable them to act as a xmit.

Agricultural credit banks and cooperative societies (Proc. Internet. Cong.
Trop. Agr., 3 (1914), PP- 198-212). — These pages contain abstracts and discus-
sions of the following papers : Agricultural Credit Banks and Cooperative
Societies, by J. Douie ; Agricultural Credit in the Portuguese Colonies, by H. J.
Monteiro de Mendonca, J. D. C. de Sousa e Faro, and E. Jardim de Vilhena ;
and The Working of Credit Banks in the Dutch East Indies, by H. C. Alting.

Agricultural associations, von Cetto (Landw. Jahrb. Bayern, 4 (1914) < ^o.
1, pp. 1-28). — This article gives a historical description of the various Bavarian
agricultural associations and their organization into a chamber of agriculture.

392 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Increasing the usefulness of the district agricultural associations!,
LXJSCHKA (handle. Jahrb. Bayern, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 29-40).— This article dis-
cusses the legal status of the Bavarian associations and their problems In the
light of the demands of present times, also the proper undertakings for the
local unions and their relations to a central organization. Methods of co-
operating with other agricultural associations are pointed out.

Farmers' elevators in Minnesota, L. D. H. Weld (Minnesota Station But.
152 (1915), pp. 24, fig. 1). — The annual reports filed with the University of Min-
ne.sota indicate that there were on January 1, 1915, at least 27S cooperative
farmers' elevators in the State. The elevator companies had a membership of
34,500, or 1 farmer out of every 5 in the State. The aggregate amount of
business conductetl was $24,000,000, of which .$22,000,000 represented the vaUie
of grain marketed and the balance the supplies purchased.

Of the 239 companies reporting, 94.5 per cent had the one man one vote
principle, five-sixths limited the number of shares that one person could own.
while the majority did not limit the dividends that might be declared on capital
stock. A very few companies imposed a penalty on members who sold grain
or other products to outside parties. The salaries of managers ranged from
$60 to $165 a month, the average being about $90.

As to the sources from which the elevator companies borrowed money, 51 per
cent were financed in whole or in part by couunission men, 72 per cent bor-
rowed more or less from local banks, and only 13 per cent borrowed from the
farmers. About one-fourth of all the elevators reported that they were finance*!
exclusively by corami.ssion hou.ses. The average rate of interest charged by
commission houses was 6.7 per cent, by local banks 7.4 per cent, and by farmers
6.3 per cent.

The elevators had a capacity ranging from 20,000 to 40,000 bu. of grain, with
an average of 27,0(X).

There are also included in this report suggestions as to how to organize a
farmer.s' elevator company under the Minnesota cooperative law, articles of in-
corporation, and the Minnesota law relating to coop^^rative associations and
rural telephones.

Cooperative ovraing agreements, C. L. Stkwabt (Fanners' Rev., 47 (1915),
No. -'/7, pp. 1028, 10 'iS, figs. 2). — This article describes methods devised for the ctv
operative owning of threshing machinery. It points out that the associations
that have been formed are primarily for getting threshing machinery Into the
community and .secondly for financial advantage. Methods of organizing the
as.soclation and conducting the business are outlined.

[Railway freight rates on agricultural products] (In Comparison of Rait-
way Frciglit Rates in tlie I'nited States, tfie I'rineipal Countries of Europe.
South Austratia, and South Africa. Washington: Bur. Raittcay Econ., 1915.
pp. 66-81, 96-109). — In these pages freight rates for grain, fertilizers, and
manures In the Unite<l States and a ninuber of foreign countries are given. An
endeavor has been made to present those rates under which moves the greater
part of the traffic for the articles mentioned. The tables Indicate the movement
of the shipment, minimum weight to which the rate applies, the rate per ton.
and the charge per ton-mile.

Parcel post profit from farm produce, 11. H. West (Rockford, lit.: Autlior.
1915, pp. 32). — This pamphlet contains .suggestions for advertising, obtaining
customers and holding their trade, and methods of shipping by parcel post, nn«l
other advice as to methods of making sales to consumers direct.

Monthly crop report (f7. S. Dept. Agr.. Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 (1915), No. 7, pp.
65-76, figs. 9). — This number gives the usiial monthly estimates of the acreage,
condition, and yield of the more Important agricultural crops, the farm prices

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

393

of important products, and the range of prices at important markets, with mis-
cellaneous data, including charts showing the annual variation in crop yields,
and special reports regarding the acreage, yield, and average production and
the hop production and average consumption.

A special inquiry was made in the States mostly affected by the lateness of
the corn crop and the earliness of the first freeze to ascertain the various de-
grees toward maturity of the crop this year and in a usual year for comparison.
The following table shows the situation in the States most seriously affected :

Degree of maturity of corn crop at time of first killing frost.

Fully matured, jear 1915

I sual year

Portion of crop fit to husk, year 1915

I'sual year

Proportion of crop fit for seed, year 1915

1' sual year

What reduction from a normal has been caused by
killing frost:

To yield, year 1915

l^sual year

To quality, year 1915

I'sual year

Percentage of total com acreage.

Wiscon-
sin.

Minne-
sota.

Iowa.

North
Dakota.

South
Dakota.

There are also given estimates for the monthly percentages of the year's re-
ceipts by farmers from sales of all kinds of produce, from the sales of crops by
States and geographic divisions, and from sales of live stock and live-stock
products by geographic divisions.

In a special article on The World's Wheat in 1915, C. M. Daugherty estimates
that the wheat crop in non-European countries f(jr 1913 was 1,776,521,000 bu. ;
for 1914, 1,694,806,000; and for 1915, 2,064,876.000; and in European countries,
for 1913, 1,783,479,000 ; for 1914, 1,548,372,000 ; and for 1915, 1,728,249,000.

Statistical annual, 1915, E. G. Osman (Price Current Grain Rptr. Statis.
Ann. 1915, pp. 80). — In this annual are given the production in the United
States and movement at important centers of agricultural crops, live stock,
and packing-house products, together with data regarding prices.

■ AGRICULTUPvAL EDUCATION.

The value of education to the farmer, O. R. Johnson (Missouri Sta. Circ.
77 (1915), pp. 4). — In this circular a comparison is made, on the basis of data
secured in the 1912 farm-munagement survey conducted by the Missouri Col-
lege of Agriculture in the western part of Johnson County, Mo., between two
groups of farmers, viz, 554 who have received only a rural-school education and
102 who have received more than a rural-school education, amounting on the
average to practically two years in the high schools of to-day.

These data indicate that the better educated farmer is making an income 71.4
per cent greater than the man with less education, and even after the labor
income of the latter is adjusted to allow for his smaller size of business, the
former still has about 40 per cent the greater income. " The facts that he gets
slightly better yields and has a system which furnishes him more productive
labor, and that he keeps more live stock, seem to show that he has .somewhat
greater ability in the organization and handling of his business."

394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Utilization of land by high schools teaching agriculture. — I, The school
farm; II, Home projects, W. G. HriiMEi. (Univ. Cal. Chron., 16 iWL)). So. J,,
pp. 431-4.'f2; n {1915), No. 3, pp. 309-S 19). —This is a discussion of the func-
tion of land in connection with public-school agricultural instruction, referring
briefly to present approved ideas as to agriculture in the public schools, the size,
equipment, care, and management of the school farm, and home projects.

The author concludes that every high school offering agricultural courses
should own a limited amount of land. 2 or 4 acres in the present consensus
of opinion, to provide laboratory material for class use and to serve as an
out-door agricultural laboratory. The school training should be supplemented
by home-project work, which provides opportunities for a greater variety and
amount of practical agricultural work than could be carried on on a small
school farm, and for practice in agricultural operations under actual farm con-
ditions; quickens the sense of personal responsibility; emphasizes the impor-
tance of results in agricultural operations ; and is an aid to the agricultural
instructor in becoming acquainted with farming conditions and with the boys
and adult farmers. The pn)jects may be production, demonstration, or im-
provement projects, the production project being deemed truly vocational and
more important than the other two. As a secondary function the school farm
may also serve as an entering wedge to introduce better farming Into each com-
munity. " The function of land in connection with the agricultural nature study
of the first six grades Is to give opportunity for observation and acquaintance-
ship with agricultural facts, under careful guidance," and in the seventh and
eighth grades to give the youth an opportunity for doing practical work in
agriculture in simple selectefl projects.

See also a previous note (K. S. K.. 3.3. p. 797).

First annual report on boys' and girls' club work, 1914, \V. R. Hart (Agr.
of Mass., 62 (1914), pp. 455-4711, pls- 4)- — This Is a review of the progress In
boy.s' and girls' agricultural club work in Ma.s.sachusetts In 1914. The work
included home economics, poultry, hay, market garden, canning, corn, and potato
dubs.

Report of the ministry of industries [of Uruguay] for 1913 (Mem. Min.
Indus. [Montevideo], 1913, pp. 1035, figs. 69). — This is a report on the progress
made in 1913 by agencies for the promotion of agriculture and otlier industries
In Uruguay.

Annual report of the education branch on the distribution of grants for
agricultural education and research in the year 1914—1915 (Bd. Agr. and
Fisheries [London], Ann. Kpt. Ed. Branch, 1914-15, pp. X+154)- — This report
contains a summary of the year's progress in agricultural education and re-
search, notes on the various phases of agricultural instruction in each of the 11
agricultural provinces of England and Wales, work at the research institutes,
Investigations aided by special research grants, work for which grants are paid
Irom the development fund through the board, and publications. Appendixes
contain tabulated information concerning grants awarded for agricultural
education and research in 1914-15, research scholarships in agricultural science,
organization lists, and other statistics.

The celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Agri-
cultural Institute of the University of Halle. June 15 and 16. 1914. F.
WoHLTMANN (KUhn Arch.. 6 (1915), pt. 1, pp. 1-32). — This account includes a
historical review, by the director of the institute, of the development of agri-
cultural instruction in Germany up to and including the establishment of this
institute, and of animal husbandry work in Germany in connection with the
dedication of the new building of the anlmal-breedlng institute.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATTON. ^395

Course of study in elementary agriculture for the Wisconsin rural schools,
F. E. Heald (Madison, Wis.: State Supt. Pub. Instr., 1915, pp. 122).— This pub-
iioation is the result of a cooperative agreement between the States Rehitions
Service of this Department, the state superintendent of public instruction, and
the dean of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture. Topics are outlined for two
years' work in agriculture adapted to tlie seventh and eighth grades in Wis-
consin schools. Each year's work includes a stiidy of some farm animals, one
main field crop, and related practice, while poultry and garden projects are
carried throughout the two years. The topical outlines are arranged in sea-
sonal sequence so far as practicable, and include suggestions for illustrative
material, class instruction, practical exercises at the school and home and in
the field and community, correlation with otlier school subjects, and references
to the literature.

Schools of agriculture, mechanic arts and homemakiug'. The course of
study, L. S. Hawkins and G. A. Works (Univ. State N. T. Bui. 597 (1915),
pp. 17). — This bulletin contains suggested outlines of topics and courses for
each of the four years of instruction in agriculture and home making for
high schools of agriculture, programs for pupils and for small high schools
maintaining courses in these sujects, and a list of recent books on agriculture.
Changes in the New York system, effective since the fall of 1915, are also
outlined.

[Instruction in agriculture and home economics], Edith K. O. Clakk (In
Course of Study for' the Elonentanj Schools of Wyoininy. Laramie, M'yo.:
State Supt. Puh. Instr., 1915, pp. 27-46, 118-126, 138-U3) .—Work in home
e<.'onomics and in agriculture for the sevtnith and eighth grades is outlined.

Manual training in village and rural schools, G. E. Bray (Agr. Ed. [Kans.
Agr. Col], 6 {1914), No. 6, pp. 33, figs. i2).— This bulletin includes suggestions
for woodworking for rural schools, and gives directions for making a cutting
board, bench hook, insect case, forcing box, hotbed or cold frame, feed hopper,
seed germinator. hammer handle, and evener and singletree.

Student's manual in household arts: Food and cookery, Maetha L. Met-
GALF {Indianapolis: Industrial Education Co., 1915, pp. VI-\-303, pi. 1, figs. 76). —
The object of the manual is to give training in manipulation and a good
working knowledge of the composition of food and the principles of cookery.
Interesting and valuable facts concerning the history, manufacture, and com-
mercial value of each of the principal food products and about 120 tested
recipes are included in the 21 lessons, each of which consists of class discus-
sions, laboratory exercises, reading notes, and home work.

Domestic science. State course of study for the public schools of Indiana
{Dept. Pub. In.str. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 20 {1915), pp. 126).— This bulletin
outlines in accordance with the state course of study, (1) the minimum re-
quirements for practical arts w^ork in the graded and high schools of Indiana ;
(2) the aim and scope, methods of instruction, and requirements of the homo
economics work; (3) lessons in home economics arranged in seasonal sequence
for the seventh and eighth grades and for the high school; and (4) the
library and equipment needed.

Home work for school credit. — I, Poultry project, J. C. Wekneb (Kans.
Agr. Col. Ext. Circ. 4 USIS], pp. 8, figs. 3). — This pamphlet, which has been
prepared primarily for use in a h«me project in poultry raising for school
credit for pupils in either rural, village, or city schools, gives instructions on
suitable buildings, feeding fowls for eggs and fattening, kinds of fowls, raising
chicks, care of eggs, and making records of work.

NOTES.

Arizona University and Station. — The annual farmers' short course was held
at the college of agriculture from January 3 to 15. A total of 127 students was
registered in agiiculture and 35 students in home economics. This was an
increase of about 20 per cent above the attendance of any previous year. A
feature of the course was an irrigation congress which was participated in by
farmers, officers of water users' associations, members of the U. S. Reclamation
Service from Arizona and New Mexico, and irrigation engineers from California.

A. M. McOmie, assistant agriculturist in the station, resigned January 1 to
engage in private work.

Iowa College. — Dr. Irving E. Melhus, pathologist in cotton and truck diseases
in the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, has been appointed as.s<>-
ciate profe.s.sor of plant pathology.

Maine University. — Dr. Merritt C. Fernald, the first member of the faculty <>f
the institution, its acting presidt-nt from 1868-1871, and its president fnnii
1879-1893, dietl at Orono January 8, nt the age of 78 years. Dr. Fernald also
served as emeritus professor of philosophy from 1893-1898, when he retired
under a special pension from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching.

Missouri University. — W. M. Regan, instructor in dairy husbandry, has re-
signed to take charge of the dairy husbandry work at the Nevada University
and Station, beginning January 1. L. W. Wing, jr., a graduate student in Cor-
nell University, has been appointed a.ssistant in dairy husbandry. E. M. Par-
rish, instructor in soils and farm crops at Tuskegee Institute, has been apixiinted
demonstrator for negro farmers In Missouri for the six months each year begiu-
nitig March 1, vice C. S. Woodard, who dp<'line<l the appointment previously
noteil.

Nebraska University. — Elmer Lamont Rhodes has been appointed Instructor
in farm management, »)eginning February 1. R. E. Holland has resigue<l as
assistant in instructional au'rononiy to become county agent of Kimball County.

Nevada University and Station. — Charles E. Fleming, grazing examiner of the
Forest Service of this Department, has been appointed professor of ran^rt-
management, beginning in February. It Is planned to undertake experimental
work In methods of range Improvement and management, largely along botanical
and economic lines.

Texas Station.— J. J. Taubenhaus, Ph. D., associate plant pathologist at the
Delaware Station, has accepted an appointment as plant pathologist and physi-
ologist, beginning February 1.

Wisconsin University and Station.— -H. W. Stewart has been appolnteil assist-
ant professor of soils, and Dr. J. H. Coffman instructor in veterinary .science
in the college of agriculture and assistant in vetorin:iry science In the .station.

Section of Agriculture, American Association. — The tsvo features of the meet-
ing of the Section of Agriculture of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at Columbus, Ohio, during the holidays, were the address of
the retiring vlce-presVlent. Dr. L. H. Bailey, and a symposium on The Relation
of Science to Meat Production.

396

NOTES. 397

Dr. Bailey's address was in a sense a continuation of his vice-presidential
address of last year (PI S. R., 32, p. 102), the subject being The Forthcoming
Situation in Agricultural Work, II. In this he dealt first with questions of
organization, administration, and relationships of agricultural work — the
tendency, as he saw it, to overorganize and the danger of centralized adminis-
trative control. He expressed the feeling that " we are in immediate danger
of developing in our institutions a set of administrative officers controlling
affairs, who are separate in spirit from the real work of research and
e<lucation."

To maintain the proper external influences and to carry forward the work
through other agencies than the state agricultural colleges, the speaker advised
the extension of rural teaching founded on agriculture into general and liberal
arts institutions " to the end that they may be made a means of culture, a
force for training in citizenship, and a broadening influence in the institu-
tions; " and he pointed to the opportunity for a new kind of agricultural insti-
tution of very high grade, founded on private endowment. Of the lattor he
said : " This will be a coordinating and leadership institution, teaching advanced
and special students in some subjects, engaging in research, but in the main
making its contribution as a place for conference, for consideration of the
large civic and social relations of rural life, and as a voluntai'y meeting place
on common and neutral ground for all the forces that lie in the situation."'
Such an institution would afford " better opportunities than the land-grant or
other state-named institutions are likely to give the freest men." It would
" conserve the independence and the opportunities of the boldest prophets."

The symposium on The Relation of Science to Meat Production comprised an
introduction by President W. O. Tliompson, of Ohio State University, and four
papers setting forth different aspects of the question.

Dr. Thompson defined the Nature of the Problem, the background of which
lies in the fact that the people of this country have been a meat eating people
for many generations, and any limit to the supply or any execessive cost will
meet with serious objection. The problem of meat production is largely an
economic one in farm management. It has been affected by the change which
the whole country has been undergoing — the change in farming conditions, the
extension of agriculture to new regions, the breaking up of the public domain,
and the restriction by barbed wire. The rapid development of cities in the
East and Central West has made a demand for dairy products which has tended
to increase the dairy industry, even in the vicinity of small towns, and this in
turn has affected the keeping of beef cattle. The large risk sustained in live
stock keeping has contributed another angle, as has also the problem of advan-
tageous marketing. The size of farms has been reduced, with less land given
up to pasturage in the Central West, and the tenant system has increased. This
system does not favor beef production.

Dr. Thompson maintained that the problem is not a haphazard one, but in-
volves definite factors and must be studied from a broad .standpoint, including
the relations to systems of farming and the maintenance of fertility, the mainte-
nance of the health of live stock to reduce the risk, and advantageous marketing
conditions, in the firm belief that the laborer shall receive his reward.

President H. J. Waters, of the Kansas Agricultural College, outlined the
following points to be borne in mind in considering the question of meat supply :
(1) There is a constant reduction in the per capita consumption of meat as the
re.sult of a widespread cam^ aign against meat eating. If the consumption should
be reduced in the next half century to the average for the world we could
provide for twice the present population. (2) Meat production must yield a

398 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

larger net profit than grain and hay farming to induce farmers to follow it. It
involves more work, more risk, and keeps farmers employed the year around.
(3) The meat production of the world has been at a standstill for the past
five years. No large increase can be looked for in Argentina or Australia, as
the economic and practical limits have about been reached. Any increase must
come from home production, on the farm mainly and not on the ranges. This
means that the problem of meat production must be solved on relatively high
priced lands.

President Waters enumerated some of the ways in which science may help
live stock farming. It may do this by equalizing the feed supply from year to
year, by showing the farmer how a surplus of feed may be carried over, as
in the silo for example, to tide over lean years. Years of drought force the
selling of stock on a glutted market, which necessitates the farmer starting
anew. Fluctuating values, high and low, restrict production alike, for they
restrict the carrying of young stock; high prices stimulate close selling and
the slaughter of young stock.

The improper balancing of feeds was cited as perhaps the greatest source of
loss in feeding. Science has made us cautious about compounding mathe-
matical rations, as was formerly done, and has taught something of the value
of proteins from different sources, and of the relations of mineral constituents
of feeds to efficient nutrition, growth, and reproduction. Again, breeding offers
further opportunity for improvement, and science may also help the' farmer to
meet the changes in the demand of the market. For example, the use of
vegetable oils has reduced the price of lard and increased the demand for bacon
and ham hogs. This may help to conserve the meat supply.

Science may also help by disclosing the factors of growth. Already there is
a basis for a better understanding of this as a result of recent investigation.
Such investigation upon the stunting effect of food deficiency, for example, has
shown the practicability of letting animals grow when the farmer has feed and
letting them rest when feed is scarce; the retardation of growth is not so serious
as was formerly thought. These and other studies of growth factors It was
believed may have a practical bearing on meat production.

Prof. H. W. Mumford, of the University of Illinois, discussed The Problem
of Meat Production on the High-Price*! Lands of the Middle West. He con-
tended that the seven corn-surplus States — Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Mis-
souri, Kansas, and Nebraska — constitute the natiiral center of beef production in
this country. Corn-fed cattle are the distinctive feature of the cattle industry
of the country, and cattle raising in the corn belt provides a market for the
crops grown on the farnt and at the same time conserves the fertility of the
soil.

As a result of changed conditions a large percentage of the feeders do not grow
their live stock but now purchase their stockers and feeders from the great
breeding ground of tlie Southwest. As a result of this change, the business of
cattle feeding has gravitated into the hands of large feeders, the capital, risk,
and business skill involved, and the distance from markets, deterring many
farmers from attempting to convert their corn into beef. But in order that
beef production in the corn belt may take its proper place. It was deemed desir-
able that the business should be distributed more generally among farms of
average sis^e. The belief was expressed that " an increasing proportion, and
eventually a large proportion, of the cattle matured In the corn belt must be
reared there," and It was thought that certain lands there might be advantage-
ously used for the purpose.

NOTES. 399

A remunerative and reasonably stable market were declared indispensable to
the further development of the industry. An increased meat supply will come
only as a result of higher prices. For a generation or more meat products
have been sold at a price which does not cover the cost of production under
present-day conditions. It was prophesied that any considerable increase in the
production of beef cattle in the United States will come from the establishment
of small hei'ds on many farms, rather than of large herds on extensive areas;
and it was maintained that no considerable area oftei's more favorble conditions
for beef production than the corn belt, and hence that that section holds the
key to the solution of the cattle situation.

The Economic Aspects of Meat Production and Marketing were treated by
Prof. L. D. Hall, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who showed that while
there has been an apparent decrease in meat animals, due in part to the method
of census taking, a reaction has taken place in the last two or three years in
favor of a restocking of farms. This was cited to show the readiness with
which the industry can respond to the stimulus of increased returns.

The present problem of marketing was stated to relate in very large measure
to the great central markets, at which more than half of the cattle, two-fliirds
of the swine, and approximately four-lifths of the sheep of the country are
slaughtered. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the financing
of live stock production and feeding, especially of cattle and sheep, is largely
centralized in these market centers ; by the periodicity in the marketing of
certain classes and grades of live stock, which gives buyers the advantage ;
and by the custom of consigning the bulk of the stock to the markets on one, two,
or three days of the week. " It is evident that every effort should be exerted
to take up the slack in a system that contemplates raising a steer in Texas,
grazing him in Montana, fattening him in Iowa, selling him in Chicago,
slaughtering him at New York, and sending surplus fresh cuts in refrigerator
cars as far west as the Missouri River." A tendency was noted to develop local
slaughtering and packing industries and farmers' cooperative packing com-
panies. The marketing of live stock, particularly of hogs, is coming to be re-
garded as the limiting factor of their production.

One of the greatest needs of the live stock industry, it was pointed out, is
more complete official information for growers and feeders as to the supply
and distribution of meat animals, both fat stock and feeders, the movement of
live stock, quotations at the various markets based on standard classes and
grades, and the stocks of fresh meats and meat products at principal points.
Such information, it was maintained, would contribute very materially to the
stability of conditions and give the producer a truer understanding of the econ-
omics of his business.

Dr. A. R. Ward, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, discussed the topic of
Disease Control as a Factor in Meat Production. In this he showed the
enormity of the direct loss from animal diseases, estimated to amount to ap-
proximately $212,000,000 annually. About 58 per cent of the meat and meat
animals are slaughtered under federal inspection, which furnishes a reliable
means of studying the ravages of animal diseases. The greatest losses are from
diseases that have been demonstrated to be preventable and controllable. Nearly
two per cent of the animals slaughtered under federal inspection in 1914 were
condemned in whole or in part on account of disease. Tuberculosis caused the
largest number of condemnations and hog cholera next. The burden v.iiich
these losses impose on the meat producing industries of the country was em-
phasized. The blighting effect of Texas fever upon a large section of the
country was also referred to, and the success in the campaign for eradication

400 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

of the tick, started in 1906, was pointed out. As a result of this campaign
253,000 square miles, or about one-third of the area, has been freed of ticks.
Other diseases mentioned as exacting an immense toll on th©-^ stock industrj' of
the country were contagious abortion in cattle, blackleg, and foot-and-mouth
disease.

The importance of the control of animal disease.*! in relation to the production
of meat and the live stock industry was summed up in the statement that " tlie
good judgment and knowledge possessed by the individual producer of animal
food products concerning the diseases of his animals will determine his success."

Director W. H. Jordan, of the New York State Experiment Station, has been
chosen vice-president of the section for the present year.

American Society of Animal Production. — The seventh annual meeting of this
association was held at Manhattan, Kaiis., December 22 and 23, 1915.

President H. J. Waters, of the Kansas College, gave an address entitled The
Use of Food by Swine, in which he summarized results of work at the Kansas
Station on supplements to corn. A paper by E. B. Hart and E. V. McCollum
discusse<l The Inlluence of Strictly Vegetable Diets on the Growth and Repro-
duction of Swine, showing on the basis of work at the Wisconsin Station much
more favorable results from a mixed grain ration plus meat than on the grain
ration alone.

A paper on the inheritance of fertility In swine was presented by E. N.
Wentworth and C. E. Aubel of the Kansas Station. This paper dealt with a
statistical study of over 3,500 litters of Poland Chinas.

One session was devoted to a discussion of courses of study in animal hns-
bamlry. E. S. Savage, of Cornell University, made a plea for greater attention
to the fundamental sciences in training for prospective teachers and investi-
gators. W. A. Cochel, of Kansas, urge«l an ample preparation in agronomy.
W. C. Coffey, of Illinois, contendtnl that the so-calle<l practical subjects should
be retained in the curriculum but not permitte<l to dominate it

Officers were elected as follows: President, W. A. Cochel, of Kansas; vice-
president J. M. Evvard, of Iowa ; and secretary-treasurer, F. B. Morrison, of
Wisconsin.

Miscellaneous. — The Entomological Society of America met at Columbus, Ohio,
December 29 and 30, 1915. Officers were elected as follows : President, F. M.
Webster of this Department, whose subsequent death has been noted ; vice-
presidents, E. P. Felt, of New York and A. L. Melander, of Washington ; .secr€»-
tnry-treasurer, J. M. Aldrich, of Indiana ; and aJditional nien)bers of the
executive conunittee, H. T. Fernald, of Massachusetts, W. E. Britton, of Con-
necticut. P. J. Parrott, of New York, and C. G. Hewitt, of Canada.

The Florida Entomological Society has been organized with 15 charter
members and the following ofticers : President. J. R. Watson, of the Florida
Station ; vice-president, Wilmnu Newell, of the State Plant Board ; and secre-
tary-treasurer, R. N. Wilson, of this Department.

The American As.sociation of Agricultural C')llege Editors is to hold Its
fourth annual conference at the Kansas State Agricultural College, June 21
to 23.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

or IHIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PBOCUREB FROM

XHE SUPEKLNTKNDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTINQ OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D.C

AT

!o CENTS PEK COfV

SirescBiPTioN Price, per Vouime

OF Nine Ndmbers

AND Index.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A, C. TRUE, DIRECTOR '

Vol. XXXIV APRIL, 1916 No. 5

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINOTOS
OOVIRNMENT ^klUTDiO OmCZ

isae

D. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURK.
Seientific Bureata.

Weather BtmsAU — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

BuBEAU OF Aniual Industht — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

BtTBEAt7 OF Plant Industbt— W. A. Taylor, Chief.

FoBEST Service — H. S. Graves, Foreeter.

Bureau op Soils— Milton Whitney, CWc/.

BxmEAU OF Chemistbt — C. L. Alflberg, Chief.

Bureau of Ceop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statietidan.

Bubeau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W, Henshaw, Chief.

Ofhce of Public Roads and Rubal Enoinee«ing — L. W. Page, Dvrtetor,

Office of Markets and Rural Organization— C. J. Brand, Chi^,

States Relations Sbbvici— A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

College Station: Avintrn: 3. T. Dugg&r.s
Canebrake Station: Uniontoien; L. H. Moore.(>
Tuskegee Station: Tutktgu ImtUute; O. W.
Carver."

Alaska— 5i/ka.- C. C. Oeorgeson.^

Abizoita— Tveton: 0. F. Freeman.*

AULMtSi-B—FaptttevtlU: M. Nelson.'

Cihnotanx—Serkelep: T. F. Hont*

Colorado— Fori OoOtiu: C. P. 01Uttt«.«

CONMBCnCUT —

state Station: New Have%.■^ ^^^,

Storrs StaUon: aU)m; / ">"»-«•

DtUL'Wi.nt— Newark: H. HaywanJ."

Florida— Oa<>u«nU<.- P. H. Rolls."

QtOROiL—EzpnimtrU: R. J. H. De Loach."

QvxM—Itland c/ Owtm: A. C. Hartenbower.k

Hawah—

Federal Station: Bonelulu: J. M. V7estgat«.k
Sugar Planters' Station: Eonolvlu; H. P.
Agee."

Idaho— lfo«eoip/ J. 8. Jones."

Illimois— Urtana: E. Davenport"

ttniAVk—La FayeUt: A. Ooss,"

lovrK—Ama: C. F. Curtlss."

Eaksas— J/anAo/tan.- W. M. Jardbu."

EfzMTUcrr— Loin^rton.' J. H. Kastle."

LomsuNA—

State Station: Baton Rottfc;
Sngar Station: Audubon Pari,

Ntvo Orltant:
North La. Station: OsOiotm,-

Uaimx— Orono.' C. D. Woods."

Mabtlakd— CV)n*^« Park: H. J. Patterson."

VLkSAkCWJtam—AmhtTtL- W. P, Brooks."

MICBIOAN— £(M< Laming: R. 8. Shaw."

MmxzsoTA— tTnlofrfity Farm, St. Paul- jL T.
Woods."

liasiasim—A ffrkuUural OoUegt: S. R. Lloyd."

Musoru—

College StaUon: ColuvMa; F. B. Momford."
Fruit Station: ilouiUain Onvt; Paul Evans."

W. R. DodMB."

"Dlraotor.

* AgroQomlit

If OKTANA— .BozftruM.' F. B. Llnfleld."
Nebraska- Z,<ncoIii.- E. A. Burnett."
NivADA— i?*no.* S. B. Doten."
New R^ursBax— Durham: 3. C. EendaU."
New Jebsst— AVw Brunmick: 3. 0. Lipmaa."

New Mexico— 5(<u< ColUgt: Fabian Garcia."

f

New York—

State Station: Otneva; W. H. Jordan."
Coraell Sution: IQuua; B. T. Oallowty."

NOETB Carouka—

CoUege sution: Wttt RaUi4h,-\^ „ _,. ^ ,

State Station: iJai<<ffV }B.W. Kflr>r«.«

North Dakota- il^Hcutttirat CofUgt: T. P.

Cooper."
Ohio— Wootttr: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— StiZliwUfr.- W. L. Carlyle,"
Obeoon— CbrsoUi*- A. B. Gordley."

PEKKSTLVAinA—

8tat* CoOefft: R. L. WatU."
Sfau ColUfft: Institute of Animal Nntrltloo;
H. P. Anasby."

Pobto Rtco—

Federal Station: ilayctutx; D. W. May.*
Insular Station: Rio Piednu; W. V. Tower.a
Rhode Iblakd— f <N^«to».' B. L. HartweU."
South Cabolota— CI«t»uoti ColUft: J. N. Har-
per."
SoxTTH Dakota— Brookliv*.- J. W. Wilson."
Ttmnaszt—lCnptvilU: H. A. Morgan."
Texa»— CV>{I«^« Station: B. Youngblood."
Utah— Lo^n.- E. D. Ball."
\ttuoin— Burlington: 3. L. Hills."

VxRonnA—

Blaekil>uTg: W. J. Soboane."
FoTfoOt: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
WASUUfOTOH— Punmatt.- 1. D. Cardiff."
West Viboinu— Afor(?on/ojrn." J. L. Cooltar."
WwcoNSOf— ila&lmn: H. L. Russell."
Vf^oiBSQ—Loravnit: C. A. Dunlway.«
In chais*. * Actlnf director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agiicultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj^;^; ||ullingee.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^y" ^ ' g^y;^^'

Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition^ n . L. Lang.

IC. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Veterinary MedicinejW- A. Hookk^r.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 5.

Page.
Editorial notes:

Science and common sense 401

The growth of the science spirit 404

Recent work in agricultural science 407

Notes 495

SUBJECT LLST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

TheoreticaJ and physical chemistry, Bigelow 407

International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry 407

Chemical and physical properties of oils from Acorus calamus, Russell 407

Oxidation and polymerization of soy-bean oil, Taverne 407

The isomeric tetracetates of xylose, Hudson and Johnson 408

Bromoacetylxylose and beta-triacetylmethylxylosid, Dale 408

The preparation of melibiose, Hudson and Harding 408

A second crystallin 5-fructose pentacetate, Hudson and Brauns 408

The effect of sodium chlorld upon the action of invertase, Fales and Nelson 408

Acid phthalates as standards in acidimetry and alkalimetry^ Hendrixson 408

Two methods of separation of the metals of the alkaline-earth group, Paterson.. 409

\ Nephelometric estimation of phosphorus, Kober and Egerer 409

cThe accuracy of Neumann's method for the estimation of phosphorus, Wardlaw. . 409

The factor to be used in Neumann's method, Jodidi and Kellogg 409

I Volumetric determination of phosphoric acid in calcium phosphate, Kolthoff . . 410

'^ I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

Detection of various mineral and alkaloidal poisons in waters, Breteau 410

Determination of gases dissolved in waters and effluents, Swanson and HuJett. 410

Determination of nitrogen by the Gunning-Atterberg method, Lebediantzev. . 410

Determination of chlorin in vegetable matter, De Jong 410

Determination of esters in citrus oils and extracts, Albright and Young 410

A disturbing factor in Barfoed's test, Welker 411

Determination of amino acids of feeding stuffs, II, Grindley et al 412

The nephelometric estimation of piuin bases. Graves and Kober 412

Use of ammonium hydroxid for extracting rosin from wood, Benson and Crites. 412

METEOROLOGY.

Reorganization of the meteorological service in Brazil 413

Reading the weather, Longstreth 413

Some Arabic weather sajdngs, Kn.sim 413

Monthly Weather Re\'iew 413

Climatological data for the United States by sections 414

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Potter 414

Atmospheric circulation and radiation, Bigelow 414

Variations in the intensity of the heat rays from the sun, Kimball 415

Volcanic dust veils and climatic variations, Arctowski 415

Variation in annual rainfall , Hazen 415

Temperature variations, Angot 415

Yields in their relation to weather, Dir 415

Practical ventilation, Bennett 416

The measurement of humidity in air, Tschaplowitz 416

Protection of life and property against lightning, Peters 416

Efficacy of lightning rods. Smith 416

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Colquitt County, Georgia, Sweet and Dickey 417

Soil survey of Dekalb County, Georgia, Long and Baldwin 417

Soil survey ot Jackson County. Georgia, Long and Baldwin 417

The soils and agricultural development of the Hudson Valley. Fippiu 417

Soil Survey of Bladen County, >torth Carolina. Uardi.son et al 418

Soil survey of Chesterfield County. South Carolina, Latimer et al 418

Soils of western Washington, Stookey 418

Soil survey of Dane County, Wisconsin, Geib, Taylor, and Conrey 418

How great is the surface of a gram of surface soil? II, Ehrenberg 419

New method of measuring concentration of soil solution, Bouyoucos and McCool . 419

Soil acidity and methods for its detection, Truog 419

Soil temiJerature, an important factor in scientific agriculture, Pritchard 419

Influence of growth of cowpeas upon some properties of soil, Lo Clair 420

Oxidation of organic matter in the soil, Fraps 420

Effect of addition on availability of soil phosphates, Fraps 421

Fate and effect of arsenic api)lied aa a spray for weeds, McGeorge 421

Activity of soil protozoa, Koch 422

Azotobacter and nitrogen fixation in Indian soils, Walton 422

The nitrogen cycle in nature. Kaiser 423

Manurial value of natural (dried) and of degreased sewage sludge. Voelcker. . 423

Field trials with dried and degreased sewage sludges. Russell and Richards. . 423

The Dickson centrifuge system of sewage treatment, Tripp 423

Utilization of town sewage for manufacture of ammonium sulphate, Kaluzhskil 424

The phosphate deposits of Florida, Mat«)n 424

Potash from wood and plant ashes, Bradley 425

Potash in certain copper and gold ores, compiled by Butler 425

Evaporation of potash brines. Hicks 425

Lime and its uses in agriculture, Gilchrist 426

Agricultural Ume analyses 426

Fertilizer analyses 426

Fertilizer analyses 426

Analyses of fertilizers. Analyses of cotton-seed meal, Kilgore et al 426

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Wessels et al 426

International movement of fertilizers and products useful to agriculture 426

CONTENTS. m

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Page.

Respiration experiments with sweet potatoes, Hasselbring and Hawkins 426

Studies on chicory, Grafe 427

The physiological value of the reserve in chestnut seeds, Manicardi 427

Translocation of mineral constituents of seeds and tubers, Buckner 427

Vai'iations in mineral composition of grapevine and sugar maple, Shedd 428

Boron — its absorption and distribution in plants and effect on growth. Cook. . 428

Plant enzyms. — III, Alterations in the amylase of potatoes, Doby and Bodnar. 428

The toxicity of saccharin, Verschaffelt 429

The effect of alkali on permeability, Osterhout 429

The effect of acid on permeabihty, Osterhout 429

Antagonism between acids and salts, Osterhout 429

Physiological conditions in the large kelps of the Pacific Coast, Rigg 429

Quasi-experimental formation of ascidia in cotton leaves, Lloyd 429

End results of desiccation and respiration in succulents, MacDougal et al... 430

Distribution of cacti with reference to role plaj^ed by root response. Cannon. . 430

Distribution and succession of the flowers of the giant cactus, Johnson 430

Personation and multiplication of the fruits of certain Opuntias, Johnson 430

FIELD CROPS.

First aid to the settler, Delwiche 431

Economy in feed products, Larsson 431

Report of the department of agriculture, Pagliery 431

Alfalfa growing in Wisconsin, Moore and Graber 431

Inheritance of length of pod in certain crosses, Belling 431

Further experiments on inheritance in maize, Hayes and East 431

Tests of corn varieties on the Great Plains, Zook 433

The production of a new variety of giant sugar corn, Heckel 434

[FertiUzer, varietal, and cultm-al experiments with corn], Kilgore et al 434

Community production of Diu^ango cotton in the Imperial Valley, McLachlan. . 434

Flax culture for seed in Argentina, Girola 434

The fiber industry of Maiiritius, Stockdale 434

Growing Irish potatoes in Georgia, McHatton 435

Low temperature in Vercelli and effect on cultivation of rice, Marcarelli 435

Ash composition of upland rice at various stages, Gile and Carrero 435

Character of the milled rice imported into the United States, Wise 435

The romance of teff, Burtt-Davy 435

HORTICULTURE.

The Bradley bibliography. — III, Arboricultm'e, Rehder 435

[Economic plants at the Agronomic Experiment Station, Havana], Roig 436

PhiUppine plants and propagation by cuttings and marcottage, Miraflores. . . 436

Report on revision of catalogue of fruits and vegetables, Firor et al 436

FertiUzers for fruits and vegetables. Hoy. 436

Spray and practice outline for 1915, Eustace and Pettit 436

Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides. Patten and Kellogg. 436

Vegetable gardening in Georgia, McHatton and Firor 436

The home vegetable garden for southern British Columbia, Thornber 436

Cultural experiments with vegetables on the Schleswig-Holstein moors. Worth. 436

The bonavist, lablab, or hyacinth bean. Piper and Morse 437

The Bermuda onion, Mally 437

Peas as an orchard green manure and cover crop, Garcia 437

The top-working of fruit trees, Thornber 437

Varieties of fruit recommended for commercial planting, compiled by Winslow. 437

[Varieties of fruit at Agronomic Experiment Station, Havana], Van Hermann. 437

Methods of fruit picking and handling, Smith 437

Economies in apple harvesting, Shepard 438

Know orchard costs, Twitchell 438

Precooling and experimental fruit storage. — Cherry package test, 1915, Smith. 438

Culture of small fruits for interior British Columbia, Middleton 438

Notes on economic plants, Jones 438

Tropical and semitropical fruits, exclusive of citrus fruits, Fenzi 438

Progress in the chief industries, Jones 438

IV CONTENTS,

Page.

Report on manurial experimenta, Jones 438

Coconut culture, Johnston 439

Flowering plants for St. Louis 439

Hardy roses: Their culture in Canada, Macoun and Buck 439

The art of landscape architecture. Parsons 439

Landscape gardening as applied to home decoration, Maynard 439

Luther Burbank, his life and work, WilUams 440

FORESTRY.

The forests of Anne Arundel County, Besley 440

Brazilian woods, Gottschalk 440

Contribution to the knowledge of some timbers of Eritrea. Senni 440

The testing of forest seeds during 25 years, 1887-1912, Rafn 440

Five years' growth on Douglas fir sample plats, Munger 440

Differentiation of the oaks by histological methods, Mulsow 440

A study of the histological variations of Quercus muhlenbergii, Elliott 440

Teak in Siam and Indo-China, Smith 440

Report on forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for 1013-14, Chand 441

The need of working plans on National Forests, Kirkland 441

Regional forest plans, Mason 44 1

Working plans, Chapman 441

Some notes on forest ecology and its problems, Boerker 441

Tjight burning at Castle Rock, Show 441

Brush disposal in lodgepole-pine cuttings. Mason 441

A new aspect of bnish disposal in Arizona and New Mexico, Long 441

Forest-fire legislation affecting railroad operation and lumbering, Coolidge 441

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

International phytopathologic collaboration, Eriksson •. 442

Some neglected phases of phytopathology. Grossenbachcr 442

[Plant diseases in British Guiana]. Bancroft 442

Angular leaf spot of cucumbers, Smith and Bryan. 442

Investigations on potato diseases (sixth report) Pethybridge 443

Leaf roll diseases of the potato, Appel 443

A preliminary study of ergot of wild rice, Fyles 444

The loose kernel smut of sorghum. Potter 444

Susceptibility of sweet potato varieties to stem rot. Ilarter and Field 444

How to disinfect tobacco plant beds from root rot fungus, Selby et al 444

Apple rust and its control in Wisconsin, Jone." and Bartholomew 444

Varietal resistance of plums to brown rot, Valleau 444

Experimental 8pra\'ing for blackberry anthracnose in 1915, Rees 445

Observations relative to an obscure grape affection, Gladwin 445

Citrus diseases of Florida and Cuba compared Nvith California, Fawcett 446

[Citrus diseases at San Pedro in 1915], Earle and Rogers 446

Citrus canker. III, Stevens ^ 447

A powdery mildew on citrus, Carter 447

A bacterial disease of tlie mango. Bacillus mangifcrse n. sp., Doidge 447

Melaxuma of the walnut ( Juglans regia), Fawcett 447

Notes on some diseases of trees in our National Forests, V, Hedgcock 448

Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, Studhaltor and Ruggles 448

A honeycomb heart rot of oaks caused by Stereum subpilealum, Long 448

A new scarlet oak disease, Babcock 448

A new Macrophoma on galls of Populus trichocarpa, Hubert 448

Pink disease of plantation rubber, Brooks and Sharpies 448

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys, Bailey 449

Notes on the progress of economic entomology, Howard 449

Insecticides, Lefroy 449

Insecticides from a chemical standpoint, Cooper and Nuttall 449

The principal insect pests of Florida and California compared, Fawcett 449

A preliniinary list of the insects of the Province of Quebec-, I-II 449

Injuries by frit fly and Adia gciiitalis, Andreeva and Kurdf&mov 449

Effects by sucking insects and red spider on potato. Home and Lefroy 449

CONl^ENTS. V

Page.

Notes on the insect enemies of Sudan grass, Newell 449

Sunflower insects, Cockerell 450

Biology of juniper berrj^ insects, mth descriptions of new species, Marcovitch. 450

Control of grasshoppers in Imperial Valley, Packard 450

Potato curly leaf caused by Euthrips occickntalis, Crawford 450

The pea thrips {Kakothrips rohustus), Williams 450

The harleqiiin cabbage bug, Paddock 451

The rhododendron lace bug {Leptobijrsa explanata), Crosby and Hadley, jr 451

Immature stages of black apple leafhopper {Idiocerus provancheri) , Leonard). . 451

The apple sucker, with notes on the pear sucker, Awati 451

Progress of the Sicilian mealy bug parasite, Smith 451

White fly at Marysville, Weldon 451

Life history and habits of the greenhouse white fly, Hargreaves 452

The occurrence of fungi on Aleyrodes vaporariorum in Britain, Home 452

Notes on an apparent relation between aphids and fire blight, Merrill 452

The turnip louse. Paddock 452

Little-known western plant lice, I, Davidson 453

Notes on a scale insect attacking cacao in Uganda, Gowdey 453

The butterflies of Australia, Waterhouse and Lyell 453

Notes on three species of Heliophila at Brownsville, Texas, Vickery 453

A key to the cutworms affecting tobacco. Crumb 453

Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies, Howard et al.. 453

Some pioneers in mosquito sanitation and other mosquito work, Howard 453

Local and seasonal abundance of swede midge in Yorkshire, 1912 to 1914, Dry. . 453

Chortophila trichodactyla, an enemy of young cucumber plants, Oberstein 454

[Injury to corn by the frit fly], Shtcherbakov 454

Controlling larvae of Melolontha by carbon bisulphid, Zvierezomb-Zubkovsky. 454

The dried-fruit beetle {CarpopMlus [Scarabxus] hcmipterus), Essig 454

Honeybees: Wintering, yields, imports, and exports of honey, Jones 454

The Texas foul brood law, Youngblood 454

Revision of North American ichneumon flies of subfamily Opiinse, Gahan 454

Biology of Apanteles militttris, Tower 455

Two Bcoliid parasites on scarabseid larvae in Barbados, Nowell 455

Destruction of Aulacaspis pcntagona by Prospaltella herlesei, Berlese 456

Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera, Rohwer 456

The spread of Prospaltella berhsei in Piedmont in 1914, Voglino and Savelli 456

Biosteres rhagoldis sp. n., a parasite of Rhagoktis pomonella, Woods 456

Four new encyrtids from Sicily and the Philippines, Girault 456

Cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner, Parrott and Fulton 456

Fumigation method for sacked cotton seed, Hinds 458

The Acarina or mites : A review of the group. Banks 458

Two introduced worms of economic interest, Garman 458

Some feeding habits of slugs, Lebour 458

The chromosome cycle in Coccidia and gregarines, Dobell and Jameson 458

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Household chemistry, Vulte 458

Index to reports on food products and drugs of Connecticut Station, Street 458

The use of the blood of slaughtered animals as human food, Hofmeister 459

Value of blood in human nutrition and behavior of formaldehyde, Salkowski. . 459

Fish poisoning by bacteria of the paratj^phosus-enteritidis group, Miiller 459

Action of digestive ferments on fish poison, Konstannsoff andManoiloff 459

Dried mUk preparations, Kiihl 459

The food value of different types of bread, Pugliese 459

The preparation of porous bread from starch, Ostwald and Riedel 460

The use of rice in bread making, NovelU 460

The banana and its by-products, Collin 460

Maple sugar, McGill '. . . 460

Micro-organisms in dried fruits and vegetables 460

Electric bake ovens at Salt Lake City, Mendenhall .' '. . 460

Feeding and metabolism of infants, Langstein and Meyer 460

Chernical study of woman's milk, especially inorganic constituents, Holt et al . . 461

Studies in infant metabolism and nutrition. — V, Protein milk, Holt et al 461

Nutrition and metabolism of an infant fed on artificial food, Hellesen 462

A standard dietary for an orphanage, Jaffa 462

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The relation of heat to summer diarrheas of infants, Bleyer 462

Recent contributions to the knowledge of beri-beri, Schaumann 462

Beri-beri in the Amazon basin, Walcott 462

Studies in diabetes. — I, Theory of diabetes, Ringer 462

Studies of pellagra 463

The secretion of gastric juice in man, Carlson 463

On the secretion of bile, Okada 463

Influence of temperature and humidity in closed rooms, Hintze 464

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Genetic studies on a ca\'y species cross, Detlefsen 464

Crossbreeding experiments with Himalaya and black X tan rabbits, Haecker. . . 466

Rabbit crossing, II, Haecker and Kuttner 466

The inheritance of black-eyed white spotting in mice. Little 466

Zoological relationship between the banteng and zebu, Gans 466

What is a breed? Lloyd-Jones 466

A new feeding stuff, by-product of household garbage 466

Ricinus poisoning, Robert 466

Fish meal adulterations with meat meal and their identification. Lucks 467

Inspection of commercial feed stuffs, Smith, Beals, and Howard 467

Commercial feeding stuffs, 1914-15, [and] Texas feed law, Youngblood 467

Live stock of the farm, Jones et al 467

Cattle feeding, Fa\-ille 467

Structure of wool of pure-bred sheep and of crosses, Giildenpfennig 468

Value and use of green fodders in the feeding of hogs, Hansson 468

Swine feeding, Faville 469

The story of three pigs, Burk 469

Dbtribution of public service stallions in Wisconsin in 1915, Alexander 469

Farm poultry', Jull 470

Mea.surement of the winter cycle in e»g production of domestic fowl. Pearl. . . 470

Report of the tliird international egg-laying contest, 1913 and 1914, Terrj- 470

Process for the preservation of eggs, Loft 470

DAIRY FARMINCf — DAIRYING.

Raising dairj- heifers : Cost, feeding, and care, Hayden 470

Dried yeast, potato refuse, malt sprouts, and palm-nut cake, Voltz et al 471

Effect of feeding on the milk and butter, Cranlicld and Taylor 471

Effect on fat of milk by sugar beets, Boes and Woyland 472

Fat content of milk from heifers and cows. Hooper 472

Rate of passage of fatty acid of food into mammar)' glands of goat, Bowes 472

Breed origins of the dairy queens, Bain 472

[World's champion] 472

Results of cow test association work in New Hampshire, Rasmussen and Da^•i3 . . 472

The short-time fat test. Reed 472

The National Dairj' Council, Favill « 472

Action of inspectors' association 473

Analyses of frozen milks, Pad6 473

Milk preserved by freezing, Fascetti 473

Note on the origin of the lactic acid bacteria in milk, McGuire 473

Milk receives few bacteria from stable air, Ilall 473

Bacteriological study of septic sore throat, Krumwiede, jr., and Valentine 473

The development of fishy flavors in butter, Rogers 473

High vs. low testing milk for cheese making, Jones 473

Paraffining whey cheese 474

How Parmigiano cheese is made 474

By-products of the city milk plant and their economic value, Schlenvogt 474

Fermented milks, Rogers 474

Preserving milk powder 474

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Beri-beri and cotton-seed poisoning in pigs, Rommel and Vedder 474

Toxicity of sodium pyrophosphate and cotton-seed meal, Symea and

Gardner 476

Oil of Chenopodium on circulation and respiration, Salant and Livingston 476

CONTENTS. vn

Animal castration, Lacroix 477

Text-book of veteriaary pathology for students and practitioners, Kinsley 477

A treatise on horses and cattle, Pruitt 477

[Report of the] division of animal industry, Norgaard and Case 477

Nomenclature of the Coccacese, Buchanan 477

Results of blood cultures from 36 individuals, Dutcher and Whitmarsh 478

Review of recent studies in trichiniasis, Herrick 478

Increased resistance in cattle following injection of tubercle bacilli, Smith 478

Special cattle therapy, Steffen 478

Skin disease of cattle in Antigua, Saunders 478

Gongylonevia scutatum, Cortelezzi 478

Piroplasmosis among European cattle with special reference to etiology, Knuth. 478

An outbreak of septicemia hemorrhagica among cattle in New York, Fitch 478

Directions for constructing vats and dipping cattle, Graybill and Ellenbergcr. . 479

The etiology of ' ' symptomatic anthrax " in swine, Meyer 479

A bacteriologic study of secondary invaders in hog cholera, Eberson 479

Separation of the antibody fractions in hog cholera serum, Eberson 479

An echinostome from the intestine of the hog, Ciurea 480

A veterinary dissection guide. — I, The horse, Sisson 480

Epizootic laryngo- tracheal catan-h of the horse, Finzi 480

[Studies of causative organism of epizootic lymphangitis], Nfegre and Boquet.. 480

Trypanosoma marocanum n. sp., Sergent et al 480

Comparative lesions by Bacillus pertussis and B. bronchisepticus, Bhea 480

Frequency of occurrence of tumors in the domestic fowl, Curtis 480

An outbreak of roup and cliicken pox with high mortality, Beach et al 481

Diseases of poultry: Etiology, treatment, and prevention. Pearl et al 481

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation practice and engineering. — I, Use of inigation water, Etcheverry . . . . 481

Irrigation practice and engineering. — II, Conveyance of water, Etcheverry 482

Irrigation and settlement in America, Lewis 482

Maintenance of irrigation systems, Newell 482

Selection of pumps for irrigation, Remschel 482

Centrifugal pumps, Daugherty 482

Method of computing run-off m draining irrigated lands. Miller 483

Construction of drainage system for Pioneer Irrigation District, Idaho, Crowe.. 483

Conduits for water, Henry 483

Surface water supply of the North Atlantic coast basins for 1913 483

The artesian water supply of Australia 483

Chai'acters of mechanically filtered water, Delepine 483

Influence of algae of submerged sand filters on composition of water, Gizolme. 483

Report of the commissioner of public roads for 1914, Stevens 484

Papers presented at the Pan-American Road Congress 484

New machines which cheapen the mo\'ing of earth on road work, McDaniel. . . 484

Relative twenty-year economy of various tj-pes of roads and pavements 484

Maintaining concrete and brick roads in Illinois, Piepmeier 484

Rebuilding niral roads in the Southern States, Buchanan 484

Relative resistance to weai* of concrete made of different aggi'egates 484

Concrete road-making properties of Minnesota stone and gravel, Shoop 485

Can we use more fine aggi'egate? Hatt 485

Suggestions regaixling concrete for use on the farm, etc.. Walker 485

Compass surveying and the simplified calculation of farm areas, Thomas 485

Poisoning green timber with sodium arsenite, Buitows 485

Cost of fencing farms in the North Central States, Humphrey 485

Practical suggestions for building wire fences and concrete posts, Wheeler 487

A course of study in farm engines, Olney and Tanner 487

Burning bagasse. Ken- 487

Agricultural drawing and the design of farm structm'es, French and Ives 487

Plans for dairy barns and milk room, Stahl 487

Practical insti-uctions for building inexpensive stave silos, Rowe 488

Building concrete silos, Gilbert 488

Electric light and power for country homes, Mai'kle 488

Illiiminating power of kerosenes used in Iowa, Kunerth 488

Methods of sewage disposal in industrial and rural communities, Siler et al 488

Experiments in sewage puiification by forced aeration, Wakeford , 488

Vin CONTENTS.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Page.

Studies in the land problem in Texas, edited by Haney 488

The agrarian problem [of Mexico], Escobar 489

Land tenure and conveyances in Missouri, Hudson 489

The Torrens System, Cameron . .• 489

Agricultiiral credit legislation and the tenancy problem, Putnam 489

How to build up a neglected farm business with little capital. Smith 490

Agricultiiral surveys and illustration farms, Nunnick 490

Work of the Officeof Markets and Rural Organization. Brand 490

The work of the [New York State] Department of Foods and Markets, Dillon. . 490

International annual of agriculural statistics, 1913-14 490

[Live stock in foreign countries] 490

[Agricultural statistics of Canada] 490

The agricultural industry in its relation to other industries, P6rez 491

Exportation of agricultural products, Carrasco 491

Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, etc., in England and Wales 491

Production and consumption of products in Denmark, 1913, 1914 491

Agricultural statistics of India, 1912-13 491

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Technical education in tropical agriculture 491

Agricultural instruction in schools 491

Reform of final examinations of intermediate agricultural schools, Sitensk^. . . 491

Work of Lower Austrian Agricultural Education Institute, Gohlert 492

Report of the department of agriculture of Sweden, 1912 492

Agricultural and technical education 492

The work of educated women in horticulture and agriculture, Wilkins 492

Experiments in elementar\'^ agriculture, Davis 493

Preparation of agricultural exhibits, Marshall et al 493

School exhibits and contests, Doane 493

Boys' and girls' field-crop competitions, Readey 493

MISCELLANEOUS.

Report on the agricultural experiment stations, 1914 493

Tlurty-fouvth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1915 494

Twent v-seventh Annual Report of Texas Station, 1914 494

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 494

Press bulletins 494

Relation of the agricultural college and experiment station libraries to the

Library of the Federal Department of Agriculture, Baniett 494

Relation between agricultural college libraries and extension work, Working. . 494

Yearbook of natui'al science, 1913-14, edited by Platzmaim 494

A ttieory of gravitation and related phenomena, Spillman 494

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Ciilifornia Station: Page.

Bui. 261, Nov., 1915 447

Bui. 2G2, 1915 446,449

Giro. 143, Nov., 1915 450

Connecticut State Station:

Bui. 187, June, 1915 458

Bui. 188, Sept., 1915 431

Florida Station:

Bui. 128, Nov., 1915 447

Massachusetts Station:

Control Ser. Bui. 3, Oct., 1915 467
Met. Buls. 323-324, Nov.-Dec,
1915 414

Micliigan Station:

Spec. Bui. 73, Mai-., 1915 436

Spec. Bui. 74, July, 1915 436

New Mexico Station:

Bui. 99, Nov. , 191 5 437

New York State Station:

Bui. 409, popular ed., Aug.,
1915 473

Ohio Station:

Bui. 288 (Tliirtv-fourth An.

Bpt., 1915), June, 1915 494

Bui. 289, Aug., 1915 470

Circ. 156, Oct. 15, 1915 444

Rhode Island Station:

Insp. Bui., Oct., 1915 426

Texas Station:

Bui. 177, Sept., 1915 467

Bui. 178, Sept., 1915 421

Bui. 179, Oct., 1915 451

Bui. 180, Oct., 1915 452

Bui. 181, Oct., 1915 420

Circ. 8, Oct., 1915 454

Circ. 9, Oct., 1915 469

Twenty-seventh An. Upt.,
1914 494

Washington Station:

West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui.,
vol. 3—
No. 8, Nov., 1915. . 418, 445, 494
No. 9, Dec, 1915 494

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 257, July, 1915 444

Bui. 258, Sept., 1915 469

Bui. 259, Oct., 1915 431

Bui. 260, Oct., 1915 431

Wvoming Station:

Bui. 107, Sept., 1«15 469

Bui. 108, Oct., 1915 467

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agricultmral Research, Page,
vol. 5:
No. 9, Nov. 29, 1915.... 435,444,480

No. 10, Dec. 6, 1915 420,

431, 448, 470

No. 11, Dec. 13, 1915 421,

422, 427, 442, 470

No. 12, Dec. 20, 1915 426,

428, 455, 456
Bui. 307, Tests of Corn Varieties on

the Great Plains, L. L. Zook. ... 433
Bui. 318, The Bouavist, Lablab, or
Hyacinth Bean, C. V. Piper and

W.J.Morse 436

Bui. 319, Fermented Milks, L. A.

Rogers 474

Bui. 321, Cost of Fencing Farms in
the North Central States, 11. N.

Humphrey 485

Bui. 323, Importance and Character

of the Milled Rice Imported Into

the United States, F. B. Wise.. . 435

Bui. 324, Commiuiity Production of

Durango Cotton in the Imperial

Valley, A . McLachlan 434

Bui. 325, Honeybees: Wintering,
Yields, Imports, and Exports of

Honev, S. A. Jones 454

Rpt. 108, The Acarina or Mites, N.

Banks 458

Bureau of Animal Industiy :

Circ. 207, rev.. Directions for
Constructing Vats and Dip-
ping Cattle to Destroy Ticks,
H. W. Graybill and W. P.

Ellenberger 479

Bureau of Biological Survey:

North American Fauna 39, Re-
vision of the Pocket Gophers
of the Genus Thomomys, V.

Bailey 449

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1913—

Soil Survey of Dane Coun-
ty, Wisconsin, W. J.
Geib, A. E. Tavlor, and

G. Conrey 418

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Siu'vey of _ Colquitt
County, Georgia, A. T.
Sweet and J. B. R.
Dickey 417

IX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Department of Affriculture — Contd.

Bureau of Soila — Continued. Page.

Field Operations, 1914— Con.

Soil Survey of Dekalb
County, Georgia, D. D.
Long and M. Baldwin. . 417

Soil Survey of Jackson
County, Georgia, D. D.
Long and M. Baldwin. . 417

Soil Siu-\-ey of Bladen
County, North Carolina,
K . B . ilardison et al 418

Soil Survey of Chesterfield
County, South Caro-
lina, W.J. Latimer et al. 418

States Relations Ser\'ice:

Bpt. Work and Expenditures
of Agricultural Experiment

Stations, 1914 493

Office of Markets and Eural Organ-
ization:

Work of the Office of Markets
and Riu-al Organization, C. J.

Brand 490

Weather Bureau:

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 43,
Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct., 1915.. 413

Climat. Data, vol. 2, Nos. 9-10,

Scpt.-Oct., 1915 414

Scientific Contributions: o

Chemical and Physical Proper-
ties of Oils Distilled from
Acorus calamus, G. A. Rus-
sell 407

The Isomeric Tetracetates of
Xylose, C. S. Hudson and
J.M.Johnson 408

Bromoacetyl xylose and Beta-
triacetylmethylx^'losid, J.
K.Dale 408

The Preparation of Mclibiose,
C. S. Hudson and T. S. Har-
ding 408

A Second Crystallin 6-fructose
Pentacetate, C. S. Hudson
and D. H. Brauns 408

The Factor to be Used in Neu-
mann's Method, S. L. Jodidi
and E. H. Kellogg 409

Determination of Esters in Cit-
rus Oils and Extracts, A. R.
Albright and C. O. Young. . 409

Variations in the Intensity of
the Heat Ravs from the Sun,
H.H.Kimball 415

Five Years' Growth on Doug-
las I"^r Sample Plats, T. T.
Munger 440

Some Notes on Forest Ecology
and Its Problems, R. H.
Boerker 441

Light Burning at Castle Rock,
S. B. Show 441

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.
A New Aspect of Brush Dis-
posal in Arizona and New
Mexico, W. H. Long 441

Some Neglected Phases of
Phytopathology, J. G. Gross-
enbacher 442

The Loose Kernel Smut of
Sorghum, A. A. Potter 444

Susceptibility of Sweet Potato
Varieties to Stem Rot, L. L.
Barter and Ethel C. Field. . 444

Notes on Some Diseases of
Trees in our National For-
ests, V, G. G. Hedgcock 448

Insects as Carriers of the Chest-
nut Blight Fungus, R. A.
Studhalter and A. G. Rug-
gles 448

Notes on the Progress of Eco-
nomic Entomology, L. 0.
Howard 449

Little-known Western Plant
Lice, W. M. Davidson 453

Notes on Three Species of Heli-
ophila at Brownsville, Tex.,
R. A. Vickery 453

A Kev to the Cutworms Affect-
ing'Tobacco, S. E. Crumb.. 453

Mosquitoes of North and Cen-
tral America and the West
Indies, L. O. Howard et al. . 453

Some Pioneers in Mosmiito
Sanitation and Other Mos-
quito Work, L. 0. Howard.. 453

Revision of North American
Ichneumon Flies of Subfam-
ily Opiinnp, A. B. Gahan . . . 454

Descriptions of New Species of
H>Tnenoptera, S. A.Rohwer. 456

Four New Enc^Ttids from Sic-
ily and the Philippines, A.
A. Girault 456

The Development of Fishy
Flavors in Butter, L. A.
Rogers 473

Influence of Oil of Chenopo-
dium on Circulation and Res-
piratian, W. Salant and
A. E. Livingston 476

Relation of the A^icultural
College and Experiment Sta-
tion Libraries to the Library
of the Federal Department
of Agriculture, Claribel R.
Bamett 494

Relation Between the Agricul-
tural College Libraries and
Extension Work, D. W.
Working 494

A Theory of Gravitation and
Related Phenomena, W. J.
Spillman 494

a Printed la scientific and technical publications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. April, 1916. No. 5.

The feeling that there is an antagonism between science and what
is desigiiated as " common sense " still finds expression. It is a feel-
ing that the two are not only quite different but are in some way
opposed to each other, or not equally dependable from a practical
point of view; and that common sense must be the test of all pro-
posals and the mainstay of the practical man. It is a survival of
the idea long held that science is a kind of hobby, chiefly for the
men who pursue it; that while it may throw light on the abstruse
problems of the universe it is not to be the guide of the practical
man, and that its adherents are impractical.

"\Miile this view has been very greatly modified as a result of the
work of our agricultural institutions, it still persists to some extent
even among those who appreciate and follow the work of agricul-
tural investigation; and it has to be met by experiment station men
and extension workers. It is a failure to understand the nature of
science. It confuses science with theory, and regards the term
" scientific " as synonymous with theoretical. Theory and hypothesis
aid in the development of scientific knowledge, but pure theory is
not science nor is science mere theory.

It is natural that farmers who have developed their industry from
experience and out of their own self-reliance should often look ask-
ance at proposals which they can not understand and can not subject
to their usual method of test. Their reliance on their common sense
is not a thing to be criticized, nor the fact that they may require to be
convinced of the practical value of science in their business. The
main thing to be desired is that they should maintain an open mind
and estimate each kind of guidance fairly and on its own merits.
This is not done at the present stage if the findings of science are
dismissed as theoretical and visionary, and as a matter of course
inferior to the product of practical judgment. The essential thing is
an open mind, which while exercising the best of common sense will
not shut out the evidence.

An illustration of the feeling that science is not common sense
but something far more subtle and ethereal not infrequently crops
out on occasions where agricultural workers are called upon to
explain the character and practical applications of their activity.

401

402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

While a gratifying degree of tolerance is commonly exhibited toward
the scientific aspects of the work, the speakei-s are repeatedly brought
back to the " common sense " plan or theory or view, and are called
upon to justify their statements on " a common sense basis." The
intimation often is that science has no part in the latter, but that
viewed in such a light the science is usually found visionary and
not a thing to be followed. The " common sense proposition," on
the other hand, is the test applied and is apparently thought of as
the reliable and practical one, and as usually opposed to suggestions
developed through investigation. In such instances science has little
real standing unless it chances to accord with the prevailing idea of
common sense, despite the fact that what, was supposed to be com-
mon sense in farming has often been found in error.

Perhaps this is merely a reflection of a feeling that science is
not practical — at least until it has been proved so by this arbitrary
measure, and that it is devoid of some quality which enters into good
common sense; a belief that man gets his practical knowledge by
another means, and relies on his shrewd judgment and intuition.

A similar idea was carried in a recent review of a bulletin in a
farm paper. In speaking of the attitude of the author the editor
remarked : " Xor do we care how unscientific he may be so long as
he is practical." This was probabl}' a careless statement, intended to
la}'^ special stress on the importance of an experimenter being prac-
tical, rather than to encourage unscientific writing. The idea that a
station man may be practical although imscientific is contrary to the
underlying thought of experiment station work, as is likewise the
suggestion that a fact or a rule of practice may be unscientific and
yet practical. "We may not fully understand the scientific principles
underlying the practice, but this does not admit that there is a
possible antagonism between them or an absence of principle. It is
fundamental that all sound practice accords with scientific principles
and facts as soon as wc are able to determine them.

What is commonly designated as common sense is the result of
practical experience, coupled with sound judgment and often with
good business instinct. Its basic quality is judgment, which in turn
depends on information, and its most prominent attribute is that it
is supposed to be practical and has in it the elements of success. It
is thought of as an individual quality, acquired rather than taught,
and often supposed to combine a degree of intuition or unusual
sagacity.

It is not formulated in definite terms, and the elements which com-
prise it in particular cases often could not be analj'zed or enumerated.
Hence, it is absorbed rather than learned, and it is passed on by that
means and by imitation. Common sense is popularly looked on as

EDITORIAL. • 403

something developed from the resources within the individual. The
information on which it is based is usually regarded as personal
and as having come out of experience and shrewd reasoning. There
is little discrimination between such information and that which has
been absorbed from reading, institute lectures, and the like. Indeed,
many a man credited with large common sense probably does not
realize the actual source of his information and power.

Common sense, whether of high or low degree, is in effect a product
of reason and judgment applied to the facts and conditions as they
are seen. It rests upon information and its interpretation. So does
science. There is some very bad common sense, as there may be bad
science.

Scientific facts are derived -more accurately than personal impres-
sions, b}'' providing conditions which tend to guard against error
or misconstruction. Because the facts developed by scientific methods
are accurate, dependable, unprejudiced, and not influenced by purely
local conditions, they furnish a safe basis for intelligent reasoning
along either practical or scientific lines. The scientific method of
deduction is more cautious and more restricted in its generalizations
than personal judgment may be, but as far as it goes there is nothing
antagonistic in it to good common sense. The substitution of facts
derived in a manner to make them thoroughly reliable, in the place
of current notions, traditions and observations, instead of detracting
from the practical value and reliability of personal judgment
strengthens it and makes it a safer basis for action.

There is no reason why the practical man's judgment should not
be based on the best and safest sources of information available, and
this is exactly what is taking place, whether it is fully realized or
not. As a matter of fact, science is becoming more and more an aid
to sane and logical practical judgment in agricultural affairs. The
more science furnishes the means for intelligent understanding and
this understanding becomes disseminated among the people, the more
common and reliable may " common sense " be, and the further will
it be removed from the elements of mysticism, superstition, and
dogma. Confidence in it will not suffer by reason of this change,
for it will then rest upon intelligence in the things that actually are,
combined with sound judgment and clear thinking.

There will always be abundant call for the exercise of keen judg-
ment in every branch of farming — not that science is unpractical
but that its application may not be practical or economic under a
given set of conditions. It has not always been given a practical
interpretation or harmonized with the conditions of practical farm-
ing. Our science, so far as it is recommended to the practical man,
should be able to stand the common-sense test, i. e., the test of prac-
tical trial or of good practical judgment. If it does not, the fault

404 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.

is probably with its application or its interpretation in practice
rather than with the science itself. But it is becoming more prac-
tical and dependable every year, and it is the most reliable basis of
information aA"ailable to the agricultural industry.

So far from being incompatible or antagonistic, therefore, science
and common sense supplement each other in forming practical judg-
ment, and as the former becomes disseminated it enters more and
more largely into the composition of the latter. The two are not to
be contrasted or set over against each other, or thought of as some-
thing essentially different in kind. It is very evident that through
the years practical experience and judgment unaided have not proved
an adequate basis for progress ; and our present experience is demon-
strating that the more science there is incorporated in common sense,
the sounder Avill it be. The more the farmers can be brought to see
and understand this, the easier will extension teaching become,
because the attitude will be more receptive.

Those who are in close contact with the farming people are con-
scious of a very decided change in the great body of them, in the
attitude toward science itself, as well as toward its teachings. Along
with the growing ajipreciation and expectation of science has come
a deeper understanding of it and of its nature. It manifests itself
in something more than confidence in science and a readiness to ac-
cept its teachings. It is an evidence of the wider growth of the
science spirit, a gathering of something of the spirit of science by the
people, not necessarily a conscious change or recognized under that
name, but evident in a broadening of views and a change in attitude.

It is a natural result of association. It has come with a wider
familiarity with science and its methods, with the development of it,
and with an almost daily association with it in practice and reason-
ing. It is an effect on the man himself and his mental habit. To him
science is no longer for a special class or merely of theoretic interest;
but it is practical, it is for use, and it is within the reach and under-
standing of busy practical men.

Xo one can come to something of an understanding of science and
associate it with his daily life without being influenced by it. It
is not merely employed in a thoughtless routine wa}', but it becomes
a part of him just as his practical experience is, and it affects his
outlook and attitude toward new things, just as it does his action.
It makes him more critical and discriminating in regard to the
source of new infoiTnation, it breaks down his prejudices, and it
strengthens his judgment and " hard common sense.'' Instead of
leading him to follow rules blindly it makes him thinlc and reason
intelligently ; it develops an inquiring habit, a desire to understand.

EDITORIAL. 405

This is illustrated by an old farmer in the South who, in describ-
ing a method he was following in putting in a crop, said : " I know
this method gives the best result but I wish I knew why." Until
recently the theory of agriculture and the rule of practice was dog-
matic. Tt was based on some one's opinion, frequently crystallized
into a tradition, without the actual facts. The average man did not
distinguish facts from notions or opinions. These were a result of
general observation and experience. Experience is as good a basis
for facts and for truth as any other, so it is rightly gathered and
interpreted, without prejudice or preconceived idea. But very often
this has not been the case.

The farmer has learned through his association with science the
difference between dogma based on assertion and a true fact. The
thinking farmer of to-day does not accept some man's dictum unless
he has the facts. He has had impressed upon him the danger of
half truths; he expects the man who advises him to have the facts
behind him, not ahead of him. Pie finds facts more valuable and im-
pressive than argument. The truth is what is wanted by the large
body of farmers, and the demonstration of this rather than its asser-
tion is the strength of extension teaching. The acceptance of new
facts has aroused reason and created an open mind. As has been
said, " long-continued practice solidifies opinion and makes it im-
pregnable to evidence. We come at length to substitute habit for
reason." The introduction and acceptance of new ideas breaks up
this habit.

The man of scientific mind seeks to know the facts first of all ; he
makes his inquiries long before he has an opinion. He realizes the
importance of this. A large body of farmers is coming to realize
it also. To a greater degree than ever before it is recognized that
" we can not solve our questions by unscientific polemics, however
much we mny settle them for the time being." Carefully collected
evidence has become the basis for conclusions and theories, and these
viewed in the spirit of science remove the fear of truth and the fear
of dogma.

In a very large measure, then, the farmer has come to a realization
that science is for him in his daily life ; that he is to " practice with
science," and that its influence on his method of thought and open-
minded attitude is hardly less than its practical results. In other
words, that truth is valuable not only on its own account but for the
range and reach it imparts to the mind.

These things have come about very largely from the work of the
experiment stations, and especially as a result of the experimental
method. The change began when the experiment stations began to
apply the test of science to tradition and to dogma, and employ the

406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

method of science in getting at the truth. The farmers began to see
the difference and to catch something of its meaning. It was the
application of the experimental method in determining facts. This
difference between opinion and fact has been propagated more and
more widely each year, through the teachings of the agricultural
colleges, short courses, the farmers' "week, the movable schools, the
agricultural press, and all those agencies which have been so influ-
ential in disseminating information and understanding.

There has been no more significant development in agriculture in
all time than the acceptance during the past quarter of a century of
the truth that scientific experiment and research are the most effec-
tive means for determining methods of improving and safegiuirding
agricultural production, and that the profits of agricultural practice
depend upon the operation of economic hnvs and the management of
agricultural operations in accordance with business principles. Such
a widespread acceptance could not have resulted if some measure of
the spirit of science had not been caught by the large body of the
people.

Naturally the spread of the science spirit is not restricted to the
business and practice of farming. It alTects the entire man, and is
felt throughout the whole horizon of life in a broader attitude
toward (juestions relating to public welfare. This is indeed a great
gain for scientific research and science teaching.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Theoretical and physical chemistry, S. L. Bigelow {Netv York: The Century
Co., 191Jf, pp. XIII-\-oItJ^, figs. 81). — A volume intended for use in a course of
lectures on elementary theoretical and physical chemistry, and of general
interest to agricultural chemists.

International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry (Internat.
Cat. Sci. Lit., 12 {1915), pp. y///+9i0).— The twelfth annual issue of this cata-
logue (E. S. R., 33, p. 201), which contains schedules and indexes in four lan-
guages and a subject and an author catalogue. The material catalogued waa
received between October, 1912, and September, 1913.

A study of the chemical and physical properties of oils distilled from the
various parts of the plant Acorus calamus, G. A. Russell {Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc., 37 {1915), No. 10, pp. 23S7-2394, fig. 1). — Acorus calamus, commonly
known as " calamus," when cultivated on upland soils yields less oil than when
grown in its natural habitat, which is low, wet, and boggy. While all parts of
the plant yield oil, the roots show the largest percentage yield. The oils
obtained by steam distillation from the various parts of the plant, viz, aerial,
rhizome, and roots, possess varying physical and chemical constants. Qualita-
tive tests showed phenols to be absent in all of the samples. Aldehydes, how-
ever, were found in all of the oils, and " it may be inferred that the production
of aldehydes is greatest in the part of the plant exposed to the action of sun
and air, and that this production diminishes as these factors are more or less
shut off." Fractionation of these oils indicates that the components of each
are present in varying amounts, and that the components themselves vary to
some extent.

Oxidation and polymerization of soy-bean oil, N. J. A. Tavekne {Ztschr.
Angew. Chem., 28 {1915), No. 42, Aufsatzteil, pp. 249-251).— Oxiaation in the
air at room temperature was carried out by Fahriou's method, and the hydroxy
acids determined after 30 days' exposure were found to constitute 38.4 per cent
of the oil. Oxidation at 70° C. was carried out in the apparatus of Genthe'*
and was complete in 30 hours.

Oxidation in air at 150° was also carried out by heating in a beaker. The
molecular weight rose in 10 days from 710 to 1,730. This indicated polymeriza-
tion or condensation along with the oxidation. The oil became solid and as-
sumed a reddish-brown color. It contained 31.8 per cent hydroxy acids and 63
per cent fatty acids soluble in petroleum ether. The iodin number decreased to
64.8. Heating for 14 days at 135° gave a thick oil containing 27.2 per cent
hydroxy acids and 65.5 per cent fatty acids with an iodin number of 65.7. These
figm-es indicate the possibility of using soy-bean oil in the linoleum industry.

"Ztschr. .ingew. Chem., 19 (190G), No. 51, pp. 20S7-2099, flgs. 21.
28855°— No. 5—16 2 407

408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

Contrary to the findings of Gentlie the author obtained complete oxidation
in 45 hours in ultraviolet rays. A lead-manganese rosin compound containing
6.28 per cent lead and 5.76 per cent manganese was found to be the most active
agent for hastening oxidation.

Soy-bean oil is readily polymerized, though not to so great a degree as lin-
seed oil. On heating the oil at 150° in an air bath the iodin number was found
to have decreased from 137.5 to -90.5, while the molecular weight remained
constant and the oil liquid. Higher temperatures gave no better results. By
adding 30 per cent of linolic acid to the oil and heating to 2.50° the iodin num-
bers were reduced but the oil remained liquid. Heating the oil at 300° for
12 days caused it to become solid, and after 17 days to become insoluble in
benzene. The molecular weight of a sample heated for 10 days at 300° rose to
1,200. Adding 1 per cent oxidized soy-bean oil to fresh oil and heating to 300"
caused the mass to become solid in 7 days.

The isomeric tetracetates of xylose, and observations regarding the ace-
tates of melibiose, trehalose, and sucrose, C. S. Hudson and J. :M. Johnson
(Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1015), Xo. 12, pp. 2748-2753).

Bromoacetylxylose and beta-triacetylmethylxylosid, J. K. Dalk {.lour.
Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), Xo. 12, pp. 27. ',5 27^7).

The preparation of melibiose, C. S. Hud.son and T. S. Harding (-lour. Amer.
Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 12, pp. 2754-2756).— Following the main lines of
Loiseau's method uniform yields of from 175 to 200 gm. of melibiose were ob-
tained from 500 gm. of pure raffinose (E. S. R., 32, p. 711). The product was
colorless and gave a correct value for its specific rotation.

A second crystallin 5-fructose pentacetate (a-5-fructose pentacetate). C. S.
Hudson and D. H. Brauns (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), Xo. 12, pp. 2736-
27.',5).

The effect of sodium chlorid upon the action of invertase, II. A. Fai.es and
J. M. Nelson (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), Xo. 12, pp. 2769-27S6, figs.
4). — The experimental data indicate that the hydrogen ion concentration re-
mains constant throughout the whole course of the inversion of cane sugar by
invertase.

"At the optimum of invertase action, the .salt effect of the sodium chlorid
seems to approach zero, and as we depart eitlier side from the optimum we get
an increasing salt effect. The use of buffers (tampons) for reguhiting the con-
centration of hydrogen ion introduces a certain salt effect. The most satisfactory
region for using buffers in invertase velocity measurements is in the neighbor-
hood of tlie optimum zone where the salt effect is a minimum. In the region
of enzym activity it is necessary to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion,
and it is not permissible to calculate it from the molarity of acid usetl. The
addition of sodium chlorid to solutions of hydrochloric acid causes an increase
in the concentration of hydrogen ion as measured by the electromotive force
method and by tlie hydrolysis of cane-sugar solutions."

Acid potassium and acid sodium phthalates as standards in acidimetry
and alkalimetry, W. S. Hendrixson (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 37 (1915), Xo.
10, pp. 2352-2359). — The salts have been applied as acidimetry and allvalimetry
standards. It has been observed by the author that " the results obtainetl by
using silver, benzoic acid, and the two acid phthalates as standards are almost
identical. So far as the results go they indicate that one of the organic stand-
ards is as good as another in point of accuracy. The acid phthalates have some
advantage in their much higher molecular weights, their greater solubility, and
the fact that they can be prepared pure and true to the formulas accepted for
the anhydrous salts without the use of unusual and time-consuming methods of
purification."

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 409

Two methods of separation of the metals of the alkaline-earth group,
Alice G. Patekson (Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 10, pp. 2346-2352). —
The methods devised are based on the slight differences in solubility of the
relatively insoluble salts of the group, both being applications of the principle
involved in fractional precipitation. If two or more precipitating agents are
added to a solution containing a mixture of salts, any given metallic ion will
unite with that acid ion which forms the least soluble salt.

Detailed procedures for the qualitative separation of the alkaline-earth
metals, based on the above principle, are given. It is thought that the principle
may have a wider application in general analytical work and may perhaps be
valuable for quantitative separations.

Nephelometric estimation of phosphorus, P. A. Kodee and G. Egeker (Jour.
Amer. Chcm. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 10, pp. 2373-2381, figs. 2).— The reagent of
Pouget and Chouchak (E. S. R., 20, p. 703; 21, p. 105) for the estimation of
phosphorus has been so modified by the authors as to be stable, colorless, and
both quantitatively and nephelometrically applicable. The preparation of re-
agents and detailed procedure for the estimation of phosphorus is described.
The authors have shown that 0.005 mg. of phosphorus in 10 cc. of solution, or 1
part in 2,000,000 parts of water, is easily determined quantitatively with the
nepheloraeter (E. S. R., 30, p. 410). The method, as a rule, is applicable directly
to any solution containing phosphates but no organic matter, provided the solu-
tion is neutral or slightly acid and not turbid.

• On the accuracy of Neumann's method for the estimation of phosphorus,
H. S. H. Waedlaw {Jour, and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 48 {1914), pt. 1,
pp. 73-93). — After a critical study of the possible sources of error in Neumann's
method for the estimation of phosphorus, the author concludes that the values
obtained in the estimation of phosphorus are always high. The error increases
with the amount of phosphate estimated, and its source is an excess of molyb-
denum carried down in the precipitate of ammonium phosphomolybdate. The
error is independent of the rate of addition of the precipitant or the time of
contact between the px'ecipitate and the mother liquor, and it can not be reduced
by lowering the temperature of precipitation, as this leads to incomplete pre-
cipitation.

On the factor to be used for the calculation of the phosphoric acid in Neu-
mann's method; the factor as influenced by the water used for washing the
yellow precipitate, S. L. Jodidi and E. H. Kellogg {Jour. FranlcUn Inst., 180
{1915), No. 3, pp. 349-367). — The authors have shown that the factor used for
the calculation of phosphoric acid in Neumann's method is to a degree influenced
by the amount of water used for washing the ammonium phosphomolybdate.
Losses of from 1.07 to 3.95 per cent of the phosphorus employed were observed
when washing the yellow precipitate with four successive portions of 150 cc.
each of ice-cold water. By washing the precipitate with but three portions of
50 cc. each the losses were smaller, ranging from 0.89 to 3.2 per cent, and this
procedure is recommended. The more material used in the method the smaller
was the percentage of phosphorus lost in the filtrate and washings. Analytical
data indicate that the ammonium phosphomolybdate is not absolutely insoluble
in the liquid from wliich it is precipitated, the losses ranging in the experiments
reported from 0.4 to 0.77 per cent of the phosphorus employed.

It has been found to be more convenient to use a 300-cc. round-bottom flask
than a 500 to 750 cc. flask for the formation of the yellow precipitate. A large
flask, however, is necessary for the oxidation of organic matter if such be
present.

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 803).

410 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.

The voliunetric determinatioii of phosphoric acid in calcium phosphate,
I. M. KoLTHOFF (Pharm. M'eekhl., 52 {1915), No. 29, pp. 1053-1055). — A weighed
quantity of the phosphate is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, rendered
neutral to dimethjiaminoazobenzene, and made up to a definite volume. A solu-
tion of disodium phosphate with the indicator is recommended to be used for
comparison. To an aliquot portion an excess of sodium oxalate neutral to
phenolphthalein is added and the solution titrated with tenth-normal alkali.
One cc. of tenth-normal alliali is equivalent to 7.1 mg. P-Os. The presence of
carbonate in the phosphate does not interfere with the determination.

The method may also be applicable to the determination of phosphorus in
urine.

Detection of various mineral and alkaloidal poisons in waters, P. Bbeteau
{Jour. Pharm. et C'him., 7. ser., 12 {1915), No. 3, pp. 68-73). — A procedure for
the separation of alkaloidal from mineral itoisons in waters is outlined, and
tests for the detection of certain alkaloids (brucin, colchicin, atropin, morphin,
strychnin, and veratrin) in the water are given. The separation of copper, anti-
mony, arsenic, barium, mercury, lead, zinc, and the cyanids is described in detail.

The determination of gases dissolved in waters and effluents, A. A. Swan-
son and G. A. Hulett {Jour. Amer. Chcm. Sac, 31 {1915), No. 11, pp. 2490-2500,
figs. 2). — The authors describe two new pieces of apparatus, illustrated by
figures, for the determination of dissolved gases in water. Proce<lures for the
determination of oxygen, carbon dioxid, and nitrogen are given. The experi-
mental data submittetl indicate that gi'eat accuracy is possible with the method.

The determination of nitrog'en contained in vegetable matter according to
the Gunning- Atterberg method, A. N. Lebediantzev {Zhtir. Opytn. Agron.,
16 {1915), No. 2, pp. 95-105). — Experiments by the author show that a loss of
nitrogen in the method (E. S. R., 10, p. 605) occurs when the correlation between
sulphuric acid and potassium sulphate becomes too narrow. This loss can be
obviated by using an abundant amount of potassium sulphate and by increasing
the amount of the sample used in the determination. For material rich In fat
1.5 gm. sample is recommended ; for other materials. 2 gm. There is no loss of
nitrogen from boiling for various lengths of time after the oxidation is complete
provided long-necked Kjeldahl flasks are used. The substances used in the
experiments were rye, wheat, maize, flax, potatoes, red beets, and seeds of the
poppy, flax, and sunflower.

Determination of chlorin in vegetable matter, D. J. de .Tong {Chem. Weekbl.,
12 {1915), No. 26, pp. 592-594; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 17, p. 2363).—
The sample, usually from 10 to 15 gm.. is treated with 10 cc. of a 10 per cent
solution of sodium carbonate. The material is then ignitetl and chlorin deter-
mined in the melt in the usual manner. By this procedure there is no loss by
volatilization.

The determination of volatile esters in citrus oils and extracts, A. R.
Albright and C. O. Yoxjng {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soe., 37 {1915), No. 10, pp. 2382-
2387). — Condensation with semicarbazid is recommended as a general proce-
dure preliminary to the determination of the saponification value of oils when
aldehydes are present. For the determination of the volatile esters the authors
propose the following manipulation :

"First, the terpene fraction is removed as follows: One hundred gm. of the
oil is weighed into a three-bulb Ladenburg flask, the fla.sk hung in a hemi-
spherical iron air bath, connected with a pump producing a vacuum of from
2 to 5 mm., a small flame placed below, regulated to give a slow rate of distilla-
tion (not exceeding from 18 to 20 drops per minute), and the process not
disturbed until limonene ceases to come over.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 411

"When the automatic stopping of the vacuum distillation has taken place, the
flask is connected with a long condensex*, and a current of steam passed through
until the volume of the distillate reaches 200 cc. This distillation is so regu-
lated as to consume at least from 30 to 45 minutes. The volume of material
In the flask is kept as nearly constant as possible by heating with a flame.
When the steam distillation is carried out in less time than this, it is almost
invariably found that a sufficient amount of less readily volatile material is
driven over to produce murkiness and to interfere seriouslj' with the titration.
The same efCect is observed when the volume of oil with water in the flask
becomes tpo low. When a large volume of water accumulates in the flask, the
results appear to be too low, due to incomplete volatilization of the ester. The
steam distillates are always found to be slightly acid to phenolphthalein, but no
relation between this acidity and the saponification value has been observed.

" A concentrated aqueous solution of the theoretical quantity, or an excess
of semicarbazid hydrochlorid with an equivalent amount of crystalline sodium
acetate, is now added. This is calculated from the aldehyde content, deter-
mined previously by Hiltner's method.'^ When an insufficient amount is used, the
end point is not sharp. One hundred cc. of 95 per cent alcohol is then added, the
mixture shaken around for a few minutes, and allowed to stand for from
10 to 15 minutes, or longer if convenient. A large bulk of citral semicarbazone
usually separates at this point. The solution is then neutralized to phenol-
phthalein, 50 cc. half-normal alcoholic KOH added, and the solution boiled xmder
a reflux for 2 hours. At the end of this time it is cooled to room temperature
without delay, under tap water, and the excess alkali titrated with half-normal
hydrochloric acid. It is necessary to use a much larger quantity of phenol-
phthalein than In ordinary titrations. Using a 100-gm. sample, the number of
cubic centimeters of half-normal alkali consumed, multiplied by 0.098 (the
value in grams of 1 cc. half-normal linalyl acetate), and an empirical factor
[1.28] gives the percentage of saponifiable matter present, calculated as linalyl
acetate."

When applied to lemon extracts the procedure is as follows :

" Four hundred gm, is distilled slowly from an ordinary side-neck flask until
the volume is reduced to from 50 to 75 cc. Steam is then passed through
until no more volatile oil comes over. The combined distillates are then treated
exactly as the steam distillate in the case of lemon oils, calculating the neces-
sary amount of semicarbazid from the citral value (1 gm. citral requires about
0.75 gm. semicarbazid hydrochlorid)."

Experimental data obtained from mixtures of known composition indicated
that the method is quite accurate.

A disturbing factor in Barfoed's test, W. H. Welkek {Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, 37 {1915), No. 9, pp. 2221-2230) .—In using Barfoed's test* to determine
the hydrolytic products of the action of hydrochloric acid on starch, the author
found it impossible to produce the typical glucose reaction but obtained a
greenish-white precipitate. The sodium chlorid present, formed by the neu-
tralization of the free hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxid, seemed to be
the interfering substance. A greenish-white precipitate was formed instead of
the red cuprous oxid of the typical Barfoed's test when a solution of sodium
chlorid was boiled with Barfoed's reagent, or when sodium chlorid was added
to a solution of pure glucose and Barfoed's test was applied to the mixed
solution.

"U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 132 (1910), p. 102; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.,
1 (1909), No. 12, pp. 79S-S00.
"Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), pp. XXXIII-XXXIV.

412 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

The experimental data indicate that percentage concentrations of sodium
chlorid as low as 0.0156 interfere with the test.

In determining the delicacy of Barfoed's test it was found that with 1 cc.
of the reagent, and heating for two minutes in boiling water, a concentration
of 0.08 per cent of glucose gave a very definite reduction, and that one-half
the concentration gave a faint reduction. The greenish-white precipitate was
formed by the action of sodium chlorid (concentration of 0.32 per cent) on
Barfoed's reagent at room temperature. Glucose has the same effect in the
presence of sodium chlorid at room temperature. The precipitate contains
copper, sodium, chlorin, and the acetic acid radical. When formed at room
temperature it tends to go into a colloidal solution. Its percentage composi-
tion was not determined.

The quantitative determ^ination of the amino acids of feeding stuffs by the
Van Slyke method. — II, H. S. Grindley, ^I. E. Slater, et al. {Jour. Aiiicr.
Chem. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 12, pp. 2762-2769).— Results 'of the distribution of
the nitrogen of blood meal, wheat, rolled wheat, barley, oats, and white soy
beans are reported, together with those previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. S05).

The results reported "confirm the conclusion previously drawn, namely, that
the Van Slyke method for the determination of the chemical groups characteris-
tic of the amino acids of proteins can be applied directly to the quantitative
determinations of the amino acids of feeding stuffs with at least a fair degree
of accuracy." Pronounced variations in the free and combined amino-acid
content of the common feeding stuffs, expressed in percentage of the total
nitrogen and in percentage of the feeding stuffs, are indicated by the results
reported. The high results for humin nitrogen obtained are deemed probably
due in part to the presence of soluble carbohydrates during the hydrolysis of the
protein.s, and probably also to the presence of cellulose which mechanically pre-
vents a complete hydrolysis of the material. These high results for humin
nitrogen constitute a source of error in the direct application of the metliod
to the determination of the free and combined amino acids and amids of feeding
stuffs.

See also a previous note by Nollau (E. S. R., 33, p. 6G.5).

The nephelometric estimation of purin bases, including uric acid, in urine
and blood, Sara S. Graves and P. A. Koiier {Jour. Aincr. Chew. Soc, 37 {1'.>1.')),
Xo. 10, pp. 2.}.]0-2.}.'/7, fio^^- 3). — The authors have so modified Salkowski's
reagent for purin bases as to make it applicable to nephelometrical work.
They have found that the reagent will precipitate xanthin, hypoxanthin, guanin,
adenin, and uric acid quantitatively in solution as dilute as 0.0002 per cent.
The use of a clear solution of egg albumin as a protective colloid to keep the
precipitates in suspension has been introducetl. A suspension of manganese
dioxid in alkaline rather than acid medium was found to oxidize uric acid
completely in from one to three minutes and not attack the other purins. They
conclude that lu-ic acid and other purin bases in urine may be quickly and
fairly accurately estimated with the nephelometer. An outline of the technique
for the estimation of purin bases in blood is given.

The use of ammonium hydroxid for the extraction of rosin from wood,
II. K. Benson and II. N. Crites {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), No.
11, pp. 918-920, fig. 1). — By the treatment of resinous woods with an amount of
5 per cent ammonium-hydroxid solution equal to eight times the weight of the
wood, at 70° C. for five hours, an almost complete extraction of rosin was
obtained. From the general properties of ammonia it is believed that a complete
recovery of ammonia is possible.

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 413

METEOROLOGY.

Reorg-anization of the meteorological service in Brazil (Diario Off., Estad.
Unul. Brazil, 56 (1915), No. 61; Bui. Off. Bur. Renseig. Br^sil d Paris, No. 33
(1915), pp. 12, 13; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome's, Mo. Bill. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 8, pp. 1024, 1025). — Certain clauses of th^ decree
of March 4, 1915, providing for the reorganization of this service indicate that
more attention than heretofore is to be paid to work which has a direct bearing
upon agriculture, such, for example, as the study of rainfall, droughts, and
flow of streams, with special reference to the water supply for dry regions, and
weather forecasts and warnings of special interest to farmers.

Reading' the weather, T. M. Longsteeth (New York: Outing Publisliing Co.,
1915. pp. iy-\-195, pis. 8). — This is one of the Outing Handbooks and deals with
the commoner facts relating to the weather in a popular way, especially with
reference to outdoor life.

Some Arabic weather sayings, Kasim (Cairo Sei. Jour., 8 (1914), ^o. 97-98,
pp. 209-2-38, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This article is mainly a collection of weather sayings,
but it also includes a compilation (mainly from almanacs and calendars in
common use among the people) of notes bearing on meteorologj" and hydrog-
raphy in association with the dates of the Coptic calendar, a general descrip-
tion of the climate of Egj'pt, and notes on the cause and character of the Nile
floods.

Monthly Weather Review (U. S. ilo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), Nos. 9, pp.
437-494, pis. 14, figs. 4; 10, pp. 495-541, pis. 11, figs. 6).— In addition to weather
forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for September
and October, 1915; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of
recent papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather of the months ;
a condensed climatological summary ; and the usual climatological tables and
charts, these numbers contain the following articles :

No. 9. — Solar and Sky Radiation Measured at Washington, D. C, during
September, 1915 ; and Solar Radiation Measurements at Santa Fe, N. Mex.,
and Maxima at Other Stations (illus.), by H. H. Kimball; Halo Observations
at York, N. Y., by M. N. Stewart; Cumulus Over a Fire, by E. N. Munns;
Electricity of Atmospheric Precipitation, by G. C. Simpson; Aurora Observa-
tions in 1913, by C. Stormer; The Great Aurora of June 16, 1915, by E. E.
Barnard; A Remarkable Fall of Hail in Maryland (illus.), by O. L. Fassig;
Influence of a Forest on the Temperature of an Air Current, by L. M. Lalin;
Organization of the Meteorological Office in London, by W. N. Shaw (E. S. R.,
34, p. 319) ; Weather Bureau Exhibit at San Francisco, 1915 (illus.), by .1. C.
Alter; Memorandum by the Director of the Meteorological Office [London],
by W. N. Shaw ; The Tropical Hurricane of September 29, 1915, in Louisiana,
by I. M. Cline ; Condensation upon and Evaporation from a Snow Surface,
by B. Rolf; Relation between Monthly Values of Atmospheric Pressure Varia-
tion and Simultaneous INIonthly Values of Temperature Variation and Humid-
ity, and Geographical Latitude, by N. Ekholm ; Climatic Subdivisions of the
United States (illus.), by R. DeC. Ward; and A Pacific Hurricane of Septem-
ber, 1915, by J. H. Kimball.

No. 10. — Solar and Sky Radiation Measured at Washington, D, C, during
October, 1915, by H. H. Kimball ; Effects of Hurricanes on the Upper Air Cur-
rents, by W. H. Pickering; 22° Halo with Upper and Lower Tangent Arcs
(illus.), by C. G. Andrus; Experiment on Sunset Colors, by F. AV. Jordan;
Halo of May 20, 191.5, Analyzed (illus.), by C. S. Hastings; Spectrum and Tem-
perature of the Solar Photosphere, by A. Amerio ; Effect of Ultra- Violet Light

414 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

on the Eye, by W. E. Burge ; Rotation of Solar Corona, by J. Bosler ; Rotation
of Solar Corona, by H. Deslandres; Deflection of Bodies Moving Freely under
Gravity on a Rotating Sphere (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; Cause of "Smoke"
from Mount Hood (illus.), by F. D. Young; The Making of Forecasts by Lay-
men, by C. F. Marvin ; Pennsylvania Weather and Climate in 1G82 ; on Water-
fall Electricity and on the Surface Condition of Liquids, by P. Leuard ; Gage
Aperture and Weight of Catch, by C. N. Haskins; Atmotpheric-Electric Obser-
vations on the Third Cruise of the " Carnegie," 1914, by W. F. G. Swann ; Foggy
Days in Manchester, England, by W. C. Jenkins; Phj-sical Conditions of the
Accumulation of the Sun's Heat in the Salt Seas, by M. R6zsa; Absorption
of Ultra-Violet and Infra-Red Radiations by Arable Soil, by J. F. Tristan and
G. Michaud ; Density of Oxygen, by A. F. O. Germann ; Ordinary«and Internal
Seiches in Lake Tasawa, by K. Honda ; .^olian Tones and Resistance of Small
Plates in a Stream of Fluid, by Lord Rayleigh ; and Selected Bibliography of
Frost in the United States, by W. G. Reed and Cora L. Feldkauip.

Climatological data for the United States by sections (U. S. Dcpt. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 (1915), Nos. 9, pp. 224, fiffS. 7, pis. 2; 10, pp. 232,
pis. 2, figs. 8). — These numbers contain brief summaries and detailed tabular
statements of climatological data for each State for September and October,
1915, respectively.

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agrricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Cstrander and D. Potter (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Bills.
323. 32.'f (19 15), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, tem-
perature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phe-
nomena during November and December, 1915, are presented. The general
character of the weather for November is briefly discussed, and the December
bulletin gives a summary for the year. The principal data in this summary are
as follows:

Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.58, Feb-
ruary 19; minimum, 28.85, December 2G; mean, 29.992. Air temperature, in
ground shelter (degrees F.). — ^Maximum. 93, September 9, 15; minimum, — 4,
.January 5. Humidity. — Mean dewpolnt, 38.8; mean relative humidity, 75.6.
Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 51.58; number of days on which
0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 122 ; total snowfall, 40.8 in.
Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 2,230 hours, or 50
per cent; number of clear days, 82. Bright sunshiiw. — Number of hours re-
corded, 2,224, or 50 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, west-northwest ;
total movement, 50,48G miles ; maximum daily movement, 555 miles, March 3 ;
minimum daily movement, 1 mile, January 4; maximum pressure per square
foot, 22 lbs., November 15. west-northwest. Dates of frost. — Last, May 20;
fii'St, September 23. Dates of snow. — Last, April 3; first, November 17.

Atmospheric circulation and radiation, F. H. Bigelow (Xcw York: John
Wileu tC- Sous, li)15, pp. Xl-\-Ji31, figs. IS). — This is a meteorological treatise on
the circulation and radiation in the atmospheres of the earth and of the sun.
It sets forth a new method of discussing meteorological problems, based upon
a simple adjustment, devised by the author, "of the thermodynamic adiabatic
equations found in all treatises to an exact and practical form of computation
which will adapt them to the nonadiabatic system prevailing in the atmos-
pheres of the earth and of the sun." The method is explained " with suffi-
cient detail to enable the reader to utilize the formulas in practical com-
putations."

The book contains a solution of the following problems " that have heretofore
been intractable along the old lines of procedure: " (1) The diurnal convec-
tion and the semidiurnal barometric waves, with the radiation; (2) the

METEOROLOGY. 415

pressures and temperatures in cyclones and anticyclones, with the circulation
and radiation; (3) the thermodynamics of the atmosphei-e from balloon as-
censions to great altitudes; (4) the thermodynamics of the general circulation;
(5) the distribution of the radiation in all latitudes and altitudes to 20,000 me-
ters; (6) the 'solar constant' of radiation and the conflicting results from py-
rheliometers and bolometers; (7) the discrepancy in the absolute coefficient of
electrical conduction as derived from the several apparatus for dissipation, and
for the number and velocity of the ions; (8) the diurnal magnetic variations
in the lower strata of the atmosphere; (9) the nonperiodic magnetic varia-
tions in their relation to the solar radiation; (10) the magnetization and elec-
trical terms in the sun at very high temperatures."

Variations in the intensity of the heat rays from the sun with the season
of the year, H. H. Kimhall {Amer. Univ. Courier, 21 {19J/f), No. S, pp. 22-25).—
Comparison of radiation intensities at Washington, D. C, and Mt. AYeather,
Va., are reported and briefly discussed, attention being called particularly to
the three principal factors which tend to equalize summer and winter inten-
sities, namely, distance from the sun, water vapor in the air, and dust par-
ticles. Attention is called to the fact that the warmer temperature of the air
in summer is not due so much to solar radiation absorbed as to the greater
number of hours of sunshine in s\immer and the larger amount of terrestrial
radiation.

Volcanic dust veils and climatic variations, H. Aectowski {Ann. N. T.
Acad. Sci., 26 {1915), pp. 149-17^, figs. 7; abs. in Nature [London], 96 {1915),
No. 239Jt, p. 80; Sci. Abs., Sect. A—Phijs., 18 {1915), No. 11, p. 585).— "Pre-
liminary investigation on temperature records led to the conclusion that a gen-
eral rise in the temperature of the atmosphere was probably due to an increase
in the solar constant. Further reductions of the curves with special reference
to departures from monthly means, and including the epochs of great volcanic
eruptions such as Krakatoa (1883) and Katmai (1912), now show that the
short-period variations of temperature have nothing in common with the pres-
ence or absence of volcanic dust veils."

An article covering substantially the same ground has been noted from an-
other source (E. S. R., 33, p. 806).

Variation in annual rainfall, A. Hazen {Engin. Nexvs, 75 {1916), No. 1, pp.
4, 5. fig. 1). — The areas having the same coeflicient of variation in annual rain-
fall are shown on a map of the United States, and the value of such informa-
tion, especially from the engineering standpoint, is briefly discussed. While
this map is looked upon as simply a first rough approximation, it serves to
give a fairly accurate idea of the general conditions of rainfall variation. It
is considered most reliable for the eastern part of the United States. It indi-
cates that the coeflicieut of variation is lowest on the Atlantic coast, and gener-
ally higher on the Pacific coast and in mountainous regions. For example, the
coeflicient of variation is 0.15 at New York and 0.3 at San Francisco.

Temperature variations, A. Angot {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 1
(1915), No. 28, pp. 789-793). — From a study of temperature variations at Paris,
briefly discussed in this article, the conclusion is drawn that monthly, seasonal,
and annual temperature variations in France are entirely fortuitous, and that it
is not possible to predict future by means of past variations.

Yields in their relation to weather and the possibility of further increases
in them, W. Dik {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 29 {1914), Nos. 29, pp. J,21-42J,;
SO, pp. JfSl-435; abs. in Jahresbcr. Landw., 29 {1914), PP- 3-5). — Data are given
for yields of various crops and for temperature, rainy days, precipitation, and
sunshine at Hadmersleben, Germany, during 1911, 1912, and 1913, and an at-
tempt is made to correlate the weather conditions with the crop yields, espe-

416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

cially as related to critical periods of crop growth. A close relation was found
to exist between the yield and the weather, the yield depending largely upon the
adaptation or adjustment of the crop to the weather conditions.

The results indicate the great importance of adaptation of season and crop,
with reference especially to rainfall, late frost, selection of varieties and seed,
rate and time of seeding, use of fertilizers, etc. It is shown that by discrimi-
nation in the selection of seed, rate and time of seeding, and use of fertilizers,
unfavorable weather conditions can be to a considerable extent overcome or
controlled. For example, fertilized crops give better yields in a dry season
than unfertilized.

Practical ventilation, C. F, Bennett (Abs. in Lit. Digest, 50 (1915), No. 11,
pp. o.'f.'f, 5.'i5). — The author in this article condemns the usual "plenum " system
of ventilation which seeks to flush out the impurities by introducing large
quantities of outside air. He maintains that the better procedure is to keep
the pressure in a room slightly below that of the atmosphere instead of above
it as in the plenum system, and tlien remove the relatively small quantity of
impure air, admitting just enough outside air to replace this.

The measurement of humidity in air, Tschaplowitz [Ztschr. Hyg. u.
Infektiomkrank., SO (1915), No. 2, pp. 193-218, figs. 2).— Tests with a number
of psychrometers of different styles are reported, and information is given
regarding the use* of these instruments in recording the humidity of dwelling
houses, schoolrooms, etc.

Protection of life and property against lightning, O. S. Peters (Jour.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 (1915), No. 19, pp. 625-628). — Tliis is an abstract of a paper
reporting a survey of statistical data relating to life and property hazards from
lightning and describing existing methods of protection against lightning.

It is stated that " the property loss by lightning for tlie entire United States
is approximately $8,000,000 per year, of which by far the greater part occurs in
rural districts." Approximately 500 persons are killed and 1.000 injured by
lightning annually in the United States, about 90 per cent of the casualties
occurring in rural districts.

Taking lightning rods as thoy come in the general run of installations, they
reduce the fire hazard from liglitning from SO to 90 per cent in the case of
houses and as much as 99 per cent in the case of barns. Of tlie ordinary metals
available for lightning rods, one Is about as good as another. Resistance to
atmospheric and soil corrosion is the chief essential to be considered. Good
mechanical construction is a prime essential to permanency, and the resistance
of the earth connection should he made as low as practicable, not exceeding 15
or 20 ohms at any time. Aerial terminals with points should be placed at all
chimneys, gables, and other projections. Conductors should be so installed as
to furnish two or more widely separatetl paths to the earth.

The property loss from lightning is not considered suflicient to make universal
protection against it a paying investsient. It is justitiod as an investment only
when risk to human life is involved or the property risk is great enough to make
protection more economical than insurance. A high degree of safety is afforded
by a well-rodded building, the next degree of safety is in an unprotected house,
and the least in the open or in unprotected outbuildings.

Efficacy of lightning rods, J. W. Smith (Ohio Nat., 15 (1915), No. 4- PP-
Ji37--i-'i2). — This article briefly summarizes the results of a study of the damage
caused by lightning and the efficiency of lightning rods as a protection against
lightning, particularly in the north-central States.

It is shown that in this region the damage from this source is considerable.
The loss and damage are far greater (75 per cent) in the country than in the

SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 417

cities. The conclusion is readied that where liglitning rods have been cor-
rectly installed they have furnished a high degree of protection.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Colquitt County, Georgia, A. T. Sweet and J. B. R. Dickey
(U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 191^, pp. 39,
pis. 2, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State
College of Agriculture and issued December 24, 191o, deals with the soils of an
area of 34S,1G0 acres in southern Georgia, the topography of which is mainly
gently undulating to rolling, with some hilly and broken and some flat, poorly
drained areas. The county as a whole is said to be well drained.

" The soils of Colquitt County are of Coastal Plain origin and are almost
uniformly sandy in texture at the surface, with a sandy clay subsoil, making
them easy to cultivate and retentive of moisture." Including swamp, 22 soil
types of 10 series are mapped, of which the Tifton series, including sandy loam,
fine sandy loam, and coarse sandy loam, " embraces the most extensive and pro-
ductive and also the most highly improved sections of the county." The Nor-
folk sandy loam is the second most extensive type.

Soil survey of Dekalb County, Georgia, D. D. Long and M. Baldwin ( V. S.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp. 25, fig. 1,
map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of
Agriculture and issued December 18, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of
174,080 acres in north-central Georgia, the topography of which is gently rolling
to hilly, affording ample drainage.

The soils of the county are of residual and alluvial origin, and belong
mainly to the Piedmont Plateau soil province. The alluvial soils cover only a
small percentage of the area. In addition to rock outcrop and meadow, 11 soil
types of five series are mapped, of which the Cecil soils, including clay loam,
sandy loam, gravelly loam, stony clay loam, and fine sandy loam are much the
most important and extensive.

Soil survey of Jackson County, Georgia, D. D. Long and M. Baldwin ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Btcr. Soils, 191-i, pp. 27, fig. 1,
map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of
Agriculture and issued October IS, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of
221,440 acres in northeastern Georgia. Jackson County is situated in the heart
of the Piedmont section of the States and consists of a rolling plain or plateau,
the divides of which are " generally smooth, undulating, or gently rolling,
with a gentle slope on each side toward the stream courses, the surface becom-
ing steeper and more irregular as the stream valleys are approached." The
entire county is well drained.

The soils are of residual and alluvial origin. Seven soil types of four series
and two miscellaneous types are mapped in the county. The Cecil soils cover
S8.G per cent of the county, the Cecil clay loam being the most widely de-
veloped type.

The soils and agricultural development of tlie Hudson Valley, E. O. Fippin
{Cornell Countryman, 13 {1915), No. 1, pp. 23-27, figs. 2).— This article deals
with the general characteristics, fertility requirements, and crop adaptabilities
of an area of about 6,200 square miles comprising parts of 13 counties in south-
eastern New York. The topography of the southern part is mountainous and of
the remainder rolling to hilly. With reference to origin, the soils are divided
into first bottom, swamp, terrace, lake, and glacial soils, and nonagricultural
types consisting of rough stony land and rock outcrop. The glacial soils, includ-
ing the Gloucester, Dutchess, Dover, and Cossayuna series, are said to cover

418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

about 55.5 per cent of the area. It is stated that as a whole the soils are not
of high fertility and need drainage, lime, organic matter, and good tillage.

Soil survey of Bladen County, North Carolina, R. B. Hakdison, R. T. Alli;n,
B. B. Deerick, L. L. BraNKLEY, S. O. Pekkixs, and R. C. Jx-kney (L*. S. Dcpt.
Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp. 35, fig. 1, map 1).—
This survey, made in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Agri-
culture and issued October 14, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 542,080
acres in southeastern North Carolina, the topography of which ranges from
level to undulating and gently rolling. "All portions of Bladen County are
well watered, but the region is not adequately drained, so that one of the main
problems is the reclamation of swampy areas.

" Bladen County lies wholly within the Coastal Plain Province, and the soils
have been derived from unconsolidated sands and clays, and locally from heavy
clays of sedimentary origin." Twenty-two soil tjTpes of twelve series are
mapped, of which the Norfolk types, including sand, fine sandy loam, sandy
loam, fine sand, and very fine sandy loam, are the most extensive and impor-
tant. The Portsmouth sand is the most extensive single type. It is stated
that the soils are usually deficient in organic matter.

Soil survey of Chesterfield County, South Carolina, W. J. LATiiiEB, M. W.
Beck, J. M. Snyder, L. Cantrell, and N. M. Kirk {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance
Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 19U, PP- -'lo, pi. 1, fig. 1, map i).— This sur-
vey, issued December 23, 1915, deals with tlie soils of an area of 510,720 acres
in northeastern South Carolina, comprising parts of the Piedmont and Coastal
Plain provinces, the topography of which is rolling to hilly, with a few level
areas. The surface drainage is generally well established.

" The soils of Chesterfield County fall into four general gi-oups — upland soils
derived from beds of unconsolidated sands and clays, upland soils derived from
slates and granites, first-bottom overflow land, and terrace or old alluvium.
The first covers about 60 per cent of the county, tlie second about 25 per cent,
the third about 10 per cent, and the fourth about 5 per cent." Including 5 mis-
cellaneous types, 32 soil types of 19 series are mapped, of which the Norfolk
sand and sandy loam are the pretlominating types. " The sandy soils which
have been cultivated for some time and the unimproved heavy soils are in need
of organic matter. ... A very small part of the county is in need of artificial
drainage. . . . Erosion is active in some of the more rolling or hilly areas,
resulting in serious damage."

Soils of western Washington, E. B. Stookjey ( Washington Sta., West. Wash.
Sta., Mo. Bill, 3 (1915), No. 8, pp. 10-15). — The general characteristics of the
soils of western Washington are briefly discussed, it being pointed out that about
half of the soils are of glacial origin, over a third of residual origin, and the
remainder of lake and wind-laid, alluvial fan, coastal plain, river-flood plain,
and muck and peat origin.

Soil survey of Dane Covuity, Wisconsin, "W. J. Geib, A. E. Taylor, anil G.
Conrey (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
78, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geo-
logical and Natural History Survey and issued December 20, 1915, deals with
the soils of an area of 709,280 acres in soutliern Wisconsin, the surface of which
varies from level or gently undulating prairies and outwash plains to hilly and
broken country. The western part of the county is driftless and the configura-
tion Is largely the result of erosion. The remainder of the county has been
greatly influenced by glacial action.

The soils of over half the county are derived from the debris of the last Wis-
consin glaciatlon and of a very small part from the pre-Wisconsin gluciation.
" In addition to these sources of material a mantle of loess has been deposited

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 419

over most of the unglaciated section and over a part of the glaciated section."
Including 5 miscellaneous types, 31 soil types of 14 series are mapped, of which
the Miami, Carriugton, and Union silt loams are, in their order, the most
extensive.

How great is the surface of a gram of surface soil? II, P. Ehbenbekg
(FUJiUng's Landtv. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 9-10, pp. 233-243) .—In a further contri-
bution to the subject the author reviews data to strengthen his previous con-
clusions (E. S. R, 33, p. 216). He introduces further data from tests of
siliceous gels which show that the so-called hygroscopic water of colloidal gels
in soils consists not only of the films covering the surfaces but of the water
held by capillarity between these films in the spongy structure of the gel. On
this basis it is concluded that the surface of a .soil containing an appreciable
amount of colloidal matter is not proportional to the hygroscopic water.

A new method of measuring the concentration of the soil solution around
the soil particles, G. Bouyoucos and M. M. McCool {Science, n. ser., 42 (1915),
No. 1084, pp. 507, 50S). — In experiments with sand, loam, clay, and peat with
varying moisture contents to test the freezing point method as a measure for
the concentration of the soil solution. It was found that the lowering of the
freezing point and consequently the concentration of the soil solution varied
directly with the amount of water present. When the soils contained a high
moisture content the lowering of the freezing point was rather small and did
not vary greatly between the different soils, but when the moisture content of
the same soils was reduced considerably the lowering of the freezing point was
increased, in some cases very greatly.

In further experiments to ascertain the sensitiveness of the method to detect
differences in concentration in the soil solution and to see whether the concen-
tration of the soil solution can be increased by the addition of mineral salts,
the freezing point of a complete nutrient stock solution in concentrations of
80, 2,000, and 4,000 parts per million was determined alone and in contact with
the different soils. It was found that the lowering of the freezing point of the
solutions in contact with the soils did not vary greatly from that of the solu-
tion alone.

Soil acidity and methods for its detection, E. Tkuog (Science, n. ser., 4^
(1915), No. 10S4, pp. 505-501). — The author disagrees with the conclusions
drawn by Harris (E. S. R., 32, p. 30) regarding the cause of soil acidity, and
points out that the basis of the colloid theory of soil acidity, namely, that " the
relative affinity of the acids is independent of the nature of the base," holds
only when all the reacting substances are in a true solution, "or if there are
partially soluble substances formed, then in any series of comparisons the
solubility of the corresponding substances must be of the same order. The
opportunity for secondary or side reactions must also be eliminated or made
comparable."

In order to overcome these difficulties small amounts of very finely powdered
soil were thoroughly shaken with comparatively large amounts of salt solu-
tions for a short period, then quickly filtered and the acidity of the filtrate
determined. It was found that the soil took up very nearly equivalent amounts
of different bases from salts having a common acid ion. " The results of these
experiments point strongly to the existence of true acid substances as the cause
of soil acidity."

Soil temperature, an important factor in scientific agriculture, L. B.
Pritchard (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 13 (1915), No. 7, pp. 399-405, figs. 5). —
The influence of soil temperature on the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of soil is briefly discussed, and the results of observations carried
out at the Central Research Station at Werribee, Australia, on the diurnal

420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

variations in soil temperature at depths of 1, 6, 12, and 24 in. from the surface
are graphically reported.

These results show that at the 1-in. depth the soil is exposed to wide ranges
of temperature and that as the depth increases the temperature variations
decrease in amplitude. At the 24-in, depth the daily variations are practically
negligible. " Each curve cuts each other curve at least twice during the year.
For a certain period the upper layer of soil is giving and for the remainder of
the year is receiving heat from the layer above or below. In the warm months
of the year the 1-in. curve occupies a position above the other curves, but
during the cold period the positions are entirely reversed. . . . The increase
of temperature from spring to summer is more rapid than the decrease from
autumn to winter."

From observations on transpiration and evaporation by wheat, oats, barley,
and alfalfa grown under soil temperature conditions comparatively identical
with those of the above experiments, it is inferred that " vegetative growth as
far as the Werribee soil was concerned was never at a standstill at any period
of the year."

Influence of growth of cowpeas upon some physical, chemical, and biologi-
cal properties of soil, C. A. LeClaik {U. S. Dcpt. Apr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5
(1915), No. 10, pp. Jf39-Jf48, pi. 1, flga. 2). — A historical summary of work bear-
ing on the subject is given and experiments conducted at the ^lissouri Experi-
ment Station with a silt loam soil are reported, the main purpose of which was
to study the influence of the growth of co\^'peas on the soil compactness and its
nitrate content.

"The data given show conclusively that cowpeas tend to maintain the fria-
bility of loose and compact seed beds. . . . AVhile cowpeas take more water
from the soil than evaporates from uncultivated adjacent lands, the removal
of water is from below the second foot of soil. Land that was plowed and left
uncultivated or plowed and seeded to cowpeas contained a greater quantity of
nitrates in the soil at the end of the season than unplowed land similarly
treated. Tlie bacterial activities of the soil upon which co\\T)eas were grown
tended to show tliat the soil organisms are probably a factor in preventing the
packing of soil as also is the mechanical shade effect of the crop grown upon
the land."

Oxidation of organic matter in the soil, G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bui. 181
(1915), pp. 5-27). — Laboratory experiments with 25 soils, varying in texture
from fine sand through sand, fine sandy loam, and clay loam to clay, are re-
ported, the purpose of which was to study the oxidation of natural organic
matter in soil and of different kinds of added organic matter in soil by moans
of the loss on ignition and of the carbon dioxid produced ; and the influence of
the quantity of water in the soil, the method of adding it and of calcium car-
bonate on carbon dioxid production.

It was found that the oxidation of organic matter as measured by the loss
on ignition of the soil was rapid during the first three weeks, after which the
loss on ignition was irregular. " Corn chop, rice hulls, wheat shorts, and wheat
bran were oxidized 72 to 81 per cent in 81 weeks, as measured by loss on
ignition. Meat tankage and blood were oxidized 47 to 68 per cent. Excrement
and bat guano were oxidized 15 to 22 per cent."

On the basis of carbon dioxid production "cotton-seed meal was rapidly oxi-
dized, about 10 per cent in one day, and nearly 30 per cent in four days. In
another experiment, 38.8 per cent of the carbon of cotton-seed meal, 10.1 per
cent of the manure, and 8.8 per cent of the corncobs were oxidized in the first
week. Oxidation decreased rapidly after the first week. With cotton-seed meal,
the oxidation of each succeeding week was about one-half of the preceding

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 421

week, until during the fourth week the oxidation became so slow as hardly to
be distinguished from the soil carbon. The decrease in oxidation of excrement
was less rapid, but still marked. Humic acid was very resistant toward the
oxidation processes. The relative powers of soils to oxidize excrement (oxida-
tion capacity) . . . varied comparatively little with most of the soils, but was
low with three of 17 soils. There are decided differences in the oxidation of the
soil carbon in the different soils. The relative oxidation of the soils tested
(based on equal nitrogen) was 130 for three soils containing less than 0.04 per
cent nitrogen, compared with 81 for six soils containing 0.05 to 0.099 per cent
nitrogen, and 42 for six soils containing over 0.1 per cent nitrogen. The soils
containing the least nitrogen appear to carry their carbon in a more easily oxi-
dized condition. Soils when almost dry oxidized organic matter rapidly.
Oxidation in a saturated soil depends upon the character of the soil and the
way in which the water is added. The oxidation may be very low or moderate,
Carbonate of lime had little or no effect upon oxidation in the soil tested."

Effect of additions on availability of soil phosphates, G. S. Fraps ( Texas
Sta. Bui. 178 {1915), pp. 15). — Pot experiments with six soils, including fine
sandy loam, fine sand, and clay, to determine the effect of additions of precipi-
tated calcium carbonate and of organic matter as ground corncobs, sawdust, and
starch on the assimilation of the soil phosphates by corn, millet, mustard, and
Kafir corn are reported.

It was found that when nitrogen and potash were supplied, as nitrates of
soda and ammonium and sulphate of potash the addition of calcium carbonate
at the rate of 5 tons per acre increased the size of the crop and the amount of
phosphoric acid withdrawn from the soil phosphates on the six soils tested.
The effect of the lime was small at first, but usually increased with succeeding
crops. The addition of starch, sawdust, or cobs had some effect on the crop
in two soils, but little with the other four soils. "With the six soils v/hich
gave up phosphoric acid equal to 5 to 18 bu. of corn per acre per crop, the
addition of carbonate of lime caused an increase in the quantity of phosphoric
acid taken up equal to 3 to 7 bu. per acre per crop. The vegetable matter in
three cases caused a gain in phosphoric acid taken up equal to 2 or 3 bu. corn
per acre. The presence of carbonate of lime or of vegetable matter may bring
about differences in the quantity of phosphoric acid assimilated by plants from
soils, containing equal quantities of active phosphoric acid. No relation can
be traced between the additions and the phosphoric acid content of the crops.
When the crops are unusually small, the phosphoric acid content usually runs
higher than the average."

The additions of calcium carbonate and organic matter and the phosphoric
acid removed by the crops had practically no effect upon the quantity of active
phosphoric acid remaining in the soil at the end of the experiments. " The
phosphoric acid taken up by the plants was evidently drawn largely from the
more insoluble phosphates."

Fate and effect of arsenic applied as a spray for weeds, W. T. McGeorgb
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research , 5 (1915), No. 11, pp. 459-463) .—Con-
tinuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 623), studies were made at the
Hawaii Experiment Station to determine the fate of sodium arsenite when
applied to ferruginous red and brown clays and to a highly organic silt soil
as a spray for weeds.

It was found that the fixation of the arsenic in the surface soil involves
chemical reactions consisting of " a replacement or solution of iron, calcium,
magnesium, and humus, owing in part to a hydrolysis of the sodium arsenite in
solution, also a combination with the dibasic and tribasic elements to form the
difficultly soluble arsenites or arsenates."

422 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.

Activity of soil protozoa, G. P. Kocii {U. S. Dept. Agr.. Jour. Agr. Research,
5 {1915), No. 11, pp. 477-JtSS). — Experiments with field and greenhouse soils con-
ducted at the New Jersey Experiment Stations are reported, the purpose of
which was to study (1) protozoan activity in soils of different moisture con-
tent and under constant and variable temperatures, (2) the effect of moisture on
the activity of soil protozoa under constant and variable temperatures, and (3)
the period of excystment of soil protozoa. It was found that direct examina-
tion of the soil to which a little water was added was the most satisfactory
methd of determining the presence of motile protozoa.

It was found that "under ordinary gi*eenhouse conditions small ciliates,
flagellates, and amebte are active in some soils, but their presence is very lim-
ited. Active protozoa (.small ciliates, large ciliates, flagellates, and amebce) do
not seem to be present in field soils with a normal moisture content and even
when the moisture content is slightly supernormal. . . .

All field soils contain cysts of protozoa the organisms of which become
active when conditions become favorable. The moisture content of the soil
is the primary influencing factor which determines the presence or absence of
the active protozoa in the soil, while the temperature, the presence of organic
matter, and the physical properties of the soil are secondary factors. Soon
after standing water is accumulated, as after a heavy rain, some protozoa will
excyst and be active as long as the moisture content is favorable. Active pro-
tozoa seem to be always present in free standing .soil water [and] in water-
logged soils at constant and variable temperatures. Under normal conditions
it would seem that protozoa can not excyst in 2 minutes. Small ciliates can
excyst in 1 to 2 hours at 22 to 24° C. At the same temperature flagellates can
excyst in 6 to 8 hours and large ciliates can excyst in 40 hours."

A list of references to cited laterature is appended.

Azotobacter and nitrogen fixation in Indian soils, .1. II. Walton (ilcm.
Dept. Agr. India, Bact. Ser., 1 (1915), Xo. 4. pp. 97-112, pis. 5, figs. 2).— Pre-
liminary studies on the optimum conditions for nitrogen flxation by Azotobacter
in Indian soils are reported.

Using Ashby's nutrient solution (E. S. R., 18. p. 721) it was found that
with Pusa field soil the best length of incubation period for nitrogen fixation
by Azotobacter was from 10 to 14 days. A higher nitrogen fixation per gram
of mannite was obtained with 10 gm. of mannite per liter of solution than
with 12 or 20 gm. The addition of basic .slag did not influence nitrogen flxation.
The addition of ferric chlorid or ammonium sulphate depre.ssed fixation, while
the substitution of magnesium carbonate for calcium carbonate only slightly
increased it.

With Pusa soil nitrogen fixation was lowest between October and January
and highest between June and September. Low fixation coincided with the
drying of the soil and lowering of the temperature, while high fixation accom-
panied abundant moisture and fairly high temperature.

In 11 out of 17 cases nitrogen fixation in liquid cultures was greater at 30
than at 20° C. In soil cultures nitrogen fixation was Increased by cultivation
and the addition of suitable carbohydrate material. Pure cultures of Azoto-
bacter isolated from different Indian soils varied In nitrogen-fixing power and
In morphological and cultural characters, the latter being constant in any par-
ticular variety.

Additions of basic slag, filter paper, sterilized soil, and humus to p;ire cul-
tures of Azotobacter were all beneficial to nitrogen fixation, but additions of
different nitrogenous substances had little effect.

It is concluded from these results that proper soil management should in-
clude the provision of conditions favorable to the physiological activity of

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 423

Azotobacter, namely, aeration, the presence of lime and of available carbo-
hydrates, and the maintenance of the supply of organic matter.

The nitrogen cycle in nature, K. Kaiser (Gartenflora, 64 {1915), Xos. 5-6,
pp. 73-So, figs. 3; 7-8, pp. 113-123, figs. 2). — This article discusses the nitrogen
cycle in its relation to the physiology of plants and animals ; the history of and
the processes involved in the Chile nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and other
nitrogen fertilizer industries ; and the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrifica-
tion, and denitrification in soil.

The manurial value of natural (dried) and of degreased sewage sludge,
J. A. VoELCKEE {Rpt. Comrs. Treating and Disposing of Seivage [Gt. Brit.], 9
{1915), pp. 156, 157; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. iLondon], 22 {1915), No. 3, pp. 235-
238). — Pot experiments are reported with wheat on a light sandy loam soil
deficient in lime to determine the fertilizing value of sewage sludges, obtained
from seven different processes, when in the natural (dried) state and when
the gi-ease had been extracted.

Analyses of one sample each of the natural and degreased sludges showed
that they contained, respectively, 2.49 and 3.02 per cent lime, 0.69 and 0.64
per cent phosphoric acid, 2.01 and 1.77 per cent total nitrogen, and 7.58 and 1.9G
per cent ether extract. The sludges were added at the rates of 1 and 2 tons
per acre and 1 ton per acre supplemented by i ton of lime.

Both types of sludge produced an increase in the yield of wheat, the gain
• being more marked in the grain than in the straw. " The best results were
obtained by the use of sludge, whether natural or degreased, along with
lime. . . . One ton per acre of the natural sludge used alone did considerably
better than a corresponding 1 ton of the degreased, but between the 2 tons
per acre application of each the difference was small, the 1 ton per acre of
natural sludge along with lime doing, however, rather better than a similar
application of degreased sludge with lime. . . . There would appear, there-
fore, to be no advantage, from a manurial point of view, but rather the reverse,
in the degreasiug process."

Comparative field trials with dried and degreased sewage sludges at
Rothamsted, E. J. Russell and E. H. Richards {Rpt. Comrs. Treating and Bis-
posing of Seivage [Gt. Brit.], 9 {1915), pp. 158, 159; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London], 22 {1915), No. 3, pp. 235-238). — Field experiments with grass and
oats on a heavy loam soil to determine the fertilizing value of dried and de-
greased sewage sludges are reported.

Analyses of one sample each of the dried and the degreased sludges showed
that they contained, respectively, 1..53 and 1.55 per cent nitrogen, 0.85 and 1.33
per cent phosphoric acid, and 8.55 and 1..57 per cent ether extract.

The results of the experiments showed that neither of the sludges gave any
marked return or pos.sessed any manurial value when used alone in quantities
up to i ton per acre. It is concluded that the nitrogen in sewage sludge is in
a very stable combination which does not decompose readily under natural
soil conditions, and that the removal of fat does not increase the ease of de-
composition.

The Dickson centrifuge system of sewage treatment, E. H. Teipp {Jour.
Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 10, pp. 517-524, figs. 7). — In connection with a
discussion of a process consisting mainly of treating sewage with live brewers'
yeast, it is shown that the resulting sludge contains less water and more organic
matter and total nitrogen than ordinary septic tank sludge and a relatively high
content of nitrogen available to plants.

Analyses of two samples of the dried sludge showed that they contained,
respectively, 46.79 and 47.85 per cent organic and volatile matter, 28.13 and
28855°— No. 5—16 3

424 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

23.03 per cent sand and matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid, 2.64 and 4.04 per
cent phosphoric acid, 4.87 and 11.1 per cent lime, 2.51 and 2.26 per cent organic
nitrogen, and 3.05 and 2.74 per cent ammonia nitrogen. The first sample con-
tained 0.26 per cent potash.

In sand culture experiments with wheat to determine the value of the organic
matter in the sludge, in which the different soluble constituents of the sludge
were separated and used in solutions to water the wheat plants, it was found
that the aqueous extract of the dried sludge fertilizer had a very marked bene-
ficial action upon plant development, and that the soluble organic constituents
produced an effect equal in intensity to that of the dried sludge itself. Similar
experiments with septic tank sludge gave the same results. " The amount of
soluble matter in the Dickson fertilizer (without additions) was, however,
found to be about doul>le that in the specimen of tank sludge investigated. The
precipitated organic matter from the latter was also relatively smaller in
amount, had a mo.«!t unpleasant smell, and was of a darker color."

The utilization of town sewage for the manufacture of ammonium sul-
phate, A. A. Kaluzhskii (Iz RezuVt. Vcgct. Opytov Lab. Rabot, 9 (1913), pp.
253-358, pis. 7, figs. 2). — Laboratory experiments with municipal sewage to
determine its value as a source of ammonium sulphate are reported.

Ammonia was obtained by treatment of the whole sewage with calcium hy-
droxid and boiling or steaming. The greatest quantity of nitrogen was present
as volatile ammonia (43.7 per cent), followed in order by the nitrogen of or-
ganic compounds of the sludge and the nitrogen combined in the liquid sewage.
The remaining quantities of nitrogen were about equally distributed between
the combined and uncombined ammonia of the sludge and the organic compounds
dissolved in the liquid sewage.

There was no important loss of nitrogen from the sewage when kept air-tight
for three months. When kept in open tanks nitrogen losses were observed after
four days, which steadily increased to 07.76 per cent after three months.

It was found by a series of distillation experiments that on the average about
9.06 kg. of ammonium sulphate could be prepared from 1 cubic meter of the
whole sewage. Of the total nitrogen extracted by lime more than half (58.4 per
cent) was volatile ammonia, 30.29 per cent was combined ammonia, and the
remaining quantity (5.31 per cent) was obtained from organic compounds. Pro-
gressive extraction of the ammonia gave larger amounts than imniediato total
extraction. The different heating methods used exercised no marked inlluence
on the amounts of ammonia extracted. While the speed of the ammonia extrac-
tion differed widely for the different methods of heating used, the general
character of the processes was the same.

On distillation with calcium oxid the ammonia separation began immediately,
although in small amounts. The separation of volatile ammonia before the
addition of lime was observed only after heating to the boiling point. For a
maximum extraction of ammonia from the liquid from 10 to 12.5 gm. of lime per
liter of liquid was necessary by the innnediate total extraction method, while by
progressive extraction only 5 gm. of lime was needed. One cubic meter of the
sewage after extraction of ammonia with calcium hydroxid yielded 33 kg. of
sludge which contained 1.5 per cent nitrogen, from 2 to 3 per cent phosphoric
acid, and approximately 30 per cent calcium oxid.

On the basis of the results obtained it is concluded that the manufacture of
ammonium sulphate from municipal sewage of similar composition is economi-
cally jirotltable.

The phosphate deposits of Florida, G. C. Matson (U. .9. Oeol. Survey Bui.
GOff {1915). pp. 101, pis. 17, figs. 2).— This report deals with the geologj-.
mineralogy, origin, composition, and mining of the phosphate deposits of Florida.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 425

It is stated that these deposits consist of mineral eartliy phosphorites whose
physical characteristics vary, depending roughly on the relative proportion of
calcium phosphate and impurities. The phosphates are of three distinct types,
namely, rock phosphate, pebble phosphate, and soft phosphate which occurs in
fine powder or in soft masses. These phosphates occur in sedimentary rocks and,
with the exception of certain deposits southwest of Lakeland, are of secondary
origin, having been redeposited either by mechanical or chemical action. It is
stated that phosphate appears to be very widely distributed in the northern and
central parts of the peninsula and deposits are found on the west side of
Apalachicola River in western Florida. The workable areas are, however, con-
fined to certain parts of the peninsula.

Analyses of the different types of phosphate are reported, which indicate
that the average content of tricalcium phosphate in land pebble phosphate ranges
from about 65 to 75 per cent and in river pebble phosphate from 55 to 65 per
cent. Composite samples of rock phosphate showed in one case over 82 per cent
tricalcium phosphate and in other cases contents of tricalcium phosphate vary-
ing from 75.3 up to 81.06 per cent.

A bibliography of works on Florida phosphates is appended.

Potash from wood and plant ashes, H. Bradley {MctaUurg. and Chem.
Engin., 13 {1915), No. l.'t, pp. 841-846, fig. 1). — This article deals with the his-
tory of potash production from wood ashes, with the different uses of potash, and
with the process of manufacturing potash from wood ashes and possible im-
provements therein. The characteristics of potash from wood ashes and its
practical utilization are also discussed. Tables of analyses of potashes from
wood and of various woods and their ashes are included.

Potash in certain copper and gold ores, compiled by B. S. Butler (f7. S.
Geol. Survcu Bui. 620-J {1915), pp. 227-236) .—This paper contains portions of
complete analyses of copper and gold ores from different districts which show
that the potash content is in most cases relatively high.

Experiments on potash extraction from muscovite, by G. Steiger, are also
reported which show that the muscovite used contained 9.55 per cent of potash.
" Of this amount practically the whole was found in the leach water, showing
that by first fusing the muscovite and then treating it with ammonium chlorid
its potassium was entirely converted into the soluble form. The results show
that more than 25 per cent of the potassium present may be converted into
the soluble form by the treatment with ammonium chlorid alone." It was also
found that "by a very superficial treatment with hydrochloric acid approxi-
mately one-third of the potassium may be extracted."

Evaporation of potash brines, W. B. Hicks ( U. <S'. Geol. Swvey, Prof. Paper
95-E {1915), pp. 65-72, figs. S). — In evaporation studies on artificial potash
brines, the purpose of which was to throw light on the conditions governing
the deposition of potash salts from solution, it was found that the potassium
was concentrated best in brines containing carbonates and chlorids and poorest
in those containing sulphates and carbonates, although a small amount of sul-
phate apparently did not hinder the concentration materially.

" In brines that contain several acid radicles the concentration of potassium
may increase to a maximum as evaporation proceeds and then decline. The
evidence at hand indicates that a large percentage of the potassium in a solu-
tion is lost during evaporation before the maximum concentration of potassium
is attained. The loss is small until the potassium reaches a concentration of
about 4 per cent, but it is very rapid during further evaporation. Therefore,
in the commercial extraction of potash from brines, especially those of the
alkalis, it would seem best first to concentrate the solution by evaporation until

426 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOED.

it contained about 4 per cent of potassium and then to subject the resulting
bittern to other processes of manufacture. The most advantageous point of
concentration would, however, have to be determined for each particular brine."

Lime and its uses in agiicult\xre, D. A. Gilcheist {Annstrotig Col, Netc-
casUe-upoiv-Tyne, Agr. Dciit. Bui. 12 {1915), pp. 2^). — This bulletin discusses
the use of ground lime, ground limestone, gas lime, chalk, and lime mud in agri-
culture and reviews different experiments by others showing the effect of liming
on different crops.

Agricultural lime analyses {Md. Agr. Col. Quart., No. 68 (1915). pp. 11). —
This pamphlet contains actual and guarantied analyses of agricultural limes
offered for sale in ilaryland from June, 1914, to May, 1915, and the text of
the. Maryland lime inspection law.

Fertilizer analyses {ild. Agr. Col. Quart., No. 67 (1915), pp. 52).— This
bulletin contains actual and guarantied analyses and comparative valuations
of G29 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Mary-
land from August, 1914, to January, 1915. A note on home mixing of fertilizers
is also included.

Fertilizer analyses. (J/(f. Agr. Col. Quart., No. 69 (1915), pp. 5.5).— This
pamphlet contains actual and guarautietl analyses and comparative valuations
of 809 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials made at the college from
February to July. 1915.

Analyses of fertilizers. Analyses of cotton-seed meal, B. W. Kilgore et al.
(Bui. X. C. ])cpt. Agr., .^5 (V.il',), No. 11, pp. 120).- This bulletin contains
analyses and valuations of 1,981 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials
collected under the North Carolina fertilizer inspection law during the fall
season of 1913 and the spring season of 1914, and analyses of 165 samples of
cotton-seed meal.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P. H. Wessels et al. (Rfiodc Island Sta.
Insp. Bui.. 1915, Oct., pp. 12). — This bulletin contains actual, and in some cases
guarantied, analyses with valuations of 78 .'samples of fertilizers and fertilizing
materials (including lime and plaster) collected in Rhode Island in 1915, and
representing a iiart of the fertilizer inspection for the year.

The international movement of fertilizers and chemical products useful
to agriculture (Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. Rome, Bui. Agr. and Com. i<tatis., 6 (1915),
No. 9, pp. Jf99-532). — This review, issued in September, 1915, is the third of a
series (E. S. R., 33, p. G2G) and gives figures for the fertilizer production and
trade for 1913, 1914, and the first half of 1915. Data are also given for imports
and exports of sulphur for the different countries and for the production of
copper sulphate in Europe and North America. No figures are given relating to
the production of potash salts in Germany.

A bibliography of 305 references to recent literature on the subject of fer-
tilizers is appended.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Respiration experiments with sweet potatoes, H. Hasset.bbing and L. A.
Hawkins (V. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Hc.icarch, 5 (1915), No. 12, pp. 509-
5^7). — The experiments described were conducted to ascertain whether any
correlation exists between the seasonal changes in the sugar content of sweet
potatoes and their respiratory activity and also whether the monosaccharids or
the disaccharids furnish the chief material for respiration. The experiments
were carried on at a temperature of 30° C. (80° F.), that temperatm-e having
been chos(>n owing to the fact that it is essentially the temperature used in
curing sweet potatoes for storage.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 427

From the results obtained, there does not appear to be any general correla-
tion between the total sugar content of the sweet potato and its respiratory
activity. A simultaneous decrease in the reducing-sugar content and the respi-
ratory activity in given lots of roots is said to indicate a correlation between
reducing sugar content and respiration, but seasonal changes and environmental
conditions to which the sweet potatoes have been previously subjected are be-
lieved to tend to obscure any such correlation in different lots. Experiments
with wounded roots indicated that the sugar content was not the limiting factor
in the respiration of the sweet potato. The reducing sugars are said to be the
immediate source of respiratory material. Cane sugar was found to be rela-
tively stable in the sweet potato, and when once formed, it did not appear to be
readily utilized in the process of respiration, while starch and other carbohy-
drates are present in abundance.

Studies on chicory, V. Gkafe (Biochem. Ztschr., 68 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 1-22,
fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 108 {1915), No. 630, I, p. 200).— The
author has followed up work done in connection with Vouk as previously re-
ported (E. S. R., 31, p. 224), and claimed to have thrown new light on the
analogies between starch and inulin, with studies on the metabolism of inulin
by plants.

It was found that a high percentage of water in the soil in which chicory is
grown lowers the inulin content. This is, on the other hand, somewhat height-
ened by extreme dryness of the soil.

Investigations on the nature of the bitter principle of chicory gave no abso-
lutely pure product, but evidence was obtained to the eifect that this principle is
essentially neither alkaloid nor tannin, but a glucosid, the character and rela-
tions of which are discussed. The empyreumatic oil given up by chicory ap-
pears to be analogous to that of coffee, but of different constitution.

Study of the plantlets shows a certain parallelism between the intake of
mineral substances and the formation of organic compounds. It is thought
possible that lime and magnesia play a certain part in the condensation processes
in the plant.

The physiolog'ical value of the reserve in chestnut seeds, C. ]\Ia:xicaedi
(Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 {19U), No. 8, pp. 633-636).— In a preliminary note on
a study of chestnut seeds and seedlings the author states that the amount of
reserve material present in such seeds is always strongly in excess of the re-
quirement of normal germination. The action of this reserve in germination is
limited to the development of the root, but the plantlet is able to live for a
certain length of time by means of photosynthetie assimilation alone.

Translocation of mineral constituents of seeds and tubers of certain plants
during growth, G. D. Buckner (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915),
No. 11, pp. ^J/9-Jf58). — The results of an investigation on the translocation of the
mineral matter contained in the seeds and tubers of garden beans, corn, and
potatoes are given, the experiments having been carried on at the Kentucky
Experiment Station. So far as the present account is concerned, the transloca-
tion of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and silicon is reported upon.

The results obtained show that during the growth of the seedlings there is
considerable retention of mineral matter, varying from 46.66 per cent in the
garden bean and 38.66 in corn to 50.33 in the potato tuber. There were no strik-
ing differences observed in the quantities of the several mineral constituents
translocated, and no marked selective influence was shown by the roots, stems,
or leaves of the growing plants for any particular mineral reserve material con-
tained in the seed or tuber.

428 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Variations in mineral composition of sap, leaves, and stems of the wild
grapevine and sugar maple tree, O. M. Shedd (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1915), l^^o. 12, pp. 529-542). — In continuation of previous investi-
gations (E. S. R., 27, p. 801), the author lias made further observations at the
Kentucky Experiment Station on the mineral content of the sap of the v\-ild
grapevine {Vitis cordifolia) and of two species of maple (Acer sacclianim and
A. saccliarinum) . These experiments were conducted during three years to
determine whether the mineral composition of the sap varied at the same time
in different parts of the plant, whether it varied during a single season at a cer-
tain point, and whether it varied during different years.

There was found to be considerable variation in the composition of the sap
when collected at the same time from different points, and great variation when
collected from the same point on the vine at different times during the same
season. The widest variation in the sap composition was found when it was
collected from the same point on the main branches of the vine at the beginning
of the sap flow during; four successive years. Considerable variation was ob-
served to occur daily in the composition of the sap. the mineral constituents being
generally higher during the day, while the sap had a more uniform composition
during the night. Young leaves and stems of the grapevine were found to vary
considerably during different years and also in the same season.

The observations on the maple trees showed the sap to vary widely in com-
position when collected at the same point on the tree during two successive years
just after the s.ap flow had begun. The mineral composition of the two species
of maple was found to be quite different. It is thought that differences in the
composition of the sap can not be entirely explained as being due to a dilution
from the water in the soil, and it is believed that the variable mineral compo-
sition inlluences the structure of the gi'owing parts and explains the differences
in composition of the same and different varieties of plants.

Boron — its absorption and distribution in plants and its effect on growth,

F. C. Cook {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., J,2 (1915), No. 1096, pp. 951, 952). — On
account of the use of boron as a larvicide. experiments were conducted to de-
termine its effect on plant growth.

This element is found to be readily absorbed by plants, and the addition of
lime to manure which had boon treated with borax had no definite effect on
the absorption of boron. Potatoes, string beans, soy beans, and co\\Te{is showed
a more equal distribution of boron in the roots, tops, and fruit than was the case
with wheat, beets, tomatoes, radi-shes, and lettuce plants. In some cases, very
little boron was found in the roots or fruit, while a considerable amount was
found in the rest of the plant. All control plants contained at least a trace of
boron. If sufliciont boron was added to the soil, a yellov.ing of the leaves took
place, but this was not considered to indicate that the yield would necessarily
be affected. Leguminous plants were found more sentitive to boron than any
other plants tested.

Plant enzyms. — III, Pathological alterations in the amylase of potatoes,

G. DoBY and J. BodnAr {Biochcin. Ztschr.. 6S (1915), No. 3-4, pp. 191-205;
ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'}, 108 (1915), No. 630, I, p. 202).— In connection
with work previously reported (E. S. R., 28. p. 150), the author has studied the
changes in amylase concentration during the resting period of the potato tubers,
the changes in activity of the expressed sap, and the relation of amylase concen-
tration to potato variety and region where grown and to the health of the tubers.
The results are tabulated for each phase of the work.

It appears that in juices of healthy plants the amyloclastic activity is greater
than in those from plants showing the presence of curly leaf disease.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 429

The toxicity of saccharin, E. Yerschaffelt (Pharm. WeekM., 52 (1915), Ko.
2, pp. 37-/,6; (lbs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [Londoii], 108 {1915), No. 629, I, p. 111).—
The studies here described, showing the toxic action of saccharin on plants, sug-
gest a general injurious influence on protoplasm, and hence on the human
organism.

The effect of alkali on permeability, W. J. V. Ostekhout {Jour. Biol. CJiem.,
19 {191Jf), No. 3, pp. 335-343, figs. 5). — Experiments by the author making deter-
minations on tbe electrical resistance of living tissues of Laminaria saccharina
are claimed to show that the permeability of the protoplasm (which is claimed
to be accurately measured by the method employed ) is considerably increased by
the pi'esence of a small proportion of sodium hydrate.

The effect of acid on permeability, W. J. V. Osterhout {Jour. Biol. Chem.,
19 (1914), No. 4, pp. 493-501, figs. 5; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 108
{1915), No. 629. I, p. 109). — Employing essentially the same method used in the
work above noted, in order to test the behavior in this connection by hydro-
chloric acid, the author found that this acid produces at first a rapid decrease in
permeability. This is quickly followed by a rapid increase, the latter continu-
ing until the death point of the plant is reached.

Antagonism between acids and salts, W. J. V. Osterhout {Jour. Biol. Chem.,
19 {1914), No. 4, pp. 517-520, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 108
{1915), No. 629, I, p. 109). — Employing the material and method above noted,
the author found that the degree of antagonism between sodium chlorid and
calcium chlorid was greater than that between sodium chlorid and hydrochloric
acid. Life was maintained longer in the most favorable proportions of the former
pair than in those of the latter.

The results observed are held to afford evidence that the plasma membrane in
plants is protein in character.

Physiological conditions in the large kelps of the Pacific Coast, G. B. Rigg
{Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1094, p. 878). — On account of attention
being called to kelps as a source of potash fertilizer, the author has made an
investigation of the physiological processes of a number of the rapidly growing
species. The rapidity of growth is considered as favored by mechanical stretch-
ing by tidal currents, great turgidity due to high osmotic pressure in the cell
sap, and an abundance of potassium influencing nuclear division.

It is said that there is more potassium than sodium in kelps, although the
reverse is true of sea water. This is believed to be possible because of the
greater permeability of the tissues for potassium and the change of potassium
compounds into some other form which does not lower the diffusion gradients.

Attention is called to the differences of opinion as to the source and compo-
sition of the gases in the floats of marine algse. The author expresses the
opinion that the carbon dioxid for photosynthesis comes from either the gas
in these floats or the carbonates in the sea water, rather than from the car-
bon dioxid of this water. Tidal currents are considered a factor in photosyn-
thesis by keeping the fronds at the surface. The kelps are said to produce no
starch, but their sugars may be a factor in the high osmotic pressure.

Quasi-experimental formation of ascidia in cotton leaves, F. E. Lloyd {Abs.
in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1094, P- 879). — The author reports growing
small cotton plants in pots for more than a year which were subjected to se-
vere physiological drought. Plentiful watering, aided by rising temperatures,
resulted in forcing growth and the production of a large proportion of abnor-
mally shaped leaves culminating in perfect ascidia raised on their proper
petioloid supports. Such abnormalities are considered to rise from identical
conditions with fasciations.

430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

End results of desiccation and respiration in succulent plants, D. T. Mac-
DouGAL, E. R. LoxG, and J. G. Bbown (Phyaiol. Researches, 1 (1915), No. 6, pp.
289^25, pis. 3, figs. 5; abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1094, PP- 879.
880). — The authors give an account of experiments in which a hirge number of
sound individuals of Echinocactus and several joints of Opuntia were deprived
of water supply and compelled to carry on existence at the expense of accumu-
lated water and food material.

It was found that an Echinocactus in the open may survive for no more
than two years on its own supply of food material and water, while similar
plants in diffused light have remained sound after six years of starvation.
Nonreducing soluble sugars are said to be present in only minute proportions,
if at all, in normal Echinocacti, but are noticeable constituents of the sap of
desiccated ones. Extended desiccation and starvation made no alteration in
the integument of Echinocactus, but in a plant which had been thus treated
for 73 months the cuticle was thicker than normal, while the outer wall of
the epidermal cells was thinner. The cytoplasm and nuclei in the epidermal
system were reduced, but new cork layers were being formed as in normal
plants. The stomata remained permanently open and many were in a col-
lapsed condition. The palisade layer was thinner than in normal plants, the
cytoplasm reduced to small masses in the angles of the cells, and the nuclei
deformed and reduced in size. The most pronounced effect of starvation was
exhibited by the cortex of Echinocactus.

Distribution of cacti with, reference to the role played by root response,
W. A. Cannon (Abs. in Sciaice, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1094, P- 811). — Accord-
ing to the author's observations in southern Arizona, roots of cacti lie close to
the surface of the soil and are subject to the maximum temperature changes,
including the highest temijeratures of the summer season. Experiments show
that a high temperature is necessary for the best growth of the roots of cacti,
and as active root growth takes place in midsummer it is suggested that the
cacti as a family are limited to such regions as have summer rains, other con-
ditions being favorable. In other regions of abundant moisture, but without
the rains which characterize the warm season, cacti are either wholly wanting
or constitute an insignificant part of the vegetation.

The distribution and succession of the flowers of the giant cactus in rela-
tion to isolation, D. S. Johnson (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1094,
p. 876). — The author states that the flowers of the giant cactus growing about
Tucson, Ariz., are rarely syranjetrically gi-ouped about the growing point of the
stem. They are said to be generally most abundant on the east side and usually
wanting on the west side. This phenomenon is considered to be brought about
by differences in sunlight and air temperatures, the east side of the trunks
being warmer than the west side.

The personation and multiplication of the fruits of certain Opuntias, D. S.
Johnson (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1094. pp. 878. S7.'M.— Attention
is called to the fact that the fruits of certain cacti differ from those of most
seed plants in not falling from the tree at the end of the growing season. In
some forms, of which O. fulgida is one of the most striking examples, the fruit
remains attached and growing, season after season. Primary flowers are formed
from the lateral buds of the last year's branches. These shed the perianth live
or six days after opening, and give rise to fruits which not only remain attached
but also give rise to buds of secondary flowers. If these persistent fruits are
allowed to remain attached they give rise only to flower buds, but if they are
broken off and placed on moist soil the same areolie develop roots, send out
branches, and so start a new plant.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 431

FIELD CROPS.

f

First aid to the settler, E. J. Delwiche {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 260 (1915),
pp. 3-4S, figs. 29). — This bulletin is intended for the use of the settler of small
means in upper Wisconsin and offers suggestions of general interest on the
selection of the land, methods of clearing and cropping, buildings and equip-
ment, cooperation, and marketing.

Economy in feed products, N. Laksson (Nord. Mejeri Tidn., 30 {1915), No. 2,
pp. 16-19). — The varieties of root crops recommended for cultivation in southern
and central Sweden are the Barres beet and the Drottning (Queen) turnip or
ruta-baga.

Manure is considered the best fertilizer, but potash in the form of kainit gave
excellent results with the beets, 37 per cent better than results obtained with
pure potash salts. Phosphoric acid in the form of Thomas phosphate was very
beneficial in the culture of beets. Nitrogen was likewise used, immediately be-
foi-e the sowing of tlie seeds, in the form of calcium cyanamid. This hastened
the development of the beets. As previously reported by Bolin (E. S. R., 30, p.
822), a more abundant harvest was obtained by using half calcium cyanamid
and half nitrate of soda than when either was used alone, and at less cost.

Report of the department of agriculture, J. C. Pagliery {Estac. Expt.
Agron. [Cuba], Informe An. 3 {1909-1914), pp. 9-27, pis. 3).— This is a con-
densed report covering the period from 1909 to 1914, inclusive, and notes variety,
fertilizer, and cultural tests with sugar cane and corn, variety tests with sweet
potatoes, and data as to the classification of Cuban tobacco.

Alfalfa growing' in Wisconsin, R. A. SIoore and L. F. Gkabek {Wisconsin
Sta. Bid. 259 {1915), pp. 3-32, figs. 12). — This bulletin discusses the production
of alfalfa in Wisconsin, covering soil preparation, methods of seeding and
harvesting; and notes regarding its value.

Inheritance of length of pod in certain crosses, J. Belling (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 10, pp. 405-420, pi. 1). — ^This article
presents data obtained at the Florida Experiment Station showing the length
measurements of pods in plants resulting from crossing reciprocally the Florida
velvet bean {StizoloMum deeringianum) with the Philippine Lyon bean {S.
niveiim) carried to the fourth generation (E. S. R., 29, p. 228), and discusses
the results qualitatively and quantitatively.

The author summarizes the investigation as follows: "A single genetic
difference, E, is responsible for the main difference between short and long
pods. This genetic difference segregates in normal Mendelian fashion. Factor
E is completely quantitatively dominant, so that E2=Ee. This factor acts as
a multiplier, with a multiplying value of about 1.51. Minor factors for pod
length also act as multipliers, with a combined multiplying value (when double)
of about 1.42. These minor factors apparently show zero dominance, in the
sense that if A2B2C2 . . . are positive double factors with a combined multiply-
ing value of X, the value of AaBhCc . . . isVa;."

Further esperiments on inheritance in maize, H. K. Hayes and E. M. East
{Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 188 {1915), pp. 31, pis. 7). — ^This paper is a report
on the inheritance of certain diffei'ences in the endosperm of various maize
races that have been made the basis of a division into the subspecies Zea mays
everta, indurata, indent ata, and amylacea. To these investigations a genetic
study of the shape of seed which characterizes the so-called rice pop corns is
added. The work continues that previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 736; 29,
p. 333). Tables show the resulting corneous, floury, dented, and pointed char-
acteristics of the various crosses.

432 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

In general, no matter which variety was used as the female parent, there
was no immediate" visible effect of the male parent in tlie endosperm of crosses
between the flint and floury maize. The Fi generation plants produced ears
in which there was a clear segregation of corneous and floury seeds in a 1 : 1
ratio. This ratio was unaffected whether the Fi ears were pollinated with
pollen from either the pure flint or the pure floury parent. Seventy-six Fz ears
produced from a self-fertilized Fi ear of the floury-flint cross, gave a ratio of
1 pure flint ear, 2 hybrid ears, and 1 pure floury ear. The flint and the floury
ears bred true in later generations. A total of 69 self-fertilized ears showing
segregation gave a ratio of 8,803 corneous §eeds to 8,562 floury seeds.

There seemed to be a close agreement between the results of the cross be-
tween the floury and Leaming dent and those for the cross between the floury
and flint. It was, however, more diflicult to classify the seeds in the former
cross as in the Leaming dent corneous starch is produced only on the sides of
the seed, the cap and the immediate vicinity of the embryo being filled with
soft starch. This difference in type of starch produced is evidently one factor,
yet since Fs families showed variations in the amount of corneous starch pro-
duced, there must be several minor factors which modify its development
" There is good evidence that at least some of these minor factors are factors
which have a direct effect on totally different tissues. For example, the size
and shape of the seed, which is at least partly controlled by the type of peri-
carp (a maternal character), has considerable influence upon the appearance
of the starch. To put the matter roughly, in plants which fundamentally have
the same zygotic possibilities as regards the type of starch in the endosperm,
the amount of soft starch actually developed is directly proportional to the size
of the seed."

The pollen of White Rice popcorn apparently had no effect on the character
of the endosperm of the floury type. This is in agreement with the resiilts of
the crosses floury X flint and floury X dent. The F, ears showed the results
of segregation, although in this case there was a range of variation from the
floury to the corneous type. Seeds of this Fi generation (Fi seeds) produced
a population of ears ranging from the pure corneous to the pure floury type.
One uniformly floury ear bred true in Fa and F, for the floury habit ; three ears
with purely corneous seeds also bred true. Two Fi ears gave as variable an F»
progeny as had been found in Fs. the ratio in this case being approximately 1
pure corneous ear to 6.2 intermediates and definite hybrids to O.S pure floury
ears. Other F; ears gave a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio in Fs. Several self- fertilized intf-rmetli-
ate F2 ears bred comparatively uniformly, giving a progeny which contained
more corneous starch than the floury parent but less than the "SAhite Rice pop-
corn parent, i

In the cross between the White Rice and Pearl popcorn " the F, penerati<»n
was of intermediate habit, there being some projection of the seeds at the point
of attachment of the silk. Four selfod Fi ears furnished Fj generations. The
progeny of these ears was variable, the seeds of some cars being as completely
pointed as the White Rice pop parent, the seeds of others nonpointeil like the
Pearl pop pnrent, while the greater number were of various intermediate tyix's.
Of a total progeny of 263 individuals, 24 ears were classed as pure pointed like
the White Rice parent. ... A number of F2 ears were self-pollinated, but none
happened to be obtained which could be classed as typically pointed. One ear
having seeds but slightly pointed (possibly nonpointed) was gi-own in Fs. The
21 ears produced were like the parent ear, showing only slight projections on
the seeds at the tip of the ear."

In the cross between the White Rice pop (No. 64) and Leaming dent corns
(No. 6) " the Fi generation was intermediate as regards the pointed condition.

FIELD CROPS. 433

and there was segregation into pointed, nonpointed, and intermediate ears in F2.
Tliirteen self-pollinated F: ears were grown in F3. Of these, the following F2
ears were classed as pure pointed (6X64) -6-6, (6X64) -6-3, (6X64)--;^8,
(6X64) -4-9. Two of these ears, (6X64) -6-6 and (OX 64) -6-3, bred true in
Fs, while (6X64) -4-8 and (6X64)-4-9 showed segregation in F3 with a total
of 85 pointed and 31 intermediate pointed ears. Two self-fertilized ears,
(6X64) -4-8-8 and (6X64) -4-8-3, were grown in 1914. One proved to be a
pure pointed ear and the other again gave pure pointed and intermediate
pointed seeds. Those results might have been obtained if ear (6X64) -4-8
were homozygous for one factor for point and heterozygous for a second factor.

"Three self-fertilized F2 ears of the intermediate class shovrcd a range of
variation in Fs from pure-pointed to nonpointed ears. Six F2 ears classed as
nonpointed were proven to have been hybrids by the F3 results. One of these
(6X64)— 1-7, produced 52 intermediate and 13 nonpointed ears. As no typi-
cally pointed ears were obtained it seems fair to conclude that the parent ear
(6X64) -4-7 was heterozygous for one factor for pointed seeds. Two self-
fertilized ears F3 of line (6X64) -6-6 which bred true for the pointed habit
in F3 were grown in F4. Ear (6X64) -6-6-4 gave a progeny of 35 ears, all
of which were pure-pointed, while (6X64) -6-6-1 had a progeny of 23 pure-
pointed ears and four vrith points more strongly developed than the interme-
diate class, but not so strongly developed as the 23 pure-pointed ears."

The White Rice pop pax-ent contains only a small amount of floury starch,
while the dent variety has corneous starch at the sides of the seed and floury
starch at the cap and next the embryo. There was no effect on the development
of the amount of corneous starch in Leaming dent (No. 6) due to the pollen
from White Rice pop (No. 64). The Fi generation cross produced ears with
intermediate-sized seeds. These ears would have to be classed as dents.

"Two Fi ears (6X64)^ and (6X64)-6 were grown in F2. Both popu-
lations showed a wide range of variation. The ears were classed as pure dent,
nearly pure dent, half seeds dent, few seeds dent, and nondent. Ear (6X64)-4
had progeny of each class, while (6X64) -6 produced progeny in all classes
except the nondent class. Thirteen F2 ears were grown in Fs. Two nondented
ears gave a progeny of nondented ears and ears with a few seeds slightly
dented. No ears bred true in F3 or F* for the pure dented condition, although
some selections gave a progeny with a much larger proportion of dented ears
than others. Twelve F3 ears were grown in F4. Ear (6X64)-6-5-3 produced
the greater proportion of its progeny in the pure dent class.

Tests of corn varieties on the Great Plains, L. L. Zook {U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 307 {1915), pp- 19, figs. 4). — This bulletin contains results of varietal tests
of corn conducted on dry land and under irrigation at the following-named
stations in the Great Plains area: Huntley, Mont., Newell, S. Dak., Mitchell
and North Platte, Nebr., and Akron, Colo., in which several offices of the De-
partment and the Nebraska Experiment Station cooperated.

Descriptive lists are given showing the dent, flint, and soft varieties of corn
used in the tests. Tabulated data show yields of plats at the various stations.

The results covering the three years 1912, 1913, and 1914 have shown that
small differences are of importance only when it is certain that such differences
are due to potential varietal qualities and not chance fluctuations. It ap-
pears that the usual recommendation favoring locally-grown seed has in some
cases been overemphasized by comparing averages rather than the perfor-
mances of individual varieties and that to assume that a variety is best for
a locality because it has had an opportunity to become acclimated may be as
false a conclusion as to assume that a variety will do well in one locality be-
cause it has done so in some other locality. The range of adaptation of vari-

434 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

eties varies widely. The most outstanding varieties whose yields throughout
the tests have remained uniformly good are White Australian, Martens "White
Dent, and U. S. Selection 133.

The production of a new variety of giant sugar com, E. Heckel (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Ayr. France, 1 {1915), No. 17, pp. 551-55.'f). — It is noted that during
four .successive years the sugar content of a giant Serbian variety of sweet corn
was greatly increased by the removal of the tassel during August. In 191.5 the
total amount of sugar (saccharo.se and glucose) 20. 24, 26, and 28 days after
emasculation is given as 9.3.5, 13.57, 11.6, and 9.6 per cent, respectively, as
against 7.25, 6.6. 7.75, and 6.35 per cent f<ir plants not emasculated.

[Fertilizer, varietal, and cultural experiments with, com on sandy loam
soils], B. W. KiLGORE, C. B, Williams, and R. W. Scott, Jk. {Bvl. N. C. Dept.
Agr., 36 (1915), No. 5, pp. 5-52). — This is a report of work with corn on the
Edgecombe Test Farm during the period 1903-1909, inclusive, along the lines
of previous reports (E. S. R., 31, pp. 629. 630; 33. p. 36).

The general summary of the results of this work indicates that in the pro-
duction of corn on this soil, when only two fertilizer constituents are used
nitrogen and phosphoric acid produce the largest net returns; that lime will
prove beneficial when rightly applied; that a 3:1.5:7 fertilizer at the rate of
300 lbs. per acre may be expected to give the most satisfactory returns; and
that there was practically no difference in the fertilizing value of dried blood
and nitrate of .soda.

Community production of Durango cotton in the Imperial Valley, A.
McLachlan (U. <S'. Dcpt. A(/r. Jiul. 32Jf (1915), pp. io*).— This bulletin gives a
history of the industry in the Imperial Valley, Cal. ; di.scusses the progress due
to organized effort and the varieties grown, viz, the short-staple, Egyptian, and
long-staple Upland ; notes that stabilization — i. e., the continuous production of
a crop with a fixed high (piality ctf fiber — is the great problem now confronting
the cotton industry in the Imperial Valley ; and comments on the relation of the
grower, ginner, banker, and manufacturer to stabilization.

Flax culture for seed in Argentina, C. D. Girola (El Cultivo del Lino para
la Prodnccion dc la Scmilla en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Cahaut cC- Co., 1915,
pp. 19Jt, pis. 7, figs. 48). — This book discusses the origin and the climatic and
cultural requirements of flax grown for seed, and presents statistical data on
the production and distribution of flax seed by countries and its importance as
an article of commerce, particularly with reference to Argentina. Among the
subjects specially treated are the history of flax culture in Argentina and the
ai'eas devoted to the crop by provinces, varieties cultivated and the growth of
the plant in general, composition of the different parts of the flax plant, the
use of fertilizers and rotations, soils adapted to flax and their preparation,
seeding flax and taking care of the crop, plant and animal parasites, and the
various phases of harvesting and marketing. The yield and total production
of flax seed in the principal producing countries are compared, and data are
given on the cost of production in Argentina. In addition, the chemical, botani-
cal, and physical qualities of Argentina flax seed are reviewed, and the produc-
tion of linseed oil, the uses of the oil cake and other residues, and the utiliza-
tion of flax straw are described.

The fiber industry of Mauritius, F. A. Stockdale (Dept. Agr. Mauritius,
Gen. Ser., Bui. 5 {1915), lEnglish Ed.] pp. 15, figs. 2).— This bulletin describes
the varieties of Furcrwa gigantea that are gi-own in Mauritius, the methods of
cultivation, and the manufacture of the fiber, and gives data as to thq cost of.
production. It is concluded that "fiber production might become an important
industry in the colony."

HORTICULTURE. 435

Growing Irish potatoes in Georgia, T. H. McHatton {Bui. Oa. State Col.
Agr., No. 95 (1915), pp. 6). — This suggests methods of production for the first
and second crops.

The frequency of low temperature in Vercelli and the effect on the culti-
vation of rice, B. Makcarelli [Gior. Risicolt., 5 (1915), No. 22, pp. 355-360,
fig. i).— In view of the fact that the temperature falls below 15° C. (59° F.)
in July and August only the early varieties of rice are recommended.

Ash composition of upland rice at various stages of growth, P. L. GrLE and
J. O, Cakeero (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 9, pp. 357-
S64). — This gives results of work carried out at the Porto Rico Federal Station,
which show the v\'eights of various parts of uphmd rice (Oryza sativa) and the
ash analysis of both the roots and above-ground parts when the plants were
harvested at 18, 26, 48, 73, 103, and 123 days of age.

The absolute weiglits of the asli constituents of one whole plant above-ground
at the ages of 103 and 123 days are given as follows: Carbon-free ash 4.427,
5.306 gm. ; silica, 3.245, 3.S96 ; lime, 0.102, 0.094 ; magnesia, 0.137, 0.137 ; iron,
0.012, 0.015 ; potash, 0.33, 0.655 ; soda, 0.337, 0.235 ; phosphoric acid, 0.172, 0.17 ;
sulphuric acid, 0.277, 0.297 ; chlorin, 0.13, 0.152 ; and nitrogen, 0.143, 0.154 gm.,
respectively.

" The percentages of potash, phosphoric acid, and sulphur in the ash of the
whole plant above-gi*ound decreased witli the age of the plant, while silica in-
creased and nitrogen in the dry matter decreased with the age. As compared
with 103 days, when the panicles were just out, the mature plant above-ground
at 123 days with the seeds ripe contained an equal amount of lime, magnesia, and
phosphoric acid, slightly more ix'on, sulphur, chlorin, nitrogen, and silica, much
less soda, and considerably more potash. The percentages of iron in the ash of
the green leaves and straw decreased regularly and markedly with the age of
the plant, while the percentages of iron in the ash of the v.-hole plant above-
ground remained fairly constant after the 26-day-old sample. Previous to flow-
ering the percentages of di-y matter in the green plant and of ash in the dry
matter seemed to be influenced by the effect of the weather on the growth of the
plant."

Importance and character of the milled rice imported into the United
States, F. B. Wise (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 323 (1915), pp. 8, pi. 1, fig. i).— This
bulletin discusses the quantity and value of rice imported and the countries from
which rice is imported, describes rice types, and gives in tabular form the results
of mechanical and chemical analyses of imported rice.

The romance of teff, J. Buett-Davy (Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 3 (1915), No. 1,
pp. 7-10). — This gives a brief history of teff from its cultivation in Abyssinia
to its present distribution in South Africa, and describes its cultivation and uses
in South Africa. An analysis of teff hay is given as moisture 8.S8, protein 6.21,
ether extract 1.21, soluble carbohydrates 39.08, crude fiber 39.07, and ash 5.55
per cent.

HORTICTJLTURE.

The Bradley bibliography. — III, Arboriculture — economic properties of
woody plants, A. Rehder (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1915, vol. 3, pp.
A +806). —This volume of the Bradley Bibliography (E. S. R., 31, p. 239) con-
tains the titles of publications relating to arboriculture and to the economic
properties and uses of woody plants, including important articles in periodicals
and other serial publications. The principal botanical, horticultural, agricul-
tural, and pharmaceutical periodicals have been completely excerpted, and
many papers extracted from less important technical periodicals and from

436 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

those of a general character. A complete enumeration of all publications de-
voted to pomology and the cultivation of fruit trees has not been attempted.
Only separate works on these subjects is included.

[Economic plants at the Agronomic Experiment Station, Santiago de las
Vegas, Havana], .T. T. Roig (Estac. Expt. Agron. [Cnha], Informe An., 3
(1909-1914), pp. 58-S8, pis. 9). — Notes are given on various classes of economic
plants being tested in the gardens of acclimatization and propagation and in
the arboretum of the experiment station, including a list of the principal exotic
plants that are being cultivated by the station.

Adaptability of certain Philippine plants to propagation by cuttings and
marcottage, J. C. Miraflokes (Philippine Agr. and Forester, ff (1915), No 7,
pp. lJf2-1.50). — The results are given of a series of experiments undertaken to
determine the adaptability of a number of Philippine plants to propagation by
cuttings and layerage.

Report of the committee on revision of catalogue of fruits and vegetables,
J. W. FiKOR ET AL. (Bui. G(i. State Col. Agr., Xo. S9 (1915), pp. ^25-1'/^).— This
comprises a catalogue of fruits, nuts, and vegetables for Georgia, recently re-
vised by the committee on revision of catalogue of the Georgia State Horticul-
tural Society. The State is divided into the upper or mountainous, middle,
southern, and coastal regions. The information for each variety comprises the
origin, season, and use and the region for which it is adapted.

Fertilizers for fruits and vegetables, P». IIoy (Tirit. Cohnnhia Dcpt. Agr.,
Hort. Branch Circ. 28 (1912), pp. 8). — A popular discussion of various kinds of
fertilizers witli special reference to tlieir value for fruits and vegetables.

Spray and practice outline for 1915, H. J. Eustace and R. H. Pettit (Michi-
gan Sta. Spec. Bui. 73 (1915), pp. 24, figs. 7).— This bulletin discusses the gen-
eral spray treatment for orchard and small fruits as well as cucumbers, musk-
melons, potatoes, and tomatoes. Directions are also given for the preparation
and use of various insecticides and fungicides.

Analyses of some materials sold as Insecticides and fungicides, A. J.
Patten and D. C. Kellogc. (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 74 (1915), pp. 3-11).—
Analyses are here given of some 104 samples of various materials collecte<l in
Michigan. Tliey include lime-sulphur solutions. solul>le sulphur compound, lead
arsenate, Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, tobacco products, and miscellaneous
materials. The more salient features of the state inspection law are included
in the bulletin.

Vegetable gardening in Georgia, T. H. McHatton and J. W. Firor (Bui. On.
State Col. Agr., No. SS (1915), pp. 54, figs. 6).— A popular treatise on home and
farm vegetable gardening with special reference to Georgia conditions. In
addition to the general principles of vegetable growing, information is presented
relative to planting distances for various vegetables and the control of insect
pests and diseases, including directions for making sprays. Specific notes on
the culture of the more important truck crops are also given.

The home vegetable garden for southern interior sections of British Colum-
bia, H. Thounceu (Brit. Columbia Dcpt. Agr., Hart. Branch Circ. 24 [1912]. pp.
8, fig. 1). — A popular treatise on this subject.

Cultural experiments with, vegetables on the Schleswig-Holstein moors,
A. .T. Wertii (Mitt. Ycr. Ford. MoorkuUur Dcut. Rcichc, 33 (1915), Nos. 16,
pp. 3.36-:l',.3, figs. 2; 17, pp. 361-365. figs. 4).— An account is given of cultural and
variety tests with vegetables conducted on the low and high moors in Schleswig-
Holstein in 1913 and 1014.

The bonavist, lablab, or hyacinth bean, C. V. Piper and W. .1. Morse ( U. S.
Dcpt. Agr. But. 318 (1915), pp. 15, pis. 2).— An account of the bonavist bean
(Dolichos lablab) with reference to its cultural characteristics, seed production,

HORTICULTURE. 437

varietal characters, value for human food, and botanical names. Notes are also
given on the various introductions of D. lahlab made by the Office of Foreign
Seed and Plant Introduction from 1899 to 1914. A bibliography of cited litera-
ture is appended.

The bonavist bean is of value both for its edible pods and as an ornamental.
The authors I'ecommend that it be generally grown from Maryland and Ken-
tucky southward. For planting in corn, it has about the same value as cowpeas.

The Bermuda onion, F. W. Mally (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 46 (1915), pp.
56). — This comprises a guide to the culture of Bermuda onions in south Texas.
In addition to a detailed account of methods of culture, harvesting, and market-
ing, considerable information is given relative to various soil types in south
Texas and soil improvement by means of cover crops and organic and inorganic
fertilizers.

Peas as an orchard green manure and cover crop, F. Gaecia (New Mexico
Sta. Bill. 99 (1915), pp. 21, figs. 6). — An account of the use of various kinds
of peas for green manure and cover crops, based upon orchard cover crop experi-
ments conducted by the station from 1911 to 1914, inclusive, the results of which
are here noted.

The experiments show that excellent results can be had with such varieties of
peas as the Black-eyed Marrowfat, White-eyed Marrowfat, San Luis Valley, Colo-
rado Stock, Golden Vine, and sweet peas. The sweet pea vines proved to be more
resistant to cold during the winter. The temperatures which killed from 3 to 5
in. of growth of the vines of other peas did not materially injure the sweet peas.
There was no material difference in the resistibility to cold of the different varie-
ties of the field peas tried or in the amount of vine growth produced. All varie-
ties of field peas planted during the fall months proved to be too tender and
succulent for the extreme temperatures during the winter. Plantings made dur-
ing December to March, inclusive, were not injured by any of the low tempera-
tures during that period, and all vines from such plantings grew large enough
for plowing under by May 15. A very dense vine growth was secured by seeding
broadcast at the rate of 65 lbs. of seed per acre. Where irrigation is practiced
the land should be irrigated immediately after the seed is sown to produce
germination, and the vines should be irrigated when they are plowed under to
cause the quick decay of the vegetable matter.

The top-working- of fruit trees, H. Thoknbeb (Brit. Columbia Dept. Agr.,
Hort. Branch Circ. 26 (1912), pp. 8, figs. 6). — This comprises practical direc-
tions on top-grafting fruit trees.

Varieties of fruit recommended for commercial planting, compiled by
R. M. WiNSLOW (Brit. Columhia Dept. Agr., Hart. Branch Circ. 29 (1912), pp.
5). — This comprises a list of varieties of orchard and small fruits recommended
for commercial planting in different sections of British Columbia.

[Varieties of fruit at the Agronomic Experiment Station, Santiago de las
Vegas, Havana], H. A. Van Hermann (Estac. Expt. Agron. [Cuba'\, Informe
An., 3 (1909-1914), pp. 33-51, pis. 2). — Data are given on varieties of temperate
and tropical fruits growing on the station grounds.

Methods of fruit picking and handling, E. Smith (Brit. Columbia Dept.
Agr., Hort. Branch Circ. 21 (1912), pp. 7, fig. 1).— A discussion of methods of
handling fruit, including some data on fruit handling investigations conducted
by the British Columbia Department of Agriculture.

The author finds that at present an average of over 26 per cent of British
Columbia apples are injured through careless handling in the orchards, and
that over 60 per cent received bruises or punctures before reaching the market.
Decay in soft fruits, such as peaches, plums, cherries, etc., has been reduced
by careful handling from as high as 41 per cent to 2 per cent during 12 days in

438 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.

the transit temperature. The fact that British Columbia peaches are usually
overripe and decay rapidly on the market is attributed to the 36 to 84 hours'
delay between picliing and the refrigerator car. Successful peach shipping dis-
tricts allow but 12 hours between picliing and refrigeration.

Economies in apple harvesting, E. H. Shepard {Better Fruit, 10 (1915), Xo.
6, pp. 13-15, 25, 26). — A paper on this subject presented before the Washington
and Oregon State horticultural societies.

Know orchard costs, G. M. Twitchei-L (Amer. Agr., 97 {1916), No. 1, p. IS). —
The author gives cost data and returns secured from an old apple orchard over
a series of years.

Grimsby precooling and experimental fruit storage. — Cherry package test,
season of 1915, E. Smith {Agr. Gas. CanarJn, 2 {1915), No. 11, pp. 10.50-1054,
fifjs_ ,5). — The object of the tests here reported was to secure information that
would lead to a more standard package for Canadian sweet and sour cherries.
Demonstration shipments of various kinds of packages were made.

For sour clierries the 6-qt. basket packed in the orchard gave the highest net
returns. Warehouse packs suffered more from wastage. For sweet cherries the
highest net returns were secured from the 24-full pint strawberry crate.

Culture of small fruits for the interior districts of British Columbia,
M. S. Mtddletox {Brit. Columbia Dcpt. Agr., Hort. Branch Circ. 25 {1912), pp.
4). — Tlie methods employed by successful growers are here described.

Notes on economic plants, J. Jones {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr.
Dcpt. Dominica, 19l.',-]5. pp. 5-11). — Data are given on tapping experiments
with Castilla rubber, together with analy.'ses of latex obtained from Hevea and
Funtumia trees. It is concluded that Hcvca brasilicn^s is the only rubber
tree that can be grown in Dominica with any prospect of success.

Of the eucalypts grown in the Botanic Gardens Eucalyptus tereticornis and
E. citriodora have given the best results in rapidity of growth and in the pro-
duction of timber. An 18-year-old tree of the latter species which was felled
(luring the year was 7 ft. in girth 3 ft. from the ground, and 3 ft. 6 in. in girth
60 ft. from the ground, at which lieiglit the trunk branched. The tree was 106
feet high.

Notes are given on condition of limes budded on sour orange stock, together
with yield data on grafted cacao trees.

Tropical and semitropical fruits, exclusive of citrus fruits, E. O. Fenzi
{Agr. Colon. [Italy], 9 {1915), No-s. 1, pp. 1,0-53; 2, pp. 97-116; 3, pp. 167-182;
4-5, pp. 250-30 J,; 6, pp. 359-373; 7, pp. J,20-44i); 8, pp. 481-515; 9, pp. 557-^68;
10, pp. 620-634; 11, pp. 681-698, figs. 59). — This comprises a manual of 727
species of tropical and semitropical fruits, including the coimtry of origin ; the
botanical nomenclature ; a brief description of the foliage, flower, and fruit ; the
chemical composition of tlie fruit, where known ; methods of propagation ; and
more extended notes on tliose fruits whicli are now commonly cultivated. A
table is given in which the various species are grouped according to the uses of
the fruit.

The manual has been prepared with special reference to the extensions and
development of tropical and semitropical fruit culture in Italy and the Italian
colonies.

Progress in the chief industries, J. .Tones {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indies. Rpt.
Agr. Dcpt. Dominica, 1914-15, pp. 17-22). — A statistical report for 1914 on the
lime and cacao industries as well as coconuts and minor products.

Beport on manurial experiments, J. .Tones {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West In/tia,
Rpt. Agr. Dcpt. Dominica, 1914-15, pp. 34-44)- — A progress report on fertilizer
experiments with cacao and limes in Dominica (E. S. K.. 32. pp. 4."), 46).

HORTICULTURE. 439

After thirteen years of continuous manurlal treatment along tlie same lines,
it appears that under conditions prevailing at the Botanic Gardens a steady
annual yield of from 1,100 to 1,200 lbs. of cured cacao can be obtained without
the use of manures. Experience has shown, however, that cacao trees grown
in this way are susceptible to the attacks of fungus diseases, v.hich are very
difficult to combat. The mulched plat continues to yield higher than any of
tlie other plats and for the current year gave 1,947 lbs. of cured cacao per acre,
or 779 lbs. more than the control plat. The vigor and general appearance of
the trees, in spite of the heavy yields, is very striking. Mulching costs approxi-
mately 80 shillings ($19.20) per acre.

The experiments with limes which were started in 1913 have given no con-
clusive results thus far. Judging from the appearance of the trees the out-
standing feature is the excellent growth made by the complete manure plat,
and the slow but steady improvement in the condition of the mulched plat.

Coconut culture, J. R. Johnston (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Circ. 49 {1015),
pp. 11, pis. 3). — A practical treatise on coconut culture, discussing soils, selection
of seed, varieties, propagation, planting, cultivation, fertilizers, companion
crops, harvesting yield, diseases, and insect pests.

Flowering' plants for St. Louis {Missouri Bot. Gard, Bui., 3 {1915), Nos. 9,
pp. 117-121; 10, pp. 126-134; 11, pp. 141-151) .—This comprises a descriptive
list of trees, shrubs, perennials, and annuals, prepared under the direction of
the Missouri Botanical Garden, as suitable for culture in the latitude of St.
Louis.

Hardy roses: Their culture in Canada, W. T. Macoun and F. E. Buck
{Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 85 {1915), pp. 39, figs. 15). — As a result of experi-
mental tests with roses extending from Prince Edward Island to British
Columbia it has been found that roses may be grown fairly readily in many
districts where it M-as formerly supposed they could not be produced except
under glass. The present bulletin is believed to be applicable throughout
Canada. It discusses sites and soils suitable for roses ; plants and planting ;
cultivation, watering, and manuring ; pruning ; winter protection ; inects and
fungus enemies; and propagation. Descriptive varietal lists are given of vari-
ous types of roses, including information relative to the varieties that have
succeeded best. Notes are also given on the origin of popular classes of roses,
as well as on the appearance of some modern roses. The bulletin concludes
with a list of roses tested at Ottawa from 1891 to 1911.

It is concluded in general that Rosa rugosa and hybrids, Austrian briars,
Provence or cabbage roses, damask roses, and moss roses need little or no
protection in most parts of Canada. All other roses must be given more or
less protection during the winter, except in very favored localities.

The art of landscape architecture, its development and its application to
modern landscape gardening, S. Parsons {New York: O. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915,
pp. XXI -{-347, pis. 45). — An exposition on the evolution of landscape gardening
and different methods of laying out grounds. The subject matter is considered
under the general headings of the laying out of a park or estate, the size and
extent of an estate, inclosures, the location of buildings, grass spaces, roads
and paths, water, islands, rocks, grading and shaping grounds, plantations,
maintenance, gardens, public parks, and choice trees and shrubs.

A bibliography of works on landscape gardening is appended.

Landscape gardening as applied to home decoration, S. T. Maynakd {New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1915, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XIX-\-396, pi. 1, figs.
190). — The present edition of this work (E. S. R., 11, p. 852) has been revised

28855°— No. 5—16 4

440 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and largely rewritten to conform with the progress made in the past 15 years
in out-of-door house decoration, and to include the greatly increased list of plant
material now in use for this purpose.

Luther Burbank, his life and work, H. S. WrLLiAsis (Xeic York: Hearst's
International Library Co., 1915, pp. XII+333, pis. 40). — A summarized account
of the life and work of Luther Burbank, largely based on Burbank's own
account of his life work (E. S. R., 32. p. 143).

FORESTHY.

The forests of Anne Arundel County, F. W. Besley {Baltimore: MtL State
Bd. Forestry, lOlo, pp. 2S, pis. Jf). — This report embraces the results of a survey
of forest conditions in Anne Arundel County, Md., which was made by the state
forester in 1909. Information is given relative to the character and stand of
timber, the uses of the forest, methods of cutting, amount of timber now being
cut, and damage by fire and other destructive agencies. The report is largely
supplemented by a forest map of the county.

Brazilian woods, A. L. M. Gottschalk (U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No.
301 (1915), pp. lll-'t-llll). — A consular report on Brazilian woods, including
tabular data showing exports of various hardwoods for five years and the
specific weights of the principal hardwoods of Brazil employed -in construction
work or in furniture making, together with notes on the favorite woods of
Brazil.

Contribution to the knowledge of some timbers of Eritrea, L. Senni (Bol.
R. (Hard. Colon. Palermo, 1 (liU-'f), Xo. 2, pp. 15'J-16S). — In continuation of a
previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. 844) brief notes are given on the structure and
other characteristics of the woods of several timber trees growing in Eritrea,
Africa.

The testing of forest seeds during 25 years, 1887-1912, J. Rafn ([Copen-
hagen]: Author, 1915, pp. 91. pi. 1, figs. J). — Tins briKhuro comprises as a wliole
a record of tests of the seed of various conifers and broad-leaved trees con-
ducted at the Scandinavian Forest Seed Establishment during the past 2.5 years.

Five years' growth, on Douglas fir sample plats, T. T. Munger (Proc. Soe.
Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. J/, pp. ^2.3-425). — Tabular data are given show-
ing the growth of permanent sample plats in second growth Douglas fir forests
in the Cascade National Forest.

Differentiation of the oaks by histological methods, F. W. Mulsow {Kan-s.
Univ. Sei. Bui., 9 {1915), No. 20, pp. 211-277, pis. 5). — In this work four specie.s
of native oaks are compared as to their histological structures and character-
istics. The species studied are Quercus rubra, Q. sehn^^ekii, Q. coccin<;a, and
Q. macroearpa.

The autlior concludes that there are enough differences in the various tis-
sues of the oaks to enable one to distingiiish the species by histological methods.
There were found differences in the leaf sufficient to distinguish the species, and
in addition there were further distinguishing difference's in the stem and acorns.

A study of the histological variations of Quercus muhlenbergii. J. A.
Elliott {Kans. Univ. Sei. Bui., 9 {1914), No. 4, pp. 4^-54, />'«• 5).— This paper
reports a study by histological methods of variations in four native oaks, all
classified in the Gray Herbarium as Quercus muhlenbergii.

Teak in Siam and Indo-China, F. H. Smith {U. S. Dept. Com.. Bur. Foreign
and Dom. Com., Spec. Agents Ser., No. 108 (1915), pp. 21).— In this report an
introductory account is given of the properties and utilization of teak wood,
after which the author discusses the various grades and prices of teak wootl

FORESTRY. 441

and methods obtaining in the industry. Detailed statistics are also given of
teak wood exports from Siam and Indo-China.

Annual report on the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for the year
1913-14, H. Chand {Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Ajmer-Merwara, 1913-14, pp.
6+32). — This comprises the usual progress report on the administration and
management of the state forests of Ajmer-Merwara. Data relative to forest
areas, forest surveys, working plans, silvicultural operations, yields, revenues,
expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form.

The need of working plans on National Forests and the policies which,
should be embodied in them, B. P. Kirkland (rroc. Soc. Aincr. Foresters, 10
(1915), No. 4, pp. 341-370). — This article comprises as a whole a plea for cer-
tain changes in the National Forest policy in dealing with the timber resources
on the National Forests. The author first considers the desirability of working
plans and then discu.sses a number of fundamental policies \\'hich, in his
opinion, should be provided for in working plans.

Regional forest plans, D. T. Mason (Froc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, 10 (1915),
No. 4^ PP- 31i 1-375). — In this article the author advocates the preparation of
working plans for forest regions rather than for individual National Foi'ests
within a given forest region.

Working plans, H. H. Chapman (Proc. Soc. Anier. Foresters, 10 (1915), No.
4, pp. 376-382). — A discussion of forest working plans with special reference to
their application on the National Forests,

Some notes on forest ecology and its problems, R. H. Boeeker (Proc. Soc.
Amcr. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 4, pp. 405-422). — This paper comprises as a
whole a discussion of the methods, scope, and importance of forest ecology,
together with a classification and summary of its problems.

Light burning at Castle Rock, S. B. Show (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10
(1915), No. 4. pp. 426-433). — In order to secure reliable data on the harmful
or beneficial effects of light burning on forest growth, experiments were started
at Castle Rock, Cal., in the spring of 1911. The timber in the experimental
area consisted of yellow pine, with a slight admixture of sugar pine, Douglas
fir, incense cedar, and California black oak. From the data secured it is con-
cluded that light burning is a failure as a fire-protective measure, and that
the damage to reproduction is so great that the practice of light burning is
precluded where the establishment of young growth is desired.

Brush disposal in lodgepole-pine cuttings, D. T. Mason (Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 4, PP- 399-404, fig- 1)- — The author presents some evi-
dence to show that the piling and burning of brush for the purpose of protect-
ing forest areas from fire may be unnecessary and unprofitable where grazing
is feasible. A diagram is given of a proposed experiment which it is planned
to conduct to determine much more accurately the interrelations of brush
disposal, fire hazard, grazing, and reproduction.

A new aspect of brush disposal in Arizona and New Mexico, W. H. Long
(Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 4, pp. 383-398) .—This article deals
specifically with the rapidity with which brush rots and with the fungi causing
this rotting under different methods of disposal. The three methods of dis-
posal considered are piling, scattering, and merely pulling the brush out of
the way of reproduction.

Uniformity in the forest fire legislation affecting railroad operation and
lumbering, P. T. Coolidge (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 4, PP- 434-
4-52). — In this article the author describes the legislation enacted in different
States with special reference to certain characteristics which render it effective
or otherwise.

442 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

International phytopathologic collaboration, J. Ebiksson {Phytopathology,
5 {1915), No. 3, pp. 133-138). — The author reviews the steps that have been
taken in Evu'ope to secure a systematic collaboration for the control of plant
diseases, and expresses the hope that this country will take the initiative and
assume charge of an organized international collaboration against diseases of
cultivated plants. It is maintained that the means adopted in Europe have not
advanced phytopathological research, w hich is considered fundamental to proper
regulatory control.

Some neglected phases of phytopathology, J. G. Grossenbacheb {.Phyto-
pathology, 5 {1015), No. S, pp. 155-162). — The author describes some types of
phloem and bark diseases of herbs and woody plants in order to call attention
to .some of the problems in phytopathology which, he considers, should rcveive
more general attention, not only because they are of scientific interest but
also because they arc important frfmi an economic standpoint.

[Plant diseases in British Guiana], C. K. BANCROtT {Rpt. Dept. Sci. and
Agr. Brit. Guiana, l'J13-14, A pp. 2, pp. 18-20). — In a report on the work of the
botanic gardens at Geoi'getown, an account is given of plant diseases investi-
gated during 1913-14.

It is stated that the dry disease of sugar cane due to Marastnius sacchari has
shown a marked increase on some plantations since its first appearance in
Berbice in 1907, and that it has become widely distributed in the colony.

A leaf disease of the sisal hemp noted on one estate was found to be due to
CoUctotrichum agaves.

Investigation has been begun on bud rot of coconut palm, from which six pure
strains of bacilli of the Bacillus coli type have been isolated. Inoculation with
one of these has resulted in the death of the plant.

A disease prevalent on the fruits of peppers was found to be due to C.
nigrum. Hose leaf mildew {Spha-rothcca pannosa) responded rea<lily to' treat-
ment with flowers of sulphur, but less favorable results followed the use of liver
of sulphur or of dilute sulphuric acid.

A leaf spot of orchids was ascribed to Uredo orchidis. A leaf disease of
nursery plants of Ilevea was found to be due to a fungus considered by Massee
to be a new species and named J'assalora hcvco'. Specimens of rose trees were
received which showed the development of crown gall {B. tumcfacicns). A leaf
disease of coconut palm caused by Pestalozzia pahnaruin was observed in
sevefal places.

Foines scniitosttts was found on a single dead stump in the foi-est, this being
supposedly its first record in the tropical regions of America.

Brown root disease of Hevea, due to Hymcnochfetc noxia, was noted in one
or two instances. Eutypa caulivora was identified on Hevea material brought
from Ceylon. Several cases of the mango fruit disease {Gloeosporium tnangi-
fcrw) were noted in the botanic gardens.

Angular leaf spot of cucumbers. E. F. Smith and Mary K. Buvan {U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 11, pp. 465-476, pis. 7).— A de-
scription is given of an angular leaf spot of cucumbers which, it is said, has
been known to occur in this country for many years, being widespread In the
Eastern and Middle Western States.

The disease is characterized by angular brown spots which tear or drop out
when dry, giving the leaves a ragged appearance. In the early stages a bac-
terial exudate collects in drops on the lower surface during the night and dries
whitish. Young stems and petioles may become soft rotted or cracked open.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 443

and a virulent outbreak has reduced the crop by destroying a large portion of
the active part of the leaves.

Angular leaf spot is said to be caused by Bacterium lachrymans n. sp., which
enters through the stomata, no wounds being necessary. A technical description
of the organism and its morphological and physiological characters are given.
It is said to be quite different from that described by Burger (E. S. R., 31,
p. 747) in that it does not cause soft rot of the fruit.

From laboratory tests with copper sulphate the authors conclude that Bor-
deaux mixture properly applied would serve to control this disease.

Investigations on potato diseases (sixth report), G. H. Pethybridge {Dept.
Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 15 (1915), No. 3, pp. Ji91-52G, pis. 12; abs.
in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 {1915), No. 3, pp. 269, 270).— A continuation is
reported of the investigations previously noted (E. S. K., 32, p. 239).

The various comparative trials of proprietary fungicidal preparations made
during recent years in Ireland, some of which are described, are said to indi-
cate that properly prepared home-made Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures are
preferable to any others tested for use against potato blight {Phijtophthara in-
festans), as regards both efficiency and cost. The solutions of 1 per cent strength
gave practically as good results as those containing 2 per cent of copper sulphate.
Little if any advantage resulted from employment of a potassium instead of a
sodium salt in Burgundy mixture for spraying. The source of the blight year
after year is regarded as still unsettled.

Stalk disease (Sclcrotinia sclcrotiorum) was studied, and it appears that
lateness of planting confers a degree of protection. The spores appear to be
carried by the wind and may cause infection of the aerial parts of weakened
or wounded plants at some distance. The yellowing leaves while still attached
appear to offer a favorable area for infection by these spores, this fact and the
leaf scars probably explaining the prevalence of attack at the nodes.

The symptoms of pink rot were experimentally produced by inoculation with
P. erythroseptica. The cytological work on this fungus begun by Murphy (E. S.
R., 83, p. 53) has been concluded, and is to be published in full.

Corky or pov/dery scab {Spongospora suhterranea) attacked foreign varieties
when planted on infected soil in the west of Ireland. Petrol proved inefficient
for control of this fungus.

Studies recently made are considered to prove the identity of the collar fungus
(Hypoclinus solani) with that formerly known as Rliizoctonla solani, justifying
the rejection of the latter name.

Comparative experiments with the dry scab or silver scurf fungus (Spondyl-
ocladium atro'virciis) suggested that this fungus may attack onlj' while the
tuber is still growing, perhaps starting in the dead, exfoliating cells.

Brown scab is apparently not caused by mechanical irritation, but is due to
a widely distributed soil organism, not yet determined, which appears to be
sensitive to acids and alkalis. The skin spot, which is provisionally regarded
as due to Spicaria solani, is rather infrequent, and apparently of no serious
practical importance.

It is thought, as a result of work not yet completed, that different forms of
dry rot exist, but that all are caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium.

The investigations in connection with the Verticillium disease, which have
been continued since 1909, showed during the past season that this disease can
be produced in healthy plants by inoculation.

Leaf roll diseases of the potato, O. Appel (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 3,
pp. 139-l.'i8). — In a lecture which was given at a number of universities in this
country, the author described some of the diseases of potatoes characterized
by curled or rolled leaves, among them curly dwarf, a nonparasitic leaf roll,

444 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

fungus wilt and bacterial ring diseases which attack the vascular tissues, and
a Rhizoctonia and a blackleg which are classed as foot diseases.

An account is included of the system of inspection adopted in Germany to
secure certification of seed potatoes.

A preliminary study of ergot of wild rice, Faith Fyles (Phytopathology,
5 {1915). No. 3, pp. 186-102, pi. 1). — In connection with studies of the Canadian
wild rice {Zizania aqiiatica and Z. palustris) the author reports often hav-
ing noticed ergot among the seed, and the questions arose whether this ergot
was identical with the typical ergot of rye, and whether other cereals and
other grasses growing in the neighborhood would be in danger of infection
by it. Material was collected and a series of experiments carried on in which
only negative results were obtained for species other than wild rice.

The author believes, from certain morphological and other differences, that
the form experimented with is a distinct species, and it will be a subject for
further report

The loose kernel smut of sorghum, A. A. Potteb (Phytopathology, 5 (1915),
No. 3, pp. lJt9-15Jf, pi. 1, figs. 2). — In a previous publication (E. S. R.. 27, p.
545) the author reported the occurrence of Sphacelotheca ciuenta on sorghum
in this country, and in the present paper au attempt is made to clear up
confusion between this species and K. sorghi. Both species are present as
kernel smuts of sorghum, /S. cnicnta being now kuoN\Ti to have occurred in
America as early as 1.SN5.

It is claimed that infection may be prevented by the usual seed-disiufectiug
treatments.

A bibliography is given.

Experiments on the susceptibility of sweet potato varieties to stem rot,
L. L. Habtek and Ethel C. Field (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 163-
jQS).—ln a previous publication (E. S. R., 32, p. 50) the authors gave an account
of investigations, which had extended over two years, on stem rot of sweet
potatoes due to Fusariuin hypcroxy.'ipuntm and /•'. baiatatis.

In the present paper an account is given of the results of variety tests,
carried, on in the seasons of 1013 and l'.»14, which showed marked resistance
on the part of some varieties, but the authors claim that a substitution of one
variety of sweet potatoes for another can not be made based solely on the
resistance to these diseases. Some varieties which produce potatoes of excei>-
tional merit in certain localities are said to be practically worthless in other.s.

How to disinfect tobacco plant beds from root rot fungus (Thielavia),
A. D. Selby, T. Hovsek, and J. G. Humbert (Ohio Sta. Circ. 156 (1915), pp. 5-8,
fig. i).— Soil sterilization of seed beds by means of steaming and the use of
formalin is described, the advantages and disadvantages of each method being
pointed out.

Apple rust and its control in Wisconsin, L. R. Jones and E. T. Babtholo-
mew (Wiftconsin Sta. liul. 257 (1915), pp. 1-30, figs. 15).— \ description is given
of the apple rust due to Gyiinwsporaiujium glohosum and O. juiiipcri-virgiuiana\
The latter species is said to be the more widely spread and injurious in
Wisconsin.

Attention is called to the relation between the fungus occurring on the
cedar and the applo, and, as orchard planting is said to be on the increase
in the regions where red cedars abound, suggestions are given for the avoid-
ance of loss through the control of the disease by spraying, cutting out the
cedar trees, and use of relatively resistant varieties of apples.

Varietal resistance of plums to brown rot. W. D. Valleau ( V. S Dcpt. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 9, pp. 365-396. pis. 3).— The results arc
given of studies made at the Minnesota Experiment Station on the resistance of

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 445

plums to the brown rot fungus, which have been carried on since the spring of
1913. The fungus in Minnesota is believed to be identical with that found in
other parts of this counti*y and witli Sclcrotinia cinerea in Europe.

Infection may tal^e phice througli tlie uninjured sliin at any time during the
development of the plum fruit. Varieties show variations in resistance to rot
after the hyphse have gained entrance to the fruit. Resistance is considered to
be correlated with a thick skin, the production of parenchymatous plugs which
fill the stomatal cavity, the production of corky walls in the lining cells of the
stomatal cavity, and firmness of fruit after ripening. No relationship was
observed between the oxidase content of the fruit and resistance, or between
tannin content and resistance.

The brown rot is said to be essentially a ripe rot, affecting the plums most
noticeably as soon as they begin to soften as a result of ripening, due to the
solution of the middle lamella. Varieties which are resistant remain firm on
ripening. The hyphre of the fungus are said to be entirely intercellular. All
attempts to demonstrate the presence of an enzym capable of dissolving the
middle lamella or to extract it from a culture of the fungus in apple cider
proved futile.

The rot caused by S. cinerea is a firm rot, due to the mechanical support of the
hyphse which completely fill the intercellular spaces left by the collapse of the
host cell walls. A soft rot is produced by Penicillium expansum, which does not
produce extensive hyphse and therefore does not give mechanical support to the
rotted tissue.

A bibliography of literature cited is given.

Experimental spraying' for blackberry anthracnose in 1915, H. L. Rees
(Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 3 (1915), No. 8, pp. 2-10, figs.
If). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 54), the results are given of
experiments for the control of blackberry anthracnose in western Washington.

It was found that the disease can be successfully and profitably controlled by
two sprayings, the first just before flowering, using Bordeaux mixture 5 : 5 : 50,
the second 2 or 3 weeks after the petals have fallen, Burgundy mixture being
employed. The author states that neither cutting out the canes nor spraying in
the fall is necessary for the control of anthracnose.

Attention is called to the fact that much of the loss is due to the dying of
canes through inadequate drainage and insufficient plant food.

Formulas for the preparation of the fungicides are given. It is recommended
that resin fish oil soap, at the rate of 1 lb. to 50 gal. of spray, be added to secure
better distribution and greater adhesiveness of the mixtures.

Observations relative to an obscure grape afiEection, F. E. Gladwin {Phyto-
pathology, 5 (1015), No. 3, pp. 169-174, fig. i).— The author states that his
attention was attracted in 1910 to a sickly appearance of the leaves of Concord
grapes in a young vineyard. In 1911 and 1912 the disease was reported in the
same vineyard and also in some where the vines had been set for a considerably
longer time. Except in the oldest vineyards, the same conditions appeared in
1913 and 1914.

During the dormant season there are no evidences of the trouble, but early in
July the upper leaves of the shoots show a streaked yellow between the veins.
Later other leaves on the shoots develop a pale discoloration, which is more
marked near the margin of the leaf. As the season advances, the tissues dry
and become functionless. The infected vines produce few shoots, the fruit is
abnormal, and the woody growth materially checked.

No fungus or other organism could be definitely associated with the trouble,
but a study made of the soil indicated that the disease was due to a lack of

446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

moisture in the soil or to the inabilitj' of the vines previously affected to absorb
the amount of water needed. Observations on other vineyards indicate that the
trouble is not uncommon, as it is invariably found in situations where the water
supply is inadequate.

Citrus diseases of Florida and Cuba compared with, those of California,
H. S. Fawcett (Califoniia Sta. Bill. 262 (1915), pp. 153-192, 200-202, 207-210.
figs. 23). — The author compares the citrus diseases of Florida and California,
having been connected with the experiment stations of each State for a number
of years. Notes are also given of diseases observed in Cuba and the Isle of
Pines during a visit to those islands.

The most widely distributed and probably the most serious citrus diseases
of Florida are citrus canker, melanose (with its associated disease, stem-end
rot), exanthema, withertip, and foot rot. Of secondary importance are scab,
nail-head rust, psorosis, Diplodia gumming, blight, and mottled leaf. In Cali-
fornia the most important diseases are brown rot gummosis (with its asso-
ciated disease, brown rot of the fruit), mottled leaf, psorosis, and Armillaria
root rot, with foot rot, withertip, exanthema, Botrytis gummosis of lemons,
and Botrytis and Sclerotinia rots of lemons occupying a less important posi-
tion. The characteristics of the different diseases are described, and in a table
the diseases, parts affected, occurrence, and treatment are summarized.

[Citrus diseases at San Pedro in 1915], F. S. Earle and J. M. Rogers
(San Pedro [Isle of Pines] Citnis Path. Lab. Ann. Rpt., 1 (1915), pp. 5-11, 21-Jil,
figs. 16; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 14 (1915), No. 350, p. Si8).— Diseases
referred to environment are chlorosis, ascribed in this locality to superfluous
soil moisture or inferior nutrition; frenching, thought to be due here chiefly to
killing of the root hairs by the sun's heat in unprotected soil, and alleviated
by the use of a heavy mulch and a small amount of sodium nitrate; and rarely,
Florida dieback in young groves, ascribe<I in part to unfavorable soil conditions.

Diseases here classed as functional or physiological are fruit gunnnosis, asso-
ciated with chlorosis, causing some of the fruit to fall prematurely; blossom-
end rot of limes and lemons, from which no organism could be isolated ; spot-
ting of the fruit, especially lemons, during artificial curing, and originating
presumably in the breaking down of the oil cells; spotting of grapefruit, asso-
ciated with insect injury ; splitting of fruit, due here to heavy rains after the
fruit ripens ; leaf spotting of citrus trees which are below normal as regards
growth conditions or which lack fertilizer ; yellow spotting of leaves on un-
thrifty trees due to loss of root hairs and rootlets following continued rains;
and greasy spot with accompanying leaf fall, not very serious, but of undeter-
mined causation.

An alga causing a red rust on citrus trees, assigned to the genus Cephaleuros
or Mycoidea, is said to be very similar to that causing red rust of tea in India.

Fungus diseases noted include a scab (Cladosporium eiiri) of fruit and
young branches; sooty mold (Fumagn citri) ; a smoky fungus somewhat
similar; anthracnose or withertip (CoUctotriehiim glarosporioUlcs) ; Rolf's
Sclerotium fungus; blue molds (Penieilliiiiu spp. ). usually more serious on
lemons and oranges than on grapefruit; black molds (Miieor spp.) ; Fusarium
root rot, traveling up the trunk and causing gimunosis of the trees situated on
wet, sandy land; and Diplodia natahusis, considered the worst citrus enemy
in this section, and discussed at some length. The Diplodia is thought to be
self-limiting by its production of gum, which, when present in sufllcient amount,
was found to check the development of the fungus. Painting with carboline\im
or an emulsion thereof is the only preventive suggested. The washing tank is
thought to be an important source of Diplodia infection of the fruit.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 447

Citrus canker, III, H. E. Stevens (Florida Sta. Bui. 128 {1915), pp. 20, figs.
6). — In continuation of observations on citrus canker (E. S. R., 32, p. 345), the
author gives an account of the history of the disease, its distribution in Florida,
a description of its effect on the host plant, the cause of the disease, and
laboratory investigations on the organism, Pscudomonas ciirl, in which its
growth in sterilized soil and the effects of high temperature and drying out were
noted.

In the laboratory experiments, soil was sterilized, inoculated with cultures of
the bacteria, and kept under observation for six months, at the end of which
period the bacteria were found alive and active. The organism was found to
sustain high temperatures and drying out, which is believed to be an additional
factor in spreading the disease.

Prompt and complete destruction of all infected trees is considered the only
practical method of control, and since the bacteria are capable of living and
growing in unsterilized soil for a long period, it is thought dangerous to plant
citrus trees on laud where the canker has been found.

A powdery mildew on citrus, C. N. Carter (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. S,
pp. 193-19G, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The occurrence of a powdery mildew on the Dancy
tangerine in southern California is reported. The fungus so far has been found
only in a limited area, and is restricted to this tangerine.

The author believes this to be the first report of this type on citrus plants.
The name Oidiitm tingitanium n. sp. is proposed for this mildew, a technical de-
scription of which is given.

A bacterial disease of the mango, Bacillus mangiferse n. sp., Ethel M.
DoiDGE (Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-45, i)ls. 14, figs. 3; abs. in Agr.
News IBarbados], 14 (1915), No. 349, p. 302). — A disfiguring and rotting disease
of mangoes is described as having caused much loss and alarm in South Africa
in recent years. The causal organism, which is described as B. inangifcrw
n. sp., is carried partly by water dripping from affected portions of the plant,
but a more important carrier is found in air movements. Lignified tissues are
not aifected, but the organism invades parenchymatous tissues, wedging apart
and killing the cells and causing dark, angular spots on the leaves. Other soft
portions of the plant are also attacked. The symptoms are described as very
characteristic.

The organism was not controlled by use of Bordeaux mixture, iron sulphid,
or Hycol. The organism is described in detail, and a resume is given of its
salient characters.

Melaxuma of the walnut (Jug'lans reg-ia), H. S. Fawcett (California Sta.
Bid. 261 (1915), pp. 131-148, figs. 5). — A preliminary report is given of a disease
of English walnuts in California, which has been under observation since 1913,
and brief accounts of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 84, p. 5G).

This disease, which is given its name on account of the black sap excreted,
causes black cankers on the trunk, crotches, and large limbs, and occasionally
the wilting of small branches. Experiments have shown that the cankers, as
well as the wilting of the branches, are caused by the fungus Dothiorclla gre-
garia, which has been isolated, grown in pure cultures, and found to produce
the typical symptoms of the disease. In addition to the walnut, the fungus has
been found on a species of willow (Salix lasiolcpis) , from which it is thought
to have spread to walnut trees.

Experiments have shown that the disease may be successfully controlled by
cutting out the cankers and the dead and badly diseased limbs, and disinfect-
ing the cuts. On account of the willow acting as a host of the fungus, it is
recommended that all willows near walnut orchards be cut back.

448 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Notes on some diseases of trees in our National Forests, V, G. G. Hedgcock
(Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 3, pp. 175-181) .—In continuation of notes on for-
est tree diseases (E. S. R., 31, p. 845), the author describes the attacks and
distribution of Razoumofskya and Phoradendron on different species of forest
trees.

Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, R. A. Stxidhai-teb and
A. G. RuGGLEs {Penn. Dept. Forestry Bui. 12 {1915), pp. 38, pis. //).— This is a
detailed account of the investigations carried on jointly by the Office of Forest
Pathology of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the Penn-
sylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, a preliminary report of which has
already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 451).

In addition to the previous account, the authors state that 19 out of 52 insects,
representing the orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, were
found carrying the spores. From the development of the colonies in cultures
it appeared that insects from the field were carrying pycnospores almost ex-
clusively.

A bibliography is given.

A honeycomb heart rot of oaks caused by Stereum subpileatum, W. H.
Long {I'. K. Dcpt. Ayr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 10, pp. !,21-Jt2S. pi.
1). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 30, p. 52), the author described some
fungi causing rots of oaks in different parts of the United States. In the
present paper, an account is given of a rot to which the name honeycomb heart
rot is given, due to /S. subpileatum, which is said to be similar to but di.stinct
from the rot caused by S. frustulosutn.

Fourteen or more .species of Quercus and possilily IJquidamhar styraciflua
are known to be attacked by this fungus, which is rather widely distributed,
as indicated by the collections examined. Trees of all ages seem to be subject
to the attack if they are old enough to have formed heartwood.

The only method of control seems to be prevention of infection. This can
be done by eliminating forest fires, which cause wounds on the tree, and pre-
venting the formation of the. fruiting bodies of the fungus. As the fungus
continues to grow in a tree after it is felled, all cull logs and tree tops should
be destroyed to prevent the formation of sporophores.

A new scarlet oak disease, D. C. Babcock (Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 3,
p. 197). — A brief note is given on a serious killing of young branches of .scarlet
oak in the vicinity of (Mncinnati. which is believed to be due to attacks of a
species of Botryodiplodia.

A new Macrophoma on galls of Populus trichocai'pa. E. E. HrBEUT {Phyto-
pathology, 5 (1915), No. .'?. pp. 1S2-1S5, figs. .3).— In the fall of 1009. a collection
of galls occurring on /'. trichocarpa was made on the supposition that they
were caused by an insect. Upon examination, there was no evidence of insect
origin. Later other collections were made for study, and the trouble was found
to be due to a fungus which is described by C. L. Shear as 1/. tumcfacicns n. .sp.

The galls, with the accompanying fungus, are said to have been widely dis-
tributed in Montana, a number of collections having been made in that State
and in Idaho.

Pink disease of plantation rubber, F. T. Brooks and A. Sii akpi.es (.1h».
Appl. Biol., 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 5S-S0, pis. 2, figs, ii).— Work previously reix)rted
(E. S. R., 33, p. 151) has been followed up with more detailed investigation,
and the chief results thereof are given.

The distribution, hosts, and mode of action of pink disease are discussed, as
are the forms of the causal organism {Corticium salmonicolor) , its action on
the wood being de.scribed in detail. The formation of tyloses is considered as
a response to the presence of the fungus in the wood. I'ure cultures of the

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 449

fungus have been established on salep agar and on Hevea wood, and inocuhi-
tion experiments with natural material and with that from pure cultures have
been successful.

Spraying is not recommended except in particular cases, the most effective
measure being removal of infected branches, or treatment of these portions
with tar.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Kevision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys, V. Bailey (?7. S.
Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrey North American Fauna No. 39 (1915), pp. 136, pis.
8, figs. 10). — This paper completes the technical revision of the pocket gophers
of the family Geomyidiie, the first part of which, prepared by Merriam, has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 6, p. 787). The revision supplies definite informa-
tion regarding the status and geographical distribution of the several forms.
The pocket gophers are found to be of considerable economic importance, their
tunneling resulting in damage to crops, young trees, irrigation ditch banks, etc.

The genus is said to include 88 recognizable forms of 40 species.

Notes on the progress of economic entomology, L. O. Howard {Jour. Econ.
Euf., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 113-119; Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 35 {1914), pp.
95-101).

Insecticides, H. M. Lefroy {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {1915), No. 3-4, pp. 280-298,
fig. 1). — A discussion of the present use of insecticides, the manner in which
they act, etc.

Insecticides from a chemical standpoint, W. F. Cooper and W. H. Ntjttall
(Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {1915), No. 3-4, pp. 213-219).— A. critical review of the
subject.

The principal insect pests of Florida and California compared, H. S. Faw-
CETT {California Sta. Bui. 262 (1915), pp. 193-199, 203-206, fig. 1).—A brief com-
parison is made of the more important citrus insects of Florida and California.
A table comparing citrus insect pests of California, Florida, and Cuba is in-
cluded (pp. 203-206).

A preliminary list of the insects of the Province of Quebec, I— II (Ann.
Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [e^c], 4 (1911-12), Sup., pp. 103, figs. 19; 7
(1914-15), pp. 108-159) .—Part 1 of this work by A. F. Winn lists the Lepidop-
tera, and part 2 by A. F. Winn and G. Beaulieu the Diptera.

The effect of the injuries to summer-sown crops by the frit fly and by
Adia genitalis on the growth and yield of the plants, N. V. Andreeva and I. V.
KiTRuiuMov (Trudy Pcrvago Vseross. Sie::da Dieiatel. PriJcl. Ent., Kiev, 1913,
pp. 25-36; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 230-232).— A
report of investigations conducted at the Poltava Experiment Station during
the summer of 1913.

Effects produced by sucking insects and red spider upon potato foliage,
A. S. Horne and H. M. Lefroy (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1915), No. 3-4, pp. 370-386,
pis. 5). — This is a report of a series of experiments conducted with a view to
determining accurately what effects are produced in potato foliage by sucking
insects.

" Definite and similar symptoms apart from any other cause were obtained
as the result of infesting young plants raised from seed of the President variety
of potato with red spider, Aleyrodes, aphis, jassid, and capsid under various
experimental conditions."

Notes on the insect enemies of Sudan grass, W. Newell (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 2.?0-25i).— Substantially noted from another source (E. S.
R., 33, p. 746).

450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Sunflower insects, T. D. A. Cockebell (Canad. Ent., 47 (1915), No. 9, pp.
280-282). — Further notes on the insects of Helianthus, an account of which has
been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 548).

The biology of the juniper berry insects with descriptions of new species,
S. Maecovitch [Ann. Ent. Soc. Amcr., 8 {1915), Xo. 2, pp. 163-1S8, figs. 63).—
During the course of investigations at Ithaca, N. Y., and at Minneapolis. Minn.,
of the insects attacking Juniperus virginiana, the author has found a number
of insects to develop in these berries, including a tineid (Argyrcsthia alter-
natella) which eats the seeds, a trypetid (Rhagolctis juniperinus n. sp.) which
feeds on the fleshy portion of the berry, and a cecidomyiid ; and a mite, deter-
mined as Eriophyes qnadrisctus. He has also reared six chalcidids, at least
two of which are plant feeding in habit, namely, Eurytoma juniperinus n. sp.,
a description of which is here presented, and (lenioccrus junipcri.. A parasitic
larva found in contact with a Geniocorus larva has been determined as G. mar-
copitchi. A. alternatcUa has a number of enemies including a blue chalcidid
(Secodella sp.), Protapantales sp., and parasites of the family Eucyrtidae.

A list of nine titles relating to the subject is included.

Control of grasshoppers in Imperial Valley, "SV. E. Packard (California Sta.
Circ. l/fS (1915), pp. 11, figs. 8). — A description is given of the more practical
measures for combating grasshoppers.

Potato curly leaf caused by Euthrips occidentalis, D. L. Crawford {Mo.
Bui. Com. Jforf. Cal., 4 {1915), No. 8, pp. 389-301, figs. 2).— In the San Gabriel
region of California the attack of potato plants by E. occidentalis has resulted
in considerable injury to the crop.

The feeding of this thrips on the lower surface of the expanding leaf buds
and young leaves causes the leaves to become crinkled and curly and usually
much dwarfed. The attack on the older leaves does not cause curling but only
spotting where the injury has been the worst. It is said to be very common to
see early blight {Macrosporium solani) killing parts or the whole of some leaves
injured by the thrips, and it is estimated that 7.") per cent of the early blight
in such fields is on the curly plants. " The dwarfing of the plants is severe as
sometimes they are only one-tenth normal size ; the leaves are much smaller and
very often more or less blighted. The yield of tubers is seriously reduced,
averaging perhaps one-fifth to one-third as many as on normal plants. The
loss caused is gi'eat, when it is considered that in an average field at least one-
eighth to one-fourth of the plants are seriously dwarfed, thus reducing the crop
several hundred pounds per acre."

While curly leaf has been known in this region for two or three years it has
not heretofore been as serious as during the .season of lOl.'j, and Imt little atten-
tion has been given to its control. The application of Bordeaux mixture by
several growers for early blight is said to have resulted in a considerable reduc-
tion in the number of thrips. The author recommends that a tobacco extract
such as blackleaf 40 be added to Bordeaux mixtux-e at the rate of 1 pint to 100
gal. of Bordeaux, or to water alone, and applied as a control measure for the
thrips not later than one month after planting. It will also help much, both
for blight and curly leaf, to spray a second time with the same combination of
Bordeaux and tobacco extract, about three weeks later.

The pea thrips (Kakothrips robustus), C. B. Williams {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1
{191-5), A'o. 3-J,, pp. 222-2 i,G, figs. 12).— A detailed report of studies conducteii
by the author in Great Britain, where, as in western Europe, A', robust us is the
source of damage to peas and beans.

"The adults appear from May to August; males only in the earlier part.
The eggs are laid chiefly in the tissue of the stamen sheath. They hatch in

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 451

about 9 days. The larvije are orange-yellow with the last two abdomiual seg-
ments dark brown. There is one molt. The second stage when full fed (about
24 days from the laying of the egg) descends into the ground to a depth of
from 3 to 12 in. The full fed larvie remains in tliis position till the following
spring when the two pupal stages are passed through and the adult emerges.
There is only one brood each year.

" The damage is greatest on light soils. No varieties are Immune, but early
sown plants are less damaged. A chalcid parasite {Thripoctenus briii) has
been recorded from France, but has not been found in England. Artificial con-
trol is difficult. Spraying is only of use when the larvae are feeding openly on
large pods. Soil fumigation during the winter should give good results, but
must be done to a sufficient depth."

A bibliography of 30 titles is included.

The harlequin cabbage bug, F. B. Paddock {Texas Sta. Bnl. 179 {1915), pp.
3-9, fig. 1). — A popular account with control measures for this enemy of cru-
ciferous plants which is present in almost every garden or field in Texas in
which cabbage is grown. Attention is called to the fact that its original home
was probably in Central America and Mexico, from which it has spi-ead north-
ward and is now known to occur to a limited extent as far north as Delaware,
Maryland, Indiana, and Colorado.

The rhododendron lace bug (Leptobyrsa explanata), C. R. Crosky and C. H.
Hadley, Je. {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1015), No .J,, pp. JiOD-JfL't, pl 1, figs. (J).— An
account of the life history of this insect, together with technical descriptions of
its stages.

Although the leaves of rhododendron are disfigured on the underside along
the midrib by brownish scabs which cover the eggs, the greatest injury is caused
by the nymphs and adults feeding on the undersurface of the leaf, causing a
lighter colored spattered appearance of the upper surface, often with consequent
drying and shriveling of the leaves. This insect may be killed by using soap
and water spray at the rate of 1 lb. of soap to 10 gal. of water.

The immature stages of the black apple leafhopper (Idiocerus provan-
cheri), M. D. Leoxaed {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. Jf, pp. /fl5-419, figs. 6).—
A brief account of the occurrence and biology of /. provanchcri, together with
technical descriptions of its several stages. The feeding of the nymphs on the
leaves results in a yellow stippling similar to that caused by the apple leaf-
hopper.

The apple sucker, with notes on the pear sucker, P. R. Awati {Ann. Appl.
Biol., 1 {1915), No. 3-4, pp. 2!fi-212, pis. 2, figs. 21).— This is a report of ana-
tomical and biological studies of Psglla viali conducted at Acton Lodge, Brent-
ford, during the summer of 1913, together with notes on the pear sucker (P.
pyricola), and means for the control of these insects.

Progress of the Sicilian mealy bug parasite, H. S. Smith {Mo. Bui. Com.
Hort. Cal, 4 {1915), No. 11, pp. 525-521, fig. 1).—K. new chalcidid parasite of the
citrus mealy bug described by Girault, as noted on page 456, as Paraleptomastix
abnormis, and introduced into California from Palermo, Sicily, as previously re-
ported by Yiereck (E. S. R., 33, p. 658), has been thoroughly colonized in those
portions of the State where the citrus mealy bug is abundant. Up to the time
of writing 40,000 individuals had been colonized.

White fly at Marysville, G. P. Weldon (J/o. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal, // {1915),
No. 8, pp. 386-388, fig. 1). — Eradication of the citrus white fly {Aleyrocles citri)
at Marysville, Cal., has been demonstrated to be impossible under present con-
ditions. Spraying experiments conducted with a view to keeping it under con-
trol have shown that this can be done through the application of miscible oil,

452 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

6 per cent strength, during the winter or early spring. Fumigation has been
demonstrated to be a positive control measure. Since neither fruit nor trees
are shipped from Marysville there seems to be little danger of the pest spread-
ing to other sections.

The life history and habits of the greenhouse white fly (Aleyrodes
vaporariorum), E. Hakgeea\-es (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {1915), Xo. 3-4, pp. 303-
334, fi'js. 56). — A report of anatomical and biological studies of this pest, an
extended study of which by Morrill has been previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p.
382).

The occurrence of fungi on Aleyrodes vaporariorum in Britain, A. S. Hobne
{Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1915), Xo. 1, pp. 109-111).— This article relates to the
association of Cephalosporium Icfroyi with the greenhouse white fly.

Notes on an apparent relation between aphids and fire blight (Bacillus
amylovorus), J. H. Merkill (Jour. Econ. Ent.. S (1915), Xo. 4- PP- -'lOi. 403). —
The data presented indicate that there is a direct relation between the severity
of the infestation of aphidids and blight infection.

The turnip louse, F. B. Paddock (Texas Sta. Bui. 180 (1915), pp. 7-77, pis.
5, figs. 10). — Investigations commenced in the early fall of 1913 led to the dis-
covery that the plant louse which has caused much of the widespread injury to
turnips and related plants is not the cabbage aphis as supposed, but a distinct
species, which has been described by Davis (E. S. R., 31, p. 754) as Aphis pseudo-
hrassiccp, and which the author has termeil the turnip louse.

Tlie investigations have shown the turnip louse to be a serious pest in the
winter truck regions of the State and to be generally distributed over the United
States, especially where the cabbage aphis is found. It feeils upon many of the
same plants, especially cultivated species, and for the most part on the undersur-
face of the tender leaves of the host plants, which include the turnip, radish,
cabbage, mustard, cauliflower, kale, ruta-baga, lettuce, bean, rape, kohlrabi,
and coUard.

Life history studies with descriptions of forms are reported in detail, much
of the data being presented in tabular form.

" The normal form of reproduction of the turnip louse in Texas is asexual
throughout the year. Observations have been made upon this louse in Texas
from Brownsville, on the twenty-sixth parallel, to Wichita Falls, on the thirty-
fourth parallel. True hibernation does not take place in Texas; even at the
northernmost point of occurrence the lice reproduce some during the winter.
The summer is the critical period in the life history of the turnip louse, as it is
forced to sheltered locations and none of the cultivated host plants are grown
at that time of the year. Thirty-five generations of the lice were reared in pot
cages in one year. Two other species of plant lice are often found closely asso-
ciated with the turnip louse. These are the ' garden aphis ' and the cabbage
aphis.

" The natural factors of control of the turnip louse are widespread over the
State. Two species of parasites, Diaretus rapw and Lysiphlcbus testaccipes.
have been commonly found, the former at College Station and the latter in
other sections. Three species of lady beetles have been observed to feed freely
on the turnip louse. These are Ilippodamia convcrgens, Mcgilla maculata, and
Corcinflla imnida. Syrphid flies and lace-wing flies are usually found in limited
numbers where the turnip lice are abundant. A fungus disease was very de-
structive to the turnip louse during the season of 1914 at College Station.

" For the artificial control of the turnip louse, spraying is the most satisfac-
tory method. Of the materials which can be used for spraying, laundry .soap
solution gives as satisfactory results as any and is easily obtainable. The

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 453

secret of success in the control of the turnip louse is the use of the 45° elbow
and an ' angle ' type spray nozzle. By the use of these it is possible to direct the
spray on the undersides of the leaves, where the lice feed. The preventive
measures against the turnip louse are rotation, proper planting time, trap crops,
clean culture, and the destruction of the first colonies."

Little-known western plant lice, I, ^V. M. Davidson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), No. Jf, pp. Jil9-429, pi. 1, figs. 25). — Notes and technical descriptions are
presented on Phylloxera salicola, P. popularia, Thecabius populicauUs, Proci-
pJiilns froxiiii-dipetalcc, Eticeraphis gillcttei n. sp., Eucalliptcrus flavus, Myso-
callis pasaniw n. sp., and Macrosiphum heucherce.

Notes on a scale insect attacking cacao in Uganda, C. C. Gowdey (Ann.
Appl. Biol., 1 (,1915), No. 3-4, pp. 399-402, fig. 1). — Stictococcus dimorphus is
said to be an important pest in Uganda through its infestation of the pods and
the stems of the pods of cacao. Results of spraying experiments conducted led
to the recommendation that whale-oil soap or soft soap kerosene emulsion be
applied.

The butterflies of Australia, G. A. Watebhouse and G. Lyell (Sydney:
Angus tC- Robertson, Ltd., 1914, pp. VI+2G2, pis. 44, figs. 48). — A monograph of
the Australian Rhopalocera, introducing a complete scheme of structural classi-
fication and giving descriptions and illustrations of all the butterflies found in
Australia, including a number now recorded for the first time.

Notes on three species of Heliophila which, injure cereal and f crag's crops
at Brownsville, Texas, R. A. Vickeky (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 4< PP-
389-392). — Thi'ee species of this genus have been found to injure cereal and
forage crops in southern Texas, namely, Heliophila subpunctata, H. unipuncta,
and H. muUilinea.

A key to the cutworms affecting tobacco, S. E. Crumb (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
(1915), No. 4, pp. 392-^96, figs. 12). — A table is presented, accompanied by illus-
trations of cutworm structures, for the identification of the cutworms known to
affect tobacco in the United States.

The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies, L. O.
Howard, H. G. Dyak, and F. Knab (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 159 (1915),
vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. VI+523). — This, the first of two parts of volume 3 of the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 357), consists of systematic descriptions of
the mosquitoes of North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Ac-
counts of the genera and species are preceded by a historical sketch of the classi-
fication of mosquitoes, an outline of the geographical area covered, a statement
of some of the characters used in the tables, etc. Under each species the au-
thors give the synonymy, the original description, descriptions of the male,
female, and larva when known, the distribution, and what is known of the life
history and habits.

Some pioneers in mosquito sanitation and other mosquito work, L. O. How-
ard (Pop. Sci. Mo., S7 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 65-77, figs. 12; 2, pp. 169-180, figs.
12). — This discussion, which is supplementary to the work on mosquitoes above
noted, presents half-tones and brief accounts of 24 of the more prominent work-
ers in this field.

An attempt to measure the local and seasonal abundance of the swede
midge in parts of Yorkshire over the years 1912 to 1914, F. W. Dry (Ann.
Appl. Biol., 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 81-108, pi. 1, figs. 7).— The author found the
swede midge to be present in 1912, 1913, and 1914, both at Garforth in the West
Riding of Yorkshire and in all parts of the area in which he worked in the East
Riding.

454 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

Chortophila trichodactyla, a hitherto unknown enemy of young cucumber
plants in lower Silesia, O. Obekstein (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 24 (1014), A'o- 7,
pp. 385-388; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 3, p. 478). — Some SO per cent of the cucumber plants in
a half acre field at Lampersdorf from which specimens were sent were infested
with this dipteran.

[Injury to corn by the frit fly], T. Shtchebbakov (VQstnik Russ. Selsk.
Klioz., No. .'f3 (.1914), pp. 10-12; luzh. Russ. Selsk. Khos. Gaz., No. 46 (1914), pp.
8, 9; abs. in Rev. Apl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, Nos. 2, p. 98; 3, pp. I48, 149).—N
report of observations of injury to corn by the frit fly (Oscinis frit) at the
Shatilov Agricultural Experiment Station in 1914, This is said to be the first
record of its attack upon corn.

Experiments in controlling larvae of Melolontha by means of carbon bisul-
phid, E. V. ZviEREzoMB-ZuBKOVSKY (Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A,
No. 5, pp. 228, 229). — A report upon esi)erinients with Melolontha melolontha
and M. hippocastani conducted in the nursery of the Vasilkovsk forest, of the
Government of Kief.

Digging operations undertaken in various parts of the nursery showeil an
average presence of 16 larvte in about 5.5 sq. ft, while in the adjoining woods
only 2 or 3 larvoe were found in the same area. A total of 191 larvce were col-
lected in 12 holes, each 28 by 28 by 28 in. The diggings showed that at the
beginning of May the larvie were more or less equally distributed over various
depths, in the middle of May they predominated at a depth of 14 in., and after
the end of M;iy at a depth of 7 in. At the beginning of August single pupje were
found at a depth of IG to 19 in.

In the experimental iiitri)duction of carbon bisulphid into the soil by means of
an injector it was found that a dose of 4 gm. injected to a depth of 3 or 4 in.
produced only 8 per cent of stupefied larv.-e ; the same amount injected to a depth
of 5 or G in. produced 15 per cent, while 5 to 7 gm. injected to a depth of G or 7 in.
destroyed all the larviB, 35 gm. being sufiicieut for an area of 5.5 sq. ft. The
stupefied larviB died in 1 or 2 days. In addition to larvie of Melolontha. larvse
of Anomala aenea, of Phyllopertha horticola, and of some other Scarabseidae were
found.

The dried-fruit beetle (Carpophilus [Scarabaeus] hemipterus). E. O. Essio
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 4. pp. 396-400, figs. .J).— This beetle is a source
of some anxiety to fruit growers and considerable worry to fruit packers and
grocers throughout California.

Honeybees: Wintering, yields, imports, and exports of honey. S. A. Jones
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 325 (1915), pp. 1^).— The data here presented are based
upon returns from about 650 honey producers in ^42 States, covering 80,000
colonies of bees.

The Texas foul brood law, B. Yoitngblood (Texas Sta. Circ. 8, n. ser. (1915).
pp. 3-9). — The text is given of the foul brood law, which became effective in
June, 1914.

A revision of the North American ichneumon flies of the subfamily
Opiin», A. B. G.\han (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 49 (1915). pp. 63-95, pl^. 2).—
This revision includes a bibliography of the genera of Opiina? and their synonymy,
and keys to the genera and to the species of Opius. Fifty-seven species are rec-
ognized, all but two of which belong to the genus Opius, of which 19 are describe<l
as new to science.

Among the new species are Opius tnandibularis from an agromyzid in leaves
of chrysanthemum at Washington, D. C. ; 0. foersteri, parasitic on Eulia triferana
(^Lophoilerus incertuna) at Ivirkwood, Mo.; and 0. gracillance, reared from
Oracillaria desmodiella at Kirkwood, Mo.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 455

Lists of North American species unljnown to tlie autlior and of species wrongly
classified as Opiinse are included. The genus Allobracon of which Diachasma
pilosipes is the genotype is characterized.

Species of Opiinse have been recorded as parasitic on dipterous, coleopterous,
and lepidopterous insects, the usual hosts being phytophagous Diptera of the
families Agromyzidse, Trypetidse, Anthomyidre, and related families. Observa-
tions of Silvestri (E. S. R., 31, p. 455) and the author indicate that the eggs are
deposited in or upon the host larva in one of its immature stages. In all in-
stances observed the host larva completed its development and assumed the
pupal stage before being killed by the parasite.

Biology of Apanteles militaris, D. G. Towee {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1015), No. 12, pp. Jt95-508, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A report of studies com-
menced in September, 1914, in which particular attention has been given to a
description of the life stages of this braconid endoparasite of the army worm.

In observations extending from the last of September to the last of October
the total length of the life cycle averaged 25 days. The time spent by the
third instar and pupa in the cocoon varied from 5 to 7 days during the first
two weeks of August as compared with 11 and 12 days during September and
October. In oviposition observations it was found that one-sixth of the ap-
parent depositions in the larvse of the third stage, one-fifth of those in the
fourth, and one-half of those in the fifth were unsuccessful. The parasite
larvae usually emerge after the caterpillar is full grown. From 56 to 113
cocoons were collected from single hosts in the field under natural conditions.
Observations show that the species is parthenogenetic, and that unfertilized
females give rise to a generation of males.

It is stated that the army worm has been found to pass the winter at Nash-
ville, Tenn., as young larvoe, and that specimens under observation have been
parasitized in the fall, the parasites completing their growth and emerging the
following spring. Attention is called to the fact that Gibson (E. S. R., 27,
p. 659) found the army worm to winter in Canada as young larvfe beneath
tufts of grass. " Considering the data at hand, the theory is advanced that in
the North the parasites winter as partly developed forms in immature larvae,
while in the South they no doubt also winter while in the cocoon."

The paper concludes with notes on the origin and function of the caudal
vesicle.

A bibliogi-aphy of 9 titles is appended.

Two scoliid parasites on scarabasid larvae in Barbados, W. Nowell {Ann.
Appl. Biol., 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 46-57, pi. 1, fig. 1). — During the course of inves-
tigations of the root grubs of sugar cane the author has found Tiphia parallela
to attack PJiytalus smithi, some 30 per cent of grubs and cocoons discovered
during extensive digging having been parasitized. An examination of the ovary
tubes of the parasite seems to indicate an egg capacity of at least 70. Five
to 6 days are said to be required for the development of the egg, which is laid
in a fold of the dorsum of the thorax. A chart record of Tiphia larvae shows
11 or 12 days to be required for their development, with the completion of
which they spin up, for which about 24 hours are required. The time spent
in the cocoon, as observed in the insectary, is usually from 32 to 40 days.

The second scoliid, {Dielis) Campsomeris dorsnta, a species found in Bar-
bados throughout the year, has been discovered to parasitize Ligyrus grubs.
The development is said to be very similar to that of Tiphia. A rhipiphorid,
identified as Macrosiagon octomaculatiis, is said to have several times been
found to emerge from cocoons of a Campsomeris, and is taken on flowers of
Antigonon leptopus frequented by Campsomeris.

28855°— No. 5—16 5

456 EXPEEIMEXT STATION EECORD.

The destruction of (Diaspis) Aulacaspis pentagona by means of Prospal-
tella berlesei, A. Berlese (Redia, 10 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 151-218; abs. in
Intermit. Inst. Agr. [i?o?«e], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915),
No. 3, p. 476). — ^A brief discussion of the mulberry scale and Its natural ene-
mies in Italy is followed by a somewhat detailed account of the establishment
and dispersion of the parasite P. berlesei, which has proved to be effective in
controlling this important pest. Earlier accounts of P. berlesei have been
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 755).

A bibliography of ten pages relating to the subject is appended.

Descriptions of new species of Hymen optera, S. A. Ron web {Proo. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 49 {1915), pp. 205-249). — This article contains descriptions of 47 new
species of Hymenoptera with notes on certain other species and genera. Many
of the species are of economic importance with regard to forest trees, some of
them being important parasites, while others are defoliators.

Among the new species of economic importance are the following : A tenthredi-
nid, Croesus castanecc, the larvre of which feed gregariously on the leaves of
Castanea dentata, at Falls Church, Va. ; several ichneumonids, namely, Pezo-
porus {Hchenkia,) tcnthredinaruni reared from a sawfly leaf miner on cherry
{Profenusa collares) at Geneva, N. T. ; Lagarotis i^irginianus and L. diprioni,
both primary parasites of Diprion lecontei, and Ilomalowma pteronidece, a pri-
mary parasite of Pieronidea corylus, all at Falls Church, Va. ; Excnterus di-
prioni, a primary parasite of D. lecontei, at Tomahawk Lake, Wis.; Moerophora
ncoclyti, parasitic on Ncoclytis capraca in Qucrcus arizonica in Arizona; Amer-
sibia prionoxysti, a primary parasite on Prionoxystus in chestnut at Falls
Church, Va. ; Scambus cvetrivorus, a parasite on Evctria buscJinclli infesting
Pinus ponderosa, at Fort Bayard. N. Mex. ; and the following braconids :
Apanteles {Apantcles) sibinidis, a parasite of Sibine stimulea, A. phobetri, a
parasite of Phobethron pithecium, and Gnamptodon ncpticulw, a primary para-
site on Nepticula castaneccfoliella, all at Falls Church, Va. ; Bassus coleophoroe
and Microbracon colcophorcc, both parasitic on Colcophora leucochrysclla feed-
ing on chestnut, the former at Charter Oak, Pa., and the latter at Falls Church,
Va. ; and Microbracon Jicmimctiw reared from Hemiinena plummerana, Plum-
mers Island, Md.

The spread of Prospaltella berlesei in Piedmont in 1914, P. Voglino and
M. Savelli {Abs. in h'cv. Appl. Ent., 3 (1015), Scr. A, Xo. 5, p. 2')1). — Inspections
made in Piedmont from mid-September, 1914, to early in January, 1915, to de-
termine the intensity of parasitism of the mulberry or West Indian peach scale
{Aulacaspis [Diaspis] pentagona) by P. berlesei showed that the scale has been
largely destroyed in some localities.

Biosteres rhagoletis sp. n., a parasite of Bhagoletis pomonella, W. C.
Woods {Camd. Ent., 47 {1915), No. 9, pp. 293-295, pi. i).— Notes relating to the
rearing of a braconid parasite of the apple maggot infesting blueberries in
Washington County, Me., are accompanied by a description by E. A. Richmond
of the parasite under the name of B. }-hagolctis. The parasite has since been
reared by Severin from puparia of the apple maggot obtained from the wild
crab or cultivated apples at Orono, Me.

Four new encyrtids from Sicily and the Philippines, A. A. GiRAtrLX {Ento-
mologist, 48 {1915), No. 627, pp. 1S4-1SG). — Two of the species here described,
namely, Paralcptomastix abnormis and Epidinocarsis pseudococci, were reared
from Pscudococcus citri from Sicily.

Cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner, P. J. Parrott and B. B. Fulton
{U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 12. pp. 519-52S. pi i).— The
occurrence of Profenusa coUaris in New York State and its injury to the cherry
{Prunus spp.) first came to the attention of the New York State Station in June,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 457

1910. An examination of the orcliard from wliich tliis sawfly leaf miner had
been collected showed that more or less of the leaves on nearly all of the trees
of the English Morello cherry had shriveled and died, others with well-defined
light-colored areas or blisters revealing a loss of chlorophyll.

In addition to the cherry the hawthorn serves as a host plant. Of the cher-
ries, it has so far largely confined its attacks to the English Morello variety.
In its attacks on hawthorns the leaf miner tunnels the foliage in the same
manner as in the cherry. The authors' observations indicate that the insect
is more destructive to certain species of Crataegus than to the cherry. As a
cherry pest the leaf miner is definitely known to occur in injurious numbers
in orchards of English Morello cherry about Geneva in western New York and
about Germantown in the Hudson Valley. A study of the literature has failed
to reveal any record of its occurrence as a cherry pest outside of New York
State. As a depredator of hawthorns it has a wider distribution, being known
as a serious pest about Boston, Mass., and as common on various species of
Cratfegus growing in the vicinity of New York City, Rochester, Ithaca, Geneva,
and Skaneateles.

Technical descriptions are given of its life stages. The sawflies make their
appearance as the first leaf clusters are unfolding and the cluster buds are
beginning to open. Oviposition commences soon after emergence from the
ground, which in 1913 was first obsei'ved on May 6. In examinations for the
location of the point of deposition of the eggs, it was found that they are
more often deposited near the base of the leaf than the tip. From 1 to 5 eggs
were observed on a single leaf and the average for all observations was 2.3
eggs per leaf. In 1913 young larvae were first observed on May 24, as the
trees were coming into full bloom, and by May 27 the hatching period was
practically completed. Eggs deposited on cherry leaves in the insectary hatched
in 8 days. Upon hatching out the young larva works its way through the
tissue of the leaf until it reaches the upper epidermis, usually mining toward
the distal end of the leaf. Upon reaching maturity the larvre make a hole
in the tissues forming the mine and escape to the edge of the leaf, thence to
the ground. In 1912 the larvfe began to leave the foliage on June 7 and by
June 10 it was estimated that 50 per cent had abandoned their mines.

The chalcidid egg parasite Trichogramnia minutum is said to be a common
enemy of this leaf miner, the parasitism in 1915 ranging from 40 to 90 per cent
on individual trees. An ichneumonid parasite reared from P. collaris is de-
scribed by Rohwer (see p. 456) as Pezoporus tentliredinarum. As regards
control measures it is thought that picking the affected leaves will prove most
effective and economical in controlling this insect. The removal and destruction
of all mined leaves, coupled with the practice of destroying wild hawthorns in
the immediate vicinity of a cherry orchard, should leave few opportunities for
the pest to develop to injurious numbers. Of the various measures employing
insecticides to protect cherry foliage from the work of the leaf miner, fumiga-
tion with hydrocyanic acid gas alone was effective. The authors state, how-
ever, that it should only be undertaken as an extreme measure and in an
experimental way under expert direction. It is pointed out that fall or early
spring plowing or cultivation may be of value in destroying the larvse in the
soil. In the protection of hawthorns in decorative plantings the practice of
spraying seems to be preferable, the most satisfactory results having been
obtained from the use of nicotin at the rate of 1 pint (40 per cent solution) to
100 gal. of water to which 4 lbs. of soap has been addded. This should be
used in liberal amounts and applied with rather high pressures at the time
when the insects first begin to mine the foliage.

458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Fumigatloii method for sacked cotton seed, W. E. Hinds (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
8 (1915), No. 4, pp. 400-402. pi. i).— The author describes a method of fumi-
gating cotton seed with carbon disulphid that has been worked out in Ala-
bama. With this method it has been found possible, with four men to do the
work, to treat 600 or more sacks per day.

The Acarina or mites: A review of the group for the use of economic ento-
mologists, N. Banks (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 108 (1915), pp. 153, figs. 294).— The
work previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 882) has been revised and enlarged and
brought up to date. Many new illustrations have been added.

Two introduced worms of economic interest, H. Gabman (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
8 (1915), No. 4^ PP- 403, 404)- — The author records the occurrence of Bipalium
kewense In a greenhouse at Lexington, Ky., and of Hcterodera schachtii at
Spreckles, Cal., where it is a destructive pest of sugar beets.

Some feeding habits of slugs, Marie V. Leboub (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1915),
No. 3-.'i, pp. 393-395). — The author reports upon studies of the habits and food
of two species of slugs (AgrioUmax agrcstis and Arion circumscriptus), made
during the course of an investigation of the broad tapeworm of lambs (iloni-
ezia expansa) at the University of Birmingham. Both of the slugs appear to
be fond of Monlezia, and also of Cittotctnia pectinata which infests rabbits in
that vicinity. The author failed to find evidence that either of the two slugs
acts as intermediate hosts for M. expansa or C. pectinata.

The chromosome cycle in Coccidia and gregarines, C. Dobeli. and A. P.
Jameson (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 89 (1915), No. B 610, pp. 83-94,
figs. 2). — The work here reported has been carried on with the coccidian
Aggregata eberthi and the gregarine Diploci/stis schncidcri.

Careful investigation of these two organisms is said to have shown that the
nuclear divisions at all stages in the life histories are mitotic, and that the
chromosome numbers are remarkably constant. The life history of this coccidian
comprises a sexual generation which takes place in the body of a cuttle-fish
(Sepia officinalis) and an asexual generation in the body of a crab (Portunus
depurator). The life history of D. schncidcri is passed In a single host, a cock-
roach, having been studied chiefly In Pcriplanctn nmcricann, but was also found
In Stylopyga oricnialis.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTEITION.

Household chemistry, II. T. VuLTfi (Easton, Pa.: The Chemical Publishing
Co., 1915 pp. yi+23S). — This book is intended as a text-book for students in
home economics, in secondary schools, or in colleges, and considers the principles
of chemistry as they apply to and are illustrated in the household. Among the
subjects considered are the chemistry and physics of air as related to ventila-
tion ; the chemistry of water, metals, glass, pottery, etc. ; and the chemistry of
foods, to which considerable attention is given. Chapters are also devoted to
the consideration of methods of disinfection and the chemistry of .soaps and
other cleaning agents. The elementary principles of volumetric and gravimetric
analysis, as they apply to household chemistry, are outlined very briefly.

Index to reports on food products and drugs of the Connecticut Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, 1896-1914, J. P. Street (Connecticut State Sta.
Bui. 187 (1915), pp. 94). — The object of this index is to collect in one publica-
tion all the references to the food and drug work of the station. This work
covers a more or less complete analysis of about 26,000 samples of foods, and
the examination of about 3,000 samples of drug products to detect adulterations
or variation from required standards.

POODS — HUMAN NUTBITION. 459

The use of the blood of slaughtered animals as human food, F. Hofmeisteb
{Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 62 {1915), Nos. 33, pp. 1105-1108; 34, pp. 1U6-
1150). — A summary and digest of data considering in detail the nutritional and
economic value of blood for food purposes. Analytical data are given showing
the composition of food which consisted in part of purified blood preparations.
Baking experiments are also reported in which bread made with 20 per cent of
dried blood is said to have possessed excellent qualities.

The value of blood in human nutrition and the behavior of formaldehyde
in the organism, E. Salkowski (Biochem. ZtscJu:, HI (1915), No. 4-5, PP- 365-
390). — In this article the author discusses the protein content of blood in com-
parison with that of meat, the utilization and metabolic behavior of blood
eaten as food, and Its preservation by antiseptic agents. Feeding experiments
are described In whicli laboratory animals (dogs) received as a part of a
mixed diet blood preparations containing formaldehyde. The following con-
clusions are drawn :

The blood of beef has nearly the same protein content as the best fat-free
beef flesh, and is of equal nutritive value. The blood can be preserved for
several weeks by the use of boric acid, salicylic acid, or formaldehyde; it can
be used directly, with the addition of a large percentage of sugar, for food pur-
poses. Coagulated blood protein may be preserved for longer periods of time;
this may be used directly In the preparation of food.

The addition of from 0.6 to 1 gm. of formaldehyde daily to the food of a dog
of 12 kg. body weight produced no apparent disturbances In nutrition, and the
protein of the ration was well utilized. Only about 0.6 per cent of the formalde-
hyde appeared in the urine, the rest being oxidized in the body. On the basis of
these observations the author considers that the toxicity of formaldehyde taken
Internally has been overestimated.

Fish poisoning by bacteria of the paratyphosus-enterltidis group, R.
MtJLLEE {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 9, pp. 4^1-4^3, figs. 7; abs.
in Eyg. Rundschau, 25 {1915), No. 16, p. 606).— Following a number of cases of
fish poisoning, bacteriological examination revealed the presence of organisms
of the paratyphosus-enterltidis group. Feeding experiments with laboratory
animals (mice) strengthened the conclusion that the poisoning was due to these
organisms.

The action of the digestive ferments on the so-called fish poison, S. W.
KoNSTANNsoFF and E. O. Manoiloff {Wiener Klin. Wchnschr., 27 {1914), No.
25, pp. 883-886). — Experiments in vitro are reported in which were determined
the chemical properties of several different proteins by means of a study of the
effects produced upon them by the action of pepsin, trypsin, and erepsin. Fish
poison (a substance extracted from poisonous fishes) was broken down by the
action of pepsin and trypsin, but was not digested by erepsin ; hence, It is be-
lieved to be a complex protein. The conclusion is drawn that this substance acts
as a poison only when the digestive juices present are insufficient to accomplish
the digestion of complex proteins.

Dried milk preparations, H. Kuhl {Hyg. Rundschau, 25 {1915), No. 19, pp.
693-696) .—The author points out in this article that dried milk tablets and
powder, when used by the soldier without ample facilities for cooking, are an
unsatisfactory substitute for whole milk. Due to chemical changes which have
taken place in the fat and protein, the solubility of these preparations is said
to decrease rapidly with age.

The food value of different types of bread, A. Pugliese {Rev. Gin. Set., 26
(1915), No. 21, pp. 612-617, figs. 3).— Feeding experiments with six Italian
laborers are reported. These were undertaken to determine the effect on the
nutritive value and physiological properties of flour of incorporating in it vary-

460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ing amounts of the bran of wheat. The experimental periods were of five days'
duration and continued for a month. The flour used was 75, 80, and 85 per
cent bolted, and in one case a mixture of wheat flour and corn meal was tested.
These flours were made up into bread which formed a part of a simple mixed
diet.

The author concludes from the experimental data that bran is not a useftil
food for man. The bread from flour 85 per cent bolted produced intestinal dis-
turbances and a considerable loss of protein to the body. Flour 80 per cent
bolted, however, was found to possess a food value superior to that 75 per cent
bolted. Regarding the contention that a loss of bran constitutes a loss of
vitamins, it is held that this matter is of minor importance in that the heat of
baking may be sufficient to destroy these substances, and that, moreover, a
sufficient quantity of vitamins is always supplied by any well-selected mixed
diet.

The preparation of porous bread from starch, W. Ostwald and A. Rikdel
(KoUoid Ztschr., 11 {1915), No. 1, pp. 12-14, figs. 5).— Baking tests with potato
and tapioca starch are described.

In the absence of wheat flour, the dough proved too inelastic to hold the gaa
developed from baking powder or yeast and did not make a porous loaf. It
was found, however, that by mixing the dough made with starch and yeast, or
starch and baking powder, with a stiff starch paste (30 per cent starch) to the
extent of 15 per cent of the total weight, a satisfactory loaf with a good crumb
could be obtained.

The use of rice in bread making, N. Novelli (Gior. RisicoU., 5 {1015), No. 5,
pp. 68-72). — Experiments in bread making are reported in which 20 per
cent of rice flour was added to the wheat flour. Only the chaff" was re-
moved from the rice, the superficial layers of the mesocarp which are rich in
nitrogen being included In the rice flour. The analysis of white bread made
from wheat flour alone was as follows: Water, 27.8; ash, 0.85; protein, 10;
fat, 0.28 ; crude fiber, 0.37 ; and nitrogen-free extract, 60.7 per cent. That made
from 80 per cent of wheat flour plus 20 per cent of rice flour was water, 27.7 ;
ash, 0.9 ; protein, 9.87 ; fat, 0.25 ; crude fiber, 0.32 ; and nitrogen-free extract,
60.96 per cent.

The banana and its by-products, E. Collin {Ann. Falsif., 8 {1915), No.
83-8'/, pp. 280-291, figs. 6). — The microscopical features of the banana and
banana flour are herein described, and Information Is given regarding the
chemical composition of the gi*een and mature fruit and of banana flour.

Maple sugar, A. McGill (Lob. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 324 {1915),
pp. 25). — Analytical data are given regarding 234 samples Oi! maple sugar, of
which 204 were found to be genuine.

Micro-organisms in dried fruits and vegetables (Konscrv. Zfg., 16 {1915),
No. 40, p. 157). — This article constitutes a preliminary report of work on the
microbiologj' of dried fruits and vegetables. Drietl apples, prunes, apricots,
cherries, and vegetables were examined, and in nearly every test the number of
organisms present was very small. Yeasts, but practically no bacteria, were
found in the fruits.

Electric bake ovens at Salt Lake City, B. W. Mendexhall {Jour. Electricity,
36 {1916), No. 2, p. 37, fig. 1). — This article gives information regarding the
installation and the consumption of electricity of baking ovens in a number of
bakeries and cafeterias.

Feeding and metabolism of infants, L. Laxgstein and L. F. Meyek {Sdug-
Ungsermihrung iind Sduglingsstofficechsel. Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1914<
2. and 3. cd.. rev. and cnl., pp. XII +408. figs. 46). — This volume, intende<l as an
outline for the practicing physician, Is a revision aud enlargement of the pre-

FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 461

vious edition, and Is designed to bring tlie subject-matter into accord with the
results of recent clinical and experimental observations. It discusses the
chemical and physiological aspects of the various constituents of infant diet
during metabolism, including energy transformations ; the physiological de-
velopment of normal infants; the nutrition of breast-fed infants, and their
nutritional disorders ; artificial feeding ; mixed feeding and weaning ; feeding
the newly born and the prematurely born ; and the various diseases to which
infants are liable. There is included a table showing the energj^ value per 100
gm. of the more important types of natural and modified milli and milk substi-
tutes commonly prescribed by German physicians.

A chemical study of woman's milk, especially its inorganic constituents,
L. E. Holt, Angelia M. Courtney, and Helen L. Fales {Amer. J our. Diseases
Children, 10 {1915), No. 4, pp. 229-248) .—The authors report the results of an
investigation of the composition of the ash in woman's milk at the different
periods of lactation. In most cases the entire 24 hours' secretion was ex-
amined ; 32 individual samples and 6 composite samples — all from apparently
healthy women with healthy children — were taken. The conclusions are sum-
marized as follows :

" The use of large individual samples of milk for analyses has advantages
not offered by such small ones as have been commonly employed. For a de-
termination of the inorganic constituents large samples are indispensable.

" In the colostrum period woman's milk has high protein and high ash with
rather low fat; in the transition period the protein and ash are lower while
the fat Is higher; in the mature period (after one month) the composition of
normal milk does not vary in any essential or constant way quite up to the
end of lactation. The only striking feature of late milk is a decline in quantity,
though there is noted a slight fall in all the solid constituents except the sugar.

" Of the different constituents of milk the least variation both in individuals
and in periods is seen in the sugar. The proportion of this is somewhat higher
than the generally accepted 7 per cent; 7.5 per cent is nearer the correct figure.

"The greatest individual variations are seen in the fat, though the period
variations in fat are not marked.

"The protein is highest in the colostrum period and falls to a little over
half the proportion in mature milk, during which period it is seldom over 1.25
per cent ; of this about one-third is casein, and two-thirds laetalbumin.

" The high ash of the colostrum period Is chiefly due to the amount of NajO
and K2O. Of the salts which make up the ash, the greatest individual, as
well as the greatest period, variations are seen in the NaaO; the least Individ-
ual and period variations are seen in the CaO, the proportion of which is
nearly constant throughout the period of lactation. The largest constituent
of the ash of woman's milk is K2O; this with the CaO together make up more
than half the total ash.

" Although In amount the total ash of cow's milk is about three and one-half
times as great as that of woman's milk, the proportion of different salts which
make up the ash Is nearly the same, the only exception being that cow's milk
has more P2O5 and less iron."

Studies in infant metabolism and nutrition. — V, The composition and
preparation of protein milk (Eiweissmilch), L. E. Holt, D. D. Van Slyke,
Angelia M. Courtney, and Helen L. Fales (Amer. Jour. Diseases Children, 10
{1915), No. 3, pp. 172-lS2).—This report describes In detail a method for the
preparation of a protein milk which has given very satisfactory results in
cases of infantile indigestion. The composition of the milk when prepared ac-
cording to the method described by the authors is given as fat, 3 to 3.5 per
cent ; sugar, 1.8 to 2 ; protein, 3.6 to 4 ; ash, 0.65.

462 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Nutrition and metabolism of an infant fed on artificial food, E. Hellesen
(Nord. Med. Arch., Inn. Med., 48 {1915), No. 3-4, [pp. 1-121]; abs. in Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 6, p. 566). — This paper records the results of
an extensive study of the metabolism of a healthy infant five months old.

The data reported confirm the view that carbohydrates spare the carbon and
nitrogen reserves better than fat, and that carbohydrate food directly affects
the mineral metabolism, especially that of sodium. The conclusion is dravni
that carbohydrates and fats, therefore, can not substitute each other indis-
criminately— that each has its specific action in metabolism as a whole, and
that this is an important factor in regulating their use as food.

A standard dietary for an orphanage, Adele S. Jaffa ( [Sacramento, Cal.] :
State Printing Office, 1915, 2. ed., p. 37). — The earlier edition of this bulletin
has been noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 365).

The relation of heat to summer diarrheas of infants, A. Bleyeb {Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 25, pp. 2161-2163, figs. 4).— Clinical observa-
tions are reported of 222 infants who had developed acute attack.s of diarrhea.
A direct relation was found to exist between the degree of temperature and
the disease, " over half (51.4 per cent) of the babies becoming ill on days when
the temperature was 90, although there were but 31 per cent of such days in
the two summers.

" The observations were made among babies of the poor, among whom
diarrheas in summer are very prone to occur. Most of them were rationally
fed, usually on some mixture of certified milk when breast milk was not avail-
able. It was especially iutere.sting to find that 30 of them (13 per cent) were
exclusively breast-fed, and that 22 more were partially breast-fed, which is
evidence that heat may very well influence the baby who Is taking clean food."

It was found that the majority of babies were overburdened with clothing
and suffered from lack of cleanliness.

Recent contributions to the knowledge of beri-beri, H. Schaumann {Arch.
Schiffs u. Tropcn Hyg., 19 {1915), Nos. 15. pp. 393-418; 16, pp. 42.5-445).— Recent
Investigations of various phases of the beri-berl question are summarized In this
paper. An extended bibliography Is appended.

Beri-beri in the Amazon basin, A. M. Waxcott {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65
{1915), No. 25, pp. 21'i5-214'i). — This paper reports data regarding the occur-
rence and dietetic treatment of beri-beri in Brazil. The conclusion is drawn
that beri-beri in Brazil is the same as that found elsewhere and is caused by
the lack of some essential element In the food. It has been treated successfully
by so modifying the diet as to Increase the amounts of meat, eggs, milk, legumes,
and fresh fruits.

Studies in diabetes. — I, Theory of diabetes, with consideration of the
probable mechanism of antiketogenesis and the cause of acidosis, A. I. Ringeb
{Jour. Biol. Chcm., 17 {1914), No. 2, pp. 107-119).— The author discusses in this
article the theory of antiketogenesis. Structural formula? form a part of the
summary and digest of data, and equations are given to show how the addition
of glucose to a restricted carbohydrate diet, as In starvation or a fat-protein
diet, prevents the formation of incompletely oxidized end products, the presence
of which Is taken to denote acidosis.

He concludes that the means by which carbohydrates are able to minimize
an existing acidosis and to prevent Its formation In normal individuals Is
a chemical reaction by which incompletely oxidized end products, such ns
/3-hydroxybutyrIc acid, etc., combine with glucose to give glucosids instead of
ketone bodies. The immediate cause of acidosis, therefore, may be due to the
absence of glucose and consequently to the failure of the individual to accom-
plish this glucosid union.

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 463

Studies of pellagra {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 21, pp. 1818,
1819). — This article summarizes in a concise form the results of recent Investi-
gation Into the cause of pellagra.

Contribution to the physiology of the stomach. — XXI, The secretion of
gastric juice in man. A. J. Carlson {Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 87 {1915), No. 1, pp.
50-73, fig. 1). — Observations are reported of the amount ami character of gastric
juice secreted under varying conditions by a man having a gastric fistula and
complete cicatricial stenosis. The author's conclusions are as follows :

" The fluid content of the ' empty ' stomach varies from S to 50 cc. with an
average of 20 cc. The quantity is greater in the morning than at noon or at
6 p. m. It is on the whole greater in the summer than in the winter months.
The most important factor in these daily and seasonal variations is probably the
tonicity of the empty stomach.

" The gastric glands in the normal person are never completely quiescent.
The continuous secretion varies from 2 to 50 cc. per hour. The higher figures
are exceptional, but may obtain for several days in succession, again to revert
to the lower figures. The vagus secretory tonus is a possible, and the auto-
digestion of the gastric juice itself is a probable, factor in this continuous gastric
secretion. The secretion itself is rich In pepsin, but when the secretion rate Is
very low it is poor in hydrochloric acid.

" Chewing of indifferent substances and stimulation of the nerve endings la
the mouth by substances not related to food do not cause secretion of gastric
juice, that is, these processes do not augment the continuous gastric secretion.

" Seeing, smelling, and possibly thinking of palatable food usually cause a
slight, but very transitory secretion of gastric juice.

" The rate of secretion of gastric juice on mastication of palatable food is
directly proportional to the palatability of the food. During- mastication the
average rate is 3.5 cc. per minute (minimum rate, 1.4 cc. ; maximum rate, 10.8
cc). On cessation of chewing the secretion rate diminishes rapidly so that
from 15 to 20 minutes the gastric glands reach the level of the continuous gastric
secretion. The chemistry of this appetite gastric juice has been practically con-
stant during the three years of observation.

" The latent period of the appetite secretion varies Indirectly with the rate
of the continuous secretion, so that when the continuous secretion is abundant
the appetite secretion shows no latent period at all, while with the lowest rate
of the continuous secretion the latent period varies from 2 to 4 minutes. This
latent period is therefore one of the processes of secretion in the gland cells,
and not In the nervous mechanism.

" On the basis of these experiments on Mr. V., on the reports of other gastric
fistula cases in man, and on the w^ork of Pawlow on dogs, it Is estimated that an
adult normal person secretes at an average meal (dinner) 700 cc. gastric juice,
or an average total of 1,500 cc. gastric juice In 24 hours."

A study of the action of bitter tonics on gastric secretion has been noted from
another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 858).

On the secretion of bile, S. Okada {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1915), No. 6, pp. 457-
482). — The experiments herein reported were made with dogs, which were pro-
vided with a permanent fistulous opening, so that the total secretion of bile
passed out by the fistula. A number of tests were conducted to determine the
effect of diets of bread, butter, and meat on the quantity of bile secreted. Other
experiments concerned the effect of protein, carbohydrate, and fat administered
In the form of white of egg, cane sugar, and olive oil, respectively. Tests were
also made with peptone, extract of meat, acids, drugs, etc. The author's con-
clusions are, in part, as follows :

464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOEB.

" There Is little difference in the effects on the secretion of bile during the
first six or seven hours between the diets of bread, butter, and meat, if these
substances be administered in quantities of corresponding caloric value. In the
case of bread the diminution in secretion occurs sooner than in the case of butter
or meat.

" Starvation tends to diminish the secretion of bile and the excitatory effect
of feeding on the liver cells.

" The following substances introduced into the stomach cause an increased
secretion of bile: Raw white of egg (if digestion occurs), boiled egg white, fat
and oil, soap solution, acids (very marked), Witte's peptone, Liebig's extract of
meat, and bile salts, or bile. . . .

" The following substances eaten or introduced into the stomach produce little
or no effect : Pure cane sugar, cakes of baked starch and sugar, water, and a
solution of sodium bicarbonate."

The influence of temperature and humidity in closed rooms on the hum.an
organism, K. Hintze {Ztscftr. Hijg. u. Injektionskrank., 80 (1915), Xo. 2, pp.
171-183). — A large number of experiments are reported in which was studied the
effect of high temperature and humidity upon the human body. In more than
half of the tests the temperature was over 30° C. (86° F.), and in some cases it
was as high as 40°, with a humidity of 50-60 per cent. At the lower tempera-
ture a humidity of from 70-90 per cent was tried, and at 20-30° the air was satu-
rated.

With two or three exceptions the subjects endured the high temperature and
humidity very easily, and no particular ill effects were experienced.

, ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Genetic studies on a cavy species cross, J. A. DETLErsE:^ (Carnegie Inst.
Washington Pub. 205 (1014), pp. 13-',, pis. iO).— This paper is based on a study
of the wild Brazilian guinea pig (Carta rufescens), the common domestic guinea
pig (C. porcellus), hybrids between these, and subsequent progeny obtained In
the next eight generations by various matings. About 1,800 animals, wild or
hybrid, entered in one way or another into exiieriments on color, growth, size,
and fertility. Besides these, approximately GOO guinea pigs, living under the
same conditions in collateral experiments, served as a basis for necessary com-
parisons.

In part 1, which deals with color and coat characteristics, the following gen-
eral conclusions are reached : " C. rufescens Is homozygous In agouti, black,
brown, the extension factor, smooth coat, uniformity, intensity, and short
hair. Hybrids of any color variety can be produced by mating it to the
guinea pig. The color and coat characters of C. rufescens are dominant la
every case, except as regards roughness and texture of coat and possibly the
agouti factor. The hybrids have the zygotic color formula which one would
expect to obtain by mating a pure agouti strain of guinea pigs to some
other color variety of guinea pigs. The agouti of hybrids, though always
epistatic to the nonagouti condition of the same, is subject to modification as a
result of the cross. This modified wild agouti is very distinct from the tame
agouti and is recessive to it. The two segregate clearly in the F2 generation.
Both are allelomorphic to each other and to their absence. Hybrids were pro-
duced homozygous in agouti, yet bearing the wild and the tame agouti. Rough-
ness derived from the tame guinea pig is very imperfectly dominant over the
smooth wild coat. This incomplete dominance is lost In later, more dilute,
wild-blooded generations, and the rough coat becomes normally dominant.
The uniform coat of the wild Is dominant to the spotted coat of the tame.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 465

la later generations the hybrids show the incomplete dominance of uniformity
over spotting, which is characteristic of the guinea pig. Any color variety
known in guinea pigs can be produced in the hybrids. Combinations of tame
and wild characters can be made, even bringing in such a moi-phological char-
acter as polydactylism from a tame race, together with the peculiar agouti
of the wild race. The inheritance of coat and color characters throughout this
species cross is in accordance with Mendel's law. It is equally true of matings
of hybrids inter se and of matings of hybrids of either sex with guinea pigs."

In part 2, which deals with growth and morphological characters, the follow-
ing general conclusions were reached : " The wild C. rufescens used in these
crosses were about half as large as the guinea pigs C. porcellus. They were
not only less in weight, but tbeir bones were also shorter and more slender.
The one-half wild hybrids were usually heavier at all ages, had larger skeletal
dimensions, and gave every indication of being more vigorous than either
parent species. The one-quarter wild hybrids lacked this vigor, for they were
smaller than the one-half wild hybrids in every way. They were very nearly
the equal of the guinea pig in average size and skeletal dimensions. Possibly
the males were a little smaller than the guinea pig. The one-eighth wild
hybrids averaged about the same as the guinea pig in weight and skeletal di-
mensions. Two black crosses were sufficient to render the Fs hybrids and
guinea pigs practically indistinguishable in size and skeletal dimensions. The
number of adult wild available was too small to give a satisfactory index of
their variability. The same was true of the one-half wild hybrids. The guinea
pigs were remarkably uniform. The variability of all hybrids in both sexes
was very low and gave no clear Indication of segregation. The M -shaped nasal-
frontal suture of the wild appeared to be dominant. Crossing back to the tame
species gave a wide range of variability In the F:, F3, and F4 generations.
The truncate nasal-frontal suture of the tame species was recovered in the Fa
generation or one-quarter wild, but did not breed true. The differences in skull
shape between the wild and tame were blended in the Fi generation. In later
generations all traces of the pointed, wild skull shape were gradually lost.
The deep narrow indentation on the outer surface of the last upper molar,
almost separating the small third lobe from the body of the tooth, was reduced
in the Fi generation ; and all traces of it were lost in later generations. The
taxonomists lay great stress on this character. There was no apparent effect
of sterility on size in the male hybrids. The unusual frequency of an inter-
parietal bone, the occurrence of a 5-toed individual, and other anomalies were
observed in the hybrids but not in the guinea pig."

In part 3, which deals with the fertility of parent species and hybrids, it
was found that "crosses between C rufescens males and C. porcellus females
gave completely sterile male hybrids and fertile female hybrids. By crossing
the female hybrids back to guinea pig males, one-quarter wild hybrids were
obtained, which were again sterile males and fertile females. A few males of
this second hybrid generation, however, showed some degenerate nonmotile
sperm. By repeated back crosses of female hybrids to guinea pigs, increasing
signs of fertility appeared. Fertility seemed to act like a very complex reces-
sive character ; for the results obtained were what one would expect if a num-
ber of dominant factors for sterility were involved, the elimination of which
would give a recessive fertile type. There was an enormous range of forms
between hybrids with no sperm and fertile hybrids with many motile sperm.
The results indicated that a completely fertile hybrid male could be bred to
female hybrids or to guinea pigs, giving about the same results as a normal
guinea pig male in such matings.

466 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

"The secondary sexual characters of all male hybrids vs-ere normally de-
veloped. The wild C. rufescens has a smaller litter average than the guinea
pig. When the wild males were bred to guinea pig females, the size of the
litters was that of the guinea pig. The female hybrids produced by this cross,
however, gave a litter average intermediate between that of the wild and tame.
By repeatedly crossing the hybrid females of one generation back to guinea
pig males to produce the next hybrid generation, the litter average was raised
almost to that of the guinea pig itself. This is all the more interesting since
guinea pig males were used to raise the litter average. Two female hybrids
showed some male secondary sexual characters. One of these with marked
male instincts had abnormal ovaries. Abnormal ovaries were common in the
female hybrids. The sex ratio in the hybrids showed a marked preponderance
of females, especially in the early hybrid generations, i. e., in those generations
which must have been most hybrid in constitution."

A bibliograpliy of references is included.

Crossbreeding experiments with Himalaya and black X tan rabbits, V.
Haeckeb {Mitt. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, 2 (1912), pp. 21-24). — An account of
crossbreeding experiments with rabbits in a study of color inheritance.

Babbit crossing, II, V. Haeckeb and Olga Kuttneb {Ztsclu: Induktive
Abstain, u. Tererbungslehre, 14 (1915), No. 2, pp. .'f9-70, pis. S, fig. i).— This is
a continuation of the work noted above.

The inheritance of black-eyed white spotting in mice, C. C. Little (Amer.
Nat, 49 (1915), No. 588, pp. 727-740, figs. S).— The investigations Indicated that
spotting in mice is dependent upon more than one pair of clear-cut mendelizing
factors. Modifying factors which may be more or less difficult to analyze but
which nevertheless are certainly present contribute to the extent of variation
in spotted races. " Spotting in rodents Is tempting as genetic material because
of the clear patterns and contrast between colored and white areas. It is,
however, as a character extremely sensitive to minute quantitative and quali-
tative changes, and its apparent genetic simplicity is a snare and a delusion."

The zoological relationship between the banteng (Bibos sondaicus) and
the zebu (Bos indicus), H. Cans (Kiihn Arch., 6 (1915), pt. 1, pp. 93-152, pis.
5). — This reports studies made of banteng and zebu skeletons with a view to
determining their physiological relationship. It is stated that there are three
possibilities: (1) The banteng is the primary type from which the zebu has
risen, the intermediate forms being dead or at least unknown; (2) the zebu Is
a cross between Bos primigcnius and the banteng; and (3) the banteng, zebu,
and B. primigenius have all sprung from the same primary type. The author
considers the last hypothesis as being the most probable.

Wliat is a breed? O. Lloyd-Jones (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 12, pp. 531-
537, figs. 4). — It Is pointed out that the definition of the word "breed" varies
with each kind of like stock, and Is based almost wholly on the arbitrary de-
cision of breeders. Various examples are given to demonstrate the truth of
this statement. When a group of animals becomes sufficiently set off to be
called by common consent a breed, a number of breeders unite themselves into
an association. The breed Is then definitely delimited, and from this time, but
not before, can the term pure-bred be correctly and safely applied to individual
specimens.

A new feeding stuff, by-product of household garbage (Flour, Hay, Grain,
and Feed, 28 (1915), No. 1, pp. 30, SI). — The method of manufacturing a by-
product of household garbage for use as a feeding stuff Is described.

Ricinus poisoning, Robert (Landic. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. S-4, pp. 176-
191; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 (1915), No. 4, pp. 359-361).— A dis-
cussion on poisoning by the seed of the castor oil plant.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 467

The poisonous principle, ricin, is contained in tlie slielled seeds and not in
the shell, capsule, or oil extracted from the kernel. Castor oil seeds maj' be
introduced into feeding stuffs in various ways. The hedges of fields of pea-
nuts and sesame in the Tropics are often of Ricinus plants, and the seeds may
thus get mixed at harvest, as well as during transport and in storage. Large
quantities of the shells are sold to manufacturers of compound feeding cakes,
and it is estimated that at least 1 per cent of kernel matter may be present
with the shell. This is nii amount more than sufficient to cause fatal poisoning
of cows with ordinary feeding.

As regards the toxic eifects. Immunity is reached by small and gradually
increasing doses. In the blood serum of immunized animals "antiricin," which
has the effect of an antitoxin, is formed.

Directions are given for the detection of ricin in feeding stuffs.

Fish meal adulterations with meat meal and their microscopic identifi-
cation, R. Lucks (Landw. Vers. Stat., S6 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 289-322, i)ls, 8).—
Methods of detecting meat meal adulteration of fish meal are described.

Inspection of commercial feed stuffs, P. H. Smith, C. L. Beals, and J. T,
HowAKD {Massadiusetts Sta. Control Ser. Bui. 3 {1915), pp. 4-70). — Analyses
are given of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, peanut oil meal, sesame oil meal,
gluten meal, gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, malt sprouts, brewers' dried
grains, red dog flour, wheat middlings, wheat bran, molasses feed, corn meal,
rye meal, hominy meal, ground oats, provender, dried beet pulp, meat scrap,
bone meal, fish meal, alfalfa meal, cut clover, and various mixed and proprie-
tary feeds. The various groups of feeding stuffs are discussed, and an article
entitled Information of Interest to Dairymen, by J. B. Lindsey, is appended.

Commercial feeding stuffs, 1914-15, [and] Texas feed law, B. Youngblood
{Texas Sta. Bui. 177 {1915), pp. 5-279). — Analyses are given of cotton-seed
meal, cotton-seed cake, cold pressed cotton seed, milo maize chop, wheat shorts,
wheat bran, corn chop, corn bran, ground oats, Kafir corn chop, alfalfa meal,
peanut meal, dried molasses beet pulp, feterita chop, hominy feed, rice polish,
rice bran, rice hulls, rice chop, meat scrap, meat meal, blood meal, tankage,
and various mixed and proprietary feeds, with other useful data. The text of
the law regulating the sale of feeding stuffs in Texas is appended.

Live stock of the farm, C. B. Jones et al. {London: The Gresham Publish-
ing Co., 1915, vols. 1, pp. X-\-25It, pis. 40; 2, pp. VI+264, pls. 10, figs. 5).— These
volumes deal in a general way with the breeding, feeding, care, and manage-
ment of beef and dairy cattle.

Cattle feeding, A. D. Fa^ille {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 108 {1915), pp. 29-42).—
Two lots of 6 steers each were fed 70 days, lot 1 receiving native hay and lot 2
native hay and oat and pea silage. These lots made average daily gains per
head of 0.6 and 1.54 lbs., lot 1 requiring 41.67 lbs. of hay and lot 2, 9.74 lbs.
of hay and 18.18 lbs. of silage per pound of gain. The cost per pound of gain
was for lot 1 20.84 and for lot 2 8.51 cts. It is stated that in the appearance
of the steers and in the rapidity and cost of gains lot 2 had all the advantage.

Two lots of 4 cows each were fed 140 days, lot 1 receiving alfalfa and oat
and pea silage and lot 2 alfalfa alone. These lots made average weekly gains
per head of 2.5 and 3.9 lbs., lot 1 consuming daily 10 lbs. of alfalfa and 15 lbs. of
silage, and lot 2 21.8 lbs. of alfalfa, the daily cost of ration per cow being
for lot 1, 9 cts., and for lot 2, 13 cts. Both rations met requirements very
satisfactorily. While the silage fed did not quite replace the extra alfalfa,
it made a good winter ration for breeding cows and effected a saving of 4 cts.
per cow each day.

Two other lots of 4 heifers each were fed 140 days, lot 1 receiving grain,
alfalfa, and oat and pea silage, and lot 2, grain and alfalfa. These lots made

468 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

average daily gains per head of 0.93 and 1.02 lb.s., lot 1 requiring 1.95 lbs. of
grain, 10.77 lbs. of alfalfa, and 10.77 lbs. of silage, and lot 2, 1.76 lbs. of grain
and 17.62 lbs. of alfalfa per pound of gain. The cost per pound of gain was
for lot 1, 11.05, and for lot 2, 12.77 cts., the daily cost of ratioris per heifer
being 10.5 cts. and 13 cts., respectively.

In order to test the value of the oat and pea silage as completely as possible,
5 of the heifers were fed for 112 days reversible rations during 4-week periods.
The total gain of 5 head on silage was 347 lbs., and of 5 head without silage
253 lbs. In the total daily gain for the 5 heifers 36 lbs. of silage and 22.5 lbs.
of alfalfa were fed Interchangeably, with gains considerably in favor of the
silage.

Analyses of the feeds used are appended.

The structure of the wool of pure-bred wool-producing' sheep and that of
crosses with the kemp-producing race, H. GUldexpfen.nig (Kiihn Arch., 6
(1915), pt. 1, pp. 85-92, fig 1; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [i?o?ne]. Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), Xo. 10, pp. 139S-1400).— In his studies the
author found that as regards fineness of wool, mutton-producing Merinos are
equal to the animals of the Electoral breed and their fleeces are twice as long.
The Meriuo-Rambouillet and Merino-Dishley breeds have a fleece of the same
length but their wool is coarser. Among the stralght-wooled sheep, the East
Friesian milk-producing breed, like the Lincoln, constitutes a special tj-pe. The
former is distinguished in its particular group by the small amount of crimp
and the smooth appearance of its wool, while the wool of the Lincoln sheep
is long and fine with a greasy luster.

From the quality of their coat, the mixed wool and kemp-producing breeds
can form a group apart, for which the rule may be formulated that the coarser
the kemp the finer the wool. The very fine wool of the Somali breed has lost
its fineness through crossing with other breeds. The determination of the
proportion between the weight and the respective members of the kemp fibers
and of wool fibers is deemed of great importance. When determined. It was
seen In the offspring of crosses to have an Intermediate value.

The consistency of the kemp fibers of wool varies considerably in d liferent
breeds and between one animal and another. The wool of Merino sheep has
an average elasticity and a more uniform and perhaps greater resistance to
strain than that of any other breed. The products of crossing give, even in
this case, intermediate values. The elasticity coefficients of the wool of Merinos
and their hybrids are approximately equal. The highest average coefticicnt
is that of the smooth and the mixed wool breeds.

Value and use of green fodders in the feeding of hogs, N. Hansson (Con-
tralanst. Jordbruksforsok Flygbl., 50 (191 5), pp. J,; Nord. Mcjcri Tidn., 30 (1915),
No. 26, pp. 305, 306). — It is said that roots, potatoes, and alfalfa are being useil
to some extent as a hog feed in Sweden. The value of green feeds for hogs
has been demonstrated by experiments in that country, it being found that
from 7 to 7.5 kg. of alfalfa and green clover and from 9 to 10 kg. of coarser
green feed were equal in value to 1 kg. of gralih The food value of these
fodders was not Increased by fermentation or boiling, although they made the
feed more appetizing. It was found that the best results were obtained by in-
creasing the amount of green fodder until the hog reached 70 to 86 kg. In
weight and then gradually decreasing the green feed until the end of the fat-
tening period. The gains of hogs fed In this way were greater than the
gains of those not receiving the green feed, but the dressing percentage was
less. The green feed had no influence on the quality of the meat.

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 469

Swine feeding, A. D. Paville {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 107 (1915), pp. 13-27).—
Three lots of 7 pigs each were fed 112 days a grain mixture of middlings and
corn meal, 1 : 2, lot 1 in addition being hurdled on pea pasture, lot 2 on pea
pasture but not hurdled, and lot 3 in the dry lot. These lots made average
daily gains per head of 0.97, 0.8, and 0.79 lb., requiring 2.5, 3.02, and 6.15 lbs. of
grain per pound of gain for the respective lots. It is estimated that 1 acre of
hurdled pasture saved 1,897 lbs. of grain, while 1 acre of the pasture not
hurdled saved 1,340 lbs.

At the close of this experiment all 3 lots were fed 56 days in the dry lot, and
made average daily gains per head of 1.37, 1.28, and 1.04 lbs., requiring 4.94,
4.79, and 5.46 lbs. of grain per pound of gain for the respective lots. The
better showing made by the first 2 lots is credited to the residual effect of the
pasture, being for lot 1 278 lbs. and for lot 2 335 lbs., so that the total amounts
to be credited to the pasture are 2,086 and 1,568 lbs. of grain saved by 1 acre
of pasture. In this experiment 10 cross-bred and 11 pure-bred pigs were used,
and both while on pasture and on dry feed the gains made by the two classes
were practically the same.

Two lots of 4 37-lb. pigs each were fed for 168 days a grain mixture of corn
meal and middlings, 1 : 1, the grain being mixed with water for lot 1 and with
alfalfa tea for lot 2. These lots made average daily gains per head of 0.58
and 0.68 lb., requiring 5.57 and 4.78 lbs. of grain per pound of gain for the
re.spective lots. It is suggested that a small amount of the alfalfa meal itself
might have proved equally satisfactory. These pigs were then redivided into
2 lots of 4 pigs each and fed 56 days, lot 1, receiving corn meal and alfalfa
meal, 4 : 1, and lot 2, barley meal and alfalfa meal, 4 : 1. These lots made
average daily gains per head of 1.02 and 0.98 lbs., requiring 4.86 and 5 lbs. of
grain per pound of gain for the respective lots.

Two lots of 3 brood sows each were fed 91 days, lot 1 receiving grain and
alfalfa hay, and lot 2, grain and pea hay. These lots made average daily
gains per head of 0.54 and 0.43 lb. Both lots made satisfactory gains and kept
in good breeding condition. Five of these sows were then divided into 2 lots of
2 and 3 each and fed 42 days, lot 1 receiving corn meal alone, and lot 2,
corn meal and alfalfa hay, 4 : 1. These lots made average daily gains of 2.9
and 2.1 lbs., respectively, lot 1 requiring 4.1 lbs. and lot 2 4.86 lbs. of grain
per pound of gain.

Analyses of the feeds used are appended.

The story of three pigs, L. B. BmK [Texas Sta. Circ. 9, n. ser. (19'15), pp.
3-6). — Three 62-day-old pigs were fed 6 montlis as follows: Pig 1, in a dry lot
on milo chop soaked in water; pig 2, in a dry lot on milo chop and skimmed
milk, the chop being soaked in the milk between feeds ; pig 3, on pasture and
milo chop soaked In skimmed milk between feeds. These pigs made total gains
for the period of 94.5, 250, and 305.5 lbs. Although pig 1 was the largest at
the beginning, during the first month he gained only 8.5 lbs., while pig 2 made
more than four times as much gain, and pig 3 more than five times as much in
the same length of time. Pig 1 made a consistently slow gain, but the other
pigs made consistently rapid gains. It is thought that pig 1 was not able to
supply his body with enough growing material for proper development from milo
chop alone. It is estimated that pig 3 made a profit of $11.62 ; pig 2, $6.39 ;
and pig 1, a loss of 22 cents.

Distribution of public service stallions in Wisconsin in 1915, A. S. AxEX-
ANDEE (Wiscoyisin Sta. Bui. 258 {1915). pp. 3-67, figs. S).— It is stated that the
horses of Wisconsin increased 27,000 in number and $147,000 in total value In

470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

1915, but fell $5 in average price during the year, the average value now being
$131. The percentage of pure-bred sires is increasing. Notable progress is
reported in the quality of horses as the result of the enactment of the stallion
law in 1906.

A directory of owners of public service stallions and jacks constitutes the
bulli of the bulletin.

Farm poultry, M. A. Jtjll {Quebec: Maedonald College, 1915, pp. 95, figs.
91). — A practical treatise on the breeding, feeding, care, and management of
poultry for marli:et purposes. An article on external parasites of poultry by
W. Lochhead is included.

Measurement of the winter cycle in the egg production of domestic fowl,
R. Peakl (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 10, pp. 429-4811).—
Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 31, 570), the author presents evidence
from studies at the Maine Experiment Station tending to show that with flocks
of poulti-y having average hatching dates falling somewhere within the month
of April " the correlation between the egg production to March 1 of the pullet
year as one variable and the egg production up to the time when the individual
is 300 days of age as the second variable is extremely high. The mean produc-
tion to ]\Iarch 1 is, in general, higlier than the mean production to 300 days of
age. The production to March 1 is a relatively less variable measure (as
indicated by the coeflicient of variation) than the production to 300 days of
age.

"The conclusion that the 300-day production would be a better measure of
the winter cycle of fecundity than the production to March 1 is not warranted
by the facts. Whatever superiority tliere is of one of these measures over the
other is entirely in favor of the production to March 1. The justification for
the employment of the winter cycle of production as an index of imiate fecundity
capacity or ability is a distinct and separate problem which has been discussed
at length in earlier papers."

A bibliography of literature cited is include<l.

Report of the third international egg-laying contest [from October 28,
1913, to September 27, 1914], J. R. Tebrt {Brit. Columbia, Dcpt. Agr., Live
Stock Branch, Rpt. Internat. Egg-Laying Contest, 3 {1914), PP- 2S, figs. 11).—
An account of the egg production, cost of production, profits, and other items
relating to the various breeds at this contest.

Process for the preservation of eggs, H. L. S. Loft {English Patent 19,721,
Sept. 12, 1914; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., S4 {1915), No. 20, p. 1068).—
" Eggs are placed in a closed vessel and subjected for two hours to the action
of a mixture of air and formaldehyde at 35° C. [95° F.] ; If desired, steam
may also be admitted. The temperature is then lowered and maintained at
10° for 30 minutes, after which the eggs are coated with a suitable substance,
e. g., melted paraffin wax."

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Raising dairy heifers; Cost, feeding, and care, C. C. IIayden {Ohio Sta. Bui.
2S9 {1915), pp. 30, figs. 5). — Data for two years were collected on the cost of
producing a dairy heifer at the station under Ohio conditions. The average
birth weight of the Jerseys was 56 lbs. and that of the Holstein-Friesians 82
lbs. In records kept of 40 Jersey heifers and 29 Holstein-Friesian heifers from
birth to 1 year of age it was found that the Jerseys made an average daily gain
of 1.1 lbs. at a feed cost of $27.75 and a net total cost of $42.54. The Holstein-
Friesians made a daily gain of 1.3 lbs. at a feed cost of $29.31 and a net total

DAIEY FARMING DAIEYING. 471

cost of $44.10. It was found that the heifers receiving the largest amount of
milk and the smallest amount of pasture were most expensive, thus emphasizing
the fact that heifers born in the fall and normally fed cost less than those born
in the spring, even though a normal amount of milk is fed to each.

The dailj' gain of the Jerseys for the second year was 0.8 lb., while that of
the Holstein-Friesians was 1 lb. The net total cost for the second year was
?36.01 and $38.44, respectively.

The average weight of the Jerseys at calving time (26i months) was 822 lbs.
and that of the Holstein-Friesians 1,076 lbs. The Jerseys calved an average of
2 weeks earlier than the Holstein-Friesians.

An effort was made to raise a calf which was not thrifty, considerable
skimmed milk being fed after 1 year of age because of her condition. This
heifer calved at 31 months of age, 4 months later than the average. She
weighed 100 lbs. less than the average, gave birth to a deformed calf, and was
of no value as a milker.

Summarizing the results of the two years' experiments it was found that the
average cost for the first year was $43.32 and for the second year, $37.23 ; and
from birth to calving at 26.5 months, $91.89. It is stated that these costs to 2
years of age and to calving are undoubtedly higher than the average for the
State, and could have been reduced by breeding heifers to calve at 24 months
of age or earlier, by feeding less, or by feeding inferior feeds. Any of these
changes, however, would have made the heifers smaller and possibly inferior
producers later.

Part 2 of this bulletin is a general discussion of methods of feeding, care,
and management of calves and heifers, including calf diseases.

The value of dried yeast, potato refuse, malt sprouts, and palm-nut cake
as feed material for milk production, and their specific influence on the fat
content of the milk, W. Voltz, A. Baudkexel and W. Dietrich (Landw. Jalirb.,
Ifi (1914), No. 4, pp. 573-638). — In feeding experiments with dairy cows it was
found that the addition of the supplementary concentrated feeds yeast, potato
refuse, malt sprouts, and palm-nut cake had practically equal effects on the
yield of milk. On an average 1 lb. of dry matter increased the yield about
0.54 lb. in each case, and the fat content as follows : Palm-nut cake by 0.041 lb.,
yeast by 0.024 lb., and potato refuse by 0.006 lb. It was concluded that the
rations being fed were already sufficiently rich in protein without these supple-
ments.

Changes in the combination of rations and in the physiological conditions of
the animals resulted in differences in the utilization of the foods exceeding 100
per cent. It was concluded that the determination of the relative milk-yielding
capacity of cows during one or several periods of lactation can have only a lim-
ited value.

The effect of feeding' on the composition of milk and butter: Linseed cake
and hempseed cake, H. T. Ceanfield and Makgabet G. D. Tatlok (Analyst,
40 {1915), No. 475, pp. 433-439, figs. 2).— In experiments with two lots of four
cows each fed for eight weeks it was foimd that the composition and quality
of milk and butter produced by feeding hempseed cake was practically equal
to that obtained by feeding linseed cake. On one or two occasions the butter
from the hempseed cake feeding was not quite so good as regards flavor and
color, but in the majority of samples there was very little difference.

The removal of cows from poor pasture to a well-balanced ration in stall
caused a decrease in the percentage of fat, a considerable rise in the Reichert-
Meissl, Kirschner, and Polenske values, and a fall In the refractometer figure.

28855°— No. 5—16 6

472 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.

The effect produced upon the fatty matter of milk by a ration esclusively
consisting of sugar beets, J. Boes and H. Weyland {Ztschr. rjiiersuch. Xahr.
u. Geniissmtl., 29 (1915), No. 12, pp. 473-415; abs. inlnternat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^,
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), Xo. 10, p. 1362). — The authors
analyzed a sample of butter coming from a farm where it had been necessary
to feed the cows for a long time exclusively upon sugar beets. The butter was
of normal color, but excessively hard and its taste was unpleasant. It was
characterized by its small amount of ash, the great quantity of soluble volatile
fatty acids, and the surprisingly large content of insoluble volatile fatty acids.
The iodin value was very small. In spite of these characteristics, the butter
was of about the same composition as that obtained by feeding cows on a
mixture of beets and other foodstuffs.

Fat content of milk from heifers and cows, J. J. Hoopeb (Breeder's Gaz.,
68 (1915), No. 19. p. 808). — It is stated that data contained in a booklet recently
sent out by the Holstein-Frieslan Association show that, from records of G34
cows on test, heifers apparently gave slightly richer milk than the mature
cows. Cows 7 years 2 months of age produced milk averaging 3.52 per cent
butter fat; cows 4 years 0 months, 3.5 per cent; cows 4 years 3 months, 3.51
per cent; cows 3 years 9 mouths, 3.7S per cent; cows 3 years 3 months, 3.54
per cent; cows 2 years 8 months, 3.55 per cent; and cows 2 years 2 months,
3.51 per cent.

The rate of the passage of fatty acid of food into the mammary glands
of the goat, O. C. Bowks (four. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 11-13).— In
this study peanut oil was fed to a goat. It was found that the time required
for the ingested fatty acids to appear in the milk was never over 12.5 hours and
generally less.

Breed origins of the dairy queens, J. B. Bain (Hoard's Dairyman, 1915,
Dec. 24, pp. 703-707, 730, 731, figs. 10). — A ceneral r§.sum6 of the history and
development of the principal bree<ls, together with an account of the high-
record cows of each breed.

[World's champion] (Hoanl's Dairyman, 50 (1915), No. 18, pp. 359, 560, figs.
7). — An account of the Holstein cow Duche.'^.'^ Skylark Ormsby, which recently
completed a year's record of 27,761 lbs. of milk and 1,205 lbs. of fat.

Some results of cow-test association work in New Hampshire, F. Ras-
iirssEN and W. P. Davis (New HampsliircCol. Ext. Bui. 4 (1915), pp. 3-32). —
In connection with summaries of the work of a number of cow-test associations
in New Hampshire it is pointed out that the averages of 747 cows show that
the largest producers consumed the most feed and were the most profitable.
Improvement in one herd numbering 205 cows and belonging to an association
for four years shows an increase per cow in milk production of 1,077 lbs. of
milk and 48.6 lbs. of butter fat, and an increa.se in profit of $22.35 per
cow. Improvements in another herd for four j"ears show an increase of 671
lbs. of milk and 45.9 lbs. of butter fat per cow, and an increase in profit of
$23.01 per cow.

Data on the cost of keeping a cow axe given.

The short-time fat test, O. E. Reed (Hoard's Dairyman-, 60 (1913). No. IS,
p. 577). — Data ai'e presented tending to show that tlie short-time fat te»t, notablv
the 7-day test. Is not reliable. One cow on oflicial test for one week gave milk
that showed a test of 4.18 per cent, although for the previous year her average
test was only 3.42 per cent, while another cow, with a yearly test of 3.19 per
cent, gave an official 7-day test of 4.04 per cent.

The National Dairy Council, H. B. Favill (Hoard's Dairyman, 50 (1915),
No. 17, pp. 535, 538). — A presidential addre.ss delivered at tho minting of the

DAIEY FAKMING DAIEYING. 473

National Dairy Council, at Chicago, November 5, 1915, in which the purpose,
work, and policy of the association are outlined.

Action of inspectors' association {Cream, and Milh Plant Monthly, 4 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 11-23). — An account of the fourth annual meeting of the International
Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors, held at Washington, D. C, in Octo-
ber, 1915, together with various papers read at the meeting. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 33, p. 701).

Analyses of frozen milks, L. Pad^ {Ann. Falsif., 8 {1915), No. 79-80, pp.
170-172). — A number of analyses are reported of samples of milk which had been
frozen and then partially melted. The portion melting first contained the
largest percentage of fat, ash, and solids. This observation leads the author
to conclude that, in order to prevent fraud in selling or distributing from large
containers, partially frozen milk should be entirely melted and uniformly mixed
before sale.

Milk preserved by freezing, G. Fascetti {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 {1915),
No. 1, pp. 61-65). — Analytical data are reported giving the composition of the
top, middle, and lower portions of frozen blocks of milk. The top portion con-
tained 3.8 per cent of fat, the middle section 1 per cent, and the lower section
1.7 per cent.

Note on the origin of tlie lactic acid bacteria in milk, P. F. McGuire {Bui.
Johns Hopkins Hosp., 26 {1915), No. 297, p. 386).— The author found in his
studies that the lactic acid organism, known usually as Streptococctis lacticus,
is a normal constituent of cow dung.

Milk receives few bacteria from stable air, F. H. Hall {New York State
Sta. Bui. 409, popular cd. {1915), pp. 10, fig. 1). — This is a popular edition of
Bulletin 409, previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 183).

A bacteriological study of an epidemic of septic sore throat, C. Keumwiede,
Jr., and Eugenia Valentine {Jour. Med. Research, 33 {1915), No. 2, pp. 231-
23S). — ^An account of an epidemic of septic sore throat in a village of 4,250
inhabitants, found to have its source in the milk supply coming from a certain
dairy.

•In a bacteriological study it was demonstrated that infection in milk-borne
sore throat is of human and not of bovine origin. It is suggested that " in
tracing the source of such an epidemic, the effort should be toward finding
cases of sore throat among those engaged in producing the milk, not mastitis
in the cow alone. If human streptococci are found in mastitis, they are most
likely secondary agents in an already existing inflammation due to bovine
strains. The streptococci in different epidemics differ culturally and those
similar culturally differ in their immunity reactions. Cultural similarity of
strains from man and cattle is insufficient to prove their identity. Cultural
identity in every detail or immunological identity is essential."

The development of fishy flavors in butter, L. A. Rogers {Proc. Wis. Butter-
makers' Assoc., 13 {1914), pp- 70-80). — The items discussed in this paper are the
cause of flavors and aroma in butter, conditions under which fishy flavor de-
velops, factors which do not cause fishy flavor, influence of acid on cream, in-
^uence of the air in the butter, influence of metal salts on the flavor of butter,
and preventing fishy flavor.

High vs. low testing milk for cheese making, R. C. Jones {Hoard's Dairy-
man-, 50 {1915), No. 17, p. 522). — In a test to show the difference between the
cheese-making capacities of high and low testing milks it was found that the
high testing milk (4.3 per cent) yielded 1.5 lbs. more of cheese per 100 lbs. of
milk, but the low testing milk (3.5 per cent) yielded 0.16 lb. more of cheese
per pound of milk fat. This is explained by the fact that the casein increases
with the fat but not in proportion, so that the yield per pound of fat decreases

474 EXPEEIMElsTT STATION EECOED.

as the fat increases. Cheese from the low testing milk showed an average
score of 0.833 points above those from the high testing milk. An analj^sis of
the cheese showed for the low testing milk 32.93 per cent fat and 26.23 per cent
water, and for the high testing milk 31.21 per cent fat and 25.96 per cent water.
The loss in the whey was found to be 0.2 per cent of fat for the low testing
milk and 0.25 per cent for the high testing milk.

Of the high testing milk, the average per cow for 201 cows was 28.2 lbs. of
milk, 1.25 lbs. of fat, and 3.3 lbs. of cheese per day, whereas for the low testing
milk, the average per cow for 1.50 cows was 31.9 lbs. of milk, 1.15 lbs. of fat,
and 3.3 lbs. of cheese per day, the amount of cheese per cow per day thus being
the same in both instances. It is advised not to give up the fat basis of paying
for milk at cheese factories until something better can be put in place of it, nor
to go back to the old system of paying for weight alone as it is grossly more
unjust than the present one.

Paraffining whey cheese (Abs. in X. Y. Produce Rev. and Amcr. Cream., 40
{1915), No. 17, pp. 706, 707). — In experiments in Norway in paraffining whey
cheese it was found that the increase in weight by paraffining was 3.98 gm. per
kilogram. The shrinkage in from 2 to 2.5 months was 0.034 per cent for the
paraffined and 1.21 per cent for the unparaffined cheese. When paraffined the
cheese must be firm and dry on the outside and the storeroom must be dry and
free from drafts.

How Parmigiano cheese is made {Dairy, 27 {1915), No. 322, p. 263). — A
description of the methods of making Lodigiano or Parmigiano cheese of Milan.
It is said that much of this cheese is exported to America, but that the finest
quality is hardly known outside of Italy. The ordinary grade is sold when
ripened for 20 months; the next better grade, known as Stravecchio, is sold
after it has been stored for three years; while the best grade, called Stravec-
chione, or the oldest and highest priced Parmigiano cheese, is sold after four
years' storage.

The by-products of the city milk plant and their economic value, J. H.
Schij:nvogt {Milk Dealer, 5 {1915), No. 2, pp. 12-16). — Methods of making
various kinds of artificial buttermilk are discussed.

Fermented milks, L. A. Rogebs {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 319 {1916), pp. 30,
fig. 1). — This bulletin presents a brief rOsumC of present knowledge of the
therapeutic and food value of fermented milk and of the preparation and use
of the various forms of fermented milk, including biittcrmilk, kefir, koumiss,
and yoghourt. A bibliography of 82 references is included.

Preserving milk powder {Sei. Atner., 113 {1915), No. 23, p. .JS9). — A patented
method fur preserving milk powder is described. The milk powder is packed
in metal boxes of convenient size which are entirely sealed except for a pin-
hole left at the top. A number of such boxes are put in a chamber and the
air is exhausted by means of an air pump. When this operation is finished,
valves are opened which allow nitrogen to enter the chamber and fill up the
several boxes. Then opening up the chamber, the boxes are quickly removed
and the pinhole soldered before an appreciable amount of air has time to enter.
In this way the contents of the boxes are kept in an atmosphere of inert gas,
thus preventing spoiling by the action of the air.

VETERn^ARY MEDICIITE.

Berl-beri and cotton-seed poisoning in pigs, G. M. Rommel and E. B.
Yeddeb {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1915), No. 11, pp. 489-493).—
It is pointed out that pigs are peculiarly susceptible to the effects of cotton-
seed meal, symptoms of sickness appearing at any time after 3 weeks of

VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 475

feeding and death frequently occurring witli little warning. Among the more
pronounced symptoms observed are diarrhea; a harsh, rough, curly coat;
paralysis ; and shortness of breath. Emaciation and dropsical conditions
are also frequently noted. The disease manifests two forms — acute and
chronic, the former being much more serious since the pigs may be dead before
any indications of disease are noticed, v\iiereas in the chronic form fatal results
may not occur for a considerable time. " On post-mortem examination, pigs
which have died from the effects of cotton-seed meal feeding show large quan-
tities of fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities and in the pericardial sac.
The kidneys, liver, spleen, and small intestines are usually congested. In some
cases the membrane lining the stomach is eroded. The lungs are vex*y edemat-
ous, especially in pigs which have died from sudden acute attacks. The heart
is enlarged."

It is pointed out that these conditions bear a striking resemblance to those
seen in the disease known as beri-beri in man, which according to Yedder
(E. S. R., 33, p. 365) results from faulty metabolism and is directly caused by
the deficiency of certain vitamins in the food.

Experiments were conducted by the authors with a view to determining (1)
whether the " wet " or acute form of beri-beri could be produced in pigs on a
diet of polished rice, and (2) whether the disease heretofore called " cotton-
seed poisoning " in pigs is not really beri-beri. Commencing on August 31, 1915,
four pigs were fed a ration of 9 parts (by weight) of steamed polished rice and
1 part of tankage, and four a ration of 2 parts of corn meal and 1 part of
cotton-seed meal. On October 24 the ration of the latter pigs was changed to
equal parts by weight of corn meal and cotton-seed meal. None of these pigs
had received rice or cotton-seed meal before they entered the experiment.

On September 8. or the eighth day from the beginning of the experiment,
one of the pigs on rice began to breathe with difficulty ; on the tenth this con-
dition was pronounced and he refused to eat. On September 14 these symp-
toms rapidly became more severe, paralysis developed, and the pig died. The
ante-mortem symptoms and the post-mortem findings were the same as occur
in beri-beri and in acute cotton-seed poisoning. On September 21, four addi-
tional pigs were placed on the same steamed rice and tankage ration (9:1).
On September 29, or 8 days later, one of these pigs became sick and on Septem-
ber 30 refused to eat. This pig recovered and regained his normal appetite,
but died on October 29, after having been on the rice diet for 38 days. The
ante-mortem symptoms corresponded closely to those of the first pig to die, but
the post-mortem examination did not give such clear cut results. The remain-
ing 10 pigs are being continued on the rice and cotton-seed meal rations, having
been almost 90 days on these feeds at the time this article was prepared. All
the pigs were sick at that time and the same symptoms are said to have ap-
peared in each lot, the most typical and acute cotton-seed meal symptoms being
seen among the pigs receiving rice.

A mature brood sow, weighing 400 lbs., due to farrow on November 14, was
placed September 2 on a cotton-seed meal ration consisting of 4 parts of corn
meal and 1 part of cotton-seed meal, the quantity of corn meal being gradually
decreased until, on October 1, she was receiving equal parts of corn meal and
cotton-seed meal. Up to November 14 she had eaten 134.65 lbs. of cotton-seed
meal, but had shown no serious sign of sickness, except nausea on November 4,
when she vomited. On the night of November 13 9 pigs were delivered, 4
of which were born dead and of those born alive all but one died in a few min-
utes, the last pig living less than 8 hours. Post-mortem examinations were
made of 7 of these pigs, 4 of which were born alive. Analogy with infantile

476 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.

beri-beri is pointed out. Yet the dam had never eaten rice and the oulj- assign-
able cause for the death of her litter was the cotton-seed meal in her ration.

The conclusions drawn by the authors are that the so-called cotton-seed
poisoning of pigs is a deficiency disease, analogous to the disease known as
beri-beri in man, if not identical with it. Acute cotton-seed poisoning corre-
sponds to wet beri-beri and the chronic form to dry beri-beri.

" The cause of the so-called cotton-seed poisoning is probably a deficiency in
the ration, causing, among other manifestations, profound changes in the nervous
system. At first thought this theory is not justified. Beri-beri results from a
ration of highly milled rice, because substances vitally necessary to the animal
organism have been removed from the rice grain in the process of milling. When
pigs suffer from so-called cotton-seed poisoning, it is only when cotton-seed meal
has been added to the ration. Pigs are seldom, if ever, fed on cotton-seed meal
alone.

" The following explanation of this condition is offered : The grain with which
the cotton-seed meal is most frequently combined is corn. Corn is notoriously
deficient as a single feed for animals, and it must be properly balanced to be fed
satisfactorily. The excellent results in feeding pigs which can be obtained from
rations of corn meal and skim milk or other animal products, such as tankage,
blood meal, fish meal, etc., are out of all proportion to the facts indicated by
the conventional chemical analyses of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. When
corn meal is fed with cotton-seed meal, a combination is made of two feeds both
of which are deficient."

The toxicity of sodium pyrophosphate administered in food; with, a note
on toxic cotton-seed meal, W. .L. Symes and J. A. Gakdneb (Biochcm. Jour., 9
{1915), No. 1, pp. 9-16). — "Sodium pyrophosphate administered, with food, to
rabbits, cats, and rats, is devoid of the toxic action that it shows when in-
travenously injected. This confirms the verdict of Gamgee and his pupils, and
of Starkenstein. Administered to a sheep in the same way, It has proved lethal,
producing effects similar to those described by Crawfoi-d [E. S. R., 23, p. 8]
as following its administration In aqueous .solution to rabbits. Such toxic action
as sodium pyrophosphate exerts when administered by the mouth differs from
that of the same compound intravenously Injected, in that it is wholly due to the
alkalinity of the salt and not to the acid radicle."

The influence of the oil of Chenopodium on the circulation and respiration,
W. Salant ami A. E. LmNCSTOX {Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 38 {1915), Xo. 1, pp.
67-92, figs. Uf). — The investigations here reported In detail have been sum-
marized by the authors as follows :

" The intravenous injection of doses of 0.02 to 0.085 cc. of Chenopodium per
kilo produced a fall of blood pressure in dogs, cats, and rabbits. Recovery was
observed. The effect was greater in dogs than In rabbits or cats. A second
injection of the same dose produced a greater effect, but when this injection
was repeated until the total amount reached about 0.2 cc. per kilo, no response of
the circulation could be observed. This was especially the case in dogs, but
to a much smaller extent in cats, [and] absent in rabbits. Fall of blood pres-
sure was of cardiac origin, as the volume of the kidneys deci-eased with the
fall of blood pressure. Frequency of heart action was diminished after oil of
Chenopodium, [and] very marked decrease of vagus Irritability was ob-
served. . . . Respiratory depression such as decreased amplitude and rate,
with apnoea, was also caused by Chenopodium, but the effect with small doses
was less constant than on the circulation. Cats react more readily than dogs.
Small doses may stimulate respiration in rabbits. Apncea was very seldom ob-
served in the rabbit, even after large doses.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 477

" No metheraoglobin or hemolysis was obsei'ved eyen after the intravenous
Injection of 0.02 to 0.024 cc. per kilo, or the introduction of 2 gm. per kilo into
the stomach or small intestine of the cat. Liberation of oxj'gen in the body-
by ascaridole is suggested as a possible cause of respiratory depression and
apnoea. Action of Chenopodium on respiration Is independent of its effect
on the circulation, [and] reduction of sensitiveness of respiratory center to
carbon dioxid is not the cause. . . , Amounts of Chenopodium tolerated by in-
travenous injection varied in the same animals. The average is approximately
0.03 to 0.35 cc. per kilo in the dog, cat, and rabbit. The less depressant acfion
of Chenopodium on respiration in the rabbit Is attributed to relatively larger
amounts of carbon dioxid in the blood."

Animal castration, J. V. Lackoix (Chicago: Amer. Jour. Yet. Med., 1915, pp.
J-h-h figs- 25). — This volume is based upon observations extending over a period
of ten years.

A text-book of veterinaiT pathology for students and practitioners, A. T.
Kinsley (Chicago: Alexander Eger, 1915, 2. ed., rev. and cnl., pp. Till -^19-
40-i< fiQS- 197). — ^A revised and enlarged edition of the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 24, p. 777).

A treatise on horses and cattle, A. H. Pextitt (Hays, Kans.: Author, 1915,
pp. IS, pi. 1). — A popular account is given of the more common diseases of
hor.ses and cattle and th^ir treatment.

[Report of the] division of animal industry, V. A. Noegaaed and L. N.
Case ( [Bien.'] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Haicaii, 191S-14, pp. 163-244,
pis. 7). — In a letter submitting this report (pp. 163-176) V. A. Norgaard points
out the results which have been obtained from the past ten years' work
of the division in the eradication of glanders, complete control of sheep scab,
eradication of 90 per cent of bovine tuberculosis, exclusion of rabies, etc.
Under the heading of diseases of live stock the work of the year with the
more important diseases is dealt with. The intradermal test and its importance
in the control and eradication of tuberculosis is considered at some length
(pp. 192-196), the authors concluding that it is reliable in 99 per cent of
cases, and that bovine tuberculosis will be controlled and eradicated more
effectively and eeouomically by its use than by any other method of examina-
tion. The Importance of the control of bovine tuberculosis is emphasized.

Reports of the deputy territorial veterinarians for the Hilo district by H, B.
Elliot (pp. 208-229), for the Maui district by J. C. Fitzgerald (pp. 230-240),
and for the Kauai district by A. R. Glaisyer (pp. 241-244) are appended.

Nomenclature of the Coccaceee, R. E. Buchanan (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 11
(1915), No. S, pp. 528-5^1). — The Winslows' classification of the Coccacese (B. S.
R., 20, p. 1079), as corrected by the author as a result of his study of the
validity of the subfamily and generic names, becomes the following :

A. Tribe Streptococceaj Trevisau — Genus 1, Neisseria Trevisan; genus 2,
Leuconostoc Van Tieghem ; genus 3, Streptococcus Rosenbach ; genus 4,
Staphylococcus Rosenbach ; genus 5, Albococcus Winslow and Rogers. B. Tribe
Micrococcete Trevisan — Genus 6, Micrococcus Cohn ; genus 7, Sarcina Goodsir ;
genus 8, Rhodococcus Zopf.

A bibliography of 26 titles is appended.

The results of blood cultures from thirty-six individuals, with their pos-
sible bearing on the etiology of the so-called filarial diseases; and descrip-
tion of a new parasitic bacillus, believed to be the causative agent of
filariasis, B. H. Dutchee and P. L. Whitmaesh (Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases
and Prev. Med., 3 (1915), No. 2, pp. 69-74). — The investigation here reported
has led the authors to believe that they are justified in claiming that the

478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

organism isolated, for which the name Bacillus lymphangiticus is proposed,
is the cause of the diseases grouped under the designation of " filariasis."

Review of recent studies in trichiniasis, W. W. Hehrick (Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, 65 (1915), Ko. 22, pp. 1870-1872).— This review of the recent literature
includes a list of 21 references.

The anatomical and histological expression of increased resistance toward
tuberculosis in cattle following the intravenous injection of human and
attenuated bovine tubercle bacilli, T. Smith (Jour, Med. Research, 32 (1915),
No. 3, pp. Jf55-Jf69, pJs. If ) . — " The intravenous injection of tubercle bacilli of
bovine type into calves, following preliminary injections of bacilli of human or
attenuated bovine type causes a heightened resistance which manifests itself by a
shifting of the lesions from the parenchyma of the lungs, i. e., the alveolar walls,
to the bronchioles serving lobules or portions thereof. The affected lobules are
subpleural.

"The disease is chronic and progressive to a certain degree at least. It
develops as a peribronchial inflammation in which lymphoid or round cells pre-
dominate. This may break through the wall of the bronchus, fill the lumen,
cause collapse, aspiration of ingrowing cell masses with tubercle bacilli, and
subsequent caseation of the collapsed territory. Teins and arteries in the im-
mediate neighborhood of affected bronchioles are not invaded.

" The beginning of tuberculous changes in the wall of the minute bronchi is
not in itself proof that the bacilli are air-borne, nor does it prove that inlialed
bacilli have penetrated directly the mucosa of the minute bronchi. Localiza-
tion depends very materially upon states of resistance of the host, or, what Is
equivalent, on the degree of virulence of the tubercle bacilli. The type of cell
reaction is the same in the udder as In the lungs. Endothelloid and giant cells
seem to be much more numerous in those cases whose acquired resistance is
lowest.

'• The development of tuberculosis in the apical lobes in man is best ac-
counted for by the less active aeration and loss active lymph current. Rib
pressure may contribute toward fixing the bacilli. Bacilli, deposited either from
the air or the blood in other lobes, are either destroyeil or promptly carried by
the lymph current to the lymph nodes, where they are gradually destroyed. The
phenomenon of phthisis in man is strong evidence that tlie human being
possesses a relatively high degree of resistance to the tubercle bacillus. This
inference from comparative pathology has been abundantly proved in the past
by autopsy records."

Special cattle therapy, M. R. Steffen (Chicago; Amcr. Jour. Yet. Med., 1915,
pp. 157). — A concise practical treatise on the treatment of the commoner diseases
of cattle.

Skin disease of cattle in Antigua, P. T. Sattndees (West Indmn BuL, 15
(1915), Xo. 1, pp. 36-.'fG). — A compilation of the author's observations.

Gongylonema scutatum, E. D. Coktelezzi (Rev. Facult. Agron. y Yet. La
Plata, 2. ser., 11 (1915), No. 3, pp. 152-156, fig. 1). — The author reports having
observed this parasite in the esophageal mucosa of a bovine .slaughtered at La
Plata in April, 1915. This is said to be the first record of its occurrence ft
Argentina.

Piroplasmosis among Exiropean cattle with special reference to the
etiology, P. Knuth (Arch. Schiffs u. Tropcn Hyg., 19 (1915), No. 9, pp. 2Jt5-267 ;
ahs. in Amcr. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 3 (1915), No. 2, pp. 113,
lUf). — A somewhat extended review of the subject.

An outbreak of septicemia hemorrhagica among cattle in New York State,
C. P. Fitch (Cornell Vet., 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 77-2^).— The author reports in
detail studies made during the course of an outbreak of hemorrhagic septi-

VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 479

cemia in New York State. These have led to the conclusions that " the symp-
toms of septicemia hemorrhagica could easily be confused with those of certain
nonspecilic infections; that a careful bacteriological examination, including
animal inoculation of fresh specimens, should be made of all cases in which
septicemia hemorrhagica is suspected ; and that a further and extensive re-
search must be done in order to determine the exact relationship of the bac-
teria which comprise the so-called septicemia gi'oup or pasteurella."

Directions for constructing vats and dipping cattle to destroy ticks, H. W.
Geaybill and \Y. P. Ellenberger (17. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. AnUn. Indus. Giro.
207, rev. ed. {1915), pp. 22, figs. 3). — A revised edition of the circular pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 181). A plan for a concrete vat for range con-
ditions has been added.

The etiology of •" symptomatic anthrax " in swine. — " Specific gas-phleg-
mon of hogs," K. F. ]\Ieyee {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 11 {1915), No. 3, pp. 458-
496, figs. 5). — The author proposes the name of specific gas-phlegmon of hogs
for the disease here considered. " The methods and media recommended by
von Hibler [E. S. R., 20, p. 1080], the agglutination tests, and the serum im-
munization of guinea pigs proved to be very reliable for the separation and
identification of closely allied anaerobes. . . .

" The study of this disease, additional experiments, and a critical survey of
the literature fail to prove that hogs are spontaneously attacked by symptomatic
anthrax, or that they are susceptible to Bacillus chauvwui."

A bacteriologic study of secondary invaders in hog cholera, F. Ebebson
{Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 {1915), No. 2, pp. 331-338). — " Organisms belonging
to the Bacillus paratyphosus group were chiefly associated with the lungs
and spleen of hogs infected with the virus of hog cholera. B. coli was fi'e-
quently found in the lungs and spleen, either alone or in combination with
organisms of the paratyphoid group. B. suisepticus was isolated in few cases,
but 9 out of 55, and was found chiefly in the intestine.

" Classification of the organisms shows that the greatest number belonged
to the B. paratypliosus B group. The majority of these did not form indol and
were found chiefly in the lungs and spleen. Bacterial findings did not appear
to be correlated with the lesions observed in different organs. The significance
of secondary invaders in hog cholera is not apparent from a study of the lesions
and the dilTerent groups of organisms isolated."

Separation of the antibody fractions in hog cholera serum, F. Ebeeson
{Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 {1915), No. 2, pp. 339-350, figs. 2).—" Hog-cholera
serum can be split up by chemical means Into an actively protecting globulin
fraction and an inactive albumin fraction. Precipitation of serum proteins by
means of ammonium sulphate is practically possible for hog-cholera serum.
The bulk of the serum, being inactive albumin, may be dispensed with.

"Concentration for practical purposes may be effected (1) by precipitating
the euglobulins from diluted serum, by means of 33J per cent saturation with
ammonium sulphate solution, filtering, making the filtrate up to 50 per cent
concentration with ammonium sulphate solution, filtering, and, after dialyzing
the precipitate in running water, dissolving it in the smallest volume of salt
solution; (2) by precipitating the diluted serum (diluted 10-15 times) by one-
half saturation with ammonium sulphate (saturated solution), filtering, dialyz-
ing the precipitate, and treating as in (1). Since both globulin constituents
are protective, this method would prove more economical and simpler.

" Euglobulin represents from 20 to 21 per cent of the total serum protein,
pseudoglobulin 0.5 per cent, and albumin about SO per cent."

480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

An ecMnostome from the intestine of the hog, Joak Citjbea (Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 1. AM., Oriff., 75 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 392-394, fig- i).— The author de-
scribes Echinochasmus perfoliatus, four adults of which VN'ere found in the
intestines of a young pig which had been fed for two months upon fish ( Caras-
sius carassius). This species liad been previously found in Hungary in the
intestines of dogs and cats.

A veterinary dissection guide. — I, The joints, muscles, and viscera of
the horse, S. Sisson (Columbus, Ohio: Author, 1915, 2. rev. ed., pp. YI+55). —
The changes in this second edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 26,
p. 373) are chiefly those made necessary to adapt it for use in connection with
the author's work on The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals (E. S. R., 32, p. 78).

Epizootic laryngo-tracheal catarrh of the horse, G. Fixzi (Ann. Ig. Sper.,
n. ser., 24 (.1914), Ko. 4, pp. 655-611, fig. i).— The author concludes that this
affection is due to a noncultiva^le filterable virus.

[Studies of the causative organism of epizootic lymphangitis], L. Ni:GRE
and A. Boqvet (Dul. Soc. Path. Exot., 7 (1914), ^o. 6, pp. 464-466, figs. 10; 8
(1915), Nos. 2, pp. 49-52, figs. 6; 5, pp. 248-2.50; abs. in Trap. Yet. Bui., 2 (1914),
No. 3, p. 152; 3 (1915), Nos. 2, pp. 71, 72; 3, pp. Ill, 112).— The authors' studies
deal, respectively, with the blastomycotic nature of Cryptococcus farciminosus,
its cultivation, and development in the horse.

Trypanosoma marocanum n. sp., the cause of an epizootic among horses at
Casablanca in 1911, E. Sergent, A. LhiSritieb. and G. Belleval (Bui. Soc.
Path. Exot., 8 (1915), No. 7, pp. 433-43S). — The trypanosome here described
(T. marocanum) has been sliown by cross immunity exijeriments to be distinct
from T. berherum, T. equipcrdum, and T. soudanense. Horses attacked by it
generally succumb in some weeks, goats were found to be susceptible but recov-
ered, and dogs died in about two months.

The comparative pathology of the tracheal and bronchial lesions produced
in man by B. pertussis (whooping cough) and those produced in dogs by
B. bronchisepticus (canine distemper). L. J. Kiiea (Jour. iltd. Research, 32
(1915), No. 3, pp. .'/Ti-^T.'/). — The aullior considers it most probnble that dogs
will be found to be carriers of Bacillus bronchi.<tepticus, as has been demon-
strated for guinea pigs. " When the respiratory system of animals liable to
harbor B. bronchisepticus is exiierimentally Inoculatixl witli B. pcrtus.'iis, the
accompanying irritation might be followed by acute symptoms resulting from
B. bronchisepticus already present and not from B. pcrtu.'^sis injected."

Frequency of occurrence of tumors in the domestic fowl, Maynie R. Curtis
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1915), No. 9, pp. 397-404) .—Thi^
record of the frequency of occurrence of tumors in the domestic fowl (Gallus
domcsticus) is based upon data collected during 8 years' routine autopsy work
at the Maine Experiment Station.

Tlie cliief points brought out by an analysis of these data are summarized by
the author as follows : " Of the 880 birds autopsied 79, or 8.96 per cent, had
tumors. That is, there were 90 cases of tumors per 1,000 birds. There was no
significant difference in frequency of occurrence of tumors between birds which
died from natural causes and apparently normal birds which were killed.
There is a significant positive correlation between age and the occurrence of
tumors. Only 7.37 per cent of tlie birds under 2.2.5 years had tumors, while
neoplasms were present In 19.17 per cent of those that were over that age. In
birds with tumors which died from natural causes, the tumors wore directly
or indirectly tlie probable cause of death in fi'om one-third to one-half the cases.

"There was a decided tendency for the association of hypertrophied (appar-
ently due to cell infiltration) liver, spleen, or kidney with tlie presence of tumors

RURAL ENGINEERING. 481

in other organs. Death often resulted from internal hemorrhage from the
tumor, tlie underlying tissue, or the hjpertrophied liver or spleen. The tumors
can be classified into cystic and tissue tumors ; 22.78 per cent of the tumors
wei'e of cystic and 74.68 per cent of solid tissue structure. There were two
cases of tissue tumors to which cysts were attached.

" In the females the organs most frequently affected were the genital organs ;
37.76 per cent of all the tumors being in the ovary and 18.36 per cent in the
oviduct and oviduct ligament. In most cases the tumors were confined to one
organ. In 1.5 cases, however, the tumor had evidently undergone metastasis,
since tumors of similar nature occurred in from two to four organs."

Au outbreak of roup and chicken pox in which the high mortality was
apparently caused by a secondary invader, B. A. Beach, H. Lothe, and J. G.
Halpin (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 (1915), No. 3, pp. 554-558). — During the
course of investigations of an outbreak of roup and chicken pox in a large
flock of poultry the authors isolated a bacillus which resembles that of chicken
cholera but differs from it in several respects.

" The data which we could gather as regards the biology of this organism
indicate that it probably belongs to the hemorrhagic septicemia group. As
pointed out, under the microscope it resembles fowl cholera but differs from it
markedly in two respects: (1) Cultural characteristics. Grovrth was very
meager, while fowl cholera exhibits much heavier growth, will live much longer
outside the animal body, and has a different appearance culturally when grown
on agar slopes. (2) Pathogenicity. . . . Ducks are immune to this organism,
and the injection of killed cultures confers no immunity to fowl cholera. This
is a disease of wound infection, while fowl cholera may be transmitted by way
of the mouth.

" Just what relation secondary invaders have to roup and chicken pox in
general throughout the country is hard to state, as unfortunately v.-e have not
had opportunity to investigate another out\)reak where the mortality ran high.
However, it seems reasonable to suppose that their role is far from inconse-
quential when we consider the wide range in mortality in different outbreaks in
which the lesions both as to character and extent are similar."

Diseases of poultry: Their etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention,
R. Peael, F. M. Sueface, and Maynie R. Cuetis (New York: The llacmiUan
Co., 1915, pp. Xl-\-342, figs. 72). — A revised and enlarged edition of the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 387).

KTTEAL ENGINEEHING.

Irrigation practice and engineering. — I, Use of irrigation *water and irri-
gation practice, B. A. Etcheveeey (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1915,
vol. 1, pp. XIII+213, pis. 13, figs. 77).— This volume, the first of a series on the
subject, deals with the use of irrigation water and with irrigation practice,
and is intended as a text-book for students and teachers and as a reference book
for irrigation engineers and managers and superintendents of irrigation sys-
tems.

The following chapters are included : Soil moisture and plant growth and their
bearing on irrigation practice ; disposal of irrigation water applied to the soil,
plant transpiration, soil moisture evaporation, soil water percolation, surface
waste ; water requirement of irrigated crops ; results of investigations and irri-
gation practice regarding proper time to irrigate, frequency of irrigations for
different crops, irrigation season ; duty of water ; preparation of land for irri-
gation and method of applying water to the land ; farm ditches and structures

482 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

for the distribution of irrigation water ; and the selection and cost of a small
pumping plant.

It is stated that a large part of the subject matter has been drawn from pub-
lications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of the U. S. Reclamation
Service.

Irrigation practice and engineering. — II, Conveyance of water, B. A.
Etchea-eeey (Neio York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1915, vol. 2, pp. XVIII +364,
pis. 31, figs. 82). — This book, the second of the series on the subject (see above),
contains the following chapters:

General features and preliminary investigations to determine the general
feasibility of an irrigation project ; procedure in the planning and location of an
irrigation system ; hydraulic formulas specially applicable to computations of
irrigation canals and structures ; silt problems in the design of irrigation sys-
tems ; conveyance losses in canals ; the design of canal cross sections ; canal lin-
ings and the prevention of seepage losses ; tunnels, concrete retaining wall canal
sections, and bench flumes ; flumes ; and pipes and inverted siphons.

Irrigation and settlement in America, A. D. Lewis (Pretoria: Govt., 1915,
pp. 258, pis. 38, figs. 54; rev. in Engin. Rec, 12 (1915), No. 3, pp. 84, S5).— This
book describes a number of western irrigation projects, taking up for each
project the following points: Physical conditions, outline of the scheme, engi-
neering works of interest, soil and agricultural conditions, settlement and
cost, and distribution and duty of water. The chapters deal with the Belle
Fourche, Huntley, Shoshone, Boise, Snake River, Minidoka, Twin Falls north
and south, Oakley, Salmon River, Great Basin, Salt Lake, Truckee-Carson,
Modesto-Turlock, Fresno, Redlands, Imperial Valley, Yuma. Salt River, and
Rio Grande schemes.

Subtopics and appendixes deal with sugar-beet cultivation, crop experiments
at Logan. Utah, Californinn Irrigation, how the federal and state governments
help settlement, and the Reclamation and Carey acts.

Maintenance of irrigation systems, F. H. Neweix (ircsf, Engin., 6 (1915),
No. 4, pp. 147-151). — This article discusses the proper segregation of expendi-
tures for construction, maintenance, betterments, repairs, and operation.

Selection of pumps for irrigation, C. Remschel (Jour. Electricity, 35 (1915),
Nos. 11, pp. 196, 197; 12, pp. 214-217, figs. 6). — Suggestions on the principles of
pump selection for irrigation pumping are given, with special reference to
centrifugal, deep-well, power-plunger, and air-lift pumps.

Centrifugal pumps, R. L. Daugherty (New York: McGraic-Hill Book Co.,
1915, pp. X+192, figs. Ill; rev. in Power, 42 (1915), No. 8, p. 284; I'l Engin.
News, 74 (1915), No. 25, pp. 1172, 1173).— It is the purpose of this book "to
illustrate and explain all the essential features of construction of modern
centrifugal pumps, to present a clear and intelligible theory which shall be
entirely general in its nature, to explain by this theory the pump characteristics
and connect the theory with the actual facts, to present a thorough discussion
of the factors affecting efliciency, to consider the characteristics of various
types of pumps and their suitability for different services, to compare centri-
fugal with displacement pumps, and to present various general laws and
factors leading to a better appreciation of the field of service of such pumps
and a better means of selecting the proper combination. . . . The material
is based upon a study of the performances of 123 turbine and 51 volute centri-
fugal pumps. , . . The field covered by them ranged from 1 to 11 stages,
heads from 7 to 1,843 ft., capacities from 108 to 132,000 gal. per minute, speeds
from G2 to 20,000 r. p. m., and efflciencies from 30 to 87 per cent. A consider-
able portion of the work Is also founded upon the analysis of tests made by
the author upon a volute pump and a turbine pump for both of which all

RURAL ENtflNEERING. 483

information regarding dimensions and other quantities was obtainable. Witli
the turbine pump an extensive series of tests was made at various speeds from
700 to 2,000 r. p. m."

Method of computing run-off in draining irrigated lands, H. C. Milleb
{Engin. and Contract., U (1915), No. 8, pp. 150, 151).— The autlior's metliod
consists in calculating the average maximum rise of tlie water table in the
lowlands where drainage is required on the basis of data secured by a series
of borings at regular intervals, made usually in the spring. This average rise
multiplied by the average porosity coefficient of the soil gives the depth on the
surface to be removed by drainage.

Construction of drainage system for Pioneer Irrigation District, Idaho, F. T.
Crowe (West. Engin., 6 {1015), No. 4, pp. 160-162, figs. 3). — Heavy irrigation,
both on the higher lands and in the area comprising 34,000 acres of irrigable
land, caused the ground water in this region to rise, flooding the lower lands,
and the alkali to rise in the remaining area. The soil is a heavy loam
underlaid with from 7 to 12 ft. of either clay or hardpan. As a remedy a system
of about 50 miles of drainage ditches, varying in depth from 7 to 14 ft. and in
bottom width from 5 to 10 ft, was constructed with dragline excavators at
an average cost for the entii-e project of 8 cts. per cubic yard. Measurements
of flow in the various drains indicate that the flow is decreasing with the
gradual lowering of the ground-water level.

Conduits for water, G. J. Heney {Jour. Electricity, S5 {1915), No. 7, pp. 101-
113. figs. Jf). — Theoretical considerations and tables of data for the design of
metal pipe lines are given.

Surface water supply of the North Atlantic coast basins for 1913 {U. S.
Geol. Siirvcu, Water-SuppIy Paper 351 {1915), pp. 1S9, pis. 2).— This report, pre-
pared in cooperation with the States of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, and
New York, contains the results of measurements of flow made on streams in
the North Atlantic coast basins in 1913.

The artesian water supply of Australia {Engineer [London], No. 3029
{1914), p. 63; abs. in Wasser u. Ahwasser, 8 {19U), No. 8, pp. 47i, 472).— This
report of the Interstate Conference on Artesian Water deals mainly with the
Great Australian Basin, an area of 570,000 square miles.

The artesian water supply is said to be principally used for watering stock.
With regard to the Great Basin it was decided " that the water was almost
wholly, if not entirely, derived from rainfall which percolated through the
porous beds under the influence of hydraulic conditions." It is believed " that
if agriculture on a large scale were permitted with bore water in what are now
pastoral districts the demand would become so great that in a short period the
flow would be depleted to such an extent that sufficient water would not be
available for pastoral purposes."

Other points, including corrosion of well casings and decrease of flow of
wells, are dealt with but with no finality.

Characters of mechanically-fi.ltered water, S. Del^pine {Surveyor, 45 {1914),
No. 1171, pp. 1060-1064). — Tests of two pressure mechanical filters show that
treatment by coagulants and mechanical filtration of soft moorland water is
satisfactory when reliable plants are used.

Influence of the algaa of submerged sand filters on the chemical composi-
tion of water, L. Gizolme {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. IParis], 161 {1915), No. 11,
pp. 313-316, fig. 1). — It was found that the reduction of the alkalinity of water
caused by filtration is a function of the development and activity of the chloro-
phyll algae in the filter, and also of the time of day, the age of the filter, the
season of the year, the atmospheric conditions, and the speed of filtration.

484 EXPERIMENT STA.TION RECORD.

Twenty-first annual report of the commissioner of public roads for tlie
year ended October 31, 1914, E. A. Ste\t.ns (Ann. Rpt. Comr. Pub. Roads
[N. J.], 21 {19 H), pp. 107, pis. 6). — This report describes and states the cost of
roads improved in New Jersey in 1914 and includes the state highway engi-
neer's report and a report of laboratory and experimental worli.

Papers presented at the Pan American E-oad Congress (Good Roads, JfS
{1015), No. 19, pp. 2Jf9-259). — The following special papers are given: Dust
Suppression and Street Cleaning, by W. H. Connell ; Equipment for High-
way Work, by A. H. Blanchard ; Highway Bridges and Structures, by W. S.
Gearhart ; and Uniformity for Highway Statistics and Data, by H. E. Breed.

Operation analysis of new machines which cheapen the moving of earth on
road work, A. B. McDaniel (Engin. Rec, 12 {1915), No. 5, pp. 126-128, figs.
.1, ) . — The conditions affecting the cost of operation of new types of graders and
scrapers and the light steam shovel are analyzed, and the ysefulness of the
full-circle steam shovel in tearing up old paving and making shallow cuts in
hard material and the economy of hauling graders and scrapers by tractors
are brought out.

Relative twenty-year economy of various types of roads and pavements
{Engin. and Contract., 44 {1915), No. 5, pp. S9-91, figs. 2). — According to this
comparison, the cheapest road from the standpoint of 20-year cost for both
urban and rural service is the vitrified brick road built of brick on edge. In
order to realize the full economy of the brick road the brick must be laid on
edge. With reference to the relative 20-year economy of rural roads, it is
brought out that the small community which has to pay a high rate of interest
for its money is in a much better position to afTord a high-grade macadam road
than a more important community more fortunately situated as far as obtain-
ing money at a low rate of interest is concerned.

Maintaining concrete and brick roads in Illinois, B. II. Pifpmeikr (Eiigin.
News, 7Jf {1915), No. 7, pp. SlO-313, figs. S).— A description of the methods of
maintaining concrete and brick pavements on .state-aided highways in Illinois
is given, together with cost data on practically all the more Important state
roads. A special motor truck, made by rebuilding a small runabout, and a
portable heating kettle outfit are used in this work. The data show that the
average cost of maintenance when the truck was used was about one-third less
than where the portable hand kettle was used. The cost of filling cracks and
joints ranged fi*om 0.1 to 0..57 cts. per square yard of pavement, varying usually
in proportion to the discontinuity of the pavement. " PYom a maintenance
standpoint it would be an advantage to have as few joints as possible. Four
years' experience in maintaining concrete pavements in Illinois indicates that
joints, even though protected with armor plates, require about the same atten-
tion as do the ordinary cracks."

Bebuilding rural roads in the Southern States, G. B. Buchanan {Engin.
Ncics, 7.'f {1915), No. 10, pp. 4-'f6-US, figs. 4).— The peculiarities? of southern
rural road improvement are explained in the light of antebellum conditions,
and methods and costs of reconstructing corduroy roads are given.

An investigation to determine the relative resistance to wear of concrete
made of different aggregates {Engin. aM Contract., 44 {1915), No. 8, pp. 144--
147, figs. 21). — Tests to determine the influence on resistance to wear by con-
crete roads of the character and quality of stone used for the coarse aggregate
are reiwrted. These tests consisted of abrasive and gouging te^sts of 36-in.
rings of 1:2:4 concrete 8 in. thick. The gouging test was designed to repre-
sent the action of horseshoe calks.

In the abrasive tests " it was found in the case of the gravel specimens that
when subjected to the action of the shot the gravel would kick out and produce

RURAL ENGINEERING. 485

pockets, and that once formed these pockets would quickly develop Into holes.
It was also noted that for the hard and tough stones, when used in compara-
tively large sizes, the bonding mortar would wear away and allow the rock to
protrude, making an uneven and bumpy surface. . . . Where the stone pre-
sented lines of cleavage, as is present in many hard stones, the protruding
stones would laminate and then kick out. Deep pockets were formed when the
laminations ran vertically, the part of the stone between the laminations being
dislodged and the remainder of the broken stone, having no backing of material,
being dislodged. The softer mortar would then break down, followed by
the stones surrounding the pocket, and the small pocket would very speedily
develop into a much larger pocket. When the laminations ran horizontally
the pockets formed were more or less shallow and the unevenness of the surface
was not so pronounced. In the crushed stone specimens this condition of
surface was developed at a much later period in the course of rattling than in
the case of the gravel rings.

" In general, the tests show that crushed stone makes a better wearing sur-
face than the gravels, this advantage being due to the better bond. It was
demonstrated in the case of the sandstone specimens that the stone wore down
with approximately the same rapidity as the bonding mortar, producing a
smooth, even surface. It is also to be noted that the percentage of wear was
normal."

In the gouging tests " the kicking out of the gravel was more marked. . . .
Also the laminated stones were dislodged much more rapidly."

An investigation of the concrete road-making properties of Minnesota
stone and gravel, C. F. Shoop (Univ. Minn. Studies Engin., No. 2 (1915), pp.
1+46, pis. V, figs. 6).— This is a detailed report of the above experiments.

Can we use more fine aggregate? W. K. Hatt {Cement Era, 13 (1915), No.
8, pp. 50, 51). — The detailed results of tests previotisly noted (E. S. R., 34, p.
87) are reported in this article.

Suggestions regarding concrete foi' use on the farm, etc., E. D. Walker
(Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Col. 1912, pp. 89-98, pis. 6, figs. 2).— General information
is given regarding the proportioning and mixing of concrete, building of forms,
and placing of the concrete for various farm striictures.

Compass surveying and the siraplified calculation of farm areas, C. M.
THoaiAS (WythevHlle, Ta.: D. A. St. Clair Press, 1915, pp. TT-f92, pis. 4, figs.
8). — This book describes the process of compass surveying and the method of
computing land areas by latitudes and departures, with illustrative examples.

Poisoning green timber with sodium arsenite, C. W. Bukrows (Agr. Oas.
N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 9, pp. 767-769).— In this note the author calls at-
tention to the fact that arsenite of soda has been introduced with marked suc-
cess in haistening the killing of ringbarked trees. Trees that ordinarily would
take months to kill by the old method are now killed in a few weeks and fre-
quently in a few days by the application of arsenic. In order to prevent sucker-
ing the operation should be carried on when the tree is dormant Saplings may
be cut off low down and th» solution may be dabbad on to kill and prevent
snckering.

Cost of fencing farms in the North Central States, H. N. Hu2XFHret ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Biii. 321 (1916), pp. S2, pfe. 5, figs. 10).— This bulletin contains data
obtained by circular letter from 5,837 farmers In Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Indiana, Slinnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota,
and South Dakota presenting the essential features of farm fence practice in
those States. The purpose of the study was to establish economic standards
for fencing and fence management.

486 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

It was found that " the large farm requires proportionately less fence than
the small one, and the ratio of fence required to the acre decreases in propor-
tion to the increase in size of farm up to a certain limit. Stone, hedge, and
the different types of wooden fences were desirable at the time they were first
built, but changing economic conditions make them impracticable at the present
time, and they are being replaced with wire fencing.

" The best kind of wire fencing to erect depends on the purpose for which
the fence is used. On a farm where mixed types of live stock are kept, a
general-purpose woven-wire fabric is needed. If only cattle and horses are to
be pastured, a coarser and less expensive woven fence can be used. When
fencing is needed to inclose extensive pastures where only cattle or horses are
to be kept, the excessive cost of a woven-wire fence would not make its use
desirable, for losses to stock by injury on barbed wire would not be large
enough to counterbalance the difference In the cost of maintaining the two
different kinds of fences. This applies to the extensive farming areas of
the West.

" It is economy to use a hea\T grade of woven-wire fabric. The cost of
woven wire is based upon its weight, and a reduction in cost may be obtained
by using a style of fencing that has the wires spaced only as close together as
is needed to meet the requirements. It is false economy to reduce the first
cost of the fence by using a light grade of wire.

" To get the maximum of service out of a fence it is absolutely necessary
that it should be well built. The corner posts must be placed solidly in the
ground in such a manner that they can not be heaved by frost or drawn loose
by the pull of the fence. The fabric should be strung tightly to the end posts,
but it ought not to be tightly stapled to the line posts. It should be fastened
fo line posts in such manner that the wires may move in a horizontal direction
to take care of the contraction and expansion due to changes in temperature,
and to distribute the force of a blow along the fence line so that the strain
will not come entirely on any one or two posts or any one point of the wire.
A barbed wire should be placed a short distance above the top of the woven
%^ire to prevent cattle and horses from crowding it down when reaching over
or rubbing against the fence."

The cost of a gpod general-purpose farm fence constructed from durable
materials is estimated as follows:

First cost : Per rod.

Line posts ; red cedar, hedge, locust, cement, or steel (1 rod apart)— $0. 280
Ends and braces; cedar, hedge, locust, cement, or steel (every 40

rods) . 125

Woven wire; 10 strands, 47 in. high, stays 12 in. apart, all No. 9___ . 400

Barbed wire ; 1 strand placed 4 in. above top of the woven wire . 035

Staples . 005

Labor cost of construction .090

Total .985

Annual cost of upkeep:

Repairs, including the cost of keeping the fence row clean . 024

Interest at 5 per cent on average investment ($0.4675) .023

Depreciation, estimating that the life of the fence is 22 years . 043

Total .090

Interest on the land occupied at the rate of 5 per cent per year :

108.6 sq. ft. per rod, valued at $125 per acre . 155

Total annual cost -245

RURAL ENGINEERING. 487

Practical sug'g'estions given for building -wire fences and concrete posts,
R. N. Wheelee {Engin. Rec, 12 {1915), No. 12, pp. 361, 362).— This article ex-
plains in detail methods of building wire fences and concrete posts and gives
practical suggestions based on fence-building experience.

A course of study in farm engines, R. Olney and P. A. Tanner {Farm
Engin., 1 {1913), No. 2, p. U; 1 {1914), ^os. 3, pp. 16, 22, figs. 4; 4, P- 7, figs. 4;
5, pp. 12, 13, figs. 2; 6, pp. 12, IS, figs. 2; 7, p. 10, figs. 2; 8, p. 1, fig. 1; 2 {1914),
Nos. 1, p. 7; 2, p. 25; 3, p. 52; 4^ p. 69; 5, p. S9; 6, p. 120, figs. 2; 2 {1915), Nos.
7, pp. 144, 146, figs. 5; 8, pp. 166, 167, figs. 3; 9, pp. 190, 191, figs. 8; 10, pp. 226,
227, 239, figs. 6; 11, pp. 250, 251, figs. 5; 12 p. 272, figs. 4; 8 {WIS), Nos. 1, pp.
4, 5, figs. 4; 2, pp. 29, 33; 3, pp. 49, 50).— This is an exposition of the principles
involved in the construction and operation of farm gas engines.

Burning bagasse, E. W. Kekr {La. Planter, 54 {1915), No. 20, pp. 315-318,
figs. 4). — The author reports data from various experiments with bagasse as a
fuel for sugar refineries.

It is shown that the loss of heat in the chimney gases is the greatest heat
loss and this loss is much greater for bagasse than for other fuels. Other
data show that "very high rates of combustion are [not] necessary." It is
stated that the less moisture there is in the bagasse the smaller the grate can
be without danger of choking the furnace. " This means that in Louisiana
relatively large grates and correspondingly low rates of combustion are best."
With reference to the loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon " it may be
said that this loss is usually small as compared with the loss due to excess
air, etc."

The results of a series of tests on three typical bagasse boilers are also
reported, the object of which was, among other things, to determine the relative
merits of varying sizes and forms of bagasse furnaces. The outfits tested
were a 150-horsepower H. R. T. boiler with a standard Dutch oven, a 250-
horsepower H. R. T. boiler with a flat-top Dutch oven and the entire setting
inclosed in steel lined with asbestos, and a 250-horsepower H. R. T. boiler
with an extended Dutch oven. The duration of tests varied from 5.7 to 8 hours,
the average being 7.3 hours. The best efficiency was shown by the second out-
fit. Of the three boilers this one had the smallest combustion volume. The
third outfit with twice the combustion space was second in eflSciency. " The
results of the tests, though perhaps not absolutely conclusive, at least point
to a reasonable doubt as to the necessity of very large and elaborate fur-
naces. . . . Too much can not be said about the importance of care in operat-
ing bagasse furnaces, especially as regards uniformity of bagasse feed, clean
fires, and clean heating surfaces."

See also a previous note on this subject by Deerr (E. S. R., 30, p. 891).

Agricultural drawing and the design of farm structures, T. E. French and
F. W. I\'ES {Neio York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1915, pp. YIII-\-130, figs. 182).—
This text-book is intended primarily for students in agriculture and agricultural
engineering, and describes and illustrates the principles and processe.s involved
in the design and drawing of farm structures, including a variety of problems
of progressive difficulty. The following chapters are included : Theory and tech-
nique, working drawings, farm structures, maps and topographical drawing,
pictorial drawing, and construction data. A selected bibliography of related
work is appended, which includes, among other things, a number of the bulle-
tins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of several state experiment
stations.

Plans for dairy barns and milk room, C. L. Stahl {Dept. Agr. and Immigr.
Va., Dairy and Food Div. Bui. 50 {1915), pp. 14, pis. 15, fig. J).— This bulletin

28855°— No. 5—16 7

488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

contains plans for economical and sanitary dairy barns and milking sheds, with
bills of materials.

Practical instructions for building inexpensive stave silos, P. Rowe (Dept.
Agr. and Immiyr. Ya., Dairy and Food Div. Bui. J^8 (1915), pp. 2n, figs. 10). —
This, a revision of Bulletin 24 (E. S. R., 29, p. 789), is a popular description of
the construction of stave silos.

Building concrete silos, C. D. Gllbekt (Concrete-Cement Age, 1 (1915), Nos.
1, pp. 3-6, 37, 38, figs. 11; 2, pp. 58-62, 82, 83, figs. 21).— It is the purpose of
these two articles to consider briefly the advantages of various types of silo
construction from the viewpoint of its development in different localities and
under varying conditions and also to consider the common features of all silo
work.

The first article deals with unit construction with blocks and staves, and the
second with monolithic construction and types of equipment. A .special feature
discussed under monolithic construction is the silo water tank.

Electric light and power for country homes, D. L. Mabkle (Ann. Rpt. Penn.
State Col. 1912, pp. 101-111, pis. 16). — This article describes the methods and
apparatus used in generating electrical power for farm use, especially for
lighting.

Illuminating power of kerosenes used in Iowa, W. Kunebth (Proc. Tatca
Acad. Sci., 21 (1914), pp. 241-254). — The substance of this article was noted
from a previous report (E. S. R., 32, p. 487).

A study of methods of sewage disposal in industrial and rural communi-
ties and suggestions for their improvement, J. F. Siler, P. E. Garkison, and
W. J. MacNeal (Amcr. Jour. I'uh. IlatUh. 5 (1915), No. 9, pp. 820-832).— Thisi
paper reviews briefly the usual methods employed for the disposal of human
excreta in industrial and rural communities in the South, and discusses in detail
methods of actual improvement, the cost thereof, and the benefits deriveil there-
from.

It is pointed out that in southern rural districts about half the population is
without any provision for the di.sposal of excreta. " In industrial communities
open surface privies are most usual, water-carriage systems rare. Complete
water systems and sewage-disposal plants can be installed in cotton-mill villages
at an expense varying from .$210 to $265 per house. A rental charge of $1 to $2
per house per month for such improvement would suffice to maintain it and also
yield a small interest return on the investment."

Brief notes of experiments in sewage purification by forced aeration, J. P.
Wakefoud (Surveyor, 48 (1915), No. 1228, pp. 132, 133).— From the results of
experiments on both a large and a small scale it is concluded that the practical
application of the aeration principle of sewage purification will improve sanitary
conditions with less extensive equipment and a reduction in capital and main-
tenance costs, and that the residual sludge, owing to the ease with which it can
be handled and its high nitrogen content, will be more readily converted into
a valuable fertilizing agent.

RTJRAL ECONOMICS.

Studies in the land problem in Texas, edited by L. H. Hanev (Bui. Unii\
Tex. No. S& (1915), pp. 181, figs. 2).— This bulletin contains the following
papers : The Land Problem in Texas, and The Single Tax, by L. H. Haney ;
The Recent Increase in Tenancy, its Causes, and Some Remedies, by W. E.
Leonard and E. B. Naugle; A Study in the Size of Farms in Texas, by J. G.
Crtissom; Housing Conditions among Tenant Farmers, by G. S. Wehrwein;

RURAL ECONOMICS. 489

Improved Systems of Tenancy, and Suggestions for a Good Rent Contract, by
C. Gardner ; Overhaul the Homestead Law, by R. Baker ; The Torrens System
of Land Registration, by V. Lanfear; State Aid to Land Purchase, by C. Leh-
man ; Conservation of the Mineral and Lumber Resources of Texas, by J. AV,
Scott ; Conservation of Water Resources in Texas, by E. C. Nelson ; The Public
Lands — A Problem in Administration, by H. H. Baker ; The Taxation of Min-
eral Lands, by A. M. Steiner ; Taxation of Rural Lands in Texas, by A. Wight ;
and Urban Land Tax Reform Schemes, and the So-called " Houston Plan," by
J. Runge.

The agrarian problem [of Mexico], R. Escobar (El Paso, Tex.: M. Ayala e
Hijos, 1915, pp. 216). — The author has outlined what he considers the principal
agricultural problems of Mexico and suggests methods of solving them. Sug-
gested legislation necessary to accomplish his purpose is included.

Land tenure and conveyances in Missouri, M. O. Hudson {Univ. Missouri
Bid. 16 (1915), No. 16, pp. 3-23). — These pages are devoted to the methods of
holding and transferring land under the existing laws of Missouri. The sub-
ject is treated from the legal point of view.

The Torrens System, A. G. Cameron (Boston and Netv York: Houghton
Mifflin Co., 1915, pp. XI +122). — This book contains a brief historical description
of the spread of the Torrens system of land registration in various countries
and gives reasons for its wider adoption in the United States.

Agricultural (jredit legislation and the tenancy problem, G. E. Putnam
(Amer. Econ. Rev., 5 (1915), No. 4, pp. 805-815) .—The author states that
although there are considerable differences in the proposed machinery for the
administration and supervision of agi'icultural credit, all contain plans looking
toward a longer term of loans, repayable by amortization, and the issuance of
bonds on the collective security of farm mortgages. The chief differences* are
to be found in the effect which these measures are expected to have on the
farmer's rate of interest. One type seeks merely to reduce a portion of the
waste in the present land credit system by improving the method of making
loans and by giving greater mobility to funds seeking safe investment; the
other contemplates, in addition, a material reduction in the farmer's rate of
interest either through the organization of a strong central bank or through a
program of minimum state aid.

Among the reasons cited for the general activity of state legislatures is that
with the practical exhaustion of the supply of free land the farmer who aspires
to land ownership is now obliged to depend upon his borrowing power with the
various financial institutions rather than upon the generosity of the Federal
Government. At present, about the longest term of loan allowed by commer-
cial banks on farm mortgage security is five years, which is deemed far too
short a period for the payment of a loan out of the product of land. The
method of repayment is also haphazard, the possibility and conditions of re-
newal uncertain, and expenses much higher than farm mortgage security under
a .specialized and mobile system of land credit would warrant.

It is claimed that a reform in the land credit system which reduced the rate
of interest on long-time loans would effectively curtail the growth of farm
tenancy in this country by making it possible for a young man of small means
eventually to become a landowner. The author therefore believed that if a
reform in the land credit system is to be the initial step in reducing the per-
centage of farm tenancy, some measures should be taken to prevent the general
rise in land values that would normally follow. One of the functions of laws
enacted by the legislatures should be the formation of companies so super-

490 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

vised and regulated as to afford a reasonable degree of security to the holders
of land mortgage bonds.

The author concludes his paper by stating that in so far as the reason for
rural credit reform is to be found in the increasing percentage of farm tenancy,
the larger program of direct aid is one to be instituted by the Federal Gov-
ernment. He considers it as logical for the Federal Government to grant special
aid to the young man desiring to own a farm as to adopt the free land policy
which made ownership rather than tenancy the characteristic form of land
tenure in this country.

How to build up a neglected farm business with little capital, H. Smith
{Oreg. Countryman, 8 {1015), No. 2, pp. 77-81, figs. ^).— The author has out-
lined a system of farming for conditions as found in the Willamette Valley,
whereby the farmer can change from grain farming to farming in which live
stock and legumes predominate.

Agricultural surveys and illustration farms, F. C. Nunnick {Com. Contcrv.
Canada Rpt., 6 {I'Jlo), pp. 210-222, pis. 2).— The author has briefly outlined his
observations regarding farm practice in various parts of Canada and the re-
sults obtained on the illustration or demonstration farms.

Work of the Oflace of Markets and Rural Organization, C. J. Brand {U. .'?.
Dept. Agr., Office Markets and Rural Organ. Doc. 1 {1915), pp. 16). — The work
of this Office as organized is outlined and briefly described.

The work of the [New York State] Department of Foods and Markets,
J. J. Dillon {Cornell Countryman, 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 193-197, figs. 4).— An
account is given of the work of this department, through which it is hoped
to find a profitable market for the food products of the farm, and through
economic distribution to help reduce the high cost of city living. The principal
service thus far i)erformed has been in conducting auctions in the sale of fruit
in the producing areas as well as at the consuming centers. The results claimed
are an increased price to growers and a reduction in the loss of soft and low-
grade fruits by getting such grades upon the market quickly.

International annual of agricultural statistics, 1913—14 {Inst. Internal.
Agr. [Rome], Ann. Internal. Stalls. Agr., 1913-11,, pp. A'L/y +786). —This con-
tinues information previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 295), adding statistical
data for later years.

[Live stock in foreign countries] {Internal. /7?.<«^ Agr. Rome, Bui. Agr. and
Com. Statis., 6 {1915), No. 10, pp. 556-559). — These pages contain statistical
data for the number of live stock in France on .July 1, 1015, in Great Britain
and Ireland in June, 1915, in Luxemburg on May 26, 1915, and in Canada on
June 30, 1915, and the number of sheep in New Zealand on April 30, 1915.
Comparative data are shown for earlier years.

[Agricultural statistics of Canada] {Canada Yearbook, 1914. PP- 140-221,
pi. 1). — The area, yield, weight per measureil bushel, average prjce, and total
value of the principal field crops, and the number of live stock, are given by
Provinces for 1910-1914. The total area in farms, total number of farms, area
improved and unimproved, and area devoted to specific agricultural purposes,
are given for 1901 and 1911 ; cold-storage warehouses, their capacity, and types
of produce stored, for 1915; and the average cost of production, value, and profit
per acre of wheat, oats, barley, flax, and corn for husking, are given for Canada
as a whole and by Provinces for 1913. The average wages of farm help are
given for 1910 and 1914, showing the wage for males and females per month,
in the summer season including board, per year including board, and the aver-
age value of board per month. The distribution of the wheat crop for the crop
years 1910-11 to 1914-15, showing the total yield and distribution of the grain,

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 491

and the average weekly range of prices of agricultural products at the prin-
cipal markets, are also given.

The agricultural industry in its relation to other industries, G. S. P^bez
(In Primera Semana Social Agricola. Santiago de Chile: Universidad Catdlica
de Santiago, 1914, PP- 294-S04). — The author discusses the relative importance
of agricultural products in the foreign trade and in the manufacturing industries
of Chile.

Exportation of agricultural products, E. Cakkasco (In Primera Semana
Social Agricola. Santiago de Chile: Universidad Catolica de Santiago, 191^, pp.
261-293). — The author describes briefly the agricultural possibilities of Chile,
suggests the formation of agricultural colonies by the introduction of European
immigrants, the improvement of the system of agricultural instruction, and -the
appointment of commercial agents to determine the best methods for preparing
the farm products for market.

Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, and other agricultural produce in
England and Wales (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr. Statis., 49 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 186-273). — This bulletin continues data previously noted (E. S. R.,
31, p. 790), adding statistics for 1914.

Production and consumption of products of state-controlled industries in
Denmark, 1913, 1914 (Danmarks Statis. Meddel., 4- ser., 45 {1915), Nos. 1, pp.
31; 6, pp. 32). — These reports contain data showing for alcohol, beer, sugar,
margarin, and cigars the quantity produced, materials used in production, home
consumption, and foreign trade for 1913 and 1914.

Agricultural statistics of India, 1912-13 {Agr. Statis. India, 29 {1912-13),
I, pp. IX -{-415, pis. 4)- — This annual report gives statistical data regarding the
area cultivated and uncultivated, area under irrigation and under different
crops, and number of live stock, plows, and carts, by districts, for the crop years
1908-9 to 1912-13.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Technical education in tropical agriculture {Proc. Internat. Cong. Trop.
Agr., 3 {1914), pp. 40-51, 62-70). — These proceedings include a discussion by
W. R. Dunstan of the proposed Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture
(E. S. R., 32, p. 100) ; and brief abstracts of papers presented at this congress
on Technical Education in Tropical Agriculture, by G. C. Dudgeon ; The Study
of Colonial Agriculture in Italy, by G. B. Gioli ; The Necessity of Establishing
a British Agricultural College in the Western Hemisphei'e, by H. H. Smith ;
Agricultural Education and Its Adjustment to the Needs of the Students, by
F. Watts ; and Elementary Agricultural Schools for Natives in the Belgian
Congo, by E. Leplae. A discussion follows.

•Agricultural instruction in schools {Agr. Gas. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 10,
pp. 1002-1006). — Brief reports are given on the status of agricultural instruc-
tion in the secondary schools of Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
Alberta.

On the reform of the final examinations of the intermediate agricultural
schools (Mittelschulen), F. SitenskIt {Land u. Forstw. TJnterrichts Ztg., 29
{1915), No. 1-2, pp. 1-8). — The author advocates a reform of the final exami-
nations in intermediate agricultural schools in Austria so that they will be
not merely memory tests but rather opportunities for candidates to demonstrate
their ability to think and calculate practically and independently. Present
regulations require students to be examined orally and in writing in plant
and animal production, agricultural machinery and implements, and farm

492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

management. For many years the agricultural intermediate schools of Bohemia
have required students of the third year to prepare a plan of organization of
a farm with which they are familial'. The author thinks it preferable to
include this, in less detail, in the actual examination, and to make it form the
basis of the oral examination in the other branches. He also recommends that
prospective students acquire a practical experience of at least one year before
entering these schools.

The equipment and work of the Lower Austrian Agricultural Education
Institute at Obersiebenbrunn, V. Gohlert (Land «. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg.,
29 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 9-18, fig. 1). — This is a description of the buildings,
equipment, and instruction in agriculture and home economics of this school
which was opened November 16, 1914. The school offers (1) 2 consecutive 5
months' winter courses for farmers' sons who have completed the elementary
school, 15 hours a week being devoted to practical work out of a total of 33
hours in the first semester and 31 hours in the second semester, (2) 3 months'
courses in the spring and fall in cookery, housekeeping, and agriculture for farm
girls who have completed the elementary school, and (3) special courses of one
or more days for adults. Similar schools have been established at Pyhra and
Bruck, the latter to take the place of the school at Trautmannsdorf.

Report of the department of agriculture of Sweden, 1912 (A'. Lantbr. Styr.
[Sweden] TJnderddniga Ber. 1912, pp. [S]+606). — This report contains the
usual accounts of the various agencies for the promotion of Swedish agriculture,
including reports of the work of agricultural, horticultural, dairy, and house-
keeping schools, and dairy, chemical, and seed control stations.

Agricultural and technical education (Netherlands East India-San Fran-
cisco Com., Dcpt. Agr., Indus, and Com., Essay No. 7 {191^), pp. 47, pis. 10). —
This essay includes a review of the development and present status of agri-
cultural instruction in the Dutch East Indies, comprising the work of agricul-
tural officials and instructors, demonstration fields, government and private ele-
mentary agricultural schools, agricultural instruction in the training schools for
native teachers, lecture courses for employed teachers, the Higher Agricultural
School at Buitenzorg, the native Veterinary School at Buitenzorg. a course of
instruction for cattle and meat inspectors, the secondary agricultural school
known as the School of Cultivation, at Soekaboemi, Java, and the information
service for native agi-iculture.

The work of educated women in horticulture and agriculture, Mrs. R.
WiLKiNS {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 {1915), Nos. 6, pp. 55^-569; 7. pp. 616-
g^2). — This report is the outcome of an inquiry made by the Women's Farm and
Garden Union for the purpose of ascertaining what openings exist for educated
women to take up some form of agricultural or horticultural worlc as a profes-
sion. It discusses the training available to women in the various branches of
horticulture and agriculture, prospects for subsequent employment, and data
on the training, experience, and success or failure of women actually engaged in
agi-icultural and horticultural work.

It is found that in horticulture, until the outbreak of the war, salaricfl posi-
tions were limited in number and salaries were low relatively to the expense of
training and did not admit of saving for illness or old age. Putting aside those
who have set up on their own account, a few of whom have struck out along
new lines and done well, practically none was making an entire living without
the aid of pupils, but those who started under proper conditions were supple-
menting small incomes and leading the outdoor life which they prefer. The
same conclusions were also drawn as to farming on a small scale, in normal
times there being practically no salaried positions at a living wage for educated
women in farming.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION". 493

In dairy and poultry work the training can be obtained at the least expense
and for the lov/er positions in less time, but the better paid positions are fewer
in proportion and require long experience. Poultry farming is carried on suc-
cessfully by many women, but is deemed a very risky occupation for anyone
without proper experience. Quite a number of women with certain qualifica-
tions and sufficient training are supplementing a small income or making a living
after having invested their small capital. Others who have not invested all
their capital in the business but retain a small private income are not involved
in a struggle for bare existence, having their own homes, living an independent
life, and enjoying many advantages such as healthful surroundings, fresh garden
and dairy produce, etc.

Experiments in elementary agriculture, W. H. Davis {Cedar Falls, Iowa:
S. E. Green & Co., 1915, pp. 16). — This is a compilation of 113 exercises in plant
propagation, growth, and diseases, soils, dairying, and poultry raising. The
pupil is required to state the object of each experiment, follow the operations
indicated, and give his conclusions. References to pertinent literature are
included.

Preparation of agricultural exhibits, J. D. Makshall, J. A. Helmeeich,
E. P. Sandsten, and Inga M. K. Allison {Colo. Agr. Col., Ext. Ser. No. 103,
pp. 16, figs. 9). — The authors offer suggestions on the selection and preparation
of material for agricultural, live stock, fruit and vegetable, and household
exhibits.

School exhibits and contests, D. H. Doane {Mo. Col. Agr., Agr. Ext. Ser v.
Proj. Announcement 4 {1915), pp. 26). — This circular outlines and classifies
home economics, school, agricultural, and athletic exhibits and contests for
country and small town school children between the ages of 10 and 18 years at
district, township, and county meetings. General explanations and rules gov-
erning these exhibits and contests, a list of references to literature, and sample
forms are also given.

Boys' and g-irls' field-crop competitions in connection with farmers' insti-
tutes, J. C. Readey {Brit. Columbia Dept. Agr. Bui. 62 {1915), pp. 19, figs. 3). —
This bulletin contains instructions on potato growing and rules and regula-
tions, score cards, and prize lists for the boys' and girls' potato competitions in
British Columbia.

MISCELLANEOUS.

A report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment
stations during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Rpt.
Work and Expenditures Agr. Expt. Stas., 191Jf, pp. 289, pis. 8). — This includes
the usual report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment
stations in the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam,
together with detailed statistics compiled from official sources as to the organi-
zation, lines of work, revenues, additions to equipment, and expenditures of
the stations.

The total income of the stations during 1914 was $5,164,687.96. Of this
amount $712,649.08 was derived under the Hatch Act, $713,517.91 under the
Adams Act, $2,574,605.27 from State appropriations, $19,784.87 from individuals
and communities, .$234,794.67 from fees, $307,615.40 from farm products, and
$491,756.76 from miscellaneous sources. In addition, the Office of Experiment
Stations liad an appropriation of $461,260, including $35,000 for the Alaska
Stations, $30,000 each for the stations in Hawaii and Porto Rico, and $15,000
for the Guam Station. The value of additions to the equipment of the sta-
tions was estimated at $1,012,370.71, of which $609,199.92 was for buildings.

494 EXPEBIMEXT STATION RECORD.

The stations employed 1,852 persons in the work of administration and
inquiry. Of tliis number 905 were also members of the teaching staff of the
colleges and 590 assisted in farmers' institutes. Dui-ing the year the stations
published 1,330 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars, aggregating 25,265 pages,
and these were distributed to 1,049,339 addresses on the regular mailing list.

An index has been added to the report.

Thirty-fo\irth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1915 {Ohio Sta. Bnl. 288
(1915), pp. XXXIV, pi. 1). — This contains the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, and a report of the director
summarizing the work and publications of the station during the year. The
text of recent state legislation affecting the station is included.

Twenty- seventh Annual Report of Texas Station, 1914 {Texas Sta. Rpt.
191-i, pp. 3.'t). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the
federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and for various state
funds for the fiscal year ended August 31, 1914, and a report of the director
on the work of the station and the various substations.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washing'ton Substation ( Washington Sta.,
M'est. M'ash. Sta., Mo. Bnl., 3 {1015), Nos. S, pp. 16, figs. 4; 9, pp. 16, fig. 1).—
These numbers contain brief articles on the following subjects:

No. 8. — Experimental Spraying for Blackberry Anthracnose, by H. L. Rees
(see p. 445) ; Soils of Western Washington, by E. B. Stookey (see p. 418) ;
Selected Potato Seed, by J. L. Stahl; and AVinter School for Farmers, by
W. A, Linklater.

No. 9. — The Winter School, by W. A. Linklater ; Developing the Small Dairy
Farm, by H. L. Blanchard ; W^ater Holding Capacity of Soils, by E. B. Stookey ;
Hotbeds and Cold Frames, by J. L. Stahl; and Loafing [by Poultry], by Mrs.
George R. Shoup.

Press Bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 228 (1915), pp. 375-^77).— Reprints of press
bulletins on feeding cheap wheat, the army worm, preparing for white grubs,
the potash supply, and ashes and lien manure.

Relation of the agricultural college and experiment station libraries to
the Library of the Federal Department of Agriculture, Claribel R. Baknett
{Bui. Amer. Libr. Assoc, 9 {1915), No. Jf, pp. 156-159). — ^This address explains
the general policy of the Library of the U. S. Department of Agi'iculture with
reference to interlibrary loans, exchange of duplicates, preparation of biblio-
gi'aphical information relating to the literature of agriculture, and assistance
in the organization of agricultural libraries.

The relation between the agricultural college libraries and the extension
work of the counti-y as developing' under the Smith-Lever Act, D. W. Woitiv-
ING {Bui. A7ner. Libr. Assoc, 9 {1915), No. -J, pp. 153-156). — Tliis address briefly
discusses some advantages of cooperation between agi-icultural college libraries
and extension workers.

Yearbook of natural science, 1913-14, edited by J. Platzmann {Jahrb.
Naturw., 29 {1913-U), pp. XriII+U5, pis. 19, figs. 45).— This summary of
the year's progress includes sections on chemistry (pp. 29-68), by K. Dammann ;
meteorology (pp. 89-107), by E. Kleinschmidt ; zoology (pp. 141-166), by 11.
Reeker; botany (pp. 167-202), by J. E. Weiss; and forestry and agriculture
(pp. 203-238), by F. Schuster.

A theory of gravitation and related phenomena, W. J. Spillman {Lancas-
ter, Pa.: The New Era Printing Co., 1915, pp. 26, figs. 12). — A theory is sug-
gested and discussed.

NOTES

Alabama College and Station. — William J. Robbing (Ph. D., Cornell Uni-
versity) has recently been appointed professor of botany in the college and
plant physiologist in the station, succeeding Dr. J. S. Caldwell, whose resigna-
tion has been previously noted.

Arizona University and Station. — A cooperative agreement has been arranged
with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, whereby E. W. Hudson
of that Bureau has been appointed Egyptian cotton specialist in the extension
division with headquarters at Tempe. He will spend part of his time in
demonstration and advisory work in Maricopa County in connection with the
growing of Egyptian cotton, the remainder being still devoted to the breeding
and cultural work for this Department.

Leonhardt Swingle, assistant in plant breeding, resigned February 1 to
engage in commercial work on a large citrus farm in southern California. H. C
Heard, who has been engaged in agricultural work for an Oregon corporation,
has been appointed assistant in agouomy beginning March 1.

Hawaii Federal Station. — Miss Alice R. Thompson was transferred March 1
to the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department for one year.

Idaho University. — Attendance at the farmers' and homemakers' week in
January reached a high- water mark of over 400. Special interest was evidenced
in dairying and live stock questions.

Purdue University. — A stock show was recently held in the judging pavilion,
primarily for the purpose of exhibiting the stock prepared for the International
Live Stock Exposition. The various groups were judged by the students and
their ratings subsequentlj^ connected and explained. Much interest was aroused
and it is deemed possible that the show may be held annually.

J. H. Lloyd, instructor in agronomy, has been appointed agricultural advisor
for Hancock County, Illinois.

Iowa College. — ^A collegiate course in farm management is being offered for
the first time. This coui'se adds a year of practical work to the i*egular college
course. The practical work is under the supervision of the college and no
degrees are given until the requirements are fully met. The object of the
course is to provide special training for prospective farm managers, farm
demonstrators, and county agents.

Despite inclement weather the farmers' short course and convention week,
January 31 to February 5, attracted an attendance of about 3,000. This was
the largest number yet recorded and taxed accommodations at several points. A
new feature was the farmers' annual banquet, which proved very popular.
Especial attention was given to the boys and girls, of whom about 300 were in
attendance.

Kansas Station. — George K. Helder, superintendent of the Fort Hays sub.sta-
tion, has resigned to engage in private business, and was succeeded March 15
by Charles R. Weeks, professor of agi'iculture and extension and college farm
inspector at the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College.

495

496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

Kentucky University and Station. — Walter Scheppelman, inspector of bakery
sanitation, resigned January 1, and J. H. Carmody, assistant professor of horti-
culture in the extension department, March 1. C. E. Rogers succeeded Robert
Pfanstiel as assistant in the department of chemistry in February, and Angus
Gordon succeeded D. S. Myer as instructor in the department of agronomy
February 1.

Louisiana Stations. — E. J. Watson, horticulturist at the North Louisiana
Station for about 20 years, has resigned to become agricultural commissioner for
the Prescott and Northwestern Railroad Company.

Maine Station. — Michael Shapovalov, assistant in plant pathology, has been
appointed collaborator with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department
beginning February 1.5.

Massachusetts College. — The new microbiology building is expected to be
ready for occupancy April 1. The portion of this building now completed will
cost about $67,000, and is expected to be enlarged by a 100-foot extension to be
used as a physics building.

A prize of $50 was recently awarded to a member of the senior class for the
best rural drama by an undergraduate student. The title of the winning play
was The Craftsman of the Soil, and the purpose in view was the correct
presentation of various phases of the rural problem.

Minnesota University. — The short courses, Januarj' 3 to 8, were attended by
about 1,2.50 farmers and homemakers. A state federation of farmers' clubs to
act as a service bureau and to promote but not transact cooperative business was
organized, with provision for an annual convention during the short courses.

Nevada Station. — A number of poultry houses and yards have been completed
for further studies of contagious epithelioma and other chicl^en disorders.

New Jersey College and Stations. — The American Berkshire Congre.ss met on
the station grounds February 22-24. Allen G. Waller, assistant in farm crops,
has been appointed extension specialist in agronomy.

North Carolina College and Station. — It is announced that President D. H.
Hill has resigne<l, after 26 years' service, to devote himself to historical work.

The formation of credit unions in the State under the supervision of the
chief of the division of marl^ets of the station is being carried on with much
success. Seven unions have now been established and are beginning work.
E. E. Culbreth, a graduate of the college and with six years' local banking
experience, has been appointe<l examiner of credit unions in connection with
their subsequent operations.

Thomas C. Reed, instructor in dairy liusbandry at the University of Missouri
and assistant in that .station, has been appointe<l associate profewor of dairy
husbandry, beginning June 1 and relieving Prof. D. T. Gray of all teaching work
in dairying.

North Dakota College. — Dr. J. H. Worst has retired from the office of presi-
dent to become president emeritus. Prof. E. F. Ladd has been appointed
president.

Ohio State University. — The attendance at the annual farmers' week aggre-
gated 2,802 men and women, an increase of 98 per cent over the previous year.
Every county in the State was represented, as well as 22 other States and 2
foreign countries. The average age was 39 years, and 80 per cent of the men
were directly from farms. The large attendance and success of the meetings
is attributed in part to the active cooperation of several state agricultural asso-
ciations, including the dairymen, fruit growers, stock breeders, and grain farm-
ers, as well as commercial interests, the agricultural press, grange, and others.

Arthur G. McCall, head of the department of agronomy, has accepted a posi-
tion at the Maryland Station in charge of .soil investigations, beginning in June.

NOTES. 497

F. L. Allen, county agent for Geauga Countj', has been appointed state super-
visor of institutes and schools, a new position in the extension service, begin-
ning March 1.

Oregon College and Station. — The construction of the new forestry building
has been authorized and advertisements for bids have been issued. The struc-
ture will be 80 by 140 feet and three stories high, and will cost about $40,000.
In type it will resemble the agricultural and home economics buildings. A large
laboratory for logging engineering and several smaller laboratories for studies
of manufactures of wood products will be located on the first floor, with offices,
classrooms, and other laboratories on the second and third floor. The building
is expected to be completed for use by next September.

A 2-year course in news writing has been authorized to train students in
writing news technical to agi-iculture, home economics, and home engineering.
This is designed mainly to help qualify students for extension work.

Four additional counties, viz, Multnomah, Wasco, Yamhill, and Josephine,
have made provision for maintaining the work of county agi'iculturists. Multno-
mah County contains the city of Portland and its population comprises more
than one-third of that of the entire State. Almost one-half of the counties of
Oregon now maintain county advisors.

M. S. Shrock, until recently deputy state dairy and food commissioner, has
accepted an appointment as county agriculturist of Yamhill County. George F.
Moznette has been appointed assistant entomologist, Paul S. Lucas, dairy in-
spector, Marion B. McKay, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department,
research assistant in botany, and Charlotte Hurd, instructor in home economics.
Two-year leaves of absence have been granted to E. J. Kraus, research spe-
cialist in horticulture, and H. V. Taylor, associate professor of agricultural
chemistry and station chemist.

Pennsylvania College and Station. — J. F. Adams, assistant professor of botany,
has been granted leave of absence until September 1 to pursue graduate work at
Columbia University. E. A. Siegler, assistant in botany, resigned January 1 to
accept a position with this Department. RusseJl W. Duck, assistant in animal
husbandry, resigned February 9 to accept a position with the animal husbandry
department at Syracuse University, and has been succeeded by G. H. Grabe.

South Carolina Station. — C. A. McLendon has resigned as field pathologist to
accept a position as expert in cotton breeding with the Georgia State Board of
Entomologj% beginning February 1.

Texas College. — The contract has been let for a new dairy barn to cost
$10,000. Plans are being drawn for a new animal husbandry building to cost
$40,000, a new hog cholera serum plant to cost $15,000, a veterinary building
to cost $100,000, and an auditorium to cost $100,000.

Tltah College. — President John A. Widtsoe has been appointed president of
the State University, vice J. T. Kingsbury resigned, to take effect next Septem-
ber. Dr. E. G. Peterson, director of agricultural extension, has been appointed
to succeed Dr. Widtsoe as president of the college.

Virginia College and Station. — Robert J. Davidson, professor of agricultural
chemistry since 1891, chemist from 1891 to 1907, and dean of the scientific
department since 1903, died December 19, 1915, at the age of 53 years. He
had long been a prominent figure in the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, serving as president in 1903 and as a member of various important
committees. He was also a fellow of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science.

Wyoming University and Station. — The wool exhibit car, equipped with sam-
ples of wool and woolen fabrics, different types of wool-producing sheep, etc.,
visited advantageous wool-producing points in the State during February and

498 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

March. The car is proving the most efficient and popular method of instruction
and demonstration yet undertaken. During the past month the number of
inquiries for information received from farmers, ranchmen, and stockmen lias
been noticeably greater than heretofore.

Experimental Work in Dairying in Pennsylvania. — The Dairy Division of
this Department is carrying on experimental work in creamery problems at a
plant at Grove City, Pa., where a two-story building, 36 by 70 feet, has been
erected by a local stock company. The first floor of the building is used for
practical creamery operations and the second for laboratories. In addition
to butter investigations the work will include studies of the utilization of
by-products by the manufacture of casein, cottage cheese, milk sugar, con-
densed skim milk, etc., and the disposal of creamery wastes.

Canadian Experimental Farms. — The new building for the division of cereals
and agrostology at the Central Experimental Farm to replace the structure
burned last July is nearing completion. It is a two-story and basement building
40 by 90 feet. The main floor is used for the handling of seed grain, while the
second floor contains milling and baking rooms, a plant inspection room, and
quarters for the work in agrostologj".

Manitoba Agricultural College. — A. .1. Galbraith and William Southworth, of
the Ontario Agricultural College, have been appointed si)ecialists in soil survey
and plant breeding respectively. F. S. Jacobs, until recently editor of the Farm
Journal, has been appointed professor of animal husbandry, and E. W. Wood,
a county agent of North Dakota, lecturer in animal husbandry.

Closing of Agricultural College at TTckfield, England. — The agricultural col-
lege at Uckfield, England, has been cIosinI by the East Sussex County Council
on the ground of economy. This action is strongly deprecated in a recent issue
of Nature, which calls attention to some of the difliculties which would be con-
fronted in reopening the institution. The point is also made that the college
bad received considerable grants from the Briti.sh Treasury, so that " the very
important question is raised whether an etlucational committee of a county
council ought to have the power to close an institution subsidized by the State
and whether the State ought not to have the power of veto."

Agricultural Instruction for Interned Soldiers. — According to a note in Nature
courses of instruction in agriculture liave Ik-cu begun at Harderwyk, Holland,
among the interned Belgian soldiers, and with Prof. Antoine of Louvain Uni-
versity in charge. Lectures are being given iu elementary botany, chemistry,
surveying, general agriculture, plant diseases, agricultural machinery, and
zootechny, and courses in dairying, horticulture, and forestry are contemplated.

Animal Disease Investigations of the Rockefeller Institute. — A tract of 400
acres of land has been purchased near Princeton, N. J., at a cost of about
$100,000, and a laboratory for the study of animal diseases is under construc-
tion with a view to completion during 1916. It is expected that about
$1,000,000 will ultimately be required for the construction and equipment of
the laboratory. The research work is now being carried on at Princeton
University under the direction of Dr. Theobald Smith, with Dr. Karl Ten
Troeck as associate in the department of animal pathology and Dr. R. Werner
Marchand as assistant.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers. — The ninth annual meeting of
this society was held iu Chicago December 28-30, 1915. The presidential ad-
dress by H. H. Musselman, of the Michigan College and Station, pointed out the
need for an agricultural engineer's handbook to supply data on the ix)wer
requirements of farm machinery, lighting, and heating problems, water supply,
and sewage disposal. A committee was appointed to organize available mate-
rial into such a handbook.

NOTES. 499

One session of the convention was devoted mainly to a discussion of modern
farm conveniences, another to tractor development, and a third considered
fences, problems for agricultural engineering research, and courses in agricul-
tural engineering.

Officers were elected as follows: President, F. M. White of the Wisconsin
University and Station ; vice-presidents, Spencer Otis and M. M. Baker of Illi-
nois ; and secretary-treasurer, C. G. Shedd of the Iowa College.

Necrology. — Henry Wallace, widely known as the founder and editor of
Wallaces' Fanner, died Februray 22 at Des Moines, Iowa, at the age of 80
years. Dr. Wallace was educated for the ministry and served as pastor of sev-
eral Iowa churches, retiring in 1877 on account of impaired health. He then
took up farming and writing for the rural press, and in 1883 became editor of
the loiva Homestead. In 1S95 he founded, with his two sons, Wallaces' Farmer,
and continued as its editor until his death, wielding wide influence in this posi-
tion. He also served as a member of the Commission on Country Life, ap-
pointed by President Roosevelt in 1908, as president of the National Conserva-
tion Commission in 1910, and, togetlier with former Secretary of Agriculture
James Wilson, made a study in 1913, under an appointment from the Governor
of Iowa, of agricultural conditions in Great Britain.

The death is reported of A. D. Darbishire, demonstrator of zoology and
lecturer on genetics in the University of Edinburgh, while serving with the
English Army in France. He will be remembered in this country as a lecturer
at the last Graduate School of Agriculture, at Columbia, Missouri, July, 1914,
his subject being An Attempt to Estimate the Value of the Mendelian Method
as an Instrinnent for the Improvement of the Animals and Plants which are
Serviceable to Mankind.

Dr. Paul Sorauer, of the. University of Berlin, well-known for his work on
plant diseases, his Eandbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, the last edition of
which was issued in 1911, and as editor of Zeitschrift filr Pflanzenkrankheiten
since its establishment in 1891, died recently, aged 77 years.

New Journals. — Soil Science, a monthly journal devoted to problems in soil
physics, soil chemistry, and soil biology, is being published at Rutgers College
with Director J. G. Lipman as editor-in-chief, N. Kopeloff and C. R. Woodward
as assistant editors, and the following board of consulting editors : F. J. Alway,
C. Barthel, M. W. Beijerinck, A. W. Blair, P. E. Brown, H. R. Christensen,
H. J. Conn, H. von Feilitzen, E. B. Fred, R. Greig-Smith, B. L. Hartwell, C. B.
Lipman, F. Lohnis, T. L. Lyon, E. A. Mitscherlich, C. A. Mooers, T. Remy, G.
Rossi, E. J. Russell, O. Schreiner, A. A. F. de Sigmond, C. E. Thorne, and N.
Tulaikoff. The initial number is dedicated to Dr. E. W. Hilgard, and contains
a tribute to liis memory, an introductory statement by Director Lipman, and
the following original articles: A Detailed Study of Effects of Climate on Im-
portant Properties of Soil, by C. B. Lipman and D. D. Waynick ; The Influence
of Some Common Humus-forming Materials of Narrow and Wide Nitrogen-
carbon Ratio on Bacterial Activities, by P. E. Brown and F. E. Allison ; Carbon
and Nitrogen Changes in the Soil Variously Treated — Soil Treated with Lime,
Ammonium Sulphate, and Sodium Nitrate, by R. S. Potter and R. S. Snyder;
and Effect of Grinding on the Lime Requirement of Soils, by R. C. Cook. It is
announced that papers dealing with problems in plant physiology, agronomy,
bacteriology, and geologj' are to be accepted only when they contribute directly
to a knowledge of soil fertility.

Genetics, a periodical record of investigations bearing on heredity and vari-
ation, is being published bimonthly by an editorial board consisting of Drs.
W. E. Castle, E. G. Conklin, C. B. Davenport, B. M. Davis, E. M. East, R. A.

500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Emerson, H. S. Jennings, T. H. Morgan, and Raymond Pearl, and with Dr.
Geo. H. Shull as managing editor. The initial number contains a reproduction
of a hitherto unpublished portrait of Gregor Mendel, and original articles on
Nondisjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity, by C. B.
Bridges ; The Numerical Results of Diverse Systems of Breeding, by H. S.
Jennings; and Hereditary Anchylosis of the Proximal Phalangeal Joints (Sym-
phalangism), by H. Gushing.

Bollettino di Studi ed Informazioni del R. Giardino Colcmiale di Palermo is
being issued by the Royal Colonial Garden at Palermo, Italy, primarily for
the presentation of the results of its scientific work. This deals with prob-
lems in colonial agriculture, especially the introduction and improvement of
useful plants. The institution was formerly a section of the Royal Botanical
Garden but was given its present status under a decree of August 21, 1913, at
which time about $3,500 per annum was made available for its work. An
article by Dr. Guiseppe Catalano describes the activities of the institution in
detail.

The Jouivml of Immunology has been established as the official organ of the
Society for Serologj' and Hematology and the American Association of Im-
niunologists, and is being published bimonthly. The initial number contains
several original articles on anaphylaxis, complement fixation, and the fate of
various bodies on the precipitin reaction, and the scientific proceedings of the
Society for Serology' and Hematology at its meeting held December 3, 1915.

Ferment forschung is being published at Leipsic under the direction of Dr.
E. Abderhalden. The initial numbers consist of numerous contributions from
various Gorman laboratories on the synthesis of polypeptids, peptones, and
proteids by means of enzynis, the Van Slyke method for the determination of
amino nitrogen, the chemical nature of catala.'^e, etc.

The Scientific Mmithly has been established by the former publishers and
editorial management of the Popular Science Monthly, and is to be conducted
along the lines followetl by that journal in recent years. The Popular Seienee
Monthly has been acquired by a new management and will be devoted to popu-
larized science for the general public.

The Journnl of Cancer Research is being published quarterly by the Ameri-
can Association for Cancer Research. Tlie initial number contains several
original artich's and the proceetlings of the 1915 meeting of the association.

Miscellaneous. — Science annoimces that a Vienna manufacturer has given
$100,000 to establish an in.stitution for the technical study of nutrition. This
institution is to be called the Institut fiir Volkserniihrung, and is to correlate
the findings of organic chemistry, biologj', physiology, etc.

Director T. E. Quisenberry, of the Missouri Poultry Station at Mountain
Grove, has resigned to enage in commercial work.

o

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

SUBSCRIPTION Price, per Volume

OF Nine Numbers

AND Index, SI

A

Issued April 22, 1918.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATES -RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

ABSTRACT NUMBER

No. 6

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORI)

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bukeau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau op Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Eetabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C, J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

»>..

r. letiklns.a

Alabama—

College Station: Auhum; J. V. Duggar.a ;

Canebrake Station: Unionioton; L. II. Moore.o i

Tuskegee Station: Txulugcc InstituK: O. W. }
Carvor.o
Alaska — Sitka: C. C. Oeorgcson.f' j

Arizona— rutwr;.- G. F. l-^eeman.c I

ARKANSA8 — Fayettevillt: M. Nelson. o
California— Bfrk£??y.- T. F. Uunt.a
Colorado— Fort Ctoff<iu.-C P. Gillette."
Connecticut—

State Station: Ke'w Uaven:

Storrs Station; Storrs:
Delaware— A'ftrarfc; H. Hajrward.o
Florida— f?oinf»ri««.- P. H. Rolf."!.''
OzonGix^ Experiment: R. J. H. De Loach.o
QVAU— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.*
HAWAn—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Weat^Qte.*

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu;!!. P. .Kgoe.a
iDAno— J/osrow.' J. S. Jones."
Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport."
Indiana— Za Toyt/fe.- A. Ooss.o
Iowa— /I itus: C. F. Curtiss.a
KAHSXS—Manhaiian: W. M. Jardlnc.a
KttnucKY— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Kougc;

Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleam;

North La. Station: Calhoun;
Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods."
Maryland— CoUf^c Park: H. J. Patterson. o
MASSAcnusETTS— .4 mftfrs/.- W. P. Drocks.a
MicniQAN- Bast Lansing: U. S. Shaw.o
Minnesota— l/hii'frfi/y Farm, St. Paul: A. F,

Woods."
Mississippi- il^tcutturoJ College: E. R. Lloyd. «

MiSSOtlRI—

College Station: Coluvibia; F. B. Mumford.o
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans."
o Diroctor " Agronomist in

VV.R.Dodson,"

Montana— BojumflTi.' F. B. Llnfleld."

Nebraska- Lincoln.- E. A. Burnett."

Nevada— £«jo.- S. B. Dotcn."

New Hampshire— I>wft07n; J. C. KendalLa

New Jkbset— .^«o Brunswick: J. Q. Lipman."

New Mexico— S<a/« ColUge: Fabian Garcia."

New York—

State Station: Oeneva; W. fl. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ilfiaca; B. T. Galloway."

NoRTO Cabolina—

College Station: WeH Raleieh;\- „. _,,
State StaUon: Raw,*; }»• ^^ • Kilgore."

North D/lKotk — AgricHltwal CoOtgt: T. P.
Cooper."

Ohio- Woostet: C. E. Ttiome."

Oklahoma— 5{i22trar«r.' W. L. Carlylo."

Oregon- OorooIM*.- A. B. Cordtey."

Pennsylvania—

suite College: R. L. Watts."
Slate OolUge: Institute of Animal Nutrition:
H. P. Armsby."

Porto Rico—

Federal Station: Mayaguez; L). W. May. 6
Insular Station: Bio Pitdras; W. V. Tower.-J

RnoDK Island — Kingsioiv D. L. Hartwell."

Sotraa Carolina— CifTTMon College: 3. N. Bar-

JKT."

Sooth Dakota— Broofctn^*.- J. W. Wilson."
Tennessee — KnozviUe: 11. A. Morgan."
Tt\A3— College Station: R. Yeungblood."
XJT\a— Logan: E. I>. Hall."
Vermont— Bur/ifvftMi.- J. L. Hiii.s.o
ViRoaoA-

Blacksburg: W.J. Sehoene.f
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washinoton- Ptti/TTwn,* I. D. Cardiil."
West VmOltn.'i— Morganlown: J.-L. C/OUlter.a
Wisconsin— J/(wii*on.- II. L. Rusjcil.a
WyoMiNQ — Laramie: C. A. Duniway.e

cbargo.

c Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Cliemistry and Agroteehny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {J^' ^^; ^J^llinger.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology 0^ ^- ^l^^^' ^^^' ^'

Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

[C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.,. D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition <H. L. Lang.

[O. F. Walton, Jr.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webstee.

^T i. ■ -MT T • /W. A. Hooker.

Veterinary Medicmejj^ ^ ^^.^^.^^^^^

Rural Engineering — R, W. Trullingeb.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Mooee.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 6.

Pago.

Recent work in agricultural science 501

Notes 600

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Tliirtieth convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1913 501

The water-soluble nitrogen of some common feeding stuffs, Hart and Bentley.. 501

The free amino nitrogen of the proteins of ox and horse serum, Hartley 501

On constitutents of oil of cassia, Dodge and Sherndal 501

The oil of the wild grape seed, Vitis riparia, Beal and Beebe 501

The resins in bops from various geogi-aphic localities, Russell 502

Isoprene from /3-pinene, Schorger and Sayre 502

Researches on, organic periodids, I, Emery 502

Chemical nature of enzyms, Bokorny 502

Phosphatases in malt, Adler 502

The composition of frozen oranges and lemons, Young 502

The exaixdnation of a sediment found in "Alpine milk," Sato 503

A method of converting the Duboscq colorimeter into a nephelometer, Bloor . . . 503

Titrimetric determination of ammonia according to Winkler's method , Bernard . 503

Simple method for determination of small amounts of potassium, Hamburger. . . 503

County agents' calcimeter, McHargue 503

Methods for determination of carbon dioxid and a new absorption tower, Truog. . 504

The determination of iodin in the presence of organic matter, Krauss 504

I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

Reaction of soil and measurements of hydrogen-ion concentration, Gillespie. . . 504

Calculation of total salt content and specific gTa\ity in marine waters, True 504

The Kjeldahl-Gunning- Arnold method for nitrogen, Pickel 504

Note on Kjeldalil method for nitrogen determination, Blumenthal and Plaisance 504

A colorimetric method for amino-acid a-nitrogen, Harding and MacLean 505

Improvements in the method for analysis of proteins, Van Slyke 505

A method for the estimation of the tryptophan content of proteins, Homer 505

The estimation of fat, Rosenthal and Trowbridge 505

Experimental and critical contributions to the examination of foods 506

The determination of starch in raw potatoes. Ewers 506

The determination of glycerin in wine, Wohack 506

Note on the determination of milk fat, Wright 506

Note on use of colloidal iron in the determination of lactose in milk. Hill 506

Experimental data comparing tests for hydrogen peroxid in milk, Darlington. . 507

The apparent effect of acetic acid upon the constants of butter fat, Bahlman. . 507

Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes, Lewkowitsch 507

Determination of creatin in muscle and other organs, Janney and Blatherwick. . 507

Determination of chlorids in body fluids, McLean and Van Slyke 507

A rapid method for determining calcium in urine and feces, Lyman 508

A simple method for the determination of ammonia in urine, Bonuema 508

The gravimetric determination of tannic acid in tanning materials, Gawalowski. 508

The tannin content of Pacific coast conifers, Benson and Thompson 508

The Davis spot test in the preliminary examination of creosotes, Cloukey 508

Practical wliite sugar manufacture, Prinsen GeerUgs 508

UtiUzation of American flax straw in paper and fiber-board industry', Merrill. . 509

Yield of by-products from distillation of conifers, Benson and Damn 509

Discoloration of maple in the kiln, Judd 509

METEOROLOGY.

The dollar and cents value of California meteorology, Carpenter 509

The physician and the Weather Bureau, Carpenter 509

Influence of moon on weather changes and atmospheric disturbances, Fischer. . 509

Battles and rainfall, McAdie 509

Instructions to river and rainfall observers, Henry 509

Instructions for class "A" evaporation stations, Kadel 509

On the measurement of dew, Eredia 510

The specific density of snow, Wengler 510

Swedish meteorological observations, 1912 and 1913 510

Rainfall observ^ations, compiled by Diem 510

The relation of rainfall to the water supply, Grohmann 510

Observations on lightning strokes, Joseph 510

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Tattnall County, Greorgia, Taylor et al 510

Soil survey of Clinton County, Indiana, Tharp, J*eacock, and Rose 510

Soil survey of Clarke County, Mississippi, Goodman and Jones 511 '

Soil survey of Grundy County, Missouri, Sweet and WatMns 511

Soil survey of Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, Skinner and Beck 511

Petrography of North Carolina soils and their fertilizer requirements, Plummer. 512

Geology, hydrology, and mineralogy of the Province of San Luis, Gerth 512

Report on soils of Sierra Leone, Scotland 512

Agricultural value of silts transported in Alps and Pyrenees, Miintz and Lain6. 512

Soil productiA-ity and agrogeological surveys, Ferrar 513

The probable error of sampling in soil surv^eys, Robinson and Lloyd 513

A soil sampler for soil bacteriologists, Noyes 513

New methods in soil protozoology, Kopeloff , Lint, and Coleman 513

The distribution of Cyanophyceje on and in different soils, Esmarch 513

The effect of climate on soil formation, Leather 514

Observations on heating of the surface soil in 1914, Munch 514

Soil gases, Leather 514

Soil gases, Applevard and Russell 514

Soil ventilation, lloward 514

Soil colloids, Ehrenberg 515

The adsorptive power of peat moors, Rohland 515

CONTENTS. m

Page.

The formation of humic bodies from organic substances, Bottomley 515

Amino-acid nitrogen of soil and the amino acids, Potter and Snyder 515

Transformation of vegetable compounds into humus, Trusov 516

Effect of remo\-ing the soluble humus from a soil on its productiveness, Weir. . 516

The loss of nitrogen and organic matter in cultivated Kansas soils, Swanson. . . 516

The soil : The principles of maintaining soil fertility, Miller 516

How every plantation manager ought to analyze his soils, Leplae 516

The relation of fertilizers to "soil fertility, Guthrie 617

Influence of different fertilizers on the growth of important crops, JNIausberg. . 517

Tests relative to mixing fertilizers with seed, Bretignifere and Cartier 517

The composition, storage, and application of farmyard manure 517

Experiments with liquid manure, Vogel 517

The action of different air-nitrogen fertilizers, Hiltner and Lang 518

Experiments vnth. different phosphatic fertilizers, Lende-Njaa 518

The influence of phosphatic fertilizers on root development, Watt 518

Experiments with steamed bone meal, Gyarfas 519

Rock phosphate in New Zealand: Its value to the Dominion, Aston 519

Potash, Keitt and King _ 519

Fertilizer experiments with common salt and potash salts, Bolin 519

The maintenance of soil fertility. — Liming the corn crop, Thome 520

The cost of agricultural lime, Montgomery 520

The value of activated sludge as a fertilizer, Bartow and Hatfield 520

Activated sludge experiments at Urbana, Illinois ._ 520

The value of filter press cake as a fertilizer. Cross and Belile 520

Report on commercial fertilizers, 1915, Jenkins and Street 520

Commercial fertilizers, Curtis et al 521

The fertilizer inspection for 1915, Curry and Smith ._ 521

Report on analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers dining 1915 521

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Brackett et al 521

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The water relation between plant and soil, Livingston and Hawkins 521

Hourly transpiration rate on clear days, Briggs and Shantz 522

Notes on plant chemistry, Keegan 522

Carbohydi-ate transformations in sweet potatoes, Hasselbiing and Hawkins. . . . 522

Respiration in higher plants, Neger 523

Relation of catalase and ojddases to respiration in plants, Appleman 523

The role of oxidases in respiration. Reed 524

The distribution of invertase in beets at different stages, Colin 524

Studies on phototropism, Arisz 624

The final hydrogen ion concentrations of cultures of Bacillus colt, Clark 524

Chondriosomes of epidermal cells of flowers of Iris gennanica, Guilliermond . . 524

Electric charge of protoplasm and other substances in living cells, McClendon. 525

The function of chlorophyll, Maze 525

Pollen formation, Guignard 525

A new cyanogeniferous genus of the papilionaceous legumes, Gard 525

The acid secretion of the gram plant, Cicer arietinum, Sahasrabuddhe 525

The physiological action of the salts of aluminum upon plants, Kratzmann 525

The influence of some organic poisons on plant cells, Weevers 526

Smelter fumes injury to vegetation, Weldon 526

Sexual reproduction, its nature, origin, and consequences, Dangeard 526

The phenomena of sexuality in the Uredinese, Moreau 526

The chromosome xie^v of heridity and its meaning to plant breeders, East. . . . 527

Inventory of seeds and plants imported from July 1 to September 30, 1913. . . . 527

FIELD CROPS.

The influence of planting distance on the yield of crops, Chittenden 527

Reclamation of swamp land, Deem 527

Irrigated agriculture in the San Luis Valley, Cone and Kezer 527

Breeding millet and sorgo for drought adaptation, Dillman 528

Grades of hay and straw 528

Farming, with alfalfa bacteria culture, Philo 528

Treatment of bean seeds with a solution of iron sulphate, Vargas 528

Corn, Bowman 529

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Effect of crossing varieties of com on the size of seed produced, Wolfe 529

Farm practice in the cultivation of com, Cates 529

Growing com in Kansas, Cunningham 529

Fertilizer experiments with com, Vargas 529

Community production of Eg\'ptian cotton in the United States, Scofield et al. 529

Kafir com ("dari") from South Africa 530

Sun-sprouted seed potatoes, Green 530

Report of Prickly Pear Experimental Station, Dulacca, 1914-15, White-Haney 530

Production and utilization of rape seed : 531

Inflorescence of rice, Marcarelli 531

Dominant and recessive characters in wheat hybrids, Strauss 531

Segregation of hybrid wheat in the F2 and F.-, generations, Henkemeyer 531

Results of seed tests for 1915, Taylor and Prince 531

The \itality of seeds passed by cattle, Milne 531

Turnip weed {Rapistrum rugosum), Andrew 532

HORTICULTURE.

Tests with nitrate of soda in the production of early vegetables, Lloyd 532

Mushroom growing, Duggar 532

Researches on the cultivated radishes, Trouard Riolle 532

Colonial plants. — Alimentary and medicinal plants, Jumelle 533

Fruit growing. — I, Planting and grafting; II, Pruning, Passy 533

Propagation of fruit trees and shrubs, Salvadores 533

Summer pruning of a young bearing apple orchard, Batchelor and Goodspeed . . 533

Shipping fresh cherries and prunes from the Willamette A'alley, Ramsey 534

Directions for blueberry culture, 1916, Coville 534

SmjTna fig growing in California, Markarian 534

The oUve (Oka cuspidata ) forests of the Punjab, Coventry 535

Renovation of olive trees; hygiene, pathology, and therapeutics, Benaiges 535

Bright V. russet fruit, Yothera 535

Contribution to the study of coffee, JJerteau and Sauvage 535

Lamtoro as shade, Alberts 535

The book of hardv flowers, edited by Thomas 535

The garden blue book, Holland 535

The garden beautiful in California, Braunton 535

Ornamentals for winter, Hubbard 535

Use of native plants for ornamental planting, Jensen 535

The prairie spirit in landscape gardening, >iiller 536

FORESTRY.

Slh-irultural work of steppe experiment forests, 1893 to 1906, Vysotskil 536

The importance of phonological obser\-ations. Lamb 536

New investigations on the causes of diameter growth in trees, Jaccard 536

Problems and scope of forest selection, Reuss 536

Notes on succession from pine to oak, Moore 537

Nitrogen manuring experiments with pines, Siefert and Helbig 537

Correlation between the evaporation of a pine and the evaporimeter, Tolskil . . 537

Recent tapping results with Ilevca hrasiliensis, de Jong 537

Timber, from the forest to its use in commerce, Bullock 537

Notes upon the distribution of forest trees in Indiana, Coulter 537

List of more common trees and shrubs of Konahuanui region, MacCaughey 537

Timber conditions in Smoky River VaUey and Grande- Priarie country, Doucet. 538

A handbook of forest protection 538

A discussion of log rules, their Limitations and correction, McKenzie 538

\Miat chemistrj^ has done to aid the utilization of wood, Acree 538

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Effect of natural low temperature on certain fungi and bacteria, Bartram 538

Technique for isolating single-spore strains of certain fungi, Keitt 538

Need of a pure culture supply lat)oratory for phytopathology in America, Shear . 539

Studies on Rhizopus. — 1 1 , Physiological, Hanzawa 539

Notes on some North American rusts wiih c;¥oma-Like sori, Ludwig 539

Pcridcrmium pyriforme and Cronarlium comaiuJr.r, Kirkwood 539

Ftmgus diseases of Colorado crop plants, Robbins and Reiuking 530

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Work connected with insect and fungiu pests and their control, Shepherd 539

Cryptogamic review for 1913, Briosi 539

Report by the botanist, Small 540

Bordeaux mixture and its soluble copper content, Vermorel and Dan tony 540

The after effect of sulphur treatment on soil, Sherbakoff 540

Faihu-e of wheat seed to germinate normally. Dam ell-Smith 541

Control of cereal and gi-ass smut and the Helminthosporium disease, Appel 541

Stem rot of clovers and alfalfa a cause of "clover sickness," Gilbert and Myer. . 541

Effect of temperature on Glomerella, Edgerton 541

Control of cabl^age yellows through disease resistance, Jones and Oilman 542

Ring spot of cauliflower, Osmim and Anderson 542

[A disease of cotton], Howell 542

Potato diseases and seed potatoes, Babcock 543

[Diseases of prickly pear], Johnston and Tryon 543 -

BUster disease of fruit trees, Massee 543

Outbreaks of gi-ape diseases in 1914, Capus 543

Employment of hot water against grape parasites, Ravaz 543

Notes on black rot and downy mildew, Ravaz 543

Studies on grape mildew, Ravaz and Verge 544

Sprays rich in soluble copper, Rabate 544

Oidium or powdeiy mildew of the vine, Biolettiand Flossfeder 544

Treatment for chlorosis, Larmeillfere 544

[Coffee diseases in Uganda], Maitland 545

Changes in coffee gi-ains due to Aspergillus, Beille 545

Diseases of lime trees in forest districts, Nowell 545

Walnut blight or bacteriosis. Smith 545

Persistence of ^^.able pycnospores of chestnut blight, Studhalter and Ileald . . . 545

The chestnut bark disease on freshly fallen nuts, Collins 546

Methods of injecting trees, Rumbold 546

Root rot of coniferous seedlings. Graves 546

Razoumofshja tsugensis in Alaska, Weir 546

Fomes juniperinus and its occurrence in British East Africa, Wakefield 546

TeUal stage of Gymnosporangium tubulatum on Juniperus scopulorum, Weir. . . 546

Larch mistletoe: Some economic considerations of its injurious effects. Weir. . 547

Trametes pint in India, Hole 547

D^:radation of wood by fungi, Wehmer 547

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

The mammals and birds of the lower Colorado Valley, Grinnell 547

Migratory habits of rats, with special reference to plague. Creel 548

Insects and insecticides, Gillette and List 548

The toxic values of the arsenates of lead, Tartar and Wilson 548

[Insect control], Sherman, jr .' 548

Some results of introduction of beneficial insects in Hawaiian Islands, Swezey . 548

Report by the entomologist [of Uganda], Gowdey 549

[Insect pests of Nyasaland Protectorate], Ballard 549

Some South Indian insects and other animals of importance, Fletcher 549

Some Javanese galls. Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 549

The insects which attack the leaves of fruit trees, Lesne 549

[Insect enemies of prickly pear], Johnston and Tryon 549

Dragonfiies and their food, Warren 549

A study of the food habits of the Hawaiian dragonfiies, Warren 550

Hoplothrips corticis: A problem in nomenclature. Hood 550

Insects of Florida, Barber 550

The pond Uly aphid as a plum pest. Patch 550

Pink and green aphid of potato ( Macrosiphum solanifolii), Patch 550

Noteson a Ume tree aphis, Pachypappa reaumuri, new to Britain, Theobald. . . 551

Contribution to the study of the biology of Chermes, Marchal 551

Recent testa of materials for controlling San Jose scale, Houser 551

Varying susceptibihty of the San Jose scale to sprays, Melander 551

Experiments in control of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnulifera, del Guercio. . 552

Descriptions and records of Coccid^e, Cockerell and Robinson 552

Observations on British Coccidse in 1914, with new species. Green 552

A note in regard to Trichodectes hermsi, Hall. 552

The butterfly guide, Holland 552

Experiments at Pusa to improve the mulberry silk industry, De 552

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

Influence of rainfall and nonbuming of trash on Diatrsea saccharalis, Wolcott . . 552

Control of the fridt-tree leaf-roller in the Hood River Valley, Childs 552

The traubenwicklers and methods of combating them, Schwangart 553

Two new species of Coleophora, Heinrich 553

Leaf miners, particularly those occurring in Finland, Linnaniemi 553

Larch ehoot moths 553

Some modifications of the hj'popharynx in lepidopterous larvae, DeGryse 553

Anopheline surveys. — ^Methods and relation to antimalarial work, von Ezdorf . . 553

Notes on the species of Culex of the Bahamas, Dyar and Knab 553

New Ceratopogoninse from Peru, Knab '. 553

On a dipterous parasite of a mycetophihd larva, Thompson 553

A note on the oviposition of Simulium maculatum, Britten 554

Two new species of Simulium from tropical America, Jennings 554

A leaf-mining crane-fly in Hawaii, Swezey 554

Eastern Symphoromjia attacking man. Shannon 554

A new eastern Brachyopa, Shannon 554

A new species of Cephenomj-ia from the United States, Hunter 554

The tachinid fly Mauromyia pulla and its sexual dimorphism, Walton 554

Effect of cold-storage on Mediterranean fruit fly, Back and Pemberton 554

Wool maggots of sheep in the United States, Bishopp and Laake 554

A new American fruit fly, Knab 554

Synonymical notes on Muscoidea, Townsend 554

New genera of muscoid flies from the Middle Atlantic States, Townsend 554

Nine new tropical American genera of Muscoidea, Townsend 555

The Muscidse with bloodsucking larvae, Roubaud 555

Control of injurious aphids by ladybirds in Tidewater, Virginia, Fink 555

Comparative study of a series of aphid-feeding Coccinellida?, Clausen 555

The corn silk beetle, Luperodes rarkomis, and its control, Uarned 555

Beetle borers of sugar cane, Jarvis 556

Notes on the habits and anatomy of Horistonotus vhlcrii, Hyslop 556

Dung-bearing weevil larvie, Knab 556

Preliminary list of Coleoptera of West Indies, Leng and Mutchler 556

Queen rearing in England with notes on the honeybee and bumblebee, Sladen 556

The ants of Haiti, Wheeler and Mann 556

Investigation of spread of fruit fly parasites in Kona, Hawaii, Giffard 556

Some hyperparasites of white gnibs, Swezey 556

Hymenopterous parasites of Lejndontera in Hawaii, Swezey 556

Notes on North American M}.Tmariaa3 and Trichogrammatidse, Girault 556

Parasite of Bcllura obliqua, Brehme 556

Three new species of Coccophagxis, family Enc>Ttida?, Girault 557

Macrosiagon Jlavipennis in cocoon of Bctn'bcx spinohr, Barber 557

The life cycle of the Drjinidse, KoiUn and Thompson 557

The formation of hymenopterous plaint galls, Magnus 557

Ametastegm qiabrata, a holarctic sawfly, Rohwer 557

The mating habits of some sawflies, Rohwer 557

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Biochemical comparisons between mature beef and immature veal, Berg 557

The tilefish : A new deep-sea food fish 557

The preparation of jn-otein-free milk, Mitchell and Nelson 557

The adaptation of an artificial food to human milk, Gerstenbcrger ct al 558

Milling and baking tests of wheat containing admixtures of rye, etc., Miller. . . 558

The milUng of rice and its effect on the grain. Wise and Broomell 559

A bread leavening agent, Kiiliimoff 560

The nutritive value of wood, Habcrlandt 561

The use of food materials during the war, Bokorny 561

The nutrition of the school child, Brown 561

Studies on growth, II, Funk and Macallum 561

The resumption of growth after long -continued failure to grow, Osborne et al. . 562

Diet and its effect upon blood sugar, von Moraczewsld 562

Studies on blood fat. — I, Variations in the fat content of thoblood, Bloor 562

Studies on blood fat. — II, Fat absorption and the blood lipoids, Bloor 563

Text-book of physiological chemistry. — II, Abderhalden 563

Carbohydrate indigestion, Tileston 563

Food poisoning by Bacillus paratyphosus B, Bernstein and Fish 563

CONTENTS. VII

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Page.

Modes of research in genetics, Pearl 563

Mendelism up to date 564

Some experiments in mass selection, Castle 564

Fecundity in the domestic fowl and the selection problem. Pearl 564

Further data on the measurement of inbreeding. Pearl 564

Heredity and sex 564

Sex in hve stock breeding, Wentworth 564

Two pheasant crosses, Phillips 564

The gain, maintenance, and condition of germ-free animals, Kiister 564

The reliability of weight averages for live animals, Tacke 564

Development of limbs in ox and pig, Suschkina-Popowa 564

Practical value of the Aberhalden dialysis method, Rautmann 565

Production and improvement of animals, Diffloth 565

Animal production in Argentina, Richelet 565

Feeds and feeding manual, Savage 565

Grain millet as a feedstuff, Hansen et al 565

Feeding potato foliage as hay and as silage, Voltz 565

Silos and silage, Stutzer 565

Stack ensilage 565

The use of straw for fodder 565

Oil seeds and feeding cakes 565

The feeding of sugar-containing feedstuffs, Morgen 565

Sugar and molasses feeds, Gerlach 566

Commercial feeding stuffs, edited and compiled by Stallings 566

Feedstuffs analyses, McDonnell et al 566

Result of official chemists' analyses of feedstuffs 566

Feeding experiment with palm-kernel cake, 1915, Hendrick and Profeit 566

Study of PliiUppine carabao, E varisto 566

New Zealand sheep farming. — Wool, mutton, pastures, Macdonald 566

Pure-bred sheep in New Zealand, Linton 566

Corriedale sheep, Marshall 566

Systematic crossbreeding of dual-purpose range sheep, Ritch 566

Pastm'es and sheds in connection with range lambing ground, Jardine 566

Lamb feeding experiments, Gramlich 567

Substitutes for corn in winter rations for fattening swine, Carmichael 567

Malnutrition in hogs, Healy and Gott 567

On the ergot of Equidae, Yoschida 568

The cost of horse labor, Taylor 568

Causes of sterility in the mule, Wodsedalek 568

The coloring of hens' eggs by crossbreeding, von Tschermak 569

The eggs of different breeds of poultry, Leveque and Ponscarme 569

Cost of raising Leghorn pullets. Philips 569

Poultiy raising in Colorado, Vaplon 569

Methods of poultry management at the Maine Station, Pearl 569

Duck raising, Lee 569

Ancestry of the goose 569

Pheasant farming, Simpson 569

Fish ponds on farms, Johnson and Stapleton 569

Fur buyers' guide, Harding 570

Proceedings of American Society of Animal Production, November, 1914 570

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

Influence of feeding stuffs on the quality of milk and butter 570

Diuresis and milk flow, Steenbock 570

Influence of temperature and food on the fat globules of milk. Van Dam 570

Inexpensive appliances and utensils for the dairy, Nicholls 571

Laboratory guide in market milk, Ross 571

The present status of the pasteurization of milk, Ayers 571

Disinfection of milk by boiling and pasteurization at low pressure, Mordberg. . 572

Comparison of pasteurizing and biorizing milk, Burri and Thaysen 572

Pastemization as a protection against typhoid fever, Geiger and Kelly 572

Cooling of cream to improve its quality. Erf 572

The Swedish "Rune "butter brand 572

Manufacture of cheese, Silva Barrios 572

Nutritive value of cheap Konigsberg cheeses, Friedmann and Magarschak.. 572

VIII CONTENTS.

Page.

Technological chemistry of the maniifacture of " Grana " cheese, Fascetti 572

Mongolian cheese called Naitofu, Sato 574

The rennet supply for cheese making, Cuddie 574

Rennet economy and substitutes. Van Dam 574

Saltpeter in making Swiss cheese, Haglund 574

The advantage of paraffining cheese, TroUe 574

The yoghourt bacillus, Duchacek 574

VETERIXARY MEDICINE.

Tenth International Veterinary Congress. — Reports for the general meetings 575

Tenth International Veterinary Congress. — Reports for the sectional meetings.. 575

[Veterinary work in foreign countries] 576

The diseases of wild animals and their treatment, Olt and Strose 576

On the worm parasites of tropjical Queensland, Nicoll 576

Colorado plants injurious to live stock, Glover and Robbing 576

The poisoning of live stock on plants of the sorghum group, Francis 577

A comparison of the sizes of the red cells of some vertebrates, Cleland 677

The Abderhalden reaction, Van Slyke et al 577

Contributions to the dialysis method of E. Abderhalden, Pregl 577

Biologic reactions of the vegetable proteins, VI, Wells and Osborne 577

Inhibitory action of heterologous protein mixtures on anaphylaxis, Lewis 578

The formation of specific proteolytic ferments, Taylor and Hulton 578

Investigation of defensive ferments by different methods, Abderhalden 578

The " interferometric method" for the study of defensive ferments, Ilirsch 578

Investigation of defensive ferments by Van Slyke micromethod, Strauss 579

The excretion of antigen. Porter 579

Detection and concentration of antigens, Glenny and Walpole 579

Experiments in vaccination against anthrax, Eichhom 579

The lesions in experimental infection with Bacterium tularense, Woolley 580

Experiences vnth Streptococcus and Staphylococcus vaccine, Isherwood 580

Immunization vnXh tetanus toxin-antitoxin, von Eisler and Lowenstein 580

Studios of Chagas disease in Argentina, Maggio and Rosenbusch 580

lodin in tuberculous tissues and the th>Toid gland, Lewis and Krauss 580

Serological examination in pulmonary tuberculosis, Lamp6 and Cnopf 581

The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, III, Smith and Fabyan 581

A remedy for clover bloat, Ilealy and Nutter 581

The cause and occurrence of contagious abortion in cattle, Schroeder 581

The cause of worm nodules (Onchocerca gibsoni) in cattle, McEachran and Hill. 581

Occurrence of onchocerciasis in cattle and associated animals. Sweet 582

Complement fixation in hog cholera, Ilealy and Smith 582

Action of a coal tar disinfectant on hog-cholera ^■irus, King and Drake 583

Lupinosis of horses and the treatment , Knowles 583

Blackhead in turkeys, Graham and Ilimmelberger 583

RURAL ENOINEERINO.

Macliinery used for the construction of trenches for tile drains, Yamell 583

Investigation of durability of cement drain tile in alkali soils, Wig et al 584

Cost of drainage pumping in southern Louisiana, Okey 585

Farm drainage in North Carolina, Lynde 585

A test of drainage, Rosenield 586

Note on the level of the water in the subsoil of the Gangetic plain, Malony 586

The farm water supply, Kile 586

Irrigation report of the Government of Bengal for the year 1913-14 586

Elements of highway engineering, Blanchard 586

Brick monolithic construction of county liighways. Bell 586

Report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission for 1914' 587

Report of the State Highway Department of Pennsylvania for 1914, Bigelow. . 587

Machinery cost of farm operations in western New York, Mowr>' 587

Competitive tests of agricultural machinery, Albert, Fischer, and Koisor 588

Boiler laws in relation to traction and portable engines, Dana and Mainland. . . 588

The relation of drawbar pull to the weight of a tractor, Eason 589

Testing the drawbar horsepower of tractors, Eason 589

Application of industrial and agricultural machinery for peat bogs, Krupp. . . . 589

Capacity test of peat machine, Keppeler and Birk 589

CONTENTS. IX

Page.

Tests of new dairy machinery, Martiny \ 589

Description of the milking machines tried at the Alnarp Institute, Rosengren. . 589

Cream separator and chum, Ammann 590

The colony hog house, McVean 590

Poaltry house constniction, Upton 590

The biological purification of daily sewage, Boekhout an d De Vries 590

Report on methods of purification of sugar refinery sewage, Bartholet 591

Purification of sewage by aeration , Bartow and Mohlman , 591

Treatment of sewage by aeration in the presence of activated sludge, Bartow. . 591

Sewage disposal by means of the septic tank, Graham 591

Action of certain bacteria on the nitrogenous material of sewage, Birge 591

Resolutions concerning disposal of human excreta at imsewered homes 592

EURAL ECONOMICS.

Farm management practice of Chester Coimty, Pa., Spillman et al ^ 592

Tenant systems in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, Boeger and Goldenweiser. . 593

Federal land grants to States, with special reference to Minnesota, Orfield 594

Reorganization of agricultural lands m Bavaria, Schreiner 594

Land settlement after the war. Tumor 594

Population — a study in Malthusianism, Thompson 594

Land credits. — A plea for the American farmer, Morgan 595

Agricultural commerce, Huebner 595

The producers' marketing guide, Tarman and Leer 595

Cotton trade guide and student's manual. Miller 595

Live-stock statistics 595

Monthly crop report 595

Statistical tables relating to British self-governing dominions, etc., 1912 596

[Agricultural statistics of Hungary 596

Farmers' National Congress of the United States ' 596

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The growth and possibilities of agricultirral education in New England, Hills. . 596

Stockbridge Hall and Le\i Stockbridge, Bowker 597

The Winthrop Fann School, Brown 597

[Agricultm-al instruction in Ontaiio] 597

Summer schools for teachers 597

Work of the women's institutes 597

[Agricultural instruction in Sweden] 597

Report of the agiicuitural society of Malmohus Province for 1914 597

Nature study and agriculture in relation to educational motives, Goddard 597

What is involved in vocational education, Davenport 598

Studies in elementary agriculture, Cunningham 598

The principles of agronomy, Harris and Stewart 598

Laboratory manual of cereals and forage crops, Livingston and Stemple 598

Agricultural drawing and the design of farm structures, French and Ives 598

Supplementary problems for classes in agriculture 598

Chemistry of common things, Brownlee, Hancock, Fuller, and Whitsit 599

Nature study, geography, and agriculture 599

Nature study and agriculture, Healey and Farrar 599

Nature-study lessons for teachers and students, Comish 599

Eighth grade manual training and home economics 599

Home-makers course, Watkins 599

[Suggestive outlines for club study] 599 '

Club work in Indiana, Harper 599

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations i7i the United States.

California Station: ^'age.

Circ. 144, Dec, 1915 544

Colorado Station:

Bui. 209, July, 1915 527

Bui. 210, Oct., 1915 548

Bui. 211, Oct., 1915 576

Bui. 212, Oct., 1915 539

Bui. 213, Oct., 1915 569

Connecticut State Station:

An. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1 520

Illinois Station:

Bui. 184, Nov., 1915 532

Circ. 184, Nov., 1915 536

Kansas Station:

Bui. 205. Apr., 1915 529

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 189, Dec. 31, 1914 521

Circ. 4, July, 1915 567

Circ. 5, Aug., 1915 581

Circ. 6, Aug., 1915 571

Circ. 7, Sept., 1915 583

CJrc. 8,Sept.,1915 541

Circ. 9, Oct., 1915 503

Maine Station:

Bui. 242, Oct., 1915 550

Bui. 243, Nov., 1915 564

Doc. 515, Jan., 1916 569

Maryland Station:

Bui. 191, Sept., 1915 523

Nebraska Station:

Bui. 153, Oct. 25, 1915 567

New Uampshire Station:

Bui. 176, Sept., 1915 521

Bui. 177, Sept., 1915 531

New York State Station:

Bui. 410, Oct., 1915 521

North Carolina Station:

Bui. 234, Nov., 1915 585

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 1, Xo. 1, Jan..

1916 ........ 520, 530, 543, 551, 567

Oklahoma Station:

Circ. 38, Dec, 1915 577

Porto Rico Board of Agriculture
Station:

Circ 7, 1915 552

Circ. 7 (Spanish ed.), 1915 ... 552
South Carolina Station:

Bui. 181, Nov., 1915 521

Bui. 182, Dec, 1915 519

Utah Station:

Bui. 140, Nov., 1915 533

Virginia Truck Station:

■ Bui. 15, Apr. 1, 1915 555

WiscoLsin Station:

Research Bui. 38, Dec, 1915. 542

X

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of AgriciUtural Research: Page.

Vol. 5, No. 13, Dec. 27, 1915. . 512,

' 522, 570

Vol. 5, No. 14, Jan. 3, 1910. 522,538

Vol. 5, No. 15, Jan. 10, 1916. 554, 557

Bui. 291, Breeding Millet and

Sorgo for Drought Adaptation,

A. C. Dillman 528

Bui. 317, Larch Mistletoe: Some
! Economic Considerations of Its

Injurious Effects, J. R. Weir. . 547
Bui. 320, Farm Peactice in the

Cultivation of Corn, H. R. Cates 529
, Bui. 322, Utilization of American
: Flax Straw in the Paper and
I Fiber-board Industry, J. L. Mer-
rill 509

Bui. 328, Milling and Baking Testa
I of Wheat Containing Admi.xtures
I of Rve, Corn Cockle, Kinghead,

; and Vetch, R. C. Miller 558

; Bui. 330, The Milling of Rice and
I Its Mechanical and Chemical
1 Effect Upon the Grain, F. B.

Wise and A. W. Broomell 559

I Bui. 331, The Handling and Ship-

?ing of Fresh Cherries and
riuies from the Willamette
I Valley, H. J. Ramsey 534

Bui. 332, Community Production
of Egj-ption Cotton in the United
States, C. S. Schofield, T. H.
Kearney, C. J. Brand, O. F.
Cook . and W. T. Swingle 529

Bui. 334, Directions for Blueberry

Culture, 1916, F. V. CoWlle.... 534
j Bui. 337, A Study of the Tenant
Systems of Fanningin the Yazoo-
Mississippi Delta, E. A. Boeger
and E. A. Goldenweiser 593

Bui. 338, Machinery Cost of Farm
Operations in Western New
York, H. H. Mowry 587

Bui. 340, Experiments in Vac'.ina-
tion Against Anthrax, A. Eich-
horn 579

Bui. 341, Farm Management Prac-
tice of Chester County, Pa., W.
J. Spillman, H. M. Dixon, and
G.A.Billings 592

Bui. 342, The Present Status of
the Pasteurization of Milk, S. H.
Ayers 571

Farmers' Bui. 697, Duck Raising,
A. R. Lee 569

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

XI

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Farmers' Bui. G98, Trenching Ma- Page,
chinery Used for the Construc-
tion of Trenches for Tile Drains,

D. L. Yarnell 583

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 1, No. 8,

Dec. 30, 1915 595

Bureau of Plant ludustrj^:

Inventory of Seeds and Plants
Imported, Jul> 1 to Septem-

80,1913 527

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1913 —

Soil Survey of Scotts Bluff
County, Nebraska, L. T.
Skinner and M. W.

Beck 511

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Survey of Tattnall
County, Georgia, A. E.

Taylor etal 510

Soil Siir^-ey of Clinton
County, Indiana, W. E.
Tharp, R. H. Peacock,

and C. M. Rose 510

Soil Survey of Clarke
County, Mississippi, A.
L. Goodman and E. M.

Jones 511

Soil Survey of Grundy
County, Missouri, A. T.
Sweet and W. I. Wat-
kins 511

Weather Biireau:

Circ. L, Instrixment Div., In-
structions for the Installa-
tion and Operation of Class
"A" Evaporation Stations,

B.C. Kadel 509

Instructions to Special River
and Rainfall Observers, A.

J. Heniy 509

Scientific Contributions :«

The Resins in Hops from Va-
rious Geographic Localities,

G.A.Russell 502

Isoprene from ^-pinene, A. W.

Schorger and R. Sayre 502

Researches on Organic Per-

iodids, I, W. O. Emery 502

Reaction of Soil and Measure-
ments of Hydrogen Ion Con-
centration, L. J. Gillespie.. 504
Calculation of Total Salt Con-
tent and Specific Gravity in
Marine Waters, R. H. True. . 504
The Da\'i3 Spot Test in the
Preliminary Examination of

Creosotes, H. Cloukey 508

Yield of By-products from De-
structive Distillation of Con-
ifers, H. K. Benson and
M. Darrin 509

U. S. DepartTuent of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page.

Discoloration of Maple in the

Kiln, R. C. Judd 509

The Dollar and Cents Value of
California Meteorology, F. A.
Carpenter 509

The Physician and the
Weather Bureau, F. A. Car-
penter 509

The Final Hydrogen Ion Con-
centrations of Cultures of
Bacillus coll, W. M. Clark ... 524

Bright V. Russet Fruit, W. W.

Yothers 535

The Importance of Phonologi-
cal Observations, G. N.
Lamb 536

What Chemistry Has Done to
Aid the Utilization of Wood,
S. F. Acree 538

Need of a Pm-e Culture Supply
Laboratory for Phytopathol-
ogy in America, C. L. Shear. 539

The Chestnut Bark Disease on
Freshly Fallen Nuts, J. F.
ColUns _.. 546

Razoumofskya tsugensis in
Alaska, J. R. Weir 546

TeUal Stage of Gymnosporan-
giura tubulalum on Junipe-
rus scopulorum, J. R. Weir. . 546

Hoplothrips corticis: A Pi'oblem
in Nomenclature, J. D.
Hood. 550

A Note in Regard to Trichodec-

tes hermsi, M. C. Hall 552

Some Modifications of the Hy-
popharynx in Lepidopterous
Lar\-aB, J. J. DeGryse 553

Notes on the Species of Culex
of the Bahamas, H. G. Dyar
andF. Knab 553

New Ceratopogoninse from
Peru, F. ICnab 553

New Ceratopogoninae from
Peru, F. Knab 553

Two New Species of Simuliuni
from Tropical America, A. H.
Jennings 554

Eastern Symphoromyia At-
tacking Man, R. C. Shannon. 554

A New Eastern Brachyopa,

R. C. Shannon 554

A New Species of Cephenom-
yia from the United States,
W.D. Hunter 554

The Tachinid Fly Mauromyia
pulla and Its Sexual Dimor-
phism, W. R. Walton 554

Wool Maggots of Sheep in the
United States, F. C. Bishopp
andE. W. Laake 554

a Printed in scientifle and technical publications outside the Department.

xn

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd.

A New American Fniit Fly, Page.
F. Knab 554

Sj-nonymical Notes on Muscoi-
dea, C. H. T. Townsend. . . . 554

New Genera of Muscoid Flies
from the Middle Atlantic
States, C. H. T. Townsend. . 554

Nine New Tropical American
Genera of Muscoidea,
C. H. T. Townsend 555

Control of Injurious Aphids by
Ladybirds in Tidewater,
Va.,D. E. Fink 555

Notes on the Habits and Anat-
omy of IJoristonotus uhlerii,
J. A. Hyslop 556

Dung-bearing Weevil Larvae,
F. Knab 556

Notes on North American M>t-
maridae and Trichogram-
matidae, A. A. Girault 556

Three New Species of Cocco-
phagiis, family Encyrtidse,
A. A. Girault 557

U. S. Departrnent of Agriculture — Con.

Scientific Contributions — Contd.

Macrosiagon flavipennis in co- Page,
coon of Bembex spinolse,
H.S.Barber 557

Ametasteriia glahrata, a holarc-
tic eawfly, S. A. Rohwer 557

The Mating Habits of Some
Sawflies, S. A. Rohwer 557

Corriedale Sheep, F. R. Mar-
shall 566

Pastures and Sheds in Connec-
tion with Range Lambing
Ground, J. T. Jardine 566

Public Control of the Produc-
tion, Distribution, and Sale
of Milk in the Interests of
PubUc Health, A. D. Mel-
vin 575

The Cause and Occurrence of
Contagious Aljortion in Cat-
tle, E. C. Schroeder 581

Cost of Drainage Pumping in
Southern Louisiana, C. W.
Okey 585

ADDITIONAL COPIES

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AND Index, $1

A

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol, XXXIY. Abstract Number. No. 6.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Proceedings of the thirtieth annual convention of the Association of Offi-
cial Agricultural Chemists, 1913 {Jour Assgc. Off. Agr. Chem., 1 (1915), Nos.
1, pp. iy+16S; 2, pp. IV +169-352). —This is a detailed report of the proceed-
ings of tlie convention held at Washington, D. C, November 17-19, 1913, pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 795).

The character of the water-soluble nitrogen of some common feeding
stuffs, E. B. Hart and W. H. Bentley {Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 {1915), No. 3,
pp. ^77-483). — "The 'amid' nitrogen of feeding stuffs is largely composed of
free amino acids and peptid linkings. In most cases the nitrogen in these
structures constitutes from 50 to 70 per cent of the water-soluble nitrogen.
The acid-amid nitrogen is relatively small, seldom exceeding 20 per cent of the
water-soluble nitrogen, and more often being below 10 per cent. Corn stover
is an interesting exception, showing appi'oximately 40 per cent of the water-
soluble nitrogen in acid-amid form. The ammonia nitrogen rarely exceeded
5 per cent of the total water-soluble nitrogen, and in some instances was wholly
absent."

The free amino nitrogen of the different proteins of ox and horse serum,
P. Hartley {Biochem. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 269-271). — The experimental
results obtained by the author are in agreement with those of Van Slyke and
Birchard as previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 201).

On constituents of oil of cassia, F. D. Dodge and A. E. Sheendal {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 12, pp. 1055, 1056).— The results of a
thorough examination of the oil of cassia showed that it " contained at least 0.5
per cent soluble in dilute alkali, consisting of a mixture* of about 25
per cent salicylic aldehyde, 60 per cent coumarin, from 8 to 10 per cent cinnamic
acid, and small amounts of salicylic acid, benzoic acid, and a volatile liquid acid
not identified. No phenol, other than salicylic aldehyde, could be detected.
Although present in small proportion, salicylic aldehyde and coumarin undoubt-
edly contribute to the composite aroma of the oil. In fact, the presence of the
former can be often detected by odor in the first fraction of a redistilled oil."

The oil of the wild grape seed, Vitis riparia, G. D. Beal and C. K. Beebe
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 12, p. 1054)- — Physical and chemi-
cal examination of the oil extracted from the ground seeds with petroleum ether
gave the following data : Density at 15° C, 0.9425 ; refractive index at 15°,
1.4781; saponification value 187.9; iodin value 76.47; acetyl value 61.29; in-
soluble fatty acids 90 per cent; neutralization value 173.4; total fatty acids

501

502 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

(liquid) 95 per cent, iodin value 91.8; total fatty acids (solid) 5.01 per cent,
iodin value 3.12, mean molecular weight 268.6. The oil apparently possesses the
physiological properties of castor oil, although to a lesser degree.

The resins in hops from various geographic localities, G. A. Rl'ssell (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 12, pp. 1033-1035) . — In the course of a
series of studies carried on in connection with drug-plant investigations a
number of determinations of the resins were made on hops from various geo-
gi-aphical sources.

A summary of the investigation shows that a single 10-gm. sample, picked at
random, does not give a correct index to the amount of soft resins in a quan-
tity of hops, and that a number of such determinations must be made. One
large representative sample of approximately 1..500 gm. also gives the same
results. The methods employed in the investigation gave accurate, comparable
results. The yield of soft resins varied from season to season in the same and
in different localities. The ash content of the hops varied in samples from
different localities, but remained approximately the same in samples from the
same locality from year to year.

Isoprene from /3-pinene, A. W,. Schorgeb and R. Sayke (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 11, pp. 92Jf-926, fig. 1).

Researches on organic periodids, — I, Periodids of phenacetin, methacetin,
and triphenin, W. O. Emeuy (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 3S (1916), No. 1, pp.
140-150).

Chemical nature of enzyms, T. Bokorny (Allg. Brau. u. Hopfen Ztg., 55
(1915), No. 160, pp. 899, 900). — The enzyms investigated were treated with
known volumes of sulphuric acid and ammonium hydroxid for periods of time
ranging from 2 to 24 hours. The free acid or alkali was then titrated and the
amount used by the enzyms thus calculated.

The experiments showed that trypsin, rennin, and eraulsin hound both the
acid and base. Diastase was indifferent to the acid but bound 10 per cent of
the ammonia. Neither the acid nor base was taken up by pepsin, which prob-
ably has a small molecular structure similar to that of peptone and therefore
does not combine with aci<ls or bases. The author points out that the ampho-
teric character exhibited by these enzyms is a strong argument in favor of
their protein nature.

Phosphatases in malt, L. Adler (Biochcm. ZtscJir., 10 (1915), No. 1-2, pp.
1-36, figs. 5). — ^Two phosphatases were found in malt, one which converts an in-
soluble phosphate complex into a soluble one, and the other which forms inor-
ganic phosphate. The optimum temperature for the enzyms was foimd to be
58° C. The efficiency of their action depends largely upon the concentration
of the solution*and the accumulation of the end product. An extract of 1 part
malt and 20 parts water was found to give the best results. The hydrogen ion
concentration is apparently of the greatest importance in the enzyin cleavages.
"With a concentration of pn==5.4^, all the phosphoric acid in the malt is changed
to soluble form, 93 per cent of which is inorganic. The enzyms are very .«;en-
sitive to hydroxyl ions, but fairly resistant to treatment with hot alcohol. A
method for the determination of the preexisting phosphorus in malt has been
devised.

The composition of frozen oranges and lemons, H. D. Young (Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 12, pp. i038-i0^i).— Experimental data of work
done following a very severe freeze in January, 1913, in southern California
indicate that the principal change caused in citrus fruits by freezing is an ex-
cessive loss of moisture, indicated by the marked lowering of the specific
gravity. The percentages of sugar and acid decrease slightly but definitely.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 503

The edible qualities of the fruit are not impaired if it has not been fi-ozen so
severely as to cause it to dry up.

The examination of a sediment found in "Alpine milk," M. Sato (Trans.
Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 190-192). — On opening a can of con-
densed milk a small, white, amorphous sediment was found in the bottom of
the can which could readily be distinguished from the usual protein which
separates from such milks. The ash content of the material was found to be
46.16 per cent. The analysis of 0.26 gm. material showed the following com-
position : Magnesium phosphate, 0.0017 gm. ; tricalcium phosphate, 0.0486 gm. ;
and calcium citrate, 0.2039 gm.

A simple method of converting the Duboscq colorimeter into a nephel-
cmeter, W. R. Bioor (Jour. Biol. Chetn., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1^5-149, figs. 2). —
The method is described in detail and illustrated by charts.

Contribution to the titrimetric determination of ammonia according to
Winkler's method, E. Bernard (Landw. Vers. Stat., 86 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 331-
337). — The method of Winkler for the titrimetric determination of ammonia
(E. S. R., 31, p. 108) has been slightly modified by using a 5 per cent solution
of boric acid in place of a 3 per cent solution as originally recommended.
Methyl orange was used as an indicator in preference to Congo red, as the color
change was found to be sharper, especially when titrating with normal hydro-
chloric acid. The experimental results of a series of protein determinations
in feeding stuffs, comparing the modified method with the standard Kjeldahl
method, are given. Very close agreement between the results of the methods
is indicated. The author concludes that the modified method is superior to the
Kjeldahl method in its practical application and rapidity in protein deter-
minations.

A simple method for the determination of small amounts of potassium,
H. J. HAiiBURGER (Biochem. Ztsclir.,11 (1915), No. 6, pp. 415-463).— The author
describes in detail a procedure for the determination of small amounts of
potassium, which depends on the volumetric determination by centrifugation
of the crystalline precipitate of potassiumsodiumcobaltinitrite (Co(N02)3).
3(KNa(NO,).)+nH20).

A special form of centrifuge tube is described in which the volume of the
precipitate is measured. The capillary portion of the tube is divided into 100
parts, each division representing 0.0001 gm. of potassium. The experimental
error is always within one division on the scale, whether the amount of potas-
sium in the original solution be large or small.

The presence of a large amount of sodium or of calcium, magnesium, and
sulphates does not influence the results, but phosphoric acid, except in very
small amounts, interferes and must be removed. This is accomplished by
precipitation with a solution mixture of calcium chlorid and calcium hydroxid,
or, more advantageously, with magnesium mixture. Advantages over the
chloroplatinate and perchlorate methods claimed are those of rapidity and
convenience, greater accuracy and the use of less material, the absence of
any interfering substance except phosphoric acid, which is easily removed,
and little preparation of the sample for the determination.

The advantages of washing precipitates by centrifugation rather than by
filtration are noted.

County agents' calcimeter, J. S. McHAROt^E (Kentucky St a. Circ. 9 (1915),
pp. 62-68, fig. 1). — This circular de.scribes a simple and portable apparatus for
the determination of calcium carbonate in limestones used for agricultural
purposes.

The limestone is treated with 20 per cent hydrochloric acid and the evolved
carbon dioxid allowed to displace an equal volume of water, which is measured

504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

in a specially graduated cylinder. The cylinder is so graduated as to read per-
centages of calcium carbonate directly. In a series of comparison tests with a
more exact quantitative method for the determination of calcium carbonate
in limestone very close average agreement results was obtained. The apparatus
was standardized at 25° C. and 740 mm. pressure, and a correction table for
temperatures below and above 25" is given. "The apparatus possesses suffi-
cient accuracy and simplicity to meet all the necessary requirements involved
in testing a limestone proposed for agricultural use."

Methods for the determination of carbon dioxid and a new form of absorp-
tion tower adapted to the titrimetric method, E. Trvog (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), Ko. 12, pp. 1045-1049, fig. i).— The author discusses the
sources of error and precautions necessary in the gravimetric method and ab-
sorption in alljali hydroxids for the determination of carbon dioxid. A new
form of absorption tower, using barium hydroxid as the absorbing medium, is
described, and illustrated by a figure. Claims for the elimination of practically
all contamination of carbon dioxid from the air and a very good end point
in the titration are made. The newly proposed method has given good results
as used at the Wisconsin Station.

The determination of iodin in the presence of organic matter, R. B. Kbaltss
(Jour. Biol. Chcm., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 151-157). — A coloriraetric method based
on the formation of palladous iodid in a .solution of iodids is described in detail.
The method eliminates the usual sources of error, viz, the addition of iodids,
idates, or halogens. The procedure is deemed especially applicable to the de-
termination of iodin in organic matter after fusion. Experimental data sub-
mitted indicate the accuracy of the method.

The reaction of soil and measurements of hydrogen-ion concentration,
L. J. Gillespie (Jour. M'ash. Acad. Sci.. 6 (1916), No. 1. pp. 7-16, figs. 2).— The
author has devised procedures for the electrometric and colorimetric determina-
tion of the hydrogen-ion concentration in soil, to ascertain the intensity of soil
acidity. The hydrogen-ion exponents deterniine<i in 22 .soils ranged from 4.4
to 8.6, an exponent of 7 representing neutrality, a smaller one acidity, and a
larger one allcalinity. In all cases there was close agreement in results between
the electrometric and colorimetric methods. The apparatus and manipulation
are described in detail.

The calculation of total salt content and of specific gra\nty in marine
waters, R. II. Tkt-e (Science, n. ser.. .',2 (1915). Xn. 1090, pp. 732-735. fig. 1).

The Kjeldahl-Gunning-Amold method for nitrogen, J. M. Pickel (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 4. p. 357). — From experimental data sub-
mitted tlie author regards 30 minutes' vigorous boiling, from start to finish,
as sufficient for the determination of the organic nitrogen by the Kjeldahl-
Gunning-Arnold method, using a 0.7-gm. sample.

A note upon the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination, P. L. Blu-
MENTHAL and G. P. PLAISANCE (Jovv. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No.
12, pp. 1044. 1045). — While engaged in analyzing the carcasses of newborn pigs
at the Iowa Station, some difficulty was experienced in obtaining concordant
results in the nitrogen determinations. After conducting a series of analyses
under varying conditions it was found that the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold and
the Gunning-Copper sulphate digestions cleared more quiclvly than those of
the other methods tested. Experimental data sulmiitted indicate that 30 min-
utes' total heating, as recommended by Pickel (see above), is not sufficient
to fix all the nitrogen in the protein material. ■ Heating for a definite length of
time after clearing of the solution was found a more satisfactory proco<lure
than a definite length of time of total heating. An explanation of tlie forma-

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 605

tion of the black deposit which tends to accumulate in the condensers and
adapters of the distillation racl^ is suggested.

A colorimetric method for the estimation of amino-acid a-nitrogen, V. J.
Harding and R. M. MacLean (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 20 {1915), No. 3, pp. 217-230,
figs. S). — ^A method for the estimation of amino-acid a-nitrogen has been de-
vised, as follows:

"One cc. of the solution to be estimated, containing- not more than 0.05 mg,
of amino-acid a-nitrogen and neutral to phenolphthalein, is mixed with 1 cc. of a
10 per cent aqueous solution of pure pyridin and 1 cc. of a freshly prepared
2 per cent solution of trilietohydrindene hydrate and heated in a rapidly boiling
constant-level water bath for 20 minutes. At the end of that time the test-
tube is removed, cooled, and diluted to a suitable volume, usually 100 cc. ; but
if the amino-acid a-nitrogen is very small in amount a correspondingly smaller
dilution can be used. The solution of coloring matter thus obtained is com-
pared with the standard color in the usual way in a Duboscq colorimeter."

The method has been found to be as accurate as the Van Slyke method
(E. S. R., 25, p. 710). It is inaccurate, however, for cystin. From 0.005 mg.
to 0.05 mg. of amino-acid a-nitrogen per cubic centimeter can be estimated
with the method. It has been found to be applicable to the determination of
amino-acid a-nitrogen liberated in protein hydrolysis.

Improvements in the m^ethod for analysis of proteins by determination of
the chemical groups characteristic of the different amino acids, D. D. Van
Slyke {Jour. Biol. Client., 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 281-285). — Improvements in the
original method, as previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 22), include the use of a
2-in. BUchner funnel with a fiat circle of hardened filter paper for filtering
the phosphotungstic acid precipitate ; the use of the washing solution at 0° C. ;
the decomposition of the basic phosphotungstates (removal of the phosphotung-
stic acid) by extraction with an ether-amyl alcohol (1:1) mixture in an acid
solution ; the determination of the amino nitrogen in the bases with the micro-
amino apparatus ; and the determination of the total nitrogen of the bases in
duplicate by diluting the residue from the arginin determination to from 100
to 200 cc. and dividing into halves.

A method for the estimation of the tryptophan content of proteins,
involving the use of baryta as a hydrolyzing agent, Annie Homee {Jour.
Biol. Chcm., 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 369-389).— The hydrolysis of the protein by
barium hydroxid, removal of the hydroxid with sulphuric acid, precipitation of
the tryptophan with mercuric sulphate, decomposition of the precipitate, and
the subsequent bromination of the tryptophan solution is recommended as a
procedure for the determination of tryptophan.

The estimation of fat, H. Rosenthal and P. F, Tkowbkidge {Jour. Biol.
Chem., 20 {1915), No. Jf, pp. 111-717).— The estimation of fat by the use of
solvent alone gives all substances soluble in the extraction medium used, but
by simple extraction only approximately true results for fat are obtained,
especially when other soluble substances are present. The authors have, there-
fore, proposed the following method :

" The sample is heated for two hours with 30 cc. of a 20 per cent sodium
hydroxid solution. Place the beaker in the water bath and cover with a
funnel having the stem cut off. During this saponification the mixture is
stirred a few times,

" The solution while still warm is transferred to a glass-stoppered separatory

funnel of about 300 cc. capacity. The beaker is washed out two or three times

with warm water. The solution is then acidified with 35 cc. of a 20 per cent

hydrochloric-acid solution (specific gravity 1.1). After thorough cooling the

31501°— No. 6—16 2

506 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOBD.

contents of the separatory funnel are shaken out with ether. The combined
portions of the ether solution are filtered and evaporated to dryness on the
water bath. The residue is next talien up with about 25 cc. of fat-free petro-
leum ether (boiling point 30 to 50° C), and about 10 or 15 cc. of 95 per cent
alcohol is added. This is titrated with twentieth-normal allvali, using about

2 drops of a 1 per cent solution of phenolphthalein as indicator. The end
point is sharp and distinct."

Concordant results of the fat content of blood, liver, and clear back fat of
pork were obtained, which was not possible with the Soxhlet or Kumagawa-
Suto * methods.

Experimental and critical contributions to the examination of foods
(Exijcrimentelle und k7-itische Beiirdge zur Neubearbcituny dcr Vereinbaningcn
zur cinheitlichen Untersuchung und Beurteilung von Nahrungs- und Gentmsmit-
tcln soicie Gebrauchtsgegenstiinden fiir das Deutsche Reich. Berlin: J. Springer,
1911, vol. 1, pp. VI+266, figs. 12; 1914, vol. 2, pp. VIII+306, figs. 4).— This is a
collection of reprints of investigations by various authors on food analysis and
detection of adulterants, issued by the Imperial Health Service (Kaiserlichen
Gesundheitsamte) .

The determination of starch in raw potatoes, E. Ewebs (Ztschr. Offentl.
Chem., 21 (1915), No. 15, pp. 232, 233). — The author describes two procedures
for the preparation of the sample for analysis. Methods for determination of
the starch with the polariscope, (1) by dissolving the starch in liot dilute hydro-
chloric acid and (2) by dissolving the starch in cold concentrated hydrochloric
acid, are described in detail.

The determination of glycerin in wine, F. Wohack (Ztschr. Landw. Ver-
suchsw. Osterr., 17 {19W, No. 8-9, pp. 684-697, fig. i).— The author describes
a modified apparatus and proce^lure for the determination of glycerin in wine,
based on the principle of the Klemenc method. Concordant results have been
obtained and the procedure is recommended as being the least expensive thus
far proposed.

Note on the determination of milk fat, A. M. Wright (Tran-s. and Proc.
New Zeal. Inst., -J7 (1914), PP- 572, 573). — A series of fat determinations on
fresh milk, comparing the official Adams and the Gottlieb methods, were car-
ried out. The Gottlieb method was found to give consistently higher results.

Note on the use of colloidal iron in the determination of lactose in milk,
R. L. Hill (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 20 (1915), No. 3, pp. 175-177).— The use of a 10
per cent solution of colloidal iron (dialyzed ferric hydrosid) is recommended
as a protein precipitant. The method is as follows :

" To a 10-gm. sample of milk which has been diluted to about 25 cc, about

3 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of colloidal iron is added. The amount of colloidal
iron necessary depends upon the composition of the milk and can be accurately
determined by adding the last portion drop by drop, and agitating after each
addition. If the precipitation is complete, a clear supernatant liquid separates
out from the flocculeiit precipitate; if too little has been added, the supernatant
liquid will appear milky ; if too miich, it will have a reddish tinge. The .sample
is next filtered into a 100 cc. volumetric flask, and the precipitate thoroughly
washed with distilled water until the filtrate and wa.shings aggregate about 100
cc. The flask is then filled to the mark and the percentage of lactose determined
by Benedict's quantitative method [E. S. R., 2.5, p. 15]. About 16 cc. of the
diluted sample will be required to reduce completely 25 cc. of Benedict's quanti-
tative solution."

1 niochem. Ztschr., 8 (1908), No. 2-4, pp. l>]L'-347.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 607

Experimental data indicate that very accurate results can be obtained with
the method.

Experimental data com.paring the delicacy of diflEerent tests for hydrogen
peroxid in milk, I. T. Darlington (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915),
No. 8, p. 676). — Of the various reagents in general use for the detection of
hydrogen peroxid, p-phenylenediamin and benzidin were found to give the
most delicate tests for its presence in raw milk. Quantities as low as 0.75 mg.
in 100 cc. of milk could be detected by these reagents. In the amounts ordi-
narily added to milk as a preservative, it could not be detected after 18 hours
standing.

The apparent effect of acetic acid upon the constants of butter fat, C.
Bahljian (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. S, pp. 680, 681). — When
fats are separated from dairy products in the presence of strong acetic acid,
some of the acid is retained mechanically by the fat and affects the re-
fractometer reading, saponification value, and Reichert-Meissl value. Correct
values for these constants may be obtained with the acetic-sulphuric-acid
method by heating the fat at from 90 to 95° 0. for one hour before making
the determination. Hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, when used for the sep-
aration of the fat, are not retained to any appreciable extent and give correct
results.

Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes, J. Lewkowitsch
(London: Macmlllan cC- Co., Ltd., 5. ed., rev. and enl., 191S, vol. 1, pp. XXIV -\-
668, figs. 59; 19U, vol. 2, pp. XIV+9U, flffs. 19; 1915, vol. 3, pp. VIII+483, figs.
27). — ^An entirely rewritten and revised edition of that previously noted (E. S.
R., 21, p. 518). New analytical methods have been incorporated and an endeavor
made to eliminate what has become antiquated.

The quantitative deteiToination of creatin in muscle and other organs,
N. W. Janney and N. R. Blatherwick (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 3,
pp. 567-582). — This includes a study of the origin of creatin and creatinin,
combined with an investigation of previously described procedures for the
quantitative determination of creatin in muscle and organs. The authors
conclude that " creatin and creatinin are probably not to be regarded as exist-
ing in firm combination in liver and muscle, as acid hydx'olysis of such organs,
previously freed of these substances by extraction, fails to yield additional
creatin or its anhydrid."

Criticisms on previously described methods are offered and improved pro-
cedures for the determination of creatin in muscle and other organs described.

A method for the determination of chlorids in small amounts of body
fluids, F. C. McLean and D. D. Van Slyke (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No.
2, pp. 361-370). — The method was devised for using quantities of material as
small as 0.5 cc. and to obtain an accuracy of 1 part per 100. The determination
requires two steps: (1) Removal of proteins and (2) titration of chlorids.

The proteins may be removed by coagulation or by ignition, the results being
identical by both methods. Coagulation is, however, simpler in routine work.
After removal of the proteins " the chlorids are precipitated in the presence of
nitric acid by standard silver nitrate solution, the silver chlorid is removed
by filtration, and the excess silver titrated with standard potassium iodid.
The titration is performed in the presence of nitrous acid and starch, so that
the first drop of iodid in excess of the silver present is changed to free iodin
and gives the blue starch- iodin color. The optimum acidity for the end point
is fixed by the addition of trisodium citrate in amount equivalent (one-third
molar) to the free nitric acid present. Under these conditions one drop of
excess fiftieth- normal iodid gives a color perceptible in 150 cc. of solution."

508 EXPEBIMENT STATION BECOBD.

The method is applicable to the determination of chlorids in blood, serum,
ascitic fluid, urine, pleural exudates, gastric juices, etc.

A rapid method for determining calcium in urine and feces, H. Lyman
(Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 3, pp. 531-556). — A rapid method, consisting
of three main steps, (1) isolation of the calcium as calcium oxalate, (2) solu-
tion of the calcium oxalate in dilute acid, and (3) precipitation of the calcium
as a soap and comparison of the cloud so formed with a standard in a Duboscq
colorimeter, is described in detail.

A simple method for the determination of ammonia in urine, A. A.
BoxKEMA (Chem. Ztg., 39 (1915), No. S2-83, p. 519).— The method devised is as
follows :

To 10 cc. of the urine in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer flask 30 cc. of absolute alcohol
is added, together with several small pieces of pumice stone and 0.5 gm. of
unslaked lime. The flask is fitted with an adapter to which is attached a con-
denser by a piece of rubber tubing. The flask is heated with constant shaking
over a free flame and the distillate received in a 50 cc. graduate containing
10 cc. of tenth-normal sulphuric acid. When the liquid in the graduate meas-
ures 40 cc, the distillation is stopped. The contents of the graduate are trans-
ferred to a flask, about 75 cc. of distilled water added, and the excess acid
titrated witli tenth-normal alkali, using 1 per cent p-nitrophenol or other
indicator suitable for ammonia titrations. Claims made for the method are (1)
that ammonia does not exist as ammonium hydroxid in alcoholic solution and
hence distills over completely, (2) the distillate always consists of a mixture
of water and alcohol, as does the residue in the fla.sk, and (3) urea can not
take up water in alcoholic solution and thus form ammonium carbonate.

The formol titration method of Henriques and Surensen (E. S. R., 23, p. 217)
has been slightly modified for the determination of amino acids in urine.

The gravimetric determination of tannic acid in tanning materials, A.
Gawalowski (Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 5k (1915), No. S, pp. 403-40.5).— In the
method described, 50 gm. of bark or 15 gm. of other material, finely ground,
is treated in a half-liter flask with 250 cc. alcohol-ether mixture (1 :2). The
flask is tightly stoppered and the material allowed to digest at room tempera-
ture for at least one day. Ten cc. of the clear extract is evaporated to dryness,
taken up with 50 cc. of cold water (whereby the resins are precipitatetl). and
25 cc. of the filtrate precipitated with basic copper acetate. The precipitate
is filtered on a weighed filter and air dried, later dried to a constant weight in
a water bath, and ignited in a stream of air or oxygen until all the copper is
changed to copper oxid and then in a stream -of hydrogen to reduce the oxid
to metallic copper, and the copper weighed. The difference in the two weights
times 100 gives the percentage of tannin present in the material.

The tannin content of Pacific coast conifers, H. K. Benson and T. G. Thomp-
son (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 11, pp. 915, 916, fig. J).— The
experimental data reported show a tannin content of Douglas-fir sawmiill bark
of 6.34 per cent, while the cambium layer contained 9.02 per cent. Sawmill
bark of Western spruce contained 5.88 per cent of tannin. Fir waste is
regarded as a suitable material for use in the tannin-extract industry.

The application of the Davis spot test in the preliminary examination of
creosotes, H. Cioukey (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 11. pp.
923, 92-'t. figs. 2).

Practical white sugar manufacture, H. C. Prinsen Geeeligs (London:
Norman Rodger, 1915, pp. Xn+184, P^s- 5, figs. 28). — This volume gives a com-
plete and detailed practical account of the manufacture of white sugar, in-
cluding the mechanical details of the process. The subject matter is dividetl
into three main parts, (1) clarification of the cane juice, (2) boiling, curing.

METEOROLOGY. 609

and finishing white sugar, and (3) materials used in the manufacture of
plantation white sugar. The analytical methods described in Part 3 are those
employed at the Java Sugar Experiment Station. See also a previous work
(E. S. R., 22, p. 312).

Utilization of American flax straw in the paper and fiber-board industry,
J. L. Merkill {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 322 {1916), pp. 24, figs. 8).— From a series
of laboratory experiments and mill tests, extending over a period of several
years, it was found that by using a proper bleach a fairly good fiber board
could be made from flax straw. Some of the material thus produced was sold
to the trade without any complaint from the consumer. Flax tow, which con-
tains much less woody material, was found to be more satisfactory than the
straw and to produce a better quality of fiber board of medium thickness. The
thin boards, however, were found to be somewhat soft, while the thick ones
were somewhat brittle. It is indicated that the straw requires some previous
treatment to remove at least a portion of the woody matter.

The milk of lime process was used throughout, it being deemed the most suit-
able under the experimental conditions.

Yield of by-products from destructive distillation of some westera coni-
fers, H. K. Benson and M. Dakrin {Jour. Indtis. and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915),
No. 11, pp. 916-918).

Discoloration of maple in the kiln, R. C. Judd {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 7 {1915), No. 11, p. 920).

METEOROLOGY.

The dollar and cents value of California meteorology, F. A. Caepentee
{Univ. Cal. Chron., 17 {1915), No. 1, pp. 78-90).— This article discusses briefly
some practical applications of meterology in California, particularly the utili-
zation of warnings of frost in the citrus region, hot waves and floods in south-
ern California, and storms on the California coast. The causes of these phe-
nomena and means of protection against frost are briefly discussed. Brief
mention is made of an intensive climatological survey which was begun in 1914
on a tract of land in southern California 5 miles wide and 15 miles long, ex-
tending from the sea to an elevation of 1,500 ft., with a view to securing the
best possible utilization of the land for town sites, country homes, and intensive
agriculture.

The physician and the Weather Bureau, F. A. Caepentee {Jour. Anier. Med.
Assoc, 66 {1916), No. 1, pp. 6-11, figs. If).

The influence of the moon on weather changes and atmospheric dis-
turbances, R. Fischer {Wetter, 32 {1915), No. 7, pp. 161-165).— An attempt is
made in this article to correlate weather changes with the phases and position
of the moon during 1914. It is indicated that a certain correlation was shown.

Battles and rainfall, A. McAdie {Sci. Mo., 2 {1916), No. 2, pp. 170-173).—
The evidence showing that there is no relation between battles (more especially
gunfire) and rainfall is briefly presented, and reference is made to inquiries as
to the cause of abnormal rainfalls.

Instructions to river and rainfall observers, A. J. Henry ( TJ. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur., Instructions to Special River and Rainfall Observers, 1915, pp.
27, pi. 1, figs. 6). — These, the latest administrative instructions on this subject,
were issued October 23, 1915.

Instnictions for the installation and operation of class '^A" evaporation
stations, B. C. Kadel {V. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur., Instrument Div. Circ.
L {1915), pp. 26, pis. 4, figs. 4). — These, the latest instructions on this subject,
were issued October 16, 1915.

510 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

On the measurement of dew, F. Ebedia {Agr. Colon. [Italy'\, 9 (1915), No. 12,
pp. 105-11 Jf, pis. 2, figs. 2). — Improved methods and apparatus for measuring
dew are described.

The specific density of snow, F. Wenglee (Die spezifiscJie Dichte des Schnees.
Inang. Diss., Friedrich-Wilhelms Univ., 1914, PP- 86; abs. in Wasser ii. Ahtcasser,
9 (1915), No. 15, p. 520). — This is an inaugrural dissertation dealing with the
methods and results of the determination of the density of snow as affected
by varying conditions of temperature, wind, depth, age, etc. The literature of
the subject is fully reviewed with numerous references.

Swedish meteorological observations. 1912 and 1913 (Met. lakttag. Sverige
(Ohserv. Met. SuM.), K. Svenska Tetcnsk. Akad., 54 (1912), Bitiang. pp. 71,
pis. 30; 55 (1913), pp. 157). — ^These are the usual meteorological summaries of
observations made under the direction of the Central Meteorological Institute
of Sweden.

Rainfall observations, compiled by K. Diem (Bui. Deli Proefstat. Medan,
No. 6 (1915), pp. V+640). — This is a compilation of rainfall observations since
1875 at various places, especially on the east coast of Sumatra.

The relation of rainfall to the water supply for human consumption,
industry, and agriculture, Gkohmann (Stcht die Xicdcrschlapsmcnge noch im
Einklange mit dcin Wasserverbj-auch der Bevolkerung, Industrie, vnd Land-
tcirtschaftf Leipsic: Schr. Ockonom. Gesell. Konigrcich Sachscn [1914], pp. 15,
fig. 1). — The water supply is discussed in its relation to rainfall, evaiwration,
drainage, and run-off, assuming that each of the three latter accounts for one-
third of the rainfall. The discussion is based in large part on rainfall and
ground water measurements at Leipsic, Dresden, and Freiburg, the data for
Dresden covering the period from 1SG7 to 1906.

Observations on lightning strokes, Joseph (.illg. Forst u. Jagd Zig., 91
(1915). .luhj, pp. 165-170). — Data regarding lightning strokes in Hesse during
1914, with special reference to the relative amount of damage done to different
kinds of trees, are presented and discussed in this article.

SOILS— lERTILIZERS,

Soil survey of Tattnall County, Georgia, A. K. Taylor, T. D. Rice, C. Van
DuYNE, and E. H. Stevens (U. S. Dipt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations
Bur. Soils, 1914, pp. 4S, fid- 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with
the Georgia State College of Agriculture and issued December 27, 19ir», deals
with the soils of an area of 382,080 acres in southeastern Georgia, the surface
of which varies from flat to rolling. "The greater part of the county is well
drained, but there are extensive poorly drained stretches in the upland as well
as on the terraces and in the stream bottoms."

The soils of the county are of sedimentary and alluvial origin. Including
swamp and peat, 27 soil types of 12 series are mapped, of which the Tifton
sandy loam and fine sandy loam are considereil the strongest and most pro-
ductive types. The Tifton sandy loam is the most extensive single type, with
the Norfolk sandy loam and sand second and third in extent.

Soil survey of Clinton County, Indiana, W. E. Thabp, R. H. Peacock, and
C. M. Rose (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils. 1914,
pp. 28, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Indiana
Department of Geologj- and issued December 30, 1915, deals with the soils
on an area of 254.720 acres in north-central Indiana, the surface of which varies
from gently undulating to moderately rolling. " The soils are derived from a
comparatively shallow surface layer of silty material, usually less than 3 ft
deep, overlying bowlder clay of great depth." Including three miscellaneous

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 511

types, 10 soil types of n series are mapped, of wliicli the Miami silt loam
covers 63.7 per cent and the Clyde silty clay loam 22.3 per cent of the area.

Soil survey of Clarke County, Mississippi, A. L. Goodman and E. M. Jones
(U.^S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 191/f, pp. Jfl, fig.
1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Mississippi Geological
Survey and issued December 31, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 437,760
acres in eastern Mississippi, lying wholly within the Coastal Plain province.
"It embraces three topographic divisions: (1) The uplands, built up of alter-
nating beds of sands and clays, (2) second bottoms, or alluvial terraces, and
(3) the broad alluvial first bottoms of streams, subject to frequent overflow.
. . . The topography of the uplands ranges from flat through undulating or
rolling to hilly and ridgy. The stream bottoms and second bottoms are pre-
vailingly flat. While much of the flat terrace land is naturally well drained,
there are considerable areas that would be materially benefited by artificial
drainage."

The soils are of sedimentary origin and range in texture from sands to clays.
Including meadow, 30 soil types of 18 series are mapped, of which the Ruston
fine sandy loam is the most extensive type, with the Orangeburg, Kalmia, and
Susquehanna fine sandy loams next in order.

Soil survey of Grundy County, Missouri, A. T. Sweet and W. I. Watkins
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, pp. 3/f,
pis. 2, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Missouri
Experiment Station and issued January 17, 1916, deals with the soils of an area
of 281,600 acres in north-central Missouri.

" The topography of the greater part of the county is rolling to very rolling,
and consists of long ridges of upland separated by long, broad, and nearly
parallel valleys. The surface of much of the southwestern part is more broken,
but also includes undulating areas of importance." All the upland is said
to be well drained.

The soils of the county are of residual, glacial, and alluvial origin. Eleven
soil types of eight series are mapped, of which the Shelby loam covers 41.7 per
cent, the Wabash silt loam 17.5 per cent, and the Grundy silt loam 17.1 per
cent of the area.

Soil survey of Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, L. T. Skinner and M. W.
Beck {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp.
43, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Nebraska Soil
Survey and issued December 31, 1915, deals with the soils of an area of 462,720
acres in western Nebraska.

" Scotts BlufE County ... is in the High Plains region, but most of its
area lies within the valley of the North Platte River. . . . The topographic
features of the county consist of (1) the remnants of the High Plains, (2)
the escarpments, (3) the grade plains on the south side and across the north-
east corner, (4) the ancient terrace on the north side now eroded into a rolling
topography, and (5) the modern undissected terraces and existing river flood
plain." On the basis of origin the soils of Scotts Bluff County are (1) residual,
(2) alluvial, (3) eolian, (4) colluvial and alluvial-fan soils, and (5) miscel-
laneous types.

The rather constant winds of this region have considerably modified the
surface of practically all the soils of the county. Exclusive of dunesand,
meadow, marsh, rough broken land, and Bad Lands, 19 soil types of 9 series
are mapped, of which the Mitchell very fine sandy loam, the Tripp very fine
sandy loam, the Epping silt loam, and the Mitchell silt loam are, in their
order, the largest in extent.

512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Petrography of some North Carolina soils and its relation to their fer-
tilizer requirements, J. K. Plumjieb {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Restearcli. 5
(1915), No. 13, pp. 569-581, pi. 1). — Mineralogical analyses made at the North
Carolina Experiment Station of five samples of each of the soil series encoun-
tered in the soil survey of the State of North Carolina are reported and dis-
cussed. The methods of analyses used were essentially those compiled by
McCaughey and Fry (E. S. R., 28, p. 812).

Wide variations in mineralogical composition were found between the soils
of the Appalachian Mountain, Piedmont Plateau, and Atlantic Coastal Plain
provinces of the State. " There is unquestionably a greater supply of minerals
which carry the inorganic plant-food constituents in the mountain soils than
are found in either the Piedmont Plateau or the Coastal Plain. Though many
of the former soils are derived from the same rocks as those of the Piedmont
pi-ovince, the forces of erosion among those of the mountains cause them to
contain minerals more nearly the same as the parent rocks than are found
elsewhere."

It is concluded that definite information is required on the behavior of the
various soil-forming minerals to the forces of weathering before positive con-
clusions can be drawn on the availability of the plant food carried by the dif-
ferent minerals. The average results of seven years' fertilizer tests with cotton
on a typical Cecil clay loam soil, similar to those previously noted (E. S. R..
31, p. 621), are also reported, which "indicate that there are some relation-
ships existing between the mineral component of the soil and the requirements
of this plant fftr the three inorganic fertilizer constituents, phosphoric acid,
potash, and lime."

Geology, hydrology, and mineralogy of the Province of San Luis, E.
Gebth (An. Min. Agr. Argentina, Sccc. Geol., Mineral, y Mincria, 10 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 64, pis. 2, figs. 6). — ^Thls report deals with the geology, hydrology,
and mineralogy of the Province of San Luis in Argentina, and contains a
bibliography. The hydrological section deals with the soils and vegetation,
with particular reference to climatic factors affecting the water supply and to
certain soils containing considerable amounts of alkali. Analyses of irriga-
tion waters and alkali soils are included.

Kepoii; on soils of Sierra Leone. D. W. Scotland (Ann. lipt. Agr. Dept. Sierra
Leone, 1914, PP- 14-25). — This report deals with the general characteristics of
the soils of the different districts of Sierra Leone and reports mechanical and
chemical analyses of seven samples of representative well-drained types.

It is stated that the soils of Sierra Leone are of igneous origin and are about
80 per cent laterite. The other types occurring are sands, sandy loams, and
isolated pockets of clay. The results of the analyses are taken to indicate
that the soils are generally deficient in lime, total and available jthosjjhoric acid,
and reserve potash, but contain adequate supplies of nitrogen, humus, and
available potash.

Studies on the agricultural value of the silts transported by the streams
of the Alps and Pyrenees Mountains, A. ^Mintz and E. I-AiNr^; (Coinpt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [rarisi, 160 (1915), No. 16, pp. 491-495).— In further studies of these
silts (E. S. R., 33, pp. 718, 719) it was found that they are capable of influenc-
ing both the chemical and mechanical character of soils.

With reference to the content of fertilizing constituents they are considered
equal to soils of average fertility, analyses showing nitrogen 0.7 to 1.2 per
cent, phosphoric acid 0.8 to 1.5 per cent, and potash l..^ to 2 per cent. When
the clay content was high the potash content was found to vary from 3 to 4
per cent. The silts are also rich in calcium carbonate.

SOILS FERTILIZEBS. 513

Physical analyses of the soils showed a great variation in permeability. The
coarser silts showed the greatest permeability, but the silts held in suspension
in irrigation canals were almost impermeable. The air capacity decreased and the
moisture capacity increased with the density of the silt.

Owing to the large amounts of silt carried in suspension by some of the
irrigation canals supplied by these streams, it is concluded that long-continued
irrigation with such water is capable of modifying quite considerably the
physical condition of soil by greatly increasing its content of fine particles and
its water capacity and causing it to become compact, impervious, and poorly
aerated.

Soil productivity and agro-geological surveys, H. T. Ferrae (Jour. Canter-
bury Agr. and Past. Assoc, 3. ser., 3 (1915),. pp. 28-35). — This article briefly
outlines the development and economic value of soil surveys in this country,
Kgj'pt, Australia, and New Zealand.

On the probable error of sampling in soil surveys, G. W. Robinson and
W. E. Lloyd (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. lU-153, figs. 2).—
Laboratory experiments with 25 samples from a field of glacial drift soil and
15 samples from a field of sedimentary soil are reported. The purpose was
to obtain values for the probable field error due to the normal variation in
the composition of the soil from point to point in a field.

It was found " that an accuracy of 5 per cent in mechanical analysis is
insured a probability of 4 : 1 by doing a duplicate analysis on six borings. For
survey purposes this is probably sufiicient, since it is not conceivable that
variation in the amount of any fraction corresponding to 5 per cent (relative
to the amount of the fraction) could have any effect on the properties of a
soil. In the case of chemical analysis it does not seem that the same accuracy
can be expected. ... In the case of a critical study of one soil, however,
it would be necessary to reduce the errors much more by repeating analyses
and increasing the number of borings."

A soil sampler for soil bacteriologists, H. A. Notes (Science, n. ser., 42
(1915), No. 1079, p. 317). — ^A sampler is described which, it is stated, will sample
the soil under one system of cultivation as well as another and which becomes
the soil container. It consists essentially of a brass tube 11 in. long with
a cutting edge at one end furnished with a tight-fitting 2-in. brass cap. The
open end is plugged with absorbent cotton. In using the sampler it is first
plugged and capped and sterilized by hot air. The cap is then removed in the
field and the sample taken by driving the sampler into the ground to the de-
sired depth, removing, flaming, and recapping.

New methods in soil protozoology, N. Kopeloff, H. C. Lint, and D. A.
Coleman (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1078, pp. 284-286) .—The substance of
this article has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 809).

Investigations on the distribution of Cyanophycese on and in different
soils, F. EsMARCH (Hedtvigia, 55 (1914), No. 4-5, pp. 224-273, figs. 5).— Inves-
tigations on the occurrence and distribution of Cyanophyceiie in from 35 to 45
samples of the surface soil of each of several different German soils when culti-
vated and uncultivated and in 129 samples of the subsoils of the same are
reported.

The percentage of samples of each surface soil containing Cyanophycese were
as follows : Cultivated marsh soil, 95 per cent ; cultivated loam soil, 94.6 per
cent ; uncultivatetl moist sand soil, 88.6 per cent ; cultivated sand soil, 64.4 per
cent ; forest soil, 12.5 per cent ; sandy heather soil, 9 per cent ; and moor soil,
none. These results are taken to indicate that the occurrence and distribution
of Cyanophycese in the surface soil depend largely on the content of moisture
and of nutritive salts in the soil.

514 EXPEEIMENT STATTOISr EECOED.

Cyanophyceae were found in 40 out of 45 samples of subsoils of cultivated
sand, loam, and marsh soils. In all these cases Cyanophyceae had been found
in the surface soil and the species in surface and subsoil corresponded per-
fectly. This is attributed largely to cultivation. The algne were also found in
23 out of 32 subsoil samples of the same soils when uncultivated, although in
several of these cases no algae were found in the surface soil. It is concluded,
however, that the occurrence of Cyanophycere in subsoils of uncultivated soils
is due largely to displacement from the surface soil by natural agencies. Cyano-
phyceae were found to be widely distributed in the deeper layers of moist sand
soils from three different localities, while the subsoils of forest, heather, and
moor soils contained practically none.

Further experiments with sterilized and unsterilized subsoils inoculated with
artificial cultures of Cyanophyceae led to the belief that at least certain kinds
of Cyanophyceae can exist for a long time in the soil, depending largely on its
content of nutritive constituents, but that Cyanophyceae can only indirectly
take a part in niti-ogen fixation. The importance of further investigation along
this line is discussed.

A classified list of the species of Cyanophyceae found is included.

The effect of climate on soil formation, J. W. Leather {Jour. Afir. Sci.
[Etiffland], 7 {1915), No. 2, pp. 135, 136). — "With reference to a previous article
by Russell (E. S. R., 31, p. 214) it is stated that the formation of the mineral
framework of the lateritic and " black cotton " soils of India can not be at-
tributed simply to either weather or climate.

Observations on heating of the surface soil in 1914, MtJNCH {Natnrto.
Ztschr. Forst u. Lnndw., 13 {1915), Xo. 6-7. pp. 2-'/ 9-260) .—The results of obser-
vations made in April, May, June, and July on the temperature of loose sandy
and sandy humus soils are reported, together with the corresponding metero-
logical data, the purpose being to determine the influence of meteorological
conditions, the color and density of the soil, and the soil covering on soil tem-
perature.

It was found that the higher soil temperatures very frequently occurred on
rather cool days. The soil temperature was also higher the drier, looser, and
darker the soil. The damp soil never reached a temperature injurious to vege-
tation. The deeper layers of loose soil subjected to direct sunlight were, how-
ever, cooler than the deeper layers of dense soil. Rolling and packing of loose
soils with lower temperatures in the deeper layers and excessive surface evap-
oration was profitable. Next to that of raw humus, the highest temperature
was observed in soil covered with pine needles. Heat radiation from the soil
was found to be governed largely by the nature of the soil covering and the
existence of side protections, such as trees and bushes.

Soil gases, J. W. Leather {Jour. Agr. Sci. [Englaiid], 7 {1915). No. 2. pp.
240, 241). — The author interprets the results of previous experiments by Rus-
sell and Appleyard (E. S. R., 33, p. 618) and of similar experiments l)y himself
on Pusa soil as indicating that the gases, extracted from soils which had been
botttled, the air extracted, and the soil allowed to stand for one or more days,
were of comparatively large volume and were " formed and liberated gradually,
presumably by bacterial action."

Soil gases, A. Appleyard and E. J. Russell {Jour. Agr. Sci. [E7igla7i^], 7
{1915), No. 2, p. 2Jf2).— This is a reply to the above.

Soil ventilation, A. and G. L. C. Howard {Agr. Research Inst. Pusa [India]
Bui. 52 {1915). pp. 35, fig. 1; abs. in Infernat. In^t. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 7, pp. 918, 919). — This paper reports
experiments on aeration of the alluvial .soils of the Indo-Oangetic plain and
the results of long continued observations on the influence of soil ventilation on

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 515

crop growth. Several examples of damage to crops attributed to lack of air
in the soil are described.

The results of this study are taken to indicate that one of the conditions
for the best growth of crops in the alluvial soil is an ample supply of air for
the roots, obtained by adjusting and maintaining the proper relations between
the air and water in the soil. Water, when excluding air from the roots, was
found to act as if it were a poison to crops.

Soil colloids, P. Ehrenberg {Die BodenkoUoide. Dresden and Leipsic:
Theodor Steinkopff, 1915, pp. XII +563, figs. S).— It is the purpose of this book,
which is intended for agricultural chemists, scientifically inclined farmers and
teachers, and students gf agriculture, to summarize in usable form the present
knowledge and practical applications of the colloid chemistry of soils which,
while a relatively new branch, has been constantly growing in importance.

The book is divided into three main sections. The first section briefly
sketches the history and scope of colloid chemistry and points out some of the
characteristic properties of colloids in general. The second section describes
the diiferent tji^es of soil colloids and their properties, more especially from
the technical viewpoint. The third section, to which by far the most space is
devoted, is a practical presentation of the behavior of the different soil colloids
under the influence of the different natural and cultural agencies.

The adsorptive power of peat moors, P. Rohland (KoUoid Ztsclir., 16
(1915), No. 5-6, pp. 146-l.'f8). — Experiments are reported in which it was found
that the adsorptive power of peat moor soil is similar to, but considerably less
than, that of clays and clay soils. The peat soil also contained colloids capable
of adsorbing analin, vegetable, and animal dyes of complex composition, but
did not adsorb dyes of simple composition. Adsorption of ions was not observed
with peat soil.

The formation of humic bodies from org'anic substances, W. B. Bottomley
{Biochcm. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 260-268) .—An investigation of the rela-
tionship between carbohydrates and the so-called " humic acid " and " humin "
substances from soil is reported. For the purpose of this investigation humic
acid was assumed to consist of " substances thrown down as brown colloidal
precipitates by mineral acids from the water or alkaline extracts of humus," and
humin of " substances insoluble in water and alkalis, but rendered soluble by
fusing with caustic soda or potash, from the solution of which humic acid can
again be precipitated."

It vx-as found that sugars on boiling with hydrochloric acid yielded a mixture
of humic acid and humin bodies, varying in proportion with the different sugars
used. The composition of " natural " humic acid from soil or peat, after purifi-
cation by alcohol, was found to approximate very closely that of " artificial "
(sugar) humic acid. Humic acid and humin were also produced from sugars
by the action of various organic acids, lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric, etc.
The action of heat alone on sugars produced humic acid and humin bodies,
these substances being stages in the process of carbonization. Humic bodies
were not obtainable from proteins free from carbohydrates. " The two groups
of Inmiic bodies, humic acid and humin, obtained artificially from carbohy-
drates, indicate a basis for the natural processes of humus formation."

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

Amino-acid nitrog'en of soil and the chemical groups of amino acids in the
hydrolyzed soil and their humic acids, R. S. Potter and R. S. Snyder (Jour.
Amer. Cliem. Soc, 37 {1915), No. 9, pp. 2219-22,37).— Studies, at the Iowa Ex-
periment Station, of soils receiving six different treatments and of peat soil
are reported, the purpose of which was to correlate " the amounts of the various
chemical groups [E. S. R., 26, p. 22] (1) in the soil with its humic acid, (2) in

516 EXPERIMENT STATION" BECOKD.

the soil and its humic acid with the kind of organic fertilizer previously applied
to the soil, (3) in the soil and its humic acid with similar groups found in pure
proteins, and (4) to compare the amounts of amino-acid nitrogen, as such, in
the soil with that found by hydrolysis."

It was found that the amount of nitrogen precipitated from a neutralized
alkali extract of soil varied in a qualitative way inversely with the strength of
the acid. The amount of liumin nitrogen extracted by dilute alkali from soil
was very high when compared with the amounts in proteins. Dilute alkali did
not extract any typical class of organic compounds from the soil. The amount
of amino acid and peptid nitrogen in soil was found to be very small when
compared to the amounts of amino acids formed by hydrolysis.

Transformation of vegetable compounds into humus, A. Tbusov (Selsk.
Klioz. i Liesov., 2^8 (.1915), July, pp. ^09-.'t37). — Experiments are reported in
which it was found that the humificatjon of various organic compounds consists
of both chemical and biological processes, woody substances being humified by
chemical compounds and fungi, albumin by biological processes alone, and
substances containing tannin and chlorophyll by chemical proces.ses alone.
The process of huniification was aided by good aeration and relatively high
temperatures. The time necessary for complete humification of the various
compounds varied, albumin requiring a longer period than' lignin substances
containing tannic acid and chlorophyll. Starch was humified very slowly.
Water extracts of undecomposed woody substances were very active in humus
formation. Humus was not formed from proteids from substances containing
tannic acid and chlorophyll, and was formed from lignin only when that sub-
stance decomposed together with albumin.

The effect of removing the soluble humus from a soil on its productive-
ness, W. AVeir {Jour. Agr. ^ri. [Kni/ldiid], 7 (V.Ho), Xo. 2, pp. 2.'iG-ioS). —
Experiments under laboratory conditions with a medium garden soil and a
typical loam soil to determine the influence of extracting the soluble humus
with fifth-normal hydrochloric acid and 2 per cent sotlium hydroxid on the crop
of wheat, mustard, and rye, and on the nitrate and ammonia content of the .soil
are reported.

It was found that approximately equal total yields both of dry matter and
nitrogen were obtained over four succe.ssive crops from both untreated and
extracted soils. " It appears that the removal of the soluble humus had no
effect in diminishing the productiveness of the soil, in spite of the fact that the
soil used was known to respond to nitrogenous fertilizers. . . . Tiie removal of
the soluble humus increaseil the amount of ammonia but diminished that of
nitrates in the soil, and the sum of ammonia and nitrate was usually le.ss than
in the untreated .soil. The numbers of bacteria, however, were consl<lerably
increased. No marked difference was produced where 0.5 per cent untreated
soil was added to rephice-the bacterial flora that might have been destrt>yiHl by
the acid and alkali treatment."

The loss of nitrogen and organic matter in cultivated Kansas soils and the
effect of this loss on the crop-producing power of the soil, C. O. Swanson
(Trans. Kana. AcnJ. Sci., 27 (191^). pp. 87-96).— The substance of this article
has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 809).

The soil: The principles of maintaining soil fertility, M. F. MnxEB (Bicn.
Rpt. Kans. Bd. Afir.. 19 {1913-1-',). pp. .',ri8-J,83. figs. 6).— The substance of this
article has been noted from another source (E. S. K.. 23, p. 31 S).

How every plantation manager ought to analyse his soils, Leplak (Trop.
Life, 11 (1915), Xo. 10, pp. 185-188, figs. 5).— The use of so-calle<l pot culture
analyses to determine the nutritive element relatively in minimum in the soil,

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 517

followed by field trials, is suggested as the best method for determining the
fertilizer requirements of a soil.

A short survey of present views on the relation of fertilizers to soil fer-
tility, F. B. GuTHEiE (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1^ {1913), pp. 6J/2-G61). —
In a brief review of recent experimental work conducted in this country and
abroad regarding the relation of fertilizers to soil fertility, it is pointed out
" that the action of fertilizers is not confined to supplying the crop with
food . . . and that fertilizers influence the physical structure of the soil and
also its biological and chemical conditions in a great variety of ways ; further,
that we have to take into account a large number of factors which influence
the fertility of the soil, and which are quite independent of its supply of plant
food. . . . Fertilizers may exert an influence on the toxic matters produced
in the soil, . . . and quite remarkable effects are produced by substances added
in quantities much too minute to act as nourishment to the plant."

Influence of different fertilizers on the growth of important crops, A.
Mausbekg {Illus. Lanclic. Ztg., 35 {1915), Nos. 13, pp. 15, 76; IJf, pp. 81, 82).—
The substance of this article was contained in a previous report (E. S. R., 30,
p. 219).

Tests relative to mixing fertilizers with seed, 1912-1913, L. BRETiGNri;BE
and J. Caetiek {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4 {1913), pp. 1-13, figs. 2). —
Tests, on a deep siliceous clay soil, a shallow limestone soil, and a limy clay
soil rich in organic matter, to determine the effect on the yield of barley, clover,
and vetch of mixing phosphatic fertilizers with the seed and sowing the mixture
from a seeder showed that such mixing resulted in a decided increase in grain
and straw in the case of vetch and clover, and a slight decrease in the case
of barley.

Further tests with oats and beets, using 12 different nitrogenous, phosphatic,
and potassic fertilizers, showed that the nitrates of sodium and calcium,
ammonium sulphate, dried blood, superphosphate, slag, potassium chlorid, mag-
nesium sulphate, and a so-called radio-active fertilizer can be safely mixed
with oats seed. Mixing the oats seed with potassium sulphate decreased the
yield of grain and mixing with cyanamid was decidedly injurious to the plant.
The growth of beets was very unfavorably influenced by mixing the seed with
cyanamid and to a less extent by mixing with potassium chlorid, manganese
sulphate, and the radio-active fertilizer. Only a slight increase in yield was
obtained by mixing the beet seed with the other fertilizers.

Tlie composition, storage, and application of farmyard manure {Jour. Bd.
Agr. [London'], 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 131-135) .—This work has been more fully
reported in bulletin form (E. S. R., 32, p. 818).

Experiments with, liquid manure, J. Vogel {Mitt. Detit. Landw. Geselh, SO
{1915), No. 3.'t, pp. 498-502). — Laboratory experiments with cow urine are
reported, the purpose of which was to determine (1) the influence of aeration
on the nitrogen content of liquid manure, (2) the transformations undergone
by liquid-manure nitrogen after absorption by peat litter, and (3) whether
or not the nitrogen of peat-litter liquid-manure mixture reaches the soil in
available form.

It was found that no fixed relation existed between the nitrogen content of
fresh urine and its specific weight. Urine stored for four weeks in air showed
evidences of ammonia formation, but only slight nitrogen losses. Slight
aeration of the urine produced only a very gradual ammoniacal fermentation.
When air was excluded from the urine by an oil covering there were no
appreciable nitrogen losses, while without the oil covering and with long
exposure the nitrogen losses were marked. Ammonia formation continued

518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

under the oil covering for three months, most of the nitrogen being changed
to the ammonia form. These results are talien to indicate that to obtain
the best results with liquid manure it should be well mixed with the soil.

It was further found that nitrogen losses were large from thin layers of
urine and small from thick layers. In both cases the addition of solid
manure particles and peat litter increased the nitrogen losses. Nitrogen
losses were greater from peat-litter urine mixtures in loose condition than
when compact. In all such cases some of the nitrogen of the urine was trans-
formed into insoluble form, especially in the loose mixture. These results
are taken to indicate that urine nitrogen fixation in insoluble form can occur
to an undesirable extent in peat litter. It is suggested, therefore, that where
peat litter is used for the absorption of urine the resulting mixture be kept
dry and practically unaerated.

Experiment on the action of difEerent air-nitrogen fertilizers, L. Hiltneb
and F. Lang (PraJd. Bl. Pflanzenhmi, u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 11, pp.
121-128). — Field fertilizer experiments with barley and potatoes on a stony soil
to determine the relative values of lime nitrogen, calcium nitrate, sodium
nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, and urea nitrate as
sources of nitrogen, when applied in amounts equivalent to 0.4 and 0.6 kg.
of nitrogen per 100 square meters (about 35.6 and 53.4 lbs. per acre) before
seeding and as a top-dressing, are reported.

Almost all the fertilizers had the most favorable influence on barley
when applied as a top-dressing, especially lime nitrogen, which had the least
favorable influence when applied before seeding. "When the fertilizers were
applied before seeding, plowing in generally proved to be better than harrowing
in. The best results were obtained with potatoes wlien ammonium sulphate
and sodium nitrate were applied and harrowed in before seeding, but with
the exception of lime nitrogen the remaining fertilizers gave the best results
when used as a top-dressing. It is concluded that the use of lime nitrogen
as a top-dressing may be safely recommended for grains but not for potatoes,
as it gave the best results with potatoes wliere harrowed in before planting.

Experiments with different phosphatic fertilizers on the experimental field
of the Norwegian Moor Improvement Association of Mare, J. Lende-N.jaa
{Meddel. Norskc Myrselsk., 11 (I'JIS), No. //. pp. 110-111,, figs. 2; abs. in Zcntbl.
Agr. Chem., -U {1915), No. 2-3, pp. 96-98) .—Fiehl fertilizer experiments on a
humus moor soil with oats and peas are reported, the purpose of which was to
compare the fertilizing value of Thomas slag, superphosphate, Norwegian
nitrate phosphate (containing 4.18 per cent of nitrogen and 26.87 per cent
of total phosphoric acid, of which 78 per cent was citrate-soluble and 3 per
cent water-soluble), Norwegian ammonium phosphate (containing 11.69 per
cent of nitrogen and 59.9 per cent of water-soluble phosphoric acid), and a
Belgian phosphate, of which the phosphoric acid was largely insoluble. The
phosphates were added in amounts corresponding to 100 kg. per hectare (89
lbs. per acre).

It was found that the crops responded as well to the nitrogen additions as to
the phosphoric acid applications in spite of the relatively high nitrogen content
of the soil. The water-soluble phosphates gave the best results, followed by
the Thomas phosphate and the nitrate phosphate. The Belgian phosphate,
while applied in excessive amounts, had practically no effect. The peas re-
sponded most to additions of water-soluble phosphoric acid.

The influence of phosphatic fertilizers on root development, R. D. Watt
(Rpf. Austral. Assoc. Adv. SV/.. i^ (1913), pp. 661-665, fig. i ) .—Observations
made at a number of Australian experimental farms on the influence of
readily available phosphatic fertilizers on the growth of wheat plants, especially

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 619

in the early stages, led to the conclusion " that one of the beneficial effects of
superphosphate on wheat (and probably other agricultural plants) under
semiarid conditions is that it causes the young plant to send its roots quickly
into the subsoil, thereby increasing not only its moisture absorbing capacity, but
also increasing very greatly the volume of soil from which it can draw its
moisture supplj\"

Experiments with steamed bone meal, J. Gyakfas (Kisdrlet. Kozlem., 18
(1915), No. Jf, pp. 699-717). — This gives results of experiments conducted at
the agricultural experiment station at Magyar Ovar, Hungary, from 1910 to 1913,
comparing superphosphate with Thomas slag meal and steamed bone meal. Tak-
ing the results with superphosphate as 100, the results with the other two (which
gave similar results) were as follows: With winter wheat, straw 94, gi'ain 70.5;
with winter rye, straw 58, grain 62 ; with potatoes, 75 ; and with stock beets, 88.

Kock phosphate in New Zealand: Its value to the Dominion, B. C. Aston
(New Zeal. Dept. Agr., Indus., and Com. Bid. 54, n. ser. (1915), pp. 24, figs. 9). —
This pamphlet discusses in a general way the occurrence, distribution, and value
of phosphates in New Zealand.

Potash, T. E. Keitt and O. J. King (South Carolina Sta. Bid. 182 (1915),
pp. 3-16). — This bulletin deals vrith the importance of the proper conservation
and use of natural and domestic sources of potash in view of the situation
caused by the European war. Attention is called to the value for this purpose
of tobacco stems and stalks, animal manures, wood ashes, crop residues and
other plant materials, and mucks, and chemical analyses of these materials
made at the station and obtained from various other sources are reported. The
liberation of soil potash by the proper use of sodium nitrate, organic matter,
and lime is also discussed.

With reference to soil and crop requirements for potash, work at the different
substations in the State is reviewed, which shows " that the soils of the Coastal
Plain section of the State require more potash than those of the Piedmont
region; also, that better results are obtained where the application is made to
cotton. . . . There is only a small profit from applying potash to grain
crops at the prices that formerly prevailed, and of the ordinary field crops
cotton is the one that will return the greatest value in increased production.
... At the Pee Dee Station the corn yield was actually less where potash
was applied. . . . The Clemson experiments show identically the same
yield for three years without potash as with potash. Where twice the normal
quantity of potash was used the yield was lower than where no potash
was used."

Fertilizer experiments with common salt and potash salts, P. Bolin
(Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. 94 (1914), PP- 15). —
Fertilizer experiments with beets and turnips on a variety of soils to deter-
mine the extent to which common salt may be used as a substitute for potash
salts are reported. Common salt was used at the rate of 480 kg. per hectare
(427.2 lbs. per acre) and a 37 per cent potash salt at the rate of 200 kg. per
hectare.

The two salts gave practically the same results with sugar beets, although
neither materially increased the yield. Turnips showed a smaller potash re-
quirement than sugar beets. Where common salt was used in a complete fer-
tilizer mixture, increases in crop yields were obtained. The conclusion is
reached that 37 per cent potash salts may often be replaced by common salt
for fodder roots, beets especially. It is also concluded that increased yields
produced by additions of potash salts are not due solely to the fact that potas-
sium is an essential nutritive element.

520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

The maintenance of soil fertility. — Liming the corn crop, C. E. Thorne
(Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta.. 1 (1916), No. 1, pp. 28-^0).— Continuing field experiments
at the station previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 31), it was found that the
crop of corn was always increased by liming, whether the soil was manured or
not. It is stated, however, that the favorable effect of liming on Wayne County
soils is not obtained on all Ohio soils. At the Germantown test farm in INIont-
gomery County experiments on the use of fertilizers and lime on crops grown
in a rotation of corn, wheat, and clover on an upland clay soil showed that
the gain for lime would barely pay for the liming. "At the Miami County
experiment farm the effect of lime appears to be somewhat greater than at
Germantown, but considerably below that shown in Wayne County. . . .

" While it may be doubtful whether it will pay to use lime for ordinary crops
in western Ohio, it will quite generally be advisable to lime the alfalfa crop."

The cost of agricultural lime, C. W. Montgomery (Mo. Bid. Ohio Sta., 1
(1916), No. 1, pp. 31, 32). — The costs of obtaining agricultural lime at the Cler-
mont and Hamilton counties experiment farms were found to be governed
largely by local conditions.

Data and discussion on the value of activated sludge as a fertilizer, E.
Bartow and W. D. Hatfield (En(jin. and Contract., ^ (1915), No. 22, pp. 434-
436, figs. 4; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 1, pp. 17-20, figs. 4).—
In connection with experiments noted elsewhere (p. 591) further pot culture
experiments (E. S. R., 33, p. 423) with wheat on sand to determine the ferti-
lizing value of activated sludge as compared with that of dried blood when
added in amounts furnishing equivalent amounts of nitrogen are reported.
The sludge used contained 6.3 per cent total nitrogen, 2.69 per cent phosphoric
acid, 4 per cent ether-soluble matter after three hours' extraction, and 11.8
per cent ether-soluble matter after 16 hours' extraction. The growth of wheat
fertilized with sludge was much more rapid than that fertilized with dried
blood.

A .second series of pot cultures comparing the sludge with dried blood, sodium
nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and gluten meal confirmed the results of the
first experiments. Plat experiments with radishes and lettuce, using equivalent
amounts of dried and extracted sludge, showed marked increases in crop with
both sludges, the results being slightly in favor of the extracted sludge.

The results of these experiments are taken to indicate that the nitrogen of
activated sludge is in a very available form and that activated sludge is
valuable as a fertilizer.

Activated sludge experiments at Urbana. Illinois (Engin. News, 74 (1915),
No. 23, pp. 1096, 1097). — The substance of this article is contained in the above.

The value of fi.lter press cake as a fertilizer, W. E. Cross and J. A. Belile
(RcxK Indus, y Agr. Tucamdn, 5 (1915), No. 9. pp. S73-3S0).— The fertilizing
value of sirup sludge from sugar refineries is discussed, and analyses of seven
samples are reported which show that the phosphoric acid content varied from
3.04 to 7.81 per cent, the nitrogen content from 1.87 to 2.75 per cent, the lime
content from 2.95 to 11.2 per cent, and the organic matter content from 50.77
to 70.98 per cent. Three of the samples contained 5.05, 4.49. and 3.26 per cent
of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid. On the basis of these results and those ob-
tained by others it is thought that this material should be of value as a fer-
tilizer, especially for sugiir cane.

Report on commercial fertilizers, 1915, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street
(Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 1-79). — This report discusses the
fertilizer situation in Connecticut, with special reference to the importance of
conservation and use of natural fertilizer resources, and reports and di.«!cusses
the results of actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 625 samples of

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 621

fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Connecticut durinjr 1015,
together with analyses of 103 samples of miscellaneous wastes and by-products,
including sheep manure, tobacco stems, muck, peat, leaf mold, ground lime-
stone, lime waste from an acetylene gas plant, wood and limekiln ashes, a
kelp fertilizer, garbage siftings, gelatin roller waste, glue factory refuse, chim-
ney soot, and ash from the layer of material underlying a peat and lignite bed.

Commercial fertilizers, H. E. Cuktis et al. (Kentucky &ta. Bui. 189 {1914),
pp. 631-752). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantiod
analyses and valuations of 1,193 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials
offered for sale in Kentucky during 1914.

" The x'esults of these analyses show that in most cases the samples have
come fully up to the guaranty, or where there is a slight deficiency in one in-
gredient it has been made up by an excess in one or both of the other ingre-
dients. In a few instances the deficiency in one ingredient, while fully made
up by an excess of the other ingredients, is still too low to be considered
acceptable."

The fertilizer inspection for 1915, B. E. Cukky and T. O. Smith (New
Hampshire Sta. Bui. 176 {1915), pp. 3-11). — This bulletin contains the results
of actual and guarantied analyses of 158 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing
materials offered for sale in New Hampshire in 1915.

Report of analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers collected by the
commissioner of agriculture during' 1915 (A^eio Yo)'k State Sta. Bui. 1^10
{1915), pp. 475-550). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guaran-
tied analyses of 868 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected
for inspection in New York during 1915.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, R. N. Brackett et al. {South Carolina
Sta. Bui. 181 {1915), pp. 58). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and
guarantied analyses and valuations of 1,229 samples of fertilizers and fertiliz-
ing materials offered for sale in South Carolina during 1914-15. Of these, 288
samples failed to meet the commercial value based on their guaranties.

ArxEICULTUKAL BOTANY.

The water relation between plant and soil, B. E. Livingston and L. A.
Hawkins {Carnegie Inst. V,'ashington Pub. 20Jf {1915), pp. 3-48, figs. 3). — The
authors give an account of a study of the relation between the diurnal march
of the transpiration rate and the corresponding march of the water-attracting
power of the soil in the case of potted plants. Three plants each of vetch,
broad bean, and coleus were grown in cylinders provided with automatic irri-
gators. Weighings and readings of the irrigators, atmometers, etc., were fre-
quently made, and the data tend to show some of the relations between the
water requirements of the plants and their surroundings.

In the studies reported, the only immediate conditions markedly altering the
soil moisture content were those furnished by the plant itself. These condi-
tions acted through the actual rate of root absorption, which tends to dry the
soil layers adjacent to the absorbing surfaces. Aside from growth and other
water-consuming processes of the plants themselves, the actual rate of absorp-
tion by the roots was found to be controlled by the evaporation rate, which was
controlled in turn partly by internal conditions and partly by the evaporating
power of the aerial surroundings. The data here obtained bring out an impor-
tant feature of the daily march of the conditions considered, showing a high
region for the day and a low one for the night, although there is a shifting, by
a few hours backward and forward, of the time at which the various maxima
31501°— No. 6—16 3

522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

occur. It appeared in general that the soil was dried out appreciably by root
absorption in the neighborhood of the roots, and that this partial desiccation
usually lagged considerably behind its primary cause, rise in transpiration rate.
This lag rendered the attraction of the soil for water noticeably high for some
time after the transpiration rate had attained its low night value. To what
degree the lag occurred in the plant and to what degree in the soil intervening
between roots and the irrigator cup lias not as yet been determined.

A bibliography is given.

Hourly transpiration rate on clear days as determined by cyclic environ-
mental factors, L. J. Bbiggs and H. L. Shantz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 {1916), No. H, pp. 583-650, pis. 3, figs. 22).— In continuation of
other studies on water requirements of plants (E. S. R.. 32, p. 127), the authors
have undertaken a series of transpiration measurements with a view to deter-
mining the relative influence of various environmental factors on the transpira-
tion of different plants. The methods and apparatus used were similar to those
previously described (E. S. R., 34, p. 226). The present paper deals with
measurements of transpiration at Akron, Colo., on clear days in relation to
environmental factors, the plants used being wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, alfalfa,
and amaranthus. In addition to determining transpiration, records were made
of radiation intensity, air temperature, depression of the wet-bulb thermometer,
evaporation, and wind velocity.

Composite graphs are presented to show the mean hourly transpiration rate
for each of the plants considered. On the basis of the form of the curves, the
transpiration graplis may be gi-oupwl into two classi's having characteristic
features. The cereals show marked changes in the form of the transpiration
graph in the forenoon, unaccompanied by corresponding changes in the environ-
mental factors. On the other hand, the forage plants and amarantlms give little
or no indication of such a change. The flattening of the graphs in case of the
cereals is believed to be due to some change in the plant, resulting in a reduction
in the transpiration rate below what would be expected from the form of the
curve during the early morning hours.

The hourly transpiration rate of cereals on clear days increased steadily,
though not uniformly, from sunrise to a maximum value, usually reached
between 2 and 4 p. m., after which it fell rapidly to the night level. In the
case of sorghum, alfalfa, and amaranthus, the transpiration curves were some-
what more symmetrical, reaching their maximum between noon and 2 p. m.,
after which they fell approximately with the radiation. Wlien all the mean
hourly values were expressed as a percentage of the maximum, the radiation
intensity was found to rise in advance of transpiration and to fall either in
advance of transpiration or with it, depending upon the plant consideretl. From
this it is considered that radiation may be looked upon as the primary causative
factor in these cyclic changes.

If the environmental factors are considered as independent, tlieir relative
influence on transpiration, it is said, may be determined by the method of least
squares.

Notes on plant chemistry. P. Q. Kef.g.\x (Chrm. .Yrir.s. Jll (1015), Xo. 2899,
pp. 289, 290). — Tliis is a discussion of rtcridiiim aiiiiilinimi, Ljichnis dioiva,
Hifpericutn perforatum, and Nymphcca alba, dealing principally with the chemi-
cal constituents of these plants and more or less with their anatomical struc-
tures, modes of life, habitats, and products.

Carbohydrate transformations in s'weet potatoes. H. IlAssEi.nniNG and L. A.
Hawkins {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research. 5 (1915), No. 13. pp. 545-
560). — In continuation of studies of carbohydrate transformation (E. S. R., 32.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 523

p. 633), the authors srive an account of investigations to determine tlie progress
of carbohydrate transformation as influenced by different temperatures, etc.
The sweet potatoes were studied during a period of 10 or 12 days, immediately
after they had been dug, at 30, 15.5, and 5° C, and a second lot, which had
been in storage during the first 12 days, was investigated for another period
of equal length after the expiration of the first.

From the data obtained, it appears that in the carbohydrate transformation
in stored sweet potatoes, starch is first converted to reducing sugar and cane
sugar is synthesized from the reducing sugar. The rates of starch hydrolysis
and of sugar synthesized in a general way conform to the Van't Hoff tempera-
ture rule for rates of chemical reactions. At high temperatures the reactions
are rapid at first, but soon become slower and approach an end point. At low
temperatures the rates are slower and the end point is so shifted as to permit a
greater concentration of sugar. The reactions are said to be continuous.

In the growing sweet potato the concentration of sugar remains comparatively
low, the extensive conversion of starch into sugar apparently being inhibited
by the activity of the vines. When the vines are destroyed and the flow of
materials to the roots is interrupted, the carbohydrate transformations charac-
teristic of stored sweet potatoes are begun, even if the roots are left in the
ground.

Respiration in hig'her plants, F. W. Neger {Natiirwissenschaften, 3 {1915),
Nos. 19, pp. 2SS-2Jt2, figs. 2; 20, pp. 249-253, figs. S). — Discussing previous obser-
vations regarding the behavior of stomala in relation to gas exchanges, the
author states that in case of a fir twig exposed to sulphur dioxid gas after a
portion had been partly isolated by bending at a certain point, the foliage of the
portion beyond this point was retained in a green state, while that of the other
portions became discolored and dropped off, as is common in case of smoke
injury. The leaves of the portion beyond the injury were found to have closed
their stomata, apparently on account of the partial drying of the leaves.

Experiments with Euonymus japonica showed that infiltration occurs more
readily in leaves injured by the presence of sulphuric acid evaporating from
an aqueous solution thereof than in case of normal foliage. Plants seem unable
to protect themselves against noxious gases in the air, the stomata apparently
forming the chief means of access to the susceptible tissues of the leaves.

Other factors claimed to be more or less influential in stomatal behavior are
discussed, such as illumination, temperature, moisture, age of leaves, daily and
seasonal periodicity, transpiration, and altitude.

Two types of leaves are distinguished as significant in this connection, namely,
homobaric, in which there is free communication between all the intercellular
spaces, and heterobaric, in which sharply defined areas are hermetically sealed
apart. The former class corresponds somewhat roughly to the evergreens, the
latter to deciduous plants.

Relation of catalase and oxidases to respiration in plants, C. O. Apple-
man (Mari/Jand Sta. Did. 191 (1915), pp. 16, figs. 2; nhs. in Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci., 6 {1916), No. Jf, p. 101). — After a review of some of the more important
literature relating to catalase activity in connection with respiration, the author
gives an account of experiments carried out with potatoes in which he under-
took to determine the relation of catalase and oxidase activity in the potato
juice and the intensity of respiration in the tubers under different conditions.

The rate of transpiration was found to be influenced by various treatments,
and it also varied in different parts of the same tuber and in tubers of different
varieties. The data obtained are considered by the author to indicate that
the oxidase content of potato juice gives no indication of the intensity of re.spi-

524 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

ration in tlie tubers, but that catalase activity in the potato juice shows a very
striking correlation witli respiratory activity in the tubers.

The role of oxidases in respiration, G. B. Reed (Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915),
No. i, pp. 99-111, pi. 1). — Studies made on several plants are held to show that
the oxidation of 1 per cent Spitzer's reagent (an aqueous solution of 1 per
cent paraphenylenediamin and saturated a-naphthol) in plant cells frequently
proceeds most rapidly in the region of semipermeable membranes, although
in many nuclear and all the plastid surfaces observed such activity was absent.
The oxidation is not prevented by the destruction of the membranes, but is
stopped by the addition of agents which inhibit oxidases.

Experiments with animal tissue are said to indicate that oxidase enzyms are
the active agents in the intracellular oxidation observed to proceed after
the destruction of the membranes but not after the inhibition of the oxidases.

The view is expressed that if the formation of indophenol may be taken in
general as a measure of the total oxidative activity of the cell, it may be con-
cluded that the oxidases are the essential agents in bringing about this reaction.

The distribution of invertase in beets at different stages, H. Colin {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 (1915), No. 2^, pp. 111-779).— It was found'that in
normal beets of the first year, the amount of invertase increased from zero at
the collar through the petioles to a maximum in the leaf blades. The central
leaves showed the largest proportion, which, however, was slightly exceeded by
that in leaves bleached in darkness.

In beets of the second year's growth, invertase increased from zero at the
collar through the lower and higher portions of the stem and the leaf blades,
reaching the maxinumi in the inflorescences.

Studies on phototropism, W. H. Akisz (Rec. Trav. Bot. Nierland., 12 (1915),
No. 1-2, pp. ff.'f-216, pi. 1, figs: 17). — This is an extended account of a .stuily on
phototropism in A vena seedlings exposed to illumination from one, two, or all
sides, the results from wliich are discussed in considerable detail.

The final hydrogen ion concentrations of cultures of Bacillus coli, W. M.
Clark (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. S7-9S, fig. i).— A further study
by the author of the organisms employed in the work reported by himself in
connection with Rogers and Evans (E. S. R., 33. p. Kil ) is describetl, in which
the final hydrogen concentrations attained in the fermentation of dextrose and
lactose by several cultures of B. coli in a variety of media have been measured
electrometrically.

The values obtained agree remarkably for any given medium, and the final
hydrogen ion concentrations differ so little that this work is considered as con-
firming the claim that the final hydrogen ion concentrations are a physiological
constant for B. coli. The differences which are observed to occur must, however,
it is thought, be taken into serious consideration in dealing in any rigid way
with the specific effects of the hydrogen ion. It is considered that for certain
practical purposes the final hydrogen ion concentrations furnish data of much
greater significance than can be obtained by the employment of titrimetric
methods to measure the acid productivity of these organisms.

Recent observations on the chondriosomes of epidermal cells of the flowers
of Iris germanica, I, II, A. Guilliermond (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paries],
78 (1915). No. 9. pp. 2.'/l-2-',9. figs. 17). — The author describes and figures the
various stages of development of chondriosomes in epidermal cells of /. gcr-
mariira, the elaboration of starch, xanthophyll. oil globules, etc.. thereby, and
the transformation of the chondriosomes into chromoplasts. Brief discussion
Is also given of the technique employed, which is claimed to render these obser-
vations easy of verification.

AGKICULTURAL BOTANY. 625

On the electric charge of the protoplasm and other substances in living
cells, J. F. McClendon (Internat. Ztschr. Plnjs. Chem. Biol., 1 (1914), No. 3-4,
pp. 159-162, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lomlon^, 108 {1915), No. 629, I,
p. 109). — It is stated that although the anthocyanin in the vacuoles of living
cells of red cabbage is red and electrically positive, it becomes blue and elec-
trically negative before the death of the cells, which results if alkali be added
to the medium. The pigment thus behaves as an amphoteric electrolyte. The
electrically negative character of protoplasm has not been shown to be due to
its alkalinity, although this is considered possible.

The function of chlorophyll, P. Mxzt {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
160 (1915), No. 23, pp. 739-7.',2) .—Prewious work (E. S. R., 31, p. 221) has been
followed up with studies on maize, in which a nutritive solution of high concen-
tration produced chlorosis and diminution of transpiration.

Chlorosis is thought to be rather a means of defense to the plant against
too high temperatures than a purely pathological symptom. Chlorophyll is
thought to play a physical rather than a chemical part in the higher plants.

Pollen formation, L. Guigxard {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915),
No. Iff, pp. 428-433). — Reviewing some reported exceptions to the usual modes
of cell division in pollen formation, successive bipartition and simultaneous
quadripartition, considered as characteristic, respectively, of the monocoty-
ledons and dicotyledons, the author adds to these a number of cases of his own
observation in different species and discusses the possible significance of the
facts observed.

A new cyanogeniferous genus of the papilionaceous legumes, I\I. Gaud
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 1, pp. 10, ii).— The author
reports the presence of hydrocyanic acid in Ornithopus compressus and 0. pcr-
pusillns, and apparently also in 0. roseus and O. ehracteatus.

The acid secretion of the gram, plant, Cicer arietinum, D. L. Sahaseabuddhe
(Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 45 (1914), PP- 12). — The author has made a
study of the secretion on the leaves of the gram plant, said to be the most com-
mon of the pulse crops in India. The secretion contains principally acids, of
which malic acid constitutes approximately 94 per cent, oxalic acid nearly 6
per cent, and other acids very small proportions.

There is a marked rise in acidity at the time of flowering and another at the
time of pod formation, the maximum of acid corresponding to the full develop-
ment of the pods, just before they begin to dry. The proportion between the
acids remained remarkably constant from the tenth to the seventeenth week.
Pruning increased considerably the total acidity in the plant, computed on the
basis of dry material.

Frequent washing appears to exhaust the acid-producing power of the plant,
while washing at periods of six days apparently gives the maximum of product
without detriment to its vitality or seed production. It is thought that the
production of acid by the plant may reach a point of commercial importance.

Apparentlj' the acid is produced most abundantly on those portions of the
plant characterized by certain multicellular knobbed and stalked hairs, which
are described.

The physiological action of the salts of aluminum upon plants, E. Kbatz-
mann (Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], Math. Naturic. KL, 123 (1914), II,
III, pp. 211-233; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 3, pp. 403, 404)- — This is a report, with discussion,
of studies regarding the effect of aluminum on the color of plants, or portions
thereof, containing anthocyanin, and on starch formation and plasmolysis.

626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

also of studies regarding the poisonous action of aluminum salts, their effects
on the development of fungi, and the question as to whether aluminum is a
nutritive element, the results obtained by the author being discussed in con-
nection with those bj' some other investigators.

Salts of aluminum of 0.005 per cent concentration hindered the growth of
Zea mays, Vicia faba, Lens esculenta, IlcUanthus nnnnus, etc., while 0.0001
per cent somewhat increased growth. Aluminum nitrate showed a toxic effect.
Aluminum sulphate in concentrations of 0.005 per cent to 0.1 per cent strongly
increased growth and fructification of Aspergillus nigcr in the presence of
glycerin, but growth and fructification v\-ere checked when glycerin with pep-
tone was added. Aluminum nitrate of 0.01 per cent concentration favored
growth of the prothallia of Eqidsetun arvcn.'<e when these were grown on agar
w'ith mineral salts.

The influence of some organic poisons on plant cells, T. Wee^'ebs (Rec.
Trar. Bot. A^crlawh, 11 (1914), No. //, pp. SJ2-341, fig. i).— This is a somewhat
detailed account of studies on the effects, at different concentrations and at
constant or variable temperatures, of some organic substances on beet root
parenchyma.

It is stated that in high dilutions quinin hydrochlorid and chloral hydrate
required a very long time to produce fatal effects. Combinations of these and
some other organic poisons with organic salts, chiefly of alkali and related
metals, were studied, and in tliese cases the toxicity of tho organic poisons was
found to be weakened by the presence of the metals. Trivalent ions were more
effective than bivalent ions, iniivalent ions being also without (effect. The
presence of hydroxyl ions generally opposeil the toxicity of the poisons. The
combined influence of poisons and salts was noted in both cell membrane an<l
protoplasmic colloids. The possible significance of the observed facts is
discussed.

Smelter fumes injury to vegetation, G. P. Weldon (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal.,
/f (J 915), Xo. rt-C. pp. 2.',0-2.'f9, figs. J.}).— The author has collected .samples of
more than 40 different species of plants, all of which displayed the character-
istic forms of bleaching or burning of the leaves due chiefly to sulphur dioxid
gas. It is stated that while it is easy to identify cases of severe in.iin-y where
the plant is exposed constantly to the action of the gas, it is difft-rent when
the exposure is intermittent, while to determine the extent of the injury is
often very difficult or impossible.

Such factors as moisture, winds, air currents, and drafts from canyons are
discussed. It is said to be possible often to detect the odor of sulphur dioxid
at 20 miles distant from its source, and it is thought that this slight concentra-
tion may cause injury by bringing about a weakening of the plants. Striking
differences in resistance are noted even in individual trees of the same species.

The effects of this gas upon plants, upon productiveness, and upon the ap-
pearance and prosperitj' of the country are also dlscusse<l.

Sexual reproduction, its nature, origin, and consequences, P. A. Dangeard
[Botnnifitc. 13. set:. No. .'i-6 {Wt^), pp. 285-325). — This is a discussion of the
phenomena and resiilts of sexual reproduction as seen in higher plants, and of
analogous behavior in the lower forms.

The phenomena of sexuality in the Uredinese, Mme. F. Mobeau (Botanistc,
13. ser.. No. 4-6 {1914), pp. 145-284. pis. 14, figs. 5).— Following a brief sketch
of earlier contril)utions, this article deals mainly with the phenomena of
cytogamy, karyogamy, and chromosome reduction, as sh(»wn in a variety of
S])ecies of Urcdineu'. and the pr()bal)le significance of such phenomena in rela-
tion to the evolution of sexuality. An extensive bibliography is appended.

FIELD CROPS. 527

The chromosome view of heredity and its meaning to plant breeders,
E. M. East {Amer. Nat., Jf9 (1915), No. 584. pp. 4o7-494, figs. 5).— This is a
discussion of data bearing upon the relative importance of the cell nucleus
and cytoplasm, the morphological and physiological individuality of the chro-
mosomes, and Mendelian inheritance in connection therewith. The evidence is
considered to indicate with a reasonable degree of certainty that the chro-
mosomes are the chief if not the sole bearers of' hereditary determinants of body
characters, and that their behavior is a rougli indication of the mechanism of
heredity.

The bearing of the above facts on plant and animal breeding is discussed in
regard to the relations of chromosomes to somatic characters, and the relations
of normal as well as of peculiar or unusual chromosome behavior to the trans-
mission of characters.

An extensive bibliography is appended.

Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and
Plant Introduction during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1913
(U. S. Dept. Af/r., Bur. Plant Indiift. Invcntonj No. 36 {1915), pp. 7^. pis. 6).—
In this inventory, notes are given of nearly 600 lots of seeds and plants secured
from miscellaneous collectors for distribution by the Office of Foreign Seed and
Plant Introduction, many of the numbers having come from collections made
by Meyer in China and Wight in South America.

FIELD CROPS.

On the influence of planting distance on the yield of crops, F. J. Chit-
tenden (Jovr. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jfl (1915), No. 1, pp. 88-93, figs. 2). — In order to
determine the influence of planting distance on crops, plats consisting of three
find foih" rows of turnips spaced 18 in. between the rows and 4 ft. 6 in. between
the plats were grown as early and as late crops. Data showing the compara-
tive weights of tops, roots, and whole plant of individual rows are given.

In two cases only, in the 3-row plats, the roots produced by the inner row
were of a higher average weight than those of the corresponding outer rows.
In no case did the average weight of the tops from an inner row plant exceed
the highest of the corresponding outer rows, and in only one case did the total
average weight of a plant from an inner row equal that of the highest corre-
sponding outer row.

Data show that in the 4-row plats " in no case did the weight of roots from
an inner row exceed that from one or other of the corresponding outer rows,
and in only sis of the 88 opportunities did it exceed that of the lower' of the
outer rows. Taking the combined weights of tops and roots, in only two plats
did the total weight of an inner row exceed one or other of the corresponding
outer rows, and in none was the highest yield given by an inner row. In every
case but one the lowest yield on the plat, whether of tops, roots, or total, was
in an inner row."

Beclamation of swamp land, J. W. Deem {.Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 11 (1915),
No. 5. pp. 422-424, figs. 3). — This article gives a method for transforming swamp
land in New Zealand from almost useless grazing country to good cattle-
fattening land. The method consists in first draining the land with open
ditches ; plowing to a depth of 4 or 5 in. ; seeding turnips, which are pas-
tured off by cattle and followed with a crop of rape which is pastured ; and
then sowing with Italian rye grass and clover.

Irrigated agriculture in the San Luis "Valley, "V. M. Cone and A. Kezeb
(Colorado Sta. Bui. 209 (1915), pp. 3^2).— This bulletin describes the San Luis
Valley agricultural conditions and gives suggestions for the production of

528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

alfalfa, peas, wheat, oats, barley, emmer, rye, sugar beets, potatoes, flax, and
sweet clover. A chapter is devoted to the injuries to crops caused by the
depredations of rodents.

Breeding millet and sorgo for drought adaptation, A. C. Dillman {U. S.
Dcpt. A(/r. Bui. 291 (1916), pp. 19, pis. 2).— This bulletin discusses the place of
millet and the saccharine sorghums ("sorgos") in the agriculture of the
Great Plains, and gives results of recent breeding work (E. S. R., 24, p. 436)
in an effort to produce varieties that would be more drought-resistant than
those grown at present.

*' The drought adaptation of millet is due largely to its early maturity and
low-water requirements, while sorgo has, in addition to these two valuable
characteristics, a remarkable ability to endure drought. Even though its
growth is severely checked during a period of drought, it will resume growth
upon the return of favorable conditions. It has been shown that millet and
sorgo require less water for the production of a ton of hay than any other
crops that have been tested in the central Great Plains. The Kursk and
Siberian varieties of millet have given larger yields of hay than other varieties
of this crop tested in the northern Great Plains. In each of these varieties a
strain has been selected which is believed to be much superior to the parent
stock. . . .

"A strain of sorgo has been developed by selection which is especially
promising for this region and for higher altitudes farther south in the Great
Plains. In favorable seasons the larger growing sorgos produce a larger ton-
nage than this dwarf type, but in dry seasons the latter will yield at least as
heavily as the larger varieties. This type is very early, maturing seed in a
period of about 90 days, and can often be used as a catch crop where other
crops have failed. It produces seed freely, and the farmer can easily raise
his own supply of seed for forage planting. On account of the smaller size of
the plants this dwarf sorgo can very well be planted thicker than the larger
growing varieties. This new variety has In^n named Dakota Amber sorgo.

" Sorgo will probably produce a larger tonnage of fodder than any other
annual forage crop of this region. At Akron. Colo., .sorgo has producetl 40
per cent greater yields than millet. At Newell and Ardmore, S. Dak., also the
results have been in favor of sorgo. In a 7-year test at Newell sorgo has pro-
duced 51 per cent more fodder than corn. Dakota Amber sorgo has produced
on the average 40 per cent more forage per acre than Sudan grass in tests at
Newell, Akron, Ardmore, and Mandan. It is believed that Dakota Kursk
millet and Dakota Amber sorgo will prove valuable additions to the li.st of
forage crops adapted to the northern and central Great Plains."

Grades of hay and straw (Cedar Point, Ohio: National Hay As.<<ociation,
Inc., 1915, pp. 12). — A pamphlet giving the grades of hay, Johnson grass, Ber-
muda hay, Lespedeza hay, alfalfa hay, and straw, and rules for inspection and
weighing.

Farming, with alfalfa bacteria culture, E. W. Philo ([Elmira, N. T.]:
Author, 1916, pp. 78, figs. 29). — A pamphlet in which the author gives his
experiences in improving worn-out soils, chiefly by the use of alfalfa and sweet
clover. Methods are given for testing the soil, growing bacteria for inocula-
tion, applying bacteria and material to the soil, and pasturing alfalfa with
dairy cows, beef cattle, swine, and poultry. Some general topics are discu.ssed.
including the production of poultry and potatoes.

Treatment of bean seeds with a solution of iron sulphate. L. E. M. Vargas

(Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico] Circ. 50 (191^), pp. 3). — A treatment of several

•varieties of beans with a 1 per cent solution of iron sulphate for five hours

FIELD CROPS. 529

resulted in larger yields than when the beans were treated for three hours.
A treatment of the more delicate varieties with a 0.5 per cent solution of iron
sulphate for five hours was more satisfactory than the other methods tried.

Corn, M. L. Bowman {Waterloo, loiva: Waterloo Publishmg Co., 1915, pp.
y/+475+XX, pis. 11, figs. 199). — This is a completely revised edition of the
boolv by the author and B. W. Crossley, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 134).

Tui'ther evidence of the immediate effect of crossing varieties of corn on
the size of seed produced, T. K. Wolfe {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915),
No. 6, pp. 265-272). — This gives the results of weighings of kernels of crosses
made between eight varieties of corn, five of which were white dents and
three yellow dents. The factors of dominance of yellow color and of xenia
were used to identify the pure-bred from the hybrid seeds on the same ear.
Mixed pollen was used in each case.

" The beneficial effect due to crossing varieties in corn frequently appears in
the current crop as well as in the first generation, being manifested in the
increased weight of the hybrid seeds. In the crosses obtained, 56.8 per cent
produced profitable increases in yield (weight of kernels) and in 13.5 per cent
the increase was slight. In 24.3 per cent of the crosses the decrease was
marked and in 5.4 per cent it was slight. The largest increase was 16.04 per
cent and the greatest decrease 13.45 per cent. ...

" The increases and decreases are not confined to any certain varieties. How-
ever, Gold Standard and Collier Excelsior gave decreased kernel weights in
a larger number of cros.ses than any of the other varieties used. All the crosses
were made between distinct varieties and not between strains of the same
variety. In a previous experiment [at the Virginia Station (E. S. R., 29, p. 533) ]
larger increases in yield were obtained in the latter case than in this experi-
ment."

Farm practice in the cultivation of com, H. R. Gates {U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 320 {1916), pp. 66, figs. 40). — This piiblication reports an extensive study
of cultural practice with corn, in line with that previously noted (E. S. R., 28,
p. 233). It gives the results of surveys of 21 regions in the corn belt, each
repre.senting about 25 farms, with a view to determining the causes of existing
differences in practice. A record was taken from each farmer visited, showing
in detail his tillage practices with corn and also the general practices and con-
ditions on his farm. These conditions are discussed and data given in tabular
form, but " no attempt has been made to make recommendations based on the
results of these studies."

Growing- com in Kansas, C. 0. Cunningham {Kansas Sta. Bui. 205 {1915),
pp. 7-46, figs. 10). — This bulletin gives information based in part on experi-
Imental data and in part on the practices of farmers in different sections of the
State. The subjects discussed include rotations for corn, varieties, cultural
methods, and behavior of corn in storage. A chapter on insects injurious to
corn, by J. W. IVIcColloch, is included.

Fertilizer experiments with corn, L. E. M. Vakgas (Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mex-
ico] Circ. 49 {1914), pp. 8, pis. 3). — Fertilizer experiments carried out in the
federal district of Mexico showed that the application of a complete fertilizer,
Including lime, gave the largest yields per unit area, but that lime, potash, and
phosphoric acid without the nitrogen gave the largest net returns.

Community production of Egjrptian cotton in the United States, C. S.
ScoFiELD, T. H. Kearney, C. J. Brand, O. P. Cook, and W. T. Swingle {U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 332 {1916), pp. 30).— This bulletin tells how Egyptian cotton
production became established in the Southwest as a result of community
action, describes the present status of the industry, and gives the reasons for

530 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

encouraging the growth of this type of cotton in the United States. Attention
is also directed to the conditions which appear to be indispensable to its suc-
cessful commercial- production in this country; that is, under irrigation and in
the absence of the boll weevil.

" The history of the establishment of Egyptian cotton production in the Salt
River Valley is believed to have more than a special or local interest, since it
offers a good illustration of the numerous biological, agronomic, social, and
economic difficulties encountered in developing a new agricultural industry and
furnishes .suggestions as to how these complex and diversified problems may
be successfully solved. That cooperation is the keynote of success has become
very clear in the progress of the present enterprise." Cooperation has been
maintained among investigators, the administrative officers of this Department,
growers, and manufacturers.

"The policy of [this Department] in encouraging the production of long-
staple cotton on the community basis is beginning to be appreciated by manu-
facturers and buyers, many of whom now realize that in order to obtain year
after year ample quantities of cotton of unchanging character they must look
to localities where the farmers are organize<l to grow only one kind of cotton,
to prevent deterioration of the tyi>e by see<l selection, and to cla.ss and market
their crop as a unit."

A list of publications bearing on Egj'ptian cotton growing in the Southwestern
States is appended.

Kafir com (" dari ") from South Africa {Bui. Imp. In.<it. [So. Kensington],
13 (1H15), No. 3. pp. 379. 3«0).— Tins reports chemical analy.ses of white, red.
and mixed Kafir corn grain, showing the moisture, protein, fat, starch, fiber,
and ash contents. The nutritive ratio and food units of the different samples
are also given.

Sun-sprouted seed potatoes, W. J. Green (Uo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No.
1, pp. l'i-20, fif/s. 3). — This article descriJies methods of sprouting seed potatoes
in partial sunlight before planting. The advantages of seed potatoes so
sprouted are claimed as con.servntion of vitnlity and early maturity of the crop.

Report of the officer in charge of the Prickly Pear Experimental Station,
Dulacca, from May 1, 1914, to April 30. 1915. .7. White-H.\ney {Ann. Rpt.
Dcpt. Pub. Lands Queensland, lOlIf, pp. 71-S3, pis. 15). — This is a continuation
of work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 233).

A list is given of the materials more or less injurious to the Dulacca pest
pear, comprising both soli<ls and liquids which were usefl as injection.s. sprays,
or vapor charges. The methods employed in the destruction of this wee<l were
the injection of a solid specific or of a liquid specific or solution of si^cific
into the second segment from the top of a branch ; the spraying of a specific
or a solution of specific over the aerial part of the plant by means of either an
ordinary spray pump or an atomizer pump; and the evolution of gas or vajwr
charges over the aerial parts of the plant. The conclusions drawn are as
follows :

" The most effective si>ecific yet applied to the plants in the form of solid
injections, liquid injections, or spray, is arsenic acid (arsenic pentoxid). The
most effective gas treatment is produced by the fumes of arsenic trichlorid : the
best .season for the application of poisoning by any of the previously mentiom^l
methods is during the summer and early autumn. The success of the under-
taking is largely dependent on the rainfall prior to and after poisoning, prob-
ably more especially on the former."

Experiments in the propagation of the wild cochineal insect as a parasite
of the pest pear have been tried, but they indicate that there is no possibility of

FIELD CROPS. ■ 531

acclimatizing the insects and inducing tliem to multiply on and ultimately
destroy the weed.

Production and utilization of rape seed iBul. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington],
13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 452-4GG). — This article discusses the cultivation of rape
(Brassica campestris) as a fodder and as an oil-producing plant; gives the
properties and uses of rape oil and its substitutes ; and discusses rapeseed cake
and meal, including chemical analyses. Notes on the trade in rape seed, oil, and
cake in the Indian Provinces are also included.

Inflorescence of rice, B. Marcakelli {Gior. Risicolt., 5 (1915), No. 23, pp.
372-378. figs. 4). — This article describes the inflorescence of rice and discusses
the phenomena of fertilization.

Dominant and recessive characters in wheat hybrids, H. Stkauss {Domi-
nunz und Resessivitiit bei W eizenbastarden. Inriuff. Diss. Univ. Gottingen, 1914,
pp. 52, pi. 1; abs. in Ztschr. Pflanzensiicht., 2 (1914), No. 4, pp. 518, 5i9).— This
monograph gives results of a study of the awn, color, and hair characters
of 30 Fi hybrid wheats obtained by the use of 10 different varieties at Gottingen
in 1913.

It is noted that the generally accepted dominant characters of awnlessness,
brown color, and hairiness of the glumes showed many exceptions which may
have been caused by accidental selfing. Instead of the awned characters show-
ing complete recessiveness it is noted that a large proportion were intermediate
between awned and awnless, 286 plants being intermediate. 29 awnless, and 12
awned. In regard to glume color, the majority (211) showed brown, 17 white,
and 45 light brown, indicating an intermediate coloring.

Study of the segi-egation of hybrid wheat in the F2 and Fs generations,
A. Hemvemeyer (Jour. Landiv., 63 (1915), No. 2, pp. 97-124) .—This article pre-
sents data regarding tlie awn, color, and hair characters of the F2 and F3
generations of six wlieat hybrids originally made and studied in their Fi
generation by H. Strauss at Gottingen in 1913, as noted above. Tabular data
show the absolute and theoretical ratios of the characters awn and awnless,
hairy and smooth, and brown and white glumes for both parents and offspring.

The author concludes that each character considered by itself segregates
regularly in the ratio 8:1. When two of the characters are considered com-
bined the ratio follows 9:3:8:1 and when three are considered they segregate
in the ratio 27 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 8 : 3 : 1.

Results of seed tests for 1915, F. W. Taylor and F. S. Prince (Neiv Hamp-
shire Sta. Bill. 177 (1915), pp. 19). — This gives results of the testing and ana-
lyzing of 42 samples of seed voluntarily sent in and of 80 samples collected by
an authorized representative of the station.

The vitality of seeds passed by cattle, D. Milne (Agr. Jour. India, 10
(1915), No. 4, pp. 353-369). — This paper gives results of experiments in feeding
whole wheat and gram seeds to bullocks and determining their vitality after
being voided by the cattle.

The results of 18 tests with whole wheat shovv' that in some cases as much
as 20.5 per cent of the grains passing a single bullock germinated and produced
strong healthy plants, while the smallest figure obtained from a single animal
was 9.6 per cent. The time required in the case of both wheat and gram for
the first appearance of the undigested grains after the experiment began was
18.5 hours. Large numbers of kernels of gram also appeared undigested but
practically none of these germinated. Incidentally it was noticed that the
seeds of piazi (Asphodelus flstnlosus) , bathu (Clienopodinm album), and rawari
(Lathyrus aphaca) were found in the dung, and experiments showed that they
germinated.

632 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Tvirnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum), H. W. Andrew {Jour. Dept. Agr. &'o.
Aust., 19 (1915), No. 5, pp. Jfl^-Jflo, figs. 6). — This article notes the wide distri-
bution and vigorous growth of the turnip weed. It is stated that it often
attains a height of 8 ft. under favorable conditions, and may be found in all
cultivated fields.

HORTICULTUEE.

Tests -with, nitrate of soda in the production of early vegetables, J. W.
Lloyd (Illinois Sta. Bui. 184 (1915), pp. 29-^6, fig. 1). — In the experiment here
reported, which was started in 1907 and continued through six years, top-
dressings of nitrate of soda were made to growing crops of radishes, turnips,
beets, onions, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, and cauliflower. One plat each of the
different vegetables received applications of nitrate of soda at intervals of one
week, another at intervals of two weeks, and a third was left untreated as a
check. The number of applications of nitrate of soda and the amount of ma-
terial used varied with different seasons and different crops. The results for
each season, as measured by yields, are reported in detail and discussed.

The investigation as a whole leads to the following conclusions : " Under
the soil and climatic conditions attending these tests, nitrate of .soda usually
does not induce an excessive development of foliage on the common early root
crops, radishes, turnips, and beets, without a corresponding development of the
root. Top-dressings of nitrate of soda may reasonably be expected to have a
beneficial effect upon the following crops of early vegetables on well-manured
brown silt loam in the corn belt : Radishes, turnips, beets, spinach, cabbage,
and cauliflower. The beneficial effect may consist in a higher percentage of
plants reaching marketable size or condition within a given time, greater size
of the individual specimens, or gi'oater total yields. (If the stand were uniform,
the last two points would be correlated.)

" Under the conditions of these tests the benefits to be derived from top-
dressings of nitrate of soda to onions and head lettuce do not appear to be
sufliciently marked or consistent to warrant the use of this fertilizing material
on these crops. Nitrate of soda applied at intervals of two weeks seems to be
fully as effective as when applied at more frequent intervals, even though the
aggi'egate amount of material is correspondingly less ; in many cases it is more
effective.

" Under the conditions of these tests the beneficial results of using nitrate
of soda in the production of early vegetables do not appear to be so pronounced
as results which have been reported from certain other sections of the country."

Mushroom growing, B. M. Duggar (New York: Orange Judd Co., 1915. pp.
VIII +250, pis. 31). — This work comprises a treatise on mushroom culture and
spawn making, together with a classification and discussion of the more im-
portant and widely distributed genera and species of mushrooms. Brief
accounts are also given of certain cultural practices and exploitations in
foreign countries, including some observations on European truffles. African
and Asiatic terfas, and a general description of the foreign market for wild
nnishrooms.

Morphological and biological researches on the cultivated radishes.
Yvonne Trouard Riolle (Ann. Set. Agron., 4. ser., 3 (1914). No. 6, pp. 295-S22.
figs. 22). — A historical study of the cultivated radishes, conductefl with special
reference to securing some information relative to the origin of this vegetable.
A bibliography of cited literature is included.

The present article precedetl and is apparently introductory to the full
report of the author's mori)hological and biological researches on the cultivateti
radishes (E. S. U., 33. p. 038).

HORTICULTURE. 533

Colonial plants. — Alimentary and medicinal plants, H. Jumelle (Les
Cultures ColonUiles. Plantes Alimentaires et Plantes M^dicinales. Paris: J. B.
Bailliere d So7i, 1915, rev. and enl. ed., pp. 108-\-122+127-}-120+III, figs. U2).—
In the present edition of this work (E. S. li., 31, p. 235) the subject matter,
in addition to being revised and enlarged, lias been combined in one volume.

Fruit growing. — I, Planting and grafting; II, Pruning of fruit trees, P.
Passy (Aboricultitre Fruitkrc. — /, Plantation ct Grcffage; II, Taille dcs Arbcs
Fruitiers. Paris: J. B. Bailliere & Son, 1915, rev. and enl. eds., vols. 1, pp. 108,
figs. 46; 2, pp. 100, figs. 61). — These are the first two of a series of six volumes
which are to comprise, as a whole, a treatise on fruit growing.

Volume 1 is divided into two parts, the first of which deals with nursery
practices and the location and establishment of various types of fruit gardens
and plantations, and the second talies up in detail the principles and technique
of gi'afting. In volume 2, part 1 deals with the principles and teciinique of
pruning, and part 2 discusses methods of pruning and training the trees into
various forms and sliapes.

Propagation of fruit trees and shrubs, A. Z. Salvadokes {Bol. Mill. Agr.
[Buenos Aires'^, 19 (1915), No. 8-9, pp. 577-620, figs. 34).— A popular treatise
on methods of plant propagation with special reference to fruit trees, vines,
and shrubs.

The summer pruning of a young bearing apple orchard, L. D. Batcheloe
and W. D. Goodspeed (Utah Sta. Bui. 140 (1915), pp. 3-14, figs. 2).— The results
for four seasons are given on summer-pruning experiments with apples which
were started during the summer of 1911. The work was conducted witli
5-year-old Jonathan and Gano trees growing on a rich sandy loam, free from
seepage in a semiarid climate, with an abundance of irrigation water available.
The Ganos had already borne one crop and the Jonathans came into bearing
in 1911. Six Jonathan and 8 Gano trees were included in each of 9 plats.

On the typical winter-pruned plat the trees were pruned in February or
March, cutting out the cross limbs, crotches, opening up the center, and thin-
ning out the bearing wood of the tree. No limbs were headed back and no prun-
ing was done at any other season. All plats except the check received this
winter pruning. Additional treatment of the several plats included removing
suckers from the center of the tree from time to time during the summer, cut-
ting back the excessive growth in the top of the tree to lateral outside limbs
with the view of developing the spreading habit, removing the suckers and
opening up the dense growth of the tree during the third week in June, and
treatments similar to this during the first week in July, the third week in July,
the first week in August, and the third weelc in August, respectively. One
plat was left unpruned as a check. Data are given and discussed showing the
distribution of twig growth throughout the season and the total growth, as
well as the average yield of the trees, under different methods of pruning.

Apple trees which were pruned to induce a spreading habit by cutting back
the terminal growth to lateral branches produced a greater annual twig growth
than trees without the terminal growth removed, but otherwise similarly pruned.
Trees pruned both in the dormant period and in summer produced a greater
annual twig growth than trees pruned during the dormant period only. Trees
pruned during the dormant period produced a gi-eater total twig growth than
the unpruned trees. Although rubbing the water shoots out of the center of
the tree from time to time during the summer had practically no influence on
crop yield, the shoots are much more readily and cheaply removed at this time
than during the dormant period. Trees on which it was attempted to change
the form from upright to spreading yielded less than the trees which were
allowed to assume their natural upright growth.

534 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

Summer pruning resulted in less marketable fruit per tree than either winter
pruning or no pruning, and in this orchard has proved neither profitable nor
successful in increasing the crop yield. Winter-pruned Jonathans produced
more fruit than the unpruued trees, but with winter-pruned Ganos the reverse
was true. The effect of summer pruning was practically the same whether per-
formed early or late in the season.

The color of the fruit on the several plats has not varied materially, except
on the unpruned plat, where the color has gradually become slightly inferior.
The size of the fruit was largely equalized by thinning the fruit on the several
plats. Fruit production appears to lluctuate more from year to year on the
winter-pruned trees than on either the summer-pruned or the unpruned trees.

Under the conditions of this experiment young, vigorous, bearing apple trees
of the Jonathan and Gano varieties show a tendency to overbear soon after
reaching a productive age and are usually thinned. Summer pruning reduces
the area of fruit-bearing wood, the vitality of the tree, and the productivity.

The handling and shipping of fresh cherries and prunes from the Wil-
lamette Valley, H. J. R.\m.sey (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 331 (1916), pp. 2S. figs.
11). — This bulletin gives the results of handling and precooling experiments
with sweet cherries and prunes conducted during the seasons of 1911 and 1913
by B. B. Pratt, A. W. McKay, G. M. Darrow, and G. W. Dewey. The investi-
gation, which was carried on in cooperation with the growers in the vicinity
of Salem, Oreg., had for its object a determination of the relation of handling
and precooling to the decay of the above fruits in transit and on the market
when shipped in a fresh state.

The results of the experimental work with both clicrries and prunes serve
further to corroborate the results of similar work with oranges, lemons,
apples, pears, and other fruits (E. S. R., 33, p. 642; 34, p. 235) and to
empliasize the gi'eat importance of the most careful handling in preparing
fruit for shiimient. Most of the losses due to mold fungi can be prevented
by careful handling. Although the experiments fully demonstrated the value
of precooling in reducing losses during shipment, to be most effective the
fruit should be properly hamlU'd in harvesting, thoroughly and promptly
precooled, and transferred to the refrigerator cars without exposure to the
warmer outside temperatures.

Directions for blueberry culture. 1916, F. V. Co\aLLE (V. S. Dcpt. .Apr. Bui.
33Jt (1915), pp. 16, pis. 17). — The present bulletin is a revision of the author's
original paper which appeared in 1913 as a part of Circular 122 of the Bureau
of Plant Industry (E. S. R., 29, p. 148). This bulletin discusses the special
requirements of blueberry plants, importance. of superior varieties, methods
of propagation, fiehl planting, yields, and profits.

Data are given on the yields and receipts of a 2..>acre plantation of wild
blueberries near Elkhart. Ind., for the period between 1910 and 191.1. when
the plantation was from 21 to 26 years old. The average for the six years
is receipts $243.44 per acre and profits ^116 per acre.

In view of the present knowledge relative to the soil requirements of
blueberry plants (E. S. R.. 24, p. 443). together with the possibility of
growing large improved varieties, the author is of the opinion that blueberry
culture gives promise as a profitable industry to individual landowners in
districts in which general agricultural conditions are especially hard and
unpromising. The work conducted with blueberries also suggests the possibility
of the further utilization of such lands by means of other crops adapted
to acid conditions.

Smyrna fig growing in California, II. IMAnK.\Ri.\N (.1/0. Bui. Com. Hort.
Cal., 5 (1916), Xo. 1, pp. 1-1 'f. figs. 13). — A popular cultural treatise, including

HORTICULTURE. 535

also a table showing the estimated production of Smyrna figs after the fourth
year on different types of soil and at different planting distances.

The olive (Olea cuspidata) forests of the Punjab, B. O. Coventey {Indian
Forester, 4I {1915), No. 11, pp. 301-398). — A sliort descriptive account.

Renovation of olive trees; hygiene, pathology, and therapeutics of the
olive, C. Benaiges {Bol. Agr. Tec. y Econ., 7 {1915), Nos. 79, pp. 657-666; 80,
pp. 743-752). — In this article the author briefly discusses the conditions favor-
able for olive culture and the causes of unproductivity, describes the more
important insect pests and diseases of the olive, and gives directions for their
control.

Bright V. russet fruit, W. W. Yothees {Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc, 28 {1915),
pp. 113-117). — In this paper the author gives some data on several small tests
made with grapefruit and oranges which tend to show that in a given length
of time bright fruit suffers less from decay and loss in weight from evapora-
tion than russet fruit. Records are also given of three orange groves to show
the beneficial effect of spraying for the production of bright fruit, which
usually commands a much better market value than russet fruit.

Contribution to the study of coffee, A. Bekteau and E. Sauvage {Rev. Gen.
Bot, 27 {1915), No. 317, pp. 129-Ul, pis. 3, figs. 9).— The present contribution
comprises a study of the structure and method of formation of the fruit and
seed of coffee, including an account of the germination process.

Lamtoro as shade, G. A. Alberts {Meded. Proefstat. Malang, No. 10 {1915),
pp. 10, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author describes his method of growing lamtoro
{Leucaena glaiica) as shade in a coffee plantation.

The book of hardy flowers, edited by II. 11. Thomas {New York: Funk d
WagjwUs Co., 1915, pp. XII +.',92, pis. 96, figs. 31).— This work is offered as a
simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the
trees and shrubs and perennial and annual flowers that are hardy or are
suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temperate countries. The
illustrations, which are a feature of the work, show some 200 different
shrubs and flowers.

The garden blue book, L. B. Holland {Garden City, N. Y.: Douhleday, Page
& Co., 1915, pp. 425, pis. 2. figs. 176). — A manual of garden perennials, giving the
distinguishing characteristics of each plant, its particular use in the garden
scheme, its soil and light requirements or preferences, its relative hardiness,
and methods of propagation. The text is fully illustrated and is accompanied
by a reference chart in which the plants are grouped according to color of
flower and period of bloom, light and soil adaptations, presence or absence of
fragrance, and height of the plant. The period of bloom has been calculated
with reference to the latitude of Philadelphia. Opposite the description of
each plant are blank forms in which the behavior of the plant in any latitude
may be recorded for a number of years, and in which the records of addi-
tional plants may be placed.

The garden beautiful in California, E. Braunton (Los Angeles, Cal.: Culti-
vator Puhlishmg Co., 1915, pp. 208, pis. Uf, figs. 13). — A practical manual of
ornamental gardening, prepared with special reference to California conditions.

Ornamentals for winter, Edith L. Hubbard (Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.,
28 {1915), pp. 185-191). — A list of trees, shrubs, vines, hardy palms, scenic
plants, perennials, bulbs, and annuals recommended for planting in Florida,
with special reference to securing attractive gardens during the winter months.

Use of native plants for ornamental planting, L. P. Jensen {Gard. Chron.
Amer., 20 {1916), No. 1, pp. 17, 18, 29).— In this article the author calls atten-
tion to the large number of native plants available for ornamental planting

536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and suggests some of the situations in which this plant material may be used
to advantage.

The prairie spirit in landscape gardening, W. Miller {lUmois Sta. Circ.
184 {1915), pp. SJf, figs. 106; Abs., pp. 4, fig. 1). — In this circular the author aims
to show what the people of Illinois have done and can do toward designing and
planting public and private grounds for efficiency and beauty.

The first chapter describes a mode of designing and planting which aims to
fit the peculiar scenery, climate, soil, labor, and other conditions of the prairies
instead of copying the style and materials of other regions. The succeeding
chapters discuss various phases of the prairie style of landscape gardening,
showing its application to the farmstead and city lot, as well as to regions other
than prairies. Information is also given relative to plant materials used with
their adaptation for specific purposes, together with a bibliography having some
bearing on the prairie style of landscape gardening and descriptive notes on a
large number of the more ornamental plants.

The text is fully illustrated with photographic reproductions.

FORESTRY.

Silvicultural work of the steppe experiment forests from 1893 to 1906,
G. Vysotskii {Trudy Ln-nn. Opiitu. Dillii. Rofis.. J/l (li)12), pp. 1-557; obs. in
Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {191 4), No. 1, pp. 12, 13). —
This volunie contains a description of the natural conditions in the steppe
region of Russia, together with the results of forest activities at three steppe
experimental forests from 1893 to 1907. In addition to information relative to
the composition and growth of forest plantings, data are given on soil studies
conducted for a number of years, including analyses of soil solutions taken
from areas where the trees failed to grow. See also a previous note by Stepanov
(E. S. R.. 22. p. 342.)

The importance of phenological observations, G. X. Lamb {Forest Club
Ami. [Univ. Xcbr.l, 6 {1915), pp. 41-U. pi. 1). — In this paper the author calls
attention to the importanto and value of systematic and continuous records of
the time of leafing, flowering, fruiting, and leaf falling of the important con-
spicuous plants as a general index to the seasonal climate in any region. A
chart for recording phenological data is illustrated and described. A similar
chart, prepared by the author, for 72 of the common species of trees of the
eastern United Stales has boon noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 844).

New investigations on the causes of diameter growth in trees, P. Jaccakd
(Notvric. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 13 {1915), No. 8-9. pp. ,321-360. figs. -}).—
Anatomical studies wore made of a number of pine trees to determine the cor-
rectness of the author's previously advanced hypothesis that the development
of any particular form in a tree is an attempt to establish a shaft with equal
water carrying capacity (E. S. R., 29, p. 342).

He concludes in brief that the form of the pine stem is influenced primarily
by the demands of the water circulation, and the stem between the roots and
crown of the tree maintains itself as a shaft of equal water-conducting capacity.
In the crown the form of the stem adjusts itself to the constantly diminishing
water circulation. Any sudden alteration in the course of water-conducting
organs or any strong bending of the tree leads to a readjustment in diameter
growth, in order to reestablish uniform water-conducting capacity throughout
the area of the stem.

Problems and scope of forest selection, II. Heuss {CctUbl. Gcsam. Forstic,
41 {19t5), No. 3-4, pp. 81-102). — A r6sum6 of progress made in breeding and
selection as applied to forestry in Europe.

FORESTRY. 537

Notes on succession from pine to oak, B. Mooke {Bot. Gaz., 61 (1916), No. 1,
pp. 59-66). — In this paper the author presents observations on the pine and oak
woods of Long Island with special reference to the succession of pine stands
by oak stands. As a result of this study he concludes in brief that the problem
of succession, so far as pine and oak are concerned, involves so many factors,
such as previous history of the region, the surrounding vegetation, and the soil
and moisture conditions, that the deductions for one locality may be wholly
misleading when applied to another locality only a few miles distant.

Nitrog'en manuring experiments with 2- and 4-year-old pines, Siefert and
Helbig (Forstw. Centhl. n. set:, 37 (1915), Nos. 2, pp. S3-92; 3, pp. 126-139).—
Data are given on a number of experiments conducted in the forest nursery at
Karlsruhe and in open plantings in which various nitrogen fertilizers were
used with and without the addition of phosphoric acid and potash.

Examination of the correlation between the evaporation of a pine and the
evaporimeter of Wild, A. P. Tolskii (Trudy Liesn. .Opijtn. Dielu. Ross., Ifl
(1913); abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ.' Jonr. Expt. Landic), 15 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 101, 108). — In the summer of 1911 parallel observations were made
at the meteorological station of the Borov Experiment Forest (Government of
Samara) on the evaporimeter of Wild and on the evaporation of a 3-year-old
pine transplanted the previous year into a zinc vessel with a tight-fitting cover
and provided with a tube for rewatering.

The observations show that evaporation from the pine and that of the evap-
orimeter were affected by temperature, solar radiation, humidity of the air, and
the force of the wind. During the development of young shoots evaporation
from the pine did not correspond to the indications of the evaporimeter, par-
ticularly in May and June, when the maximum growth in young shoots and
needles was taking place, thus indicating a dominating influence of physio-
logical factors over meteorological factors. The greatest evaporation in th«
pine took place during the morning hours and from the evaporimeter in the
afternoon hours. ,

Recent tapping results with Hevea brasiliensis, A. W. K. de Jong (Teys-
mannia, 26 (1915), No. 8-9, pp. 502-510). — A series of daily and alternate-day
tapping experiments were conducted with a number of Hevea rubber trees,
the Fickendey process of tapping, which is supposed to increase the yield of
latex, being compared with the usual method of tapping over a 6-month period.
The Fickendey process consists in brief in the monthly removal of a 3-cm.
strip of the cork layer just under the cut. A specially constructed knife is
used for this purpose.

The results as a whole indicate that removing the cork layer tends to stimu-
late the latex flow in the earlier tappings, but that this effect decreases as
the tapping continues and results in a smaller total yield over the whole tap-
ping period than with the usual method of tappi^ig.

Timber, from the forest to its use in commerce, AV. Bullock (London and
New York: Sir Isaac Pitman c6 Sons, Ltd. [1915], pp. /X-fi//9, figs. i6).— This
comprises popular descriptive accounts of the timbers Avhich are at the present
time dealt with in ordinary commerce. The information given deals with the
origin of the timber, its characteristics, commercial importance, and uses.

Notes upon the distribution of forest trees in Indiana, S. Coultee (Proa.
Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, pp. 167-177). — This paper discusses the range and dis-
tribution of various forest trees in different parts of Indiana.

An annotated reference list of the more common trees and shrubs of the
Konahuanui region, V. MacCaughey (Hawaii. Forester and Agr., 13 (1916),
No. 1, pp. 28-3-'f)- — The list here given is said to include all of the commoner

31501°— No. 6—16 4

638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

species of native trees and shrubs found in the forested mountains back of
Honolulu.

Timber conditions in the Smoky River Valley and Grande-Prairie country,
J. A. DoucET (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branth Bui. 53 (1915), pp. 55, figs.
20), — This comprises a report on forest conditions in the Smoky River Valley
and Grande-Prairie country, Canada. The survey, which covers an area of
over 9,500 square miles, was made in 1913 and continues and connects with
the survey work done in 1911 and 1912 (E. S. R., 31, p. 839).

A handbook of forest protection {[Sacramento]: Cal. State Bd. Forestry,
1915. pp. 87, pi. 1). — A handbook of information relative to the forest policy of
California. It contains the forest laws of the State with interpretations of
certain sections, together \\\X\\ a synoi)sis of the game laws of the State and
the forest fire report for the year 1914.

A discussion of log rules, their limitations and suggestions for correction.
H. E. McKenzie {Cal. Bd. Forestry Bui. 5 {1915), pp. 56, figs. 8). — In this
bulletin the author di.scusses many of the different log rules now in use, with
reference to the principles upon which they are based and wherein they are
defective. Relations are shown, where they exi.st, between different log rules
for the purpose of transforming data from one rule to another.

The author also introduces a new log rule, based on mathematical principles,
and designed to be llexible to varying conditions, both in milling ojH'rations
and in the character of the timber to be sawe<l.

What chemistry has done to aid the utilization of wood, S. F. Acree {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 7 {1915), No. 11, pp. 913-915). — In this paper the
author gives a popular discussion of the role of chemistry in the conversion of
waste wood into profitable by-products.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Effect of natural low temperature on certain fungi and bacteria, H. E.
Bartram {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916), iS'o. 14, pp. 651-
655). — The author reports upon an investigation carried on at the Vermont
Experiment Station in which a number of tubes inoculated with different spe-
cies of fungi and bacteria were exposed during the winter to fluctuating tem-
peratures and tested in the spring of 1913 to determine the viability of the
various organisms. This experiment was repeate<l in 1913-14 with additional
species of organi.sms. the minimum temperature during the winter being
reportetl at —32° C.

Tests were made of the vitality of the cultures on January 17, February 21,
and March 27, and it was found that in spite of the exposure to a low tempera-
ture Sclerotinia cinerea, CcphalotheHttni roseum, Glomerella rxifomaculans.
Venturia incqualis, and Ascochyta colorata lived through the winter imder all
conditions of exposure, while four others, Alternaria solani, Cylindrosporiuin
point, Ploicrightia morhoxa, and Phytophthora omnirora, lived over on some
media but not on others. Fusarium sp. from conifers was destroyed by the
low temperatures, while Collctotrirhum lindcinuthianum and Spharopsis
malorum were .so weakenetl that only untler very favorable conditions did
they respond to fresh media. Of six kinds of bacteria exposetl to the winter
temperatures, only two can be safely .«5aid to have surviviHl. Bacillus inclonis
and Actinomyces chromogenus.

Simple technique for isolating single-spore strains of certain types of
fungi, r,. W. Kkitt (Phytopathology. 5 (1915), No. 5. pp. 266-269, fig. /).—
The author describes the media, instruments, and method i)ursued Ity himself
and others which are considered to be generally applicable to most fungi germi-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 539

nating and growing on agar. These have proved especially useful for the isola-
tion from field material of slow-growing fungi which, with the ordinary method,
are likely to be overrun by rapidly growing fungi or bacteria.

The need of a pure culture supply laboratory for phytopathology in
America, C. L. Shear {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 270-272). — In a
paper read before the American Phytopathological Society at its summer meet-
ing, the author called attention to the desirability of the establishment of a
culture supply laboratory in this country.

Studies on Khizopus. — II, Physiological, J. Hanzawa {Mycol. CentbL, 5
{1915), No. 6, pp. 257-281). — Concluding his report on studies with species of
Rhizopus (E. S. R., 28, p. 745), the author states that all the species used except
R. nigricans grew at blood heat, and he divides them into three groups as
regards temperature preference. The reactions of the several species to other
conditions are summarized.

All the species studied in this connection were found to grow very well on
wounded tomatoes, but poorly or not at all on other living plants or fruits.

Notes on some North. American rusts with cseoma-like sori, C. A. Ludwig
{Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 273-281). — In order to record recent
observations on North American rusts which have caeoma-like sori, the author
presents keys to the different groups, and notes in particular information
relating to the species of Coleosporium, Melampsora, and Cieoma. Cceoma
dubium, parasitic on the hemlock {Tsuga heterophylla) , is described as a new
species occurring in northwestern United States and western Canada.

Peridermium pyriforme and Cronartium comandrae, J. E. Kirkwood {Phyto-
pathology, 5 {1915), No. If, pp. 223, 224)- — As a result of field observations and
inoculation experiments, the author considers it strongly probable that P. pyri-
forme and C comandrw are alternate phases of the same rust.

Fungus diseases of Colorado crop plants, W. W. Robbins and O. A. Rein-
king {Colorado Sta. Bui. 212 (1915), pp. 54, figs. 26). — A description is given
of some of the more common fungus diseases, and of injuries not due to fungi,
of agricultural and horticultural plants in Colorado, together with suggestions
for their control so far as definite methods are known. Formulas are given for
the preparation of the various spray mixtures and applications recommended
for use.

Work connected with, insect and fungus pests and their control, F. R.
Shepherd (Imp. Dept. Ayr. West Indies, Rpt. Bot. 8ta. St. Kitts-Nevis, 1913-14,
pp. 15, 16). — Notes are given on insect pests of sugar cane on St. Kitts, also on
root disease {Marasmius sacchari) destroying or stunting the canes, and on
rind disease, which was present in one locality in 1912 but did not appear
during the period covered by this report.

Besides mention of insects injuring cotton, notes are given on a peculiar
mottled appearance of the leaves, connected with a stunted growth of the plants,
which produced an abnormal number of blooms and bolls, none of which
matured. In other places there was a curling or crinkling of the leaves on the
upper branches, coupled with entire absence of bolls. This trouble is thought
to be the same as the one reported from St. Croix (E. S. R., 31, p. 243), which
is supposed to be identical with leaf cut or tomosis described as occurring in the
United States.

Cryptogamic review for 1913, G. Briosi (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com.
[Rome], Scr. B, 13 {1914), II, No. 5, pp. 146-157).— Besides a brief notice of
diseases observed in connection with forest, garden, orchard, field, and other
plants, about 25 cryptogamic diseases of conifers are listed and given somewhat
more extended discussion.

540 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

Report by the botanist, W. Small {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Uganda, 191 Jf, pp.
59-62). — This report deals mainly with plant diseases.

The successful use of the sprays noted on page 545 for leaf disease of coffee
is reported, the results from the use of other sprays being less satisfactory.
The experiments for the purpose of testing the supposed identity of Hemileia
vastatri.v with the Hemileia disease occurring commonly on native coffee gave
negative results and are to be repeated.

Hymcnocho'te noxia, causing root disease of coffee, has not done extensive
damage. Sooty mold (Capnodivm brasilicn-sc) yields to treatment destroying
the insects in connection with which it commonly occurs.

The die-back of coffee is thought to be connected with abnormal conditions, but
it is considered as somewhat obscure with regard to the manner of its causa-
tion. Further studies in this connection are in progress.

Hevea, while remarkably free from fungus diseases, was attacked by a
brown root disease in one place. A disease characterized by gummy exudations
and bark discoloration was not'?d in connection with Plnjtophthora fnberi. A
few cases of die-back of Hevea require further examination, Glocosporium al-
horuhrum, PhijUosticta ramicola, and Thyridarin tarda being noted in this con-
nection.

Cacao stems showed the presence of T. tarda, Mcgalonectria psevdotrichia,
and Ncctria spp., and on the pools were f(umd P. fabcri. T. tarda, and CoUeto-
trirhnm incarmitiiw. but it is not known which of these may cause injury.

The composition of Bordeaux mixture and its soluble copper content, V.
Vebmorel and E. Dantony {Prog. Agr. ct Tit. {Ed. VEst-Ccntre), SG {1915),
No. 19, pp. Ji.38-4.'i2). — This is a further statement regarding studies previously
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 544).

It appears that acid Bordeaux mixture contains basic sulphates of copper,
but no hydrates thereof. The alkaline mixtures, as freshly made in the .same
proportions of copper sulphate and of linio. may present differ<'nces as regards
composition, showing a blue color and containing a large proportion of hydrates,
or a green color, containing abundant basic sulphates or intermediate types.
The mixture as used, however, generally contains a sufficient proportion of the
dissolved copi)er to check the development of mildew.

Under the action of carbon dioxid, the alkaline mixture yields at first less
copper than does the acid solution, but after a certain time, especially in case
of the lilue preparation, it yields a considerable amount of soluble copper. If
the action of the carbon dioxid is sufficiently prolonged, either the acid or the
alkaline mixture shows the formation of the basic carbonate of copper.

It is considered as probable that the acid and the alkaline mixture may have
about equal values as fungicides.

The after effect of sulphur treatment on soil, C. D. Sherbakoff {Phyto-
pathologii, 5 {1915), No. 4. PP- 219-222, figs. 3). — In a previous publication
(E. S. R., 32, p. 146), the author gives an account of investigations on the
control of potato scab by the application of sulphur. In the present paper,
the effect of the sulphur treatment on the growth of subsequent crops, par-
ticularly clover, is shown.

Where sulphur was applied at the rate of 000 lbs. per acre in 1012 and 1013,
there was a noticeably poorer stand of clover than on adjacent plats ; where
It was applied at this rate in combination with lime and additional fertilizers,
a less injurious effect was shown ; and wliere applied at a greater ratio, no
growth of clover at all was observed. The treatments in which sulphur was
applied at the rate of 450 lbs. per acre, either alone or in combination, showed
on injurious effect on clover only in those parts of the field which were poor in

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 541

liumus, and in no case was it as maiived as wliere large quantities had been
used.

Some noticeable differences in a stand of rye attributed to the use of sul-
phur are also reported.

Failure of wheat seed to germinate normally, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr.
Gas. N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 3, pp. 231, 232).— Experiments carried out
indicate that twisting and consequent failure to emerge from the soil in case
of wheat plantlets are due chiefly to deep planting or to setting in case of cer-
tain soils. The importance of a properly prepared seed bed is emphasized.

This explanation does not seem to apply to some cases in which the shoot
tip appears to have lost its iisual property of negative geotropism. It is con-
sidered possible that a fungus, probably a Podosporiella, which has been found
within the seeds, may be a contributing factor in this connection.

The control of cereal and grass smut and the Helminthosporium disease in
Holland and Germany, O. Appel {Phylopathology, 5 {1915), No. 4, pp. 230-
232). — The author describes various methods of seed treatment for the control
of diseases of cereals and grasses, and he claims that, while Quanjer's method
(which consists of spraying the seed grain with a solution of 200 gm. of cop-
per sulphate in 2 to 2 J liters of water for each hectoliter of seed) gives good
results in Holland, it is less successful in Germany, where the formaldehyde
treatment is preferred. Seed treatment with a 0.1 per cent solution of the
mercuric salt of monochlorophenol for 10 minutes is said to be as effective as
formaldehyde against stinking smut, but anilin dyes and chinosol are less
satisfactory. In case of a light attack of Helminthosporium, the mercuric salt
above mentioned and chinosol were used with good results, while in a severe
attack in 1912 copper sulphate was more^ effective than formaldehyde, but did
not entirely stamp out the disease. For the control of Fusarium all the fungi-
cides are said to be about equally efficient.

Stem rot of clovers and alfalfa as a cause of " clover sickness," A. H.
Gilbert and D. S. Myer (Kentucky Sta. Circ. 8 (1915), pp. 46-60, figs. 3). — A
description is given of a stem rot of clover and alfalfa due to Sclerotinia tri-
foliorum, a disease which has been under observation in Kentucky for a short
time and which is reported as being destructive in certain portions of the State.
Methods of control are suggested.

Effect of temperature on Glomerella, C. W. Edgerton (Phytopathology, 5
(1915), No. 5, pp. 247-259, figs. 4)- — In connection with previous investigations
(E. S. R., 23, p. 250), the author found that the hot summer months in Louisi-
ana prevent the development of the fungus causing bean anthracnose.

Following these investigations, he has considered it desirable to test the bean
anthracnose fungus, as well as a number of allied species, under laboratory
conditions. Forty-nine cultures of Glomerella from 22 different host plants
were grown at various temperatures ranging from 14 to 37.5° C. in Petri dishes
on agar made from bean pods. Comparisons were made of the growth of the
different species, and it was found that the 49 cultures readily fell into six
groups, based upon their optimum temperatures for growth as well as their
maximimi temperatures.

The form from the banana, Glcensporium musar'um, has an optimum tempera-
ture of 29 to 30°, and a maximum temperature above 37.5°. Forms from
various hosts represented by Glomerella cingulata and G. gossypii grew at an
optimum temperature of 27 to 29°, and a maximum temperature above 37.5°.
The form on the apple and other hosts that is best known by the name Gloeo-
sporium fructigeiium has an optimum temperature of 24 to 25°, and a maximum
of 34 to 35°. Another form growing on the apple is characterized by a lower
optimum and maximum temperature and a slower growth. The watermelon

542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

anthracnose fungus, CoUetotrichum lagenariuin. has an optimum temperature
of 24° and a maximum of 34 to 35°, while the bean anthracnose, C. lindemu-
thianum, which has the slowest growth of any of the forms, has for its optimum
a temperature of 21 to 28°, and for its maximum 30 to 31°.

The ascogenous forms of Glomerella are said to be confined to those groups
having most rapid growth. The author believes there fire two distinct an-
thracnose fungi found on apple in the United States which may be readily
separated by their temperature reaction, as well as by other differences. The
fact that the bean anthracnose will not tolerate high temperatures may be
utilized for control of the disease, .seed being raised in the fall for spring
planting. He states that a large number of forms from various hosts falling
in the second group mentioned above can not be separate<l by the temperature
factor, and it is probable that many should not be considered as distinct.

The control of cabbage yellows through disease resistance, L. R. Jones
and .7. C. Oilman (Wiscomin ,9/o. Research Bui. S8 (1915), pp. 70, figs. 23).—
In this bulletin, tlie autliors give an account of the cabbage yellows due to
Fiisaritim eonglutituins and also review the experiments carrie<l on for its con-
trol by selection of disease-resistant varieties of cabbage, preliminary notes of
which have been given (E. S. R.. 33. p. 34G). The disease, its occurrence,
spread, method of infection, etc., are <lescribe<l at length, together with early
experiments for its control, after which the exiieriments in the selection of
disease-resistant strains beg\in in 1910 are discusse<l in considerable detail.

One strain has been develope<l, which, it is said, will be distributed on a com-
mercial scale for planting in 1916. In 1914 it gave a practically perfect stand
of heads averaging about .'"»* lbs. each in a total yield of 18 tons per acre on
thoroughly cabbage-sick soil, whereas the best commercial strain grown imme-
diately alongside it produced 80 per cent of yellows and yielded about 2 tons
per acre of heads av«'ragiiig 2* ll)s. each.

Ring spot of cauliflower, A. V. Osmun and P. J. Anderson {rhyiopathology,
5 {1915), No. 5. pp. 260-2G5. figs. Jf). — The authors call attention to the fact
that large quantities of caulitlower are shipped from California to eastern
markets, and that practically all of this vegetable received from this source In
Boston during the latter part of March and early April was badly affected with
the disease known in Europe as leaf spot and in Australia as ring spot. No
previous record of the occurrence of the fungus in America seems to have
been reported.

The symptoms of the disease, as shown on the material obtained from
market, consist of spotting on the outer leaves, although in some cases all the
leaves may be infected. In light cases a few spots occur on a leaf, and the
leaves show no tendency to turn yellow. On others many spots occur and the
leaves lose their green color. Diseased portions, however, retain tlie natural
color, which contrasts sharply with the yellow portion of the leaf.

The disease is said to be caused by }{]/cosph(rrclla hrn.<<.<iicicola, a description
of which is given. In Europe the pycnidial stage is formed abundantly on the
green leaves while the perithecial stage occm-s only on the old. dying leaves.
The perithecial stage is said to be rare in Europe, while in Australia it is com-
moner than the other. On the material examined by the authors the perithecial
stage was more abundant.

No control experiments seem to have been reported, and. as this trouble
appears to be associated with shipping conditions, it is thought that some
change in them might retard the development of the fungus.

[A disease of cotton], W. I. Howell {Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Bot.
Sta. St. Kitts-Nevis, 1913-14. p. 32). — It is stated that in certain localities on the
island of Nevis cotton is affected by a serious disea.se causing a leaf curl on

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643

the upper branches, particularly in damp weather and in sheltered localities,
and entirely preventing the formation of bolls.

Potato diseases and seed potatoes, D. C. Babcock (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1
{1916), No. 1, pp. 10-14, figs. 3). — A popular description is given of a number
of diseases of potatoes, and spraying, seed selection, and seed treatment are
suggested for tlieirt.control.

[Diseases of prickly pear], T. H. Johnston and H. Tryon (Rpt. Prickly-Pear
Travel. Com., Queemland, 1912-19U, pp. XIII, 18-20, 28, 34, 35, 43, 49-51, 59,
63-65, 84. 86, 90, 91, 92, 93-95, 96, 98, 100, 101, IO4. 105, 109, 110, 111, 115-125,
pis. 3). — Such parts of this report are noted herein as refer to diseases and con-
ditions tending to destroy prickly pear or to reduce injury therefrom, as ob-
served or reported at various points visited in both hemispheres by the com-
mission between November 1, 1912, and April 30, 1914.

The commission is led to conclude that disease does not play a very important
part anywhere in checking the growth of prickly pear when growing under
normal conditions. Observations and studies have been made on several abnor-
malities due to parasitic agency, and others due to environment, including cli-
matic conditions, which appear to be nowhere of considerable importance in
this connection.

Only one prickly pear disease is regarded as of sufficient value to warrant Its
introduction, namely, anthracnose, shot hole, or black rot, due to Gloeosporium
lunatum. This is common in Texas, and on warm, moist days causes rapid and
considerable destruction of young segments and of older joints if previously
attacked.

Another fungus, Selerotiton (Selejotinia) opiintiarum, causes a disease
which is somewhat serious in Argentina.

A bibliogi'aphy is appended containing a few references to diseases of prickly
pear.

Blister disease of fruit trees, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc.
Inform., No. 3 {1915), pp. 104-107, pi. 1). — The three stages of the organism
causing blister disease of the apple, pear, and cherry are discussed. The some-
what rare ascigerous form {Diaporthe ambigua) and the spore-bearing form
{Phoma malt) are said to be pure saprophytes, the only parasitic form being
that previously known as Coniothecium chomatosporum. This, it is held,
should hereafter be retained only as a form-genus until its components are
correlated with their respective Phoma forms.

Frequent spraying with Bordeaux mixture is thought to be sufficient to pre-
vent infection of fruits and young shoots, but the most reliable method is the
removal of dead twigs and spurs bearing the fungus.

Outbreaks of grape diseases in 1914, J. Capus {Rei\ Tit., 42 {1915), No.
1088, pp. 382-384). — This is an account of the several appearances, in parts of
France, of downy mildew and black rot of grape, the dates of which agree in
part, and of the several outbreaks of Oidium as related to weather conditions.

Employment of hot water against grape parasites, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr.
et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre). 36 {1915), No. 18, pp. 4 1 4-4 16). —This is mainly a
statement, with a brief discussion, of the conclusions of Semichon as already
noted (B. S. R., 34, pp. 50, 243).

Notes on black rot and downy mildew, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), 36 {1915), No. 22, pp. 505-508, pi. 1).— The development of black
. rot is described. The mycelium arises in early spring, about the same time as
that of the downy mildew, and is able to penetrate the leaf cuticle.

The receptivity of the plant to black rot appears to be related to the nature
and character of the material which unites and embeds the epidermal cells. It
is thus, apparently, more dependent on the conditions prevailing in the plant

544 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED.

than upon atmospheric conditions, which are largely influential in the case
of mildew.

The black rot organism is very resistant to both acids and alkalis.

Studies on grape mildew, L. Ravaz and G. Vekge (Prog. Agr. et Tit. (Ed.
VEst-Ccntre), 32 {1915), Xos. 22, pp. 513-522, figs. 15: 23, pp. 537-5U, fig- 1 ;
25. pp. 584-590, figs. 5). — Detailing the results of studies carried on for several
years with grape downy mildew {Plasmopara viticola), the authors state that
the first contamination is due to macroconidia issuing from winter spores scat-
tered on the ground. This may be cousidere<l as a first invasion, which may
occur without the organism reaching the vine. If the zoospores produced by
the macroconidia find vegetation sufficiently advanced, they cause the first
contamination, whence issues the second invasion, which may be the first of the
vine. If the latter is not far advanced, as in case of late varieties, the zoo-
spores die without producing the disease.

To be effective, a copper solution should cover all portions liable to attack.
In 1915 the appearance of the conidia was announced five or six »lays previous
to the appearance of the oil spots, giving sufficient time for spraying.

The necessity is pointed out for the piompt recognition and announcement of
conditions favoring an outbreak, also the appearance of infecting material and
the time for employment of protective measures.

Sprays rich in soluble copper. K. Rabat£ (Rev. Vit., 42 (1915), No. 1088,
pp. 377-381). — Discussing some results of recent study, the author states that
an effective spray for downy mildew is made by adding to a Bordeaux mix-
ture containing 2 per cent of copper sulphate, 0.25 per cent of copper sulphate
just before use, 0.25 per cent aminonia, and 0.00 to 0.08 per cent casein «liluted
in water with as much lime in the form of powder or paste, or 1 per cent
molasses in water.

Oidium or powdery mildew of the vine, F. T. Bioletti and F. C. H. Floss-
I'EDER (California Sta. Circ. 144 (1915), pp. 12, figs. 7). — According to the
authors, Oldlum is a serious disease of grapes in California, being found in
every vineyard section. In sonie regions, particularly in tlie cooler, nioister
districts, great damage is frequently caused, while in hotter, drier district.s,
little damage is observed except on the more susceptible varieties.

Experiments are reported in which an attempt was niatle to control the powdery
mildew by sulpliuring the vines with a good commercial brand of sulphur ap-
plied with knapsack bellows, a liquid spray of .sulphur mixed with inert matter
so as to cause ready mixture with water, and a winter treatment in wliich
vines were sprayed with a copper sulphate solution. The application of dry
.sulphur was found most efficient in treating the vines. Winter treatments
appeared to be unnecessary and useless. The cost of perfect control with four
dry sulphurings was 70 cts. per acre. Directions are given for selecting a good
quality of sulphur and for its application.

Treatment for chlorosis, .T. IvARMeili,£re (Rev. Vit., 42 (1915). Xn. 1084, PP-
293-295). — A brief discussion is given regarding the effects of «lifferent limy
soils in producing chlorosis in grapevines, also of the iron sulphate treatment for
the stocks.

Partial pruning and immediate painting of the cut .surfaces with an iron
sulphate solution of 30 per cent strength (or even 40 per cent in case of older
wood) is deemed efficacious if timely, that is, if done while the sap pressure is
negative so as to insure ready entrance of the solution. This is said to afford
also a degree of protection against the effects of early frost. The treatment is
less effective if given soon after a rain. A liberal allowance of iron sulphate
spread upon the snow is said to be taken up by the roots with good result.s and
the addition of sulphuric acid has been found lieneficial.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545

[Coffee diseases in Uganda], T. D. Maitland {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Uganda,
1914. pp. 18, 19). — Coffee leaf disease (Hemileia vastatrix) was checked and
almost eradicated by uprooting the older coffee trees and spraying the younger
with Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures as soon as the growing season set in.

A die-back, apparently a secondary condition resulting from the effects of the
leaf disease, was even more serious than that disease itself. Cutting back
beyond the dead portion was not effective in arresting the disease, but manurial
treatment and rain arrested the die-back, apparently proving its constitutional
character.

Changes in coffee grains due to Aspergillus, L. Beille {Proc. Verb. Soc.
Set. Phijs. et Nat. Bordeaii.v, 1912-13, pp. 37, 38).— The author has found in
coffee from Haiti two fungi, connected with a stinking rot of the grains, which
appear to be closely related to or identical with A. nigcr and A. flavus. Two
other organisms causing injury to coffee seeds appear to belong to the same
genus, but could not be identified with those above named.

Diseases of lime trees in forest districts, W. Nowell (Imp. Dept. Agr. West
Indies Pamphlet 79 {1915), pp. 41, pis. 5, figs. 2; abs. in Agr. Neivs [Barhados],
14 {1915), No. 349, p. 302). — This is a popular discussion of the black root dis-
ease due to RoselUnia pepo or R. bunodes, which may infect the trees by spores
or by contact, protection from these fungi requiring careful inspection, isolation
as regards contact, destruction of diseased material, and the use of lime and
sulphur in the soil as auxiliary agents ; red root disease, which is also known
to spread by means of underground strands, requiring substantially the same
treatment as *he foregoing; and pink disease, observed to cause a certain
amount of twig blight in sheltered cleanings on estates having a high rainfall.

Walnut blight or bacteriosis, C. O. Smith {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4
{1915), No. 5-6, pp. 254-258, fig. 1). — Describing the walnut blight due to
Pseudomonas juglandis, said to have caused losses in California during about
25 years, varying with conditions up to 50 per cent in some cases, the author
states that the chief injury is done to the nuts, which are attacked when young,
principally at the blossom end or stigma where the surface is not covered with
epidermis. Older nuts usually suffer less injury from attacks, which are
mainly at other points. Leaves, shoots, and young nursery stock may be
attacked, but the chief damage in such cases appears to be that resulting
from the consequent dissemination of the disease.

The organism appears to winter in the bark, wood, and possibly the pith of
diseased branches, becoming active after the sap starts in the spring, and giving
rise to a rather sudden and severe secondary infection. The organism can live
over in cloudy weather for several days on the surface of diseased nuts, and
is said to be able to withstand from 20 tg 50 days of drying in the absence of
sunlight. Successful inoculations have been made on Juglans nigra, J. califor-
nica, J. hindsii, J. cinerea, J. cordiformis, and J. sieboldiana, also on certain
hybrids.

Some spraying experiments with Bordeaux mixture reduced by one-half the
number of blighted nuts, while other tests with that fungicide and still others
with a mixture of sulphur and potassium hydrate had no perceptible effect.
Lime sulphur was not entirely effective, but in some tests a marked reduction
of blight was perceptible the second year. The total expense with modern
equipment has been reduced to about 50 cts. per tree.

An observed difference between individual trees is thought to indicate their
strong resistance or immunity to this disease.

The persistence of viable pycnospores of the chestnut blight fungus on
normal bark below lesions, R. A. Studhalter and F. D. Heald (Amer. Jour.
Bot., 2 {1915), No. 4, pp. 162-168).— It is stated that viable pycnospores of

546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Endothia parasitica were found on normal bark below lesions in numbers up
to 172,222 per square centimeter. Of the 36 pieces of bark tested only 5 failed
to yield positive results, and of these 4 were collected 14 days after a rain.
Viable pycnospores were found in 23 of 24 tests made during December and
January, when no spore horns were present in the field. Abundant viable
pycnospores were obtained at 70 cm. (about 27 in.) below a bark lesion.
Although most tests were made one or two days after a rain, positive results
were obtained with cultures from 5 of 9 pieces of bark tested 14 days after
0.56 in. of rain had fallen.

The chestnut bark disease on freshly fallen nuts, J. F. Coluns {Phyto-
pathology, 5 (1915), No. 4, pp. 233-235, fig. i ) .—Attention was calle<l by the
author to the occurrence of chestnut l)ark disease on old nuts and burs in
1912 (E. S. R., 30, p. 543). Later freshly fallen nuts were found showing
blister-like excresences, and cultures were made from some of these, and
trees inoculated from some of these cultures.

The data obtained in these experiments indicate that nuts are .sometime.s
infected with this disease before they fall from the tree, and that it would be
within the range of possibility to introduce the disease in a new locality by
means of discarded shells or kernels of (lisease<l nuts.

Methods of injecting trees, Caroi.ink Rumbolo (Phytopathology, 5 (1915),
No. Jf. pp. 225-228. pi. 1). — The autlior describes the methods used in injecting
various chemicals into trees in connection with the inve.stlgatlons carrie<l on
for the control of the chestnut blight.

Boot rot of coniferous seedlings, A. H. Gr.wes (Phytopathology, 5 (1915),
No. Jf, pp. 213-217, figs. 2). — The author reports the appearance in the nursery
of the Yale Forest School, during the spring and summer of 1914, of a serious
root rot. About 20 per cent of a bed of one-year-old re<l pines (Pinus re.'<inoKa)
were destroyed, while 5 per cent of a bed of one-year-old white pines (P.
atrolins), several thousand two-year-old red pines, as well as a few seetllings
of one-year-old hemloclv (Tsuga canadensis) succumbed.

The disease first became noticeable through a dark retl or reddish-brown dis-
coloration of the tips of the leaves. By slow degrees this color was extended
and subsequently became brown or yellow brown. Diseased seedlings were
examined and showed a root system entirely dead.

Repeated efforts were made to isolate a fungus without success, but a study
of the soil beds showed that the soil was stiff and clayey. This, together with
the fact that the disease caused most destruction early in the season and dis-
appeared when drier conditions prevailed, has led to the conclusion that it is
due to the lack of oxygen in a soil which is saturated with water.

Razoumofskya tsugensis in Alaska, .T. R. Weik (Phytopathology, 5 (1915),
No. ff, p. 229). — Tlie author reports A', tsiigcn.iis as attacking Tsuga hcterophylla
in the Tongass National Forest, Alaska.

Fomes juniperinus and its occurrence in British East Africa, E. M. Wake-
field (Roy. Hot. Gard. Kew, Bui. .Uwc. Inform., No. 3 (1915), pp. 102-104. fig-
/). — The author describes two specimens of F. juniperinus from East Africa,
which is said to be the worst enemy of cetlars growing indigenously on the
drier slopes at altitudes of 7,000 to 9,000 ft. This organism is said to agree
with the description of that noted by von Schrenk (E. S. R.. 12, p. 765) as
attacking red cedar in the Unittxl States.

Telial stage of Gymnosporangium tubulatum on Juniperus scopulonim,
.T. R. Weir (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 4, p. 218). — As the result of culture
experiments, the author shows that J. scopulorum bears the telial stage of
G. tubulatum.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 547

Larch, mistletoe: Some economic considerations of its injurious efiEects,
J. R. Weir (U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 311 (1916), pp. 25, figs. 13).— In this bulle-
tin the author gives an account of some of the practical results secured in an
investigation of the injurious effects of the larch mistletoe (Razoumofskya
laricis) occurring in the Blue Mountain region of Oregon and the vicinity.

Tlie deterioration of the western larch in some of the open, exposed stands
is said to be due to this mistletoe, which attacks trees of all ages, from seed-
lings to the unsuberized parts of mature trees. If the infected trees are not
entirely suppressed or killed early in life they are so injured as seldom to
produce a good grade of timber. Two types of infection are said to occur, one
by the seed falling on the branches where witches' brooms develop, and the
other by the gradual advance of the cortical root system of the mistletoe
along the branch to the younger tissues.

For the control of this pest the author recommends inserting a clause in
all timber-sale contracts requiring the cutting of all larches infected with
mistletoe, whether merchantable or not.

Trametes pini in India, R. S. Hole (Indian Forest Rec, 5 (1914), No. 5, pp.
159-184, pis. 8). — This contains the more important results of a study con-
tinued since 1911 on T. pini attacking Pinus excelsa. Although this disease was
first definitely identified in the Punjab in 1904, it is not regarded as of recent
origin in India, where it is now causing severe loss.

Infection usually occurs at wounds from wind-blown spores, the spread being
greatly favored by the practice of lopping, which is prevalent in the Punjab
hills. Natural root grafting, while very common, is not regarded as a very
important means of transmission.

Measures recommended are preventive only, the areas which are seriously
affected requiring generally complete restocking with resistant trees. Those
less seriously diseased are protected by cutting affected trees below the surface
of the soil, which is then spread deeply over the cut surfaces. Uninfected
forests require hygienic measures and protective belts on sides adjoining in-
fected areas. The establishment of mixed in preference to unmixed pine forests,
where practicable, will reduce the danger of infection.

A list is given of species attached by T. pini in Europe, America, and Japan,
also a short bibliography of this disease.

Degradation of wood by fungi, C. Wehmer (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 48
(1915), No. 2, pp. 130-134; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 108 (1915), No.
630, I, pp. 197, 198).— In pursuance of previous work (E. S. R., 33. p. 651), the
author reports the percentage composition of conifer wood after being subjected
to the action of Merulius, the results as regards cellulose being still under in-
vestigation.

It is stated that free organic acid is absent from rotten wood, the reaction
observable being attributed to the presence of humus.

Studies are in progress with M. Sylvester, Coniophora cerebella, and Poly-
porus vaporarius, which also destroy structural timber.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

An account of the mammals and birds of the lower Colorado Valley, with
especial reference to the distributional problems presented, J. Gkinnell
(Univ. Cal. Pubs., Zool., 12 (1914), No. 4, pp. 51-294, pis. 11, figs. 9).— This
report is based upon three months' work in the field, during which 1,272 speci-
mens of mammals, 1,374 of birds, 443 of reptiles and amphibians, etc., were
collected.

548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The migratory habits of rats, with special reference to the spread of
plague, 11. H. Cbeel (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. &.], 30 (lUlo), No. 23, pp. 1679-
1685, fig. 1). — A study of the spread of rodent plague in New Orleans which
gave evidence that the dissemination of the infection was due to rodent travel
led to the investigation here reported.

Two .series of experiments were conducted, the first with 179 rats (J/ms
norvegicus) , the second with 113 rats. After their ears had been marke<l for
identification they were released, the first in the central residential section
of the city and the second in the wholesale provision warehouse district. The
first rat of the first lot trapped at any considerable distance was taken within
60 hours at a distance of about one mile from the point of release, having
traversed 19 blocks and crossed a main traveled avenue, 150 ft. in width, the
travel having been above ground as there was no subsurface conduit. Within
two weeks a number of rats were retaken from points four miles distant from
the site where they had been released. It is pointed out that the section where
the second lot was released affordetl fairly ample harborage in the way of
wooden culverts, drains, and similar structures in the streets, as well as a
large quantity of foodstuffs, such as green vegetables, deposited in the gutters
and streets each day. As a result only 8 of this lot of 113 made any extensive
travel, although 40 of the lot of 179 made widespread excursions.

" The migratory habits of wild animals are well known in a general way,
the phenomena being influenced by weather conditions, a local shortage in foo<l
supply, the appearance of an epizootic, or the presence of some natural enemy.
Self-preservation presumably is the motive. ... In addition to obtaining data
on rodent nugration the experiment furni.shed an index on the trapping effi-
ciency of the service force; 103 of the 179 rats in the first .series were recap-
tured during the following month and of the 113 In the second series 60 were
recaptured in 2G days."

Insects and insecticides, C. P. Gn.LETTE and G. M. List (Colorado Sta. Bid.
210 (1915). pp. 5-55, figs. .}7). — This is a revision of Bulletin 114. previously
noted (E. S. R., IS. p. 101).

The toxic values of the arsenates of lead, H. V. T.vbt.xr and H. F. Wilson
(■lour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915). Xo. 5. pp. 481-^86). — Continuing previous work at
the Oregon Experiment Station on the two different arsenates of lead present
in the commercial material (E. S. R., 33, p. 801), data are presentetl relating
to the comparative toxic value of the two compound.s.

"A comparison of the efficiency values shows that the lead hydrogen arsenate
in strengths of 2: 50 was quicker acting than the basic, but the results obtained
with the latter were satisfactory in that practically the same amount of foliage
was eaten in both cases. In strengths of 2:100 the difference in action was
greatly in favor of the lead hydrogen arsenate, but only a slight difference was
noticed in the amount of foliage destroyed. . . . Further comparison showed
that the lead hydrogen arsenate 2: 200 was more efficient than the basic 2: 100
and that the lead hydrogen arsenate 2 : 400 was more efficient than the basic
2: 200 in the protection of foliage.''

[Insect control], F. Sherman, Jr. (Bui. X. C. Dept. Agr.. 36 (191.5). Xo. 6.
pp. 67. fiflft. 10). — This bulletin, which deals with the San .Tos«5 scale and reme-
dies therefor (pp. 5-20), orchard spraying (pp. 27-50). and orchard jirotection
(l)p. 51-58). is a revision of a bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 28. p. ,3.52).

Some results of the introduction of beneficial insects in the Hawaiian
Islands, O. H. Swezev (.four. Econ. Ent.. 8 (1915), No. 5. pp. 450-457).— \ dis-
cussion of the results obtained from the introduction of parasites, particularly
those of leaf rollers, sugar cane leafhoppers. cane borers, and fruit fly. Mention

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 549

is also made of the control of latana insects by means of eight introduced
insects, none of which have become pests on other plants.

Report by the entomologist [of Uganda], C. C. Gowdey (Ann. Rpt. Dept.
Agr. Uganda, 1913, pp. 29-.'fl). — This report deals with the insect enemies of
coffee, cacao, cotton, and tea, and lists ticks collected and the diseases which
they transmit. The report for the year 1914 has been previously noted (E. S. R.,
32, p. 847).

[Insect pests of Nyasaland Protectorate], E. Ballakd (Nyasaland Dept.
Agr., 1913, Bids. 1, p. 1; 2, pp. 9; 3, pp. 6; ^, pp. 4)- — These several papers
relate, respectively, to the cotton aphis, some cotton and tobacco pests of
Nyasaland, the control of insect pests, and pests of stored grain.

Some South Indian insects and other animals of importance, considered
especially from an economic point of view, T. B. Fletcheu (Madi'as: Govt.,
1914, pp. XXII +565, pis. 50, figs. UO). — This volume is based upon studies car-
ried on by the author while government entomologist at Madras.

The preliminary chapters give a general account of the structure, habits, etc.,
of insects, the control of insect pests, etc. In the main part of the work some
of the more important pests are dealt with, each being considered under the
headings of references, distribution in southern India, life history, food plants,
status from an economic viewpoint, and control. The work includes a list of
crops and the insects attacking each, a list of allied food plants of insect pests,
a brief discussion of insects and disease, beneficial insects, and birds and other
animals. The life history of a number of the more important insects Is por-
trayed in colors.

Some Javanese galls, J. and W. Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan {MarccUia, 8
(1909), Xos. 1-2, pp. 21-35; 4-5, pp. 85-122; 9 (1910), Nos. 1-2, pp. 37-61; 4-6,
pp. 168-193; 10 (1911), Nos. 2, pp. 65-80; 3, pp. 81-93; Bui. Jard. Bat. Buiten-
zorg, 2. set:. No. 3 (1912), pp. 1-52; No. 15 (1914), pp. 68, figs. 230).— The seven
contributions present descriptions of 500 insect galls occurring in Java. Of
these the gall fctf-mers are represented as follows : Diptera 32 per cent, Acaridje
26.6 per cent, Thysanoptera 12 per cent, Lepidoptera 6.6 per cent, Aphididte 6.4
per cent, Psyllidas 5 per cent, Hymenoptera 3 per cent, Coccidoa 3 per cent,
Coleoptera 1.2 per cent, and Heterodera 0.6 per cent.

The insects which attack the leaves of fruit trees, P. Lesne (Rev. Hort.
[Paris], 87 (1915), No. 20, pp. 424-427, pi. i).— This brief account is accom-
panied by a colored plate which illustrates some of the insects which attack
leaves of fruit trees and the nature of their injury.

[Insect enemies of prickly pear], T. H. Johnston and H. Tkyon (Rpt.
Prickly-Pear Travel. Com., Queensland, 1912-1914, pp. IX-XIII, 14-18, 32-34,
43, 49, 67-81, 86-88, 92, 105-108, 111, pis. 9).— The authors report upon investi-
gations of the insect enemies of prickly pear in countries where it occurs, made
with a view to utilizing the same for the destruction of the plant in Queensland,
where it is a pest. Much of the data relating to cactus insects in the United
States is based upon a bulletin of the Bureau of Entomology of this Depart-
ment, previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 4.51).

Dragonflies and their food, A. Warren (Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc., 3 (1915),
No. 2, pp. 72-82). — This is a report of investigations carried on during the
latter part of 1913 and the first part of 1914 for the purpose of obtaining
definite data on the range of food of the local dragonflies, particularly Anax
Junius and Pantala flavescens.

Tables showing the findings as to the contents of the alimentary canal of
253 nymphs and in the alimentary canal and mouth parts of 24 adults Anax
and 218 adult Pantala, with a summarized list of the species and genera which

550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

have been found to contribute to the food of the two species of dragonflies in
both nymphal and adult stages, are given. A brief account is also given of the
life history of P. flavescens.

A study of the food habits of the Hawaiian dragonflies, A. Warren {Col.
Haicaii Bid. 3 (1915), pp. ^.5. figs. 55). — This is a more extended report of
investigations by the author than that noted above.

" It was found that the two species of dragonflies studietl have a fairly wide
food range among the insects of Hawaii. Only four of the twelve possible
natural orders of insects are unrepresented in Hawaii. Of the orders present
no representatives of the earwig, termites, lace-wing, and grasshopper families
were discovered in the food eaten by the dragonflies. This insect might, how-
ever, draw on any flying group of insects for its food supply, and there is no
doubt that if these researches are continued insects of the excepted groups will
be found to be occasionally included.

" In addition to the insect diet, which is shown graphically in the charts, it
will be seen that the nymphs feed rather extensively upon other aquatic animals,
those identified being Protozoa, Annulata, Mollusca, Crustacea, tadpoles, ami
fish."

Hoplothrips corticis: A problem in nomenclature, J. D. Hood (Entomolo-
gist, 48 (1915), No. 62It, pp. 102-107) .—ThQ author shows that the name T/in>.s
corticis, applietl by De Geer in 1773, is valid and points out the changes in
nomenclature that must follow. A catalogue which lists all the known species
belonging to the several genera alTectetl by the changes in nomenclature is
appended.

Insects of Florida, H. O. Barber (HuI. Awrr. .)[us. \at. //(.<(^. 33 (1914k pp.
495-535, fig. 1). — This paper, which deals with the Hemlptera occurring in
Florida, gives descriptions of eight new species.

The pond lily aphid as a plum pest, Edith M. Patch (Science, n. ser., 42
(1915), No. 1074' P- 164). — The author has determine<l that plum migrants
(alate viviparous forms) of Rhopnlosiphum ntiinplKrw readily accept water
plantain (Alisma plantngo-aqitatica), arrowhead (Sagittnria lotifolia). and
cat-tail flag (Typhn hitifoUn). and that their progeny are perfectly content with
the habitat. Thus it api^'ars tliat the life cycle of /?. i\iimph(r(r includes a
residence upon the plum, migrating thence to water plants for the summer
and returning to the plum in the fall for the deposition of the overwintering
eggs.

It is said to be one of the most troublesome of the plum aphidids occurring in
Maine, inhabiting as it does the shoots and ventral surface of the leaves, but
exhibiting a tendency to feed upon the young fruit itself as well as tapping the
fruit stems.

Pink and green aphid of potato (Macrosiphum solanifolii), Edith M.
Patch (Maine Sta. Bui. 242 (1915). pp. 20.^-223. figs. 3).— It is iwinted out by
the author that when an aphidid which in addition to two favorite food plants
accepts others not botnnically related, as is the case with the pink and green
aphidid of potato, the problem of control is considerably complicate*! by a new
element for every different food plant. The food plants of M. solanifolii re-
corde<l by the aiithor include no less than 20 siiecles. representing 10 families.

This species is found in the spring upon rose bushes, feeding on the succu-
lent growth and especially abundant near the flower buds. Migration may take
place through wingless as well as winged individuals, usually occurring in
Maine from the first to the middle of .July, when a very few scattere*l indi-
viduals may be seen upon the potato. Upon the potato they .seem to find the
conditions ideal for growth and increase enormously, often covering the tender

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 551

tips and blossom stalks thickly with their colonies before the last of August.
By the middle of September the fall migration is over and they have deserted
the potato fields. While it will colonize upon a variety of plants, part of which
are common weeds, the rose seems to be the favorite food plant and it is prob-
able in Maine that this serves most commonly as such for the fall generations
of the potato aphidid. In Maine it has never been collected during the spring
upon anything but the rose, which would indicate that this is the favorite over-
wintering host plant and the one ordinarily chosen for the deposition of the
eggs in the fall.

During certain summers enormous numbers of this pest have appeared over
wide areas on potatoes in Aroo.stook County, the vines having been attacked to
an injurious extent in the vicinity of Houlton and elsewhere. The time of
severest attack apparently varies somewhat, but in Maine the infestation has
not been excessive before early August and is over before the middle of Sep-
tember. Under conditions favorable to aphidid growth an attack of less than
two weeks' duration suffices to kill the potato stalk for a distance of from 4 to
6 in. from the tip and the growth of the tubers on plants thus weakened must
necessarily be affected.

The species has been recorded from Canada, Florida, Maine, and California,
and various intermediate localities and might be expected to occur in any of
the States.

Technical descriptions presented are followed by a report of indoor studies,
notes, and a discussion of natural controls and remedial measures. The em-
ployment of tobacco extracts is recommended.

Notes on a lime tree aphis, Pachypappa reaumuri, new to Britain, F. V.
Theobald (Entomologist, 48 (1915), Nos. 623. pp. 73-76, pis. 2, fig. 1; 624, pp.
116-119, figs. 4). — The author records the occurrence of this leaf gall former
at Bearsted, Kent.

Contribution to the study of the biology of Chermes, P. Mabchal {Ann. Sci.
Nat. Zool., 9. ser., 18 (1913), No. 3-6, pp. /.5.i-J,S.5, pis. 6, figs. 77).— A detailed
report of investigations conducted by the author, together with a bibliography
of 73 titles.

Recent tests of materials for controlling San Jose scale, J. S. Houser (Mo.
Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 1, pp. 21-27, figs. 2).— A brief review of the present
status of control measures for the San Jose scale, which is summarized as
follows : " The home-boiled, dilute lime-sulphur wash, the commercial concen-
■ trated lime-sulphur wash (1 part to 7 parts of water), and the soluble oils
(usually 1 part to 15 parts of water) are standard scale remedies and will con-
trol scale if properly applied. Although our results are somewhat variable,
the powdered sulphur compounds are promising and are worthy of careful
trial. If, upon further trial, their efficiency is proved as indicated by some of
our tests, it seems likely that this class will supplant the concentrated liquid
sprays as scale remedies, provided that they can be sold at a comparable figure.

" The inexperienced orchardist uses only about one-fourth to one-third as
much spraying material as he should, and most failures to control scale are
directly traceable to this fact. One of the most successful orchardists in the
State at one time had a bad infestation of scale, but now it is difficult to find
a single specimen on his trees. He sometimes sprays his trees from three or
four sides, using favoring winds. Many attempt to spray even large trees with
the wind in one direction only."

Varjring susceptibility of the San Jose scale to sprays, A. L. INIelander
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 5, pp. 475-481). — The author reports upon
studies conducted in several localities in Washington State.

552 EXPEKIMEXT STATIOX RECORD,

The results of preliminary experiments with polysulphids and flour paste
in the control of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnulifera on citrus trees,
G. Del Guekcio {Riv. Patol. Ycg., 7 {lOl-i), Xo. 5, pp. 129-135; ahs. in Internal.
Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 3, pp.
Jf74, lf75). — In experimental control work with this scale, known in Sicily as
" bianca-rossa," the author found that the use of 1 to 2 per cent flour paste,
fish glue, etc., added to the value of polysulphids in its control. Of the polysul-
phids that of potash is said to be the mo.st active, even in amounts of less than
1 per cent in the control of the larvte and 5 to 7 per cent in the control of the
adults. The action in July is so rapid that its effect xipon the adult scale is
apparent from the second day, while the larv.ne are destroyed almost instan-
taneously. This polysulphid, when strentrthened with flour, owes its increasetl
destructive property to its great hygroscopicity ; thus during the night and
early morning it absorbs moisture from the air and its injurious effects on the
scale are renewed, while during the day and until nightfall, with the warm air,
its action is lessened,

Polysulphid of soda is said to be much less effective than the potash com-
pound, and the impurities which accompany it also prevent its use. Polysulphid
of lime alone does not adhere well to very young shoots and leaves or to green
branches or fruit. It adheres better to old citrus leaves, but never wets them
evenly. When strengthened with glue or flour it does not have the quick
action of polysulphid of potash, nor is it so effective, lacking the hygroscopic
property of the potash salt. On the other hand, it retains its protective action
longer since it is not as easily washed off by rain.

Descriptions and records of Coccidae, T. D. A- Cockerell and Elizabeth
Robinson (Bill. Amcr. if us. Nat. Hist., S3 (1914), pp. 327-335, figs. 9).— This
article relates largely to Philippine scales. Several of these are described as
new, a number being of economic importance.

Observations on British Coccidae in 1914, with descriptions of new species,
E. E. Green (Knt. Mo. Mag., 3. scr., 51 (1915), Nos. ,T, pp. 175. 176; 6, pp. 777-
185, pis. 3, fig. 1). — The notes here presented include descriptions of several
new species, and references to several others of economic importance.

A note in regard to Trichodectes hermsi, M. C. Hall (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash.. 17 (1915), No. -}. pp. 1S6, 187). — T. hcrm^si is thought to be a redescrip-
tion of T. penicillatus.

The butterfly guide, W, ,T. Holland (Garden CHy, N. Y.: Douhleday, Page
rf Co., 1915, pp. 237. figs. 190; rev. in Cannd. Ent., 1,7 (1915),' No. 9, pp. 309,
810). — This is a pocket manual for the ready identification of the common
species found in the United States and Canada.

First report on the experiments carried out at Pusa to improve the mul-
berry silk industry, M. X. De (Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. .',S (1915). pp. 30,
pis. Jf). — A report on breeding experiments conducted at Pusa, India, including
a short description of the different races of silkworms reared in that country.

The influence of rainfall and the nonburning of trash on the abundance
of Diatraea saccharalis, G. N. Wolcott (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. E.rpt. Sta. Circ. 7
(1915). pp. G, pi. 1; Spanish Ed., pp. 6, pi. 1; abs. in Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915),
No. 5, pp. 496-.'f99). — It is pointed out that the prevalence of the sugar cane
borer depends upon rainfall and the presence of trash. Through its destruc-
tion of parasites the burning of trash in Porto Rico is claimed to increase the
abundance of the borer by 100 per cent.

Spraying notes on the control of the fruit tree leaf roller in the Hood
River Valley, I.. Childs (.four. Eron. Ent.. 8 (1915). Xn. 5. pp. .',.>7--}ff<?).—
The limits of infestation of this leaf roller in the Hood River Valley are well-
defined, the infestation at the present time comprising from 500 to 600 acres.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 553

The losses are increasing each year with the spread of the pest. The infesta-
tion has not as yet occurred to such an extent as to cause noticeable defolia-
tion, but the losses incurred by the worms feeding upon the fruit in several
orchards has appi'oached 40 per cent of the entire crop. The injury was even
more severe on trees in light bearing, where the percentage of injury amounted
to more than 50 per cent.

A series of experiments with lead arsenate, crude-oil emulsion, kerosene emul-
sion, distillate emulsion, and a miscible oil were carried on in order to deter-
mine the most advantageous method of control that could be employed under
Hood River Valley conditions. In comparing the results of application of
lead arsenate at different strengths it was found that none controlled the leaf
roller, although some benefits were derived from an application as weak as 2
lbs. to 50 gal. of water. When used within the bounds of economy, both kero-
sene emulsion and distillate emulsion were found to be lacking in sufficient
penetrating qualities to be of value in destroying the leaf roller eggs. The re-
sults obtained with criide oil as a means of control proved disappointing, but
those obtained from the use of miscible oil for the destruction of the eggs were
highly satisfactory in every way.

Concerning the traubenwicklers (Clysia [Cochylis] ambiguella and Poly-
chrosis botrana), and methods of combating them, E. Schwangakt (Ueber
die Trauhenwkldcr (Clysia [Conchylis] ambigueUa und Polychrosis botrana)
vnd Hire Bekdmpfung, mit Beriicksichtigung natiirUcher Bekdmpfiingsfaktoren.
Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 195, pis. 9, figs. 9). — This second part of
the work previously noted (B. S. R., 26, p. 655) reports at some length upon
investigations of control measures for these grape berry moths, particularly of
their natural enemies.

Two new species of Coleophora, C. Heineich (Insecutor Inscitio Menstruus,
3 (1915), No. 11-12, pp. 143, IH). — Coleophora lentella, reared from a larva
found mining the leaves of sweet birch (Bctula lenta) at Great Neck, Long
Island ; and C. gaylussaciella, reared from a larva found feeding on huckleberry
(Gaylitssacia baccata) at Falls Church, Va., are described as new to science.

Leaf miners, particularly those occuring in Finland, W. M. Linnanzemi
(Acta Soe. Fauna et Flora Fennica, 37 (1913), No. 4, pp. 138, pis. 9). — ^An ex-
tended account of leaf miners, including reproductions of photographs illustrat-
ing their work and a bibliography of 11 pages.

Larch shoot moths (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 50-52,
pi. 1). — A brief description is given of Argyresthia atmorieUa, its life history,
plants attacked, nature of injury, and methods of control.

Some modifications of the hjrpopharynx in lepidopterous larvae, J. J.
DeGryse (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 4, pp. 173-179, pis. 3, fig. 1).

Anopheline surveys. — Methods of conduct and relation to antimalarial
work, R. H. voN Ezdorf (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 30 (1915), No. 18, pp.
1311-1320, pis. 3). — A description of the method of procedure.

Notes on the species of Culex of the Bahamas, H. G. Dyae and F. Knab
(Insecutor Inscitiw Menstruus, 3 (1915), No. 8-10, pp. 112-115).

New Ceratopogoninae from Peru, F. Knab (Insecutor Inscitiw Menstruus,
3 (1915), No. 8-10, pp. 109-111).

On a dipterous parasite of a mycetophilid larva, W. R. Thompson (Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. iParisI, 78 (1915), No. 5, pp. 87-89, fig. 1).—An undetermined
dipteran occurring in France is reported to parasitize the larva of a myce-
tophilid of the genus Sciara. It is pointed out that only two dipterous species
have hitherto been recorded as internal parasites of other dipterans; both are
tachinid parasites of tipulids.
31501°— No. 6—16 5

554 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

A note on the oviposition of Simulium maculatum, H. Beitten (Ent. Mo.
Mag., 3. ser., 51 {1915), No. 5, pp. 170, 171). — The author records observations
of the oviposition of this simulid, whicli he found to creep down the stems
of reed canary grass {Phalaris arundinacea) and deposit its eggs on tlie leaves
at a deptli of about a foot below the surface of tlie water.

Two new species of Simulium from tropical America, A. H. Jennings {Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 {1915), Xo. 4, pp. 199, 200).

A leaf -mining crane-fly in Hawaii, O. H. Swezey {Proc. Hatoaii. Ent. Soc,
3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 87-89, figs. 4)- — Technical descriptions are given of the
several stages of a crane-fly {Dicranomyia foUocuniculator n. sp.), the larvie
of which mine in the leaves of Cyrtandra paludosa and other species of the
genus at Punaluu, Oahu.

Eastern Symphoromyia attacking man, R. C. Shannon {Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 17 {1915), No. J,, pp. 188, 189).

A new eastern Brachyopa, R. C. Shannon {Insecuior Inscitiw Mcnstruus,
3 {1915). No. 11-12. pp. IJf.'f. 1J,.5).

A new species of Cephenomyia from the United States, W. D. Hunteb
{Proc. Ent. Soc. Wa.^h., 17 {1915), No. 4, pp. 169-173, figs. 4). — An cestrid reared
from larvjfi from the nasal passages of a deer (Odocoileus virgianus texanus)
which was shot in the vicinity of Sabinal, Tex., is described as repre.senting a
new species, to which the name Cephenomyia pratti is given. It is said to be
quite distinct from a new species described by Aldricli in an article previously
noted (E. S. R.. 34, p. 64) as C. nhdominaUs.

The tachinid fly Mauromyia pulla and its sexual dimorphism, W. R.
AVai.ton {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wnsli., 17 {1915), No. .), pp. 190-193. figs. 4).

Effect of cold-storage temperatures upon the Mediterranean fruit fly, E. A.
Back and C. E. Pemberton {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916),
No. 15, pp. 657-666). — Following a brief introduction and historical review, the
authors report experimental work carriwl on in 1013, 1914, and 1915 in coop-
eration with cohl-storage plants at Honohilu.

It was found that no eggs or larvse of the Mediterranean fruit fly survived
refrigeration at 40 to 45° F. for seven weeks, at 33 to 40° for three weeks, or
at 32 to 33° for two weeks. Tliese data *' may lead to the modification of
existing quarantines and encourage the refrigeration of fruit subject to fruit
fly attack. It .seems reasonable to conclude that sooner or later the certification
of properly refrigerated fruit will be practicable. When an association of fruit
growers or a people find it financially worth while there is no reason why they
can not operate a central refrigeration plant under the supervision of an oflicial
whose reputation shall be sufficient to guaranty all fruits .sent out from the
plant to be absolutely free from danger as carriers of the Jlediterranean fruit
fly."

A preliminary statement regarding wool maggots of sheep in the United
States, F. C. Bishopp and I*]. W. Laake {Jour. Econ. Ent.. 8 {1915), No. 5. pp.
466-474)- — Following a brief introduction and description of the nature of the
injury and of the species concerned, the authors consider the seasonal history,
life history, and habits of, and control measures for Phonnia rcgina and Lucilia
sericata. both of which have a wide distribution in the United States.

A new American fruit fly, F. Knab {In^secutor Inscitice Metustrum^, 3 {1915),
No. 11-12, p. 146). — Anastrepha sylvicola, reared from an unknown fruit found
in the forest in Trinidad, is described as new to science.

Synonymical notes on Muscoidea, C. H. T. Townsend {In-sccutor Inscitiw
Menfitniiis. 3 {1915). No. 8-10, pp. 115-122).

New genera of muscoid flies from the Middle Atlantic States. C. H. T.
Townsend {Insccutor Inscitia- Mcnstruus, 3 {1915), No. 8-10, pp. 97-104)-

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555

Nine new tropical American genera of Muscoidea, C. H. T. Townsend
(Insccutor Imcitiw Menstruus, 3 (1915), No. S-10, pp. 91-97).

The Muscidae with, bloodsucking larvae, E. Roubaud (Conipt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris], 78 (1915), No. 5, pp. 92-97, figs. 2).—\ brief discussion of this
class of Diptera.

Control of injurious aphids by ladybirds in Tidewater Virginia, D. E.
Fink (yirginia Truck Sta. Bui. 15 (1915), pp. 337-350, figs. 6).— Tlie introduc-
tion and colonization of ladybird beetles was undertalcen in Tidewater Vir-
ginia primarily to aid in the control of the green peach aphis on spinach. Other
important aphidids in the region are the cabbage aphis, the bean aphis (Aphis
rumicis), the pea aphis (Macrosiphum pisi), and the potato aphis (M. solani-
folii). Shipments of lady beetles from California to Norfolk were commenced
in 1910. During 1910 and 1911 several colonies of the spotted lady beetle
(Megilla maculata) and the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convcrgcns)
were liberated, but the largest number of colonies of the convergent lady beetle
were established during the years 1913 and 1914. In all 21 colonies were
liberated, aggregating a total of nearly 1.000,000 lady beetles. The colonies
were placed within a 5-mile radius of each other and were liberated during
the early spring.

In this bulletin the author presents information in regard to the life history
and habits of these beetles, information relating to which has been previously
noted from another source (E. S. R., 27, p. 361). In Tidewater Virginia the
convergent lady beetle hibernates in proximity to the feeding areas in weeds,
debris, or in the ground. The spotted lady beetle hibernates on trunks and
stumps of oak trees. The life cycle of the lady beetle from egg to egg is said
to pass in approximately four to six weeks. There are five generations of the
lady beetles in Tidewater Virginia, and from April to the middle of July three
generations occur. From the middle of July to the end of August practically
no breeding takes place, apparently due to scarcity of food ; but from the first
week in September until very cold weather sets in two more generations may
occur, depending largely on the weather.

The introduced lady beetles appear to have been of much value as checks to
sporadic outbreaks of aphidids. V^liere they were colonized no further serious
trouble from aphidids has been reported.

A comparative study of a series of aphid-feeding Coccinellidae, C. P.
Clausen (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 5, pp. 487-^91). — The results secured
in the investigations here reported, conducted at the Citrus Substation at River-
side, Cal., have led to the following conclusions :

" Temperature and humidity are very strong controlling factors in the
development and behavior of the different species. The number of eggs depos-
ited imder normal field conditions varies from 200 to 500, and occasionally
more, extending over a period of 4 to 8 weeks in case the female lives the full
adult life. The period intervening between emergence and mating is 1 to 3
days, and from mating to oviposition 8 to 11 days. A period of 10 to 15 days
thus intervenes between emergence and the beginning of oviposition. Ovipo-
sition normally takes place daily, with occasional exceptions. The number of
aphids eaten by the larvae of the different species varies approximately with
the size of the individuals, the number varying from 216 to 475 for the entire
larval period. The above to a somewhat lesser extent is true of the adults
also."

The corn silk beetle, Luperodes varicornis, and its control, R. W. Harked
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 5, pp. 507, 50S).— This beetle is reported to
have appeared in enormous numbers in many corn fields of several counties in
Mississippi, where it eats the silk just as it grows out from the ear, and while

556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

it is fresh and succulent. Dry Paris green shaken directly upon the silk was
found to be a satisfactory remedy.

Beetle borers of sugar cane, E. Jabvis {Queensland Ayr. Jour. n. ser., S
{1915), No. 1. pp. 32, 33). — A brief account is given of two beetle borers of sugar
cane in New Guinea, namely, Cryptorhynrhus sp. and Rhabdocnemis sp., tech-
nical descriptions of which will be published later.

Notes on the habits and anatomy of Horistonotus uhlerii, J. A. Hyslop
{Proc. Ent. Hoc. Wash., 11 {1915), No. 4, pp. 179-185, figs, i^).— The data and
description of the larva here presented supplement the account previously noted
(E. S. R., 32, p. 555).

Dung-bearing weevil larvae, F. Knab {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 {1915), No.
4, pp. 193. 19.',)-

A preliminary list of the Coleoptera of the West Indies as recorded to
January 1, 1914, C. W. Leng and A. J. Mutchlku {Hid. Aincr. Miis. Nat. lli.st.,
33 {1914), pp. 391-493). — This list of West Indian Coleoptera includes an index
of families and genera.

Queen rearing in England with notes on a scent-producing organ in the
worker bee and how pollen is collected by the honeybee and bumblebee,
F. W. L. Sladen {London: Madgirick, Houlston rf- Co., Ltd., 1913, 2. cd., pp.
y III +86, pis. 3, figs. .{7). — This account of the rearing of queen bees includes a
discussion of shipping by mail, races of bees, drone rearing, and breeding for
iniproveniont.

The ants of Haiti, W. M. Wheeler and W. M. Mann {Bui. Amcr. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 33 {1914), PP- 1-61, figs. 27). — Ninety forms are recorded of wliidi 37 and
one genus are descril)etl as new. It is stated tliat 47, or .^2.12 per cent of all the
forms, are known only to tlie republic of Haiti and the l>ominiean Kepuhlic.

Investigation of spread of fruit fly parasites in Kona, Hawaii, W. M.
GiFKAKU (7Voc. Hawaii. Ent. tioc, 3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 90-93). — A detailed
account of investigations of the distribution of Opius humilis and Diachasma
tryoni throughout the coffee fields of South and North Kona, an account of
which has lieen previously noted (E. S. 11., 32, p. 757).

Some hyperparasites of white grubs. O. H. Swezey {Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc,
3 {1915), No. 2. pp. 71, 72). — A bombyliid determined as Anthra.T fulvohirta and
a male and female mutilid, determined, respectively, as MutiUa cn.stor and
M. fcrrugata, but proliably sexes of one and the same species, were reartnl by
the author from cocoons of El is scxcincta which had l)een collected at Urbana,
111.

A preliminary list of the hymenopterous parasites of Lepidoptera in
Hawaii, O. H. Swezey {Proc. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, 3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 99-109).—
This is a report of the author's observations made during his work in rearing
larvJB in life history studies of Hawaiian Lepidoptera during the past ten
years.

Notes on North American Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidse, A. A.
GiRAUi.T {Ent. News, 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. ^-8). — Ahhclla auriscutrlliim reared
from the eggs of Drnccuhncphnla moUipcs at Tempe. .\riz. ; Olignsita san-
guinca claripes, a secondary parasite of Asphondylia miki on alfalfa .seed at
Sacaton. Ariz.; Lathrouwroidcs nrnmcricanus reared from jassid eggs at Las
Vegas, N. !Mex. ; and Xenufcns rushini reare<l from the eggs of Eudamus pro-
tcus at Lakeland. Fla., all described as new to science, are among the more
important of tlie 18 forms here noted.

Parasite of Bellura obliqua, Herman H. Brehme {Ent. News, 26 {1915). No.
10, p. 473). — Twenty-nine of 40 larvje of B. obliqua collected by the author at
ClifEwood, N. J., were parasitized by Hypostcna tortricis.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 557

Three new species of Coccophagus, family Encyrtidae, A. A. Gieault (Ent.
News, 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 33-35). — Coccophafjus mayniclavus reared from
Aleurochiton sp., at Berlice, Demerara, British Guiana; and C. mewicanus and

C. coxalis taken on a fig lecanium at Porto Bello, Panama, are described as
new.

Macrosiagon flavipennis in cocoon of Bembex spinolse, H. S. Barber (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 4, pp. 187, 188).

The life cycle of the Dryinidae, hymenopterous parasites of Homoptera,

D. Keilin and W. R. Thompson (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 78 (1915),
No. 5, pp. 83-87, figs. 10). — This article deals with hymenopterous parasites of
the Fulgoridse and Jassidse.

The formation of hymenopterous plant galls, W. Magnus {Die Enfstehung
dcr Pflanzengallen vernrsacht durch Hymcnopteren. Jena: Gustav Fischer,
1914, PP- 160, pis. 4, figs. 32).— The first or special part (pp. 4-118) of this
work dealing with the galls and gall formers of the families Cynipidfe, Chal-
cididfe, and Tenthredinidse is followed by a more general discussion (pp.
119-157).

Ametastegia glabrata, a holarctic sawfly, S. A. Rohwee (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 17 (1915), No. 4, pp. 198, 199).

The mating habits of some sawflies, S. A, Rohwer (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
17 (1915), No. 4, pp. 195-198, pi. 1, fig. 1).

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Biochemical comparisons between mature beef and immature veal, W. N.
Berg (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916), No. 15, pp. 667-711, figs.
6). — Tlie object of the investigation here reported was to ascertain whether the
flesh of calves three weeks of age and under is fit for human food. Forty-one
calves 7 days old or less were used for making the analyses, the artificial di-
gestion tests, and feeding experiments with cats. The results are summarized
as follows :

" During the study of the chemical composition of mature beef and of imma-
ture veal, no differences between them that are physiologically significant were
detected.

" In a large number of artifical-digestion experiments immature veal digested
as fast as mature beef. The speed of digestion was measured by thi*ee different
methods [which are described in detail].

" Cats were fed on a diet in which immature veal was the sole source of
nitrogen. The young animals grew normally on the diet ; the older ones became
fat. A pair of cats, after living two-thirds of a year on the diet, produced a
litter of healthy young kittens, which, after the nursing period, continued on the
immature-veal diet, with .excellent growth.

" The work indicates that immature veal, wlien properly prepared, is fit for
human food, especially when its deficiencies in fat and possibly in small
amounts of undetermined constituents are counterbalanced in the ordinary
mixed diet."

A list of the cited literature is appended.

The tilefish: A new deep-sea food fish (U. S. Dept. Com., Bnr. Fisheries
Econ. Circ. 19 (1915), pp. 6, figs. 2). — Information is given regarding the appear-
ance, disappearance, and recurrence of Lopholatilus chanuvleonticeps, popularly
known as the tilefish. Twelve recipes are given for the preparation of this fish
for the table.

The preparation of protein-free milk, H. H. Mitchell and R. A. Nelson
(Jour. Biol. Chein., 23 (1915), No. 2, pp. 459-467).— A method is described for
the preparation of protein-free milk for experimental purposes.

558 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Studies in the adaptation of an artificial food to human milk, H. J.
Gekstenberger, H. D. Haskins, H. H. McGregor, and H. O. Rch {Amer. Jour.
Diseases Children, 10 (1915), No. ^, pp. 249-265). — In this article are described
the analytical, bacteriological, physical, mechanical, practical, and clinical
data obtained in work on the preparation of an artificial millv — termed by the
authors " G-R milk."

" By mixing varying proportions of different animal and vegetable fats, it is
possible to get a fat that in its Reichert-Meissl number (small percentage of
low volatile fatty acid glycerids), saponification number, iodin number, and
other characters, is nearly identical with the fat of human milk, as has pre-
viously been shown by Arnold. By replacing in an artificial milk cow's-niilk
fat, with the fat of the above description in an emulsified state (homogenized),
a distinct step in advance toward the more complete adaptation of an artificial
food to breast millj is made.

" It is also possible to take into consideration the * growth factors,' ' vitamin
factors,' and the like, in choosing the individual fats for an acceptable mixture.
This represents a further step in the more complete adaptation of an artificial
milk to human milk.

" The homogenizer represents the important means by which the mixing and
emulsification of the fat in the artificial milk is possible. The homogenizer
also changes the physical condition of the fat (smaller globules, brownian move-
ment), which may be of advantage.

" The meager clinical data suffice to show that the infants fed with Frioden-
thal's milk in which the cow's-milk fat has been replaced by a fat with a low
A'olatile fatty acid glycerid content, similar to that of human-milk fat, vomit
less and have more normal stools than the children reported by Bahrdt and
fed with Friedenthal's milk containing unchanged cow's-milk fat.

" Washing butter with cold or hot water does not remove the low volatile
fatty acids from butter, except in an insignificant degree. Washing butter with
hot alcohol does remove the low fatty acid glycerids to a decided degree.

In the opinion of the authors, such a food can be produced to give a very
low bacterial count and at a reasonable cost.

Milling and baking tests of wheat containing admixtures of rye, com
cockle, kinghead, and vetch, R. C. Miller (U. S. Dcpt. A<jr. niil. 32S (1915),
pp. 24. pis. 2, figs. 10). — This bulletin reports the results of experiments made to
determine the effects upon the baking quality of wheat of the presence in it of
varying amounts of rye, corn cockle, kinghead, and wild vetch, which are con-
sidered as inseparable impurities, since they are not readily reraovetl by the
ordinary grain-cleaning machinery. It is also generally claimed that the pres-
ence of these substances in wheat affects the baking quality of the fiour milled
from it. Descriptions of the different impurities as well as general information
regarding their occurrence are given.

The results are first reported of an examination of samples of wheat from
the crops of 1911, 1912, 1913 to determine the percentages of these impurities
present.

Comparative milling tests were made to determine the percentages of bran,
shorts, and straight flour yielded by rye, corn cockle, kinghead, and wild vetch,
and also by wheat as a comparison. The results of the tests showed that " a
relatively low yield of flour was secured when each impurity was mille<l by
itself, especially in the test with kinghead seed, from which less than 16 per
cent of flour was obtained."

Jlilling and baking tests, which extendetl over a period of three years, were
carried out with wheat alone and with wheat to which had been added varying
percentages of each of the impurities. In order to have a basis for comparison

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION". 559

a sufficient amount of wheat of one variety was purchased to make all the
milling tests for each year. From the results of these tests, which are presented
in detail, the author concludes that the presence of more than 2 per cent of any
of these impurities in wheat as milled is detrimental to its milling and baking
qualities. The deleterious effects of rye are, however, less pronounced than
those of corn cockle, kinghead, or vetch seed. The presence of 2 per cent or
more of rye lowered the quality of the bread. Other conclusions drawn are as
follows :

" Corn cockle seems to have exceedingly injurious effects on the volume, color,
and texture of the loaf, and when present in amounts of 3 per cent or more
reduces the percentage of water absorption of the flour. Kinghead in wheat in
appreciable amounts materially lowers the flour yield, and the detrimental
effects of this impurity in the flour are especially noticeable in the dirty color
of the crumb and the coarse, uneven texture of the bread baked from such
flour. Vetch seed in wheat will reduce the size of the loaf and give to the
bread a yellowish tinge and a disagreeable odor and flavor characteristic of
vetch.

" Corn-cockle seed is a more objectionable impurity in wheat than rj'e, king-
head, or wild vetch, since it contains a poisonous element known as saponin,
or sapatoxin, the presence of which is very undesirable in flour or bread."

Chemical analyses of the wheat, of the impurities, and of flour containing
admixtures of the impurities were made and the results indicated that " the
flour from the different impurities was distributed to some extent in all three
grades of flour, a larger proportion in most instances going into the first-clear
and second-clear flours."

The milling of rice and its mechanical and chemical effect upon the grain,
F. B. Wise and A. W. Broomell {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bvl. 330 {1916), pp. 31, figs.
11). — The first part of this bulletin contains a detailed description of the
physical and microscopic structure of the rice grains as well as a discussion
of the evolution of methods of rice milling. The more primitive methods and
the various steps of the modern process, especially the different machines em-
ployed, are described at length.

In a study of the mechanical effects of milling upon the rice grains 56 series
of sampes of rice of the Honduras type and 25 similar series of samples of the
Japan type Avere secured from modern mills in various parts of the rice-growing
belt. These represented various grades and qualities of rough rice. For the
purpose of comparison, these samples were divided according to the size of
the particles into five divisions, as follows : Whole grain, % grain, \ grain, J
grain, and less than J grain ; the weight of each division and the percentage
it formed of the whole sample being determined. To determine the effect of
milling on the weight of the kernels, 9 series of samples of the Honduras type
and 5 series of the Japan type of rice were examined, 250 whole grains being
counted and weighed and from this the weight of 1,000 grains calculated. The
results of these tests may be summarized as follows :

" Excessive breakage occurs when rice of the Honduras type is milled in a
* plantation huller,' and the finished product may have less than 10 per cent
of whole grains. The Honduras type of rice milled in a modern plant is broken
to a considerable extent during the scouring process, which reduces its whole-
grain content from 75 per cent as it leaves the paddy machine to 50 per cent as
it leaves the brush. The Japan type of rice, on account of its shape, is broken
to a less extent, and under similar conditions averages 92 per cent and SO per
cent, respectively, of whole grains.

" Approximately 10 per cent of the weight of the rice kernels of both Hon-
duras and Japan types is removed by tlie scouring off of bran coat and germ.

560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In other words, the average weight per thousand kernels of rice of the Honduras
type is reduced from 24.1 to 22.8 gm. by the action of the huUers and pearling
cone, and then to 22.1 gm. by the brush. The huUers and pearling cone reduce
the weight of the grain of Japan rice from 22.4 to 21.5, and the brush further
reduces the weight to 20.2 gm."

Chemical analyses were made of 4 series of milled samples of Honduras rice
and 3 of Japan rice, obtained from various parts of the rice-growing belt. Each
series was made up of samples taken at various stages in the milling process.
The results are aLso reported of chemical analyses of samples of the Japan type
of rice, which had been milled in " plantation huUers." Analytical data regard-
ing all of these samples are reported in detail.

" Chemical analyses show that the old mortar-and-pestle mills removed a
somewhat smaller prportion of ash, ether extract, and crude fiber from the grain
than was the ca.se with the ' plantation huller ' or than is done in the modern
mill.

" In the modern mill the brown rice from the paddy machine loses a consid-
erable proportion of certain of its constituents in its passage through the scour-
ing machines. There is thus removed from the brown rice about 70 per cent
of its ash, 85 per cent of its fat or oil, 70 per cent of its crude fiber, 10 per cent
of its protein, and 30 per cent of its pentosans."

In the latter part of the bulletin, information is given regarding the com-
mercial grading of rice and the results are reportsd of mechanical and chemical
analyses of milled rice and its by-products.

" The gi-ading of milled rice is based largely on the percentage of whole grains
or the size of particles. The four conmiorcial grades of the Honduras tj'pe
of rice generally made are (1) fancy head, or 'head,' (2) second head, (3)
screenings, and (4) brewer's rice. Other grades sometimes made are extra
fancy head, or triple-screened, and line rice. The whole-grain content of the
fancy head grade averages about SO per cent and its mill yield .59 lbs. per bar-
rel of rough rice. Second head, screenings, and brewer's rice are largely broken
grains of different sizes, and their average yield is 19, 15, and 8 lbs., respec-
tively.

" Three commercial gi-ades of the Japan type of rice are generally made.
These are (1) fancy head, or 'head,' (2) screenings, and (3) brewer's rice,
with mill yields approximating 9G, 5, and 5 lbs. per barrel, respectively. The
fancy head grade averages 90 per cent of whole grains ; the other grades are
similar to the corresponding separations produced from the Honduras tj'pe
of rice.

" The mill yield of rice hulls approximates 30 lbs. ; of rice bran, 20 lbs., and
of rice polish, 6 lbs. per barrel of rough rice.

" Chemical analyses of the several samples repre-senting various commercial
grades of rice show a slightly smaller percentage of ash, ether extract, and
crude fiber in the higher than in the corresponding lower or more broken
grades of both Honduras and Japan types of rice. The percentage of protein
in the milled Honduras type of rice appears to be somewhat higher than that
in milled Japan rice.

" Rice hulls contain but little ether extract or protein, but are very high
in ash, crude fiber, and pentosans. Bran and polish are rich in fat and
protein, and when fresh and not adulterated with hulls are considered an
excellent stock feed."

A bread leavening agent, C. J. KOlumoff (Ccnthl. Bakt. [ctc.'\, 2. Alt.,
34 (1912), No. 1-3, pp. 76. 77). — The author de.scribes the preparation and
properties of a fermentation liquid obtained from the chick-pea (Ciccr

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 561

arietinum) . It is widely used in Bulgaria and Turkey as a substitute for
yeast in the preparation of chick-pea bread.

The nutritive value of wood, G. Haberlandt {Sitzher. K. Preuss. Akad.
Wiss., 1915, pp. 243-257; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 18 (1915), No. 4,
pp. 105, 106). — The author states in this article that maple, poplar, elm, linden,
and birch woods contain the largest supply of reserve material for use as
food. This material becomes available to the body only when the cell walls
of the wood are broken down, so that careful milling is absolutely necessary.
Chemical analyses of different kinds of wood are given and microscopical
studies reported.

Physiolog'ical-chemical sug'g'estions as to the use of food materials during'
the war, T. Bokokny (Naturw. Wchnschr., 30 (1915), Nos. 28, pp. 433-UO; 29,
pp. 4^6-461). — In this summary and digest of data, extensive information is
given regarding the chemical composition and energj^ value of the most com-
mon foods. The demand for protein, fat, carbohydrates, and the different
inorganic salts, and energy requirements under various living conditions, are
considered and examples given of the use of foods suitable to meet the specific
requirements of the body.

The nutrition of the school child, G. A. Brown (Jour. State Med., 23 (1915),
Nos. 11, pp. 329-335; 12, pp. 353-358) .—Among the factors studied with ref-
erence to their possible effect upon the nutrition of the child were the nutri-
tion and general health of the mother during the antenatal period, the in-
dustrial occupation of the mother, and housing and economic conditions.

The results are reported of a study of the family budgets and dietaries of
60 households. The average daily energy value of all the diets studied was
3,1G3 calories, and the principal foodstuffs used were bread, potatoes, milk,
sugar, beef, and vegetables, including relatively small amounts of oatmeal,
peas, beans, etc.

The following conclusions are drawn, in part :

" The condition of the mother, respecting nutrition and general health
during pregnancy, has a far-reaching influence on the nutrition of the child.
Antenatal causes of defective nutrition may act for an indefinite period after
the birth of the child. The industrial occupation of the mother has a detri-
mental effect on the nutrition of the children.

*' Housing is related to the state of nutrition of the child. The children from
the largest houses are, on the average, heavier and taller than their less for-
tunate fellows. The poorest children suffer most in nutrition and growth.

" The smaller the house the larger is the proportion of persons per room,
(a) The proportion of children in one and two roomed houses exceeds the
proportion of adults; (b) in the three-roomed houses the proportion of chil-
dren to adults per room is equal; (c) and in houses of four or more apart-
ments the proportion of adults exceeds that of the children per room. . . .

" While the laboring classes with a regular income distinctly over 20s. per
Aveek generally managed to secure a diet approaching the proper standard for
active life ; those with a smaller income, as well as those with an iri-egular
income, failed to get a supply of food for the proper development of the body
or for the maintenance of the capacity for active work."

Studies on growth. — II, On the probable nature of the substance promot-
ing- growth in young- animals, C. Funk and A. B. Macalltjm (Jour. Biol.
Chcm., 23 (1915), No. 2, pp. 413-421, figs. 3). — In continuation of previous work
(E. S. R., 32, p. 360), feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) are
reported.

Casein, sugar, starch, agar, a salt mixture, and either ordinary or purified
butter constituted the basal ration. When fed with this diet alone the animals

562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

died after 5 to 7 weeks, and similar experiments with pigeons indicated that tlio
diet contained an insuflicient quantity of vitamins, which prevent beri-beri.

The addition of from 2 to 6 per cent of dried brewer's yeast produced suc-
cessful growth and maintenance.

In the authors' opinion, these experiments show that butter fat does not
stimulate the growth of young animals. It is intended to study whether yeast
alone without butter will produce normal growth in rats, and to isolate its
efficacious constituents.

The resumption of growth after long-continued failure to grow, T. B.
Osborne, L. B. Mendel, Edna L. Ferry, and A. J. AVakeman (Jour. Biol. Chem.,
23 (1915), No. 2, pp. .'i39-'f5.'t, figs. 5). — In the feeding experiments here reported,
a number of laboratory animals (rats) received a diet either quantitatively or
qualitatively insufficient for growth. This ration contained varying amounts of
protein and amino acids, starch, lard, butter fat, and " protein-free milk."

The capacity to gi'ow — the growth impulse — it was found was retained and
exercised at periods far beyond the age at which growth ordinarily ceases. This
was evident on supplying an adequate diet, resumption and completion of
growth being obtained at an age of over o.jO days, although growth usually
ceases before the age of 300 days. Tlie animals were able to reach their full
size, and to exhibit normal procreative functions. Further details of the
study are summarized in part as follows :

" The satisfactory resumption of growth can be attaino<l not only after
stunting by underfeeding but also after the cessation of growth which results
when the diet contains proteins unsuitable for the .synthetic processes of
growth or is low in protein. Growth in the cases referred to is resumed at a
rate normal for the size of the animal at the time. It need not be slow, and
frequently it actually exceeds the usual progress.

"The size or age at which the inhibition of growth is effected does not alter
the capacity to resume growth. Even when the sujipression of gi'owth is
attempted for very long periods at a very small size (body weight) the
restoration may be adequate when a suitable diet is furnisheil. . . .

"The period of growth may be gi'eatly prolonged by inadequacies in the
diet, so that growth becomes very slow without being completely inhibited.
Though the time of reaching full size is thus greatly delayeil, growth, as ex-
pre.ssed by suitable body weight, can ultimately be completeil even during the
course of long-continued retardati<in."

On the basis of these observations the authors consider it reasonable to ask
whether the capacity to grow can over be lost unless it is exercised.

Diet and its effect upon blood sugar, W. vo.v Moraczewski (Biochcm.
Ztschr., 11 (1915), Xo. .'f-5, pp. '26S-2SS). — The results are reported of an inve.s-
tigation to determine the inlluence of the ingestion of protein, fat, and carbo-
hydrate and also the effect of muscular work upon the content of blood sugar
in the human organism. The conclusions may be summarized in part as
follows :

A diet containing an excessive amount of carbohydrate and deficient in
other constituents increases the content of blood sugar temporarily, while one
containing an excess of protein produces a slight, though permanent, increase.
On the ingestion of an excessive amount of a well-proportione<l diet the
carbohydrate is withmit influence on the blood sugar, but the protein and fat
have an insignificant though lasting effect. Tolerance for sugar seemed to
he increased by muscular work.

Studies on blood fat.— I, Variations in the fat content of the blood under
approximately normal conditions, W. K. Bt.oor (Jour. Biol. Chan.. 19 (/.''/-}>.
No. 1, pp. l-2Jf, figs. 5). — The experiments reported are the first of a series

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 563

designed to study the fat content of blood in its possilile relation to the metabo-
lism of fat. The experimental procedure consisted in feeding fat, intravenous
injection of various fat preparations, fasting for a short period, and narcosis.

It was found that feeding fat in the ordinary way caused an increase in the
fat content of the blood, beginning in about one hour after feeding and reaching
a maximum in about six hours. In the author's opinion the data indicate that
"fat may be stored in two ways, (1) a temporary storage where the fat may
be quickly but loosely stored and whose capacity is limited, and (2) the per-
manent fat deposits which take up fat slowly and release it slowly."

Studies on blood fat. — II, Fat absorption and the blood lipoids, W. R.
Bloor {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 23 {1915), No. 1, pp. 317-326). — Feeding experiments
with laboratory animals (dogs) are reported which were conducted to deter-
mine the mechanism of fat absorption in its relation to the composition of the
blood and as a preliminary step in the study of fat metabolism. At intervals
after the animals received a feeding of fat, samples of the blood were analyzed
for total fat, cholesterol, and lecithin. The data are discussed in comparison
with the results obtained by other investigators, but no definite conclusions are
drawn.

Text-book of physiological chemistry. — II, The function of the inorganic
nutrients in cell metabolism. — Ferments. — Total metabolism, E. Abder-
HALDEN {Lchrbtich der physiologischen Chemie. — //, Die anorganischen Nah-
rungsstoffe. — Die Bedeuhmg des z,ustandes der Bestandteile der sellen fiir
Hire funJctionen. — Fermente. — Oesamtstoffiveehsel. Berlin and Vienna: TJrhan
and Schwarzenberg, 1915, vol. 2, 3. ed., pp. rrn+1552, figs. 28).— This part of
the publication considers the mineral constituents of the diet and their rela-
tionship to life proces.ses. The ferments and their relation to digestion and
other life processes are also taken up at length and several chapters are devoted
to a discussion of metabolism in its various aspects. The first part of the
publication has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 361).

Carbohydrate indig-estion, W. Tileston {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915),
No. 26, pp. 2214-2216). — The author cites several clinical ca.ses of carbohydrate
indigestion which responded readily to a proper regulation of the diet. The
symptoms are described as well as the dietary conditions usually associated
with this disturbance.

Food poisoning by the Bacillus paratyphosus B — an epidemic due to the
organism, isolated from pie, H. S. Bernstein and E. S. Fish {Jour. Amer.
Med. Assoc., 66 {1916), No. 3, pp. 167-171).— This article reports in detail the
results of an investigation of an epidemic of food poisoning in which the num-
ber of cases was estimated at 60, of which 4 terminated fatally.

It was found that all of the persons attacked had eaten pie from the same
bakery. Clinical investigation showed the disease to be the result of an infec-
tion of Bacillus paratyphosus B, and in the laboratory examinations of several
samples of the pie this bacillus was isolated. References to a number of cases of
food poisoning by B. paratyphosus B are given, and the authors emphasize the
importance of protecting food supplies from infection by disease carriers.

ANIMAL PEODTJCTION.

Modes of research in genetics, R. Pearl {Nero York: The Macmillan Co.,
1915, pp. VII-\-182, figs. 2). — The chapters included in this book take up, re.spec-
tively, a critical examination of current modes of research in genetics ; bio-
metric ideas and methods in biologj', their significance and limitations ; the
nature of statistical knowledge ; certain logical and mathematical aspects of
the problem of inbreeding ; and genetics and breeding.

564 EXPElllMElfT STATION RECORD.

Mendelism up to date {Jour. Heredity. 7 {1916). Xo. 1, pp. 17-23. fig. 1).—
A reAiew of the book entitled The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, by
Morgan et al. (E. S. R., 33, p. 869).

Some experiments in m.ass selection, W. E. Castle {Amer. Nat., ^9 (1915),
No. ,588. pp. 713-726, fig. 1). — The author comments on the results of Pearl's
investigations with poultry (E. S. R.. 34, p. 74), and takes exception to the
statement that selection can change a population but not a character.

Fecundity in the domestic fowl and the selection problem, R. Peael
(Amcr. Nat.. 50 {1916), No. 590, pp. 89-105) .—The author answers the criti-
cisms made by Castle (see above), and sets forth his reasons for holding the
opinions he does in regard to some phases of the selection problem.

Further data on the measurement of inbreeding, R. Pearl {Maine Sta.
Bnl. 243 {1915), pp. 225-248, figs. 6). — This is a continuation of material pre-
viously reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 66) in which the theoretical consequences
of continued mating of first cousins and continued inbreeding of individuals
exhibiting the avuncular type of relationship, that is. uncle X niece or nephew
X aunt, is considered. It is shown that all types of cousin and aA-uncular mat-
ings if continued lead to values of the coefficient of inbreeding approaching 100
per cent. Relationship coefficients and the method of calculating them are de-
scribed and illustrated by references to pedigrees of certain Jersey bulls and
their progeny.

Heredity and sex {Jour. Heredity. 7 {1916), No. 1, pp. 9-11). — It is statetl
that the re.sults of inbreeding experiments by Helen D. King at the Wistar
Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., in which more than 22,000 albino rats have been
bred and studied, indicate that disproportionate sex ratios are due to in-
heritance, it being found possible to alter considerably the normal ratio by a
proper method of breeding.

Sex in live-stock breeding, E. X. Wentworth {Jour. Heredity, 7 {1916),
No. 1. pp. 29-.U). — Examples of inheritance of characters as affected by sex are
given, but the author concludes that this phase of here<lity does not offer great
possibilities to the practical breeder at the pre.sent time.

Two pheasant crosses, J. C. Phillips {Jour. Heredity, 7 {1916), No. 1, pp.
12-16, figs. 3). — In crossbreeding experiments with phea.sants it was found that
reciprocal matings gave widely different results in female and identical results
In male offspring. The females proved practically sexless. The possibility of
sex linkage is given as an explanation of these phenomena.

The gain, maintenance, and condition of germ-free animals and their
significance in a study of the natural life processes, KCster {Arh. K.
Gsiidhtsamt., J,8 {lOl.'f), No. 1, pp. 1-19. figs. 16).— This article treats of the
organisms found in the digestive tract of animals and of the effect of fee<llng
sterilized feeds under germ-free conditions upon the general health and condi-
tion of such animals. A bibliography of literature cited is appended.

The reliability of weight averages for live animals, B. Tacke {Jahrb.
Weideir. v. Futtcrbaues, 2 {1914), PP- 36-49). — Data are presented which dem-
onstrate that the averages of three successive days' weighings of cattle are
more reliable than single days' weighings, which often show an unaccountably
largf* variation.

Development of limbs in ox and pig, N. Suschkina-Popowa {Bui. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mo.'icou. n. scr., 28 {1914). PP- 209-278, pis. 2; abs. in Jour. Roy.
Mieros. Soc, No. 6 {1915), pp. 559-561). — The author has studietl the develop-
ment of the extremities of Bos and Sus and has compared the ontogeny with
what can be inferred from the paleontological series in regard to the phylogeny.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 565

Practical value of the Abderhalden dialysis method of determining the
gestation of horses and cattle, Rautmanx {Landic. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 17
(1915). No. 33, pp. 291-293). — The Abderhalden dialysis method of determining
the gestation of animals is described. It is stated that its results are quite
accurate if sufficient care is taken in making tlie test.

Production and improvement of animals, P. Diffloth (Zootechnic G6n-
^ralc. — rroduction ct Amelioration du B6tail. Paris: J. B. Baillidre d Son,
1915, pp. 476, figs. 147). — This book treats of the breeding, feeding, care, and
management of farm animals, and of various problems of heredity and related
subjects.

Animal production in Argentina, J. A. Richelet {BoI. Min. Agr. [Bncnos
Aires], 19 {1915), No. 8-9, pp. 655-675). — An account of the development of the
animal industry in the southern portions of Argentina, and of the exports of
meat products and the imports of pure-bred animals from Europe and the
United States.

Feeds and feeding manual, E. S. Savage {Madison, Wis.: The Henry-Morri'
son Co., 1915, pp. 96). — This manual is designed for the use of the student in
collecting data and in making a systematic study of feeds and rations.

Grain millet as a feedstuff, J. Hansen et al. {Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell.,
No. 264 {1914), PP- 151). — A review of a number of experiments in feeding grain
millet to farm animals.

It is concluded that this feed is especially good for fattening cattle, sheep,
and swine, comparing favorably with barley and corn. When fed to dairy
cows at the rate of 3 kg. per day per 1.000 kg. of live weight, the millet proved
to be a very desirable feed, but when fed in larger amounts it caused a depres-
sion in the milk yields and butter-fat content.

Feeding potato foliage as hay and as silage, W. Voltz (ZtscJir. Landiv.
Kammer Braunschtceig, 84 {1915), No. 20, pp. 167, 168). — The composition of
potato foliage hay is given as dry matter 8.5.7, organic matter 72.7, protein 11.8,
fat 2.8, nitrogen-free extract 35.1, fiber 23, and ash 13 per cent. Both as hay
and as silage, potato foliage has proved a very desirable feed for all classes
of stock.

Silos and silage, A. Stutzer {Landw. Hefte, No. 26 (1915), pp. 40, figs. 12). —
Descriptions are given of various types of German silos, together with a dis-
cussion of methods of ensiling the various fodder crops.

Stack ensilage {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 5 {1916), No. 1, pp. 8-11, figs.
3). — Methods of stacking silage are described.

The use of straw for fodder {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Spec. Tjcaf-
let 47 {1915), pp. 7). — Data as to the composition and digestibility of wheat,
barley, oats, rye, bean, and pea straws are given, and rations in which straw
forms a part of the roughage are suggested.

Oil seeds and feeding cakes (London: John Murray, 1915, pp. XXT-\-112). —
This book, with a preface by W. R. Dunstan, treats of the composition, nutri-
tive value, and uses of copra, palm kernels, peanuts, sesame seed, and mowrah
seed.

The feeding of sugar-containing feedstufifs, Morgen (Wiirttemb. Wchnbl.
Landw.. No. 24 (1915), pp. 382, 383).=— Due to the low protein content of sugar-
containing feeds, such as sugar, molasses, and turf molasses, it is necessary
to supplement these material with such feeds as sesame cake, meat meal,
fish meal, or dried yeast when feeding to farm animals. It is suggested that
from 5 to 10 kg. of sugar and 4 to 5 kg. of molasses per 1.000 kg. of live
weight may be fed daily to swine, from 3 to 6 kg. of sugar and 2 to 4 kg. of

566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

molasses to fattening cattle, from 2 to 5 kg. of sugar and 2 to 3 kg. of molasses
to horses, from 2 to 3 kg. of sugar and 2 to 3 kg. of molasses to milch cows,
and from 0.5 to 1 kg. of sugar and 0.5 to 1 kg. of molasses to young cattle.

Sugar and molasses feeds, Geklach (BL Zuckerrubenbau, 22 {1915), No. 12,
pp. 137-1 JfO). — Methods of feeding sugar and molasses to various classes of farm
stock are described.

Commercial feeding stuffs, edited and compiled by R. E. Stai.lixgs (Mo.
Bui. Ga. Dcpt. Agr., 2 (1915), No. 7, pp. 96, fig. 1). — Analyses are given of
middlings, shorts, wheat bran, shipstuff, rice bran, molasses feed, alfalfa meal,
dried beet pulp, cotton-seed meal, and hominy meal.

Feedstuff analyses, H. B. McDonnell et al. (ild. Agr. Col. Quart., No.
70 (1915), pp. 15). — Analyses are given of linseed oil meal, gluten feed, dried
beet pulp, dried brewers' grains, distillers dried grains, cotton-seed meal, beef
scrap, meat meal, tankage, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.

Result of official chemists' analyses of feedstuffs (Off. Bui. Ohio Agr.
Com., 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 103-110). — Analyses are given of gluten feed, linseed
oil meal, middlings, cotton-seed meal, hominy feed, oil meal, dried beet pulp,
dried brewers' grains, tankage, and a proprietary feed.

Report on feeding experiment with palm kernel cake. 1915. J. Hendrick
and W. .1. Profeit (North of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 20 (1915), pp. 10). — In feeding
experiments with three lots of 10 cattle each it was found that, when fetl in
the same quantities, palm kernel cake may be expected to give equally as
good a return in live weight increase as linseetl cake or decorticated cotton
cake, and at present prices in Great Britain it gives a better monetary return
than either of these. When fed in a mixture with locust bean meal it is
taken readily by stock.

Study of Philippine carabao, G. Evartsto (Philippine Agr. and Forester,
Jf (1915), No. 7, pp. 123-lJfl). — This treats of the origin, development, and man-
agement of carabao and of their adaptability to Philippine conditions.

New Zealand sheep farming. — Wool, mutton, pastures, J. II. I^Iacdonald
(Auckland, New Zeal.: Pastoral Publishing Co., 1915, pp. XVII+123. figs. t6).—
This book treats of the principal breeils of sheep in New Zealand, their
breeding, feeding, care, and managonient.

Pure-bred sheep in New Zealand, .T. Linton (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 11
(1915). No. 5, pp. .'i00-.'i02) . — A general account of the number and distribution
of the different breeds of sheep in New Zealand.

Corriedale sheep, F. K. Marshall (-Jour. Hereditg, 7 (1916), No. 2, pp. 8S-95,
figs. 5). — An account of the origin and development of this breed of .sheep
in New Zealand which, although it is a crossbreed of the Merino and Lincoln
or Cotswold breeds, is remarkably true to type with verj' little tendency to
reversion. It appears that this tiniforniity of type has resulted from a policy
of vigorous selection pursued by New Zealand breeders. However, now that the
breed is established such vigorous culling is not necessary. There has been
an apparent blending of the opposed characters of the Lincoln and Merino
stock, which is now uniformly transmitted.

It is stated that in the several hundred Corriedales examined none had wool
as short as the longest wooled Merinos, as'coarse as the Lincolns, or as tine as
the Merino. The horned character still crops out quite frequently.

Systematic crossbreeding of dual-purpose range sheep. W. T. Ritch (Amcr.
Sheep Breeder and Wool Groiccr. 35 (1915), No. 12, pp. 5^6-548. figs. 7).— The
author describes graphically a meth.od for crossbreeding dual-purpose range
sheep.

Pastures and sheds in connection with range lambing ground. .T. T.
Jabdine (Nat. Wool Grower, 5 (1915). No. 3, pp. 17-21, fig. 1). — In continuation

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

567

of work previously noted (E. P. R., 23, p. 575), it has been found that a 7 per
cent difference in lamb crop in favor of pasture and shed management may be
secured over the old method of open range.

Lamb feeding experiments, H. J. Gramlich {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 153 {1915),
pp. 5-26). — Five lots of 50 Western lambs each were fed 65 days with the results
shown in the following table :

Summary of lainh-feeding experiments.

Kind of ration.

Average
daily

gain per
head.

Feed consumed per pound of
gain.

Cost per
pound of
of gain.

Average
cost of

feed per
head.

Average

profitper

head.

Grain.

AUaUa.

Silage.

Ground com, ground alfalfa, si-
laee

Lhs.
0.371

.371
.393
.398
.358

Lhs.
4.01

4.23
3.07
3.06
4.11

Lhs.
1.61

2.27
2.38
2.05
2.52

Lis.
1.96

Cts.
5.81

6.12
5.11
5.15
5.28

$1.40

1.48
1.31
1.33
1.23

SO. 88

Ground corn, ground alfalfa

Shelled corn, good alfalfa

Shelled corn, good alfalfa, silage.
Shelled corn, poor alfalfa

.80

1.10

1.21

1.10
.98

A table showing the cost per 100 pounds of gain with corn and alfalfa hay at
varying prices is given. " With corn high and alfalfa cheap, the cheapest
gains can undoubtedly be made by feeding a medium corn ration and heavy
feed of alfalfa." The net profit realized on the 250 lambs was $214.99.

Four lots of 7 native lambs each were fed 59 days, lot 1 receiving corn and
alfalfa hay, lot 2 corn, alfalfa hay, and corn silage, lot 3 ground corn and
ground alfalfa, and lot 4 corn, oil meal, and prairie hay. They made average
daily gains per head of 0.632, 0.523, 0.4S6, and 0.496 lb., costing 4.48, 5..56, 6.24,
and 6.96 cts. per pound of gain, for the respective lots. Lot 1 required 3.48 lbs.
of corn and 1.52 lbs. of alfalfa, lot 2, 4.09 lbs. of corn, 1.96 lbs. of alfalfa, and
1.18 lbs. of silage, lot 3, 4.25 lbs. of corn and 2.42 lbs. of alfalfa, and lot 4, 3.58
lbs. of corn, 1.13 lbs. of prairie hay, and 2.04 lbs. of oil meal per pound of gain.

Two lots of lambs, lot' 1 being western lambs fed in the open lot, and lot 2
native lambs shed-fed, both lots receiving shelled corn and alfalfa hay, made
average daily gains per head of 0.393 and 0.632 lb., consuming 3.67 lbs. of corn
and 2.38 lbs. of alfalfa, and 3.48 lbs. of corn and 1.52 lbs. of alfalfa per pound
of gain, and costing 5.11 and 4.48 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lota.

In a similar comparison, except that shelled corn, alfalfa, and silage were
fed, the lambs made average daily gains per head of 0.398 and 0.523 lb., con-
suming 3.66 lbs. of corn, 2.05 lbs. of alfalfa, and 1.21 lbs, of silage, and 4.09 lbs.
of corn, 1.96 lbs. of alfalfa, and 1.18 lbs. of silage, per pound of gain, and costing
5.15 and 5.56 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. When the feeds
were ground corn and ground alfalfa, the lambs made average daily gains per
head of 0.371 and 0.486 lb., consuming 4.23 lbs. of corn and 2.27 lbs. of alfalfa,
and 4.25 lbs. of corn and 2.42 lbs. of alfalfa per pound of gain, and costing 6.12
and 6.24 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots.

Substitutes for corn in winter rations for fattening swine, B. E. Cae-
MicHAEL (Mo. Bill. Oliio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 3-9, figs. 10). — A popular dis-
cussion of results previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 173; 31, p. 868).

Malnutrition in hogs, D. J. Healy and E. J. Gott {Kentucky Sta. Circ. 4
{1915), pp. 3-7, figs. 2). — An account of a feeding trial with 10 pigs infested
with worms 'and suffering from malnutrition, which by proper care and feed
were brought around to a thrifty condition in 54 days and made to bring a
profit of $7.88 over the cost of feed, medicine, and care.

568 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECOED.

On the ergot of Equidse, S. Yoschida {Jour. Col. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,
6 (1915), No. 8, pp. 171-190, pis. 2). — The author presents evidence tending to
show that the callosity and ergot which present Equidse bear are not rudi-
mentary pads, as claimed by some, but are rudimentary digits.

The cost of horse labor, F. R. Taylor (Breeder's Gaz., 68 (1915). So. 15,
p. 609 ) . — Data are given showing three years' records of all items, such as feed,
labor, pasturage, and incidentals, including shoeing and veterinary services, that
go to make up the cost of horse labor. The cost per hour of labor was estimated
to be 10.83, 13.05, and 13.67 cts. for the respective three years.

Causes of sterility in the mule, J. E. "Wodsedalek (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol.
Lab. M'oods Hole, 30 (1916), Xo. 1, pp. 1-56, figs. 52).— This article reports
an extensive study made in the zoological laboratories of the University of
Idaho.

The mule partakes of the qualities of both the sire and the dam, but appears
to resemble the ass more than the horse both in structure and habits. It
was found that the greatest difference seems to lie in the relative number of
chromosomes in the cells of these two animals. " The horse has 37 and the
mule 51. This suggests that the number in the ass is about 65, thus making
a difference of 28 chromosomes between the parents of the hybrid. The semi-
niferous tubules of the mule contain a much smaller amount of germ cells
than do the tubules of the horse. Some of the tubules of the mule are entirely
devoid of sex cells. The sex cells of the mule are larger than those of the
horse in the corresponding stages. All of the 51 chromosomes in the sper-
matogonia! cells of the mule enter the spindle for division. The mitotic fig-
ures are normal and there are no straggling chromosomes. The accessory
chromosome of the hybrid, which is undoubtedly maternal in origin, resembles
entirely the accessory of the horse, which fact shows that this sex-determining
chromosome retains its individuality. The period of synize.sis, which is so
obvious in the primary spermatocytes of the horse, is lacking in the mule.
The spireme of the horse is also lacking in the mule, but is replaced by a
continuous network of chromatin threads, parts of which sometimes resemble
the spireme to a certain extent.

" There is no definite time for the pairing of threads or chromosomes in
the hybrid ; the synaptic period begins at the time the chromatin thread.s
make their appearance and continues through the prophase. The pairing of
chromosomes, or pseudoreduction, is always incomplete and very inconstant.
The number of chromosomes in the late prophase of the primary spermatocytes
varies from 34 to 49. The greatest majority of counts of chromosomes lie
between 40 and 45. The expected number, if retluction was complete, would
be 25 besides the unpaired accessory. In the late prophase of the primary
spermatocytes the bivalent chromosomes can as a rule be readily distinguished
from the univalent ones. The number of chromosomes which the various cells
lack in order to make the original total of 51, in terms of univalence, can
usually be accounted for by the proportional increase in the pre.sence of
bivalents in such cells. Up to the early prophase of the primary spermatocytes
there seems to be no necessity for the paternal and maternal chromosomes to
cooperate in functioning. Each group seems to go on performing its func-
tions normally. The real conflict ensues during the various stages of the
primary spermatocyte, and is no doubt octasioned by the necessity for coopera-
tion on the part of the paternal and maternal chromosomes in the process of
conjugation or pseudoreduction.

"Abnormalities in mitosis occur invariably in primary spermatocytes that
attain the metaphase stage. Giant cells are occasionally seen. The chromatoid
body, which is very conspicuous and constant in the horse, is entirely lacking

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 569

in the mule. There is considerable evidence that primary spermatocytes
make an attempt to eliminate some of the chromatin material. The chromo-
somes expelled by the cells appear to be those which were contributed by the
mother of the hybrid. Destruction as well as abnormalities in mitosis seems
to be restricted to the primary spermatocytes. Most of the cells disintegi-ate
during the prophase, especially during the period of synapsis. Others meet
their fate in the metaphase or early anaphase stages. The remaining few that
survive the anaphase succumb soon after, and no secondary spermatocytes nor
spermatids, and consequently no spermatozoa, are formed and the hybrid
remains sterile. There are no authentic cases on record showing that fertility
ever occurs in this hybrid."

A bibliography is appended.

The coloring' of hens' eggs by crossbreeding and the duration of these
color changes, A, von Tschermak (Biol. Centhl., 35 (1915), No. 1, pp. 46-63,
figs. 3). — The author reports cases of color xenia and telegony in hens' eggs
and comments on the causes of these phenomena.

Production and composition of the eggs of different breeds of poultry,
P. F. Lev^que and L. J. Ponscaeme (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4 (1913),
pp. 38-42). — Data are given showing the number, weight, and composition of
the eggs of different breeds of poultry, and the influence of the shape of the
egg on the amount of yolk, white, and shell.

It appears that generally there is more yolk and shell in the long egg but
less white than in the round egg. On the average the desiccated egg contents con-
tained 2.949 per cent of P2O5, of which the yolk contained 2.618 per cent; 18.443
per cent of nitrogen, of which the yolk contained 5.028 per cent ; and 0.0953 per
cent of Fe203, of which the yolk contained 0.0627 per cent.

Cost of raising Leghorn pullets, A. G. Philips (Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr.
and Invest. Poultry Hush., 2 (1916), No. 5, pp. 39, 40). — Experiments at the
Indiana Experiment Station are referred to which indicate that it costs an
average of 38.9 cts. to produce a pullet to laying age, including practically all
expenses. The results also indicate that it takes from 4 to 5 eggs to produce a
pullet.

Poultry raising in Colorado, W. E. Vaplon (Colorado Sta. Bui. 213 (1915),
pp. 15, figs. 6). — A general discussion of methods of feeding, care, and manage-
ment of poultry under Colorado conditions.

Methods of poultry management at the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station, R. Peael (Maine Sta. Doc. 515 (1916), pp. 98, figs. 27).— Tliis is an en-
largement and revision of Farmers' Bulletin 357 (E. S. R., 21, p. 274), contain-
ing additional data on poultry hygiene and sanitation, brooders, feeding the
laying pullets, natural enemies of poultry, use of hen manure, etc.

Duck raising, A. R. Lee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 697 (1915), pp. 22,
figs. 13). — This treats of the various breeds of ducks and their feed, care,
management, and preparation for market.

Ancestry of the goose (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 1, pp. 39-45, figs. 4). —
The author contends that the ordinary domestic breeds of geese are descend-
ants with slight modifications of the graylag goose, still found wild in most
parts of the Old World. It is thought that breeding in captivity must have
begun at an early date.

Pheasant farming, G. M. Simpson (Oregon Fish and Game Com. Bui. 2
(1914), pp. 50, pi. 1, figs. 27). — This booklet treats of the varieties of pheasants
and their breeding, care, and management for commercial purposes.

Fish ponds on farms, R. S. Johnson and M. F. Stapleton (U. S. Dept. Com.,
Bur. Fisheries Doc. 826 (1915), pp. 28, pis. i9).— This treats of the utilization
31501°— No. &— 16 6

570 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

of waste lands for fish ponds, the construction of ponds, the species of fishes
suitable for pond culture, and the methods of care and management incident to
fish propagation.

Fur buyers' guide, A. R. Hakding (Colmnbtis, Ohio: Author, 1915, pp. 366,
figs. 65). — General directions are given for preparing, grading, buying, and
selling raw furs.

Record of proceedings of annual meeting [of the American Society of Ani-
mal Production, November, 1914] (Amer. Soe. Anim. Prod. Proc. lOlJf, pp. 129,
figs. 10). — This report contains papers, abstracts, etc., of the meeting previously
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 98) :

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Influence of feeding stuffs on the quality of milk and butter (.VffrA- Lane
E.rpress, IH (1915), No. ^396, p. 715). — A discussion of the feeding value and
influence on the quality of milk and butter of grass, hay, clover, sainfoin,
lucern, vetch, pea forage, lupine forage, white mustard, buckwheat, mangolds*
swedes, carrots, rye, barley, crushed oats, maize, pulse gi*ains, bean meal,
linseed cake and meal, rape cake, poppy-seed cake, sunflower-seed cake, maize
germ, palm-nut cake, coconut cake, peanut cake, decorticated and undecorticated
cotton-seed cake, soy-bean cake, rice meal, niger-seed cake, madia cakes, and
sesarae-soed cake.

Diuresis and milk flow, H. Steenbock (T. .^. Drpt. Agr.. Jour. Agr. Research,
5 {1915), No. 13, pp. 561-568). — In experiments with two goats at the Wis-
consin Station it was found that " urea administered In a diuretic dose is able
to decrease temporarily the flow of milk. Upon repeated administration the
increased intake of water which follows the impoverishment of the tissues with
respect to water content balances the draft for water imposed by the diuretic,
and the milk secretion comes back to normal. Sodium chlorid with its diuretic
action as well as its laxative effect is unable to depress milk .secretion under
normal conditions, as it simultaneously calls forth an excessive thirst, which
increases the water intake. With the decreased flow of milk caused by a
diuretic the percentage of solids is increased. Fat here is the principal variable.
The mammary gland shows no tendency to absorb and subsoiiuently put out
in its secretion additional urea absorbed by tlie circulation. It is diflicult to
interpret the results sometimes obtained with alfalfa hay [E. S. R., 32, p. 74]
as due to diuresis alone if urea diuresis can lie taken as a type."

The influence of temperature and food upon the physical condition of the
fat globules of milk, W. van Dam (Landw. Vers. Stat., 86 (1915). No. 5-S,
pp. 393-Jfji3, fig. 1; Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 25 (1915), Nos. 25, pp. 193, 19-i; 26, pp.
201, 202; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. But. Agr. Intel, and Plant
nisea.'<cs, 6 (1915), No. 10, pp. 1389, 1390). — The author summarizes the results
of his studies as follows:

" Fat globules which have been .<^olidified through cooling below 0° C. undergo
a change in volume as soon as they aro subjected to a higher temperature.
This change in volume attains its maximum between 10 and 20° and is much
less in a temperature below 10°. The changes in volume due to the cool-
ing of the fat globules take place very rapidly at first and afterwards more
slowly. The equilibrium in volume corresponding to the reduced temperature is
only reached after some weeks or even months. After having been cooled for
21 hours at a temperature of 0°, followed by warming, the equilibrium is only
attained with any rapidity at a temperature of about 11°.

" By keeping the cream for 21 hours at a temperature of 1G°. it was found
that the globules remained liquid ; on keeping it at 13° part was half solidified.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 571

and when the temperature was maintained at 11° all the fat globules of the
cream were half solidified. When the cows were kept in their sheds somewhat
higher figures were obtained. It is possible in certain cases (e. g., by feeding
beets to the cows) to obtain solidification even at a temperature of from 18 to
20°. As a rule, the critical temperature for the change in the state of the fat
globules is to be found between 12 and 16°.

" In cream in which the volume of the fat globules was in normal relationship
with the temperature at the beginning of churning, no solidification of the
globules was produced during the process of churning. This has been proved
a number of times. After a preliminary cooling for 21 hours at a temperature
of 11° it is possible to find a slight continuation of the solidification of the
globules during churning. This, however, was more noticeable than when the
cream was cooled to 13° ; in the case of cooling to 16° the continuation of
solidification was still less perceptible. It may be concluded from this that
fatty matter kept at a temperature favorable to acidification undergoes very
little change in volume. The prevailing opinion that most of the globules be-
come solidified during churning is, therefore, in nowise confirmed.

" Before churning, it is necessary to try and solidify the fat globules as
much as possible, for cream containing solidified fat globules can be churned
at a higher temperature. In this way it is possible to avoid all trouble caused
by changes in the condition of the fat globules during churning. The degree
to which the temperature is reduced has a more marked effect upon the change
in condition of the globules than the duration of the cooling. Thus it has been
found that after a preliminary cooling for four hours at a temperature of from
6° to 8° solidification was more rapid than after a 21 hours' treatment at 11°.
Cooling to a low temperature (6°) is especially to be recommended in autumn.

" These results explain the success obtained with the density method of
Swartz. If cream with a uniform content of fatty matter, but from different
cows, is cooled for 21 hours at a temperature of 12° a varying amount of
dilatation is observed in the fat globules when the cream is subsequently heated.
The maximum dilatations were 188 units, the minimum 125 units, in 10,000 units
of volume. The nature of the cow's feed has a considerable effect upon the
dilatation of the fat globules, as many experiments have proved. In the same
way, any change in the animal's mode of life such as the descent from the alpine
pastures to their winter quarters, or vice versa, is also clearly demonstrated
by the dilatometer.

*' The iodin value of the fat globules is in direct relationship with the solidify-
ing power, which shows that combinations of oleic acid have a preponderant
effect on solidification. There are, however, some exceptions in cases where
the iodin value is very small and where consequently there is very little dilata-
tion. A cream containing globules which only dilated to a small extent gave
in many experiments a soft butter, whereas in cases where the dilatation was
considerable the butter produced was hard. In every case where the iodin
value corresponded imperfectly to the dilatation, this latter corresponded better
to the consistency of the butter."

Inexpensive appliances and utensils for the dairy, W. D. Nicholls {Kenr
tucky Sta. Circ. 6 {1915), pp. 15-31, flgs. 9). — This circular describes various
kinds of inexpensive homemade steam sterilizers and a new-style sanitary
milk pail.

Laboratory guide in market milk, H. E. Ross {Ithaca, N. Y.: Carpenter
and Co., 1915, pp. 65, flgs. 2). — This book is designed for the use of students
in dairy laboratories.

The present status of the pasteurization of milk, S. H. Ayees ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 31,2 {1916), pp. 16, fig. i).— This bulletin discusses the value of pas-

572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

teurization and its extent in the United States, methods of pasteurization, cost
of pasteurizing milk, and other related subjects.

Disinfection of milk by means of boiling- and pasteurization at low pres-
sure, L. K. JIORDBERG (Trudy Selsk. Khoz. Bakt. Lab., 4 (1913), pp. S^iSSS-i,
figs. 5). — The author found in his experiments that the methods commonly in
use for the sterilization of milk, viz, pasteurization and boiling, considerably
alter the component parts of milk and can not be considered as entirely satisfac-
tory. Sterilization of milk by boiling at low pressure ( vacuum boiling) has certain
disadvantages; but pasteurization in a steam vacuum apparatus (vacuum steri-
lization) is deemed worthy of note and may be recommended because the milk
does not alter in appearance. Neither a second vacuum boiling nor a second
vacuum pasteurization sterilizes the milk. It is necessary for the vacuum
boiling of milk that the temperature of the vacuum apparatus be, during the
entire duration of the experiment, somewhat higher than the boiling point of
milk, and in vacuum pasteurization it should be about that point. In order
to diminish evaporation in the milk and to eliminate other imdesirable features,
it is necessary that the milk be heated during vacuum boiling in superheated
aqueous steam, while during vacuum pasteurization it should bo boated in
saturated steam.

Comparative experiments on pasteurizing and biorizing milk, R. Bltkbi
and A. C. Thaysen {Ztschr. GurunffsphysioL, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 167-186. fig.
1). — In these experiments the biorizator proved even more effective than the
pasteurizer in reducing the germ content of the milk, and this without impart-
ing a cooked flavor to the milk.

Pasteurization of milk supplies as a protection against typhoid fever,
J. C. Geigeu and F. L. Kelly (Jour. Amer. Med. Afixoc. 66 (1916). .Yo. 4. pp. 263,
26Jf. fig. 1). — An acrount of a typhoid epidemic in California, evidence being
presented to show that in one district where pasteurization was required there
were no cases of typhoid fever traceable to the particular milk supply in
question, while in the other district where the sale of raw milk was permitted
the disease \\as very prevalent.

Cooling of cream to improve its quality, O. Erk (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio
Sidfc rniv.]. 11 (1915), No. 1, pp. 11, fign. 8). — Methods of cooling cream are
described.

The Swedish " Rune" butter brand (\ord. Mrjcri Ti(In.. 30 (1915), No. 22,
p. 25S; ahs. in N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Crcaw., J/0 (1915), No. 20, p.
815). — It is said that the number of creameries entitled to the use of the
"Rune" brand throughout 1914 was 382 as against 3.32 in 1913. while 81
creameries had the right for part of the year as against 130 in 1913. Only 67
creameries lost the right through the poor quality of their butter, while 14 lost
it because, owing to various causes, they could not send butter to the tests
every time. There were exported 41,7.52,856 lbs. of butter, of which 08.7 per
cent was worthy of the Rune brand.

Manufacture of cheese, F. A. Silva Barrios (ilin. Agr. Nac. [Buenos Aires],
Dir. Gen. EHscilania c Invest. Agr. [Pub.], No. 39 (1915). pp. .'f6. figs. 10). —
Methods of mtUcing several varieties of South Ainoi-ican cheeses are described.

Price and nutritive value of various cheap Kbnigsberg cheese varieties,
A. Friedmann and B. Magarschak (Ztschr. Hyg. n. Infcetionskrank., SO (1915),
No. 8, pp. 399-Jt03). — Analyses are given of 15 varieties of cheese.

The technological chemistry of the manufacture of " Grana " cheese in
Reggio, G. Fascetti (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 1,1 (19V,), No. 8. pp. 5^1-568: abs.
in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Di.'^easeK, 6
(1915), No. 1, pp. l.',2-ll,5). — The author summarizes theories advanced on the

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 573

means of manufacturing and ripening cheeses, and maintains that real tecli-
nical study has been almost entirely neglected.

He has observed that the acidity of milk on being drawn varies considerably
(from 7 to 9.6 per cent) among cows under identical conditions. After 20
hours at 10° C. the acidity fell from 8 to 7.2 per cent and from 9.6 to 9. This
decrease is still further accentuated (an average of 0.9 per cent) by moderately
warming the milk during several minutes immediately after drawing. The ad-
dition of lactic acid to the milk raises the acidity in almost direct numerical re-
lation to the quantity added, and there is nothing to prevent the same effect from
the acidity due to fermentation. The author defines the acidity of fermentation
as the acidity due to the lactic fermentation and added to the natural acidity.
The difference betweeu the acidity of the milk and that of the serum after
the coagulation of the casein is practically constant. The diminution is,
therefore, due almost entirely to the removal of the casein.

He has obtained experimental confirmation of the technical principle that the
duration of manufacture of Grana cheese is in almost inverse relation to the
degree of ripening of the milk. Thus, whilst a milk of Soxhlet acidity 3.S coagu-
lates in 30 minutes at 38° and the time of working the Pariuesan obtained
is ISO minutes, the same milk coagulates in 18 minutes when one adds (to the
quantity necessary to give a cheese) 80 gm. of pure lactic acid, and the period
of working is reduced to 60 minutes.

The addition of 1.5 cc. of normal lactic acid to 120 cc. of fresh milk and
submitting it to the process of making Parmesan, together with an equal
sample to which no lactic acid had been added, showed that the lactic acid
favored a greater expulsion of the serum from the coagulum (which con-
tained 48 per cent of water against 55.83) and removed from the coagulum
about 2 per cent more of mineral matter (5.3 against 7.23 per cent), repre-
sented by phosphate of lime which passed into the serum as soluble phosphate
and lactate of lime. The serum contained in the coagulum before scalding
increased the percentage of ash (1.91 per cent in the dry coagulum against 1.3
per cent in the same coagulum after washing), but at the end of scalding
there was no sensible difference between the quantities of ash contained in
the coagulum directly dried (2.43 per cent) and in the coagulum previously
washed (2.41 per cent). This indicates that, at the end of the scalding, the
granules of casein do not give up to the washing water the serum which they
contain and form a homogeneous mass.

The addition to samples of 200 cc. each of the same milk of 10 cc. of dis-
tilled water or water containing, respectively, 1, 2, and 3 cc. of normal lactic
acid before submission to the Parmesan process showed that the soluble com-
pounds of lime and phosphoric acid increase with the degree of acidity of the
serum, but the compounds of lime in a greater proportion than those of phos-
phoric acid. This indicated that a part of the lime which passes into solution
in the serum belongs to a salt different from monocalcium phosphates, namely,
lactate of lime. The plasticity acquired by the paracasein in proportion to
its freedom from mineral constituents has been specially attributed to the
presence of calcium lactate, but this was not confirmed by the author's ex-
periments, according to which the elasticity of the paracasein is certainly
bound up with the presence of an acid salt, probably monocalcium phosphate.

It was apparent that Emmental cheese is made under conditions of very
low acidity of fermentation, while Grana cheese requires a certain amount of
acidity, and Cheddar a much greater acidity. After manufacture, the casein
granules should therefore possess very different chemical composition and

574 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

physical properties, wliich differences appear in tlie clieese and in the quality
and intensity of the fermentations taking place within it.

Mongolian cheese called Naitofu, M. Sato (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc,
6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 18-21). — A method of making the Mongolian cheese, Naitofu,
is describetl and its composition given.

The rennet supply for cheese making, D. CtrDDtE (Jour. Agr. [Neio Zeal.},
11 (1915), No. 6, pp. 477-^81, figs. 2). — Methods of preparing rennet from the
stomachs of calves are described.

Bennet economy and substitutes, W. van Dam (Yerslag Vcr. Exploit.
Procfzuivclbocrdcrij Uoorn, 1914, pp. 4^-56; abs. in-N. Y. Produce Rev. and
Amcr. Cream., 40 (1915), No. 20, p. 815). — The author states that in making
Edam cheese at the Hoorn Experiment Station with hal& the usual quantity of
rennet and adding 40 cc. of 10 per cent muriatic acid to 100 liters to prevent a
delayetl coagulation, the result was normal and the cheese very good. Another
experiment with only one-fourth the regular quantity of rennet and the addi-
tion of 40 gm. of water-free calcium chlorid for 100 liters of milk also gave
normal results. The somewhat tender curd became dry enough in the same
time as the control cheese and without raising the cooking temperature.
I'he taste was even declared better. The use of one-third rennet was, how-
ever, recommended. Pepsin was also tried as a substitute and found to be
satisfactory.

Saltpeter in maki«g Swiss cheese, E. Haglcnd (ileddel. Centralan^t.
Forsoksv. Jordbruksumnidct, No. 101 (1914), pp. 27-48; abs. in N. Y. Produce
Rev. and Amer. Cream., ^0 (1915), No. 20, p. 8I4). — Investigations as to the
ripening process in Swedish Emmental and large-eyeil Swedish Estate cheese
are reported.

It was found that the addition of saltpeter to the cheese milk reduces in both
cheeses the content of volatile fatty acids, the jyopionic acid being especially
affected. Both cheeses easily become "close or blind" (having no eyes) on
the use of saltpeter, and not infrequently get a more or less decided saltpeter
taste and often are discolored. Nevertheless, the inclination of the cheeses to
an abnormal and too violent fermentation may be counteractetl by the addition
of saltpeter.

The advantage of paraffining cheese, R. af Trolle (Molk. Ztg. [Hildc-
f,hciin], 29 (1915), No. 4-J. PP- 559, 560, fig. 1). — Results of experiments are
reported showing that the loss of weight of cheese stored for 100 days was
materially reduced by paraffining. The ordinary loss during this period rangeil
from 10 to 13 per cent, while the paraffined cheese lost only from 0.8 to 3.6 per
cent.

The yoghourt bacillus, F. DuchACek (Biochcm. Ztschr., 70 (1915), No. S-4,
pp. 269-293; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lon4ion], 108 (1915), No. 637, 1, p. 1042).—
Tests were made of several strains of Bacillus bulgaricus, one strain coming
from a commercial medicinal source and another which was recognized as the
true B. bulgaricus.

The latter strain was found to be much rqore sensitive, but was readily
killed by acids, and would only develop in certain culture moilia. which must
contain sugars. The other strain was much loss sensitive, and. in contrast to
the true B. bulgaricus, readily digested proteins. Attention is directed to the
difficulty of completely sterilizing milk, to the ease with which the true B.
bulgancus is destroyed, and to the gi-eat possibilities of tliis taking place in
commercial preparations, and the predominance in these of other strains of
bacteria which remain, owing to iQcoruplete sterilization.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 675

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Tenth International Veterinary Congress. — Reports for the general meet-
ings (10. Internat. Vet. Cony., 191 Ji, II, pp. 552, ;>/«. 13, fig. 1). — The papers pre-
sented before the general meetings of this congress, held at Loudon in August,
1914, are presented as follows : Foot-and-mouth Disease, by L. Nevermann
(pp. 3-38), by E. Leclainclie (pp. 39-50), by H. Remmelts (pp. 51-90), by E.
Hess (pp. 91-104), by A. E. Mettam (pp. 105-139), and by J. Rudovsky (pp.
140-157) ; The Relation of the So-called Types of Tubercle Bacilli, by A. Eber
(pp. 161-180) ; Immunity in Tuberculosis and Vaccination of Cattle Against
Tul)erculosis, by H. Vallee (pp. 181-195) ; Tuberculosis, by J. M'Fadyean
(pp. 196-222) (E. S. R., 33, p. 85) ; Tuberculosis, by G. Regner (pp. 223-233) ;
Tuberculosis and the So-called Types of Tubercle Bacilli, by D. A. de Jong
(pp. 234-249) ; Measures to be Taken Against Breeding Cattle Reacting to
Tuberculin from the Point of View of International Traffic, by D. A. de Jong
(pp. 250-253) ; Contagious Abortion in Domesticated Animals, by Zwick
(pp. 257-275) ; Epizootic Abortion, by G. Moussu (pp. 276-291) ; The Altera-
tions in the Uterus in Epizootic Abortion and in Some Other Infectious
Metrites in Cows, by S. Wall (pp. 292-342) ; Epizootic Abortion, by S. Stock-
man (pp. 343-358) (E. S. R., 33, p. 578) ; Public Control of the Production,
Distribution, and Sale of Milk in the Interests of Public Health, by A. D.
Melvin (pp. 361-385) ; Police Control of the Milk Supply, by von Ostertng (pp.
380-430) ; Public Control of the Production, Distribution, and Sale of iMarket
Milk, by S. Nystedt (pp. 431-480) ; The Control of the Milk Supply, by -J. W.
Brittlebank (pp. 481-510) ; The Control of the Production, Distribution, and
Sale of Milk in the Interest of Public Health, by C. Porcher (pp. 511-522) ; On
the Opportunity of Installing an International Commission for the Control of
Tuberculosis of Domestic Animals, by D. A. de Jong (pp. 523-532) ; and Uni-
form Instructions Relating to the Sea Transport of Domesticated Animals
(pp. 533-552).

Tenth International Veterinary Congress. — Reports for the sectional meet-
ings {10. Internat. Yet. Cong., lOlJf, III, pp. yin+999, figs. 18). — The papers
presented before the sectional meetings of this congress are as follows : Meat
Poisoning, Its Pathogenesis and the Measures Necessary to Guard Againt It,
by J. Bongert (pp. 5-19) ; Meat Poisoning, by H. Messner (pp. 20-45) ; Ali-
mentary Intoxications: Pathogenicity and the Necessary Preventive Measures,
by Guillaume (pp. 46-72) ; The Question of Tuberculous Meat, by E. Cesar i (pp.
75-113) ; General Principles Governing the Examination and Inspection of the'
Organs and Meat of Tuberculous Animals, by Nieberle (pp. 114-136) ; General
Principles to be Observed in the Inspection of the Carcasses and Organs of
Tuberculous Animals with a View to Determining Their Safety as Articles of
Human Food, by H. Hansson (pp. 137-151) ; Johne's Di.sease (Enteritis Chron-
ica Paratuberculosa Bovis), by O. Bang (pp. 157-190) ; Infectious Intestinal
Catarrh of Cattle, by Miessner (pp. 191-201) ; Johne's Disease, by A. L.
Sheather (pp. 202-218) (E. S. R., 33, p. 180) ; Piroplasmoses of European Cattle
with Particular Reference to Their Etiology, by P. Knuth (pp. 221-245) (E. S.
R., 34, p. 478), and by S. von RStz (pp. 24(>-263) ; Filterable Viruses, by K. F.
Meyer (pp. 267-293) (E. S. R., 32, p. 475) ; Ultramicroscopic Viruses, by Panis-
set (pp. 294-320) ; Diseases of Dogs, Etiology and Vaccination, by H. Carr§
(pp. 323-329) ; Anthrax, by W. H. Dalrymple (pp. 335-349), and by A. Luk^cs
(pp. 350-366) ; Anthrax: Contribution to the Pathogenicity and Control, by J.
Szpilman (pp. 367-404) ; Vaccination Against Hog Cholera, by F. Hutyra
(pp. 407-^21) (E. S. R., 33, p. 183) ; Hog Cholera in Germany, by K. Glasser

576 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

(pp. 422-451) ; Chronic Glanders in the Brood Mare, by De Rod (pp. 455-462) ;
Glanders, by Drouin (pp. 463-iSU) and by J. Schniirer (pp. 481-495) ; Diagnosis
of Glanders, by H. Miessner (pp. 496-514) ; Sarcoptic Mange of Equines, by
A. Barrier (pp. 517-529) ; Sarcoptic Scabies of the Horse, by E. R. C. Butler
(pp. 530-538) ; Sarcoptic Mange in the Horse, by T. Halski (pp. 539-551) ;
Anesthetics in Veterinary Surgery, by F. Hendrickx (pp. 557-577) ; Respiratory
Anesthesia of Animals, by L. A. Merillat (pp. 578-589) ; Local and General
Narcosis, by J. Vennerholm (pp. 590-612) ; Anesthesia, Local and General, by
G. H. \yooldridge (pp. 613-632) ; General and Local Anesthesia of Domestic
Animals, by G. Udriski (pp. 633-653) ; Laminitis, by Lienaus (pp. 657-667) ;
and by G. .Toly (pp. 668-678) ; The Technique of the Operation for Roaring,
by W. L. Williams and .T. N. Frost (pp. 681-691) ; Roaring in Horses, by
Fontaine (pp. 692-707) ; The Surgical Treatment of Roaring in Horses, by F.
Hobday (pp. 708-716) ; New Re.searches About Roaring in Horses, by H. A.
Vermeulen (pp. 717-724) ; General Considerations on the Use of Drugs Against
Nematodes in the Digestive Tract, by A. van den Eeckhout (pp. 727-732) ;
The Use of Medicaments in the Treatment of Diseases Caused by Nematodes,
by A. Railliet (pp. 733-753). and by J. F. Craig (pp. 754-780) (E. S. R.. 32. p.
578) ; Diseases Transmitted by Ticks, Their Classification, Treatment, and
Prophylaxis, by J. Ligni&res (pp. 785-S05) ; Diseases Transmitted by Ticks,
Their Classification, Treatment, and I^radication. by A. Theiler, C. E. Gray,
and W. M. Power (pp. 806-819) (E. S. R., 32, p. 380) ; The Cultivation of Aiw-
plasma marginale in Vitro, by F. Veglia (pp. 820-824) ; Diseases Transmittt^l
by Ticks, Their Classification, and Prophylaxis. — American Babesiases, by P.
de F. Parrciras Horta (pp. 828-871) ; Diseases Transmitted by Ticks, by J. B.
Plot Bey (pp. 872-878) ; Classification, Therapeutics, and Prophylaxis of Trypa-
nosomiases, by Cazalbou (pp. 881-923) ; Trypanosomiasis, by R. E. Montgomery
(pp. 924-949) ; The Diseases Transmissible by Flying Insects. Their Classifica-
tion, Treatment, and Prophylactic Measures, by A. Lanfranchi (pp. 950-976) ;
and The Influence of Heredity Upon the Premature Development of Those
Defects which Le.ssen the Economic Value of Horses, and Their Symptoms,
by E. Suckow (pp. 979-999).

[Veterinary work in foreign countries] {Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 48 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 165-284; 48 (1915), No. 4, pp. 461-594)-— -^ further discussion (E. S.
R., 30. p. 476) of veterinary affairs in foreign countries: In France, by Wehrle
(pp. 165-243) ; in British India and Ceylon, by Wehrle (pp. 244-284) ; in
Bulgaria, by Poppe (pp. 461-486) ; and in Russia, by C. Maass (pp. 487-566).
An account is also given by Titze (pp. 567-594) of the work in the United
States.

The diseases of wild animals and their treatment, A. Olt and A. Strose
(Die Wildkrankhcitcn vnd ihre Dckdmpfung. Xciidamw: J. Neumann, 1914,
pp. xri+633, pis. 10, figs. 179).— The first part of this work (pp. 1-238) deals
with the cause, nature, and means of preventing the diseases of wild animals ;
their food plants ; application of remedial measures ; protection ; sanitary police
measures; etc. In the second part (pp. 241-625) are taken up the diseases
due to Protozoa, worms, and arthropods; infectious di.seases; poisoning; etc.

On the worm parasites of tropical Queensland, W. Nicoi.l (Rpt. Brit. As.soc.
Adv. Sri., 191 Jf. pp. 407-409). — A brief report is given of a collection of the more
common parasites, together with a brief account of experiments on the migra-
tion of Onchocerca larvje through the capsule of the worm nodule. See also a
previous note (B. S. R., 32. p. 377).

Colorado plants injurious to live stock, G. H. Glo\'er and W. W. Robbins
(Colorado Sta. Bui. 211 (1915), pp. 3-71. figs. 9i).— This Inilletin consists mainly
of descriptions of <h<>so i>l:iiits. ju-opared with a view to assisting storlum^n

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 577

and farmers in the identification of poisonous plants, to offer suggestions rela-
tive to preventive and remedial measures, and to cite special conditions under
which certain plants are known to poison animals.

The poisoning' of live stock while feeding on plants of the sorghum group,
C. K. Francis (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 38 {1915), pp. >}). — A popular account,
based on the report previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 584), with additional
analyses of Sudan grass.

A comparison of the sizes of the red cells of some vertebrates, J. B.
Cleland {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pp. JfOJf, 405). — A brief report of
systematic measurements made of the erythrocytes of various Australian
vertebrates.

The Abderhalden reaction, D. D. Van Slyke, Miriam Vinograd-Villchur,
and J. H. LosEE {Jour. Biol. Chem., 23 {1915), No. 1, pp. 377-406, figs. ^).— "A
simple and quantitative method has been established for measuring by amino
nitrogen determination the extent of the proteolysis occurring when serum and
substrate are incubated as in the Abderhalden reaction. The mixture after
incubation is freed from protein with colloidal ferric hydrate, the filtrate evap-
orated, and the free amino nitrogen in it determined with the micro-amino
apparatus. The increases in amino nitrogen observed when digestion occurs
are many times greater than the exiDerimental error of the method ; so that
it appears possible to rule out the latter as a factor in the results. . . .

" Practically every serum, whether from a pregnant or a nonpregnant indi-
vidual, shovred protein digestion when incubated with placenta tissue prepared
according to Abderhalden."

Results from pregnant sera tended to average somewhat higher than those
from nonpregnant. " The difference even in the averages is not great, however ;
and the individual variations of both pregnant and nonpregnant sera make the
results from both overlap so completely as to render the i-eaction, even with
quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative
diagnosis of pregnancy."

Carcinoma tissue was found to be digested to about the same extent as
placental, which is furtb.er evidence of nonspecificity.

" It appears that nearly all human sera can digest certain coagulated tissue
proteins to some extent, but that the source and significance of the proteolytic
agents, and the influences that cause their fluctuation, remain as yet unde-
termined." .

Contributions to the dialysis method of E. Abderhalden, F. Pregl {Fer-
mentforsch., 1 {1914), No. 1, pp. 7-12). — The author recommends the use of
collodion thimbles for the dialysis, and gives detailed directions for their prep-
aration. A new procedure for the preparation of the placental substrate in
which the lipoids are removed by alternate treatment with alcohol and ether
is outlined. Certain precautions to be observed in the use of collodion dialyzers
are also noted.

The anaphylactic reaction with so-called proteoses of various seeds. — The
biologic reactions of the vegetable proteins, VI, H. G. Wells and T. B.
OsBOEXE {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 {1915), No. 1, pp. 259-275). — Continuing
previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 377) the principal conclusions drawn by the
authors are as follows :

Those vegetable protein preparations commonly designated as " proteoses "
are distinguishable by biological reactions and are, therefore, chemically dis-
tinct from the other proteins of the seeds, as was demonstrated by the anaphy-
lactic reaction. " Proteoses " obtained from different seeds and grains are also
quite distinct from one another. They exhibit strong anaphylactogeuic proper-

578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

ties, very small doses being fatal in many cases. Heating for one-half hour
at 100° C. does not destroy their activity.

" In their anaphylactic power these ' natural proteoses ' differ sharply fi'ora
proteoses obtained from animal proteins by digestion with enzyms or by chem-
ical hydrolysis, such artificial products being almost, if not entirely, nonanaphy-
lactogenic. Furthermore, those products of hydrolysis which result from
heating vegetable proteins with acids, with water under pressure, or by peptic
digestion, have, so far as we have tested them, no anaphylactogenic properties.
From these facts it would seem that the vegetable ' proteoses ' belong to a group
of proteins which are chemically different from any heretofore recognized.
They resemble highly soluble native proteins in their anaphylactogenic capacity,
and are probably quite as complex in their chemical constitution. Their desig-
nation as ' proteoses ' is consequently improper.

" This differentiation of so many of these ' proteose ' preparations from the
other proteins in the same seed is a striking example of the fact that speci-
ficity of the anaphylaxis reaction is not dependent on biologic origin but on
chemical constitution. . . .

"The results described in this paper demonstrate that anaphylaxis furnishes
a useful means for determining the purity of protein preparations obtained
from plant extracts, in so far as contamination with the other proteins of the
same seed is concerned."

Inhibitory action of heterologous protein mixtures on anaphylaxis, J. H.
Lewis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 (IfUo). Xo. J, pp. 2-}/-~'58K — Experimental
data indicate that a protein which will produce a marked anaphylactic sensi-
tization when injected alone into a guinea pig will fail to do so if injected
together with, or 24 hours after, a much larger amount of another protein.

" These results may be explaine<l by the conception that the number of re-
ceptors in the body that can unite with a foreign protein is limited. The
inhibiting protein, if present In large amount, combines with all, or almost all,
of these receptors. Hence, another protein injected with It, or after it, is
prevented from being combined in sufTiciont amount to stimulate the active pro-
duction of antibodies. And when a large amount of protein is injected with
or after a sensitizing dose of immune serum, the combination of the latter with
the cell receptors, which is necessary for passive sensitization, is prevented in
the same way."

On the formation of specific proteolytic ferments iu response to the
parenteral introduction of foreig'n protein. A. E. Taylor and Florence Hul-
TON {Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 59-61). — From experimental data,
using the protamin salmin, it was demonstrated that the rabbit does not form a
protective ferment in response to the injection of the particular protein used.

" This result does not prove that a protective ferment is not formed in re-
sponse to the incorporation of placental protein. But it does indicate definitely
that the dogmatic statement that the l)ody responds with protective ferments to
the injection of foreign proteins as a class reaction can not be maintained."

Results of the investigation of defensive ferm.ents by the simultaneous
application of different methods. E. Abperhalden (Fermentforsch., 1 (1914^,
A'O. 1, pp. 20-32, fig. 1). — Experimental data of results obtained by the nin-
hydrin, microamino-nitrogen, and total nitrogen determinations in the dialyzate,
optical, and interferomotric methods are recorded. The results are not dis-
cussed in the present paper.

The •" interferometric method " for the study of defensive ferments, P.
Hirsch (Fermentforsch.. 1 (19L'f). Xn. 1, pp. 33-46. pi. 1. figs. 7).— The appa-
ratus and procedure of the method are described in detail.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579

The investigation of defensive ferments by means of the Van Slyke
micromethod for the determination of amino nitrogen, H. Strauss {Ferment-
forsch., 1 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 55-57). — In a large number of sera examined
according to the Abderhalden dialysis method a decided increase in the amount
of amino nitrogen, as determined by the Van Slyke method (E. S. It., 31, p. 610),
was obtained whenever there was a positive ninhydrin reaction. Experience in
the manipulation of the Van Slyke apparatus is deemed necessary for concordant
results. Possible sources of error and certain precautions necessary in the pro-
cedure are indicated. Experimental data show all positive results with preg-
nant sera.

The excretion of antigen, Agnes E. Poktee {BiocJiern. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 1,
pp. 1-8). — From a series of experiments the author concludes that egg white
introduced parenterally into a rabbit is excreted unchanged in chemical prop-
erties. Three variations, however, regarding its specificity are possible: "(1) It
may retain partial properties as antigen, binding complement in the presence of
antiegg serum, not causing precipitation but capable of exercising an influence
over antibody so as to prevent it precipitating with fresh antigen; (2) it may
be excreted in a nonspecific form completely indifferent as antigen ; (3) it may
retain full antigen properties.

" This variation in specificity of excreted albumin points to a physical rather
than a chemical explanation of the precipitin reaction."

Detection and concentration of antigens by ultrafiltration, pressure dialy-
sis, etc., with special reference to diphtheria and tetanus toxins, A. T.
Glexny and G. S. Walpole (Biochem. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 298-308). — The
use of collodion-water membranes of a special type is suggested for the purpose
of forming a first opinion as to the specificity of the toxic element of any cul-
tural fluid. Mallein and tuberculin have been freed from glycex'ol and a large
quantity of nitrogenous material by this process. The essential steps in a
process for the concentration and purification of diphtheritic toxin, which at
a yield of from 70 to SO per cent diminishes the nitrogen content about 50 times,
are dialysis under pressure, followed by acidification, centrifugalization, and
re-solution of the small precipitate obtained in a trace of alkali. Ultrafiltration
followed by pressure dialysis gives a concentration of tetanus toxin which
should be of considerable practical value. The collodion membranes are imper-
meable to enzyms but allow secretin, the pituitary active principle, the coenzym
of zymase, and the toxic constituent of Witte's " peptone " to pass through.

Experiments in vaccination against anthrax, A. Eichhorn ( U. 8. Dept.
Ayr. Bui. 3-iO {1915), pp. 16). — The prevalence of anthrax and methods of con-
trol, protective vaccination, and the production and standardization of the
serum are first dealt with by the author. Experimental data on the hyperim-
munization of horses and serum tests follow, together with a discussion of the
preparation of spore vaccine, a description of the technique of administration,
a test of the simultaneous method on cattle and sheep, field tests, the use of
serum treatment of anthrax in man, and concentration of the serum. In field
tests several hundred animals, including horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs,
were treated with the Bureau serum and vaccine on farms where the disease
had broken out, without a loss.

" The use of the serum-alone treatment is indicated in cases where the infec-
tion has already occurred in a herd. Since the serum confers only a passive
immunity, it is advisable to revaccinate the herd in from three to five weeks
by the simultaneous method. The serum possesses great curative value. De-
pending on the severity of the infection, the curative dose is from 30 to 100 cc,
the injection to be repeated if necessary.

580 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

" For the simultaneous treatment a spore vaccine, carefully standardized, is
preferable to the ordinary Pasteur vaccine. Spore vaccine should be employed
also in preference to the Pasteur vaccines for immunization with vaccine alone.
This vaccine has a decided advantage over the Pasteur because of the possi-
bility of more accurate dosing and because of its better keeping qualities.

" Experiments with concentratefl serum and dry spore vaccine are very
promising. This method would greatly simplify the vaccination process and also
insure the product against subsequent contamination and deterioration."

The lesions in experimental infection ■with Bacterium tularense, P. G.
WooLLEY (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 11 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 510-513). — A detailed
description is given of the typical lesions as they appeared in the different
organs of laboratory animals that had been inoculated with B. tvlarcnse.

Experiences with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus vaccine, J. P. Isherwood
(Vet. Rec, 28 (1915), No. 1J,12, pp. J,5. 7/6).— The author reports upon three
cases of strangles, a case of poll evil, and one of traumatism which were helped
by the use of a Streptococcus and Staphylococcus vaccine.

Immunization with tetanus toxin-antitoxin mixtures, INI. von Eislee and
E. LowENSTEiN (Centbl. Bakt. [e?c.], 1. Alt., Orig., 15 (1915), No. 4, pp. 348-
S64)- — The authors conclude that guinea pigs can be immunized by subcu-
taneous injections of neutralized or overneutralized tetanus toxin-antitoxin
mixtures. For this purpose two injections were found to be necessary, no
apparent imnuinity being established after the first injection. With rabbits
one injection sufTiced. in some cases, to cause a good production of antitoxin
products, the neutral mixture being allowed to set one-half hour at room
temperature before injection. AVith mixtures which stood from G to 16 hours
before being used an appreciable quantity of antitoxin could not be produced in
the I'abbit by a single injection. In the guinea pig 12 days after the reinjection
there was a marked production of antitoxin. In the rabbit the same result
was obtained 13 days after the first injection and the maximum production
reached in the third or fourth week.

Emulsions of the organs (brain, spinal cord, liver, spleen, and leucocytes) of
the guinea pig were not found to liind toxin from a toxin-antitoxin mixture,
at lea.st in quantities too small to produce tetanus in mice. However, in the
rabbit liver cells wore found to bind toxin from such a mixture and to pro-
duce tetanus in mice and guinea pigs. The same result could be produced if
kaolin which had been in contact with the neutralized mixture was injected.
It seems, then, that the liver cells and kaolin cause a cleavage of the toxin-
antitoxin mixture and withdraw the toxin from combination.

Studies of Chag-as disease in Argentina and the trypanosome of the
Vinchuca, C. M.vgoio and F. RosENurscii (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orifj.,
11 (1915), No. 1, pp. 40-.',6. pis. 2; ahs. in Trop. Yet. Bill. 3 (1915), No. 4, p.
124). — Although the authors have not actually detected a case of Chagas dis-
ease in Argentina, they have found largo numbers of flagellates, similar to
those described by Chagas as Schizotriipanum cruzi (E. S. R., 23. p. 585)
in the intestinal canal of the common bug Triatoma infestans.

Further observations on the presence of iodin in tuberculous tissues and
irt the thyroid gland, P. A. Lewis and R. B. Krauss (Jour. Biol. Chcm.. 22
(1915), No. 1, pp. 159-163). — The authors conclude that "iodin is frequently
present in tuberculous tissue independently of any intentional administration
of iodin-containing substances. The quantities found are such as to lesson
the force of the conclusion of previous observers that the tuberculous tissue
has an especial aflinity for iodin when intentionally administered. This may
of course be the case, but the evidence for it is so far insufficient. We hnve
no evidence bearing on the nature of the iodin compounds in the tuberculous

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581

tissue or tbe source from which they are rterived. The iodin is, however,
independent of thyroid iodin in its quantitative I'elationships.

" The thyroid gland of rabbits may at times be free from any appreciable
amount of iodin."

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 283).

Serological examination in pulmonary tuberculosis with the optical
method, A. E. Lamp6 and J. Cnopf (Fermentforsch., 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 269-
310). — From experimental data submitted the authors conclude that in those
cases which are not enemic or manifest no other clinical symptoms
there are in general no ferments in the system which can digest peptone
prepared either from normal or tuberculous lung tissue or from tuberculosis
bacilli. Individual cases, however, were found in which the serum contained
the specific ferments.

In positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis the ferments M'ere always found
which digested the substrates used. The intensity of the ferment action
seems to decrease as the disease progresses and finally disappears. The
authors believe that there is a "blood-ferment death" (Blutfermenttod) when
the ferments no longer exist in the blood, and that it is necessary to consider
this fact in defending the dialysis and optical methods against false criticism.
From the protocols conclusions are drawn as to the diagnostic and prognostic
value of the optical method in tuberculosis.

The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis. — III, The occasional per-
sistence of the human type of tubercle bacillus in cattle, T. Smith and M.
Fabyan {Jour. Med. Research, 32 {1915), No. 3, pp. 523-537).— It is indicated
that the injection of the human type of tubercle bacilli into calves may, in
rare cases, lead to the subsequent shedding of such bacilli in the milk. The
bacilli apparently lodge in the undeveloped udder and appear to be less readily
destroyed there than in other organs and tissues. The studies of a particular
case have shown that the human type of bacillus maintains its characteristics
even after remaining under the influence of bovine tissues for several years.

The use of vaccines of the human type of bacillus for practical purposes is
not, therefore, to be generally advocated. " The situation as it lias been
developed by experimental work is, on the whole, against the use of such
vaccines, unless the milk from cows vaccinated as calves is either thoroughly
tested or else pasteurized before use."

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 26, p. 680).

A remedy for clover bloat, D. J. Healy and J. W. Nutter {KenUicky Sta.
Circ. 5 {1915), pp. 10-12). — The data here presented have been previously noted
from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 388).

The cause and occurrence of contagious abortion in cattle, E. C. Schkoeder
{Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., ^8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 30^-310). — This paper, pre-
sented at the fourth annual meeting of the International Association of Dairy
and Milk Inspectors, October 28, 1915, at Washington, D. C. (E. S. R., 83, p.
701), includes a brief review of the present status of knowledge of this disease.

Investigations into the cause of woitu nodules (Onchocerca gibsoni) in
cattle, at Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, J. F. SIcEachran and
G. F. Hill {Melbourne: Govt. [1915], pp. S; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 3 {1915),
No. 4, PP- 133, 134)- — The results of the authors' experiments are summarized as
follows :

" Local cattle may become infected with worm nodules a few months after
birth, as well-developed nodules were found in calf (b). Cattle from Victoria,
where worm nodules are rarely, if ever, present, grazing in the ordinary manner
with infected cattle, may become infected with 0. gibsoni within six months, as

582 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

typical nodules were discovered in calf (a). No evidence can be adduced re-
garding the mode of infection.

"The housing arrangements of calves (c) and (d) were such that biting
and flying insects had ready access to the animals, and as the distance from
the infected cows was not great we can certainly assume that these biting and
flying insects had good opportunities for infecting the calves. The fact that
they were not affected during the seven to eight months' period of exposure to
possible insect vectors apparently indicates that the intermediary host is not
a biting or flying insect, and even an ordinary skin parasite, o. g., Hypodcrma
tuberculatus, which travels a short distance, may be eliminated.

"The negative result of this experiment as also [that to ascertain the r61e
played by insects in carrying O. r/ihsoni] points to the probability of the inter-
mediary host of O. gibsoni being on the ground. Both pens were floored with
concrete ; the experimental calves had no chance of lying on or near the ground
where infected cows had previously laid. It seems to us to indicate that part
of the life history of the parasite is spent on the ground.

" Since these experiments were finalized, we have received Cleland's report
on his further investigation into the etiology of worm nests in cattle [E. S. R.,
32, p. 377]. We note his remarks on the possibility of Stormoxijs calcitrans or
CvUcclsa vigilux acting as intermediary hosts of 0. ^gibsoni. In the liglit of our
knowledge here and in view of tlie results of the exiieriraents conducted at the
laboratory, we can not add support to his contentions."

Investigations into the occurrence of onchocerciasis in cattle and asso-
ciated animals in countries other than Australia, Geokgina Sweet (Mel-
bourne: Govt. [1915], pp. 53, pis. 7; abs. in Trap. Vet. BuL, S (1915), No. Ji, pp.
130-133). — The present paper is based upon investigations made during the
course of an extended tour of the world. Tlie worm nodules In the connective
tissues caused by species of Onchocerca, now known to exist in cattle and asso-
ciated animals, are listed in tabular form, as are the allied parasitic worms
present, as previously known, in the main aorta» of cattle and buffalo.

" The new species herein described from cattle in India, while overlapping
in some respects the allied species Onchocerca gibsoni and O. gutfurosa, differs
from those in the association in the male worm of a certain range of length of
the larger spicule intermediate between those two species, with a greater num-
ber of differently arranged anal papillre than is found in either of them, and
from O. gibsoni further in the thicker head of the male, the thinner head and
tall of the female, and the generally longer esophagus in both.

" The limitations of these species appear to be geographical rather than
otherwise, thus. 0. giitturosn is characteristic of northern Africa, presumably
in Bos taiirus; 0. indica is found in B. indieus in the peninsula of India; and
O. gibsoni in B. indieus in the Malay Peninsula and as a very variable form
in B. taurus in Australia, and most probably the Malay Archipelago. The oc-
currence of such nodule-forming worms is probably much wider than is at
present suspected."

A bibliography of 34 titles is appended.

Complement fixation in hog cholera, D. .1. Heat-Y and W. V. Smith (Jour.
Infect, ni-'fcases, 17 (1915), Xo. 1. pp. 2I3-21S). — While working on the etiology
of hog cholera at the Kentucky Experiment Station the authors have obtained
an antigen from the mesenteric glands of acute cholera hogs which shows strik-
ing differences in its reaction toward normal hog, rabbit, and cow sera and
hyperimmune hog serum. This antigen is not removed from the extract by
passage through an ordinary porcelain filter, but is removed by passage
through the "F" bougie. The antigen is not found in the freshly prepan^

EURAL ENGINEERING. 583

extract of the glands but requires a definite period for development. It is not
stable and gradually disappears from the extract.

The action of a coal-tar disinfectant on hog cholera virus, W. E. King
and 11. H. Drake (Join: Atncr. Vet. Med. Assoc, ^8 (1915), No. 3, pp. 315,
S16). — ^The results of experiments here reported in tabular form indicate that
highly virulent hog cholera virus (in the form of serum from cholera infected
hogs) exposed for 5 minutes to the action of a 2 per cent solution of Kreso is
rendered inert.

Lupinosis of horses and the treatment, A. D. Knowles (Jour. Arner. Vet.
Med. Assoc., 48 (1915), Nn. 3, pp. 286-303, figs. 3). — This account of lupinosis
includes reports upon experiments with a number of cases and the nature of
the lesions caused. It is stated that some of the animals which were placed on
the artificial Carlsbad salts treatment a few weeks previous were making
satisfactory improvement at the time of writing. A list of 10 references to the
subject is appended. A discussion entered into by several follows (pp.
300-303).

Blackhead in turkeys, R. Graham and L. R. Himmelberger (Kentucky Sta.
Circ. 7 (1915), pp. 35-4-'}, figs. 3). — A popular account.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Trenching machinery used for the construction of trenches for tile drains,
D. L. Yaknell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' B%il. 698 (1915), pp. 26, figs. 15).—
This publication describes the types of trenching machinery used for the con-
struction of trenches for tile drains, under the four general classes of (1)
plows and scoops, (2) wheel excavators, (3) endless-chain excavators, and (4)
scraper excavators, and discusses the limiting conditions of operation and the
factors affecting the cost of trenching. Back-filling and tile-laying devices are
also described.

The requisites of a good trenching machine are stated as follows: (1) It
must operate efficiently through various kinds of soil, (2) it must be capable of
cutting true to grade, and (3) it must work for long periods without breaking
or otherwise getting out of order. Good materials, proper proportioning of
strength, and simplicity of construction are also desirable.

It is pointed out that while there is not a great difference in the cost of
trenching by hand and machinery, the advantage of the latter method is in the
shorter time required to install drains and the less trouble in securing the few
workmen needed.

" In selecting a trenching machine the prospective purchaser should consider
carefully the amount of work to be done by it, the dimensions of the trenches
to be dug, the nature of the soil to be excavated, and other conditions of work.
The wheel type of excavator is most generally used for installing farm drains,
probably owing to a lower cost for the smaller sizes than the cost of the chain
type. Machines of the latter kind have gi-eater range in size of trench than
wheel excavators of the same weight and seem to be better adapted for work
when there is a great deal of 8-in. tile and larger. When the greater portion
of a job is small tile at ordinary depths, the excavator should be suited to the
major part."

The weight of the excavator is important in digging soft earth and may make
necessary the use of apron tractors instead of the less expensive wheels. " Some-
times internal-combustion engines are preferred to steam equipment because
• they weigh less. Internal-combustion engines are also quite popular for the
smaller machines because the number of men required for operation is less,

584 EXPEEIMEXT STATTOX RECORD.

but they are not so dependable for continuous operation as steam engines, and
the latter equipment is, therefore, generally preferred for large machines. . . .

" If a landowner expects to install 100 rods of tile drain in soil which would
require picking, but which contains no rock, he would be justified in buying a
ditching plow costing as much as .?20. If he proposes to construct 1,500 rods
of tile drain in soil free from rock and large roots, the landowner can well
afford to purchase a horse-drawn ditching plow costing from $250 to $300 ; and
if it be assumed that the owner can sell his machine when his ditching is com-
pleted for $100, he would be justified in purchasing such a machine for the
construction of 1,000 rods of drain. For the installation of as much as 5,000
rods of drain in a soil free from rock and large roots, the purchase of a power-
driven trenching machine costing as much as §1,500 probably would be justified,
on the assumption that the machine could subsequently be sold for one-half
its original cost. ... In comparing the real costs of differejit machines and
implements one must consider not only the purchase price and the operating
cost of fuel, oil, and labor, but also repairs, interest on the investment, and
depreciation."

Investigation of the durability of cement drain tile in alkali soils, R. J.
Wig, G. M. Williams, et al. {V. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Standards Technol. Paper
U (1915), pp. 56, pis. 20, figs. 16; abs. in Engiti. Rec, 12 (1915), A'o. 8, p. 220).—
This bulletin describes several concrete structures exposed to alkali water which
have failed in the Western States, and reports the first-year results of service
and laboratory tests of 8,800 hand and machine made concrete drain tile made up
of 16 different types, the proportions of cement and sand varying from 1 : li to
1: 4. The curing was either by sprinkling or by steam. The tile were installed
in operating drains on eight projects, comprising the most concentratetl alkali
soils of the West, and for comparison on projects where there was practically
no alkali.

The results of the tests of tile were, as a whole, quite uniform and compared
favorably with other tests of drain tile. Occasionally results of tests of similar
tile differed by 30 or 40 per cent, but usually they agi-eed within a few per
cent. Some of those which had a normal or only slightly reduced strength
showed evidence of alkali action by softened edges or cracked surfaces. " The
great majority of the tile were unaffected in any manner at any of the projects.
At Sunnyside, Wash. ; Yuma, Ariz. ; and Roswell, N. Mes., none of the tile
showed any abnormality whatever. At Garland, Wye, the leanest mixtures
showed reductions in strength considerably below the averages for these series
at all points." At Fort Shaw, Jlont., reduced strength was shown in two cases
of handmade, steam-cured tile of 1 : 2 mixture of plastic consistency. "At Grand
Junction, Colo., the tile made of the leanest mixture were swollen and cracked.
The tile made of sand-cement, while of normal strength, showed a softening at
the edges, and several square inches of one of the tile were similarly affected,
although the breaking strength was normal. At Huntington, Utah, the tile of
series 6 [handmade ,steam-cured, 1 : 2 mixture] appeared to be affected by the
alkali. Although these tile withstood loads of over 1,400 lbs., there were a
number of longitudinal and circumferential cracks apparent before testing,
and the fractured surfaces appeared white. ... At Montrose, Colo., the tile
[made of sand-cement] appeared to have been affected by alkali. On one of
the tile the concrete at one end was softened, apparently due to alkali, and
both failed under comparatively small loads. . . .

" The absorption of moisture by the walls of the tile of the various series
was noticeable at the different projects. The apparent amount of absorption
varied with the amount of water present in the soils at the various points, and
it was found that some of the series wouUl be apparently saturate<l where the

EUEAL ENGINEERING. 585

ground was barely moist while other series were apparently only slightly damp,
even where the drain was filled with mud and water. Of the handmade tile
and under the worst conditions series 2 [of 1 : 2J mixture] was, with very few
exceptions, found to be slightly damp, as indicated by the appearance of the
fractured surfaces. . . . The richest mixtures used were nearly always found
partially or completely saturated. . . . The tile of series 14 [of 1 : 3 mixture],
next to those of series 2, showed the smallest amount of absorption, while the
tar-coated tile of series 5 [1 : 2 mixture] and the tile of series 6 [1: 2 mixture],
containing ferrous sulphate, were usually found to show the greatest absorp-
tion. . . . The absorption of the machine-made tile varied as the amount of
cement contained in them. The tile of series 9 and 10 [1 : 1^ mixture] were
usually found apparently dry or only partially saturated with a few wet spots
in the fractured surfaces while the tile of the leanest mixtures were always
found saturated."

It is concluded that special care should be observed to employ only the best
materials and good workmanship in fabrication of drain tile. If these pre-
cautions are not observed failure will result if the drain is locate<l in some of
the more concentrated alkali soils similar to those found at Grand Junction,
Colo., and Garland, Wyo.

" Drain tile manufactured ... of cement mixtures not leaner than 1 part
cement to 3 parts aggregate are apparently unaffected structurally when ex-
posed for one year in operating drains in very concentrated alkali soils. . . .
Drain tile made from cement mixtures leaner than 1 part cement to 3 parts
of aggregate should not be used in localities where the character of the alkali
and concentration are similar to that found at the site of the experimental
drain at Grand Junction, Colo. ; Montrose, Colo. ; and Garland, Wyo. . . .
Drain tile manufactured of 1 part cement to 4 parts of aggregate, the leanest
mixture used, is apparently unaffected structurally by exposure for one year
in an operationg drain in localities where the character of the alkali and the
concentration are similar to those found at Fort Shaw, Mont. ; Sunnyside,
Wash. ; Yuma, Ariz. ; and Roswell, N. Mex."

Cost of drainage pumping' in southern Louisiana, C. W. Okey (Engin.
News, 7Jf (1915), No. 16, pp. 733-735).— Data, on the cost of operation of drain-
age pumping plants in southern Louisiana, secured in connection with inves-
tigations carried on since 1909 by the Office of Experiment Stations of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, are reported, together with full information
on the kind and cost of fuel and labor and on the equipment of each station.
According to the tables, the cost varied with the conditions from 4.1 to 16 cts.
per acre-foot per foot of lift, the cost unit used.

A previous report along similar lines in which the author is interested has
been noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 283).

Farm, drainag-e in North Carolina, H. M. Lynde (North Carolina Sta. Bui.
234 (1915), pp. 32, pi. 1, figs. 14). — This bulletin, prepared in cooperation with
the Drainage Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, emphasizes
the general need for better farm drainage in North Carolina, and deals in a
popular manner with the underlying principles and practice of the subject,
with particular reference to North Carolina conditions. " Farm drainage is one
of the most important agricultural operations with which the farmer in Noi-th
Carolina has to deal. Drainage lies at the basis of successful agriculture in the
Coastal Plain region, which comprises an area of over 14,000,000 acres, nearly
one-half the total area of the State. ... It has been estimated that from
five to six million acres of land now under cultivation in the State are in need
of better drainage."

31501°— No. 6—16 7

586 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

A test of drainage, A. H. Rosenfeld {Rev. Indus, y Agr. TucumAn, 5 {1915),
No. 9, pp. 369-371). — Deep ditch drainage of sugar cane soil was found to
increase tlie yield of sugar cane | tons per liectare (about 670 lbs. per acre)
over that from undrained, but deeply plowed, cane soil.

Note on the level of the water in the subsoil of the Gangetic plain, E. A.
Maloxy {Dcpt. Land Rec. and Agr, United Prov. Agra and Oudh, Agr. Ser.,
Bui. 33 {1915), pp. 9). — The factors affecting ground-water level are discussed,
with particular reference to the Gangetic plain.

It is pointed out that an appreciable lowering of the ground-water level in
that locality caused by excessive run-off, evaporation, moisture utilization by
vegetation, or other factors may seriously diminish or completely cut off the
supply of water of wells in places where much dependence is placed upon the
well water for irrigation or other purposes. In order to maintain the ground-
water level it is considered necessary to increase the capacity of the lakes and
swamps which catch the rainfall and so permit some of the water held back to
percolate into the subsoil, and to open up a more rapid communication between
the surface and subsoil reservoirs.

The farm water supply, O. M. Kile {W. Ya. Col. Agr. Ext. Dcpt. C'irc. 43
(1915), pp. 15, figs. 12). — This circular outlines briefly simple methods of im-
proving the various kinds of farm water supplies, and describes several simple
water-.supply systems now in u.se on West Virginia farms.

Annual irrigation revenue report of the Government of Bengal for the
year 1913-14 {Ann. Irrig. Rei\ Rpt. Bengal, 1913-14, pp. 11+101, pis. 9).—
This reports the physical and financial condition of irrigation works in Bengal
and describes Irrigation activities for the year irtl.3-14.

Elements of highway engineering, A. H. Blanch ard {Xew York: John
Wiley d Sont, 1915, pp. XII +51 4, figs. ^02).— This book, intended for the u.se
of engineering student.'*, consists of original matter and of material from a
previous book by the author and H. B. Drowne (E. S. R., 30, p. 289) "which
has been revised and remodelled to meet the requirements of a book suitable
for use by engineering students. . . . Each chapter has been written with a
view to emphasizing the fundamental principles which have been evolved from
past experience as well as from the modern practice of highway engineering
which, as a science and an art, is rapidly developing in the fields of economics,
administration, legislation, materials, and methods."

The.ch.npters included ai'e as follows: Economics, administration, legislation,
and organization; preliminary investigations: surveying, mapping, and design;
grading, drainage, and foundations; earth and sand-day roads; gravel roads;
broken stone roads; bituminous materials: dust prevention and bituminous
surfaces; bituminous macadam pavements; bitumiuous concrete pavements:
sheet asphalt and rock asphalt pavements; cement-concrete pavements: wood
block pavements; brick pavements; stone block pavements; street cleaning and
snow removal; comparison of roads and pavements; sidewalks, curbs, and
gutters; and highway structures.

Thi-ee appendixes giving a glossary of terms applicable to highway engineer-
ing and describing in detail methods for dotorniining physical and chemical
properties of bituminous and nonbituminous highway materials are also
included.

Brick monolithic construction of county highways, R. L. Bell {Engin. and
Contract., 44 {1915), No. 14, pp. 26S-270, figs. 9).— The construction of a brick
pnvement having a concrete base and a brick wearing surface is describetl, in
which " the brick are placed directly on the concrete while it is still green so
that to all intents and purposes the road is made up of one solid slab." The
advantages of this type of brick pavement are stated as follows: "(1) A better

RURAL ENGINEERING.

587

surface can be obtained. (2) the work is easier on both contractor and in-
spector, (3) there is no guesswork at any point of the construction, (4) under
similar conditions it represents a saving of from 10 to 12 cts. per square yard
over the old method, (5) eliminates the breaking down of the filler at a con-
struction crack, as each brick has a rigid support, (6) opens the field for
exi)eriment with thinner brick, (7) the filler is sure to reach the bottom of
the paving block, (8) removes need of a flush curbing, and (9) eliminates the
rumbling' in brick pavements."

Twenty-second annual report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission,
for the year ended November 30, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. Mass. Highway Com., 22
(1914), pp. 206, i)ls. 5). — This report contains data on work and expenditures
in Massachusetts on road location, construction, and maintenance in 1914,
together with considerable statistical data.

Report of the State Highway Department of Pennsylvania for the period
June 1, 1913, to June 1, 1914, E. M. Bigelow (Rpt. Highway Dept. Pewn.,
1913-14, PP- 59, pis. 12). — This reports the activities of the Pennsylvania High-
way Department during the year ended May 31, 1914.

Machinery cost of farm operations in western New York, H. H. Mowby
(f7. -S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 338 (1916), pp. 24).— The results of an inquiry addressed
to several thousand farmers in Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Genesee,
Livingston, and Ontario counties in western New York to determine how much
service standard farm machinery gives in that locality under the average exist-
ing conditions are reported. " Reports were obtained for 1,165 walking plows,
294 sulky plows, 1,169 spring-tooth harrows, 824 spike-tooth harrows, 788 disk
harro^vs, 1,173 land rollers, 1,061 grain drills, 72 one-row corn planters, 97 two-
row corn planters, 1,114 one-horse cultivators, 881 riding cultivators, 217 cab-
bage transplanters, 359 engine sprayers, 1,232 mowers, 1,217 hay rakes, 416 hay
tedders, 563 bean harvesters, 1,028 grain binders, and 458 corn binders."

The following table summarizes the average service and cost of these imple-
ments :

Average service rendered by 18 Jdnds o ffarm implements in western Neio York,
and average machinery cost per acre.

Implement.

Aver-
age

days'

work
per

year.

Life of
implement.

Days

of
work.

Years

Acres
covered.

Per
year.

Total.

Cost pnr acre covered.

Re-
place-
ment.

Inter-
est.

Re-
pairs.

Total.

Cost,
new.

■Walking plow

Sulky plow

Spring- tooth harrow..
Spike-tooth harrow...

Disk harrow

Land roller

Grain drill

Corn planter, l-row...
Com planter, 2-row...

Cultivator, l-row

Cultivator, 2-row

Cabbage transplanter

Mower

Hay rake

Hay tedder

Bean harvester

Grain binder

Corn binder

19.2
14.7
6.6
3.1
4.2
4.7
4.6
.9
.8
4.1
5.6
3.4
3.1
2.6
1.5
2.3
3.4
3.7

224
119
73
43
54
75
76
10
9
58
70
43
46
37
21
29
53
40

11.7
8.1
11.0
14.0
13.0
16.0
16.4
11.7
11.0
14.0
12.5
12.8
14.8
14.5
14.0
12.9
15.4
10.8

32.9
30.9
71.1
48.3
35.2
65.9
46.3
4.1
8.2
16.9
39.3
12.5
28.0
43.0
21.6
10.9
35.2
21.1

384.9
250.3
782.1
676.2
4.57. 6
1,054.4
759.3
48.0
91.3
236.6
491.3
160. 0
414.4
623.5
302.4
218.0
542.1
227.9

.026
.170
.023
.016
.059
.023
.095
.250
.440
.027
.065
.280
.099
.038
.112
.115
.231
.550

SO. 010
.046
.007
.007
.025
.011
.049
.111
.1.58
.012
.027
.114
.047
.019
.051
.048
.113
.194

0.062
.069
.011
.007
.014
.007
.027
.170
.200
.021
.025
.091
.065
.008
.019
.060
.058
.096

$0,098
.285
.041
.030
.098
.041
.171
.531
.798
.060
.117
.485
.211
.065
.182
.223
.402
.840

$10.00
42. .50
17.50
10.50
27.00
24.00
72.00
12.00
40.00
6. .50
32.00
45.00
41.00
24.00
34.00
25.00
125.00
125.00

It was found that the average farm machine used in the section is less than
half worn out by use alone. The more days of actual use obtained annually

588 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

from an implement the greater is its total of days and acres of work done
before wearing out, and the less is the interest charge per acre and per day
actually used,

" The replacement cost per acre or per bushel or ton is from two to seven
or eight times as great for small acreages as for large acreages. The farmer
with a small acreage can not compete in economy in the use of machinery with
the farmer having a larger business. With the best of shelter and care, the
small farm can only hope to equal the replacement cost per unit enjoyed by the
large farm; it can not hope to avoid higher interest charges. As a rule, it is
not profitable to build for machinery any special shelter which adds over 15 per
cent to the total machinery investment on a farm. Repair charges per machine
increase with increasing use, but not in proportion to the amount of work done.
Repair charges per acre and per day decrease as the acreage covered annually
increases. The larger and more substantial sizes of machinery give cheaper
service than the lighter sizes, since the cost for repairs is much lower for the
heavy machine than for the lighter machine, while the first cost is but a
fraction gi-eater."

Competitive tests of agricultural machinery, .\lbert, Fischer, and Reiser
(Arb. Deut. Landic. Gesell, No. 273 (.1915), pp. 15, figs. 92).— This is a classi-
fied report of trials of a number of recent developments in agricultural
machinery, especially mowing machines, hayrakes, and hay tedders.

Boiler laws and their relation to traction and portable engines, G. G. Dana
and J. Mainland {Amer. Thrcshcrman, 17 {IHI.',), Xos. 6. pp. 2S-32, figs. 2;
7, pp. 4'h 45, figs. 2; 8, pp. 30-32, 81). — It is the purpose of this article to point
out some of the differences existing in the various laws regarding boilers in
some of the States and in the neighboring Canadian Provinces, and to compare
their relative merits in the hope of promoting uniformity in boiler laws.

It is concluded that each one of the laws discussed is good individually and
that a boiler constructed in compliance with any one of them would be safe
and durable, but that it is difficult for a manufacturer to build a boiler that
meets the requirements of them all at the same time.

The Canadian method of having boilers and appliances approved is recom-
mended as having an advantage over the procedure in the United States.
"Boiler materials as specifie<l by the Alberta and Saskatchewan rules seem
better adapted to the various parts than those specified by the other rules.

" The results obtained from figuring the efficiencies of joints agree very closely
when obtained by the different formulas . . . but the Ohio and Massachusetts
methods seem more comprehensive and rational. However, their rules make no
mention of the distance between rows of rivets, while all the Canadian rules
cover this point in a very elaborate and cumber.some manner. . . .

" A graduating factor of safety as adopted by the Canadian rules to take care
of the different types of joints, class of workmanship, and designs apparently
has an advantage over the Ohio and Massachusetts method of restricting the
use of lap joints on the longitudinal seams to pressures under ICX) lbs. and
using five as a constant factor of safety for all constructions. The drilling of
rivet holes from the solid plate or roaming them a liberal amount from a hole
that has been punched is no doubt a step toward safety, and the rules regarding
this point as given by Ohio and Massachusetts, if revised as suggested, would
facilitate manufacturing without weakening the construction."

"There is a wide difference in regard to the working pressures allowed on
flat surfaces by the various rules. Alberta being the most stringent and British
Columbia the most liberal. . . . The portion which is considered self-supporting
on heads of boilers is nmch less for Alberta than for British Columbia, while the
rules for Ohio and Massachusetts make a uniform allowance regardless of the

EUEAL ENGINEERING. 589

thickness of plate and working pressures. A sliglit modification of tlie Alberta
formula would make a practical and safe rule for uniform adoption. The
requirements regarding crown sheets for traction and portable boilers as given
by the Alberta and Saskatchewan rules are commended, with slight modifica-
tions in the angularity allowed for the stay bolts to deviate from the radial
lines."

It is considered practicable and desirable for boiler laws and rules to be
uniform for all the States and Canadian Provinces.

The relation of drawbar pull to the weight of a, tractor, C. M. Eason
{Threshermen' s Rev., 2Jt {1915), No. 8, pp. 8, 37, fig. 1). — A brief analysis of
the relation of drawbar pull to the weight of the tractor is given, and data
from different experiments are presented which indicate that the general
tendency in tractor development is toward obtaining more drawbar pull with
less weight of tractor.

Testing the drawbar horsepower of tractors, C. M. Eason {Threshermen' s
Rev., 24- {1915), No. 9, pp. 14, 15, figs. 2). — A recording dynamometer for trac-
tion-engine testing is described and illustrated. This consists essentially of a
hydrostatic pressure unit which is hitched between the tractor and the load
being pulled, and a recording pressure gage connected to the hydrostatic unit
by means of a flexible tube. The dial of the recording gage is driven by a
gear reduction connected by means of a speedometer shaft to a trailer wheel
Avhich runs on the ground. To obtain the elapsed time a clock is provided
having a recording arm which checks the time intervals on the margin of the
pressure gage chart.

Practical application of industrial and agricultural machinery for peat
bogs, L. A. Krupp {Jour. Amer. Peat Soc, 8 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 1-11, figs. Jf). —
This article discusses the essentials of machinery for the manufacture of peat
fuel, fertilizer filler, peat humus, etc., and agricultural machinery, including
drainage and ditching machines, tractors, and the like designed for the prep-
aration of humus and peat soils for cropping.

Capacity test of peat machine, G. Keppeler and C. Birk {Mitt. Ver. Ford.
MoorknUur Dcut. Reiche, 33 {1915), No. 10, pp. 251-258, figs. 5).— This article
describes a recently developed machine for the obtaining of peat on a large
scale from peat swamps and reports capacity tests. The results show that 399
tons of raw peat were obtained in 10 working hours.

Tests of new dairy machinery, B. Martin y {Arh. Deut. Landw. Oesell., No.
277 {1915), pp. 56, figs. 31). — This is a classified report of preliminary tests of
a number of recent developments in dairy equipment.

Description of the milking machines tried at the Alnai^p Institute (Official
Swedish Experiment Station for Agricultural Machines and Implements),
F. L. RosENGREN {Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 2, pp. 285-290, pis. 2).— Tests of five suction and five
pressure milking machines are reported.

The results showed that the cows submitted to the pressure machines less
easily than to the suction machines. The former also worked more slowly.
The quantity of milk obtained per minute was, in general, smaller than that
obtained by hand milking. With quiet cows, easy to milk, the intensity of
machine milking, at least in the case of suction machines was, in general,
as good as by hand milking, and often superior. The quantity of milk ob-
tained per minute depended not only upon the manner in which the machine
worked and the quietness of the cow, but also on the stripping and the care
of the milker. The gi-eater the yield of a cow the greater was the quantity
of milk obtained per minute. Complete milking out by machine to the last
drops of milk caused the quantity of milk per minute to fall.

590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The intensity of macliine milking was determined by taking the quantity
milked by hand as equal to 1 and calculating the corresponding amount ob-
tained with a machine. The intensity of pressure-machine milking ranged
from 0.41 to 0.58, and that of the suction machines from 0.6 to 0.84. The
intensity of machine milking increased as the cows become accustomed to it,
this being more visible for suction machines than for pressure machines. It
was also observed that the intensity can be increased by weighting the teat
cups, so that the udder and the teats are somewhat lengthened. Suction
machines were better with regard to stripping the cows, though this depended
on the temper of the individual cows.

"By using milking machines, provided they be well cleaned, a much purer
and wholesomer milk is obtained than by hand milking, but if cleanline.ss is
neglected and the pipes and tubes are left attached to the machine between
railkings, then machine-drawn milk contains more germs than hand-drawn
milk and its keeping qualities deteriorate. The best and simplest way of
keeping the rubber tubes sweet is to wash them well after using and to keep
them in cold pure water until they are again required.

" The influence of machine milking on the yield compared with hand milking
could not be definitely determined in the trials. The yield sinks more or less
when machine milking replaces hand milking, but it rises again rapidly as
the cows get accustomed to the machines."

Cream separator and chum, L. Ammann {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 4
{1913), pp. 112-122, fig. 1). — Tests of a centrifugal cream separator showed that
under normal working conditions the best separation of cream was obtained
with 70 revolutions of the handle per minute and a flow of milk of from 100 to
110 liters per hour. Tlie best temperature was from 32 to 36° C. The best
results were obtained when not more than from 30 to 50 liters, according to
the milk, were treated in each operation. Increasing or decreasing the optimum
speed decreased the amount of cream separated.

Tests of a churn made to accommodate 8, 12, or 24 liters of cream are also
reported.

The colony hog house, J. D. McVean (.Y. C. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 3 {1915),
pp. S, figs. 6). — Plans, specifications, and a bill of materials for a colony hog
house are given.

Poultry house construction, H. E. Uiton {Brit. Colmubia Dcpt. Agr. Bui.
63 {1915). pp. JfO. figs. 3S). — This bulletin describes and illustrates poultry
houses suitable for the lower mainland, the lower gulf islands, and the southern
part of Vancouver Island of the Province of British Columbia. " In other parts
of the Province, according to the coldness and dampness of the atmosphere,
the houses should be altered to meet the conditions."

From Chilliwack to Kamloops and from Cowichan to Comox it is suggested
that houses be built at least 16 ft. in depth. For other parts of the Province,
where the cold is extreme, it is thought that the houses should be built at
least 18 ft. in depth. " In constructing poultry houses, one should never build
theiji under 12 ft. in depth or over 22 ft. The former would allow too much
air circulation in the house and the latter would allow too much dampness
to collect that would not dry out during the day."

The biological purification of dairy sewage, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J.
O. DE Tries {Molk. Ztg. Berlin. 25 {1915), Xos. 27, pp. 209, 210; 28, pp. 217, 218;
29, pp. 225, 226). — In experiments conducted in Holland it was found that dairy
sewage can be successfully purified by the proper use of a .septic tank and
biological filters.

BT7EAL ENGINEEEING. 591

Report on methods of purification of sugar refinery sewage, U. Beetholet
{Bill, ticrv. Sante et Hyy., 1913, Sup., pp. MII+122; abs. in Wasser u. Ab-
wasser, 9 (1915), No. 11, pp. 389, 390). — This report describes the processes of
purification of sugar refinery sewage employed in Belgium, and reviews the
processes employed in Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, and Russia.

The first section discusses the composition of the sugar beet. The second
section points out that sugar refinery sewage is highly putrefactive and a
nuisance, owing to its content of nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous organic mat-
ter, and is contaminating to the air and to rural and other water supplies.
Mechanical, chemical, and biological methods of purification used are described.
The mechanical processes consist mainly of reduction and filtration, the
chemical process of reduction, precipitation, and filtration, and the biological
process of the oxidation of organic matter in natural soil.

Recent results of experiments on tlie purification of sewage by aeration
in the presence of activated sludge, at the University of Illinois, E. Baiitow
and F. W. MoHLMAN (Engin. and Contract., U (1915), No. 22, pp. 433, 43/f, fig.
1). — ^A continuation of the experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 786)
on a larger scale is reported. The purpose was- to determine the amount of
air required, the best method for distributing the air, the time required for
purification, and the quantity and quality of activated sludge formed.

It is concluded " that activated sludge may be built up by changing sewage
at frequent intervals without complete nitrification of each dose of fresh sewage.
A considerable degree of purification is also obtained from the beginning of the
operation, and the time for building up adequate sludge for the process is cut
down very decidedly."

One sq. ft. of filtros plate for air diffusion was not sufficient for 10 sq. ft.
of floor area in a tank, and 3 sq. ft. of plate per 10 sq. ft. of floor area gave
the best results. " It is quite essential that the plates be as nearly as possible at
the same level. A variation of i in. in level will cause uneven air distribution.
The distribution seems to become more uniform the longer the plates are
used. . . . The gi-eatest efficiency in air consumption will be obtained when
enough air is used to make the sewage nonputrescible and to keep the sludge
activated."

The new equipment used in the experiments is also described.

The treatment of sewage by aeration in the presence of activated sludge,
E. Baktow (Metallitrg. and Cliem. Engin., 13 (1915), No. 15, pp. 901-904, figs.
6). — The substance of this article has been noted above.

Sewage disposal by means of the septic tank, J. Graham (Dam. Engin., 73
(1915), No. 7, pp. 198-200, figs. 7). — Detailed descriptions, with illustrations, of
the construction of the septic tank and the tile distribution system of residen-
tial sewage disposal are given, including a plan and section view of a tile sys-
tem on a slope.

The action of certain bacteria on the nitrogenous material of sewage,
E. G. BiEGE (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 5 (191.5), No. 10, pp. 1048-10-56) .—Btu<\ies
on the effect of Bacillus coli communis, B. cloacce, B. pijocganeus, B. jwoteus vul-
garus, B. mesentericus ruber, and B. stibtiUs under aerobic and anaerobic condi-
tions and in pure cultures and in symbiosis on fresh, filtered, and sterilized
sewage are reported, the object being apparently to throw light on the action
taking place in a septic tank. Particular attention was paid to the effect on
free ammonia, organic nitrogen, nitrites, and nitrates.

" Bacteriologically it was shown that B. coli was completely overgrown under
anaerobic conditions in the 24-hour period. Under aerobic conditions it was

592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

able to overgrow B. pyocyaneus, but was overgrown by the rest of the bacteria
studied.

"When grown in pure cultures, with the exception of B. proteus rulyarus,
the bacteria gave more constant results under aerobic than anaerobic conditions.

"B. subtiUs showed a marked ammonifying power throughout the work under
aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions it regularly decreased the free
ammonia and organic nitrogen content, increasing the nitrites and nitrates, espe-
cially the latter.

"B. coll and B. cloacm had a decided reducing action on both the nitrites and
nitrates. Under some conditions, as yet undetermined, they reduced the free
ammonia content also.

"B. proteus ruh/anis had a considerable ammonifying power under anaerobic
conditions. This was very slight under aerobic conditions and was more con-
stant at room temperature than at 37.5° C.

"The action of B. pyocyaneus and B. mcscntericus ruber was irregular under
both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

" The experiments in symbiosis showed that the chemical changes followed
very closely those of the predominant bacteria in pure culture. Those exi>eri-
ments which did not follow this rule, and in which there was a decided pre-
dominance of one mi(ro-organi«^m, showed that the bacteria had become pre-
dominant too late in the incubation period to effect a marked chemical change.

"B. coH and B. cloacce, B. coU and B. proteus t^ulgarus gave more constant
results when gi*own syrabiotically than when grown in pure culture. These
were the only instances of an apparently true symbiotic growth.

" The results of the experiments, in which more than two bacteria were grown
symbiotically, showed that the incubation period, 24 hours, was too short to
allow any one micro-organism or any group of bacteria to establish itself clieml-
cally."

These I'esults are taken to indicate that if a group or species of organisms
predominates in sewage the changes in its chemical comiwsition may be pre-
dicted, but are not consideretl sufficient to justify an attempt to control the
flora of tlie sei)tic tank.

Resolutions concerning disposal of hiunan excreta at unsewered homes
(Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.]. Sup. 22 (1915), pp. 2).— The resolutions adopttnl
by the Thirteenth Annual Conference of State and Territorial Health Authori-
ties with the U. S. Public Health Service with reference to the disposal of
human excreta in rural districts are given.

RURAL ECOirOMICS.

Farm management practice of Chester County. Pa.. ^\^ .T. Spfllman, H. M.
Dixon, and G. A. BillixNgs {U. S. Dept. A(ir. But. 3J,1 (1916), pp. 99, pis. 2, figs.
10). — The more important of the funadmental principles of farm management
brought out clearly in this study of the operations of 643 farms, and confirming
similar studies, are summarized as follows:

" The type of farming followed in any given case must be adapted to local
soil, climatic, and labor conditions, and especially to local conditions with
reference to markets aud market facilities, as well as to the business conditions
existing on the individual farms.

" When the conditions affecting the agriculture of a region have remained
stable for a considerable period local agricultural practice tends to become
approximately what it should be for best results, provided the practice which
gives the best immediate returns does not unfavorably affect soil fertility.

RURAL ECOXOMICS. 593

When conditions change, even slightly, if the change is permanent, local farm
practice begins to change and ultimately adapts itself to the new conditions.

" Success in farming, measured in terms of the family income and standard
of living, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the farm business,
although the percentage of profits on the farm investment is, within wide limits,
independent of the magnitude of business. With the types of farming generally
adapted to this locality many of the farms found in this survey are too small
to permit a satisfactory standard of living.

" In the matter of yield of crops per acre, the point of diminishing returns is
reached on a considerable proportion of farms. Profits increase as yields
increase until the yields are considerably above the avei*age for the locality,
but beyond this increased yields are obtained at the expense of farm profits.

" In quantity of product per dairy cow, the point of diminishing returns is not
reached in ordinary farm practice. Hence, on dairy farms, quantity of product
per cow is, on the a^■erage, a more important factor of success in farming than
yield of crops per acre.

" It is both easier and more profitable to increase low acre yields than high
ones, and a small product per cow than a large one. In other woi'ds, profits
can be increased most easily by attention to the weakest points in a system
of farming. The more vital the weakness the greater the increase in profits
that can easily be made.

" With a given type of farming, under given conditions, there is a certain
way of dividing acreage among the several enterprises of the farm which is
more profitable than any other way ; that is, there is a most profitable acreage
for each crop. Similarly there is a most profitable proportion of income from
each source. If the acreage of any crop or the proportion of income from any
enterprise be greater or less than this optimum, the profits of the farm as a
whole are lowered thereby.

" Certain enterprises may be distinctly profitable when occupying a minor
position in the farm business and distinctly unprofitable if made major enter-
prises. This appears to be true of fruit growing in Chester County, and, to a
less extent, of poultry keeping.

" On small farms the expense of operation is much greater per unit of product
than on large farms of simialr type. Diversity of the farm business is, as a
rule, an important factor of success in farming. A medium degree of diversity,
sufficient to give good seasonal distribution of labor, complete utilization of
land, and a considerable variety of sale products, is better than either extreme
diversity or a low degree of diversity."

The discussion of these points is amplified by a large number of statistical
tables.

A study of the tenant systems of farming in the Yazoo-Mississippi
Delta, E. A. Boeger and E. A. Goldenweisee [U. .S'. Depf. Agr. Bui. 337 {1916),
pp. 18, figs. 5. — The principal facts brought out by this investigation, based on
878 records in this region in 1913, may be stated as follows :

The share-cropping system is the safest for the tenant. The share renter
fails more frequently to make even a bare living, but has a better chance to
make a good income than has the share cropper. The cash renter runs still
greater risk of failure, but has the greatest opportunity of making a labor
income of not less than $1,000.

Fom the point of view of the landlord the situation is reversed. He is
assured of a return of between 6 and 7 per cent on his investment where the
land is operated by cash renters. Where the land is worked by share croppers
or share renters the landlord's rate of interest often falls below 6 per cent, but

694 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

when the yield is good and the tenant rualies a good return tlie rate of interest
sometimes rises to more than three times that amount.

The principal factor in determining the amount of the tenant's labor income
and the rate of the landlord's profits in this region is the yield of cotton per
acre. The relationship between yield of cotton and labor income, however, is
much closer on cash renters' farms than on those of share croppers, while the
effect of yield on the landlord's profits is more apparent under the share crop-
ping than under the share renting or the cash renting system. The tenant's
incentive for securing a good crop is consequently greater among those who
rent for ca.sh, but on the other hand, the landlord is more directly interested in
the magnitude of the yield per acre on the land of his share croppers.

Federal land grants to the States, with, special reference to Minnesota,
M. N. Orfield (Univ. Minn., Studies Soc. Sci., Ko. 2 {1915), pp. T+.?7o).— This
volume begins with a discussion of the land grants of the early New England
colonies and traces the movement up to the present time. The larger part of the
volume, however, is devoted to the administration of the public lands in Minne-
sota. An extensive bibliography is appended.

Reorganization of agricultural lands in Bavaria, Schreineb {Landic. Jahrb.
Bayern, 4 (191.'i), Ko. 1, pp. oOS-'i). — There is discussed in this article the pres-
ent distribution of the agi'icultural lands and its influence upon the agriculture,
the neces.sity for a further reorganization, the cost of redistributing, and its
presumable influence upon the agriculture and social life of the community.

Land settlement after the war, C. Tuk.nok {Jour. Farmers' Club [London],
1915. Dee., pp. 102-108). — Tlie author states that the British Empire embraces
one-fourth of the land surface of the globe, yet the white agricultural population
of the whole Empire, that is to say all the men and women living on or by the
land, amounts to only 13,400,000, while Germany has an agricultural population
of over 20,000,000. In conclusion he points out that since the Empire stands in
such great need of agriculturists, the Government should take the necessary
measures to induce a larger proportion of the rising generation to go in for a
career on the land, and in cooperation with the Dominion governments devLse a
great system of settlement to achieve this end.

Population — a study in Malthusiauism, W. S. Thompson {Xcw York:
Author, 1915, pp. 217). — The author states that he does not agree with the com-
monly accepted interpretation of the Malthusian theory. He claims that Mal-
thus laid down three propositions: "(1) Population is necessarily limited by
the means of subsistence; (2) population invariably increa.ses where the means
of subsistence increase, unless prevented by some very powerful and obvious
checks; and (3) these checks, and the checks which repress the superior power
of population, and keep its effects on a level with the means of subsistence, are
all resolvable into moral restraint, vice, and misery."

From the author's study of the food supply in its relation to the population
in the United States and a number of important European countries, he con-
cludes that Malthus was essentially correct in his statement of the law of
population. In the individual countries the population increases as the food
increases. For a majority of the people of the western world the pressure upon
the means of subsistence is the determining factor in the size of the family.

Another conclusion is that the population can not continue to increase at its
present rate without being more and more subjected to the actual want of
food, provided the distribution of labor between agriculture and the non-
agricultural industries continues in its present trend, nor can a greater and
greater proportion of the population be devoted to agi'iculture and the present
rate of increase continue without cliecking the progressive standard of living.
Therefore, either our present standard of living must be simplified as an in-

RURAL ECONOMICS. 595

creasing proportion of the population becomes rural or the present rate of in-
crease of population must be lowered.

Land credits. — A plea for the American farmer, D. T. Morgan {Neio York:
Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1915, pp. XVI+299).— The author discusses the dif-
ferent bills submitted to Congress relating to . agricultural credit, indicating
their points of agreement and disagreement, and gives abstracts from com-
ments of Members of Congress relative to the rural-credit system needed in the
United States. He also outlines the type of credit institution he considers
essential for the proper development of American agriculture.

Agricultural commerce, G. G. Huebneb {Neiv York and London: D. Apple-
ton and Co., 1915, pp. XIV-\-Jt06, figs. 17). — This book is designed to serve as a
text-book for colleges and universities. It points out the organization of
American commerce in agricultural commodities, and contains chapters on the
following topics : Classification of agricultural markets and marketing pro-
cesses; the country grain elevator and warehouse system — the local grain
market ; primary and seaboard grain markets — the terminal-elevator system ;
the local cotton market ; central cotton markets — the distribution of cotton ;
relations between speculative exchanges and the sale of farm produce ; the
local market for live stock ; central live-stock markets ; the wool market ; the
leaf-tobacco trade ; the marketing of fruit ; the commercial inspection and
grading of agricultural staples ; collection and dissemination of crop reports ;
the insurance of agricultural commodities ; the financing of crops ; prices of
agi'icultural commodities ; and foreign markets and market Influences.

The producers' marketing guide, G. C. Takman and L. Leer [Neto Paris,
Ind.: Producers' Marketing Guide Co., 1915, pp. 53, figs. 19). — This pamphlet
<was written to advise country producers how to market their produce direct,
and relates to methods that may be employed in packing and shipping eggs,
butter, poultry, fruit, vegetables, and miscellaneous farm produce. It also
contains the parcel-post regulations and form letters, cards, and labels to be
used in conducting the business direct.

Cotton trade guide and student's manual, T. S. Miller {[Austin, Tex.:
E. L. Stcck], 1915, pp. IX +431, pis. 18, fig. i).— The author has written this
book primarily for the use of classes in agricultural colleges. It contains a
definition of terms used in the cotton trade, methods used in grading, methods
for estimating the cost of the different factors in the distribution of cotton, ex-
planation of the quotations used on the different cotton exchanges, and how
comparisons can be made, and the function of the cotton exchange. A brief
history of cotton is included. In connection with most of the chapters a series
of questions and problems relating to their contents is given.

Live-stock statistics {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Bui. Agr. and. Com.
Statis., 6 {1915}, No. 11, pp. 618, 619). — Live-stock statistics are given showing
the number of the different classes for the native States of British India for
the crop seasons 1912-13 and 1913-14, and for Tunis, the number on December
31, 1913, and on July 31, 1915.

Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 {1915), No. 8, pp.
77-92, figs. 2). — This number gives the usual monthly estimates of the farm
value of the more important agricultural products, and the range of prices at
important markets, with detailed crop statistics for 1913, 1914, and 1915, esti-
mates of the prices of articles purchased by farmers, and miscellaneous data
concerning cucumbers grown for manufacture in Michigan, the acreage and pro-
duction of dry beans, the production of cranberries, ocean freight rates, the pro-
duction of tobacco by types and districts, and the condition of early southern
truck crops.

596 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.

The total value of the crop production in the United States in 1915 is esti-
mated as about $6,471,000,000, as compared with $5,929,000,000 in 1914. The
estimated value of animal products for 1915 is $3,849,000,000, as compared with
$3,783,000,000 for 1914, and of forest products about $195,000,000 for both years.

The returns from the crop reporters indicate that in 1915 the hay crop con-
sisted of 22.3 per cent timothy, 21.9 per cent timothy and clover mixed, 14.7
per cent clover alone, and 21.8 per cent alfalfa, the remainder being made up
of miscellaneous grasses and hay.

A special inquiry concerning the extent of damage to corn, owing to frost, the
past season and in a usual year, was sent to all of the North Central States,
including the principal part of the so-called corn belt. The averages for 10
States indicate that 51 per cent was fully matured. 29 per cent in the dough
stage, 15 per cent in the milk stage, and 5 per cent before the milk stage. Only
66 per cent was fit to husk and 29 per cent fit for seed, which resulted in a 24
per cent loss in yield and a 36 per cent loss in quality. Two charts are included
showing the percentage of corn matured at the time of the killing frost in 1915
and in a usual year.

The preliminary returns for sugar made from beets are included, indicating
that the amount of sugar made in 67 factories was 862.000 tons in 1915 as
compared with 722.054 tons in 1914. The area harvested was 624,000 acres and
483,400 acres, respectively, and quantity of beets worked 6,462,000 and 5,288,500,
respectively.

An inquiry as to the different kinds of corn produced shows that 42.9 per
cent of the corn was white, 42.6 yellow, and 14.5 mixed.

A special inquiry shows that for every $100 worth of produce sold from the
farm about $12.60 is sold in October, the month of heaviest total sales. $11.70
in November, $10.50 in December, and $10.10 in September, the smallest sales
being made in May and June. The sales of crops alone are even more con-
centrated in the fall months; for every $100 worth of crops sold in a year,
$22.S0 worth are sold in October. $19.70 in November, and $10.20 each in Sep-
tember and December. The sales of live-stock products are fairly evenly dis-
tributed throughout the year.

Statistical tables relating to British self-governing dominions, colonies,
possessions, and protectorates. 1912 (Bd. Trade [Gt. Brit.], Statis. Tables
Brit. Sclf-Gov. Dominions, Colonics [etc.], 1912, pt. 37, pp. 856). — This annual
report contains statistical data regarding the area and production of agricul-
tural produce, number of live stock, imports, and exports for the British
colonies and possessions for 1912.

[Agricultural statistics of Hungary] (Vngar. Statis. Jahrb., n. scr., 20
{1912), pp. 87-162). — In those pages are given data showing the number and
area of farms by sizes for 1895 and the land clas.sifipd according to its different
Agricultural uses for 1895 and 1912. For 1912 are also given the prices for
agricultural produce, nmuher of agricultural schools and attendance, area and
production of crops, nunil>er of live stock by sizes of farms, and receipts of live
stock and produce at the principal markets.

Farmers' National Congress of the United States (Farmers' Xat. Confi.
U. S., Proc, 34 (1914), pp. 202, pis. i2).— The official proceedings for 1914 con-
tain copies of the constitution and by-laws and a number of addresses relating
to cooperation, marketing, and various phases of the country-life movement.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The growth and possibilities of agricultural education in New England.
J. L. Hills (Ma.'is. CoUcf/ian. 26 (191.5), No. 7, pp. 8-11).— In this iut.lress,
given at the dedication of Stockbridge Hall at the Massachusetts Agricultural

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 597

College, October 29, 1915, the author reviews the early clays of agricultural
education in New England and discusses its present promising status and
future.

Stockbridge Hall and Levi Stockbridge, W. H. Bowker (Mass. Collegian,
26 (1915), No. 7, pp. 5-8, figs. 5). — This address, made at the dedication of
Stockbridge Hall at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, October 29, 1915,
contains historical data on the college.

The Winthrop Farm School, Hetty S. Brown (Jour. Home Econ., 7 (1915),
No. 9, pp. 4S0-'fSJf. figs. 2). — A description is given of the work in vegetable
gardening, cooking, and sewing at this experimental rural school, which was
opened in the spring of 1911 at the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College,
Rock Hill, S. C. Except for the first four months, the college has supplied all
the funds for maintaining the school.

[Agricultural instruction in Ontario] (Rpt. Min. Agr. Ontario, 1914, PP-
1-23, 45-62, figs. 23). — This review of the work of the department of agriculture
includes a report on the expenditures under the agricultural instruction act,
the Ontario Agricultural College and its work in promoting agricultural in-
struction in rural schools, the Ontario Veterinary College, farmers' institutes,
rural school fairs conducted by district representatives, which increased from
25 fairs in 1912, the first year, to 148 fairs held in 37 counties and including
the children in 1,391 schools in 1914, and courses in agriculture for farmers'
sons, also conducted by district representatives. These courses were begun in
Victoria County in 1908 with 6 students and have increased to 30 courses with
a total attendance of 555. In the majority of cases the boys taking this course
have organized themselves into what is known as a " Junior Farmers' Improve-
ment Association."

Summer schools for teachers (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 10, pp. 992-
1001). — The work of the summer schools for teachers in the Provinces of Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia is briefly described.

Work of the women's institutes (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 9, pp. 846-
860, figs. 6). — Brief reports are given on the work of women's institutes in the
various Provinces of Canada.

[Agricultural instruction in Sweden] (Malmo. Lans Hushdll. Sdllsk.
Kvrilsskr., 1915, No. 2, pp. 230-252, 283-285, 296-298) .—This is a report on the
progress made in instruction in agricultural continuation schools, the people's
high school at Ostra Grevie, which has added a one-year agricultural course
corresponding to that of a farm school, and the dairy school for women at
Alnarp, agi-icultural courses for elementary school-teachers, and training courses
for teachers in agricultural continuation schools.

Report of the agricultural society of Malmohus Province for 1914 (Malmo.
Ldns Hushall. Sdllsk. Kvrtlsskr., 1914, No. 4, pp. VIII +489-936, figs. 4). —
Reports are given on the activities of the farm schools at Hvilan, Fridhem,
and Skurup, the agricultural school at Dala, the agricultural housekeeeping
schools at Fridhem and Ostra Grefvie, the dairy school at Nasbygard, the
dairy school for women at Alnarp, the Fredrika-Bremer Society Fruit Culture
School at Apelryd (formerly SmSryd) near Bastad, special courses in agri-
culture and home economics for adults and teachers, the seed-control station
at Lund, the chemical station at Alnarp, swine-breeding stations, etc.

Nature study and agriculture in relation to educational motives and pur-
poses, H. N. GoDDARD (School Sci. and Math., 15 (1915), No. 7, pp. 606-613).—
In this discussion the author endeavors to show the place of nature stiidy and
agriculture in the curriculum. He holds that nature study has its large place
in the earlier grades, where it should be a generalized study of the child's

598 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.

natural surroundings. The desire to do something for a practical result grows
rapidly and leads the pupil to give eager response to the industrial arts. At
the beginning of the seventh grade agriculture makes a most valuable subject
for such treatment. The work has a prevocational value in the upper grades
and this gradually changes into a more strictly vocational value in the later
years of the high school, where the work should still be treated as an industrial
art or vocational subject linked up with and strengthened by the general
.studies of the high school, especially the sciences. There should be definite
instruction work, but this should be linked up with and motivated by the
practical doing of suitable school and home projects related to the farm.

What is involved in vocational education, E. Da\-enpokt {Univ. III. Bui.
12 {1915), No. 19, pp. 23). — The author quotes certain fundamental propositions
of the so-called unit system recommended by the Illinois Educational Com-
mission in 1911 ; outlines the provisions of the Cooley bill for establishing a
system of vocational schools for Illinois ; discusses the effect of a separate
system of vocational schools upon the children, the existing public .schools,
and society, the financial waste of a multiple system of schools, and the ex-
perience of agricultural and mechanical colleges in dealing with the same
kind of problem ; and points out the advantages of the dual system, weak
points in the public-school administration, and suggests propositions for
agreement

Studies in elementary agriculture, S. W. Cunningham {Fresno [Cal.} State
Normal School Bui. 2 {1915). pp. 63, figs. 48).— This bulletin presents 88 studies
in soils and plants, outlining the apparatus, materials, and methods of pro-
cedure which constitute part of the laboratory course given in the Fresno,
Cal., State Normal School in preparing students to teach agriculture in the
rm'al schools. A list of special apparatus for the rural school is included.

The principles of agronomy, F. S. Harris and G. Stewart {New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XVI+JioJ, pi. 1. figs. 97). — This text on crop production
is one of the Rural Textbook Series. Wliile written primarily for high schools,
giving more than one course in agriculture and for short courses in agricul-
tural colleges, it should also be useful to the practical farmer. It deals with
the principles of plant growth ; the soil and its management ; field crops ; and
problems of field management, including the planning and equipment of the
farm, what crops to grow, and factors of success in crop production.

Laboratory manual of cereals and forage crops, G. Livingston and F. W.
Stemple {Columbus, Ohio: R. G. Adams d Co., 1915, pp. 147, figs. 2).— This
laboratory manual contains 59 exercises, a large number of which have been
used during the past four years in connection with the regular cereal and for-
age-crop courses at the Ohio State University. The exercises include a botani-
cal study of the plants, laboratory and field studies of varieties, judging, scor-
ing, germination tests, etc. More than one laboratory period of two hours a
week will be required to complete all the exercises, but when no more time
Is available only the more important exercises may be selected for study.

Agricultural drawing and the design of farm structures, T. E. French and
F. W. Ia'es {Xcw Yo7-k and London: McGrau-IIill Book Co., Inc., 1915, pp.
VIII -{-130, figs. 182). — This book is intended primarily for students in agri-
culture and agricultural engineering, but also is of interest to farmers. Chap-
ters are devoted to the theory and technique of drawing, working drawings,
farm structures, maps and topographical drawing, pictorial drawing, con-
struction data, and a selectetl bibliography. A variety of problems are included.

Supplementary problems for classes in agriculture {Manila, P. L: Bur.
Ed., 1915, pp. 94)- — Tills is a compilation of arithmetical farm problems includ-
ing fractions, decimals, bills and accounts, measures, percentage, ratio and

AGEICULTTJEAL EDUCATION. 599

proportion, lines, surfaces, and volumes, and special crops and farm activities,
for the classes in agriculture in grades 6 and 7 of the Philippine public schools.

Chemistry of cominon things, R. B. Brownlee, W. J. Hancock, R, W.
Fuller, and J. E. Whitsit (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1914, PP- VIII+616,
pi. 1, figs. 186). — ^This book endeavors to meet the growing demand that high-
school courses should prepare the pupil for citizenship. Part 1 deals with
fundamental ideas and principles, and part 2 supplies additional material
adapted to the special needs of industrial, technical, agricultural (including a
study of the essential elements of plant life, soils, sources of nitrogen and
phosphorus, and constituents of staple crops), and domestic science (including
a study of cooking, the adulteration of foods, bread making, milk, cream, ice
cream, butter and cheese, and cleaning and laundering) courses. The wide
range of topics treated enables the teacher to select a course suited to the
requirements of his community.

Nature study, geography, and agriculture {Dept. Ed. Tex. Bui. 46 (1915),
pp. 51-59, 104-108, 111-113, 121, 123). — This manual includes outlines of a con-
tinuous course in nature study, geography, and agriculture throughout 7 grades
of the elementary schools, work in general agi'iculture, animal husbandry, soils
and crops, and horticulture and farm management, respectively, for the 4
years of the high-school course with one credit for each year's work, a
4-year high-school course in domestic science and art with one-half credit for
each year's work, and a list of reference books.

Nature study and agriculture, Margaret M. Healey and H. A. Farrar (In
Material for Teachers^ Manual. Montpelier, Yt.: Dept. Ed., 1914, PP- 195"
220 ) . — This is an outline of instruction in agriculture for grades 1 to 8, inclu-
sive, designed to furnish to Vermont teachers a basis for systematic work.

Nature study lessons for teachers and students, G. A. Cornish {Toronto,
Can.: Dominion Book Co., 1914, pp. XVI +96, figs. 13). — This is a compilation
of bird poems and 31 lessons for the study of typical individual birds and such
general topics as bird food, beaks, eggs, and migration. Each lesson consists
of observations made by pupils and complete statements, for the use of the
teacher, of the facts to be observed by the pupils.

Eighth grade bulletin containing outline schedules for manual training
and home economics, plan for home project work, and rules governing
eighth grade examinations [Viash. (.State) Dept. Ed. Circ. 12 (1915), pp. 8).

Home makers course, Mary L. Watkins (Col. Indus. Arts Tex. Bui. 4S
(1914), PP- 32). — This is an outline of a nontechnical and practical course of
study prepared for the Texas Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers' Asso-
ciation by the secretary of the association, assisted by the department of
extension of the College of Industrial Arts, Denton, Tex. The course is
arranged under the following topics, to each of which a bibliography is
appended: (1) The house, its plan and decoration, (2) household sanitation,
(3) science of the household, (4) household administration, (5) study of
foods, (6) marketing and care of food in the home, (7) textiles and clothing.
(8) personal hygiene and home care of the sick, and (9) child study and
some of its problems.

[Suggestive outlines for club study] (loioa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Home
Econ. Circ., 1915-16, Nos. 1, pp. 9; 2, pp. 6; 3, pp. 16; 4, pp. 8).— These circulars
contain suggestive outlines as guides for women's clubs in the study of foods,
the child, the house, and American industries, respectively.

Club work in Indiana, J. D. Habpeb* (Purdue Univ., Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 42
(1915), pp. 16, figs. 11). — This bulletin gives an account of the organization,
aims, methods, and results of club work in Indiana.

NOTES

California University. — A total of 9,198 students were registered for corre-
spondence courses in agriculture for the year ended April 30, 1915, which with
previous enrollments brought the total number to 18,347. One or more courses
have been completed by 2,832 students.

Of the students enrolled this year, 38 per cent are actually engaged in
farming, 12 per cent are housewives, 2 per cent engineers, 16 per cent business
men, 3 per cent teachers, 15 per cent clerks, stenographers, and bookkeeiiers,
and 4 per cent students. The average age is estimated to be 33 years, ranging
from 10 to 85 years. Students have enrolled from 42 other States, the District
of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, Porto Rico, Canada, the Fiji
Islands, Greece, ludhi, Mexico, Africa, England, and various small islands of
the West Indies.

Georgia College. — Beginning next fall a degree course in veterinary medicine
is to be offered in charge of Dr. AV. M. Bursou.

Guy R. Jones and Elmo Ragsdale have been addetl to the extension staff,
the former as field agent in agricultural engineering, and the latter for horti-
cultural work, especially with canning clubs.

Maine University and Station. — Glen Blaine Ramsey was transferre<l March 1.5
from instructor in biolo^'y in the university to assistant plant pathologist in
the station. J. E. Sullivan lias been appointe<l farm superintendent at the
AroostfK)k farm, vice Guy A. Baker resigned, beginning April 1. '

Massachusetts College. — S. B. Haskell has resigned as professor of agronomy
to engage in commercial work, and Miss Beryl H. Paige as assistant in veteri-
nary science in the station. Recent appointments in the extension division
include E. Farnum Damon as extension professor of agricultural economics,
and F. A. C. Smith, previously instructor in landscape design at the University
of Illinois, as extension instructor in civic improvement.

Nevada Station. — Work has been begun on a serum laboratory building to
cost about .$1,500.

New Mexico College and Station. — Dr. E. P. Humbert resigned as dean of
agriculture and agronomist January 1 to become plant bree<ler in cotton investi-
gations at the Texas Station, and has been succeeded by Rupert L. Stewart.
A. Z. Smith was appointed assistant agronomist and R. B. Thompson a.ssistant
poultryniaii. each beginning February 1.

New York State Station. — Recent appointments to the board of control include
Frank M. Bradley, of Barkers ; Charles C. Sackett, of Canandaigua ; and Alfred
G. Lewis, of Geneva, succeeding Burt E. Smalley, H. C. Harpending, and C.
Willard Rice. State Connuissioner of Agriculture Charles S. Wilson has been
elected president of the board.

Washington College and Station. — Elton Fulnier. head of the department of
cliemistry since 1893, state chemist since 1900, and dean of the faculty since
1908, was killed in a railway accident February 20. Professor Fulmer was
51 yeai's of age, and a graduate of the University of Nebraska (B. S. 1887
and M. A. 1889). He was instructor, in chemistry in the same institution
from 1888 to 1893, when he became professor of chemistry and chemist in the
Washington College and Station.
000

O

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

lol XXXIV

MAY, 1916

No. 7

ENT
STATION
RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PiUNTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

WeatSeb BtTREAtJ — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry^-W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — ^H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistidom.

Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office 'of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o
Canebrake Station: Unkmiotm: X,. H. Moore.o
Tuskegee Station: Tusktgte Institute: G. W.
Carver.o

Alaska— Sirlo.- C. C. Georgeson.^

Arizona— Tveaon: G. F. Freeman.*

Arka'ssxs— Faj/eUevUle.' M. Nelson.o

CAuroTiiaK—Berielcy: T. F. Hunt.o

Colorado— Forr Collins: C. P. OUlette.o

Connecticut—

State Station: r^ew i7ap«ir^„ „ , . .
Storrs Station: «m«; }«• H. Jenklna.-

Delaware— A'eworit.' H. Ilayward.o

Florida— <7a«n«»ri««.- P. H. Rolfs.o

GsozGi\—Etperiment: R. J. H. De Loach.o

Gvsu— Island of OHam: A. C. Hartenbower.*

Ha-waD—

Federal Station: Honolulv: 1. U. Westgate.!>
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.o

lv\}JO— Moscow: J. S. Jones."

Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport."

Indiana— La FaycUc: A. Qoss.o

lo-Wk—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o

Kansas— Manltatiam ^V. U. Jardine.o

KzvrvcKr—LexiniftoTW J. U. Kastle.o

LoxnsiANA-

State Station: Baton Rouge; \

Sugar Station: Audubon P<^rk,\^ ^ Dodson.a

New Orleans;
North La. Station: Calhoun: )

Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods.o

Maryland— CoHf(;< Peril; II. J. Patterson."

MASSAcmjSETTS- ATOftcrjr.- W. P. Brooks."

MicmoAN— ra«/ Lansing: R. S. Shaw.a

Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paul- A. F.
Woods."

JAissis3\Tti~AgricuUural CoUegcE. R. I.loyd.o

Missouri—

College Station; Columbia; F. B. Mumlord.o
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Kvans.o
o Director. *• Agronomist

I Montana— Bo2«no».- F. B. Linfield."
Nebraska— Xin<»?n.- E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— ifcno; S. B. Doten."
New EAiiTsmRZ—DurXam: J. C. Kendall."
New Jersey— A>w Brunswick: J. 0. Llpman."
New Mexico— Sto/* College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—

State Station: Oeneva; W, H. Jordan."

Cornell Station: lUtaea; B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina—

College Station: West RaUigh.->

State Station: RoM^h; P' ""^- Kllgore.*

North Dakota— i4(rric«ttiira/ CoUeft: T. P.

Cooper."
Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— 5<<B»a«r.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oeeoon— OorvoZii*.- A. B. Cordley."

Pennsylvania—

State CoUtgt: R. L. Watts.o
Stale College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby."

Porto Rico-
Federal Station: ifayaguez; D. W. May.*
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; VT. V. Tower."
Rhode Island— irirv»ton.- B. L. Hartwell.o
South Carolina— nfmwn CoUeg<: 3. N. Har-

per.a
South Dakota- Brooking*.- J. "\V. Wilson."
Tennessee— FnoiriJfc.- H. A. Morgan."
TiXAS— College Staiion: B. Youngblood."
Utah— Xoffan.- E. D. BaU."
Vsrhont- BurJiJVtott.' J. L. Hills."

YmOlNIA—

Blaeksburg: W. J. Schoone.f
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
WASHrsGTON— JHiWman.- 1. D. Cardill.o
West Virginia— Afor^n/ou-n.- J. L. CooltM."
Wisconsin— ifadison: H. L. RusselL"
WyomiNo— Lfflroffii*.- C. A. Dunlway*
In charge, « Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., ChieJ, Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {J; ^f; ||^^unger.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology j^* ^- g^^D ^' ^^' ^'

Field Crops — J. I. SchUlte and G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

[C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition ^H. L. Lang.

[C. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Veterinary Medicine {W; A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIV, NO. 7.

Editorial notes: Page.

Establishment of a Division of Agricultural Meteorology in the U. S.

Weather Bureau 601

Recent progress in agricultural meteorology 604

Recent work in agricultural science 607

Notes 695

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Physiological chemistry, Mathews. .'. 607

Biochemical hand lexicon, edited by Abderhalden 607

Quantitative laws in biological chemistry, Arrhenius 607

Oils of the coniferae. — V, The oils of incense cedar, Schorger 607

Polymerization of Chinese wood oil, Schumann 607

The carbohydrates of pine wood, Hagglund 608

Apparatus for evaporating aqueous extracts by a current of air, Aldrich 608

A check valve for suction flasks, Walton 608

Micromethod for gasometric determination of amino nitrogen. Van Slyke 608

Reco'v'ery of molybdic acid from phosphorus-determination residues, Berkhout. 608

Examination of water for sanitary and technic purposes, Leffmann 609

Investigation on the acid and alkali content of soils, Stutzer and Haupt 609

Rapid method for analyses of limestone for agricultural processes, Behrman 609

A rapid method for the determination of carbon dioxid, W'aggaman 610

Estimation of carbon dioxid in ash of plant and animal substances, Kuzirian. 610

Food analyses; typical methods and the interpretation of results, Woodman. . . 610

I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

Identity of the proteins extracted from wheat flour, Bailey and Blish 610

Method for determination of strength and baking qualities of wheat flour, Bailey 610

Detennination of moisture in sirups by the calcium carbid method, West 611

The determination of reducing sugars. — A volumetric method, Scales 611

Analysis of milk and milk products, Leffmann 611

Reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in the coagulation, Milroy 611

Determination of the degree of homogenization of milk, von Sobbe 612

An easy test for bacteria in milk and cream, Jone. 612

The determination of sucrose in condensed milk. Knight and Formanek 612

The determination of ammonia nitrogen in steer's urine, Cochrane 613

Method for quantitative determination of lactic acid in urine, Schneyer 613

The estimation of Lipoid and acid-soluble phosphorus in serum, Greenwald 613

METEOROLOGY.

Variation in minimum temperatures of a mountain valley, Batchelor and West . . 613

Reforestation and condensation, Descombes, trans, by LjTuan and Abbe, jr 614

Monthly Weather Re\iew 614

Climatological data for the United States by sectiona 615

Meteorological summaries for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914 615

Meteorological summary for the year 1914, Knight and Brown 615

Nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates in rain and snow, Artis 615

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Lawrence County, Alabama, Lewis and Stroud 615

Soil survey of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, Goodman, Hanson, and Reid 616

Soil survey of Harrison County, Missouri, Vanatta and Knoble 616

Soil survey of the Freehold area. New Jersey, Jennings, Dickey, and Lee 616

Soil survey of Brj-an County, Oklahoma, Carter, jr., and Patrick 617

Reconnoissance soil survey of northeastern Wisconsin, Geib et al 617

Soil survey of the Bayfield area, Wisconsin. Wliitson et al 617

Soil survey of Iowa County, Wisconsin, Whitson et al 617

Soil survey of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, Whitson et al 617

Soil survey of Waushara County, Wisconsin, Whitson et al 617

Report of soil work 617

Notes on the soils of the Wairau Plain, Marlborough, Wild 617

Nitric nitrogen of the black soils of the arid regions of Russia, Tulaikov 618

Peat lands in Minnesota and Wisconsin, Stewart 618

The economic utilization of peat and moors, Hoering 618

The average thorium content of the earth's crust, Poole 619

Soil formation and composition, Ames 619

The formation of humus by means of vegetable compounds, Trusov 619

Relation between bacterial actiWties in soils and crop-producing power, Brown. 619

Soil fertility experiments, Roberts 620

[Soil fertility experiments], Kastle 620

Influence on crop and soil of manures applied to meadow, Crowther and Ruston. 620

Live stock and soil fertility, Thorne 621

Lime and commercial fertilizers in the maintenance of soil fertility, Thome. . . 621

The manurial situation and its difficulties, Hendrick 621

The nitrogen problem in arid soils, Lipraan 621

Pot experiments on the availability of nitrogen, Lipman et al 621

Nitrogen utilization in field and cylinder experiments, II, Lipman et al 622

The effect of sulphate of ammonia on soil, Ruprecht and Morse 622

The action of calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate, Reitmair 622

Lime nitrogen and its value as a top-dressing, Hoffmann : 622

The size of kelps on the Pacific coast of North America, Fiye et al 623

The composition of blast furnace gas dust (kali-asch), Viirtheim 623

Relation of lime to production of nitrates and mineral nitrogen. Scales 623

Catalytes and their relation to crops, Musso 623

Influence of manganese compounds on nitrification, Leoncini 623

Influence of fluorin on vegetation, Gautier 624

The manurial value of locusts, Collens 624

Meadow fertilization with sewage sludge, Eberhart 624

Peat litter and peat-litter works, Zailer 624

Analyses of inspection samples of fertilizers, Willard and Wiley 624

Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Haskins, Walker, Jones, and Frost 624

CONTENTS. ni

Page.

Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, Cathcart et al 625

Commercial fertilizers 625

Fertilizers, 1915 625

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Effect of elemental sulphur and of calcium sulphate on plant life, Pitz 625

Boron: Absorption and distribution in plants and effect on growth, Cook 625

Influence of radiations of radium on germination of oats, Lawrence 626

Some effects of ethylene on the metabolism of plants, Harvey 626

Rate of absorption of phenolic solutions by Hordeum vulgare, Brown and Tinker. 626

Chemistry and structure of plant cell membranes, Konig and Rimap 626

Studies in experimental morphology, Lundegardh 626

Autoparasitism of Cassytha melantlia, Hardy 626

Oxidation of ammonia or nitrification in plants, Maz6 627

A study of nitrogen release by Azotobacter, I^Iol^r 627

Carotinoids in plants, van Wisselingh _. 627

Mode of formation of starch in rootlets of maize and castor oil, Guilliermond. . . 627

Growth of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stalk of the sugar-cane, Kuyper 627

Stomatal structure in sugar-cane, Kuyper 628

The influence of temperature on phototropism, De Vries 628

The physiology of pollination, Tokugawa. 628

Cross-and self-fertilization and the results in heredity, Heukels 629

The question of mitochondria as bearers of heredity, Nachtsheim 629

The mutation factor in evolution with particular reference to (Enothera, Gates. 629

The genotj-pic composition of some varieties of the same species, Tine Tammes . 629

Notes on dissemination of Virginia creeper seeds by English sparrows, Harv^ey . 629

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the agronomist, Parsons 629

Forage crops for the Colorado Plains, Kezer 630

Analyses of maize and oats cultivated in eastern Uruguay, Puig y Nattino 630

[A study of blue-grass seed] 630

Experiments with Sea Island cotton. Sands 631

The use of white mustard as a green manure plant, Wagner 631

Experiments v.ith oats, Welton and Gearhart 631

Further experience with Phalaris bulbosa, Breakwell 631

"Dapog" method of rice culture, Apostol .• 631

Factors influencing the protein content of soy beans, Lipman etal 632

Effect of manganese sulphate on the jdeld of tiu-nips at Wisley, Chittenden 632

Influence of time and method of preparing seed bed on winter wheat. Call 632

The progressive development of the wheat kernel, II, Thatcher 633

The effect of using many parallel plats in field experiments, De Vries 634

HORTICULTURE.

Report of horticulturist, Newman 634

The Lamao Experiment Station, Wester 635

Somatic segregation, Kraus 635

The garden and farm almanac for 1916, edited by Seymour 635

Two farm gardens, Keffer 635

The home vegetable garden, Tompson 635

[Growing vegetable seeds at the Central Experimental Farm in 1915], Davis. . . 635

Experiments with cabbage, Myers 636

Influence of rainfall on the composition of tomatoes, Bigelow 636

Careful handling, precooling, and cold storage investigations 637

Careful handUng, precooling, cold storage, and transportation investigations. . 637

Maturity of fruits for precooled shipments. Smith 637

New fruits originated at Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Haralson 637

Varieties of fruit for West Virginia, Alderman, Sutton, and Jeffries 637

Economics of apple orcharding, Lewis and Vickers 638

Economics in apple orcharding, Lewis and Vickers 639

Packing and shipping peaches in Georgia carriers, Blake and Connors 639

New or noteworthy tropical fruits in the Philippines, Wester 639

Impro\-ing the production of Washington navels, Shamel 639

Problems in walnut breeding, Batchelor 639

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Horticultural sports, Maiming — 639

House plants: Selection, propagation, and care, Hanson 639

Analyses of insecticides and fungicides, Cathcart and \Villis 639

FORESTRY.

Forest trees worth planting: Red oak (Quercus rubra), Secrest 639

Seed and germination in Hevea brasilunsis, Sprecher ._ 639

A silvicultural system for western yellow pine in the Black Hills, Smith 640

Influence of the weather on the height growth in pine, Tolskii 640

Meteorological studies in sihdcullural and management problems, Kenety 640

The reforestation of brush fields in northern California, Boerker. 640

Windfall damage in selection cuttings in Oregon, Smith and Weitknecht 640

The trees of Texas, Lewis 640

The forests of Alaska, Graves 640

The forests of central British Columbia, Cliristie 641

Forest investigations in Canada: Proposal for a national organization. Millar. . 641

Working plans: The past, present, and future, Moore 641

The use of the plaue table in making forest maps. Locke 641

The profile alidade in mapping strip lines, Dctwiler 641

Saving labor in measuring heights by use of the hj-psometer, Detwiler 641

Further notes on frustum form factor volume tables, Bruce 641

The use of frustum form factors in constructing volume tables, Korstian 641

Application of reconnaissance data to marking timber for cutting, Boerker 641

A sj'stem of cost accounts for a forest tree nurson.'. Chandler 641

Table for determining profits in holding second growth, Sterrctt 641

Close forest utilization with a portable mill, Zifgler 642

The present forest tax situation in New Hampshire, Ftister 642

Forest fires and forestry laws of North Carolina, Holmes. 642

Organization of forest fire protective areas in North Carolina, Holmes 642

Some factors governing the trend and practice of forest sanitation, Weir 642

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The grouping and terminology of plant diseases, Melchers 642

Seed and soil treatments for plant diseases, Humbert 642

Copper sprays, Fonzes-Diacon 643

Bordeaux and Burgimdy mixtures, Fonzes-Diacon 643

Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, Barre 643

Administration report of the Government mycologist for 1913-14, McRae 643

[Plant diseases in New South Wales in 1913-14], Darnell-Smith 644

Bunt or stinking smut of wheat, Heald and Woolman 644

A Podosporiella chsease of germinating wheat. O 'Gara . . 644

An anthracnose-resistant Red Kidney beau, Barrus 644

Notes on an internal disease of cotton seed. Balls 645

Further studies on peanut leaf spot. Wolf 645

The native habitat of Spongospora subterranca, Lyman and Rogers 645

Connection of a bacterial organism with, curly leaf, Smith and Boncquet 645

Effect on sugar beets of Eutettix tenella, Boncquet and Uartung 646

Sweet potato scurf, Harter 646

New method of selecting tomatoes for resistance to wilt disease, Edgerton 646

The newer diseases of fruit trees and their treatment, Orton 646

Pythiacystis infection of deciduous nursen,' stock. Smith 646

Growth and pycnidium formation of Pknodomus fuscomaculans. Coons 647

Preliminary note on leaf invasions by Bacillus amylovorus, Heald 647

Notes on the fire blight disease, Stewart 647

Insect control important in checking fire blight, Burrill 648

Fire blight on cherries, Hotson 648

A contribution to our knowledge of silver-leaf disease, Smoldk 648

On diseases of plum trees caused by some species of Cytospora, Belgrave 648

Mildew on black currants, Stewart 648

Note on American gooseberry mildew, Bailey 649

The South African mulberry blight {Bacterium mori), Doidge 649

Citrus canker in the Gulf Coast country, Berger 649

Citrus mildew, Petch 649

Black neck or wilt disease of asters, Robinson 649

A disease in nurseries caused by Pcridcrmium filamcntosum, Weir and Hubert. . 649

CONTENTS. V

Page.

The receptivity of oak for Oidium, Pantanelli 650

Control of pine rust, Schultz 650

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Digest of the game, fish, and forestry laws, edited by Kalbfus 650

The food of birds, Florence 650

Bird houses and nesting boxes, Forbush 650

Attraction and protection of birds, Wolda 650

How to attract wild birds about the home, Ladd 650

Bibliography of Canadian zoologj'', 1913, Walker - 651

[Animal pests, etc., in Colorado] 651

Report on economic zoology for the year ending September 30, 1913, Theobald . . 651

Outlines of lectures in economic entomology, Herrick 651

New insect life histories, I, Muttkowsld _. _ 651

The rearing of larvae, with special reference to British Lepidoptera, Rippon. . . 651

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 1915 651

[Insect pests in St. Vincent], Watts 651

[Insect pests in St. Lucia], Watts 651

Insect pests in 1914, MacDougall 652

Report of entomological division of Salgir Station, Mokrzhetskil and Bragina. . 652

[Report of the entomologist], Froggatt 652

Report of the entomologist, Rutherford .- 652

Report of the entomologist, Rutherford 652

Some minor pests of tea recently reported, Rutherford 652

Theory of toxicity, Woodworth _ 652

A new mixture for controlling wood-boring insects, Craighead 652

On the employment of heat in the control of insects, Semichon 653

Fumigating the household, Becker 653

The snowy tree cricket with reference to apple bark disease, Parrott et al 653

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, the European mole cricket in New Jersey, Weiss 653

Some developments in grasshopper control, Webster 653

The spring grain aphis or ' ' green bug' ' in the Southwest, Webster 653

The mouth parts and mechanism of suction in Schizoneura lanigera, Davidson. 653

The potato moth; methods of controlling in stored tubers, Steward 654

The tent caterpillar, Femald - 654

Biology of the grapevine moths and means for their control, Voglino 654

The prevention of egg laying on turnips by the diamond-back moth, Gray. ... 654

T5T)ical flies; Photogi-aphic atlas of Diptera, inchiding Aphaniptera, Pearce.. 654

The Chironomidfe, or midges, of Illinois, Malloch 654

A synonymic catalogue of the dipterus family Phoridse, Brucs 654

Notes on the preo^iposition period of the house fly, Hutchison 654

Banana as a host fruit of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Back and Pemberton 655

New neotropical muscoid flies, Townsend 655

Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Ellis 655

The poisonous effects of the rose chafer upon chickens, Lamson, jr 655

The western twelve-spotted and western striped cucumber beetles. Sell 656

Investigations on borers and borers' parasites, Ishida 656

Experiments in the control of the poplar and willow borer, Matheson 656

Another nodule destroying beetle, McConnell 656

Studies on the biologj'' of the Arizona wild cotton weevil, Coad 656

Bees and their diseases 656

Beekeeping, Ghosh 657

Foul brood regulations effective on and after March 1, 1916, Paddock 657

The ichneumons of Great Britain, Morley 657

Catalogue of the British Ichneumonidae, Morley 657

The ichneumonid genus Pimpla, Schmiedeknecht 657

Notes on Ichneumon Isetus, Knight 657

A new species of Gonatocerus parasitic on Idiocerus , Leonard and Crosby 657

The cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner, Parrott and Fulton 657

A new cherry and hawthorn pest, Ilall 657

The pavement ant as a pest of cold-frame and greenhouse crops. Smith 657

The red spider, Zacher 658

A progress report on Sarcocystis tenella, Scott 658

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Food chemistry in 1914, Ruble 658

International catalogue. Q — Physiology. QR — Serum physiology 658

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The history of nutrition, Lichtenfelt 658

Not by bread alone, Wiley 658

The nutritive value of boiled milk, Daniels, Stuessy, and Francis 659

Utilization of lard and hydrogenated vegetable oil, Smith et al 659

The utilization of bones for food, Morpurgo 659

The inversion and fermentation of sugar in flour, Kiihl 660

The influence of salts on the amylolytic ferments of bread, Effront 660

The sugar beet and derived products as raw materials for bread, Neumann 660

The digestibility of war bread. Decker 660

Poisonous bread, Uglow 660

The economical use of potatoes, Bodinus 660

Table sirups other than maple, Lemoine 660

Sugar extravagance in baking, Stietzel 660

Some effects of storage on coffee, Doolittle and Wright 661

Manual of the laws relating to the public health 661

The food and drugs act 661

Sixteenth annual report on food adulteration, Allen et al 661

[Food and drug inspection and pure food and other topics], Ladd and Johnson. . 661

The diet of the Swiss workingman, Gigon 661

The school luncheon, Milam, Turley, and Cowgill 661

Contribution to the question of infant feeding, Timpe 662

Treatment of infantile beri-beri with the extract of tiqui-tiqui, Albert 662

Miscellaneous notes and comments on beri-beri, Williams and Johnston 662

The importance of lime in the nutrition of man, animals, and plants, Ileinze. . . 662

Influence of nutrition and sickness on the growth of the brain, Sa^adowitsch. . 662

Influence of diet on nitrogen and chlorin content of perspiration. Berry 662

Occurrence of methyl alcohol in urine in different diets, von Fellenberg 662

The question of ferment adaptation, Koopman 662

On the mechanism of the oxidation processes in the animal organism, Stern. . . 663

The gastric residuum in over 100 normal cases, Fowler et al 663

Psychological effects of alcohol, Dodge and Benedict 663

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Grain screenings, with results of feeding experiments 663

[Feeding value of the foliage root cropsj, Hoffmann 664

Some facts and theories about silage, Kiesselbach 665

Silage in relation to farm management, Wan-en 665

Cassava pulp from the manufacture of fecula, De Vill^le 665

Concentrated feeding stuffs and registrations for 1915, Cathcart et al 665

Nutrition investigations 665

[Experiments with swine and steers]. Good 665

[Feeding trials with cattle and hogs] 666

Substitutes for milk in the rearing of dairy calves, Lindsey 667

Sheep feeding experiment, Faville 667

Branding paints, Faville 668

Annual wool review for 1915, vnih estimate production, Battison 668

The mineral nutrients in the feeding of swine, Forbes 668

Live stock of the farm. — III, Horses, edited by Jones 668

The effect of feeding pituitai-y substance and corpus luteum substance, Peai-1. . 668

Range v. confinement for laying hens, Buss 6G9

Comparison of methods of managing pullets, Shoup 669

Seasonable variation in the quality of farm eggs, \ oung 669

Poultry on the farm, Atwood 669

Some facts from a country village survey, Moseley 669

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Treatise on dairying, Fleischmann 670

Relative value of feeds for dairy cows, Savage 670

Experiments on feeding dairy cows at Offerton Hall, Walker 670

I Experiments with dairy cattle], Hooper 670

Jeets and mangels compared with silage for milk production, Hayden 670

Influence of beet feeding on the milk, Rolle 671

Soiling V. silage as a supplement for Nebraska pa-^tures, Frandsen 671

The feeding of molasses feed to dairy cattle, De Vries 671

The cost of rearing a dairy cow, Lindsey 671

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Is ability to produce milk fat transmitted by the dam or sire? Woodward 671

Milk fat as a measure of value of milk, Van Slyke 671

The keeping quality of milk and its transport, Allan and Takle 672

The significance of bacteria in milk, Rogers 672

Bacteriology of cream ripening, Peiser 672

Determination of the theoretical butter overrun, Rinckleben 672

The pasteurization of dairy by-products, Dotterrer and Breed 673

Why and how pastemize dairy by-products, Hall 674

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of veterinary affairs in Austria for 1908-1910 674

Mechanism of Abderhalden reaction. — Studies on immunity, I, Bronfenbrenner 674

The nature of anaphylatoxin. — Studies on immunity, II, Bronfenbrenner 674

Mechanism of Abderhalden reaction with bacterial substrates, Smith and Cook 674

Serum proteases and the mechanism of the Abderhalden reaction, Jobling et al . 674

Action of blood serum after intravenous injection of cane sugar, Rohmann 675

Occurrence of pituitrin and epinephrin in fetal glands, McCord. 675

Bactericidal properties of antiseptics and disinfectants, Lothe and Beach 675

Antiseptic action of hypochlorous acid and its application. Smith et al 675

Forage poisoning due to Claviceps paspali on Paspalum, Brown and Ranck 676

Precipitins in the diagnosis of antln-ax, Ascoli 676

Foot-and-mouth disease with special reference to outbreak of 1914-15, Mohler. . 677

The mallein ophthalmic test in glanders, Schuiirer 677

Recognition of horses receiving subcutaneous injection of mallein, Ivranich. . . 677

Bacteriological study of tuberculosis of lymph glands in children, Mitchell 677

A fatal case of tuberculosis of bovine origin, Beitzke 678

Tuberculosis in a horse 678

One instance of tuberculosis among Wyoming cattle and its significance, Prien. 678

Production of artificial immimity against tuberculosis in cattle, Gilliland 678

Agglutination test as a means of studying Bacterium abortus in milk, Cooledge. 679

The bactericidal action of methylene blue on abortion bacilli, Hadley 679

Brief history of the cattle tick fight in Louisiana to date, Dalrymple 679

Cell inclusions in hog cholera, Himmelberger 679

A filterable organism isolated from tissues of cholera hogs, Healy and Gott 680

Value of salt solution in antihog-cholera serum, Graham and Himmelberger 680

Suggestions relative to the prevention of hog cholera, Kastle et al 680

Effects of refrigeration upon the larvae of Trichinella spiralis, Ransom 680

A disease resembling "forage poisoning" in horses and mules, Graham et al. . . 681

The cause of pectoral influenza of the horse, Graub 681

Pernicious anemia of the horse, Wyssmann 681

" Black tongue " or typhus of dogs, Kerr 682

Complement fixation in intestinal parasitism of dogs, Kolmer et al 682

Some experiments to kill Trombidium holosericeum, Kaupp 682

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Some notable irrigation and hydroelectric developments, Grunsky 682

State rivers and water-supply commission, tenth annual report, 1914-15 682

The Dethridge meter. Cone 682

A note on well boring, Schutte 683

Surface water supply of Colorado River basin, 1913 683

Surface water supply of Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, 1914. 683

Ground water in the Waterbury area, Connecticut, Ellis 683

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, Peter, Averitt, and McHargue 683

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, Peter et al 683

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, Peter, Averitt, and McHargue 683

Water supplies and health in Massachusetts, Gammage 683

The Schumann rays as an agent for the sterilization of liquids, Bovie 683

First annual report of the Iowa State highway commission 683

First report of the highway engineer, 1914, Bowlby 684

Road laws of West Viipnia, 1913, Williams 684

Prison labor: Instructions, laws, and duties of officials, Williams 684

The road drag, its construction and use, Williams 684

Earth and sand-clay roads, Williams 684

Relation between hardness and toughness of rock, Hubbard and Jackson, jr. . 684

Vin CONTENTS.

Page.

Refined tars for use in road construction and maintenance, Sharpies 684

Information for bidders: Grading and road improvement, Williams 685

Information for bidders: Macadam road improvements, Williams 685

Information for bidders: Brick road improvement, Williams 685

Standard specifications for superstructures of steel highway bridges, Davis 685

Standard specifications: Superstructure of concrete highway bridges, Davis. . . 685

National Association of Cement Users: Proceedings of 1912, edited by Krauss.. 685

Penetration test for asphalts and asphalt cements, Hubbard and Pritchard 685

A study of West Virginia sands, Taylor, Davis, and Williams 686

Electricity in Agriculture, Eohrer 686

Economical construction of rural lines. Hall : 686

Mechanical plowing in Risaia, Tarchetti 686

Housing farm implements, Youngblood and Whipkey 687

Pressure of cotton seed, Eliot 687

The purification of municipal sewage in Germany, Konig and Lacour 687

Researches into the purification of dairy sewage, Weigmann and Wolff 687

Treatment of wastes from the scouring of wool, Crohm'st and Weston 688

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Safe farming, Knapp 688

Community welfare in Kansas, Burr 689

Hale's history of agriculture by dates. Hale 689

The holy earth, Bailey 689

German agriculture and the war 689

Plan for the reorganization of agriculture in Spain, de la Rosa 689

English field systems. Gray 689

The systems of renting land in England, Scotland, and Ireland, Wilson 689

Investigation of the use of land in common in Bavaria, Weiss 690

Agricultural labor and wages in western India, Keatinge 690

Rural credits 690

Direct dealing between producer and consumer 690

Cooperative societies connected with wine making in France, Mandeville 690

Monthly crop report 690

Cotton facts, edited l)y Geller 691

Annual agricultural statistics of France, 1913 691

Live-stock statistics [in France] 691

Agricultural warehouses in Bavaria 691

AORICULTrRAL EDUCATION.

Report on agricultural instruction act, 1913-14 691

Sixth report of district agricultural schools of Georgia, Stewart 691

Report of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, French 692

Report of Alnarp Agricultural and Dairy Institute School and Farm, 1913. . . . 692

[Training teachers to teach nat ure study] 692

College freshmen as an index of the progress of nature study, Needham 692

Instriiction in political economy in the lower agricultural schools, Prochaska. . 693

Outlines in agriculture, classics, and elementary history 693

Secondary school agriculture, Smith 693

Agrictdture 693

Environment of plants. — I. Air, water, heat, light, llotson 693

Soils laboratory manual and notebook, Eastman and Davis 693

Bread and bread making, Davis 693

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1915 693

Report of Kansas Station, 1914 693

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1912 694

Twenty -sixth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1913 694

Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1914, part 1 694

Biennial Report of the Director of the Kentucky Station, 1913-1915, Kastle. . . 694

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1915 694

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Wyoming Station. 1915 694

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 694

The life and work of Melville Amasa Scovell, Kastle 694

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. , 1915. 693

Arkansas Station:

Circ. 28, May, 1915 653

Colorado Station:

Bui. 214, 1915 630

Bui. 215, Nov., 1915 682

Kansas Station:

Insp. Circ. 1, Sept., 1915 624

Rpt. 1914 632, 665, 693

Kentucky Station:

Circ. 10, Dec, 1915 680

Twenty-fifth An. Rpt., 1912. . 615,

683, 694
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt., 1913 . 615,

683, 694
Twenty-seventh An. Rpt.,

1914, pt.l 615,

620, 665, 670, 683, 694

Bien. Rpt. 1914-1915 620,

630, 666, 694

Massachusetts Station:

Bui. 164, Nov., 1915 667, 671

Bui. 165, Nov., 1915 621

Control Ser.Bul. 4, Dec, 1915. 624

Mississippi Station:

Tech. Bui. 6, Feb., 1915 676

New Jersey Stations:

Bui. 280, Dec 1, 1914 621

Bui. 281, Dec. 1, 1914 622

Bui. 282, Dec. 1, 1914 632

Bui. 283, June 16, 1915 665

Bui. 284, June 30, 1915 639

Bui. 285, Aug. 31, 1915 625

Bui. 286, Sept. 29, 1915 639

New York State Station:

Bui. 411, Dec, 1915 657

Bui. 412, Dec, 1915 673, 674

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 23,

Dec, 1915 661

Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 1, Jan.,

1916 661

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 1, No. 2, Feb.,

1916 619,631,639,642,668,670

Oregon Station:

Bui. 132, June, 1915 638

Pennsylvania Station:

Bui. 137, Jan., 1916 636

South Carolina Station:

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1915. 634,

643, 694

Texas Station:

Circ 10, n. ser., Dec, 1915... 687
Circ. 11, n. ser., Jan., 1916. . . 657

Stations in the United States — Continued.

Utah Station: Page.

Bui. 141, Dec, 1915 613

Virginia Truck Station:

Bui. 16, July 1, 1915 657

Washington Station:

Bui. 125, Sept., 1915 647

Bui. 126, Nov., 1915 644

West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui.,

vol. 3, No. 10, Jan., 1916. . 669, 694

West Virginia Station:

Circ. 22, Sept., 1915 669

Wyoming Station:

Bui. 109, Nov., 1915 667

Twenty-fifth An. Rpt., 1915. . 615,
629, 658, 667, 668, 678, 694

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agricultural Research,
vol. 5 —

No. 16, Jan. 17, 1916 625,647

No. 17, Jan. 24, 1916. 646, 649, 655, 685

No. 18, Jan. 31, 1916 619, 680

No. 19, Feb. 7, 1916. 625, 645, 679, 684
Bui. 344, Studies on the Biology
of the Arizona Wild Cotton

Weevil, B. R. Coad 656

Bui. 345, Notes on the Preoviposi-
tion Period of the House Fly,
Musca domestica, R. H. Hutchi-
son 654

Office of the Secretary:

Circ. 55, Spring Grain Apliis
or "Green Bug" in the
Southwest and the Possi-
bilities of an Outbreak in

1916, F. M. Webster 053

Circ. 56, Safe Farming, B.

Knapp 688

Bureau of Crop Estimates:

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 2, No. 1,

Jan. 31, 1916 690

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1913—

Soil Survey of the Free-
hold Area, New Jersey,
H. Jennings, J. B. R.
Dickey, and L. L. Lee. 616
Reconnoissance Soil Sur-
vey of Northeastern
Wisconsin, W. J. Geib

etal 617

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Survey of Lawrence
County, Alabama, H.
G. Lewis and J. F.

Stroud 615

ix

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.

Bureau of Soils — Continued.

Field Operations, 1914— Con. Page.
Soil Survey of Pottawatta-
mie County, Iowa, A. L.
Goodman, P. Hanson,

andH. W. Reid 616

Soil Survey of Harrison
County, Missouri, E. S.
Vanatta and E. W.

Knobel 616

Soil Survey of Bryan
County, Oklahoma,
W. T. Carter, jr., and

A.L.Patrick 617

OflBce of the Solicitor:

Circ. 85, The Food and Drugs

Act 661

Weather Bureau:

Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 43,

Nos. 11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1915. 614
Climat. Data, vol. 2, Nos.

11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1915 615

Scientific Contributions: ^

Oils of the Coniferse.— V, The
Oils of Incense Cedar, A. W.

Schorger 607

A Check Valve for Suction

Flasks, G. P. Walton 608

A Rapid Method for the De-
termination of Carbon Di-

oxid , W . II . Waggaman 6 10

The Determination of Reduc-
ing Sugars. — A Volumetric

Method, F. M. Scales 611

Soil Suney of the Bayfield

Area, Wisconsin, A. R.

Whitson, W. J. Geib, et al. . 617

Soil Surrey of Iowa County,

Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson,

W.J. Geib, etal 617

Soil Survey of Waukesha
County, Wisconsin, A. R.
Whitson, W.J. Geib, et al. . 617
Soil Survey of Waushara Coun-
ty, Wisconsin, A. R. Whit-
son, W. J. Geib, et al 617

Improving the Production of
Washington Navels, A. D.

Shamel 639

A Silvicultural System for
Western Yellow Pine in the
Black Hills, P. T. Smith. . . 640
Uses of Meteorological Studies
in Silvicultural and Manage-
ment Problems, W. H. Ken-
ety 640

U. S. Department of Agricultrue — Contd.

Scientific Contributions — Contd. rage.

The Reforestation of Brush
Fields in Northern Cali-
fornia, R. H. Boerker 640

Windfall Damage in Selection
Cuttings in Oregon, K.
Smith and R. H. Weit-
knecht 640

The Forests of Alaska, H. S.

Gra\es 640

The Use of the Plane Table in
Making Forest Maps, S. B.
Locke 641

Further Notes on Frustum
Form Factor Volume Tables,
D.Bruce 641

Use of Frustum Form Factors
in Constructing Volume
Tables, C. F. Korstian 641

Application of Reconnaissance
Data to Marking Timber for
Cutting, R. H. Boerker 641

Table for Determining Profits
in Holding Second Cirowth,
W. D. Stcrrett 641

Some Factors Governing the
Trend and Practice of Forest
Sanitation, J. R. Weir 642

The Native Habitat of Spongo-
spora subtcrranea, G. R.
Lyman and J. T. Rogers. . . 645

A New Mixture for Controlling
Wood-boring Insects, F. C.
Craighead 652

Some Developments in Grass-
hopper Control, F. M. Web-
ster 653

New Neotropical Muscoid
Flies, C. H. T. Townsend. . . 655

Another Nodule Destroying

Beetle. W. R. McConnell. . . 656-

Some Effects of Storage on
Coffee, R. E. Doolittle and
B.B.Wright 661

Is Ability to Produce Milk Fat
Transmitted by the Dam or
Sire? T . E . Woodward 671

The Significance of Bacteria in
Milk, L. A. Rogers 672

Foot-and-mouth Disease with
Special Reference to Out-
break of 1914-15, J. R. Moh-
ler 677

The Dethridge Meter, V. M.
Cone 682

o Printed in scientific and technical publications outside ttie Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. May, 1916. No. 7.

The establishment of a Division of Agricultural Meteorology in
the U. S. Weather Bureau is a matter of special importance, as mark-
ing a new step in agricultural investigation. It makes provision for
a type of study which has long been advocated and under considera-
tion by the Weather Bureau, and it definitely recognizes a field of
investigation looking to the correlation of meteorological and plant
growth factors.

The fact that it is planned to conduct most of this work in close
cooperation with the experiment stations brings the latter promi-
nently into the new undertaking, and gives to it a national scope
and interest. The selection as head of the new division of Prof. J.
Warren Smith, for several years section director of the Weather
Bureau at Columbus, Ohio, and a student in this special field, insures
for it s^^mpathetic and capable leadership.

Heretofore the chief effort of the weather service in relation to
aiding agriculture has been directed toward the prevention of crop
losses by timely warnings of adverse conditions. For more than
twenty years the Weather Bureau has been publishing weekly and
monthly weather and crop bulletins, and has been conducting certain
special services in the interests of agricultural production. Its efforts
in the latter direction have covered quite a wide range. Among them
are the distribution of frost warnings in fruit growing and trucking
regions, studies on the occurrence and distribution of frosts in moun-
tain regions, with particular reference to the location of orchards,
and warnings of adverse weather conditions in the great corn, wheat,
cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, and truck growing regions. It has also
made measurements of snow in the western mountain States as a
basis for predicting the probable water supply for irrigation, and
has distributed information regarding pasture conditions on the
ranges with a view to bringing about a favorable distribution of
cattle.

Although these services have not been designated as agricultural
meteorology they properly fall under that head, and it is expected
that they will be continued by the new division. As more detailed
information is gained upon the effects of temperature, rainfall, and

601

602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

sunshine on plant development, this knowledge will be utilized in
making the daily, weekly, and monthly bulletins of greater value.

But in addition to these efforts in the application of meteorology
to the needs and interests of agi"iculture, more intimate and system-
atic studies are now to be inaugurated upon the relation of the
environmental factors embraced in climate to the growth of plants
and the production of crops. These studies will relate not only to
the limiting factors of the season as affecting the application of
special crops or varieties to a region, but to the effect of weather and
climate upon the factors of plant growth. The latter studies will
for the present take the form especially of investigation of the criti-
cal periods in the development of plant life.

It is planned to conduct these studies by two general methods: In
the first method the crop yields will be correlated with the weather
conditions that have prevailed during a long period of years, by
means of charts and correlation tables. The other method contem-
plates a systematic record of the temperature, rainfall, sunshine, and
evaporation, taken in connection with observations upon the develop-
ment of certain agricultural plants, the time at which definite stages
of growth are reached, etc. In other words, the attempt will be
made to determine by direct experiments the critical periods of
growth and the effect upon them of varying meteorological factors,
as well as the susceptibility or response of the plants at these dif-
ferent periods.

This type of studies is especially planned to be carried on in close
cooperation with the agricultural experiment stations. To that end
the "Weather Bureau is soliciting the cooperation of the stations, in-
viting suggestions as to the plan as a whole, special methods to be
followed, kind of data to be taken, etc. It is aimed to make the
cooperation a real one in every sense, pertaining to the development
of the plan and methods as well as to the field observations and the
handling of the results.

This is a matter in which the experiment stations are in position to
render verj^ material assistance. They have fields for experiment
with agricultural crops, and can provide the proper conditions for
experiment and for the accurate recording of data. The field of in-
quiry is one which naturally interests them, and there will be marked
advantage from the provision of a central agency to give unity and
continuity to such studies distributed over the country. It is to be
hoped, therefore, in the interest of the new undertaking, that there
will be quite general response to the proposal for cooperation.

Other branches of this Department, notably the Bureau of Plant
Industry, have been for some time conducting studies relative to the
water requirement of crops, drought resistance, and the effect of
various environmental factors on plant growth. These have a ditect

EDITORIAL. 603

bearing on the general problem which the Weather Bureau is now
addressing itself to, and cooperation will be sought in extending the
inquiries and in applying the results.

It is the desire of the new division to get track of the various
types of study in this country bearing on the correlation of cli-
mate and plant growth. One of its early aims will doubtless be
to make a survey of such investigation, to ascertain the status of the
inquiry in this field, and to study the methods employed with a view
to determining those best adapted to the purpose of the proposed
investigations. There has been an increasing amount of such study,
scattered over the country, and it gives much encouragement for a
more systematic undertaking.

For example Voorhees, of Tennessee, has been able so to correlate
climatic conditions, as shown by ordinary meteorological observa-
tions, with crop requirements as to arrange a double cropping system
which utilizes the rainfall and temperature of that State to much
better advantage in crop production than has been done under gen-
eral practice. Blair has worked out some interesting correlations be-
tween temperature and rainfall and spring wheat in the Northwest,
which may prove of practical value in predicting probable wheat
yield. "Wallis has attempted a broad correlation of rainfall and
agriculture in the United States, Kinzer of weather and cotton in
Texas, and McLean of climate and plant growth in Maryland. Prof.
J. Warren Smith has reported a series of studies of the effect of
weather (more particularly temperature and rainfall) on yield of
wheat and potatoes in Ohio, and on the yield of corn in the main corn
growing districts of the United States. These studies have had in
mind especially the critical periods and limiting meteorological fac-
tors in crop growth. Dr. O. L. Fassig is studying the period of safe
plant growth in different parts of Maryland.

The inadequacy of present methods and data for quantitative
studies of the climatic relations of crops has been pointed out by
various investigators who have attempted to nse the data in such
studies. For example, Prof. B. E. Livingston, in referring to the
systematic collection of observations upon the various climatic areas,
used largely for weather prediction and for the purposes of theoreti-
cal meteorology, suggests that " quantitative climatic descriptions
must lie hidden somehow in these enormous masses of figures, but
the plant geographer, whether agriculturist or ecologist, has thus
far been able to derive therefrom but a very small amount of appli-
cable information."

Nevertheless the data are being used to an increasing extent by a
number of investigators, including Livingston, in working out valu-
able climate and crop correlations.

604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The action of the U. S. "Weather Bureau in establishing its new
division is in line with recent agitation and development in other
countries. It is but one of many recent evidences of growing interest
and progress in the development of studies and investigations which
may be considered as belonging strictly in the field of agricultural
meteorology, and this progress has occurred in spite of the fact that
systematic organization of such work has undoubtedly been greatly
impeded by the European war.

Much was expected with respect to suggestive plans and methods
for modifying existing weather services, to make their work more
useful to agriculture, from the deliberations of the permanent com-
mission on the organization of agricultural meteorology, appointed
by the International Meteorological Commission in 1913. This com-
mission included in its membership distinguished representatives of
France, Germany, Russia, Italy, and Canada. It was not able to go
farther than to make certain general recommendations regarding
the improvement of the present weather services from the agricul-
tural standpoint, such as simplification of apparatus for more gen-
eral use, systematic observations on sunshine and state of the sky,
wider distribution of forecasts, increase of local forecast stations, and
the use of weather charts in the primary schools.

The European situation which developed soon after the appoint-
ment of this commission naturally precluded, for the time being, the
possibility of any further outcome from this source. Nevertheless,
the subject has received steadily increasing attention by individual
coimtries and investigators. In line with the general suggestions of
the commission, steps have been taken to make the weather services of
Great Britain, France, Germany, Sweden, Brazil, and other coun-
tries more directly useful to farmers.

The development of the British Meteorological Service with this
object in view has been more particularly along the line of supplying
information likely to be of value to agriculturists, in the form of
weather forecasts (including special harvest forecasts) and statisti-
cal reports, leaving the application of the data to the problems in
hand to anyone disposed to take advantage of the information
provided. It has been pointed out that the fundamental difficulty
with the British program seems to be that "the farmer has made
his own study of the weather and uses it in his own Avay without
committing the results to writing, while the Meteorological Office
prints large masses of data without knowing precisely in what direc-
tion to discuss them in relation to agricultural problems." Recog-
nizing this difficulty, the British Service is studying the trend of in-
quiries about the weather on the part of the general public, with a
view to approaching agricultural meteorology on lines suggested

EDITORIAL. 605

by the agriculturists themselves. Much importance is also attached
to the teaching of the subject of meteorology in the rural schools.

Russia was the pioneer and is still the preeminent leader in the
organization of systematic investigations designed to determine
quantitatively the relation of different climatic factors to crop pro-
duction. The Russian service, organized as a branch of the ^linistry
of xVgriculture in 1897, has become so extensive and has been in
operation so long that it is now contributing a voluminous literature
on the more important phases of agricultural meteorology. This
serA'ice attempts the direct and quantitative correlation of meteoro-
logical conditions with plant growth by means of a comprehensive
system of experimental and observation fields, arranged for different
kinds and classes of crops.

The work in Russia is furnishing a large amount of most valuable
exact information as to the climatic adaptations of plants, and their
critical periods and requirements as regards meteorological condi-
tions, especially temperature and precipitation. In addition to the
making of these more direct studies, the data of ordinary meteoro-
logical observations are being compiled in form to show periods of
growth of different crops and regions, and probable occurrence and
distribution of droughts. This is proving of great practical value
in determining the crops and the cropping systems most likely to
succeed in any given locality.

The Russian experience and results are especially valuable, not
only in outlining the problems which must be solved, but in indi-
cating the lines and methods of attack. For some time to come the
question of methods applicable to conditions in the United States
will probably occupy a major share of attention of those attempting
to develop this field of inquir}^ The Russian plan is remarkably
comprehensive and complete, but it is not reasonable to assume that
it can be profitably adopted in its entirety in this country. A modi-
fication of the plan, adapted especially to the study of the relation
of meteorological conditions to the growth of spring wheat, has been
introduced into Canada. The work was begun in 1915, when fourteen
experimental and observation stations, well distributed over Canada,
were established, but the work has not yet been so thoroughly organ-
ized or proceeded far enough to warrant definite conclusions as to the
value of the method or the significance of the results obtained.

The Russian plan includes the study of the relation of meteoro-
logical conditions to animal production as well as to plant produc-
tion, and quite possibly one of the important lines along which such
work may develop in this country is the more exact study of the rela-
tion of weather and climate to insects and fungus pests, particularly
as a good beginning has already been made in such studies by several

606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

American investigators. The opportunities in this direction seem
very attractive.

In a previous editorial discussion of this subject, it was stated that
the fundamental needs as regards the application of meteorology^ to
agriculture are in logical sequence and ascending order of impor-
tance as follows: (1) The organization and correlation of statistical
data on weather conditions and crop growth alreadj' available in
large amount; (2) the organization of more extensive and systematic
effort to secure exact data along this line by all interested agencies;
and (3) special studies of the adjustment of plants and animals to
their atmospheric environment, requiring the cooperation of the
biologist with the meteorologist. The record of recent meteorologi-
cal work shows that there has been some distinct progress along all
of these lines.

The outlook for further progress is hopeful ; the need of it is evi-
dent. It should be recognized, however, that this is a special line
of study and recpiires for its highest success a broad system of coop-
eration. There has been lacking in the past a center around which
to group such a cooperative enterprise, and the meeting of this
deficiency by the establishment of the new division in the Weather
Bureau encourages the hope that investigation in this field will be
greatly stimulated and strengthened.

The fact that such studies must almost of necessity be cooperative,
since they must be made on a large scale and in accordance with a
systematic plan which will enable the results to be brought together
and correlated, and furthermore that they must extend over a con-
siderable range of country and be continued through a period of
years, all points to the need of an extensive and permanent system.
In these respects the conditions in this country seem especially happy
and propitious, and to offer opportunity for the joining of hands
by the National Weather Bureau and the State experiment stations
in a study where their fields and their interests meet. In these two
agencies facilities are afforded for profitable investigation hardly
to be found in equal scope and variety of conditions in any other
country in the world.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Physiological chemistry, A, P. Mathews {New York: William Wood & Co.,
1915, pp. Vlll+lOJfO, pi. 1, figs. 78).— This text is divided into three parts : (1)
Tlie chemistry of protoplasm and the cell; (2) the msunmalian body considered
as a machine, and its growth, maintenance, energy transformations, and waste
substances; and (3) practical work and methods. The text is illustrated with
many figures and contains at the end of each chapter a short list of references
to original work bearing on the subject dealt with.

Biochemical hand lexicon, edited by E. Abdekhalden {Biochcmisches Iland-
lexikon. Berlin: J. Springer, 1915, vol. 9, ErgUuzungsh. 2, pp. Vl+JflS). — A
continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 707). The sections
included in this volume are as follows : Proteins ; peptones and kyrins ; pro-
tein oxidation products ; polypeptids ; amino acids ; nitrogenous derivatives
of proteins of unknown constitution ; urea and its derivatives ; guanidin,
creatin, and creatinin ; amins ; bases of imknown or uncertain constitution ;
cholin, betain, neurin, muscarin, etc. ; indol and indol derivatives ; nucleo pro-
teins and nucleic acids ; pur in substances ; and animal coloring matter.

Quantitative laws in biological chemistry, S. Akrhenius (London: G. Bell
& Sons, Ltd., 1915, pp. XII-{-164, figs. 36). — Tlie subject matter of this volume
is based on three Tyndall lectures given at the Royal Institution in London in
1914. Biochemical phenomena are considered in tlie liglit of physical chemistry.
The chapters include an introduction ; the velocity of reactions ; the influence
of temperature on the velocity of reactions ; reactions of cells ; the quantitative
laws of digestion and resorption ; chemical equilibria ; and immunization.

Oils of the coniferge. — V, The leaf and twig, and bark oils of incense cedar,
A. W. ScHOKGER (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 8 (1916), No. 1, pp. 22-24, fig-
1). — The leaf and twig and the bark oils, respectively, of incense cedar are
found to have approximately the following percentage composition : Furfurol
trace, trace ; 1-a-pinene from 12 to 16 and from 75 to 85 per cent ; 5-sylvestrene
and S-limonene from 54 to 48 and ? per cent ; dipentene ? and from 5 to 6
per cent ; bornyl actetate 8 and 1 per cent ; free borneol 4 and 2 per cent ;
"libocedrene" from 6 to 7 and ? per cent ; "green oil" 2 and 3 per cent ; losses
6 and 6 per cent.

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 409).

Polymerization of Chinese wood oil, C. L. Schumann (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 1, pp. 5-15, figs. 2). — As the result of a comprehen-
sive investigation the author concludes that the polymerization of Chinese
wood oil takes place by the union of double bonds of the (wood oil) fatty
acids, analogous to the polymerization occurring on heating linseed oil. The
polymerization is "mesomorphic"' and the intermediate product can be isolated.

A satisfactory method for the examination of wood oil may be based on the
property of elaeomargaric acid to crystallize from a dilute alcohol solution.
33859°— 16 2 607

608 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.

The fatty acids from the polymerized triglycerids of the wood oil, as well as
those from the other drying and semidrying oils, do not have this property.

Wood oil can be completely polymerized upon heating for a short time at
very high temperatures. Under such treatment it will not gelatinize. The oil
polymerizes considerably faster than linseed oil at corresponding temperatures,
liime, litharge, and oxidation products together with a large number of metals
at higher temperatures catalyze the polymerization of the elaeomargaric acid
triglycerid into the intermediate product. Oxygen does not act as a catalyzer
except indirectly. The pure polymerized product of the oil dries very slowly.
It is thus characterized, as containing large percentages of polymerized'
triglycerid, by this slow rate of drying.

The carbohydrates of pine •wood, E. Haggll-nd {Biochem. Ztschr., 10 (1915),
No. 5-6, pp. 416-425). — The composition of the carbohydrates of pine wood was
determined qualitatively and approximately quantitatively. On hydrolysis they
yielded chiefly xylose and mannose, together with some fructose and galactose.
Glucose could not be found. On hydrolysis with dilute acids at higher tem-
peratures the carboliydrates were first changed to a soluble form and on con-
tinued heating were partly converted to glucose.

An effective apparatus for evaporating aqueous extracts by means of a
current of air, T. B. Aldrich (Jour. Biol. Chcvi., 23 (1915), No. 1, pp. 255-259,
pi. 1, fig. 1). — An arrangement for the evaporation of solutions or the drying
of biological materials which are susceptible to higher temperatures is de-
scribed. The apparatus has given excellent results and the author claims cer-
tain advantages for its use over vacuum distillation.

A check valva for suction flasks, G. 1'. Walton (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chcm., 8 (1916), No. 1, p. 51, fig. 1). — A device which allows continuous filtra-
tion by suction in automatically emptying the flask is describe<l in detail. It
consists of a form of ball check valve, easily constructed and readily fitted
to any of the usual types of suction flasks. The device as described has been
found to be very convenient and a time saver in crude fiber, reducing sugar,
pentosan, and other determinations where the filtrate and washings are re-
jected.

Note on the micromethod for gasometric determination of aliphatic amino
nitrogen, D. D. Van Si.yke (Jniir. Biol. Chnn., 23 (1915), No. 1, pp. 401-.',09,
fig. 1). — By a slight modification of the gas burette In the apparatus pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 610) it is found possible to secure the same degree
of accuracy of results by reducing the size of the apparatus one-half and using
correspondingly small amounts of material for the determination.

The recovery of molybdic acid from phosphorus-determination residues,
A. D. Berkhout (VcrsUtg. LnndhouKlc. Ondcrzocl;. Rijlcslnndbouirprocfstat.
[Ncthcrlandali, No. IS (1915), pp. 8S-S5). — The following procedure is recom-
mended for the recovery of molybdic acid from the residues obtained in the
method of Grote (E. S. R., 22, p. 510) :

Two and six-tenths kg. of the precipitate, which has been washed and air-
<aried, is dissolved in 2 liters of 2.5 per cent ammonium liydroxid and 4 liters
ojf water. Four liters of magnesia mixture are added, and ammonium mag-
nesium phosphate is precipitated after standing several days. This is filtered
and washed with 2.5 per cent anunonium hydroxid. (The ammonium magnesium
pliospliate, dissolved in nitric acid, may be used to recover molylxlic acid from the
mother liquor of precipitates.) The clear filtrate is evaporated on the water bath
to incipient precipitation of ammonium chlorid, several portions of 100 cc. each of
10 per cent ammonium hydroxid being added during tbe evaporation. The precipi-
tated ammonium molybdate is transferred to a porcelain mortar, mixed, and

AGKICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 609

well stirred with water. It is then filtered and washed to remove as much as
possible of the chlorids and dried at room temperature. The filtrate from
this recovered product may be treated for a further recovery of ammonium
molybdate, the impure product being purified by recrystallization from boiling
water to which has been added some 10 per cent ammonium hydroxid.

A similar procedure for the recovery of molybdic acid from the residues of
the Lorenz (B. S. R., 13, p. 14) and Pemberton methods is also outlined.

Examination of water for sanitary and technic purposes, H. Leffmann
(PJiiladcIpJiia: P. BlaJciston's Soil d Co. [1915}, 7. ech, rev. and enl., pp. XVI-{-
140, figs. 6). — The seventh edition of this worl^, revised and enlarged. The
purpose of the volume, as stated in the preface, is to furnish the commercial
and works-laboratory with a summary of the best processes for ascertaining
the sanitary and technical value of a water sample. The procedures have been
brought into general agreement with those recommended by the American
Public Health Association.

Investigations on the acid and alkali content of soils, A. Stutzee and W.
Havpt (Jour. Landw., 63 (1015), No. 1, pp. 33-45). — The great influence of
free acid in the soil on the crop and the soil bacteria, and also on the chemical
changes produced in the so'l, is pointed out. The method for soil acidity of
Tacke and Siichting (E. S. R., 21, p. 9) was not found to be as satisfactory
as reported by other workers.

For the qualitative determination of acidity in the soil the methods proposed
by Baumann and Gully (E. S. R., 19, p. 1008), Loew (E. S. R., 21, p. 703), and
Daikuhara (E. S. R., 31, p. 618) have been tested and found to be satisfactory.
A quantitative method for the determination of acidity in soil, based on the
qualitative test of Baumann and Gullj', has been devised and is outlined in
detail. Experimental results indicate the applicability of the method.

A method for the determination of water-soluble alkali, based on the same
principle, is also described. The presence of carbonates does not necessarily
indicate the absence of acids. • A soil which requires more than 200 mg. of
suphuric acid for neutralization per kilogram is considered strongly alkaline.
From experimental data the authors conclude that it is impossible to determine
the acidity of a soil by treatment with dilute alkali and therefore recommend
the iodid-iodate method which they have devised.

A proposed rapid method for the analysis of limestone for agricultural
processes, A. S. Behkman {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1016), No. 1, pp.
42-45). — A tentative "differential" method for the agricultural analysis of
limestone is proposed.

The procedure outlined is to dissolve the sample (1 gm.) in 50 cc. half-
normal hydrochloric acid, add a few drops of 8 per cent hydrogen peroxid, and
heat on the water bath at S6° C. for 30 minutes. The flask and contents are
then cooled, 5 gm. of ammonium chlorid added, and the iron and aluminum
precipitated with 25 cc. half-normal ammonium hydroxid. After standing for
15 minutes the precipitate is filtered and washed with a neutral 10 per cent
solution of ammonium nitrate, ignited, and weighed. This weight represents
the insoluble residue, plus iron and aluminum. The filtrate and washings are
then titrated with standard half-normal hydrochloric acid, using methyl orange
as an indicator. From the amount of hydrochloric acid used to put the carbon-
ates in solution and from the total carbonates (original sample, minus insolu-
ble residue and ammonia precipitate) the percentages of calcium and magne-
sium carbonates can be calculated by two simultaneous equations. The theory
of the calculation is explained in detail.

610 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

From a series of comparative determinations with standard methods the pro-
posed method was found to be well within the experimental error limit for
insoluble residue and ammonia precipitate, while the percentages of calcium
carbonate varied from 1.02 to 4.35. The author has demonstrated that the
ammonia precipitations may be made quantitatively in the cold in the presence
of ammonium salts, that half-normal hydrochloric acid may be heated under the
proper conditions for 30 minutes without any loss of acid, and that ammonium
chlorid exerts an inhibitory action upon the precipitation of calcium carbonate
to a greater extent than is generally attributed to it. " If the limit of inac-
curacy for agricultural analysis is set at 1 per cent, the proposed method, in its
present state, at least, is hardly to be recommended, but where only an approxi-
mation is desired, it might be employed."

A rapid method for the determination of carbon dioxid, W. II. Waggaman
(Jour. Indus, and Engin,. Chcm., 8 (1016), No. 1, p. Jfl, fig. 1). — An apparatus
for the determination of carbon dioxid which works automatically and requires
very little attention from the manipulator is described in detail. It is similar
to that described by Cameron and Breazeale (E. S. R., 15, p. 744). Experimental
data submitted indicate the accuracy of the procedure. The method may be
employed for the rapid estimation of carbon dioxid in the organic matter of
soils and also in other organic compounds.

The estimation of carbon dioxid in the ash of plant and animal sub-
stances, S. B. KuziRiAN {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., S {1016), No. J, p.
89). — For the determination of carbon dioxid in the crude ash of plant and
animal material the author prefers the simple and more rapid procedure of
Gooch and Kuzirian (E. S. R., 26, p. 708), using .sodium parapliospliotungstate,
which is stable and easily prepared, to the procedure outlined by Boltz (E. S. R.,
34, p. 202). The carbon dioxid is determined by loss on ignition, and excellent
results are said to be obtained.

Food analysis; typical methods and the interpretation of results, A. G.
Woodman {New York and London: McGraic-JIill Book Co., Inc., 1915, pp.
A'+5i0, figs. 108). — As stated by the author, this book has grown out of the
courses given to students in food analysis during the last few years. Great
emphasis is laid on the interpretation of analytical results. The book has been
written and the material selected primarily for the undergraduate student
rather than for the practising chemist. Many references to standard works
on food analysis are cited.

Concerning- the identity of the proteins extracted from wheat flour by the
usual solvents, C. H. Bailey and M. J. Blish {Jour. Biol. CJirm., 23 {1915),
No. 1, pp. 3^5-^357). — From a study of the separation of the proteins in flour
the authors conclude that the 1 per cent sodium chlorid extract of a patent
flour contains a large proportion of gliadin, representing more than one-half
of the total protein extracted. Extraction with 10 per cent sodium chlorid and
5 per cent potassium sulphate decreases the amount of gliadin extracted. More
gliadin was extracted with 50 per cent alcohol than with either 30 or 70 per
cent. None of the extractions were complete unless the temperature was raisetl.

Extraction with 50 per cent alcohol at from 83 to 84° C. for three hours is
recommended for the complete separation of gliadin. " The .separation of
gliadin from nongliadin proteins by coagulation in water at the boiling tem-
perature is not quantitative, considerable gliadin not being coagulated under
those conditions."

A method for the determination of the strength and baking qualities of
wheat flour, C. H. Bailey {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 8 {1916), No. 1. pp.
03-57, figs. 2; Opcr. Miller, 21 {1916), No. 2. pp. 101,-106. figs. 2).— The author

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 611

has modified the apparatus usually used for this purpose, aud outlined a method
which eliminates the personal equation, so far as is practicable, in making actual
baking and expansion tests. " The use of a machine for mixing, the automatic
recording of maximum expansion in the cj'linder, and the raising of the dough
to a fixed height before baking all tend to render the element of judgment less
prominent than has heretofore been the case with most methods. Automatic
regulation of the temperature in the fermentation cabinet also contributes to
the ease of making the tests."

The detennination of moisture in sirups by the calcium carbid method,
R. M. West {Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJiem., 8 (1916), No. 1, pp. 31-35, fig. 1).—
As the result of a study of this method the author has devised a new apparatus
and has made some changes in the details of the manipulation.

It is concluded that the method is accurate within from 0.3 to 0.4 per cent,
and in this respect is equal to the Official Method (E. S. R., 20, p. 512). It Is
more satisfactory than the Official l\Iethod in that the end point is clearly
defined and less time is required for the determination. The carbid used
should be subjected to a blank test to determine its water equivalent. The
method is especially adapted to materials sensitive to higher temperatures and
to those which lose volatile substances during the usual process of drying.
Concordant results can be obtained with the procedure in the presence of acids
if a correction of the acetylene for the total acidity is made.

The determination of reducing sug'ars. — A volumetric method for deter-
mining cuprous oxid without rem.oval from. Fehling's solution, F. M. Scales
(Jour. Biol. Cheni., 23 (,1915), No. 1, pp. 81-87). — A new volumetric method for
the determination of cuprous oxid in Fehling's solution is described. The
cuprous oxid is converted directly into cuprous chlorid, an aliquot added to
standard iodin solution, and the excess iodin titrated with standard sodium
thiosulphate. Dextrose, maltose, lactose, invert sugar, and probably other
reducing sugars may be estimated by this procedure. Comparable results with
the gravimetric method have been obtained, and only about one-fourth of the
time is required.

The procedure may also be used for the quantitative determination of copper.

Analysis of milk and milk products, H. Leffmann {Philadelphia: P. Blak-
iston's ^on & Co. \.1915'\, 4. ed., rev. and enl., pp. VIII-\-115, figs. 3). — This is
the fourth edition of the work, revised and enlarged. Analytical processes of
practical value are outlined in detail.

The reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in the coagulation
process, T. H. Mileoy {Biochcm. Jour., 9 (1915), No. 2, pp. 215-228). — The
author reports the results of a number of experiments in vitro to determine the
influence of the hydrogen ion concentration and the calcium content of milk on
coagulability and digestibility.

It is concluded that "during the course of rennin action there is no change
in the [H.] of milk, either in the earlier stage or in the actual separation of
the clot. The addition of an alkaline oxalate to milk lowers, while that of
CaCh raises the [H.]. Fresh milk which has been subjected to a temperature
slightly below boiling point for one hour shows a rise in [H.], and a fall in the
calcium content. Such milk is only very slowly acted upon by rennin. The
coagulability of heated milk may be raised either by the addition of CaCU or
by raising the [H.]. The former does not act simply by rai-sing the [H.], nor
the latter from its effect upon the soluble calcium content. The acid precipita-
tion zone of caseinogen lies on the acid side of the rennin zone of action, but
the latter gradually approaches the former as the calcium content of the mix-
ture is lowered, so that in all probability the latter is an extension of the

612 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

former toward the neutral point. Calcium chlorid, apart from its effect upon
[H.], increases the activity of the rennin ferment from the beginning of the
digestion process."

Determination of the degree of homogenization of milk, O. von Sobbe
{Milchio. Zenibl., 43 {19lJi), Ko. 20, pp. oOS-oOG ; abs. in Jour. Soc. Cliem. Indus.,
SIf (1915), No. IJf, p. 813). — "Two hundred and fifty cc. samples of treated and
untreated milk are placed in graduated tubes and allowed to stand for 72 hours
at room temperature. Each sample is then divided into three layers of 50,
150, and .50 cc, respectively, and the fat content of each of these is determined
by Gerber's method, except in the case of the lowest layer, or untreated milk,
when Kohler's method is preferable. Prior to the analysis, each sample is
treated with formalin (1 drop to 100 cc. of milk). The fat content of the
lowest layer expressed as a percentage of that of the original milk is termed
the decree of homogenization."

An easy test for bacteria in milk and cream (Barthel's reductase test im-
proved), H. JoNE {Brooklyn, N. Y.: Author, 1915, pp. 23, fig. 1). — Tliis publica-
tion is designed primarily to meet the needs of milk dealers, creamery em-
ployees, condensary employees, etc. Simple and detailed directions for the use
of the methylene blue reductase test for the determination of the bacterial
activity in milk are given. Directions for the preparation and standardization
of an improved methylene blue solution, which must be uniform for accurate
results, are also included.

The deteiTuination of sucrose in condensed milk, G. W. Knight and G.
FoRMANEK {.Jour. Indu.H. and Knyin. Chcm., S {1916), No. 1, pp. 28-^/).— After
discussing the various methods commonly used, the following procedure has
been outlined :

The can of milk is heated for a .short time in a 100' C. oven, cooled in a
desiccator, weighed, and the contents transferred by means of hot water to a
500 cc. volumetric flask. The empty can is then dried and weighed and the
weight of the milk (W) determined by difference. The contents of the flask
are thorougldy shaken until the solution is homogeneous, filled to the mark with
water, cooled to room temperature, and shaken. Aliquot portions of 50 and
100 cc, measured in volumetric flasks, are transferred by rinsing to 200 cc.
volumetric flasks and clarified by the addition of 1.7 cc. of 5 per cent phospho-
tungstic acid and then, after shaking, of 2.1 cc. of a 26 per cent neutral acetate
solution.

After being made up to the mark the liquid is filtered and the lead in the
filtrate precipitated by the addition of potassium oxalate, a large excess being
avoided. The solutions are then filtered, the filtrate being tested for the com-
plete precipitation of the lead and portions polarized at 20°, preferably in a
Bates instrument. The direct polarization (P) corrected for the volume of
precipitate is obtained by multiplying the reading of the dilute solution by 4
and subtracting the reading of the stronger solution. Other portions of the milk
are treated in a similar manner and inverted by means of concentrated hydro-
chloric acid by standing over night at room temperature. The solutions are
then neutralized, again slightly acidified with a few drops of tenth-normal
hydrochloric acid, and portions polarized the same as before inversion. The
polarization (P*) is obtained in the same way as the previous polarization.
The following formula is used for calculating the sucrose in the condensed
milk :

T> , , 2G.0O0(P-P')

Percentage of sucro&e=-^T^ ... __ y,^,

T=the temperature in degrees at which the invert reading is made.

METEOROLOGY. 613

The determination of ammonia nitrogen in steer's urine, D. C. Cochrane
{Jour. Biol. Chcm., 23 {1915), No. 1, pp. 311-316).— Afi the result of his studies
the autlior concludes that " figures for nitrogen as free ammonia in the urine
of cattle are unreliable because of the decomposition of ammonium carbonate.
Figures for total ammonia nitrogen are worthless unless special precautions are
taken to overcome the rapid ammoniacal decomposition. Chloroform and
toluene fail to prevent the breaking up of the nitrogenous compounds. Sul-
phuric acid when added to the urine of a steer in sufficient quantity to fix the
ammonia present as carbonate and to slight excess retards decomposition to
such an extent as to allow time for analysis. All ammonia determinations must
be made on daily samples of urine because the sulphuric acid does not completely
stop decomposition in a composite sample."

A method for the quantitative determination of lactic acid in urine, J.
ScHNEYER {Biochem. Ztschr., 10 (1915), No. 3-4, pp. 294-208).— A method for
the quantitative determination of lactic acid, based on the fact that carbon
monoxid is liberated when the material is treated with concentrated sulphuric
acid, is outlined in detail. Oxalic and aceto-acetic acids interfere with the
accuracy of the procedure and must, therefore, be removed, the former by pre-
cipitation with calcium chlorid, and the latter by boiling with acid, which con-
verts it to the volatile acetone. One molecule of lactic acid liberates one mole-
cule of carlion monoxid in the reaction, so that the quantity of acid is easily
calculated from the volume of gas liberated.

The estimation of lipoid and acid-soluble phosphorus in small amounts of
serum, I. Greenwald (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 21 (1915), No. 1, pp. 29-36). — The
author has described a method for the estimation of lipoid and acid-soluble
phosphorus ifi small amounts of serum, in which he has combined the Neumann
method of oxidation and the Pouget-Chouchak colorimetric method (E. S. R.,
26, p. 40G) for the estimation of the phosphorus. The procedure is deemed
probably applicable to other tissues.

METEOROLOGY.

Variation in minimum temperatures due to the topography of a mountain
valley in its relation to fruit growing, L. D. Batchelor and F. L. West ( Utah
Sta. Bui. IJfl (1915), pp. 26, figs. i6).— This bulletin reports the results of a sys-
tematic study of temperature variations in a representative area of 15 square
miles in Cache Valley where the elevation ranges from 4,428 to 4,901 ft. The
observations were confined to the cultivated bench lands on the east side of
the valley and valley bottoms, the entire area having a general westerly slope.

It was found that " fruit sections located at the mouth of a canyon experience
a higher minimum temperature on the average than localities of similar eleva-
tions which are out beyond the influence of the canyon breezes. This differ-
ence is increased with velocity of the canyon breeze.

"The low bottom lands of nearly the same elevation in a mountain valley
vary somewhat in the minimum temperatures experienced due to topography
of the locality ; as a whole, however, these districts are subject to a minimum
temperature of only small variance if the opportunity for air drainage is
similar. Localities of similar slope and elevation along the bench lands, and
with equal chance for air drainage, experience nearly identical average mini-
mum temperatures. A small difference in elevation may be somewhat equalized
by a difference in the opportunity for air drainage. The minimum temperatures
experienced by the bench lands, and upper slopes of the tillable area in a
mountain valley average from 6° to 10° F. warmer than the valley bottoms,

614 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

due to the drainage of cold air to the low areas during the typical clear, calm,
frosty nights. . . .

"The variation in the minimum temperatures of the high and the low por-
tion of a valley are reduced about 60 per cent during cloudy weather. The
clouds interfere with free movement of the cold air flowing to low areas.
During windy weather the low areas may exi>erience a slightly higher minimum
temperature than the bench land due to their protected positions. The wind
has a tendency, however, to equalize the temperature of the various areas in
a valley.

" The variations in minimum temperatures experienced by the highlands
and lowlands of a mountain valley due to the drainage of cold air to the
bottoms is much the same throughout the year regardless of season. The varia-
tions in maximum temperatures experienced by different sections of a mountain
valley were only slight during the period under observation compareil with the
variations in minimum temperatures, and bore little or no relation to the
latter."

The general conclusion is that " the success or failure of a fruit orchard in
the intermouutain States might depend entirely upon its location within a
given area of tillable land."

Reforestation and occult condensation, P. Descombes, trans, by 11. Lvii-^N
and C. ^Vbbe, Jr. (Assoc. Franc. Avanc. Sci., Compt. Rend., 43 {191.'f), pp. 337-
341; r. .S'. J/o. ^yeathcr Rev., 43 (1915), No. 12, pp. 617. 6iS).— Observations by
other investigators are cited to show that in certain drainage basins the
quantity of water derived from condensation of water vapor ("occult condensa-
tion") exceeds that lost by evaporation, and it is maintained that the amount
so obtained is greatly decreased by the destruction of forests and other forms
of vegetation.

Monthly Weather Review (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), Nos. 11, pp.
543-587, pis. 9, fi(js. 13; 12, pp. 5S9-650, pis. 10, figs. 7).— In addition to weather
forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for November
and December, 1915 ; lists of additions to the AVeather Bureau Library and of
recent papers on meteorology and seismologj- ; notes on the weather of the
months ; solar and sky radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during
November and December, 191.j; condense<l climatological summaries; and the
usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following
articles :

No. 11. — Increased Solar Activity and Atmospheric Optical Phenomena, by
J. Maurer; Aurora of June 16-17, 191.5, by D. F. Manning; Aurora of June
16-17, 1915, at Ashland, Ohio, by S. W. Brandt; Study of the Upper Air by
Means of Telescoix\s; Working Up of Wind Observations (illus.), by J. W.
Sandstrom ; Waterspouts Observed off Cape San Lucas (illus.). by W. J. Fisher;
Circulation and Temperature of the Atmosphere, by W. H. Dines; Forecasting
Thunderstorms, by G. Guilbert, with Comments by Durant-Greville (illus.) ;
A Breathing Well, by J. Free; A Temperature Inversion in the Grand River
Valley, Colo, (illus.), by E. S. Nichols; Relation between Meteorological Condi-
tions in the Netherlands and Some Circumjacent Places, by J. P. van der Stok;
Internal Structure of the Earth and the Moon, by H. Jeffreys ; Snow Survey on
Cottonwood Creek, Idaho, by A. J. Henry ; and Tornado at Pace, Fla., Novem-
ber 26, 1915.

No. 12. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Santa Fe, N. Mex., during September,
November, and December, 191.5, by H. H. Kimball ; A Halo in the JIaking,
by J. R. Weeks ; Lunar Halo of June 24-25, 191.5, at Richmond. Va.. by T. R.
Brooks et al. ; The Penetrating Radiation Present in the Atmosphere, liy
A. Gockel ; Concomitant Changes in Terrestrial Magnetism and Solar Radiation,

SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 615

by L. A. Bauer ; The Radio-active Deposit from the Atmosphere on an Un-
charged Wire, by S. J. M. Allen; Penetrating Radiation at High Altitudes, by
W. Kolhorster; (Aurorie, Earth Currents, and Magnetic Disturbances, by
O. Klotz; The Melting of Snow (illus.), by R. E. Horton ; Meteorology and
Seismology at the Pan American Scientific Congress, by C. F. Talman ; Ab-
stracts of Papers at the Pan American Congress; The Meaning of the Word
" Fair " in Meteorology, by Eleanor Buynitzky ; The Aurelia Alto-cumulus Cloud
(illus.), by G. Reader; Tornadoes in Kansas, by S. D. Flora; Reforestation
and Occult Condensation, by P. Descombes (see p. 614) ; Percentage Frequency
of Thunderstorms in the United States, 1904-1913; Storms and Hurricanes in
Jamaica, 1655-1915, by M. Hall ; The Application of Physical Principles to Prob-
lems Suggested by Oceanic Circulation and Temperatures, by G. F. McEwen ;
Albert Adams Young, 1836-1916, by J. H. Armington ; Earthquakes Felt in the
United States During 1915, by W. J. Humphreys ; and The Tornado of Decem-
ber 17, 1915, in Eastern Mississippi, by D. McNeal.

Climatological data for the United States by sections (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 (1915), Nos. 11, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 8; 12, pp. 226,
pis. 2, figs. 9). — These numbers contain, respectively, brief summaries and de-
tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for November
and December, 1915.

Meteorological summaries for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914 (Kentucky
Sta. Rpts. 1912, pp. 551, 552; 1913, pp. 619, 620; 19U, pt. 1, pp. 119, 120).—
Summaries are given of monthly and annual precipitation, 1872 to 1912, 1913, and
1914, and of temperature, precipitation, wind movement, and cloudiness during
1912, 1913, and 1914.

Meteorological summary for the year 1914, H. G. Knight and F, Bkown
(Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 108-113). — Monthly summaries are given of
observations at Laramie, Wyo., during 1914 on temperature, pressure, precipita-
tion, humidity, sunshine, and wind movement. The highest temperature was
86° F., August 16; the lowest, —29°, February 6. The total precipitation was
9.28 in. The highest relative humidity was 100 per cent, January 19 ; the
lowest, 9 per cent, December 9. The greatest velocity of wind was 60 miles
per hour, June 26. The first killing frost was September 13.

Nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates in rain and snow, B. Aetis (Cliem. Neics,
lis (1916), No. 2928, pp. 3-5). — This is a report of a continuation, during the
period from October 12, 1914, to June 19, 1915, of observations previously
reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 616). The results are given of determinations of
sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, nitrogen as free ammonia, nitrogen as albuminoid
ammonia, and chlorin, in 35 samples of rain aiud 16 of snow collected at
Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

The rainfall amounted to 15.35 in. and the snowfall to 37.75 in., equivalent
to 18.49 in. of rain. The amounts of different substances brought down per
acre in the precipitation were as follows: Sulphates 4.913 lbs., nitrates 0.793,
nitrites 0.051, nitrogen as free ammonia 1.544, nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia
6.654, and chlorin 34.037.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Lawrence County, Alabama, H. G. Lewis and J. F. Steoitd
(V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 50,
figs. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Alabama
and issued January 20, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 448,000 acres in
northwestern Alabama.

616 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

" The topographic features of the county are quite varied and fall into four
main divisions, tlie Tennessee River and creelc flood plains, the mountain areas,
the valley section, and the Coastal Plain. . . . Drainage is well established
throughout the county." The soils are of residual and alluvial origin. Thirty
soil types of 11 series are mapped, of which the Decatur clay loam is the most
extensive type, with the Dekalb silt loam and stony loam second and third
in extent.

Soil survey of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, A. L. Goodman, P. Hanson,
and II. W. Reid {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advaiwe Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils,
1914, pp. 30. fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Iowa
Experiment Station and issued February 10, 1916. deals with the soils of an
area of G12.4S0 acres in southwestern Iowa. " About three-fourths of the county
consists of smoothly rolling to hilly loessial uplands, and the remaining 27 per
cent of the area consists of flat to very gently imdulating alluvial plains,
mostly first bottoms. . . , The county as a whole is drained toward the .south-
west through the main tributaries of the Missouri River, including Boyer and
East and West Nlshnabotna rivers, and Mosquito and Pigeon creeks. The over-
flowed bottom lands along these drainage ways are comparatively wide and
comprise some of the most fertile lands in the county."

The soils of the county range from very fine sand to clay in texture and are
of sedimentary, eolian, colluvial, and alluvial origin. Nine soil types of six
series are mapped, of which the Marshall silt loam covers G8 per cent of the
area and the Wabash silt loam 13.4 per cent.

Soil survey of Harrison County, Missouri, E. S. Vanatta and E. W. Knorel
{U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advamc Shcdn Fixld Operations Rur. Soils, 191J,, pp. 86,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Missouri Exi^eri-
ment Station and issued January 15, 191G, deals with the soils of an area of
461,440 acres in northwestern Missouri.

" There are three main topographic divisions in the county, the uplands,
terraces, and bottom lands. The surface configuration of the first is gently
undulating to broken, of the .second gently undulating, and of the third flat to
gently undulating. The bottom lands are subject to overflow. The eastern third
of the county is drained by Thompson Fork of Grand River and its tributaries,
the central lialf by Big Creek and its tributaries, and the western sixth by
several minor creeks."

The upland soils are of glacial origin and are loams and silts in texture.
The terrace soils are silts and the first bottom soils very fine sand to clay. Ten
soil types of eight series are mapped, of which the Shelby hiam iS nmch the
most extensive, with the Grundy silt loam second, and the Wabash silt loam
with a colluvial phase third in extent.

Soil survey of the Freeliold area. New Jersey, H. .Tennings, J. B. R. Dickey,
and Iv. L. Lee {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Advaiice Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils,
1913, pp. 51, pi. 1, fig. 1. map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the
New Jersey Geological Survey and the New Jersey Experiment Station and
issued February 4, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 195.520 acres in
eastern New Jersey, which lies in the Coastal Plain and includes northern Mon-
mouth County and part of eastern Middlesex County. The topography of the
area varies in general from level to undulating, with some comparatively hilly
sections. The area is drained by small streams.

The soils vary greatly in texture and in the materials from which they are
derived. Including several miscellaneous types, 38 soil types of eight series
are mapped, of which the Sassafras series, including loam, loamy sand, fine
sandy loam, sand, sandy loam, fine sand, and coarse sand, is the most extensive.

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 617

Soil survey of Bi-yan County, Oklahoma, W. T. Carter, Jr. and A. L. Pat-
kick {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, Wl-'t, pp. 52,
fig. 1, map 1). — Tliis survey, issued November 22, 1915, deals with the soils of
an area of 593,920 acres in southeastern Okhihoma, the topography of which
is mainly undulating to rolling, witli some small rough and hilly areas.

The county is divided into prairies and forested uplands, overflowed first-
bottom lands, and second-bottom lands. The soils range in texture from light,
fine sands to heavy clays and are of sedimentary and alluvial origin. Thirty-one
soil types of 12 series are mapped, of which the Durant loam and fine sandy loam
lire the most extensive, covering 24 and 25.1 per cent of the area, respectively,

Reconnoissance soil survey of northeastern Wisconsin, W. J. Geib, L. R.
ScHOENMANN, A. E. Taylok, A. L. BusER, C. C. Thompson, and C. B, Post
(C7. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 101,
pis. 8, figs. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Wisconsin
Geological and Natural History Survey and the College of Agriculture of the
University of Wisconsin, and issued December 17, 1915, deals with the soils
of an area of 3,902,720 acres, including 6 counties, in northeastern Wisconsin.
The surface features are characteristic of a glaciated region and 'the topog-
raphy varies from level to rough and broken. The drainage is into Lake Michi-
gan and the Mississippi River basin.

The soils are mainly of glacial origin. Including peat, muck, and rock out-
crop, 29 soil types of 11 series are mapped, of which the Glovicester silt loam,
fine sandy loam, sandy loam, and fine sand, and the Miami fine sandy loam are
the predominating types.

Soil survey of the Bayfield area, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib,
L. R. ScHOENMANN, F. L. MusBACK, and G. B. Matnadier (^Vis. Geol. and Nat.
Hist. Survey Bui. 31 {19U), Soil Scr. 5, pp. 51, pis. 5, figs. 2).— This survey
has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 17).

Soil survey of Iowa County, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib, T. J.
DuNNEWALD, E. Tkuog, and C. LouNSBUiiY {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey
Bui. 30' {1914), Soil Ser. 4, pp. 61, pis. 3, figs. 2).— This survey has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 17).

Soil survey of Waukesha County, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib,
A. H. Meyer, P. O. Wood, and G. B, Jones (iris. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey
Bui. 29 {1914), Soil Ser. S, pp. 82, pis. 4, figs. 2). — ^This survey has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 17).

Soil survey of Waushara County, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib,
G. CoNREY, A. K. KuHLMAN, and J. \V. Nelson {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey Bui.. 28 {1913), Soil Ser. 2, pp. 63, i)ls. 4, figs. 2). — This survey has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 718).

Report of soil work {Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nova Scotia, 1914, pt. 1, pp. 112-
124). — Analyses of 60 samples of Nova Scotia soils are reported, the results of
which are taken to indicate a deficiency in total and available lime and in
organic matter and nitrogen. Suggestions for improving the soils are given.

Notes on the soils of the Wairau Plain, Marlborough, L. J. Wild {Trans,
and Proc. New Zeal. Inst., 47 {1914), pp. 413-416, fig. i).— The general charac-
teristics of the soils of an area of about 60,000 acres on the east coast of New
Zealand, which consists of a flat plain slightly tilted toward the sea, are
described.

The soils are of sedimentary origin and range in texture from sandy and
gravelly soils in the inner area to fine-grained silts toward the coast. Mechani-
cal and chemical analyses of six soil samples are reported, the results of which
are taken to indicate that the soils are relatively well supplied with nutritive
constituents.

618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The nitric nitrog-en of the black soils of the arid regions of Bussia, N.
Tltlaikov {Sclsk. Khoz. i Liesov., 2Jf7 (1915), Jan., pp. 35-65, fig. 1; abs. in
Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915),
'So. 6, pp. 797-799). — Experiments bes:uu in 1910 on manured and unmanured
fallow chernozem soil, and the same soil under winter gi'ain, are reported, the
object of which was to determine the nitrate content of the chernozem soil
and the conditions influencing it. The unmanured fallow comprised four dif-
ferent kinds, viz, so-called "black fallow" land (not plowed until autumn),
and April, May, and June fallows (the land being plowed about the twentieth
of the respective months). The land was plowed to a depth of 7 in. and soil
samples taken at depths of 10 and 20 in.

Under farming conditions, the accunmlation of nitrates in fallow land began
from the moment of plowing and, in general, as soon as the soil was well
broken up. Aeration was evidently more important than the temperature of the
soil, at least at the beginning of the accumulation of nitrates. The following
conclusions are drawn from the results obtained :

"The black soils of the arid zone of the Province of Samara (and of other
Provinces under similar conditions) possess a very strong capacity for nitrifi-
cation. Under favorable conditions of tilth and when there is sufficient moisture
and a high enough temperature the action of the nitrifying bacteria may be-
come very pronounced and large quantities of nitric nitrogen may accumulate.
The largest amount of nitric nitrogen is accunuilateil in fallow land toward
the commencement of August in the case of aulumn-plowed fallow. Further, the
sooner the fallow is plowed ia spring the more nitric nitrogen accumulates in
the ground.

" The depth to which regularly cultivated fallow land is plowotl has not much
importance as regards the accumulation of nitrates. Manuring the soil with
Qung only increases to a very small extent the amount of nitrates as compared
with unmanured fallow.

" In plats occupied by winter cereals the quantity of nitric nitrogen decrease.?
very rapidly. The greater part is used by the growing winter rye or wheat ;
most of the rest is evidently transformed into compounds insoluble in water,
while finally a very small part may be transported to the deeper layers of the
soil (below 20 in.).

"The breaking up of the soil after the harvest of winter cereals gives an
opportunity, iinder favorable meteorological conditions, for the accumulation of
a large quantity of nitrates toward the end of September even if at harvest time
there was a very small amount of these compounds in the soil. The accumulation
of nitrates in the soil, under the conditions obtaining in the black soil regions
of liussia, is much facilitated by the fact that all the measures taken by the
agriculturist to accumulate water in the soil , . . conduce at the same time to
the accunmlation of nitrates."

Peat lands in Minnesota and Wisconsin, J. T. Stewart {Jour. Awer. Peat
Soc, 8 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 16-22). — The author deals with the general charac-
teristics of the peat soils of Minnesota and Wisconsin from the viewpoint of
the agricultural engineer.

The economic utilization of peat and moors, P. Hoerixg {Moornutzung und
Torfveru-crtnng. lUrlin: Julius Springer, 1915, pp. XVIII+63S). — This book
■ deals with the economic utilization of peat and peat moors, with .special refer-
ence to dry distillation.

The first part is a general discussion of the origin and formation of peat and
peat moors, the methods and rotiuirements of moor doveloimiont. and moor
cultivation in European countries and its economic importance. The second
part deals with the chemical and physical properties of peat with reference to

SOILS — FEKTILIZEES. 619

the agricultural development of peat lands, but more especially with reference
to the distillation products of peat. The third, or technical part, deals with
the methods of securing peat and with its utilization for fuel and for gas
manufacture.

The average thorium content of the earth's crust, J. H. J. Poole {Phil.
Mag. and Jour. Sci., 6. scr., 29 (1915), No. 172, pp. 483-4S9; abs. in Beibl. Ann.
Pliys., 39 (1915), No. 11, p. 400).— Tests of the thorium content of 86 samples
of acid rocks, 48 samples of neutral rocks, and 56 samples of basic rocks showed
respective averages of 2.05X10°, 1.64X10-', and 0.56X10"', and a general mean of
1.05X10"'. The thorium content resembled the radium content in that it de-
creased in passing from acid to basic rocks, but no exact numerical relation
existed between the two.

Soil formation and composition, J. W. Ames (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916),
No. 2, pp. 46-49)- — This is a brief discussion of the subject.

The formation of humus by means of veg'etable compounds, A. Trusov
(Selsk. Khoz. i Lwsov., 246 (1914), Oct., pp. 233-245; abs. in Inteniat. Inst.
Affr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Flant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 540,
54^).— Laboratory experiments on different organic substances forming humus
and the influence of chemical substances and temperature -thereon are reported.

" The substances giving rise to the formation of humus are the nonoxiding
bases and acids. . . . The monosaccharids and disaccharids are transformed
into polysaccharids, which in their turn undergo subsequent dehydration, re^
suiting in the decomposition of the molecule and oxidation with formation of
humus. In cases where oxidation does not take place, i. e., during the forma-
tion of ulmin and ulmic acid, the action is simply deliydration."

With reference to the influence of temperature it is thought that the forma-
tion of humus is an intermediate stage in the carbonization of the material.
Experiments with aldehydes, ketones, and the series of polyatomic alcohols
showed that " aldehydes can only promote the formation of humus when associ-
ated with other compounds such as the polyatomic alcohols. Similarly ketones
alone do not lead to the production of humus unless associated with compounds
of other series."

The author concludes " that the formation of humus should not be considered
as due to the disordered decomposition of molecules, but, on the contrary, to a
series of definite reactions, especially with associated compounds, such as the
aldehyde-alcohols, ketone-alcohols, etc." It is suggested " that the formation
of humus in nature takes place by an identical process, with the difference
that the micro-organisms of the soil play the role of the acids and bases."

Relation between certain bacterial activities in soils and their crop-
producing' power, P. E. Bkown (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916),
No. 18, pp. 855-869). — Ammouification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation tests
made at the Iowa Experiment Station, using the soil-culture method, are re-
ported of a uniform loam soil of the Wisconsin drift area. Tliree series of field
plats, receiving rotation, liming, and manurial treatments, respectively, were
used in the work (E. S. R., 31, p. 121).

The results obtained as a whole " show that . . . the ability of soils to bring
about the simplification of nitrogenous materials or the addition of nitrogen
may be considerably modified by various methods of soil treatment. Further-
more, they . . . [show] that certain bacterial activities in the soil may be
very closely related to the actual crop-producing ijower of the soil. The am-
monifying power of soils, their nitrifying power, or even, in certain cases, their
azofying power may, therefore, indicate the crop-producing power of soils or,
at least, their relative crop-producing power."

620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Soil fertility experiments, G. Robeets {Kcntucku Sta. Rpt. 191-i, pt. 1, pp.
36, 37). — Six years' experiments at tlie Burnside experimental field, Pulaski
County, witli different crops on an unproductive soil indicated " that potash
is not necessary on these soils, but that without phosphates no headway can be
made in restoring such soils to a productive state. The chief requirements of
these soils are phosphorus, organic matter, and nitrogen."

At London, Laurel County, experiments on a very thin soil typical of the
base of the coal measures indicated that " the requirements for restoring this
land are tlie use of phosphate, limestone, and organic matter, although much
can be accomplished without the use of limestone."

At the Greenville field, Muhlenberg County, phosphorus and nitrogen
markedly increased the yield on unproductive soil, while at the Lexington
field, Fayette County, neither phosphorus, potassium or lime, nor their combi-
nations gave any appreciable increase in the crops used in the rotation extend-
ing through four years and including four corn crops, three wheat crops, three
soy bean crops, and one clover crop. However, lime was found to give very
large increases on alfalfa and sweet clover on the same farm.

[Soil fertility experiments]. J. H. Kastle (Kcntiiclnj Sta. Bicn. Rpt. 191-'/-
1915, pp. 7-12). — A review of results of field fertilizer experiments conducted
at different experimental fields in Kentucky " confirms the results of chemical
analysis as to the requirements of the soils represented in these particular
areas. The need for maintaining the supply of humus and available nitrogen
through the cultivation of leguminous crops and by the return to the .land of
the manurial equivalent of the crops removetl is emphasized, as is also the
need of all soils outside of the blue grass region for phosiihorus and the need
of many of the soils for lini(>."

The influence on crop and soil of manures applied to pemianent meadow,
C. Crowtiier and A. G. lirsTON (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 {191,5), No. 2,
pp. 197-218, figs. 3). — Experiments conducted since 1899 on one-twentieth acre
plats of a dry light loam meadow soil poor in lime are reported. The purpose
was to determine the effect of annual and biennial dressings of manure, of
alternate annual dressings of manure and various artificial fertilizers, and of
complete an<l incomplete mixtures of artificial fertilizers, and the comparative
effects of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on the soil and the hay crop.
Manure was added at the rate of 10 tons per acre, sodium nitrate at the rate
of 50 lbs., superphosphate at the rate of 200 lbs., kainit at the rate of 300 lbs.,
and ammonium sulphate at the rate of 130 lbs.

It was found that the crops obtained from annual applications of manure
were only slightly larger and more costly to obtain than those from the bi(Minial
treatment, especially if in the latter treatment a light dressing of artificial
fertilizers, including sodium nitrate, was given in the alternate year. Gootl
average crops were obtained with a complete artificial fertilizer including
sodium nitrate, but not equal to those obtained with biennial applications of
manure. Sodiun) nitrate was found to be generally better for hay on the soil
used than annnonium sulphate, as the continued use of the latter lerl to a
serious deterioration in the botanical composition of the crop. For equal
weights the hay grown with dung appeared to have a lower feeding value than
that grown with a good mixture of artificial fertilizers. The composition of
the ash of the hay did not indicate the character of the manuring, except with
regard to potash.

The most marked change in the soil produced by the different treatments was
the removal of calcium carbonate by the prolonged use of ammonium salts.
Marked changes in the bacterial activity of the soil were also produced. " In
some cases the reduction in biological activity is so great that dead gi'asses

SOILS FERTILIZEES. 621

accumulate and form a mat on the soil so thick that the penetration of water
to the lower layers is seriously impeded."

Live stock and soil fertility, C. E. Thorne (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bid. 26Jf
(1915), pp. 2S5-293). — Eighteen years' experiments at the Ohio Experiment
Station, comparing fresh and barnyard manure and manure reinforced with
acid phosphate or rock phosphate at the rate of 40 lbs. per ton of manure, are
reviewed.

The results showed that when the manures were added at the rate of 8 tons
per acre to corn in a 3-year rotation of corn, wheat, and clover the fresh manure
gave better results than the barnyard manure. During the second year both
manures had a greater effect than during the first year. Of the phosphorus
carriers, the acid phosphate was superior to the rock phosphate, this being
more marked in the second than in the first year.

Lime and commercial fertilizers in the maintenance of soil fertility, C. E.
Thorne (Pcnii. Dcpt. Agr. Bill. 264 (1915), pp. 173-1S1).—A review of field
fertilizer experiments at the Ohio Experiment Station on a sandy clay soil
using a 5-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and clover and timothy mixed, in
which lime was added at the rate of 1 ton per acre together with fertilizers
and manure, showed that " the lime alone materially increased the yield on the
unfertilized land, the gain from lime alone being nearly as great as that from
phosphorus alone in the corn crop and considerable greater in the hay crops.
When the liming supplemented the use of fertilizers and manure it maintained
in the grain crops practically the same additional increase over that produced
by the fertilizers that it had given on the unfertilized land, while in the clover
and timothy the liming produced nearly twice the increase on the fertilized
or manured land that it had on the unfertilized land. . . . These results show
the fundamental importance of lime in the maintenance of fertility because of
its great effect on the clover crop, but they also show that lime can not take
the place of other fertilizing elements, but can only perform its full service
when associated with phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen."

The manurlal situation and its difiiculties, J. Hendeick (Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London'], 22 (1915), No. 7, JW- 609-616).— In a review of the fertilizer situa-
tion in Great Britain it is stated that the most serious scarcity may be expected
in potash fertilizers, and that with reference to the other kinds of fertilizers
a greater difficulty will arise from want of labor and transportation facilities
than from want of raw material.

The nitrogen problem in arid soils, C. B. Lipman (Proc. Nat. Acad. ScL, 1
(1915), No. 9, pp. .'(77-^80). — On the basis of investigations conducted at the
California Experiment Station it is stated that the most prominent cause of the
lack of available nitrogen in the arid soils of CaKfornia is a feeble nitrifying
power of the soil, which is attributed largely to lack of organic matter. Green
manuring and the use of barnyard manure and low-grade organic nitrogenous
fertilizers, such as steamed bone meal, cotton-seed meal, and sewage sludge, or
else ammonium sulphate, are recommended for such soils, together with the use
of a straw or manure mulch to prevent overheating of the soil and excessive
evaporation.

A report by the author along similar lines has been previously noted (E. S. R.,
33, p. 24; 34, p. 219).

Pot experiments on the availability of nitrogen in mineral and organic
compounds, J. G. Lipman, H. C. McLean, A. W. Blair, and L. K. Wilkins
(New Jersey Stas. Bnl. 280 (19U), pp. 5-23, pi. i).— The substance of this
bulletin has been noted from the report of the stations for 1914 (E. S. R., 34,
p. 129, 132).

622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Nitrogen utilization in field and cylinder experiments, II, J. G. Lipman,
H. C. McLean, A. W. Blair, and L. K. Wilkins {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 281
(191^), pp. 5-19, pis. 4)- — The substance of this bulletin has been noted from
the report of the stations for 1914 (E. S. R., 34. p. 130).

The effect of sulphate of ammonia on soil, R. W. Rupbecht and F. W.
Morse (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 165 {1915), pp. 73-90). — Experiments with a
soil which received only chemical fertilizers for 33 years are reported, the pur-
pose being to determine the changes produced by the long-continued use of
ammonium sulphate.

Treatment of tlie soil with tenth-normal, normal, 2.5 times normal, and 5 times
normal solutions of ammonium sulphate and analyses of the drainage water
from the fertilized plats showed that calcium sulphate is readily formed and
removed when lime is present in the soil, while after the exhaustion of the lime
the salts of iron and aluminum are formed. The absorption of ammonia from
ammonium sulpliate solutions increased with the increase in concentration of
the solution, but not proportionally. Soils previously fertilized with ammonium
sulphate without lime absorbed le.ss ammonia than did other soils. The absori)-
tion of dyes by these soils was similar to the absorption of ammonia. Anuno-
nium sulphate seemed to have no solvent action on sodium or potassium in the
soil in the presence of suflicient quantities of lime, but showed a slight solvent
action on potassium in the absence of lime. All the soil extracts were of
neutral reaction and it is thought probable that the use of ammonium sulphate
does not cause the accumulation of sulphates in soil. The infertility of soils
continuously fertilized with ammonium sulphate is attributed to the final for-
mation of the .salts of iron and aluminum.

Solution culture studies with rye, barley, and red clover, using extracts from
limed and unlimed soils, treatetl as notetl above, showed that the best growths
occurred in extracts from limed soils. Culture studies previously noted (E. S.
K., 33. p. 328) are briefly reviewed to show the injurious action of iron and
aluminum sulphate solutions on the roots of .seeiUing plants.

The action of calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate, O. Reitmaib (Ztsrhr.
Landir. Ycrsuchsir. Osterr., 17 {1914), ^'o. 10-11, pp. 729-S07, pi. i).— The re-
sults of 190 field experiments on representative soils in different parts of Austria
and Hungary, with oats, rye. potatoes, beets, and corn, to determine the relative
fertilizing values of Norwegian calcium nitrate and Chilean sodium nitrate when
added to hay crops at the rates of 120 and 100 kg. per hectare (107 and SO lbs.
per acre) and to root crops at the rates of 240 and 200 kg. per hectare, respec-
tively, are reported.

It was found that in the majority of cases sodium nitrate had a greater
fertilizing action than calcium nitrate, this being quite marked in some cases
especially with root crops. Considering crop yield and cost of fertilizaton and
taking the value of sodium nitrate as 100 for all crops, the corresponding values
for calcium nitrate were for rye 89.6, oats 90.6, potatoes 83.4, beets 85.7, and
corn 75.2.

Lime nitrogen and its value as a top-dressing, M. Hoffmann {Dcut.
Lauflw. P/T.s.sr. J,2 {1915), Xo. 56. pp. 489. i'»(^).— This article includes a brief
discussion of the manufacture of lime nitrogen and other synthetic nitrogenous
fertilizers, and a summary of 114 experiments by others with winter rye, winter
wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes, comparing sodium nitrate, ammonium sul-
phate, and lime nitrogen as top-dressings. In these experiments, taking the
^alue of sodium nitrate at 100, with rye ammonium sulphate averaged in 68
cases 75.7 and lime nitrogen in 33 cases 72.9; with wheat ammonium .sulphate
averaged in ,30 cases 75.7 and lime nitrogen in six cases 79.1 ; with barley
ammonium sulphate averaged in seven cases 77.1 and lime nitrogen in one case

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 623

80.1; with oats ammonium sulpliate averaged in eight cases 132.5 and lime
nitrogen in nine cases 82 ; and with potatoes ammonium sulphate was 85 in one
case and lime nitrogen averaged 62.2 in four cases.

The size of kelps on the Pacific coast of North America, T, C. Frye, G. B.
RiGG, and W. C. Ceandall {Bot. Gas., 60 (1915), No. 6, pp. 473-482, figs. 2).—
The results of observations, conducted as a part of the general investigation of
the fertilizer resources of the United States by the Bureau of Soils, are re-
ported which do not tend to confirm the earlier statements of the great length
of Nereocystis and Macrocystis, but do confirm those as to the length of Alaria
flstulosa. The maximum width of A. fistulosa was found to be more than
twice as great as has been previously reported by others. The longest Macro-
cystis plant found measured 45.7 meters (about 150 ft. ) , the longest Pelagophycus
porra 45 meters, the longest Nereocystis 20.7 meters, and the longest A. fistulosa
22 meters. The shortest Alaria, 13 meters long, measured 232 cm. (about 7.6 ft.)
in width, the greatest width observed.

A list of references to previous literature bearing on the subject is appended.

The composition of blast furnace gas dust (kali-asch), A. VIjetheim
{Verslag. Landbouwk. Onderzock. Rijkslandbouioproefstat. [Xelherlands], No.
IS, {1915), pp. 8^-90).— Analyses of three samples of the dust of settled blast
furnace gas from iron works (kali-asch) showed aqua regia a soluble potash con-
tents of 12, 12.5, and 20.2 per cent, and water solulile potash contents of 7.6 8.7,
and 17.1 per cent, respectively. It is stated that the potash content varies so
widely with the other constituents that an average percentage can not be deter-
mined. In one case the high percentage of chlorids present was thought to have
reduced the fertilizing value of the dust for certain crops.

Relation of lime to production of nitrates and mineral nitrogen, F. M.
Scales {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1079, p. 317). — Fractions and multiples
of the lime requirement of an acid soil, as determined by the Yeitch method and
by adding sufficient calcium carbonate to produce a neutral reaction to litmus,
were added to 100-gm. portions of the soil, which received in addition ammonium
sulphate in one case and alfalfa powder in the other. After moistening with
18 per cent of distilled water and incubating for three weeks at from 28 to 30°
C, "determinations of nitrate and mineral nitrogen present in the samples
showed that the nitrifying bacteria were most active in the presence of 50 per
cent of the calcium carbonate requirement and the ammonifying and nitrifying
groups combined in the presence of 75 per cent of the amount required according
to the chemical determinations. In this particular soil an excess of calcium
carbonate was markedly toxic for the nitrifying organisms and not stimulating
for the ammonifiers."

Catalytes and their relation to crops, L. A. Musso {Rpt. Austral. A-:wc.
Adv. ScL, 14 {1913), pp. 667-671). — The author reviews and discusses briefly
the results of experimental work by others on the use of catalytic fertilizers.

Influence of some manganese compounds containing oxygen on nitrifica-
tion, G. Leoncim {Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 {1914), No. 11-12, pp. 777-801).—
Experiments with lime, clay, and humus soils in compact and loose condition
to determine the influence of manganese dioxid and natural manganese hydrate
on nitrification when added in amounts as large as 6 per cent and as small as
from 0.035 to 2.2 per cent showed that both manganese compounds, and the
dioxid in particular, as a rule, retarded the nitrification of ammonium sulphate
in these soils and favored denitrification. In small percentages up to 0.184,
both compounds, the dioxid especially, aided nitrification, but beyond this concen-
tration nitrification was retarded. It is concluded that these compounds may
be used on such soils in concentrations not exceeding 0.184 per cent.
38859°— 16 3

624 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

Influence of fluorin on vegetation, A. Gax-tiek {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
[Pcrw], 160 (1915), No. 6, pp. ID-i, 195; abs. in .Jour. Chein. Soc. [Londoii'i,
108 {1915), No. 629, I, p. 110; Internet. Imt. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel,
and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 4, pp. 564, 565; Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 10,
pp. 1361, 1362). — A comparison of the behavior of various species of plants
when grown in an artificial soil almost completely deprived of fluorin, in the
same soil supplied with fluorin, and in an ordinary arable soil showed that in a
few cases the fluorin appeared to have an inhibitory effect but in most cases
it increased growth, flowering, and the production of seed.

The manurial value of locusts, A. E. Collens {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tobago, 14 {1915), No. 6, p. 199). — Analyses of Cedros and Venezuelan locusts
when fresh, air-dried, and dry show respective nitrogen contents of 3.34, 9.98,
and 11.3 per cent for the former, and 5.31, 10.99, and 12.18 per cent for the
latter.

Meadow fertilization with sewage sludge, Ebebhabt {Deut. Landw. Presse,
42 {1915), No. 72, p. 623). — Field experiments on meadow land, varying from
light sandy loam to clay loam, to determine the fertilizing value of Emscher
tank sludge, a sludge resulting from a mechanical-chemical sewage purification
process (Eisenklarschlamm), and so-called " Baggergut sludge," are reported.
The sludges were added at rates of 100 kg. per 100 square meters (about 8.900
lbs. per acre) and 300 kg. per 100 square meters.

Analyses of the sludges showed that, in the order named, they contained
total nitrogen 1.86, 2.06, and 1.21 per cent ; total phosphorus 1.2.5. 2.4.5. and 1.21
per cent ; lime 6.25, 6.52, and 5.17 per cent ; and total potash 0.25, 0.23, and 0.14
per cent. An increase in the hay crop due to the sludge was observed in all
cases, the "Baggergut sludge" giving the poorest results. The addition of
Thomas meal and kainit with the sludges had no marked effect. The highest
yield was obtained with the addition of 300 kg. of Emscher sludge per 100
square meters.

Peat litter and peat litter works, V. Zaileb {Torfstreu und Torfstreuwerke.
Hannover: M. and H. Schaper, 1915, pp. yiII+320, figs. i60).— This book
presents the results of the author's experience and studies in numerous peat
litter works of those European countries having extensive areas of peat moors.
An introductory section gives a brief statement of tlie development of the peat
litter industry. The first main section describes the different kinds of peat, and
discusses the physical and chemical properties and uses of peat dust and litter
and the properties and uses of peat fertilizers. The second section deals with
the organization, management, and financing of peat litter industries and the
profits realized therefrom.

A. list of European firms interested in the peat industry is appended.

Analyses of inspection samples of fertilizers, .7. T. Willard and R. C.
Wiley {Kansas Sta. Insp. Cin: I {1915), pp. 7). — This circular contains the
results of actual and guarantied analyses of 88 .samples of fertilizers and fer-
tilizing materials offered for sale in Kansas during the spring months of 1915.
In general the results indicate conformity to the law.

Inspection of commercial fertilizers, H. D. Haskins, L, S. Walker, C. V.
Jones, and W. S. Fko.st {Massachttsetts Sta. Control Ser. Bui. 4 {1915), pp.
100). — This bulletin contains a list of dealers who registered fertilizers and
lime compounds for sale in Massachusetts during 1915. and reports and dis-
cusses the results of actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 721
samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials and lime compounds collected in
the State during 1915.

Special attention is called to commercial shortages existing in both unniixod
fertilizing materials and mixed goods. Particular emphasis is laid uix)n tlie

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 625

economy of purchasing only high-grade fertilizers. A brief account is given
of a vegetation experiment made to show the efficiency of the alkaline perman-
ganate method as an indication of the activity of water-insoluble organic
nitrogen.

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, fertilizer supplies, and
home mixtures, C. S. Cathcart et al. (New Jersey Stas. Bid. 285 (1915), pp.
S-.'i-')). — This bulletin contains actual and guarantied analyses and valuations
of 570 samples of fertilizers offered for sale in New Jersey during the year 1915.
These included 395 brands of mixed fertilizers, 21 home mixtures, and 154 sam-
ples of fertilizer materials.

Commercial fertilizers (Penn. Dept, Agr. Bid. 269 {1915), pp. 85). — This
bulletin reports and interprets the results of actual analyses made at the
Pennsylvania Experiment Station of 610 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing
materials offered for sale in Pennsylvania from January 1 to August 1, 1915,
together with the guaranties therefor. The text of the fertilizer law is also
included.

Fertilizers, 1915 {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 317 {1915), pp. 45). —
This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 420
samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Canada during
1915. Of this number, 11 samples failed to meet the guaranty, the deficiency
being in potash in three cases.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Effect of elemental sulphur and of calcium, sulphate on certain of the
higher and lower forms of plant life, W. Pixz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 {1916), No. 16, pp. 111-780, pi. i).— Other investigators having
shown the beneficial effects of elemental sulphur or sulphates added to the soil,
the author conducted, at the Wisconsin Experiment Station, a series of experi-
ments to note the effect of sulphur and sulphates upon the soil micro-organisms
and on pure cultures of legume bacteria, and to note the effect of sulphur and
sulphates on the growth of red clover.

The addition of calcium sulphate to the soil was found to have no marked
effect on the total number of bacteria grown on agar plates, nor did it produce
any marked increase in ammonification or nitrification, these results agreeing
with those previously reported by Fred and Hart (E. S. R., 33, p. 515). The
addition of large amounts of elemental sulphur caused a decrease in the total
number of bacteria but an increase in the ammonification at concentrations of
0.05 per cent. This increase was accompanied by a parallel decrease in nitrate
formation. Calcium sulphate was found to stimulate growth of pure cultures
of red clover bacteria and the root development of red clover in nutritive solu-
tions and soil extract, the increase being as great with 0.01 per cent as with
0.1 per cent. In small amounts, calcium sulphate was also found to increase
the yield of red clover and the number of nodules. Sulphur increased the yield
of red clover but slightly, and did not affect the root development and the num-
ber of nodules.

Boron: Its absorption and distribution in plants and its effect on growth,
F. C, Cook {V. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916), No. 19, pp. S77-
890). — This is a detailed account of investigations previously partially reported
(E. S. R., 34, p. 428). Both borax and calcined colemanite were employed.

There was found to be little difference in the quantity of boron absorbed by
plants whether it was added to the soil in the fox*m of borax or as colemanite.
Numerous factors were found to influence the absorption, distribution, and
action of boron in plants.

626 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

As a result of the investigations, ttie author claims that no more than 0.62
lb. borax or 0.75 lb. calcined colemanite should be added as a larvicide to each
10 cu. ft. of manure, and that when using the boron-treated manure in growing
leguminous plants it should be thoroughly mixed with untreated manure
before being added to the soil. \\'ith other plants, boron-treated manure should
not be used at a higher rate than 15 tons per acre.

The influence of the radiations of radium upon the germination of seeds
(oats), H. LA^\•KE^•CE (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 14 (1913), pp. 325. 326}.—
The author's experiments are said to have shown the total destruction of oat
seeds exposed to radium emanations at distances not greater than 0.75 in. Be-
yond that limit there was a decrea.se with the increasing distance of the retard-
ing effect of radium upon the growth of the seeds, and the development of a
stimulating effect at greater distances up to 5 in.

Some effects of ethylene on the metabolism of plants, E. M. Harvey {Bot.
Gaz., 60 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 193-21^, figs. 2).— The author, reporting a study of
pea seedlings in this connection, states that ethylene was found to be very
effective, even in attenuated solutions, in producing changes in the general
processes of plant metabolism. The simple soluble substances were increased
at the expense of the higher soluble and in.soluble forms. The acidity of the
tissue treated with ethylene remained unchanged. Ethylene caused an increase
of osmotic pressure, but did not gi'eatly increase permeability. It retarded
both carbon dioxid production and oxjgen absorption. The respiratory ratio
remained practically the same, except in the shortest exposure period (three
hours) in which, apparently, an excessive production of carbon dioxid occurred.

A bibliography is given.

The rate of absorption of various phenolic solutions by seeds of Hordeum
vulgare, and the factors governing' the rate of diffusion of aqueous solutions
across semipermeable membranes, A. J. Brown and F. Tinker (Proc. Roy.
Soc. iLondon], So: B, 89 (1915), Xo. B 611, pp. 119-135, figs. 4).— A further
study (E. S. R., 28, p. 226) of the phenomena of diffusion through seed coats
of H. vulgare, employing phenolic solutions, has led to the conclusion that
when the osmotic pressures, vapor pressures, and viscosities of a series of
solutions of permeable solutes are equal, their rates of diffusion through the
barley membrane are inversely proportional to their surface tensions.

Chemistry and structure of plant cell membranes, .1. Konig and E. Rump
(Chcmie vnd Struktur dcr Pflanzcn-ZeUmemhran. Berlin: Julius Springer,
1914, pp. 88, pis. 9, figs. 8). — Besides an extended historical introduction, an
account is given of studies by the authors on the chemical composition, micro-
scopic structure, etc., of cell membranes from a number of plants.

It is stated that the chemical substances left in the cell membranes after
the removal of the protein, fat, wax, chlorophyll, sugar, starch, acids soluble
in water, and cutin, fall particularly into the pentosan, hexosan, and lignin
groups. Microscopic studies are said to show the incorrectness of the view that
a chemical union exists between cellulose and the substances associated there-
with.

Studies in experimental morphology. H. LvndegArdh (Flora, n. ser., 7
(1915), No. 4, pp. 433-449, figs, i^).— The author describes the results of a study
on the polarity of Colcus hybridus, and on leaf heteromorphy in Ipomoea leari
with corresponding alterations in the anatomy of the stem.

Autoparasitism of Cassytha melantha, A. D. Hardy (Rpt. Austral. Assoc.
Adv. Sci., 14 (1913), pp. 321-324, pi. i).— Noting observations made upon C.
vielnnthn, the author states that frequently when a branch of the plant has
outgrown the twig on which it is parasitic and failed to find another or a new

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627

host plant by circuinnutatiou, it turns back upon itself. Although not affected
by contact with itself while the host was available, the shoot now readily
responds to the stimulus of this contact, twines around its own lower portion,
and produces haustoria which absorb nutriment therefrom. Field and labora-
tory studies show that a physiological connection is established in such cases.

It appears to the author that in this way the spreading or nutating shoot
escapes death from starvation, and by retracing its course is enabled to reach
a fresh portion of the host or to find a new one.

This is considered as a notable addition to the facts existing in favor of the
theory that the haustoria are new formations produced for a special purpose.

Oxidation of ammonia or nitrification in plants, P. MAzfi (Conipt. Rend.
8oc. Biol. [Paris], 78 (1915), No. 5, pp. 98-102).— The author has followed up
his previous observations regarding the presence of nitrous acid in water
exuded from plants (E. S. R., 28, p. 429) with a study of maize, pea, and
vetch in this connection.

It was found that plants kept at a temperature of 30° C. produced no nitrous
acid, while a certain amount was formed by those kept at 56 to 57°.

It is thought that the formation of nitrous acid is the resultant of two
opposed processes, the temperature of 56 to 57° having a tendency to check
reduction more than oxidation, and the conditions produced by the immersion
of the plants in water appearing to be unfavorable to the oxidizing action.

A study of nitrogen release by Azotobacter, T. ]Mol6b [Bot. Notiser, No.
If {1915), pp. 163-178, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author has devised and employed a
culture filter apparatus which is said to permit of the removal and separate
examination of metabolic products from bacterial cultures.

It is stated that A. chroococcnm during its life separates no soluble nitrogen
compounds, but only after death furnishes nitrogen to higher organisms. Star-
vation brings this organism into a resting condition.

Proteolytic bacterial enzyms are entirely ineffective toward the nitrogenoiis
compounds contained in this organism. The presence of such compounds in
cultures is to be explained as due probably to the activities of amoebse which
use it for food.

A. agile and A. tcienlandii behave in a different way, both separating soluble
nitrogen compounds.

Carotinoids in plants, C. van Wisselingh (Flora, n. ser., 7 (1915), No. Jt,
pp. 371-432). — Describing the methods and results of his examination of a
large number of plants, the author states that he has been able to demonstrate
in a number (which are listed) the presence of two or more carotinoids.

The mode of formation of starch, in rootlets of maize and castor oil plant,
A, GuiLLiERMOND (Arch. Anat. Micros., 16 (1915), No. 3-5, pp. 5^9-554, pi- 1). —
The author calls attention to an error (due to wrong labeling of material)
which he has discovered in his statement of observations as previously noted
(E. S. R., 28, p. 524). This is said, however, not to modify the general results
and their interpretations.

The growth, of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stalk of the sugar cane,
J. KuYPEE (Meded. Proefstat. Java-Siiikeri7idus., 5 (1915), No. 8, pp. 211-239,
figs. 6). — The author has devised a method of measuring the growth of the
younger portions of the sugar cane plant occurring while these are still invisible
from the outside.

Small holes were made with a needle at regular intervals entirely through
the bundle of growing parts. On removal of the successive layers some days
thereafter, the amount of growth could be determined. The results as regards
growth are shown graphically for the several portions. The region of most

628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

rapid growth moves basipetally over leaf and sheath, then down over the
internode, the root ring at the base of an internode showing a development of
its own which is apparently independent of that of the other parts.

It is thought that these studies may be used to throw light on the origin of
the disease called top rot in Java (the cause of which is thought to be unfavor-
able conditions of growth) by indicating the time at which this trouble begins
to affect the growth of the cane.

Stomatal structure in sugar cane, J. Kuypee {Arch. SuUcerindus. Ncder-
land. Indie, 22 (1914), No. 47, pp. 1679-1690, pJs. 2, fig. i).— Summarizing a
.study of the structures and relations observed in the stomatal region in sugar
cane, the author claims that while any very considerable opening of the central
slit is prevented by the thickness of the cell walls, the whole guard cell can move a
little on account of its hinge-like attachment to the next cell. The varying
relations of the accessory cells are also discussed.

The closure of the stomata was apparently complete after the plant had been
kept in darkness for two days.

The author concludes that the guard cells may vary the stomatal opening in
a very small degree by changing their position between the neighboring epi-
dermal cells, the position and structure of the accessory cells making it pos-
sible to change also the length of the stomatal slit.

The accessory cells are said to originate in epidermal cells on both sides of
the mother cells which give rise to the guard cells. Particulars are given re-
garding the contents of both guard and accessory cells.

The influence of temperature on phototropism, Marie S. De Vries (Rcc.
Trav. Bot. N^erland., 11 (1914), No. 3, pp. 195-290. figs. 7).— Details and results
are given of an extended series of experiments testing the relations of prewarm-
ing (as regards degree and exposure period), light intensity, and readiness of
phototropic response in coleoptiles of Arena sotira.

Response proved to be independent of the duration of prewarming between
0 and 25° C. From 27.5 to 30° the amount of light required for a given
response was decreased by lengthening the period of prewarming. At and
above 32.5°, the longer periods of prewarming exerted an unfavorable influence
on perception, as shown by the increased light requirement for a given reaction.
The effects of prewarming, favorable or unfavorable, decreased rapidly after
the early stages until they became constant. The reaction period also showed
considerable dependence upon temperature.

The physiology of pollination, Y. Tokugawa (Jour. Col. Sci., Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, So (191.',), Art. 8. pp. 5.?. figs. 2). — The author has made a study of
pollen development in connection with ovarial structure and media as related
to the possibility of hybridization in nature.

It is stated that the pollen tube requires for its successful development a
certain degree of moisture and osmotic pressure, besides, in some cases at least,
a special stimulus. Pollen grains are affected unfavorably in different degrees
by inorganic salts, those of the heavy metals being in general the most injurious.
The life period of the grains is greatly affected by variations in moisture.
Sugar and nitrogenous material given together favor pollen development,
different species showing high degrees of specilicity in this respect. The pollen
tubes pass readily into agar or gelatin.

The pollen tube exliibits chemotropisra toward the pistillate opening and the
raicropylo, but its progress within the canal is thought to be mechanical.

Between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants there can be a pene-
tration of the pistillate opening and a certain amount of growth by the pollen
tube. The ovary, however, is not reached, probably on account of the lack of

FIELD CROPS. 629

appropriate nourishment, though the pollen apparently utilizes its own re-
serve material to some extent for its growth.

Cross-fertilization and self-fertilization and the results in heredity, H.
Heukels (Rec. Trav. Bot. N6erland., 12 {1915), No. 3, pp. 278-339).— The
mode of treatment here emploj'ed is very largely that of genetics from a mathe-
matical standpoint and method, giving a discussion of results and conclusions
reported mainly by other writers.

The question of mitochondria as bearers of heredity, H. Nachtsheim
(Naturw. WcJmschr., 29 (1914), No. 37, pp. 580^83) .—This is a discussion of
recent contributions and views regarding the part played by mitochondria in
heredity.

The mutation factor in evolution with particular reference to CEnothera,
R. R. Gates (London: Macmillan tG Co., Ltd., 1915, pp. XIV +353, pis. 9, figs.
106). — This is a monographic treatment of the facts which bear upon mutation,
attention having been confined chiefly to Oenothera. The author states that
the book, in addition to summarizing present knowledge of the subject, contains
a large amount of hitherto unpublished material from his own studies and ex-
periments.

Phases of evolution other than mutation are briefly discussed in the first
chapter. Subsequent chapters deal with the characters and distribution of the
CEnotheras, their cultural history, the mutation phenomena in CE. lamarckiana
and in other Oenotheras, the cytological basis of the mutation phenomena,
hybridization, and hereditary behavior, the relation between hybridization and
mutation, a general view regarding mutation and the lines along which a theory
of mutations should probably develop, and, finally, the evolutionary significance
of mutations, considering the mutation concept as related to heredity and
ontogeny, and mutation in relation to other evolutionary factors.

An extensive bibliography is given.

The genotypic composition of some varieties of the same species and their
genetical composition. Tine Tammes (Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerland., 12 (1915),
No. 3, pp. 217-277). — The author has studied the results of crossing among six
varieties of Linum nsitatissimuin.

It is stated that flower color among these varieties was conditioned by two
or three factors. In close relation with flower color stand a number of other
characters which are named. The nature and results of color factor combina-
tions are detailed.

Species crossing was entirely successful only between L. usitatissimum and
L. angustifoUum. Attempts at crossing these species with L. perenne, L.
austriacum, L. narbonense, L. grandiflorum, and L, flavmn gave no germinable
seed.

Notes on the dissemination of Virginia creeper seeds by English spar-
rows, B. T. Hartoy (Plant World, 18 (1915), No. 8, pp. 2i7-2i9).— Observations
here noted regarding the retention of germinability of seeds of Virginia creeper
after distribution by sparrows suggest a degree of importance of this bird in
the dissemination of these seeds in central Colorado.

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the agronomist, T. S. Parsons (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
84-93). — A review of the work for the year 1914 is given and some of the more
important results are briefly noted.

As compared with seed from other localities home-grown seed of 8 varieties
of oats gave an average increase in yield for two years of 12.98 bu., 9 varieties
of wheat 5.4 bu., and 10 varieties of barley 14.82 bu. per acre. In a test of 9

630 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

varieties Grimm alfalfa continued to lead in hardiness and yield but alfalfa
from native seed and from Montana seed gave nearly as good results. Tests
with grain crops seemed to indicate that Oderbrucker barley, Marquis spring
wheat, Early Mountain oats, and Buffum No. 17 winter wheat are well adapted
to high altitude conditions.

North Dakota wilt-resistant flax also seemed well adapted to high altitudes
and yielded at the rate of 20 bu. per acre as compared with 11.5 bu. for local
seed. Japanese and Silver Hull buckwheat yielded at the rate of 26 and 24
bu. per acre, respectively, and it is believed that in ordinary sea.sons buckwheat
can be grown at most altitudes of the State where farming is done.

Sweet clover seed when scarified showed a germination of 78 per cent, and
when treated with sulphuric acid 89 per cent, while only 48 per cent of un-
treated seed sprouted. An experiment with barnyard manure in progress for
four years showed that the manure produced cumulative rather than immediate
results. The applications made the first tvvo years increased the crops to only
a small extent but the applications made during the entire period showed a
noticeable effect on the physical conditions and the fertility of the soil. The
best barley increased from 51 bu. to 96 bu. per acre in 4 years ; the best oats
from 67 to 92 bu. in 3 years ; the best wheat from 29 to 54 bu. in 4 years ; and
the greatest increase came in the last two years.

Notes are al.so given on the culture of potatoes, root and other forage crops,
and pasture and meadow grasses. Four series of crop rotations entered upon
in 1915 are outlined. Feterita, Sudan grass, sorghum, and Kafir did not prove
successful at the altitude of the station and it is believed that these crops
should not be planted at altitudes over 5.000 ft. A mixture of peas and oats
yielded 3 tons of cured hay per acre and proved valuable as a source of silage.
A plat of brome grass producetl seed at the rate of 312 lbs. per acre, and a
meadow mixture of alfalfa and timothy gave a yield of 6,840 Ib.s. of hay from
3 cuttings, the last 2 being largely alfalfa. Notes are given on the improve-
ments made on the agronomy farm and the seed distribution carried on during
the year.

Forage crops for the Colorado Plains, A. Kb:zeb {Colorado Sta. Bui. 214
(1915), pp. 3-25, figs. 7). — This bulletin treats in a popular manner of the
culture of forage crops without irrigation on the Colorado Plains. The climate,
topography, soils, dry-farming methods, and general farm practice and man-
agement for the region are discussetl and directions for growing alfalfa, corn,
sorghum, broom corn, millets, sweet clover, stock melons, peas, peanuts, cow-
peas, and .soy beans are given. The culture of the small grains and of certain
native plants for hay and pa.sture is also noted.

Chemical analyses of maize and oats cultivated in eastern Uruguay, J.
PuiG Y Nattino (Min. Indus. [Uruguay], Insp. Xac. Ganaderia y Ayr. liol.
H (1915), pp. 29, figs. 3; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Ayr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), Xo. 10, pp. 1332, i5.55).— This article notes
the efforts to improve the native yellow corn by crossing with the North
American Gold Dent in order to increase the size of kernel, decrease the size
of cob, and in general to increase the yield. Chemical analyses of maize and
of oats grown in eastern Uruguay are given, together with the digestible
nutrients.

[A study of blue grass] (Kentucky Sta. Bicn. Rpt. 191^-1915, p. 70).— This
gives the results of a study of the conditions affecting the viability and germi-
nation of blue grass seed grown in central Kentucky.

Samples taken from fields and barns showed that the lapse of a few months
rather improves the germinating power of the seetl, but that if it has been sub-
jected to a high temperature during the process of curing in the rick the vitality

FIELD CROPS. 631

of the seed is more or less injured. Data show that seed taken from warehouses
that had been subjected to a temperature of 57° C. failed to germinate, those
under normal conditions germinated 70 per cent, and those subjected to a
temperature of 41° germinated 63 per cent. In a second test the respective
values were 0°, 80°, and 81°.

"As a result of our observations it is believed that much of the harm done to
blue grass seeds results from the custom of sacking the freshly gathered seeds
on the farm and allowing them to lie for too long a time in the sacks before
hauling to the warehouses, the result being excessive heating and consequent
loss of viability."

Experiments with Sea Island cotton, W. N. Sands (Imp. Dept. Agr. West
Indies, Rpt. Agr. Dept. St. Vincent, 1914-15, pp. 4, 5). — In experiments with Sea
Island cotton the author notes success in increasing the number of 4- and 5-locked
bolls by careful selection. The percentage of 4-locked bolls in his selected plants
ranged from 16 to 45 and of 5-locked bolls from 0.7 to 2.

The use of white mustard, as a green manure plant, P. Wagneb (III us.
Land IV. Ztg., 35 {1915), No. 58, p. 381). — In this experiment four plats were
used. One received fallow culture ; on another the white mustard was planted
after harvest and plowed under in the late fall ; on the third the soil received
an abundant supply of stable manure before the white mustard was seeded after
harvest ; and the fourth received barnyard manure and fallow culture.

The effects of these treatments for 17 years on the spring crops of oats, rye,
and mangels showed the advantage of using white mustard to some extent
without the fertilizer, but in cases where the barnyard manure was used the
white mustard produced decidedly satisfactory results. This was due, it is
stated, to the large amount of humus added to the soil.

Experiments with oats, F. A. Welton and C. A. Geabhaet {Mo. Bui. Ohio
Sta., 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. 35-^2, fig. 1). — This article reports a continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 36), discusses the culture of the crop,
reports tests with thick and thin seeding, the relation of size of kernel to
yield, varieties, and northern grown seed, and gives some results obtained by
cooperators in growing oats throughout the State.

It is noted that the rates of seeding were varied by 1 pk. from 4 to 12 pk.
per acre. The best results were obtained when 11 pk. of seed per acre were used.
When large, small, and unscreened seeds were sown side by side the resulting
yields did not vary much, although those in favor of the large seed were uniform.
Comparisons of North Dakota and Ohio grown seed offered little encourage-
ment of increased yields from imported seed, but indicated that northern grown
seed may be used without fear of failure from lack of acclimatization.

Further experience with Phalaris bulbosa, E. Breakwell {Agr. Gas. N. S.
Wales, 26 {1915), No. 6, pp. 487, 488; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 10, p. 1340). — This notes the
permanency of this grass under pasturage, its drought resistance, and excel-
lent hay qualities. It is stated that in a region where only 10 in. of rainfall
fell in 16 months the majority of the P. bulbosa plants were still alive, and
quickly showed green shoots after each shower of rain. Various strains of the
variety are noted, among which that grown at the Bathurst Experiment Farm
is said to be much superior to others tried, often reaching a height of from 4 to
5 ft.

" Dapog: " method of rice culture, S. Apostol {Philippine Agr. Rev. [Eng-
lish Ed.}, 8 {1915), No. 2, pp. 98-102) .—This article describes the methods em-
ployed in the cultivation of rice where two crops are grown the same season.

The dapog method consists in planting the rice on a bed of finely cut straw,
which is placed on a layer of banana leaves spread over the surface of the seed

632 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

bed to prevent the roots of the seedlings entering the soil. By keeping the bed
of straw at the proper moisture the dapog seedlings are ready to transplant in
from 10 to 14 days after the seed has been planted, which is an advantage in
hastening the maturity of the crop. The loose conditions afforded by the straw
allow of the easy separation of the seedlings for transplanting without injuring
their rootlets.

Factors Influencing- the protein content of soy beans, J. G. LiPiiAN, A. W.
Blaib, H. C. McLean, and L. K. Wilkins {Xcic Jersey Stas. Bui. 282 (1914),
pp. 5-14). — The work reported in this bulletin has been noted in part from
another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 140).

Brief descriptions regarding growth and ripening are also given of 13
varieties of soy beans tested in 1914, and the yield of dry matter and the nitro-
gen content of the beans of the different varieties are shown in a table. Ten
varieties yielded total dry matter at the rate of 2 tons or more per acre, but
only 4 varieties yielded at the rate of 15 bu. or more of shelled beans per acre.
In 1914 liming was followed by an average increase of 150 lbs., in the yield of
shelled beans for the varieties grown on limed and unlimed land. In 1913 in
similar tests the limed plats gave an average increase of total dry matter per
acre of 1,105 lbs. and an average increase of shelled beans of 203 lbs. as com-
pared with unlimetl plats. The variety Ebony ranke<l highest in nitrogen coa-
tent with 7.13 per cent, Meilium Yellow stood second with 7.06 per cent, and
Manhattan third with G.97 per cent. Where lime was used all but 3 varieties
showed more than 6.5 per cent of nitrogen.

Thickness of planting did not seem to affect the percentage of nitrogen in
the dry matter, but for a given area much more nitrogen was recovered in the
crop where planting was thick than where it was thin. Certain varieties in-
cluding Ebony, Medium Yellow, Guelph, and Manhattan, were richer in nitro-
gen, both the forage and shelled beans, than the other varieties tested. Dif-
ferent fertilizing materials did not greatly Influence the percentage of nitrogen
in the dry matter but judicious liming increased the nitrogen content of both
vines and shelle<l beans.

The effect of manganese sulphate on the yield of turnips at Wisley, F. J.
Chittenden (Jour. Roy. Hart, .s'or., ^1 (1915), Xo. 1, pp. VJf-96). — In tliis article
data show the effect of manganese sulphate and peat, manganese .sulphate alone,
and manganese sulphate and lime, as compared with a check plat receiving
no treatment. The plat receiving nothing gave a lower yield than that which
received manganese sulphate and peat. In two out of three cases the manga-
nese sulphate alone increased the yield, while the addition of lime to the
manganese sulphate depressed it. The average increase was only 6 per cent in
the case of the manganese alone. 21 per cent with manganese and peat, and only
4 per cent with manganese and lime.

The influence of the time and method of preparing the seed bed upon the
yield of winter wheat, L. E. Call (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 1,2-16, figs. 12). —
Studies of this problem made from 190S to 1913 are described in detail and
work along related lines at other stations is briefly reviewed. The results
secured from year to year, as the mechanical analysis of the soil, the soil
moisture content, the nitrate content and its distribution, the costs of preparing
the land, the effect of fertilizers on the crop, and other similar data are given
in tables.

In 1908 and 1909 the experiments were conducted on soil lacking in uni-
formity and the results secured were regarded as reliable only to the extent
tliat they showed a marked increase in yield where the gi'ound was worked
early in the season. In 1910 the work was transferred to a field with more
satisfactory soil conditions, although it had been plowed shallow in the past

FIELD CROPS. 633

and had been poorly farmed. For the period of the experiment winter wheat
was gi-own on the land continuously. The different methods of soil preparation
were as follows : Double disking without plowing, plowing 3 in. deep September
15, double disking July 15 and plowing 3 in. deep September 15, double disking
July 15 and plowing 3 in. deep August 15, single listing July 15, listing July
15 and splitting the ridges August 15, plowing 7 in. deep July 15, plowing 7 in.
deep August 15. plowing 7 in. deep August 15 and not working the land until
September 15, plowing 7 in. deep September 15, and plowing 3 in. deep July 15.

The ground plowed each season on July 15 7 in. deep and thoroughly worked
after plowing produced as an average of three years a yield of 28.58 bu. of
grain per acre as compared with 24.94 bu. per acre on ground plowed August
15, and 13.62 bu. per acre on ground plowed September 15. Ground plowed
3 in. deep in July produced 10.92 bu. less wheat than ground plowed 7 in. deep
the same date. Both single and double listing gave smaller yields of wheat
than deep plowing.

Early disking was advantageous when the plowing was delayed until Sep-
tember, but no increa.se in yield resulted when the plowing was done in August.
Regardless of method, early working usually produced an increase and late
working a decrease in yield. The soil moisture content at seeding time seemed
to bear practically no relation to the yield of wheat. The amount of soil
moisture at seeding time was found to be increased more by the size of the
preceding crop than by the method of preparing the gi'ound.

Early plowing and thorough working of the soil were found to liberate large
quantities of nitrates, and in 1911 and 1913 there was a close correlation
between the amount of nitrates in the soil at seeding time and the yield of
wheat. While not in direct proportion, yet large yields were only obtained when
nitrates were present in large quantities and small yields were usually secured
when nitrates were low. Moisture was more completely used by the crops on
the plats containing a large supply of nitrates at seeding time, and there was
considerable evidence to show that moisture was more economically used in the
presence of a large supply of nitrates. Nitrogenous fertilizers did not increase
the yield of wheat on ground rich in nitrates plowed in July, while on disked
corn ground the nitrogenous fertilizer increased the yield of wheat nearly 100
per cent.

The general conclusion is drawn that apparently early plowing in preparing
land for winter wheat is of value principally because of the large supply of
plant food liberated, especially nitrates, rather than from any other cause,
and that poor results are secured from late plowing chiefly because plant food
is not made available in sufficient quantities.

The progressive development of the wheat kernel, II, R. W. Thatcher
(Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 (1915), No. 6, pp. 273-282). — This article reports
the continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 234).

The varieties of wheat used in these trials were of the Fife, Velvet Chaff,
and Blue Stem groups. Harvesting was begim with each group as it reached
a particular stage of development, 1. e., when it showed the largest proportion
of spikes with the anthers of the two central spikelets protruding. Samples
were taken every three days. The data show the yield and physical properties
of kernels at the successive stages of development ; analyses of sample kernels ;
weights in milligrams of material per kernel ; gain in milligrams of protein and
carbohydrates in each kernel, with the ratio of the two materials for each
period ; the relation between the composition of material gained by the kernels
and their specific gravity ; and the character of the nitrogen-containing com-
pounds in Blue Stem wheat at successive stages of growth.

634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

"The percentage of material matter (ash), ether extract, and crude fiber in
the dry matter progressive!}' decreases. The percentage of sugars also de-
creases, but much more rapidly during the early stages of development than
after the ' milk ' stage, from which time on the decrease is very slight. The
percentage of protein in the dry matter decreases slightly until about the milk
stage and then begins to increase, the final matured sample usually showing a
higher percentage than the very Immature ones.

" The actual quantity of all these materials in the kernels increases during
each successive period of growth, with the exception of sugars, of which there
is an actual decrease as the kernels develop, undoubtedly by reason of their
conversion into reserve starch. The carbohydrate-protein ratio is at first
greater and then diminishingly less in the developing kernels than in the ' mold '
or pericarp material into wliich the endosperm material is filled. The observetl
changes in composition of the entire kernel are <lue, in part at least, to changes
in the relative proportions of endosperm, pericarp, and germ, these being parts
of the kernel which possess entirely different functions, and correspondingly
different chemical composition."

On the effect of using many parallel plats in field experiments. O. de
Vries (Teysmannia, 26 {1915), Xo. 8-9, pp. i65-Jf74). — This article discusses
the use of replicate plats in reducing the probable error in experimentation.

HORTICTJLTUIIE.

Report of horticulturist, C. C. Newman (i<outh Carolitw Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
13-20). — A liriof progress report on the work of the horticultural division.

Some data were secure<l in connection with the apple lireeding work (E. S.
R.. 32. p. 538) which show that apples from certain trees of standard varieties
may keep better and remain firm and crisp much k)nger than apples from other
trees of the same variety. In the tests here reportetl two boxes of apples from
each of three distinct types of the Black Twig variety and also two boxes of
Kinnard apples were gathered from two distinct types of this variety. The
fruit was wrapped in paper, place<l in boxes, and storefl away in a cool cellar.
The apples were carefully Inspected and repacked every 30 days beginning on
December 15. On May 1 one type of the Black Twig showe<l 3 per cent loss,
the second type 40 per cent loss, and the third type 14 per cent loss. Of the
two types of Kinnard, one was in perfect condition on December 1.5 and the
other showed a loss of 2 per cent. On February 1.5 the first type showed 13 per
cent loss and the s«x'ond type 38 per cent loss. Work is xmder way to deter-
mine whether the.se particular characteristics will be inherittnl. A record is
given of the yield of eight Kinnard trees for the 6-year i)eriod, 1909 to 1914.
The trees were all the same age. being six years old when the test was begun
and growing under similar conditions. Certain of these trees were found to
fruit regularly while other trees of the .same variety fruited only every other
year.

In the work of testing fruit varieties quite a number of varieties growing in
orchards have been collected from all parts of tlie State. Some of these
varieties which appear to be especially valuable are being tested at the branch
stations.

The breeding and selection work with Irish potatoes was continued. By select-
ing different strains of the varieties giving the best results for the second or
fall crop the station now has a number of types well adapted for growing in
the late summer and early fall. The strain of Lookout Mountain previously
selected for its keeping qualities under ordinary storage (E. S. K.. 32. p. .538)
gave good results during the past .seiis(ni, 98 per cent of the tubers plantinl

HORTICULTURE. 635

producing strong plants. This variety produces large clusters of seed pods on
every flower stem, hence offers opportunities for breeding work.

Investigations with the Rotundifolia grapes were continued. By forcing a
number of varieties to bloom and set fruit out of season, at the same time
preventing the male vines from flowering, evidence was secured which indi-
cates that varieties of the Rotundifolia grapes are not dependent on the pollen
from male vines for the development of normal fruit. It was also found that
bees apparently ignore the flowers of the Rotundifolia grapes, hence play little, if
any, part in their pollination in the region of the station.

Variety and cultural tests of fruits and vegetables were conducted by the
Pee Dee substation, and also variety tests of fruit at the Coast substation
during the year.

The Lamao Experiment Station, P. J. Westeb (Philippiiie Agr. Rev. [Eng-
lish Ed.], 8 (1915), No. 2, pp. 65-80, pl^. ^).— An account of the Lamao Ex-
periment Station with special reference to progress made in the various projects
since the reorganization of its work in 1913. A brief summary is given of
work accomplished on the following projects: Tropical fruits, citrus fruits, pine-
apples, avocados, mangoes, papayas, spices, nursery work, tropical root crops,
vegetables, seed growing, apiculture, live stock, maintenance, and extension.

Somatic segregation, E. J. Kbaus {-Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 1, pp. 3-8,
figs. 2). — A paper read before the American Genetic Association at Berkeley,
Oal., August 5, 1915.

The author gives a number of examples of tvvo classes of variations in plants,
one of which breeds true while the other does not. The slow progress thus far
made in improvement through bud selection is attributed to the failure to take
into account the occurrence of both fluctuating variations and constant varia-
tions. The work of Shamel with citrus fruits (E. S. R., 34, p. 43) is pointed
out as a striking case in which true segregates or mutants appear to have
been utilized.

The garden and farm almanac for 1916, edited by E. L. D. Seymour
(Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page d Co., 1916, pp. 200, figs. 98).— A ref-
erence book and annual for the farm, garden, and country home. Among the
special features are a monthly calendar of operations, garden and farm building
plans in blue print, directories of national organizations having to do with the
various phases of agriculture, a state directory of agricultural activities, a
bibliography of books and bulletins of 1915 on farm, garden, and country life
subjects, coqcise directions for the control of diseases and pests of fruits, vege-
tiibles, and ornamentals, a guide to farm and garden weeds, a planting table for
vegetables, and information on the more important breeds of farm animals.

Two farm gardens, C. A. Keffer (Col. Agr. Univ. Tenn., Ext. Div. Pub. 11
(1915), pp. 15). — This bulletin contains plans for two gardens, one of a dozen
vegetables to be grown on not more than one-fourth acre of land, and the other
to include an acre of land devoted to vegetables, small fruits, and orchard
fruits.

The home vegetable garden, H. F. Tompson (Facts for Farmers [Mass. Agr.
Col. Ext. Sen'.], 5 (1915), No. 5, pp. 4)- — This pamphlet contains brief prac-
tical suggestions for planning and managing the home vegetable garden, in-
cluding a vegetable planting table.

[Experiments in growing vegetable seeds at the Central Experimental
Farm in 1915], M. B. Davis (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 3 (1916), No. 1, pp. 12-18,
figs. 7). — Experiments in raising beet, carrot, celery, and cabbage seeds, con-
ducted at the Central Farm, Ottawa, are reported. Information is given rela-
tive to methods of storing and planting the seed stock and harvesting and clean-
ing the seed, together with results secured in 1915.

636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Many of the varieties were grown under cotton covers to keep tlieni from
crossing, tlius tending to reduce tlie yield. Tlie following results were secured :
Sixty-six cabbage plants yielded a total of 2 lbs. 9 oz. of seed with an approxi-
mate retail value of $5.20 ; 186 celery plants yielded 9 lbs. 9 oz. of seed valued at
$43.87 ; 176 carrot plants yielded 9 lbs. 12 oz. of seed valued at §16.06 ; and 113 beet
plants yielded 40 lbs. 9 oz. of seed valued at $50. Germination tests of the
seed, as far as they were completed, gave satisfactory results.

Experiments with cabbage, C. E. Myers (PcJinsylvniiia Sta. Bui. 131 {1916),
pp. 3-15. fig. 1). — This bulletin reports a number of cultural experiments with
early and late cabbage conducted at the station during the past few years.

In view of the practice in Pennsylvania of sowing seed for early cabbage
plants between the middle of .January and the middle of February, a compara-
tive test was made of Jersey Wakefield cabbage seed sown on January 15 and
on February 15 and transplanted to the cold frame about a month later in each
case, both lots of plants being set in the field on the same date. The early-sown
seed gave an increase in earliness of 12 per cent at the first cutting, and of 20
per cent for the first third of the cutting season.

A test of large v. small plants for a number of years showed practically no
difference in earliness or in productiveness between large and small plants of
early cabbage, regardless of whether the grading was done at tlie time of the
first transplanting or when the field planting was done.

A comparative test of planting distances resulted in a gain of $12.03 per acre
when Jersey Wakefield was planted in rows 24 in. apart and the plants set
18 in. in the row, and a loss of $10.03 per acre when Early Spring was set at
this distance as compared with planting in rows 28 in. apart and the plants
set 18 in. in the row. The variety Copenhagen Market which was tested for
one year gave the most profitable yield when planted in rows 28 in. apart and
the plants set 15 in. in the row.

Late cabbages did best when only large vigorous plants with sufficient vitality
to withstand possible unfavorable conditions were plante<l. Late cabbage
planted 32 by 18 in. and cultivated one way gave better results than when it
was planted in check rows 32 by 32 in. and cultivated both ways.

Influence of rainfall on the composition of tomatoes, W. D. Bigelow (Amcr.
Food Jour., 11 [I'.nC), No. 2, pp. JS, J.V; Cauinr, J,2 (HUG), No. 2, pp. 1), 16.—
Laboratory studies were conducted by the National Canners' A.<:sociation during
1914 and 1915 to determine what relation, if any, exists between the water
content of tomatoes and the rainfall. Fruits were secured throughout the
season, both from the Arlington Experimental Farm and from the JIaryland
Experiment Station. The seasons were somewhat unfavorable for the study,
since in both years the rainfall was higher before the tomato season than
during the season and the ground was well saturated at the time the tomatoes
began to ripen.

The data as a whole, however, show a general tendency for the soluble solids
to decrease in amount as the season advances. The soluble .solids of the variou.s
varieties of tomatoes examined were highest when the fruit began to ripen on
the plants and lowest with the last fruit of the season. It is suggested that this
decrease in solids with the advancing season may have been due to causes quite
distinct from the rainfall. It also appears improbable that the watery condi-
tion of tomatoes observed by canners after a heavy rain is due to a greater
percentage of water in the tomatoes but rather to a change in the structure of
the tomato so that it does not hold its juice as readily as when grown under
normal conditions. Tomato juice released from tomatoes during abnormal con-
ditions can readily be distinguished by the chemist from water which is atldeil
to the tomatoes during the course of canning

HOETICULTURE. 637

Careful handling, precooling', and cold storage investigations (Brit. Co-
lumbia Rpts. Dept. Agr., 8 {1913), pp. 31, 38). — A brief summary of a number
of investigations conducted during 1913, with E. Smitli in charge.

Investigations relative to losses from decay in rhubarb shipments show that
the decay is due primarily to a bacterial organism, followed by attacks of some
parasitic fungi. Certain varieties of rhubarb are more susceptible than others.
Rhubarb from new and rich soil was most attacked and that from upland old
soil the least attacked. Cold storage tests thus far made showed that decay
may be completely arrested at proper temperatures.

Precooling and shipping experiments with strawberries, raspberries, and
apples are also briefly noted.

Careful handling, precooling, cold storage, and transportation investiga-
tions (Brit. Colutnhia Rpts. Dept. Agr., 9 (1914), pp. 84-86). — An account of
investigations conducted during 1914 in charge of E. Smith, succeeded by F. L.
Goodman, and later by H. Thornber.

In continuation of the above-noted work with rhubarb, an experimental
study was made of methods of packing. The results indicate that rhubarb
.should not be washed before shipment and should be shipped dry. The leaves
should be entirely removed before shipping.

In the work with strawberries and raspberries, previous experiments had
demonstrated that the berries should not be precooled- much below 60° for
ordinary express shipments, so the precooling work was abandoned and experi-
ments in di-ying the fruit with a dehydrator were carried on. Experimental
shipments of dry and wet fruit showed conclusively that proper fanning greatly
increases the shipping quality of both strawberries and raspberries. Where
it is necessary to pick fruit slightly wet, it can be readily dried and its shipping
quality made superior to the best ordinary shipments by fannng with an elec-
tric fan in a suitable chamber for about one hour.

Cost records made on the department's precooling plant show that when ice
costs $3 per ton, the cost of precooling peaches or apricots is 1.9 cts. per box.
The precooling plant in use is described.

The work already conducted in the cold storage experiments with apples,
which have been under way for three years, indicates that only small and
medium-sized apples should be used for storage. The proper stage of maturity
for storage varies with different varieties. Delay in getting apples into cold
storage is dangerous. There was little difference in the cold storage qualities
between fruits from various districts. The commercial season of varieties
such as Jonathan and Mcintosh can be extended to February, and even to
March, by cold storage.

Some storage experiments with onions were started during the year.

Maturity of fruits for precooled shipments, E. Smith (Agr. Ga;:. Canada,
8 (1916), No. 1, pp. 18-20, pi. 1). — A discussion of the proper degree of maturity
at which fruit should be picked for precooled shipments, based upon precooling
experiments conducted by the Canadian department of agriculture.

New fruits originated at Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, C. Haralson
(Minn. Hart., 44 (1916), No. 2, pp. 79-83, figs. 3).— In this paper the author calls
attention to a few of the most promising new varieties of fruits originated at
the state fruit farm. Attention is directed in particular to improvements in
strawberries, raspberries, plums, and grapes.

Varieties of fruit for West Virginia, W. H. Aldeehan, L. F. Sutton, and
R. R. Jeffries (W. Vu. Univ., Agr. Ext. Dept. Circ. 46 (1915), pp. S).— This
comprises lists of selected varieties of orchard and small fruits recommended
by the West Virginia University and Station for general planting in the State.

638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Economics of apple orcharding, C. I. Lewis and H. A. Vickebs {Oregon
Sta. Bid. 132 {1915}, pp. 10^, figs. 14). — The division of horticulture of the
station has been conducting inquiries for four years concerning the cost of
fruit production in the Pacific Northwest. As a result of this work some data
were obtained from about 1.000 orchards, more or less complete data having
been secured from about 500 orchards located in Oregon, "Washington, Idaho,
and British Columbia. The purpose of the present bulletin is to present average
costs of production, based on this inquiry, which will serve as an aid to those
orchardists attempting to lower their production costs and which will indicate
what expenses may be includetl under the various headings of growing, hand-
ling, overhead charges, and selling. The figures used are taken from farms
which have at least two-thirds of their entire acreage devoted to orchards and at
least tiAO-thirds of this orchard devoted to apples. In addition to a study of cost
of production based on averaged data, examples are given of actujtl production
costs on various types of orchards. The various factors entering directly into
the cost of production are discussed, and consideration is also given to diversi-
fied farming in relation to lowering the cost of fruit production.

From the data secured as a whole it appears that the average cost of clear-
ing land and planting to apples in the Northwest is about $112.82 an acre. The
average cost of maintenance and development of orchards 2 to 3 years of age
is $62.72 an acre ; 4 to 5 years of age, $60.36 an acre ; and 6 to 7 years of age,
when some returns were received, $.52.87 an acre. The average cost of produc-
tion of apples in orchards 6 to 9 years old with an average yield of 120 bu. per
acre was $140.92, or $1.18 a box. The average cost of pnxluctlon of apples in
orchards 10 to 18 years old with an average yield of 233 boxes to the acre
was $220..50 per acre, or 95 cts. per box.

The average fruit ranch was found to contain too many horses for economical
management. Apples were producetl much cheaper on the larger units than on
the smaller units, and it is condudetl that those growers who are depending on
5 or 10 acres of apples should either enlarge their orchards or combine with
apple production some other agricultural activities. It is believed that the
choice of varieties for the Northwest should be reducetl to a dozen and that
each locality should only produce those few varieties that are best suitetl for
local conditions.

With reference to crop diversification, the authors conclude that the best
opportunities to diversify the apple farm, especially where lands are high-priced
and where there is an overhead cost, taxes, and interest on the investment
of from .$30 to $.50 an acre, is by the growing of more than one kind of fruit
in addition to raising the home supply of vegetables, pork, poultry, milk, and
all necessary stock feetl. A number of growers are handling forage crops to
advantage where the crop is fed to live stock on the place. When such crops
are grown for hay in the orchard, however, the increased cost of producing the
hay under such conditions leaves only a narrow margin of profit.

The raising of truck and garden crops in the orchard will prove profitable
only in exceptional cases if it is necessary to hire labor for all work. Where
irrigation is practiced the strawberrj" is one of the most succe-ssful crops grown
among trees in the Northwest. Potatoes have been tried as an intercrop with
varying success. Where conditions were favorable for cheap and abundant
pasturage and where most of the concentrates necessary may be rai.se<l on the
farm or obtained at a reasonable price, hogs have proved a profitable invest-
ment with orcharding. Dairjing will not prove profitable in conjunction with
orcharding in the Northwest unless the orchardist procures a superior herd
and produces on the ranch the major portion of all feed consumed.

I

FORESTRY. 639

Economics in apple orcharding-, C. I. Lewis and H. A. Vickeks (Nebr.
Hort., 5 (1915), No. 9, pp. 1-5, 7). — A popular summary of the above noted
bulletin.

Packing and shipping peaches in Georgia carriers, M. A. Blake and C H.
Connors {Xeic Ja-sey Stas. Bid. 28-i {1915). pp. 3-ff8, figs. 27).— This bulletin
discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different packages used for
peaches, and describes in detail packing house equipment for peaches and
methods of grading, packing, and sliipping in six-basket Georgia carriers, in-
cluding information relative to the proper degree of maturity at which different
varieties of peaches should be picked. The text of the New Jersey laws affect-
ing the size and marking of peach packages is also included.

New or noteworthy tropical fruits in the Philippines, P. J. Westeb
(Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (.1915), No. 2, pp. 103-lU, pis. .}).— The
author here calls attention to a number of species of fruit trees that are com-
paratively little known in the Western Hemisphere and to others which are
apparently new to horticulture or not well-known even in the Far East outside
of the Philippines. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 28, p. 236).

Improving the production of Washington navels, A. D. Shamel (CaL Cult.,
46 (1916), Nos. 1, pp. 1, 2, figs. 2; 2, pp. 36-38, figs. 3; 3, pp. 10, 71, fig. 1; 4,
pp. 101, 102; ahs. in Fla. Grower, 13 (1916), No. 2, pp. 10, 11, figs. 3; Jour.
Heredity. 7 (1916), No. 2, pp. 82-87, fig. 1). — A popular account of the author's
work in California in improving the yield of Washington navel oranges through
bud selection and top working (E. S. R., 34, p. 43).

Problems in walnut breeding, L. D. Batcheloe (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916),
No. 2, pp. 61-65, figs. 2). — A discussion of the walnut industry in California with
reference to walnut blight, variability of the present seedling groves, and im-
provement through selection of profitable and resistant varieties.

Horticultural sports, AV. H. Manning (Nat. Nurseryman, 24 (1916), No. 2,
p. 56). — The author calls attention to a large number of ornamental plant
sports and briefly discusses their use in landscape gardening.

House plants: Selection, propagation, and care, E. Hansen (Utah Agr.
Col., Ext. Div. Circ, 4 (1916), No. 4, pp. 12, figs. 7). — A popular treatise on the
propagation and care of house plants, including suggestions relative to varieties
of house plants that give the best results.

Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides, C. S. Cathcabt
and R. L. Willis (New Jersey Stas. Bid. 286 (1915), pp. 3-i.3).— This bulletin
contains analyses of 68 samples of Paris green, lead arsenate, lime-sulphur,
Bordeaux, and miscellaneous materials sold in New Jersey during 1915.

FORESTRY.

Forest trees worth planting. — Ked oak (Quercus rubra), E. Seckest (J/o.
Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 2, pp. 54-60, figs. 3).— This article discusses the
red oak (Q. rubra) with reference to its important characteristics, planting
and cultivation, value for shade and ornament, and treatment when planted as
a street tree.

Seed and germination in Hevea brasiliensis, A. Sprechee (Bid. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, 2. ser.. No. 19 (1915), pp. 112, pis. 7, figs. 1.5). — Part 1 of the work
contains a general account of the organs and process of reproduction in Hevea,
together with a detailed description of the seed and a discussion of seed
anomalies. Part 2 deals with normal germination in Hevea and germination
anomalies. Part 3 contains a detailed account of germination experiments with
Hevea seed, in which consideration is given to the influence of the factors of
position of seed in the soil, light, moisture, soil characteristics, and tapping or
33S59'— 16 i

640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

not tapping of the mother tree on the germination energy of the seed and
germination power, on the formation of linees and rings on the seedlings, on the
development of complicated curves in the seedlings, and on the length of month-
old plants.

The study was conducted according to biometrical methods. The results are
presented in a series of tables and fully discussed.

A silvicultural system for western yellow pine in the Black Hills, P. T.
Smith {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), Xo. 3, pp. 29 J/SOO) .—The systems
here recommended and discussed are the shelterwood system for even-aged
stands and the group-selection system for mixed-aged stands.

Influence of the weather on the height growth in pine A. P. Tolskii
{Trudy Li^sn. Opytn. Dielii Ross., 47 {1913) ; abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Riiss.
Jour. ExpL handle), 15 {1914), ^'o. 1, pp. 106, i07).— The author reports a
study conducted in the Borov Exi>eriment Forest in the Government of Samara
relative to the height growth of pines as influenced by meteorological conditions
during different seasons of the year.

Some uses of meteorological studies in silvicultural and management
problems, W. H. Kenety {Pioc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 3, pp.
266-270). — Some of the results obtained at the Cloquet forest station on
studies of meteorological factors and their influence on forest types are given
under tlie heads of air temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture. The
moisture equivalent metliod for determining soil types (E. S. It.. 19, p. 416)
has been found at tlie station to be the most usable one. The application of this
method is here described.

The reforestation of brush fields in northern California, R. H. Boerkeb
{Proc. Soc. Anicr. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 3, pp. 2S4-293). — This paper de-
scribes in detail an apparently successful operation in reforesting a brush area
by planting, the absence of seed trees making the process of natural regenera-
tion a diflicult one.

Windfall damage in selection cuttings in Oregon, K. Smith and U. H.
Weitkneciit (Pror. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 3, pp. 263-265). — A
detailed study of 3,021 windfalls, 2,160 of which were yellow pines, was con-
ducted on nearly 4,000 acres of cut-over land in order to determine the prin-
ciples which control windfall.

The results of the investigation show in substance that no diameter cla.ss
above 12 in. is immune from wind-throw, the liability increasing with the
diameter. The danger of wind-throw increases with the height of the trees, the
density of the crown, and witli the grouping of trees as opposed to their even
distribution. The character of the trunk of the trees has very little effect
upon their wind firmness. Windfall is apparently as great on medium and deep
soils as on shallow soils, and is more prevalent on cut-over land than in virgin
timber. It occurs indiscriminately without regard to slope or exposure, but is
slightly more severe on ridge tops and lee slopes than elsewhere.

The trees of Texas, I. M. Lewis {Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 22 {1915), pp. TI+
169, figs. J/S). An illustrated manual of the native and introduced trees of the
State. The descriptions given are based largely upon specimens in the her-
barium of the University of Texas. The discussion of each species includes its
distinguishing characteristics, range, and uses. A key is given to the families
and genera included.

The forests of Alaska, II. S. Graves {Amer. Forestry, 22 {1916), No. 265, pp.
24-37, figs. 16). — A descriptive account of the forests and forest conditions in
Alaska, in which the author calls special attention to the relation of the
National Forests to the development of industries in Alaska.

FORESTRY. 641

The forests of central British Columbia, H. R. Christie (Forestry Quart.,
13 {1915), No. If, pp. Jf95-503). — A short descriptive account of the forests and
timber resources of central British Columbia.

Forest investigations in Canada. — Proposal for a ;tiational organization
for technical investigations, W. N. Millar (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No.
4, pp. 504-521). — Tlie author considers the present status of the forestry profes-
sion in Canada, and outlines the scheme whereby the Dominion Forestry
Branch pUms to undertake the investigation of tlie forestry problems of
Canada and to coordinate the technical work of all Canadian forest organiza-
tions.

Working plans: Past history, present situation, and future development,
B. MooKE (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 3, pp. 217-258) .—In this
paper the author reviews the past history and present conditions of govern-
mental forest working plans and discusses the probable future development of
working plans.

The use of the plane table in making forest maps, S. B. Locke (Forestry
Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4, pp. 445-4^6, pis. 3). — A discussion of the application
of plane table methods of mapping to mountainous countries with broken cover.

The profile alidade, an instrument that may prove useful in mapping
strip lines, S. B. Detwileb (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4> PP- 4^'^-441^ P^-
1, figs. 2). — The author describes the application of the profile alidade in
mapping forest strip lines. As a result of test lines run over several areas it
is concluded that the alidade promises greater speed and accuracy than the
Abney hand level (E. S. R., 33, p. 843).

Saving labor in measuring heights, — A new principle applied to the
hypsometer, S. B. Detwileb (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4, PP- 442-444,
figs. 3). — The author here describes and illustrates an adjustable sighting arm,
applied to a hand hypsometer, which automatically remains fixed on the point
to which it is set and permits of the free movement of the principal sighting
arm without affecting the accuracy of measurement.

Further notes on frustum, form factor volume tables, D. Bruce (Proc. Soc.
Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 3, pp. 315-321, figs. 2).— In continuation of
previous investigations (E. S. R., 27, p. 348; 31, p. 640) the author here shows
the applicability of the frustum form factor method to Douglas fir, western
larch, and Engelmann spruce. Some short-cut methods of constructing frustum
form factor volume tables are also given.

The use of frustum form factors in constructing volume tables for western
yellow pine in the Southwest, C. F. Korstian (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters,
10 (1915), No. 3, pp. 301-314, figs. 3). — The author here reports an experi-
mental trial of the frustum form method of constructing volume tables, advo-
cated by Bruce as noted above. From the work conducted with yellow pine
it is concluded that the frustum form factor method is more adaptable for con-
structing local volume tables and much cheaper than the conventional method.

The application of reconnaissance data to the problem of marking timber
for cutting, R. H. Boeekeb (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4, PP- 4^7-4^4)- —
A study of data secured from reconnaissance work in pure western yellow pine
stands with reference to its application to the management of these stands.

A system of cost accounts for a forest tree nursery, B. A. Chandler
(Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4, PP- 468-471)- — The system is described,
including a sample work report and ledger account.

Table for determining profits in holding second growth, W. D. Sterrett
(Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 4, pp. 472, 473).— The table here given is ap-
plicable to second growth stands which can be purchased at given prices per

642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

acre and also to mature timber which is increasing in yield or value per acre
by allowing it to stand.

Close forest utilization with a portable mill, E. A. Ziegler {Forestry
Quart., 13 {1915), J\'o, 4, pp. 4^5-467). — This comprises an accurate record of
income and expense, kept by L. E. Staley, in an operation on the llont Alto
(Pennsylvania) State Forest.

The present forest tax situation in New Hampshire, J. H. Fostee {Forestry
Quart., 13 {1915), No. 4, pp. 474-480). — A comparative study of 126 distinct
and widely scattered timber lots, mostly second growth white pine, with ref-
erence to tax assessments and timber conditions in 1908 as compared with
assessments and timber conditions in 1914.

The author concludes, in part, that an assessed valuation in excess of 50 per
cent of the actual values on poorly-gi'owing lots or in excess of 75 per cent on
good-growing lots will generally cause a loss to the owner unless he cuts the
timber at once and will always cause a loss to the town if he does cut. Abrupt
increases in taxation cause the owner to cut his timber regardless of his
financial advantage.

Forest fi.res in North Carolina during 1914 and forestry laws of North
Carolina, J. S. Holmes {N. C. Geol. and Eeon. Survey, Econ. Paper 40 {1915),
pp. 48). — The first part of this report contains the ainiual statement of forest
fires for 1914, and shows the results of organized federal fire protection on the
Southern Appalachian Purchase Areas, as well as the results of partial protec-
tion in several townships adjacent to these areas.

The second part of the report gives a rCsuni^ of forest laws in North Caro-
lina, including the text of the new forestry laws enacted by the general
assembly of 191.5. These include laws for the protection of forests from fire;
for the protection of watersheils ; the creation of state forests, enabling the
federal acquirement and control of land for National Forests; and the Arbor
Day law.

Organization of cooperative forest fi.re protective areas in North Carolina,
J. S. Holmes {N. C. Geol. and Econ. Surrey, Econ. Paper 42 {1915), pp. 31). —
An account of the proceedings of a special conference held by the state
forester in 1915 to secure the cooperation of local landowners and other inter-
ested parties preliminary to the arrangement of cooperative measures between
the Federal Government and tlie State Geological Board in forest fire protection.
As a result of this conference several cooperative forest fire protective areas or
districts have been organized.

Some factors governing the trend and practice of forest sanitation, J. R.
Weis {Forestry Quart., 13 {1915), No. 4, pp. 481-489).— The author here dis-
cu.sses some of the factors governing the trend and practice of forest protection
with special reference to fungus diseases.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The grouping and terminology of plant diseases, L. E. Melcheks {Phy-
topatholoyy, 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 291-302) .—The author suggests the classifica-
tion of plant diseases into three groups, nonparasitic diseases, diseases of un-
known origin, and parasitic diseases, these terms to supplant the terms
physiological diseases, diseases of unknown origin, and fungus and bacterial
diseases, which are in common use.

Seed and soil treatments for plant diseases, J. G. Htmbkht {Mo. But. Otiio
Sta.. 1 {1916), No. .?, pp. -'/.?-.'/(;). — Suggestions are given for different .seinl and
soil treatments for various plant diseases.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643

Copper sprays, H. Fonzes-Diacon (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160
(1915), No. 16, pp. 528-530). — The author summarizes his account of a study
carried out by himself on the comparative fungicidal values of copper sprays
with the claim that strongly acid mixtures are rich in tetracupric sulphate.
They also contain the components of that ingredient in addition to copper sul-
phate, and possess, therefore, a high fungicidal value, while the neutral mix-
tures contain less, and the alkaline preparations but little of that ingredient.
The alkaline preparations tend, moreover, to the formation of the less effective
compounds of copper.

Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures, H. Fonzes-Diacon {Prog. Agr. et. Vit.
(Ed. I'Est-Centre), 36 (1915), No. 18, pp. 416-419).— Directions and suggestions
are given regarding the preparation and use of spraying mixtures in accordance
with the data set forth by the author in the article above noted.

Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, H. W. Bakee (South Caro-
lina Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 21-26). — A progress report is given on the various
projects, in plant diseases, conducted under the Adams fund, and continuing
previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 543).

Continued investigations on the effect of hot-water treatment of cotton seed
for the prevention of anthracnose have proved quite successful. In one field
of 12 acres only about 1 per cent of the bolls showed any injury at the end
of the season, while from the same seed, untreated, 15 per cent of the bolls
were destroyed. In a field where the same cotton was grown the previous
year, 45 per cent of the bolls were destroyed. In connection with this investi-
gation, it was found that the seed of different varieties of cotton varied in
respect to the temperature they could withstand, some varieties being killed at
72° C, while others stood a temperature of 76°.

In addition to the hot-water treatment, some spraying experiments were
conducted in which Bordeaux mixture, lime sulphur, and bichlorid of mercury
were tested. The amount of anthracnose was so considerably reduced that it is
intended to repeat the experiment another season. It is not expected, however,
that spraying cotton will prove an economical method of preventing anthrac-
nose, it being considered applicable only as an additional means of securing
clean seed for planting.

The investigation on the relations of moisture content and shedding of bolls
has been continued, and an attempt is being made to determine at what season
the cotton plant needs most water. The 20 pot plants worked with used con-
siderably the most water in August. Data are also being collected on the
time it takes cotton to mature in this climate, from 24 to 30 days elapsing from
the first appearance of the squares until the flowers open, and from 55 to 65
days from blooming to the opening of the bolls.

On the bacterial diseases of cotton, the work has been conducted by F. M.
Rolfs, who has made a study of the angular leaf spot caused by Bacterium
malvacearum. It is reported that seed treatment and spraying tests gave some
very satisfactory results.

Among the miscellaneous notes given, the author reports the serious loss
caused to corn by Physoderma sp., the presence of a species of Sclerotinia on
alfalfa, and the work on cotton and cowpea wilt and root knot carried on in
cooperation with this Department.

Administration report of the government mycologist for 1913—14, W.
McRae (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Madras, 1913-14, pp. 49, 50).— It is stated that the
bud rot of coconut palms found late in the previous year in Malabar has been
shown to be caused by Pythium palmivorum. The characteristic signs of bud
rot have been obtained by inoculation of young palmyra palms with the fungus
from diseased older trees.

644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The mahali or koleroga disease of areca nut palms, due to Phytophihora
omnivora, was not so severe this year, so that the contrast between trees
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and unsprayed trees was not so great as
formerly.

Successful inoculations were obtained with the grain smut (Cintractia sorghi
vulgaris) and head smut {Ustilago reiUa)ia) on Guinea corn.

[Plant diseases in New South. Wales in 1913-14], G. P. Darnell-Smith
{Rpt. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, 191Jt, pp. 32, 33}.— It is stated that the disease
due to Colletotrichum glcco.tpohoides, known locally as brown spot, has causeil
serious loss in case of Emperor mandarin trees in the Gosford district. Thorny
mandarin has resisted infection in the field though not in the laboratory. The
former variety is cropped continuously, the latter biennially. The disease
appears likely to become a serious pest. It is found on stems, leaves,
and fruits. Black spot of oranges due to Phoma citricarpa is still prevalent.
Ar miliaria mellea has done considerable damage to citrus trees.

The finding of fructifications of Sphwropsis nialorum permitted the identifica-
tion of this fungus as the cause of an apple canker in two localities. Gloeo-
aporium sp., another cause of canker, was also prevalent during the year. It is
thought the several forms of Glcesporium formerly regarded as distinct are
really modifications of the same species. This fungus has caused much damage
to several fruits, especially to passion fruit, on which it is known as brown
spot, and inoculations from which cause bitter rot in several other fruits.

Wheat mildew (Erysiphe graminis) has been somewhat prevalent. Bunt, or
stinking smut (Tillctia tritici and T. Icvi-i), is still found on inferior wheats.
No better treatment has been found for seed wheat than that already noted by
Ross (E. S. R., 32, p. 49). The same treatment checks fiag smut {Urocystis
tritici). Examples of faulty germination have shown the presence of a fungus
apparently new, provisionally assigned to the Podosporiella.

Black rot of cabbage due to Pscudomonas campc.<<tris has been noted.

Black spot, common among tomatoes and generally associated with bacteria
and Macrosporium sp., seems to be dependent also upon drought conditions, the
plant developing a natural immunity when given sufficient water.

Bunt or stinking smut of wheat, F. D. IIkai.d and H. M. Woolman {Wash-
ington Sta. Bui. 126 (I'.il')), pp. 3-24. ;>'«■ 4- fiff- -?)•— The results of an investiga-
tion, in cooperation with the Office of Cereal Investigations of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, of stinking smut of wheat due to Tillctia tritici
are given. The authors discuss the causes of the disease, the effect of the smut,
and methods of invasion and of control. This disease is quite serious in the
Northwest, in some instances causing almost total destruction of crops.

Marked variation in susceptibility of varieties to stinking smut is noted, and
it is thought that probably their use will offer partial relief from serious loss.
Investigations show that the smut spores are blown to a considerable distance,
thus interfering with the usual methods of control. The authors reconunend
treatment of the seed wheat, unless it is known to be free from the smut, with
either formalin or copper sulphate, the latter being preferable for Washington
conditions. Early seeding or late fall planting are recommended as additional
methods of control, and where possible crop rotation should be followed.

A Podosporiella disease of germinating wheat, P. J. 0'Gai?a (Phyto-
pathology, 5 (1915), lYo. 6, pp. 323-326, pis. 2). — A detailed account Is presented
of a disease of germinating wheat, a preliminary notice of which has already
been given (E. S. R., 33, p. 847). The fungus causing this disease is said to be
P. vcrticillata n. sp., a technical description of which is given.

An anthracnose-resistant Bed Kidney bean, M. F. Bariu's (Phytopathol-
ogy, 5 (1915), Xo. 6, pp. 303-311, figs. 4). — In a previous publication (E. S. R.,

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645

26, p. 747), the author stated that he had not found any varieties of Phascolits
vulga7'is which were resistant to every strain of bean anthracnose. In the
present paper a strain of Red Kidney is described whicli lias been under
observation for three seasons and which seems to have marljed resistant
qualities.

Plantings in greenhouse and in garden were made of the resistant variety,
which is called Wells Red Kidney, and of a number of other varieties, all
being then inoculated with four distinct strains of the fungus CoUetotrichum
Undcmuthianum. In these experiments the vines of Wells Red Kidney stood
up well and produced well-filled pods, while all the other varieties were seriously
infected.

This variety seems to be a distinct strain which was originated in New
York about 1903 or 1904. While quite resistant to anthracnose, it is not
resistant to the bacterial blight caused by Bacterium pliascoli, the brown rot
due to Sclerotinia lihertiana, or to any of the root rots common in parts of New
York.

Notes on an internal disease of cotton seed, W. L. Balls {Agr. News
[Barbados], IJf. (1915), No. 350, p. SlJt)- — This article gives results and con-
clusions from observations made in Egj'pt on cotton seed in which the per-
centage of failures to germinate was found to be proportional to the time
during which the seed cotton had been hanging in the bolls, and in which for
equal periods of exposure the severity of the damage was proportional to the
number of stainer bugs present. The author states that probably the damage
done by these bugs was due less to their removal of nutrient materials than
to the poisons they leave behind, that fungi and bacteria may enter through
the punctures and cause complications, and that on the same plant seeds and
bolls may be affected in both these ways and also by specific parasites.

Further studies on peanut leaf spot, F. A. Wolf ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 5 (1916), No. 19, pp. 891-902). — In continuation of a previous
publication (E. S. R., 32, p. 546), the author reports investigations carried on
at the Alabama College Experiment Station to determine the means by which
the leaf spot disease is distributed and to test methods for control. It is stated
that as the fungus Cercospora personata is distributed by winds and insects,
rotation and seed disinfection are not entirely successful in controlling this
trouble, which at times may decrease the yield from 5 to 20 per cent.

The native habitat of Spongospora subterranea, G. R. Lyman and J. T.
Rogers (Science, n. ser., ^2 (1915), No. 1096, pp. 9^0, 941). — The authors report
the occurrence of powdery potato scab on tubers obtained from Peru. Some of
the infected tubers were secured from regions where potatoes had never been
imported, only the original native varieties being grown. This is considered
to indicate that the native habitat of S. subterranea is in South America, which
is also the home of the potato.

Connection of a bacterial organism with, curly leaf of the sugar beet, R. E.
Smith and P. A. Boncquet (Phijtopathology, 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 335-342, pi. 1,
fig. 1). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 33, p. 743), the authors called
attention to the presence of specific lesions in sugar beet leaves affected with
curly top, and also to the presence of bacteria which resemble Bacillus dianthi.

Since the preliminary account a large amount of histological work has been
conducted, and the authors find that the organism is a very common inhabitant
of the sieve tubes of the sugar beet and that it is not confined to the curly leaf
disease. The bacillus is also to be found on seed, but inoculation experiments,
either with the juice of diseased plants or with cultures of the organism, have
entirely failed. .

646 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Curly leaf, it is claimed, may be easily transmitted hy grafting and by leaf
hoppers. Insects taken from wild plants are not pathogenic, and apparently
an incubation period in the body of the insect of no more than 48, and possibly
not over 24, hours is necessary before infection can be transmitted.

The comparative effect upon sugar beets of Eutettix tenella from ■wild
plants and from curly top beets, P. A. Boxcquet and W. J. Hartung (Phyto-
pathology, 5 {1915), Ko. 6, pp. 3If8, 349, fig. i).— The authors briefly report ex-
periments in which 100 specimens of E. tenella obtained from a region of
California far removed from the sugar beet area, and about 150 individuals
which had been living on curly leaf beets, were confined upon healthy plants.

The results show that curly leaf is readily transmitted by insects from
infected plants, while with the wild insects the beets remained in a normal
condition. Twenty wild insects have been kept on normal beets for a con-
siderable period without producing any effect whatever.

Sweet potato scurf, L. L. HiRTEB {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5
{1916), No. n, pp. 787-192, pis. 2). — An account is given of investigations of
the scurf disease of sweet potato first described by Halsted as due to Monilo-
chcetes infuscans (E. S. R., 2, p. 416). The author gives the results of inocula-
tion experiments and de.scribes certain characteristics of the fungus. As the
parasite does not appear to have been definitely published, a technical descrip-
tion of it is given.

A new method of selecting tomatoes for resistance to the wilt disease,
C. W, Edgerton {Science, n. ser., Jf2 {Wl.'i), Xo. J 095, pp. 91.',, .0/5).— The
author describes a method of growing tomato plants which are resistant to
tomato wilt due to Fusarium lycopcrsici. The method consists in the inocula-
tion of sterilized soil with the fungus, after which the seeds are planted and
the resistant types selected. In this way a much higher i^ercentage of healthy
plants, which may be subsequently set out, is produced than of nonrosistant
plants, a large proportion of which will be destroyed by the seed bed treatment

The newer diseases of fruit trees and latest development in their treat-
ment, C. K. Orton {Proc. Ann. Conv. Fruit Groiccrs Assoc. Adams Co., Pcnn.,
9 {1913), pp. 77-89, figs. 5). — It is stated that of the apple diseases known
in Pennsylvania, about 20 in number and all but one or two of whicli are
attributed to fungi. 5 or 6 are regarded as of recent appearance in that State.
This discussion includes bitter rot {GlomercUa rufomaculan.s), blotch {Phyl-
losticta solitaria), Baldwin spot {Phoma pomi), blister canker (Nummularia
disereta), Volutella rot, and collar rot (for which the name collar blight is
preferred). Fruit pit (bitter pit or stippen) and water core are also briefly
discussed.

Pythiacystis infection of deciduous nursery stock, Elizabeth H. Smith
{Phytopathology, 5 {1915), Ko. 6, pp. 317-322, figs. //).— In March, 1914. the
author undertook an investigation, a preliminary note of which has been given
(E. S. R., 34, p. 353), of the dying back and gumming of peach nursery stock.
In this the bark of infected stock was cankered chiefly above the bud, and in
advanced cases the bark was girdled from 2 to 6 in. above the graft.

Cultures made from peach showed typical sporangia of P. citrnphthora, and
inoculations were successfully made from peach into apple, pear, peach, almond,
and other deciduous nursery stock. Attempts were made to infect the Eureka
lemon and other citrus .stock with the peach strain, but so far these have bt^n
unsuccessful. In March, 1915, under ordinary nursery conditions, successful
inoculations were made of the peach strain into apricot and almond, and from
the almond strain of the organisjn into almond and apricot.

During the spring of 1914 a form of Pythiacistis was isolated from a gum-
ming almond tree. This was found to differ from the prevailing strain in its

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 647

greater rapidity of growth, simplified brancliiug of tlie mycelium, ready pro-
duction of oospores, and failure to infect the pear after inoculation, although
small cankers were obtained on the almond.

Factors involved in the growth, and the pycnidium formation of Plen-
odomus fuscomaculans, G. H. Coons (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
5 (1916), No. 16, pp. 713-769). — In a paper contributed from the Michigan Ex-'
periment Station, the author gives results of experiments performed with
P. fuscomaculans, a fungus pathogenic to apple. The specific investigation
undertaken was to determine the efCect of various controlled environmental
factors upon the growth and reproduction of the fungus.

The organism was found to have a wider range of conditions suitable to
growth than to reproduction. The base level of conditions necessary for growth
was found in conductivity water at low temperatures. Reproduction requires
more favorable conditions. As a result of these investigations the author
believes a basis for practical recommendations as to culture of other organisms
has been found, as well as evidence of the feasibility of developing a standard
synthetic solution which would make possible a standardization of environ-
ments for diagnostic purposes. The author proposes a theory to explain the
mechanism of the opposed action of growth and reproduction, in which it is con-
sidered that competition for oxygen is the fundamental reason for absence of
fructification under conditions which allow abundant growth.

Preliminary note on leaf invasions by Bacillus amylovorus, F. D. Heald
(^yasJlingto)l Sta. Bui. 125 {1915), pp. 3-7, pis. 2).— The results from prelim-
inary studies in the field and laboratory on leaf invasions by B. aniylovonis
are given which show that this form of attack is rather common. The leaf
invasion was first noticed on Bartlett pears at North Yakima, Wash., but soon
after similar attacks were found on Wagener, Jonathan, and Rome Beauty apple
trees. Later collections were made from both pear and apple trees throughout
Washington. Pure cultures were isolated from leaf lesions and used in inocu-
lation experiments, and in about eight days seedling trees exhibited typical
forms of fire blight.

Notes on the fire blight disease, V. B. Stewakt (Phytopathology, 5 (1915),
No. 6, pp. 327S34). — Notes are given on the influence of commercial fertilizers
in developing fire blight, varieties of the pear resistant to the disease, and fire
blight as favored by hail injury.

In the experiments on the use of fertilizers, nursery ground was prepared and
planted in 1911, all seedlings of suitable growth being budded in August to
Bartlett pears. In the following year the nursery plats were cultivated four
times, and in 1913 and in 1914 fertilizers were again applied and the plats
cultivated four times. In July, 1914, five trees in each plat were inoculated
with a 2-day-old bouillon culture of Bacillus amylovorus, and many infections
were apparent within a period of five days. No differences as to the resistance of
the trees could be noticed which could be attributed to the fertilizers used.
Nitrogen did not materially affect the fire blight by increasing the growth of
the trees, nor did phosphates and potash harden the tissues and make them
more resistant.

In discussing varieties of pear resistant to blight, the author calls attention
to the varieties Douglass and Sand Pear, which, he thinks, afford material
suitable for developing a pear that might have considerable resistance. He
does not consider entire immunity as very probable.

The unusual prevalence of fire blight in New York in the summer of 1914 is
considered as associated with a severe hailstorm, the bacteria being carried to
the wounds by insects which visited the trees to feed on exuding sap.

648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Insect control important in checking fire blight, A. C. Bubkill {Phyto-
patlwlogif, 5 (1915), Xo. 6, pp. 343-347). — As a result of observations and ex-
periments, the author claims that the control of aphids and leaf hoppers, which
are carriers of blight, would prove cheaper than the present method of prun-
ing, which is not only expensive but only partially effective. It is specifically
stated, however, that this does not apply to the elimination of hold-over cankers,
a subject which still needs investigation.

Fire blight on cherries, J. W. Hotson {Phytopathology, 5 (1915), Xo. 6, pp.
312-316, pi. 1). — The author reports serious damage done by fire blight (Bacil-
lus amylovorvs) in the Yakima Valley in 1914 and 1915 on apples and pears,
as well as on quince, prune, and crab. During the spring and early summer of
1915. it is said that there was a noticeable increase in the infected pears and
apples on trees showing little twig or body infestion. About the middle of
June, when the cherries were beginning to ripen, a peculiar condition of the
fruit on Royal Ann cherry trees was observed, in which about one-third of
the fruit on a large tree was infected.

The cherry disease first appears as small depressions on the sui'face of the
fruit. These gradually spread over the entire surface, giving the cherry a
shrunken, wilted appearance. In some instances, exudations were noticed on
the fruit, and examination showed the exudate contained abundant bacteria
which cultures and inoculation experiments proved to be identical with
B. amylovofous of the pear and apple.

While on the cherry bacteria, so far as reportetl, occur only on the fruit,
the author considers it possible that under favorable conditions the organism
may acquire increased pathogenicity and attack this host as it does the pear
and apple.

A contribution to our knowledge of silver-leaf disease, J. SmolAk (Ann.
Appl. Biol, 2 (1<U5), No. 2-3, pp. 13S-157, figs. 20).-— This is mainly a cytolog-
ical study describing the departures from the normal cell conditions which
were observed in silvered leaves of Primus domcstica. The author states that
the facts as described show clearly that the alterations displayed by such leaves
are not confined to the development of air spaces and the separation of cells,
but are far more profound than was at first supposed.

A review of comparisons of healthy with abnormal tissue led to the con-
clusion that the latter behaves as if parasitized. On structural grounds, it
apparently belongs to the category of gall-tissue, taking the term gall in its
larger sense.

It is considered possible that certain bacteria occasionally found in plum
leaves showing the disease may be related thereto in some way, and are hence
a proper subject for further study in this coimection.

A bil)liograi)liy is appended.

On diseases of plum trees caused by some species of Cytospora, W. N. C.
Belgrave (Ann. Appl. Biol, 2 (1915), No. 2-3, pp. 183-19^, figs. 10).— The
author has described a disease of plum trees as probably due to one or more
species of Cytospora, the fungus isolated in most cases being closely related to
or identical with C. Ic'ucostoma.

Complete germination of the spores occurred only in the presence of organic
nitrogen. Pyciiidia and spoi-es resembling those occurring naturally were
obtained in artificial culture, but attempts to induce formation of perithecia
were unsuccessful.

Mildew on black currants, V. B. Stewart (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 6,
p. 3Jf9). — The author reports a block of black currant nursery stock which was
noticed in July, 1915, as badly affected with niildow (Spharothcca mors-uvcc).
In the nursery, all the varieties of black currant and several adjoining rows of

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649

red currants were infected, but gooseberries seemed almost entirely free from
the trouble. The only explanation offered for the freedom of the gooseberries
which is considered tenable is that of biological specialization.

Note on. American gooseberry mildew, M. A. Bailey {Ann. Appl. Biol., 2
(1915), No. 2-3, pp. 162-165). — An instance is given in which gooseberry seed-
lings showing heavy infection during 1912 were, after removal to another area
where they, were left unpruned and where they were apparently favored by the
direction of the wind and the presence of a low hedge, almost entirely free from
the disease in 1913 and 1914.

The South African mulberry blight (Bacterium mori), Ethel M. Doidge
(Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1915), No. 2-3, pp. 113-121,, pis. 6).— A report is given on
a study since 19U8 of a twig and leaf blight of black mulberry, which is rather
widespread in certain districts of South Africa. The organism has been isolated
and numerous infections have been obtained from pure cultures.

The morphological and cultural characters of the organism corresponded
closely with those of B. mori causing blight of French and American mulberry.
The only important difference was that the organism causing the South African
blight has from one to four polar flagella as compared with one or two shown by
the American form.

Spraying with Bordeaux mixture proved useless as a means of control.

A brief bibliography is appended.

Citrus canker in the Gulf Coast country, with notes on the extent of
citrus culture in the localities visited, E. W. Bergeb (Proc. Fla. State Hort.
Soc, 27 (1914), pp. 120-127; abs. in Mycol. Centhl., 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 287,
288). — An account is given of a search for the origin of citrus canker after its
discovery in two widely separated localities in Florida. The disease is claimed
to have been found in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, but not at
Matamoras, Mexico. The original infection is thought to have come on speci-
mens from Japan, being probably mistaken for scab (Cladosporium citri).

A list is given of varieties of citrus plants attacked, in the order of observed
severity.

Citrus mildew, T. Fetch (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 350-352). —
In a publication by Carter (E. S. R., 34, p. 447), attention was called to a mildew
of tangerine which, the author believed, had not been previously reported. In
the present paper, attention is called to the fact that mildew of citrus trees is
very common in Ceylon and also in India. It is considered one of the worst
diseases of citrus in Ceylon, where it occurs on varieties of sweet orange and
mandarin and is especially destructive on pomelo.

Black neck or wilt disease of asters, W. Robinson (Ann. Appl. Biol., 2
(1915), No. 2-3, pp. 125-137, pis. 2).— Reporting results of studies since 1914
on the black neck or blackleg disease which is prevalent in market gardens
around Manchester, England, the author states that the tissues of the plants,
which may become diseased at any stage of growth, always contain the my-
celium of a species of Phytophthora, which, on isolation and reinoculation,
reproduces the disease. Tests with a Fusarium also isolated gave negative
results.

It is stated that while some of the characters of P. omnivora ai-e shown, a
proliferation of the sporangium as here observed seems to be peculiar to this
species. No sexual structures have yet been observed.

A serious disease in forest nurseries caused by Peridermium filamentosum,
J. R. Weir and E. E. Hubert (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916),
No. 17, pp. 781-785). — The authors report P. filamentosum as causing a serious
di.sease of yellow pine seedlings at the Savenac nursery at Haugan, Mont. The
fact that the same species of Peridermium attacks both the lodgepole pine and

650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the yellow pine increases the difficulty of control. It is stated that the proximity
and abundance of the alternate host of P. filamentosum, CastiUeja miniata, and
its prolific development on the lodgepole pine in the vicinity of the seedling
beds tend to make this a dangerous disease in forest nurseries.

The receptivity of oak for Oidium, B. Pantanelli (Bid. Otto Bot. R. Univ.
NapoU, 4 U9W, pp. 309-348, pis. 3, figs. 8).— Giving the results of studies on
the relations of susceptibility, as regards attack by Oidium, to foliar structure,
turgescence, chemical character, etc., the author states that the fungus shows
preference, in case of Quernis pedunctilata and Q. piihescena, for portions which
are in a growing condition when exposed to infection.

The principal structural difference between foliage which is resistant (none
is immune) and that which is receptive is .said to be in the inferior development
of the mesophyll In the latter, and in its general immaturity. Epidermal struc-
ture and cuticular thickness show no relation to susceptibility.

The average concentration of the cell sap is greater in the resistant than in
the receptive leaves, but the elastic tension of the cell walls is greater in case
of the latter whether or not they are attacked by Oidium.

The distribution of plastic carbohydrates shows in receptive cells a low degree
of activity, so that development is checked and remains comparatively back-
ward in these. The receptive leaves contain less organic nitrogenous materials
as compared with inorganic constituents. The conditions of receptivity appear
to be static with an excess of in.soluble over .soluble nitrogen.

The content of mineral substances in the leaf is not related to its receptivity
except as it is an Indication of an immature condition of the leaves. The recep-
tive leaves are richer in .soluble pho.sphorus than those relatively resistant.

A bibliography is appended.

Control of pine rust, Schuxtz (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdir., Jfl (ifl/.5). .Vo. i. pp.
8-29, figs. 5). — The author states that he has confirmed the conclusion of
Haack (E. S. R., 31, p. 153) to the effect that infection by pine rust occurs on
the young needle-bearing shoots. It is said also that the fungus may kill young
shoot tips before reaching its fruiting stage.

Removal of affected trees steadily reduced the infection.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Digest of the game, fish, and forestry laws, edited by .7. Kalbfts {Ilarris-
burg, Pa.: State, 1915, pp. .3.'/2).— This pamphlet, published biennially (E. S. R.,
32, p. 150), contains the text with indexes of the laws of Pennsylvania on game,
fish, and forestry, and leading discussions relating thereto.

The food of birds, Lavka Florence {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. S^cof.,
5. ser., 27 (1915), pp. 1-53). — In this report of work carried on in continuation
of that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 547) the results of examinations of the
crop contents of 891 birds, representing a large number of species, are reported
upon.

Bird houses and nesting boxes, E. H. FoRBt'sii {Mass. Bd. Agr. Circ. 1ft
(1915), pp. 2.'h pis. 8, figs. 33). — This circular describes and gives plans and
illustrations of bird houses and nesting boxers.

Attraction and protection of birds, G. Wolda (yogclcultitur. The Hague:
Dept. Landb., Xijv. en Handel, 191^. pp. 26. pis. 2, figs. 16). — Methods of at-
tracting birds are described and illustrations and plans of bird houses and
nests are given.

How to attract wild birds about the home, N. M. Ladd (Greentcieh, Conn.:
The Oreenuieh Bird Protective Socictp, Inr., 1915, pp. 68. pi. 1, figs. .}6). — A

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 651

popular account, to which is appended the first annual report of the Greenwich
Bird Px'otective Society.

Bibliography of Canadian zoology, 1913, E. M. Walker (Proc. and Trans.
Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. sci:, S {1915), Sect. IV, pp. 271-285).— This annotated list
covers the literature exclusive of entomology.

[Animal pests, etc., in. Colorado] (Off. State Ent. Colo., 191.^, Circs. 10, pp.
8, figs. 3; 11, pp. 8; 12, pp. 34; 13, pp. 9, figs. 4; 14, PP- 19, fig. 1; 1915, Circs.
15, pp. 44 < 16, pp. 8). — In continuation of this series of circulars (E. S. R., 30,
p. 249) No. 10, by W. L. Burnett, deals with pocket gophers; No. 11, by W.
Foster, with Colorado apiary inspection ; Nos. 12 and 15, by C. P. Gillette and
G. M. List, consist of the fifth and sixth annual reports of the state entomolo-
gist ; No. 13, by C. R. Jones, deals with grasshoppers ; No. 14, by W. L. Burnett,
with the striped ground squirrels of Colorado; and No. 16 contains Colorado's
amended pest law. The annual reports include reports upon orchard and
nursery stock inspection, rodent investigations by W. L. Burnett, and apiary
inspection work by W. Foster, during the years 1913 and 1914, respectively, and
other data.

Report on economic zoology for the year ending September 30, 1913,
F. v.. Theobald (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. 193-350,
pis. 17, figs. 69).— This annual report (E. S. R., 30, p. 53) deals with the more
important pests of the year, taken up under the headings of animals injurious
to fruit trees and bushes, hops, cereals, root crops, grass land, and fodder, vege-
tables, ornamental plants, and forest trees, those causing annoyance to man,
and those injurious to furniture, stored food, etc.

Insects of economic importance. — Outlines of lectures in economic ento-
mology, G. W. Hereick (Ithaca, N. Y.: Carpenter & Co., 1915, pp. i5S).— This
work presents a brief summary of the life history and habits, where known,
and rdethods of control of the principal insect pests of fruits, vegetables, cereals,
farm animals, shade trees, and the household. A brief discussion is also given
of insecticides, together with formulas and directions for making and applying
them.

New insect life histories, I, R. A. Muttkowski (Bui. ^Yis. Nat. Hist. Soc,
n. ser., 13 (1915), No. 2, pp. 109-122, figs. 5).— This account relates to the life
histories of Psychoda cinerea and Diamesa mendotw n. sp.

The rearing of larvae, with special reference to the British Lepidoptera,
C. RippoN (Entomologist, 48 (1915), Nos. 624, PP- 112-116; 625, pp. 147-150;
626, pp. 164-169; 627, pp. 186-190).— Methods of rearing larvae are described.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 1915
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Cohimhia, n. ser.. No. 6 (1915), pp. 99-134, fig. 1). — The
papers here presented are as follows: Nomenclature and Classification (Presi-
dential Address), by G. O. Day (pp. 99-110) ; Notes on Lithocolletis gaul-
thcriella (Leaf Miner in Gaulthcria shallon), by R. N. Chrystal (pp. 111-114) ;
Further Notes on the Species of the Genus Hydriomena Occurring on Van-
couver Island, B. C. (pp. 114, 115), and Notes on Changes in Geometrid
Nomenclature with Records of Species New to the List of Geometridse Found
in British Columbia (pp. 116-122), both by E. H. Blackmore; and Insects Re-
corded in the Atlin District (Northern British Columbia) During the Summer
of 1914, by E. M. Anderson (pp. 122-132).

[Insect pests in St. Vincent], F. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt.
Agr. Dept. St. Yinceni, 1913-14, pp. 11, 12).— Brief reference is made to the
occurrence of insect pests in St. Vincent during the year under report.

[Insect pests in St. Lucia], P. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt.
Agr. Dept. St. Lucia, 1913-14, pp. 7, 8). — Brief reference is made to the more

652 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

important insect pests occurring in St. Lucia during the year ended March 31,
1914.

Insect pests in 1914, R. S. MacDotjgall (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scot, 5. ser., 27 (1915), pp. 211-237, figs. 20).— This is the annual report of the
occurrence of the more important pests of the year (E. S. R., 31, p. 648).

Report of the entomological division of the Salgir Experimental Station
of Horticulture, 1913-14, S. Mokrzhetskii and A. Bragina (Otchct Ent.
Kab. SaJgirsk. Opytn. Plod. Sta., 1913-14, pp. 5).— This division was estab-
lished with a view to investigating fruit insects and their control.

During 1913, 19.5 per cent of the codling moth caterpillars were parasitized
by tachinids. Trichogramma fasciatiim (cmhryophagxis) and T. scmblidis have
been found to parasitize the eggs of Barathra (Mamcstra) brassicce, Plusia sp.,
Pieris rapce, etc., in the Crimea. Twenty-five generations of T. fasciatiim were
reared without any males having been observed. At the optimum temperature
of 32° C. (89.6° F.) the life cycle from the deposition of the egg to the appear-
ance of the adult took place in less tlian eight days.

The gipsy moth, which appeared in great numbers in the Crimea in 1913. was
followed by a parasitism by tachinids of about 2-5 per cent, and llacherie
destroyed 10 per cent. A large part of those which succeeded in pupating were
also parasitiziHl by tachinid-s.

Several other insects are also mentioned.

[Report of the entomologist], W. W. Fboggatt (Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. N. S. Wales,
1914^ PP- 33-36). — A brief report of the occurrence of and work with insects
of the year. Thrips tabaci, which apiieared in large numbers throughout the
east and middle areas of the State, is said to have been the most important
pest of the year of horticultural crops.

Report of the entomologist, A. lirTHERKouD dipt. Dcpt. Agr. Vcyton, 1912-13,
pp. 9-12). — This report upon the occurrence of and work with insects deals with
the subject imder the headings of pests of tea, rubber, cacao, coconut, rice,
cotton, citrus, etc.

Report of the entomologist, A. Kctiierkord (Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Ceylon, 1914,
pp. 12-17). — This annual reix>rt deals largely with the occurrence of the more
important insects of the year in Ceylon.

Some minor pests of tea recently reported, A. Rxjtherford (Trop. Agr.
[Ceylon], 43 (1914), No. 6, pp. 440-44^)- — Several minor pests of tea here men-
tioned are Euproctis sp., a small weevil (Astycus immnnis), a capsid (Calli-
cratidcs rama), two coreids (Riptortiis pcdcstris and 7\. fusciis), a species of
Heliothrips, the soft scale, the hemispherical scale, Ripcrsia tlucr n. sp., etc.

Theory of toxicity, C. W. Woodworth (-lour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 6,
pp. 509-512. fig. 1). — "The theory of toxicity which this .study enables us to
put forward is (1) that there are three .separate effects producetl by a poison,
depending on its concentration; (2) that there is a line of deviation beyond
which their characteristics become most evident; (3) that acute poi.soning
reaches a crisis, after which the rate of death rapidly declines; and (4) that
these phenomena exhibit a series of very definite mathematical relationship.s."

A new mixture for controlling wood-boring insects, sodium arsenate-
kerosene emulsion, F. C. Craighead (Jour. Evan. Ent., 8 (1915). Xn. 6. p.
513). — The author finds that kerosene emulsion to which is added a 5 to 10 per
cent solution of sodium arsenate will penetrate the wood and galleries and
kill borers. In living and seasoned wood the frass in larval mines Is often
penetrated to a distance of from 10 to 12 in. Tests made on Goes mines in
living trees showed that by painting the holes where the boring dust is exuded
this solution quickly ascends along the sides of the burrow and through the
frass, killing the larvfe in a few days.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653

On the employTnent of heat in the control of insects, L. Semichon {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 11, pp. 569-671).— The author finds
that a spray of water at a temperature of from 55 to 65° C. (131 to 149° F.)
causes the death of caterpillars of the vine pyralid (Tortrix pilleriana) and
the cochylis and eudemis moths at the time they emerge from the egg and are
not protected, and does not injure the foliage. It should be applied in April
and May at the time the caterpillars crawl to the extremity of the shoots and
before they are inclosed in webs and protected by leaves. Under similar con-
ditions it causes the death of the eggs of the cochylis and eudemis moths.
This method of treatment is thought to be more effective than the use of arseni-
cal or nicotin insecticides, since it can be used against the second and third
generations after the berries are well developed.

The use of a copper mixture heated to from 55 to 65° C. makes possible the
control of both insects and fungi.

Fiiniig-ating- the household, G. G. Becker (Arkansas Sta. Circ. 28 {1915),
pp. 8, figs. 3). — Directions are given for the fumigation of the household with
liydrocyanic acid gas.

Some studies on the snowy tree cricket with reference to an apple bark
disease, P. J. Parbott, W. O. Gloyee, and B. B. Fulton {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
{1915), No. 6, pp. 535-5-il). — It is stated that in cooperative work cultural and
microscopical studies have revealed the fact that Leptosphceria coniothyrmm
{Coniotliyr'mm fuckeUi) is the causal agent of a canker-like bark disease of
the apple which occurs in New York State. The present paper reports upon
attempts made to determine the relation of tree crickets to the transmission of
this disease.

Feeding experiments indicate that spores may pass through the alimentary
tract of the crickets without loss of their vitality. " When crickets were
starved two days before feeding, spores of various fungi passed through the
intestinal tract in a period of 6.5 hours. When tree crickets were allowed to
feed normally before the tests, spores of various fungi, including the New York
apple canker {Sphwropsis malorum) and l)lister canker {Nnmmularia discreta),
were found in the excreta four days after diseased wood was removed from
their diet. Cultural tests of spores in the excreta showed that .spores of the
New York apple canker and the mica inky cap (Coprinns micaceus) passed
unharmed through the intestinal tracts of the crickets. Spores of the blister
canker showed poor germinating qualities. ... In twelve attempts to estab-
lish the New York apple canker, the Coniothyrium canker, and brown rot
{Sclerotinia fructigena) in peaches and apples, all proved failures except in one
experiment where there were three slight infections by the Coniothyrium
canker."

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, the European mole cricket in New Jersey, H. B.
Weiss {Joio'. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 5, pp. 500, 501).— The author records
an infestation of the European mole cricket {G. gryllotalpa) , extending over
several acres planted to herbaceous and ornamental stock in a nursery at
Rutherford, N. J., which appears to be of several years' duration.

Some developments in grasshopper control, F. M. Webster {.Jour. Econ.
Ent., 8 {1915), No. 6, pp. 527-535, fig. 1). — A discussion of recent work.

The spring" grain aphis or " green bug " in the Southwest and the possi-
bilities of an outbreak in 1916, F. jNI. Werster {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec.
Circ. 55 {1916), pp. 3, figs. 3). — Directions are given for combating the spring
grain aphis or " gi-een bug" {Toaoptera graminum) .

On the mouth parts and mechanism of suction in Schizoneura lanigera,
J. Davidson {.Jour. Linn. Soc. [J.ondon], Zool., 32 {19U), No. 218, pp. 307-330,
pis. 2, figs. 2). — Following a brief discussion of the technique and methods and

654 EXPEEIMENT STATIOX RECOKD.

nomenclature, including a review of the literature, the author deals with the
structure and mechanism of the mouth parts. A bibliography of 23 titles is
appended.

The potato moth: An experimental investigation into the methods of con-
trolling its ravages in stored tubers, F. Stowakd (Ahs. in Jour. Nat. Hist, and
Sci. Soc. West. Aust., 5 (1914), pp. 15-19).— In a report of experiments in
which formalin, mercuric chlorid, copper sulphate, sodium carbonate, sulphuric
acid, arsenate of lead, phenol, carbon bisulphid, air-slaked lime, lime-sulphur,
etc., were used, carbon bisulphid alone gave satisfactory results in controlling
the ravages of Phthorimea operculcUa in stored potatoes.

"The destruction of the larvse, either in the substance of the tuber or ex-
ternal to it, is accomplished by fumigating larva-infested tubers with this
compound at the rate of 1 or 2 lbs. per 1,000 cu. ft. of space for a periml of 16
hours. In the annihilation of the egg and pupa, however, using either of these
amounts of carbon bisulphid per unit of space, the fumigation period must not be
less than 48 hours, and to insure complete destruction of these life forms the
application of a second fumigation four to six days after the first is neces-
sary. . . .

" In an experimental study of the influence of carbon bisulphid fumigation
on the vitality of the tuber buds, the culinary and storage qualities of the tuber
and the results of planting fumigated 'seed' tubers, the author reports that
sound, infested, and uninfested tubers may be intermittently fumigated with
1 to 2 lbs. of carbon l)isulphid per 1,000 cu. ft. of space for a period of 48 hours
two, three, or four times without causing injury to the tuber buds or impairing
the storage and edible qualities of the tuber."

The tent caterpillar, H. T. Fernalu (Mass. Bd. Ayr. Circ. 46 (1915), pp. 5,
figs. 3). — A l)rief popular account.

Observations on the biology of the grapevine moths and means for their
control, P. VoGLiNO (Bol. Min. Ayr., Iiuitm. c Com. [Rome], Ser. B, 14 {1915},
II, No. 1-2, pp. 21-29). — This account relates to work with Cochylis avibiyuella
and Polychrosis hotrana in Italy in 1914.

The prevention of egg laying on turnips by the diamond-back moth,
R. A. H. Gray (Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London]. 22 (1913), Xo. 3. pp. 222-226) .—Kyi-
periments conducted have led to the reconmiendation that when this moth
appears 2.5 cwt. of ground stone lime per acre be carefully broadcasted on the
young turnips, preferably on a dewy morning when there is no wind.

Typical flies: A photographic atlas of Diptera, including Aphaniptera, E.
K. Peabce (Cambridge: University Press, 1915, pp. XI I +47, fiys. ioo).— This
consists largely of reproductions of photographs of representatives of the
various families of Diptera.

The Chironomidse, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the
species occurring in the Illinois River, J. R. Malloch (Bui. III. State Lab.
Xat. Hist., 10 (1915), Art. 6, pp. 273-5^3, pis. 2.'/). — This work, which is largely
systematic, presents tables for the separation and description of the species
occurring in Illinois.

A sjmonymic catalogue of the dipterous family Phoridse. C T. BRt*ES (Bui.
Wis. Xat. Hist. Soe., n. ser., 12 (1914), Xo. 3-4, pp. 85-152).— This catalogue
lists the Phoridfe of the world, including the few fossil forms which have been
given names. Forty-six genera and 472 species are thus catalogued.

Notes on the preoviposition period of the house fly, Musca domestica,
R. IT. HxTTCHisoN (V. S. Drpt. Ayr. Bui. 345 (1916), pp. 13. fly. /).— "From the
experiments reported in this paper it is setni that the shortest record for the
preoviposition period was one of about 2.^ days and the longest one of 2.S days,
with most of the records falling on the fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, twelfth, and

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 655

fourteenth days after emergence. It is shown that the temperature has a very
decided influence on the length of the period. Other factors influencing this
period are humidity, the liind and quality of the food of the adults, and the kind
and quality of the larval food, with its resulting effect on the size and physio-
logical condition of the adults. In the experiments with isolated pairs of flies
very few results were obtained, which suggests that the association of a small
number of females in the process of egg laying is the normal habit and that
isolation has an inhibiting effect.

" Copulations were observed as early as the first day after emergence and
as late as the forty-seventh day. No copulations have been noted when the
air temperature has been below 55° F. The maximum record for longevity
was 70 days, and the minimum was one day or less. The average of the rec-
ords of some 3,000 flies was slightly over 19 days."

Banana as a host fruit of the Mediterranean fruit fly, E. A. Back and
C. E. Pemberton (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916), No. 17, pp.
793-803, i)ls. 4). — "Since the Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceratitis capitata) has
not been found infesting the Chinese banana (Musa cavendishii) or the Blue-
field banana (Mnsa sp.) during the thi-ee years that the Federal Government
has had charge of the inspection of export bananas in the Hawaiian Islands,
it is evident that some reason exists for this practical immunity. This is the
more apparent since adult flies of both sexes have been found present in all
parts of banana plantations, and surrounding fruits known to be hosts have
been heavily infested.

" This immunity is shown to be due to the fact that neither the egg nor the
newly hatched larva of the fruit fly can survive in the tannin-laden peel of
green though mature fruit. In fact, the copious and sudden flow of sap from
egg punctures made by fruit flies in unripe bananas renders the successful
deposition of eggs in such fruits difficult and rare.

" The fact that not 1 of 1,044 fruits of the Chinese banana ripening singly
and prematurely among bunches growing in the field, and upon which, as in the
case of other host fruits, one might expect gravid females to concentrate their
attention for the purpose of oviposition, has been found to be infested leads to
the conclusion that even ripe bananas are not desired as host fruits by adult
flies under Hawaiian conditions. On the other hand, the rearing of flies from
the ripe and yellow fruits of the thin-skinned Popoulu variety, as well as from
ripe fruits of other varieties under forced and unnatural conditions, leads to
the etiually acknowledged fact that ripe bananas in the field may serve as hosts
and should therefore be properly guarded against in all quarantine work.

" From the facts stated the writers believe that bunches of any variety of
banana now growing in the Hawaiian Islands, when properly inspected for the
removal of prematurely ripe, cracked, or partially decayed fruits, offer no
danger as carriers of the Mediterranean fruit fly, provided they are wrapped and
shipped in accordance with the demands of the trade and the federal regula-
tions."

New neotropical muscoid flies, C. H. T. Townsend (Proa. U. S. Nat. Museum,
49 (1915), pp. JfOo-.'i-'fO). — The present paper is in continuation of the publi-
cation of the results of identifying Peruvian collections previously noted
(E. S. R., 34, p. 65), with the inclusion of a few other neotropical forms.
Thirty-nine genera and type species are described as new.

Leptinotarsa decemlineata, W. O. Ellis (Jonr. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 6,
pp. 520, 521). — The author records the oviposition of 1,686 eggs by a female
between July 8 and September 1.

The poisonous effects of the rose chafer upon chickens, G. H. Lamson, Jk.
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 6, pp. 547, 548). — Serious losses which have
33859°— 16 5

656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

occurred in Connecticut from year to j-ear during June and July as a result of
chickens feeding upon rose cliafers led to the investigation here reported.

It is stated that a number of cases have been reported to the author, in
some of which the loss of several hundred chickens resulted.

An extract made from crushed rose chafers and distilled water, filtered, and
fed to chickens in varying doses with a medicine dropper resulted in a large
number of deaths. Small chickens died in a few hours after feeding, whereas
older chickens when fed a small quantity of the extract lived but showed signs
of poisoning, and large doses caused their deaths. The results show that
from 15 to 20 rose chafers are sufficient to cause the death of chickens a week
old, fmd that from 25 to 45 rose chafers are usually necessary to kill a 3-weeks-
old chicken. Some 9-weeks-old chickens were killed by eating rose chafers,
but only one 10-weeks-old chicken was killed in the experiments.

The author concludes that rose chafers contain a neurotoxin that has a
direct effect upon the heart action of both chickens and rabbits and are exces-
sively dangerous as a food for chickens.

Some notes on the western twelve-spotted and the western striped
cucumber beetles, R. A. Sell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 6, pp. 515-520).—
Notes on the biologj- of Diabrotica sornr and D. trivittata.

Investig'atious on borers and borers' parasites, :\I. Ishida {ilcdcd. Procf-
stat. Jara-S It ikcrind !(■'<.. 5 {1915), Xo. 12. pp. 3SJ,-349, figs. 3).— The investiga-
tions here reported were carried out by the Formosa government entomologist
at the experiment station in Pasuruan, Java.

Egg masses of Diatrcra striatalis to the number of 5,CM38 were collected with
a view to determining the percentage of parasitism. Of these 10.9 per cent were
parasitized Xry Trichogramma {Trichogrammnioidca nana and TrirJwgramma
pseiifJoiKUKi), 31.9 per cent by Phanurus, and 7.4 per cent by both Trichogramma
and Phanurus. From 146 egg masses containing 2,352 eggs, 1,813 specimens
of P. hencflricns were reared, of which but 4.35 per cent were males. A total
of 37.0 per cent were free from parasites. The number of eggs of the gray borer
{Grapholitha schiataccana) found in a cane field in Pasuruan is tabulated.

Experiments in the control of the poplar and willow borer (Cryptorhyn-
chus lapathi), R. JIatheson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), Xo. 6, pp. 522-525). —
The results obtained in the destruction of the eggs and young larva? by applica-
tions of a number of insecticides, including scalecide, kerosene emulsion, car-
bolineum, and carbolineum emulsion, applied to trunks from the ground up to
the young growth, are reported upon. It was found that carbolineum applied
pure and its emulsion gave almost absolute control and seem to be very simple
and effective means of control under nursery conditions.

Another nodule destroying beetle, AV. II. McConxell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8
{1915), A'o. 6, p. 551). — The author reports having found the nodules on the
roots of Sesbania macrocarpa growing at Greenwood, Miss., to be injured by
larvre of the otiorhynchld Eudiagogus roscnschocldi.

Studies on the biology of the Arizona wild cotton weevil, B. R. Coad ( U. S.
ncpt. Agr. Bui. 3U {1916). pp. 23, pis. 2, fig. J).— In this report of boll weevil
work carried on in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R.. 33. pp. 2.57,
563) the author deals Avith the distribution and habitat of the Thurberia plant
and weevil, the seasonal activity of plant and weevil in nature, the emergence
of weevils, the relative attraction of cotton and Thurberia for weevils, natural
enemies of the weevil, and life history studies, including fecundity, develop-
mental period, and tests of caged weevils on growing plants.

Bees and their diseases {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Londanl, Misc. Pub. 4
{191.'f), pp. 82-101, figs. 2). — A reprint of leaflets on the subject arranged in
convenient form for the use of the beekeeper.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 657

Beekeeping, C. C. Ghosh (Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. Jf6 {1915), pp.
IV-\-8~l, pis. 8, figs. 67). — A manual intended for use of beekeepers.

Foul brood regulations effective on and after March. 1, 1916, F. B. Pad-
dock (Texas Sta. Circ. 11, n. set: {1916), pp. 10). — The reguhitions adopted by
the state entomologist in accordance with the requirements of the foul brood
law (E. S. R., 34, p. 454), are presented.

The ichneumons of Great Britain, C. Morley {London: H. & W. Broicn, 1914,
vol. 5, pp. X+JfOO, pis. 4, figs. ^7).— This fifth volume (E. S. R., 27, p. 359),
which deals with the Ophiouinie, includes a classified list of the tribe, a list of
the enumerated hosts, and an index to the genera and species.

A catalogue of the British Ichneumonidre, including the Ichneumoninse,
Cryptinse, Pimplinje, Tryphoninse, and Ophioninse (pp. 369-395), and notes on
alterations in the catalogue (pp. 39(>-400) are appended.

Catalogue of the British Ichneumonidae, C. Morlet {London: H. & W.
Brown, 1915, pp. 27). — This reprint of the catalogue above mentioned is printed
on one side of paper for labelling and without notes.

The ichneumonid genus Pimpla, O. Schmiedeknecht {Ztschr. Angew. Ent.,
1 {1914), No. 3, pp. 396-47S, figs. 12). — A synopsis of the European species of
this genus of parasites, together with a host list.

Notes on Ichneumon Isetus, H, H. Knight {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No.
6, pp. 514: 515, pi. 1 ) . — The author's breeding experiments have shown that the
army worm parasites known as /. canadensis and /. funestiis are females of
/. lo'tus.

A new species of Gonatocerus (Mymaridse) parasitic on the eggs of a new
species of Idiocerus (Bythoscopidse) feeding on poplar, M. D. Leonard and
C. R. Crosby {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 6, pp. 541-547, figs. Jf2).— Techni-
cal descriptions are given of Idiocerus genimisimulans n. sp. and its several in-
stars, the eggs of which are parasitized by Gonatocerus ovicenatus n. sp.

The cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner, P. J. Parrott and B. B. Ful-
ton {New York State Sta. Bui. 41I {1915), pp. 551-580, pis. 6, figs. 9).— Sub-
stantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 456).

A new cherry and hawthorn pest, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui.
411, popular ed. {1915), pp. 4> p'*- ^)- — N popular edition of the above.

The pavement ant (Tetramorium. cespitum) as a pest of cold-frame and
greenhouse crops, L. B. Smith {Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. 16 {1915), pp. 353-
365, figs. 6). — During the past two years growers in the Norfolk region have
been sulTering losses from attacks of the pavement ant on several cold-frame
and greenhouse crops. This ant is a native of Europe, which was introduced
into the United States probably 150 years ago, since which time it has become
quite widely distributed throughout the eastern part of the country. While it
leads a more or less rural life in its European home, in this country it has be-
come a house pest in cities and towns, but not having until quite recently been
reported as injurious to crops.

"The habit of the insect in making its nest under concrete floors, walks, or
pavements renders it somewhat difficult to control. Two species occur in this
region which might be confused with the pavement ant, the red ant {Monomo-
rium pharaonis) and the little black ant (J/, minutum). These can be dis-
tinguished by their smaller size and difference in coloration.

"The pavement ant has been observed to feed on the following vegetables:
Kohl-rabi, cauliflower, cabbage, eggplant, Brussels sprouts, pepper, tomato,
radish, parsley and lettuce. The attacks occur to the roots, crown, and lower
portion of the stem. The injury to the stem and crown resemble that caused
by cutworms. Injuries to the roots might often pass unnoticed were it not for

658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

the effect upon the plant. The attacks have been found to be more severe dur-
ing the spring, autumn, and winter seasons.

"Where the nests are accessible, fumigation with carbon bisulphid has proved
the most efficient m'ethod of control. If the nest occurs on the surface of the
ground, place a saucer containing a few ounces of the liquid fumigant on the
ground over the nest and cover the whole with several thicknesses of heavy
canvas. Allow the fumigation to continue for at least 12 hours. If the nest
is underground, push swabs of absorbent cotton soaked in the fumigant down
into the nest, firmly packing the soil over them. In case these methods can not
be applied poison baits may be used. So far they have given excellent results.
Killing the ants with hot water is also an advantageous method. Fish scrap
fertilizer may be found to have some value as a repellent against this insect."

The red spider, F. Zacher {Gartcnflora, 6^ {1915), No. 11-12, pp. 171-182,
figs. 10). — An account of the red spiders occurring in Germany, their economic
importance, and means of control.

A progress report on Sarcocystis tenella, J. "W. Scott {^yyom^nlJ Sta. Rpt.
1015, pp. Il.'f-IIH). — The data here pn'seuted have been substantially noted
from another source (E. S. II., 34, p. 384).

It is stated that sarcosporids are very common among Wyoming sheep, 62 of
77 sheep examined at a local slaughterhouse having been found to be infested.
It is pointed out that the results of the experiments reported can not be ex-
plained on the theory that the sheep is the definitive host of &'. tcncUa, and that
if the parasite is an aberrant form the definitive host is probably some insect
or other invertebrate.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Food chemistiT in 1914, J. RtJULE (Ztschr. Anycw. Chcm., 28 (1915), Aiif-
satztcil, Xos. 80, pp. 397-.'t01; 82, pp. JfOS-JfOS; 8//, pp. ^16-i^l9; 85, pp. .',.il,
432). — A summary and digest of data, with many references to the literature.

International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology. QR —
Senim physiology (Intcrnat. Cat. Sri. Lit., 11 (1915), pp. rill-\-H9.i. l-'fSi-
30). — This volume, like the previous editions (E. S. R., 32, p. 5G5), contains
references to the literature of physiology, including among other branches of
the subject physiological chemistry, respiration, digestion, absorption, and
metabolism. In the second part of the volume references to serum physiology
are given.

The history of nutrition, Lichtenfelt (Die Gcschichtc der Ernuhrung. Ber-
lin: Gcorg Rciiitcr, 1915, pp. 365; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 18 (1915),
No. 7-8, pp. 2.'f7, 2.'f8). — This book discusses the fundamental principles of the
chemistry and physiology of nutrition, both from the historical and practical
standpoint. Although some radical theories are exploited, a large amount of
serviceable information is here available.

Not by bread alone, H. W. Wii.ev (New York: Hearst's International Library
Co., 1915, pp. yin-\-374, pl- 1)- — In this book the author has brought together
and critically discussed in simple language the principles of human nutrition.
In addition to the customary definitions and descriptions of proteins, fats, carbo-
hydrates, and mineral substances, and a discussion of the role of all these food
constituents in maintaining a normal, healthy life, special attention is given to
the following general topics: The economy of nutrition; infant feeding and the
feeding of children of different ages; the relations of good teeth to luitrition;
the inlluence of the diet on disease and old age; and the practical application
of the principles of nutrition.

POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 659

The nutritive value of boiled milk, Amy L. Daniels, Sylvia Stuessy, and
Emma Francis (Atner. Jour. Diseases Children, 11 (1916), No. 1, pp. 45~5^{,
figs. 8). — This paper reports a series of experiments in which laboratory ani-
mals (rats) which were just past the suckling period were fed millv that had
been boiled for 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 45 luinutes, respectively. Other rats
were fed pasteurized millj (heated to 83° C. by passing over heated drums, and
cooled immediately) ; another group was fed upon millc which had been sub-
jected to a temperature of 114° for 45 minutes in an autoclave ; and the group
serving as controls were fed upon raw milli:. In all the experiments the animals
were given all the milli they desired. Curves are given which show the rate of
growth of each group of animals.

From the results of these experiments, which are reported in detail, the authors
conclude that " the milli heated to the boiling temperature or thereabouts is an
inadequate food. Rats fed on boiled milli grew to about half their normal size.
Although we have been able to keep these experimental animals for many
months on boiled milk, in no case have we got reproduction, nor have any of our
animals reached the normal weight for adult rats.

" Milk which is kept at the boiling temperature for 45 minutes is no less effi-
cient as food than milk boiled for much shorter periods — 10 minutes or 1 min-
ute. The chemical changes which make heated milk an inadequate food are
brought about at the boiling temperature or thereabouts. The value of pasteur-
ized milk as a food, therefore, will depend on the temperature to which it is
heated during the pasteurization process. Heating milk to a higher temperature
than boiling (114°) makes it even less valuable as a food.

" Although boiled cow's milk is an inadequate food for rats, it is apparently
better borne than raw or pasteurized cow's milk, for we have been unable to
raise young rats on either exclusively. However, rats fed both raw and pas-
teurized milk to which small amounts of meat extract were added grew at the
normal rate. The explanation of this lies, possibly, in the fact that the meat
extract caused an increase in the digestive secretions, thus making the milk
more available.

"The advantage of using raw milk for infant feeding is obvious. When
babies are unable to digest raw cow's milk, however, or there is danger that the
milk may be contaminated, we believe tha^. the pediatrist is justified in using
boiled milk. When this is given, the mixture should have a higher protein
content than when raw milk is used."

Gastro-intestinal studies. — XI, Studies on the relative digestibility and
utilization by the human body of lard and hydrogenated vegetable oil,
C. A. Smith, R. J. Miller, and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Biol. Chem., 23 {1915), No.
2, pp. 505-511). — Four digestion experiments with normal men are reported by
the authors, who studied the relative digestibility of lard (melting point 45° C.)
amd hydrogenated cotton-seed oil (melting point 36°). The experiments were
of eight days' duration, separated by an interval of three days when an ordi-
nary mixed diet was eaten. The basal ration consisted of shredded wheat,
meat, biscuits, potato chips, milk (in small quantity v-ith cereal), apple, sugar,
jelly, agar-agar, and water.

It was found that the lard was 94.7 per cent and the hydrogenated vegetable
oil 93.35 per cent utilized. In the opinion of the authors, this difference may be
considered within the limits of accuracy of the experiment, from which it is
concluded that the two fats were equally well digested and utilized.

The utilization of bones for food, G. Morpurgo {Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 18
{1915), No. 16, p. 139). — A description is given of a method for using bones for
food. The bones are ground and treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove

660 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

insoluble lime salts. The insoluble residue is then cooked with dilute sodium
bicarbonate to precipitate any remaining calcium salts, and the product, which
consists of gelatin and some fat, is suitable for use as soup stoclj.

The inversion and fermentation of sugar in flour, H. Kuhl {Ztschr.
Offentl. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 10, pp. 149-152; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1915, II,
No. 2, p. 88). — Experiments are described concerning the loss often produced in
flour and bakery products by fermentation. Bacteria which form invertase, as
well as acid formers, were found to be chiefly responsible for the spoiling of
bread containing sugar.

The influence of salts on the amylolytic ferments of bread, J. Effkont
(Monit. Sci., 5. ser., 6 (1916), I, No. 889, pp. 5-12). — Digestion experiments in
vitro are reported, which indicate, in the author's opinion, that the phosphate
content of bread directly influences its digestibility. The bi- and trivalent
salts contained in the bread partly neutralizes free hydrochloric acid, and
assist the amylolytic ferments to continue their work in the digestion process.

The sugar beet and derived products (pulp, sirup, sugar) as raw materials
for bread making, M. P. Neumann (Ztschr. Vcr. Deut. Ziickcrhidus., No. 711
(1915), II, pp. 215-225). — Baking tests are reported In which various products
derived from the sugar beet were added to rye flour in bread making.

Bread made of rye flour and freshly rasped sugar beets was of unsatisfactory
quality. With 5 and 10 per cent of beet flour (consisting of protein, 4.1 per
cent ; fat, 0.2 per cent ; sugar, 60.4 per cent ; crude fiber, 4.7 per cent ; and
nitro-free extract, 22.2 per cent) n very good bread with a sweet taste was
obtained. Beet sugar in the form of a sirup (40 per cent sucrose and 40 per
cent invert sugar) and beet molasses were also successfully used. Rising and
baking were normal, and bread of good properties was obtained. Not more
than n per cent of these materials, however, is recommended for general use.

The digestibility of war bread, Decker (Miinchcn. Med. ^Ychnschr., 62
(1915). No. 21, pp. 709, 710; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol. , 30 (1915). No. 9, p. 39G).—
The author discusses the digestibility of war bread, and concludes that careful
preparation of the bread and thorough mastication are desirable to prevent tlie
occurrence of digestive distui*bances.

Poisonous bread, W. A. Uglow (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 78 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 801-320; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 25 (1915), No. 18, p. 685).— A
description is given of bread which was fermented by a yeast of the Fusarium
1-oseum type. This bread, which has poisonous properties, is characterized by a
depreciated nutritive value and a strongly bitter taste. Its consumption by
luniian beings in parts of European Russia has been followed by serious
physiological disturbances.

The economical use of potatoes, Bodinus (Pharm. Ztg., 60 (1915), No. 23,
p. ISS; abs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1915, 11, No. 1, pp. 37, 5S).— The loss of material
when potatoes are boiled without their skins was found to be at least 2 per
cent. Only 1.25 per cent of starch and 10 per cent of nutritive salts were
extracted when salt was added to the boiling liquor, while water containing no
salt caused a loss of as much as 33 per cent of mineral matter.

Table sirups other than maple, A. Lemoine (Lab. Inland Nev. Dept. Canada
Bui. 320 (1915), pp. 2.?).— This bulletin reports the results of the analysis of
200 samples of sirups other tlian maple used for table purposes in Canada.
They are classified as follows: Cane sugar sirups. 49; essentially glucose sirups,
109 ; mixtures containing a considerable percentage of cane sugar sirup, 27 ;
and molasses, 15.

Sugar extravagance in baking, F. Stietzel (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 21
(1915), No. 10, pp. 152, 153; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1915. 11, No. 2, p. 88).—
Baking experiments conducted under conditions customary in bakeries are

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 661

reported. These indicate, in tlie authior's opinion, tliat there is a waste of from
8 to 27.8 per cent of sugar in ordinary baking practice.

Some efEects of storage on coffee, R. E. Doolittle and B, B. Wright {Amer.
Jour. Pharm., 81 (1915), No. 11, pp. 524-526) .—The authors report the results
of an investigation of the effect of storage on the weight of freshlj^ roasted
coffee handled under ordinary commercial conditions. An increase in weight
was observed in all samples and at all times during a period of 60 weeks.

Manual of the laws relating to the public health (Boston: Wright d Potter
Print ing Co., 1915, pp. XIV -{-260). —In this manual, compiled by the Massa-
chusetts State Department of Health, are included the state laws relating to
foods and drugs.

The food and dnigs act (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor Circ. 85 (1916),
pp. 6). — This circular contains the text of a decision of the Supreme Court of
the United States in proceedings instituted under section 10 of the Food and
Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, as amended by the act of August 23, 1912, which
has to do with misbranding as to the curative or therapeutic effect of drugs.

Sixteenth annual report on food adulteration under the pure food law,
W. M. AiLEN, E. W. Thornton, and C. E. Bell (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 36
(1915), No. 12, pp. 112). — The work of the department carried on under the
state food law during the year 1915 is reported. Definitions and standards are
given, together with the results of the examination of 1,292 samples of foods
and beverages.

[Food and drug inspection and pure food and other topics], E. F. Ladd
and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. BuL, 3 (1915), No. 23, pp.
393-408; 4 (1916), No. 1, pp. 32). — Both of these numbers contain data regard-
ing the examination of a number of samples of miscellaneous food products,
drugs, and patent medicines, as well as results of the sanitary inspection of a
large number of grocery stores and other places where foods are prepared and
sold. The first also includes the results of analyses of a number of cereal foods
by R. O. Baird, the weights (claimed and found), and prices paid, and analyses
of a number of solutions of soap and liquid soap preparations by C. P. Guthrie
and R. Hulbert. The second publication gives information regarding the total
solids and acidity of oranges and grapefruit, and includes a note by C. P. Guth-
rie on the effect of the presence of glycerin in alcoholic determinations of
beverages.

The diet of the Swiss workingman, A. Gigon (Die Arheiterkost nach Unter-
sttchungen iiber die Ernahrung Basler Arbeiter bei freigewdhlter Kost. Berlin:
Julius Sprvnger, 1914, pp. 54). — The author describes dietary studies carried out
in Basel with eight normal subjects from 18 to 50 years of age, who were
engaged in different occupations (masonry, tailoring, shoemaking, and farm-
ing). The experimental periods were of seven to nine days' duration, and the
working day was from eight to ten hours long. The diet was unrestricted both
as regards kind and quantity of food eaten.

The average amounts of food eaten furnished 106.7 gm. of protein, 94.2 gm. of
fat, and 450 gm. of carbohydrate, supplyii^^ 3.157.6 calories of energy daily.
A table is given which shows the average composition and energy value of diets
in several different countries as found by dietary studies of a number of investi-
gators. A bibliography is appended.

The school luncheon, Ava B. Milam, Anna M. Tueley, and Helen Cowgill
(Oregon Agr. Col. Bui. 222 (1916), pp. 24, figs. 2).— This bulletin considers the
school-lunch problem from the standpoint of the housewife or mother, the
teacher of the rural school, and the teacher of the city or town school. Sugges-
tions on the selection and preparation of the food, as well as a number of
recipes, are given.

662 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Contribution to the question of infant feeding, H. Timpe (Ztschr. Fleisch
u. Milchhyg., 25 U915), Nos. 11, pp. 257-262; 18, pp. 276-281; 19, pp. 289-291).—
A summary and digest of data.

The treatment of infantile beri-beri with the extract of tiqui-tiqui, J.
AxBERT {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 10 {1915), :So. 1, pp. 81-85). — Clinical
observations are reported which indicate that treatment of infantile beri-beri
with extract of tiqui-tiqui (rice polishings) is very efficient, especially if tlie
disease is taken in the early stages.

Miscellaneous notes and comments on beri-beri, R. R. Williams and J. A.
Johnston {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 10 {1915), Xo. 5, pp. S37^-',3).—On
the basis of clinical observations and animal experimentations, as yet incom-
plete, the authors suggest the following tentative hypothesis:

"In beri-beri there exists a toxic substance which produces the symptoms of
the disease. If produced rapidly or in great quantities this toxic substance
brings about a condition similar to anaphylactic shock, resulting in acute beri-
beri. If gradually developetl tliere results chronic beri-beri with progressive
nerve lesions. This toxic substance may be produced by a hypothetical organ-
ism or, as may perhaps seem more probable, may be the product of normal or
slightly disturbed metabolism. The vitamins are then necessary antidotes for
the poison and are, .therefore, to be regarded as therapeutic agents rather than
foods."

The importance of lime in the nutrition of man, animals, and plants, B.
Heinzr {XatuririMxcnsrhnften, 3 {1915), No. .'i2, pp. 536-5.'f0). — A summary and
digest of data based largely on the work of Emmerich and Loew (E. S. R., 31,
p. 860.) Examples are cited to show that it is often beneficial to add calcium
salts to the daily diet.

The influence of nutrition and sickness on the growth of the brain during
the first year of life, W. Sawidowitsch {Jnaug. Diss., Univ. Bo-lin, 191); ahs.
in Zcnthl. Physiol, 30 {1915), Xo. 7, pp. 321, 322).— \i> a result of oxperimental
studies, the author concludes that the kind of diet has no influence on the
growth of the brain so long as the food constituents are present in the proper
proportion. A diet containing neither fat nor lipoids leads to a stand-still in
brain growth; disturbances in nutrition of all kinds limit growth. In general
it is thought that length, body growth, and brain volume A'ary indeiiendently.

The influence of the diet on the nitrogen and chlorin content of perspira-
tion, E. Berky {Biochein. Ztschr., 72 {1915), Xo. 3-.^, pp. 2S5-302, fig- 1).—
Experimental data are reported which indicate that the composition of the diet
has practically no influence on the percentages of nitrogen and chlorin in per-
spiration.

The occuiTence of methyl alcohol in the urine in the case of different
diets, T. vox Fellenberg {Mitt. Leben.im. rntersurh. v. Ifjig., Schivci:. Clsnd-
htsamt., 6 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 24-37). — From the results of feetling experiments
with normal men, the author concludes that on a pectin-free diet only small
amounts of methyl alcohol occur in the urine (about 0.4-1 mg. i^er 750 gm).
When a diet rich in pectin was eaten, the amount of methyl alcohol increased
to 0.8-2.5 mg. The pathological effects of methyl alcohol on the system are
briefly discussed.

The question of ferment adaptation, I. Koopman {Tntcrnat. Ztschr. Phi/s.
Chcm. Biol., 2 {1915), Xo. 4-5, pp. 266-271). — Experiments in vitro, undertaken
to determine whether the digestive ferments adapt their composition and prop-
erties to the kind of food eaten, are reported. The action of ptyalin was found
to be dependent principally upon temperature, though it is thought possible that
the composition of the diet also exerts some influence.

ANIMAL PKODUCTION". 663

On the mechanism of the oxidation processes in the animal organism,
LiNA Steen {TJher den MecJianismus der Oxydatiansvorgange im Tierorganis-
mus. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 19U, pp. VI+61, figs. i2).— This is a compilation
of the results of investigations carried out by the author on the subject for a
number of years, and which formed the subject matter of an address before the
Physiological Society of Berlin, in 1913. The author has aimed to restrict herself
to the discussion of experimental results and to avoid, as far as possible, theo-
retical speculations.

Gastro-intestinal studies. — X, An investigation of the gastric residuum
in over 100 normal cases, C. C. Fowleb, M. E. Rehfuss, and P. B. Hawk
(Jovr. Amer. Med. Assoc., 65 {1915), No. 12, pp. 1021-1025, figs. 7).— Experi-
ments to determine the properties of the gastric residuum are reported which
were made with subjects receiving no water between the evening meal and
•8 o'clock the following morning. The average volume of the residuum was
found to be 52.14 cc, and this possessed all the qualities of a physiologically
active secretion. A detailed description of its properties is given.

Psychological effects of alcohol. — An experimental investigation of the
effects of moderate doses of ethyl alcohol on a related group of neuro-mus-
cular processes in man, R. Dodge and F. G. Benedict {Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington Pub. 232 {1915), pp. 281, pis. 6, figs. i6).— This publication outlines the
plan of an exhaustive investigation of the physiological action of ethyl alcohol,
which is being carried out by the Nutrition Research Laboratory. A large
quantity of data is reported regarding the effect of the ingestion of alcohol on
the neuro-muscular tissues, with special reference to its effect on mental proc-
esses as measured by psychological tests. The technique employed in the experi-
ments is fully described.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Grain screenings, with results of feeding experiments (Canada Dept. Agr.
[Pub.l, 1915, June, pp. 44). — In the first part of this publication, J. R. Dymond
reports the composition of scalpings, succotash flax, buckwheat screenings, and
black seeds, and describes the use of screenings in sheep and cattle feeding and
in admixtures with other feeds.

In gi'inding screenings it is said to be impossible to pulverize all of the seed
when the entire screenings are ground up together by an ordinary chopper.
Thi.s difficulty is due to the hard flinty seed coat of some, such as lamb's quar-
ters, and the very small size of others, as tumbling mustard.

An analysis of 396 samples of bran, shorts, and chop feed, -which had been
collected throughout Canada, showed that 140 of these samples contained
noxious weed seeds, the average number being 57 per pound. Twenty-four of
the samples contained more than 100 noxious weed seeds per pound, and one
sample of chop feed held 1,104 seeds of wild oats, stickseed, catchfly, and stink-
weed per pound. Only 144 samples were free from vital weed seeds of any
kind. The following seeds were most common : Wild oats, wild mustard, hare's-
ear mustard, false flax, stinkweed, ball mustard, catchfly, docks, rag^veed, Can-
ada thistle, stickseed, western false flax, tumbling mustard, lamb's quarters,
wild buckwheat, green foxtail, lady's thumb, chess, American dragonhead, and
worm-seed mustard.

The second part of the publication gives the results of feeding experiments,
by E. S. Archibald and F. C. Elford, carried on during the winter of 1914-15,
in which elevator screenings and their commercial separations were fed to dairy
cows, hogs, and lambs. It was found that black seeds for sheep were very

664 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

unpalatable whether fed alone or in the complete screenings, and however fed
were detrimental. When made palatable with an addition of molasses it was
clearly proved that the greater the quantities consumed the less gain and
profits result. Black seeds fed to swine were also very unpalatable, however
fed, and in all experiments showed little or no food value and often detracted
from the value of the other constituents in the ration. Black seeds for dairy
cows were very unpalatable whether fed alone or in the complete screenings,
and when compelled to eat a small quantity, the cows fell off in milk. It is
said that cows will produce more on two-thirds of their regular grain ration
than when they receive the full quantity of a grain ration composed of one-
third black seeds.

Complete finely ground screenings were, to all classes of stock, somewhat
unpalatable, due to black seeds. It required several weeks for animals to
overcome their dislike of these seeds. Complete screenings proved a valuable
food, but best when comprising only a part of the total meal ration. Com-
plete screenings for lambs, when compared with grains and roughages at market
values, had a value of $39 per ton when comprising 50 per cent of the grain
ration and $26 per ton when comprising the total grain ration. Complete
screenings for swine gave fair returns. When mixed with feed flour in pro-
portions of 3 : 1, the mixture was worth $18.40 per ton, and had the black seeds
been removed, it is thought this would have been increased $10 per ton in value.
Complete screenings for dairy cattle were .somewhat unpalatable, due to black
seeds. When composing 20 per cent of the grain ration the screenings acquired
a value of $34 per ton. The addition of molasses made the ratltm palatable but
detracted from the food value, making the mixture of screenings and molas.ses
meal worth only $25 per ton. This Is deemed clear evidence that the most
economical way of making screenings more palatable is not to add other con-
stituents but to remove the black seeds.

In lamb feeding experiments it was clearly proved that screenings with black
seeds removed are worth $10 more per ton than the complete screenings. The
increased palatability alone would account for most of this difference. This
would apply equally well to the feeding of screenings to other classes of stock.
In the feeding of young pigs buckwheat screenings is considered a valuable
meal, estimated at $27.60 p^r ton. and it is thought that this feed would have
proportionate value in feetling .sheep and cattle.

In experiments with poultry it was found that a ration compose<l entirely
of wild buckwheat was very palatable, as were also rations of wild buckwheat,
corn meal, and ground oats 2:1:1, and of scalpings, corn meal, and oats 2:1:1.
Wherever either of the mustards or lamb's quarters was present in the mix-
ture the birds practically refused the food, and even when they were forced
to take it by the use of the crammer they disliked the food so much that they
lost flesh as long as the operation was continuetl. The results indicate that
any ration including black seeils should not be fed, and though it is sometimes
recommended to mix mustard with poultry feeds the use of commercial mus-
tard when fed in moderation is not considered as objectionable as this wild
mustard proved to be in this experiment The quality of the flesh produced
from the wild buckwheat seemed to be as good as that with the ordinary mash.

Operating an efficient cleaner as an attachment to a grain thresher is sug-
gested as a possible solution of thg screening problem.

[Feeding value of the foliage root crops], M. Hoffmann (B1. Zuckerruben-
haii. 22 (1915), JN'o. IS, pp. 201-205). — The composition and feeding value are
given of the following feetling materials: Fresh and ensiled beet tops, rape
tops, cabbage, fresh and dried potato foliage, and fresh, dried, and ensiled sugar
beet tops.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 665

Some facts and theories about silage, T. A. Kiesselbach {Ann. Rpt. Nebr.
Com Improvers' Assoc, 6 (1915), pp. 108-131, figs. 3). — A resume of experi-
ment station work on tlie value and use of silage. A bibliography of literature
on silos and silage is included.

Silage in relation to farm management, G. F. Waeeen (Ann. Rpt. Nebr.
Corn Improvers' Assoe., 6 (1915), pp. 94-108, fig. 1). — A resume of experiment
station material showing the place of silage in the economics of the farm and
its cost, food vahie, and use.

Cassava pulp from the manufacture of fecula, A. de Vill£:le (Rev. Agr.
R6union, 2. ser., S (1915), No. 10, pp. 359-369). — Analyses are given of cassava
pulp, together with comments on its feeding value for various classes of live
stock.

Concentrated feeding stuffs and registrations for 1915, C. S. Cathcaet et
AL. (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 283 (1915), pp. 3-90). — Analyses are given of alfalfa
meal, bread meal, brewers' dried grains, buckwheat middlings, buckwheat offal,
ground corncob, corn-and-cob meal, corn bran, corn meal, corn (sifted cracked),
gluten feed, coconut meal, cotton-seed meal, distillers' dried grains, dried beet
pulp, feeding flour, hominy meal and feed, linseed meal, malt sprouts, meat meal
and beef scrap, malt gi-ains, oat hulls, peanut meal, bone meal, rye bran, rye
middlings, ground screenings, shredded wheat waste, wheat bran, wheat mid-
dlings, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.

Nutrition investigations (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 19, 20). — The results
of four feeding trials, including 90 pigs, indicate that young pigs fed corn meal
without other feed or corn meal supplemented with various ash ingredients
are much below normal development at the close of the six months, whereas
young pigs fed corn meal supplemented with proteins low in ash develop
normally during six months' feeding. These results indicate that a protein
deficiency, quantitative or qualitative or both, is the chief limiting factor. The
influence of the ash in combination with the protein has not been determined.

Results of two feeding trials, not completed, with 12 steers indicate that
scanty feeding does not materially hinder growth in height, but greatly retards
the development of the middle and width of the body ; that one year of main-
tenance feeding, if followed by liberal feeding, does not materially stunt the
animal, but does not allow maximum development of the width of the body,
and that two years of maintenance feeding, followed by liberal feeding, results
in permanent stunting, which is indicated by lack of normal height, contracted
middles, and narrow bodies.

[Experiments with swine and steers], E. S. Good (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1914,
pt. 1, pp. 38-42). — lu a series of experiments to determine the value of dis-
tillers' dried grains as a feed, alone and in combination with other feeds, for
hogs on pasture, four lots of from 10 to 15 pigs each were fed for 73 days. Lot
1 was allowed the run of a pasture of rape and oats, and fed all the distillers'
dried grains it would eat without waste. Lot 2 was allowed the same kind of
pasture and given from 2.5 to 3 per cent of its weight in corn meal per day;
lot 3 was given a similar pasture and allowed from 2.5 to 3 per cent of its
weight per day of a mixture of corn meal and distillers' dried grains 5 : 1. For
comparative purposes, the fourth lot was confined in a dry lot and given a full
feed of corn meal and distillers' dried gi-ains 5 : 1. These lots made average
daily gains per head of 0.456, 0.931, 1.027, and 0.883 lbs., requiring 3.68, 3.44, 3,
and 4.44 lbs. of grain per pound of gain, and costing, not considering the cost
of the pasture, 4.97, 4.95, 4.27, 6.32 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots.
The results of this experiment indicate that distillers' dried grains are not well
relished by the hog, and that it is not so satisfactory a feed for hogs on pasture
as is corn alone, or a mixture of corn meal and distillers' dried gi-ains 5 : 1.

666 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

Four lots of 9 and 10 pigs each were fed 70 days as follows: Lot 1 whole
wheat soaked for 24 hours, lot 2 ground wheat dry, lot 3 ground wheat soaked
for 12 hours, and lot 4 ground wheat and tankage 14 : 1 soaked for 12 hours.
These lots made average daily gains per head of 1.5, 1.72, 1.68, and 1.78 lbs.,
each bushel of wheat fed realizing $1.19, $1.36, $1.33, and $1.41 for the respec-
tive lots.

Four lots of 2-year-old steers were fed during the year to determine the value
of a ration composed of broken ear corn, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, and
a limited amount of clover hay? as compared with a ration of the same feeds
■with the exception of the silage. Two lots were finished in the dry lot and two
on pasture. In the dry lot test, the cost per pound of gain made by the lot of
cattle receiving silage was 1.66 cts. less than the cost of gain made by the cattle
which did not receive silage in the ration. Both of these lots were given a full
feed. The two other lots of .steers were given a 3/4 full feed of the rations
mentioned above during the winter and early spring, and were finished on grass
without grain to determine the functional ability of cattle to graze after having
had silage the previous winter, as compared with steers receiving dry feeds,
1. e., the same feeds with the exception of silage. The lot which received silage
during the winter did not make as large gains on pasture as the lot receiving
the same feeds with the exception of silage during the winter, the difference
being 23 lbs. per steer. The lot of steers which received silage during the
winter netted a profit of $5.88 per steer, while the nonsilage-fed lot made a
profit of $1.31 per steer. There was no difference in the finish of the steers in
the two lots when sold.

[Feeding trials with cattle and hogs] (Kentucky Sta, Bicn. Rpt. 191^1915,
pp. 16-18, 22-2-'f, figs. 3). — In steer feeding experiments one lot of steers re-
ceived broken ear corn, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, and clover hay; a
second lot received the same feeds with the addition of corn silage, limiting the
ear corn, however, to the amount fed the first lot less that containetl in the
silage. The addition of the silage very materially re<luced the cost of gains
during the winter sea.son, the saving amounting in one test to 3.61 cts. per
pound of gain and in a later test to 4.25 cts. In one exi>eriment the lot receiv-
ing the silage did not gain on pasture the following summer within 22 lbs.
per head of the lot which did not receive silage, while in a second experiment
the lot receiving the silage made 49 lbs. more gain per steer on pasture than
the lot receiving no silage. Further investigations are contemplated.

It appeared that broken ear corn was not a good form in which to feed corn
to steers on full feed when receiving corn silage as a part of the ration, for
the reason that under such conditions the steers ate a small amount of silage,
due in part to the filling effect of the cobs. In contrast to these results it was
found that the feeding of shelled corn with silage was advantageous, as the lot
so fed gainetl at the rate of 2.36 lbs. per steer daily, as compared witli 1.97
lbs. for the lot receiving broken ear corn, and the gains were also made at
2.69 cts. less per pound of weight. The cattle receiving the shelled corn were
also in better finish at the close of the experiment. The lessening in the cost
of gains was due in part to a decreased consumption of corn, and in part to
an increasetl consumption of silage, the lot receiving shelled corn consuming
an average of 36.3 lbs. of silage per steer daily and the lot receiving broken ear
corn, 22.6 lbs.

In a study of the value of distillery slop as a feed for hogs the conclusion
was reached that the slop can be fed at a fair profit, provided that the ration
is properly balanced, and that there is no danger from hog cholera if proper
preventive methods are resorted to.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

667

Substitutes for milk in the rearing of dairy calves, J. B. Lindsey (Massa-
chusetts Sta. Bui. 164 (lOio), pp. 49-65, pis. 5). — These pages contain results
of observations covering a series of years in the raising of calves for dairy
purposes. A description is given of the method followed and the cost of raising
calves to six or eight months of age on skim milk, ordinary grains, and hays ;
also the testing of several proprietary calf meals as milk substitutes and of
several homemade calf meal preparations. The following table summarizes
the results of these experiments:

Summanj of calf-feeding experiments with milk substitutes.

Kind of ration.

Number
of calves.

Days

in
trial.

Daily
gain.

Total
food
cost.

Cost of
food per
pound
of gain.

Skim milk in large supply, ordinary grains, and hay.

Skim milk and Hayward's calf meal

Skim milk, Schumacher's calf meal

Skim milk and Blatchford's calf meal

Whole and skim milk and Bibby's cream equivalent

Whole and skim milk and Lindsey's meal I

Whole and skim milk and Lindsey's meal II

Whole and skim milk and Lindsey's meal III

Whole and sk im milk and Lindsey 's meal IV

Whole and skim milk and Lindsey's meal V

Whole and skim milk and Lindsey's meal VI

235
173
150

148
147
183
148
148
164
157

Lbs.
1.22
1.23
1.00
1.15
1.21
.97
1.04
1.70
L50
L25
L35

S22.08
20.44
12.27

13.08
14.54
14.68
15.24
14.49
15.12
16.54

Cents.

7.7
9.6

8.2

7.5
10.4
7.6
6.1
6.5
7.6
7.6

Hayward's calf meal was composed of finely ground wheat, coconut meal,
Nutrium, linseed meal, and blood flour (E. S. R., 14, p. 479). The calf meals
prepared by the author were of the following compositions : No, 1, fine corn
meal, flour middlings, flaxseed meal, cheap flour, glucose sugar, and salt
10 : 10 : 15 : 10 : 5 : 1 ; No. 2, ground oat flakes, flax.seed meal, cheap flour, glucose
sugar, and salt 25 : 1.5 : 8 : 2 : 1 ; No. 3, fine corn meal, flour middlings, flaxseed
meal, cheap flour, glucose sugar, and salt 8 : 10 : 14.5 : 10 : 7 : 0.5 ; No. 4, fine corn
meal, flour middlings, flaxseed meal, cheap flour, and salt 10 : 10 : 14.5 : 15 : 0.5 ;
No. 5, ground oat flakes, flaxseed meal, flour middlings, fine corn meal, pre-
pared blood flour, and salt 22 : 10 : 5 : 11 : 1.5 : 05 ; No. 6, ground oat flakes, barley
malt, blood flour, bicarbonate of potash, and salt 35 : 12.5 : 1.5 : 0.5 : 0.5.

In general the results indicate that calf meals may be purchased or pre-
pared that will take the place of a considerable amount of whole or skim milk
and not interfere with the normal growth of the calf. It is suggested that
it is not advisable to attempt to rear the calves during the first four months
without the daily use of from 3 to 5 qt. of skim milk. A too early attempt
to accustom the calf to an exclusive diet of calf meal is likely to produce
digestive disturbances that may affect the health of the animal in after life.
It was found that Holsteiu and Ayrshire calves are, as a rule, better able to
utilize prepared feeds than are the Jersey and Guernsey.

Analyses of the various calf meals are given.

Sheep feeding- experiment, A. D. Faville [Wyoming Sta. Bui. 109 (1915),
pp. 45-59). — Four lots of 25 lambs each were fed 112 days, lot 1 receiving
shelled Corn, alfalfa, and oat and pea silage; lot 2, shelled corn and alfalfa;
lot 3, alfalfa and silage ; and lot 4, whole barley, alfalfa, and silage. They made
average daily gains per head of 0.25, 0.27, 0.17, and 0.23 lb., lot 1 requiring 1.91
lbs. of grain, 7.3 lbs. of alfalfa, and 2.84 lbs. of silage ; lot 2, 1.76 lbs. of grain
' and 8.54 lbs. of alfalfa ; lot 3, 13.76 lbs. of grain and 4.39 lbs. of silage, and
lot 4, 2.09 lbs. of grain, 8.02 lbs. of alfalfa, and 3.12 lbs. of silage per pound of
gain, and costing 7.33, 7.32, 9.13, 8.04 cts. per pound of gain for the respective

668 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

lots. At the close of the 112-day feeding period, lot 3 lacljed finish and so was
put on a grain ration for 28 days. While the gains were much better than
they had been previously, financial returns did not justify the added expense.

Two lots of 20 breeding ewes each were fed 56 days, lot 1 receiving 4.5 lbs.
of alfalfa and lot 2, 3 lbs. of alfalfa and 1.5 lbs, of oat and pea silage per head
per day. They made total gains per sheep of 8 lbs. and 3 lbs., costing 18.9 cts.
and 14.7 cts. per week per ewe, resijectively. Both rations proved to be satis-
factory for maintenance requirements. There was apparently no difference
in the strength and quality of the lambs dropped by the two lots, the percent-
age of lambs being unusually high for the whole flock.

Two lots of 12 and 11 rams each were fed 98 days, lot 1, receiving mill feed,
oats, and corn meal, 5:2:3, alfalfa, and oat and pea silage, and lot 2, grain
as in lot 1 and alfalfa. They made average daily gains per head of 0.24 and
0.32 lb., requiring 2.48 lbs. of grain, 12.21 lbs. of alfalfa, and 4.08 lbs. of silage,
and 1.93 lbs. of grain and 14.05 lbs. of alfalfa iter pound of gain, and costing 11.24
and 10.84 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots.

It is estimated from the results of the foregoing exi)eriments that oat and
pea silage has a value of !?4 per ton when first-class alfalfa is worth .^12. With
a larger percentage of peas in the silage its value ought to be correspondingly
increased.

Analyses of the feeds used are appended.

Branding paints, A. D. Faville {Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 119-123, figs.
5). — Comparative tests were made of several varieties of branding paints. It
was found that brands applied to sheep before, immediately after, or several
days after dipping, were equally effective. Sheep of the fine wooled type carried
the brands best, as brands on long, loose, open fleeces quickly become indis-
tinguishable. Of the three sheep marking paints tested, two scoured out quite
readily while the third did not scour satisfactorily.

Annual wool review for 1915, with estimate of domestic wool production
and other statistical records, W. J. Battisox {Bui. yat. Assoc. Wool Maufrs.,
46 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1-66, pi. 1). — (Complete statistical data are given on domes-
tic and foreign wool product l<in, consumiition, and prices.

The mineral nutrients in the feeding of swine, E. B. Forbes (J/o. Bui. Ohio
Sta., 1 (IV 16), So. 2, pp. 61-65. fig. 1). — A popular discussion, based largely on
work previously noted (E. S. 11., 33, p. 375).

Live stock of the farm. — III, Horses, edited by C. B. Jones {London: The
Gresham Publishiny Co., 1915, vol. 3, pp. yiII+259, pis. 29, figs. /.?).— This
book treats of the breeds of heavy and light horses, their breeding, feeding, care,
and management, together with a chapter on the common diseases of the horse.

Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — XIV,
The effect of feeding pituitai'y substance and corpus luteum substance on
egg production and growth, II. Pearl {Jour. Biol. Chem., 2^ (1916), Xo. 2, pp.
123-135, fifjs. 2). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p.
472), the author finds that "feeding the desiccated substance of the anterior
lobe of the pituitary body of cattle to hens in laying condition but at a time of
year when the rate of fecundity is declining, does not stimulate the ovary to an
increased rate of production. Feeding the same substance (pituitary body, ante-
rior lobe) to growing pullets does not bring about any earlier activation of the
ovary than occurs in normal control pullets not fed this substance.

" The anterior lobe of the pituitary body from cattle when fed to growing
chicks is accompanied by a distinct retardation in growth in body weight. This
confirms for the chick the results which have been obtained with this substance
by other investigators in manunals. The feeding of the desiccated substance of
corpus luteum brings about a retardation of growth about twice as great iu

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 669

amount as that following pituitary feeding, as above noted. Neither pituitary
substance (anterior lobe) nor corpus luteum substance when fed to laying
pullets causes any retardation in the attsjinnient of sexual maturity as indi-
cated by the laying of eggs. The birds so fed begin to lay eggs at the same age,
but at a smaller body weight than the normal controls."

Some of the essential safeguards for the critical conduct of organ substance
experiments with poultry are discussed.

Range v. confinement for laying hens, W. J. Buss (Jour. Amer. Assoc.
Insfr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., .2 {1915), No. 3, pp. 23, 27/). — In an experi-
ment-at the Ohio Experiment Station it was found that hens on range produced
15.5 per cent more eggs and consumed 0.9 per cent less feed (aside from grass)
than did the lot in confinement. Percentage mortality was about 50 per cent
higher with the lot in confinement.

In a second experiment the lot on range produced 30.9 per cent more eggs
and consumed 2.3 per cent more feed (aside from grass) than did the lot in
confinement. Mortality was slightly higher in the lot on range during the
period covered by these figures. However, this experiment has been continued,
and, up to the present time, seven hens have died in the confined lot and five
in the range lot. While these figures show rather conclusively that better results
will be secured by allowing laying hens to have range, yet the results indicate
that where it is not possible to secure range, hens can be kept at a profit in
rather close confinement.

Comparison of methods of managing pullets, Mbs. G. R. Shotjp (Washing-
toih Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui. 3 {1916), No. 10, pp. 13-20, figs. 2).— A
test beginning in November was made of two flocks of 100 hens each, one under
good farm conditions, the other under special management. This included a
somewhat more varied ration and the use of artificial light (gasoline lantern)
in the houses early in the morning and late at night, thus lengthening the
period of light by several hours. The total cost of feed for the 5-week period
for lot 1 was $16.77 and for lot 2, $19.97, but the number of eggs laid by lot
1 was 652 as compared with 1,592 by lot 2. The profit of lot 1 was but $7.04
and that of lot 2, $38.05, thus indicating the effectiveness of the system of
special management adopted.

The experiment is being continued.

Seasonable variation in the quality of farm eggs, W. S. Young (Jour.
Amer. Assoc. Insfr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 2 (1916), No. 4> PP- 27-30). —
From data obtained from the Poultry Producers Association of Ithaca, N. Y.,
" there seems to be a decided tendency to have the highest quality eggs in the
months of January and February. As production increases there are more blood
spots, check, and browns, and the quality gradually drops until in the last of
May, when the weather gets warm, there is a decided drop which under normal
conditions would continue undoubtedly throughout the summer, gradually im-
proving in early fall as the weather becomes cooler and the percentage of blood
spots drops off. In October and November the quality improves considerably
and then takes a slump in early December, due to the selling of held eggs and
the large number of pullets' eggs. Then after prices reach their height the
eggs are not held, there are fewer pullets' eggs and more hens' eggs, and we get
the highest quality of the year."

Poultry on the farm, H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 22 (1915), pp. 8,
fig. 1). — General directions for feeding, care, and management are outlined.

Some facts from a country village survey, R. S. Moseley (Jour. Amer.
Assoc. Instr. and fnvest. Poultry Hush., 2 {1916), No. 4, PP- 30-32). — Data from
a poultry survey of a country village, made by the New York Cornell Experiment
Station, are given.

670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Treatise on dairying, W. Fleischmann (Lehrbuch der Milchicirtschaft.
Berlin: P. Farcy, 1915, 5. ed., rev., pp. XII +597, pis. 2, figs. 59).— This is ttie
fifth edition of this work, revised and brought up to date. An English transla-
tion of the first edition, by C. M. Aikman and R. P. Wright, has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 8, p. 835).

Relative value of feeds for dairy cows, E. S. Savage (Amer. Soc. Anim.
Prod. Proc. 191Jf, pp. 69-72). — The author points out the close agreement in
the amount of food deemed necessary under the Armsby, Kellner, Eckles, and
Scandinavian feed unit systems and the Huecker and Cornell standards, A
table is given showing the relative values of some of the common feetls for
dairy cattle.

Keport on further experiments on the feeding' of dairy cows at Offerton
Hall, F. P. Walker {Durham County Council, Ed. Com., Offerton Bui. 5 (1915),
pp. JfO). — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 172).

It has been definitely determined that the total quantity of milk is not in-
fluenced by e^iual or unequal periods of milking, but that the fat percentage
is materially altered by the length of time between morning and evening
milkings. Cows milked at even periods gave more milk in the evening than in
the morning. The evening's milk was slightly the poorer in quality.

A note, by S. H. Collins, on the variations in the amount of fat in milk due
to variations in the times of milking (E. S. R., 2.5, p. 177) is includeil.

In an experiment to determine the effect of feetiing phosphates directly to
cows, precipitated bone phosphate was fed at the rate of 1 oz. per day. No
appreciable result was obtained either on the quantity or quality of the milk
produced. Apparently this material had no effect on the stimulation of the
nervous system; if anything, it had a depressing effect. The weight of cows
receiving the precipitated bone ash showed a sliglit increase.

Experiments showed no advantage in milking three times a day as com-
pared with twice a day.

Cows fed palm nut cake did not increase in weight as did those fed cotton
cake but they showed a looser skin witli a glossier look. The palm nut cake
gave a higher percentage of fat in the milk.

[Experiments with dairy cattle], J. J. IIoopkr {Kentucky .S7rt. Rpt. 191//,
pt. 1, pp. 53, 5.}). — In an experiment in feeding all the cows first on ground
wheat and then on wheat bran, it was found that one of these feeds might
easily be substituted for the other. For every pound of bran that was sup-
plied in the grain mixture the cows produced 3.23 lbs. of milk and for every
pound of ground wheat 3.01 lbs.

With a view to determining whether the period of oestrum would make a
considerable fluctuation in the milk and milk fat yield, 54 records have been
kept during the past three years. It was found tliat with some cows this
does cause a considerable variation, while with others it seems to have very
little effect.

Records with 203 cows did not verify the conclusions of Guenon that there is
a correlation between the form of the escutcheon and milk and butter pro-
duction.

Beets and mangels compared with silage for milk production, C. C. Hay-
den (.1/0. Bill. Ohio Stn., 1 {1916), Xo. 2. pp. .'f9~53) .—Tho results of experi-
ments conducted in 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1892, in comparing beets and mangels
with silage for milk production, a portion of which have been previously re-
ported (E. S. R., 5, p. 887), are suiniiiarized. They show daily differences in
the milk flow per cow in favor of beets of from 0.15 to 1.34 lbs.

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 671

These experiments, together with those summarized from other stations, are
talien to indicate that sugar beets and mangels tend to increase the flow of milk,
and that the increase is due to the stimulating effect on the appetite, causing
a larger consumption of food. In some cases the cows made greater gains in
body weight while consuming beets, and in other cases greater gains while con-
suming silage. It appears that there is little difference in the value of an equal
amount of dry mutter in each. Because of the greater cost of beets, it is not
deemed wise to attempt to substitute them for silage except where maximum
production of milk is desired, or where the number of cows is too small to per-
mit the use of a silo.

Influence of beet feeding on the milk, J. Rolle (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr,
u. Gemissmtl., 30 (1915), No. 10, pp. 361, 362).— It is stated that ordinary beets
contain from 1.4 to 6.7 per cent of betain, and sugar beets from 0.1 to 0.3 per
cent. This is said to cause the bitter flavor in milk produced from cows fed on
beets. The Streptococcus lactis bacteria in the milk afl:ect the betain, which de-
velops a lactic acid betain with the elimination of carbonic acid and ammonia.
It is this lactic acid betain which gives the milk its characteristic odor.

Soiling V. silage as a supplement for Nebraska pastures, J. H. Fbandsen
{Ann. Rpt. Nebr. Corn Improvers' Assoc, 6 {1915), pp. 31-^6, figs. 3).— The
author outlines a plan for soiling crops on a basis of ten cows. The advantages
and disadvantages of soiling are enumerated and compared with those of si-
lage. It is concluded that while the soiling system has some advantages over
silage, it is not entirely feasible to adopt it exclusively, and a combination of the
two systems is suggested.

The feeding of molasses feed to dairy cattle, J. J. O. de Veies {Verslag
Ver. Exploit. Proejzuivelhoerderij Hoorn, 1913, pp. 15-33). — An experiment is
reported in which molasses was fed to dairy cattle, resulting in a marked in-
crease in yield of milk over those fed an ordinary hay ration. The milk was
higher in both fat and dry matter content.

The cost of rearing a dairy cow, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts 8ta. Bui.
16i (1915), pp. 66-71).— The total food cost of raising 20 dairy heifers, together
with data from other sources relative to food and other costs, is given.

It is concluded that from $75 to $85 represents the total cost of raising the aver-
age dairy heifer until she reaches the age of two years. In the averages the
initial value of a heifer was placed at $4, the food cost at $57.73, and other
costs at $20.51, making a total of $82.24, or when the manure is credited at $8,
a total net cost of $74.24.

Is the ability to produce milk fat transmitted by the dam or by the sireP
T. E. Woodward {Hoard's Dairyman, 51 {1916), No. ^, p. 146). — From a study
of the Advanced Registry records of the American Guernsey Cattle Club the
author found that in 57.3 per cent of the total number of comparisons made the
high-producing daughters were from dams with the highest records. It was
noted, however, that while there was a difference of 118 lbs. of fat per annum
between the high- and low-producing dams, there was a corresponding differ-
ence of only 18 lbs. between the daughters. This indicates that the sire also
has something to do with the inheritance of jjairy qualities.

Milk fat as a measure of value of milk, L. L. Van Slyke {Milk Trade
Jour., S {1916), Nos. 11, pp. 6, 10; 12, pp. U, 15).— In this article it is shown
that the fat and the solids-not-fat do not vary in the same proportion in differ-
ent milks, although in general when milk grows richer in fat it also grows
richer in skim milk solids. Milk containing 3 per cent of fat contains more
solids-not-fat in proportion to fat than do milks containing more than 3 per
cent of fat. Generally, 1 lb. of milk fat is worth ten times as much as 1 lb. of
33859°— 16 6

672 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

solids-not-fat, hence the richer milk has a gi-eater commercial value. Payment on
the basis of weight or volume alone is deemed unjust to the richer milks, because
the varying proportion of solids-not-fat in relation to fat is not taken into con-
sideration. When fat alone is used as a basis of payment the extra propor-
tional amount of solids-not-fat in poorer milks is not recognized, and milks
richer in fat get somewhat more than is due them for their skim milk solids or
solids-not-fat.

It is concluded that a strictly accurate basis of payment doing full justice to
each milk according to its composition must consider both fat and skim milk
solids or solid.s-not-fat, allowing for each pound of solids-not-fat one-tenth the
amount allo\\ed for fat. The solids-not-fat must be determined in each case as
well as the fat.

Problems of a rural milk supply. — The keeping quality of milk and its
transport, K. G. Allan and J. V. Takle {Ar/r. Jour. India, 10 (1915), A'o. 4?
pp. 829-3^2). — In connection with e:fperinients carried on at the college dairy
at Nagpur in the hot weather of 1915, it was found that the tendency to form
butter during transport varies with the temperature at which the milk is
transported, the degree of fullness of the milk container, the length of time
after milking at which transport is done, and the kind of milk transported.
Butter was found in all milks below 90° F., but more so in buffalo's than cow's
milk and in the milk of one individual more than in another. Pasteurization
has been found effective in reducing the tendency of transported milk to form
butter.

The significance of bacteria in milk, L. A. Rogers (Cream, and Milk Plant
Mo., 4 (1915), Xo. 4, pp. 15-lS). — In this paper, which was presented at the
fourth annual convention of the International Association of Dairy and Milk
Inspectors, at Washington, D. C, in October, 1915, as previously notetl (E. S. R.,
33, p. 705), the author shows wherein the bacteriological examination of milk
is not an entirely reliable test of the sanitary condition of milk. This is be-
cause of the inaccuracies that enter into the examination, the lack of definite
knowledge concerning tlie habitat of certain bacterial groups, and the unknown
factor of bacterial multiplication. How much of a high count is due to origi-
nal contamination and how much to multiplication is deemed uncertain. It is
suggested that it may be necessarj' to distinguish between measures to reduce
the bacterial count and measures in the interest of decency and cleanliness.

Bacteriology of cream ripening, K. Peiser (.1/i7A' Dealer, 5 (1916), No. 4f
pp. 26, 27). — Data on the bacterial count of cream during the various stages
of ripening and churning, and including butter in storage, are given.

A large part of the bacteria present in ripened cream is removed after churn-
ing from the butter with the buttermilk. Many more are washed out of the
butter by the washing that occurs during the working of It. The more impure
the cream the greater is the importance of getting the butter thoroughly washed,
since a great percentage of the bacteria is removed in this way. It has been
shown that the bacterial content of water used for washing of the butter has
an influence on the keeping quality. Butter as a finished product contains a
little more than one-tenth as many organisms as ripened cream does. In but-
ter the salt and low temperature have a deleterious effect on the starter type
and as a result they die off rapidly at first, then more gradually, until after some
time In storage the ratio of their numbers compared with the numbers of other
types is very much reduced.

Determination of the theoretical butter overrun, P. Rinckleben (ilolk.
Ztg. [Hildesheim], 29 (1915), Xo. 82, pp. 1029, i05O) .—Formulas are given for
estimating the probable overrun in butter.

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 673

The pasteurization of dairy by-products, W. D. Dotterkeb and R. S. Breed
{New York State Sta. Bui. Jfl2 {1915), pp. 581-610).— The work reported in
this bulletin, which was conducted in cooperation with the New York State Com-
mission for the Investigation of Bovine Tuberculosis, was planned in order to
study the effect of pasteurization on the whey and skim milk, the efficiency of
the present methods of pasteurization, and the best methods of pasteuriza-
tion.

Visits were made in the course of this inquiry to seven Cheddar cheese fac-
tories and to two skimming stations at which pasteurization of whey or skim
milk was being carried out. According to the 1915 list there are about 950
cheese factories in the State, of which 55 are known to be pasteurizing whey.
Thirty-one of these factories- make Cheddar, 13 make Swiss, 9 make Limburger,
and 2 make brick cheese. At but one of the cheese factories visited were the
temperatures used in pasteurization high enough to meet the lowest require-
ment (178° F.) usually specified by law. At this factory the temperature used
only occasionally reached this figure. All but two factories, however, were
using temperatures which would meet the requirements of the Michigan law
(145° for 30 minutes). The two factories which used lower temperatures
than this were also losing part of the value of the pasteurization by adding
separator slop or water after the temperature was so low as to be ineffective
in killing bacteria. One other factory followed this same practice so that the
pasteurization which would have otherwise been effective was rendered un-
satisfactory. The four factories which were securing satisfactory results
were all pasteurizing by means of a steam line running into the whey tank.

It was found that the process of heating the whey aided in preserving
the whey in good condition for feeding until it was convenient to use it. This
was due to the fact that the fat did not rise so quickly nor so completely on the
heated as on the unheated whey, thus preventing the formation of an unde-
sirable scum of fat on the whey tank. The heating also killed all of the
organisms which ordinarily cause fermentations in the whey with the exception
of Bacilltis hulgaricus, an organism which causes a lactic acid fermentation.
The growth of this organism was retarded by the heating, so that the heated
whey, as delivered to the farmers, had an acidity of about 0.4 per cent while
the unheated whey had an acidity of about 1.1 per cent.

The pasteurized whey was found to be free from yeasts and to undergo a
practically pure lactic acid fermentation due to B. hulgaricus. On two suc-
cessive days at one cheese factory the same organism was also found to be the
predominant organism in the making vat instead of the more common Bac-
terium lactis acidi.

"The use of direct steam and the combination of direct steam and jetting
were found to be the best methods of pasteurizing whey. They can be operated
at a sufficiently low cost to make the process of pasteurization a highly de-
sirable one for all parties concerned. Double jetting Mathout supplementary
heating is not satisfactory because the temperatures reached are not so high
as they should be. This method has one advantage, however, in that a
careless or unreliable cheese maker can not escape using the jet pumps while
such a man may be tempted to shut off steam more quickly than he should
where direct steam is used.

" In the course of this investigation 40 butter factories and skimming stations
were found which pasteurize skim milk. This number does not include all
that follow the practice. The best procedure is to return the skim milk to the
patrons' cans at a temperature high enough to remain above 145° for 30 minutes.
This pasteurizes the milk in the final container and increases the keeping
qualities of the skim milk."

674 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,

A resum§ of the general subject of pasteurization, including methods of
pasteurizing whey and skim milli, the effect of pasteurization on tlie feeding
value and on the spread of disease, and the cost of pasteurization is given.

Why and how pasteurize dairy by-products, F. H. Hall (New York State
Sta. Bui. 412, popular ed. (1915), pp. 8, fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above,

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of veterinary affairs in Austria for 1908-1910 (Ber. Osterr. Vet-
eriniiric, lVOS-1910, pp. 152, pis. 12). — The report includes a census of the
profitable domestic animals in Austrian Provinces as of December 31, 1910
(pp. 1-3) ; a tabular statement of the occurrence of contagious diseases (pp.
4-88) ; a report on infectious and other diseaises (pp. 89-106) ; statistics on
lo.sses occasioned by contagious diseases (pp. 107-127) ; administration of
veterinary police laws (pp. 128-146) ; and veterinarians and veterinary instruc-
tion (pp. 147-152).

The mechanism of the Abderhalden reaction. — Studies ou immunity, I,
J. P>i:oNVEM!KKNXER (./oj/r. Expt. Mcd., 21 (1915), No. 3, pp. 221-2.3S).—A>i a
result of Ills investigation the author concludes that " the Abderhalden re-
action is specific. The properties of serum on which it depends develop in
experimental animals simultaneously with antibodies during the process of
immunization. It is impossible to observe by direct methods the presence of
digesting ferments in the blood of immune animals. The Abderhalden test may
be resolved into two phases. A dialyzable substance appears in the second
phase and is the result of the autodigestion of serum. The autodigestion of
serum in the Abderhalden test is due to the removal of antitrypsin from the
serum by tlie sensitized substratum."

The nature of anaphylatoxin. — Studies on immunity. II, J. Bronfen-
BREXNER (.four. E.rpt. Mcd., 21 (1915). No. 5. pp. 480-.'f92. fig. 1). — From experi-
mental data submitted the author has shown that " the union of fresh serum
of pregnant or immunized animals with the corresponding boiled protein
(substratum) is accompanied by the formation of poisonous substances. The
poison originates from the serum as a result of its autodigestion, and not from
the substratum. The process of autodigestion may be determined by the
specific or nonspecific removal of the antitrypsin of the serum. The poisons
originating from the serum are toxic only for homologous animals. The
autodigestion of the scrum, if allowed to proceed far enougli, may go beyond
the toxic stage. Tlie biological properties of these poisons indicate their close
similarity to the anaphylatoxin, and suggest that the anaphylatoxin of Fried-
berger is a product of the autodigestion of serum and not of the protein out-
side of the serum."

The mechanism of the Abderhalden reaction with bacterial substrates,
G. H. Smith and M. W. Cook (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 18 (1916), No. 1, pp. H-
19). — Experimental data demonstrate that the Abderhalden reaction may be
divided into two phases. " Tlie first phase involves a sensitization of substrate
by its specific serum. The second jihase represents an autodigestion of the
serum, which is not due to specific causes." There is an absolute specificity in
the sensitization of substrate. Further investigation is deemed necessary to
demonstrate whether or not this sensitization is of the nature of an antigen-
antibody reaction. The work confirms the studies of Bronfenbrenner noted
above.

Serum proteases and the mechanism of the Abderhalden reaction. — Studies
on ferment action, XX, .T. W. Jobling. A. A. Eggstein. and W. Petersen
(.Jour. Expi. Med., 21 (1915), No. 3, pp. 239-2^9).— From experimental data

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 675

presented, together with those previously submitted, the authors believe that
" the Abderhalden dialysis method and the theory underlying it, in so far as
it is applicable to protease action, is without warrant of specificity, and prob-
ably depends upon purely fortuitous mechanical factors. It seems probable
that in various pathological conditions proteases normally confined to the
leucocytes in the human being appear in the blood, where their presence can.
be demonstrated by a method which removes the antiferment without injuring
the ferment."

It is further concluded that " normal serum protease is not specific ; it is
active in both dilute acid as well as alkaline media. It is destroyed by heating
to 70° C. for 30 minutes. It is markedly impaired when heated at 56° for 30
minutes. It is inhibited by the unsaturated soaps and lipoids. Guinea-pig and
rabbit serum contain relatively much protease ; the leucocytes are without pro-
teolytic ferments. Normal human and dog serum contain little or no protease;
the leucocytes are strongly proteolytic. Serum complement and protease are
not identical. During various pathological conditions the nonspecific protease
is increased in both human and dog serum. An increase in antiferment is in
many instances coincident.

" During the Abderhalden reaction the placental tissue becomes more resistant
to enzym action, because of the adsorption of the antiferment from the serum.
The dialyzed serum loses antiferment because of adsorption by the placental
tissue or other adsorbing substances, including probably the dialyzing mem-
brane. The digestive substrate is the seriun protein made available for protease
action by the adsorption of the antiferment. The proteases in pathological
conditions investigated by us (pregnancy, tuberculosis, and pneumonia) are non-
specific."

Further observations on the action of the blood serum after the intravenous
injection of cane sugar, F. Rohmann {Blochem. Ztschr., 12 (1915), No. 1-2,
pp. 26-100, pi. 1). — Confirming the observations of previous investigators the
author has further shown that after the intravenous injection of cane sugar
the blood serum is not only able to cleave cane sugar into dextrose and levulose,
but also to cause a synthesis of lactose from these two hexoses. There is then,
apparently, a conversion of ketose into aldose in the animal organism. These
phenomena are explained by assuming that certain unknown " stereokinases "
appear in the blood, after the injection, which are able to cause certain stereore-
arrangements in the carbohydrate molecule. After the intravenous injection of
cane sugar the blood not only contains invertin but also certain stereokinases
and a lactase.

The occurrence of pituitrin and epinephrin in fetal pituitary and supra-
renal glands, C. P. McCokd {Jonr. Biol. Chcin., 23 (1915), No. 2, pp. 435-438).—
The active principle of the pituitary body of the bovine fetal gland was found
to be present from the eighth week to full term. For the suprarenals this period
was found to be from the sixth week to full term. " The presence of the active
principles of these glands at so early a developmental period suggests that the
fetus in utero may be under the influence of its own internal secreting glands
as well as the maternal glands."

Details as to weights, ages, etc., are grouped in tabular form.

The bactericidal properties of some common antiseptics and disinfectants,
H. LoTHE and B. A. Beach (Vet. Alumni Quart. [Ohio State Univ.], 2 (1915),
No. 4, pp. 147-154). — A general account.

Experimental observations on the antiseptic action of hypochlorous acid
and its application to wound treatment, J. L. Smith, A. M. Dkennan, T.
Rettie, and W. Campbell (Brit. Med. Jour. No. 2847 (1915), pp. 129-136).—
" Comparative tests confirm the conclusion already arrived at by various inves-

676 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECOED.

tigators that hypochlorous acid is the most powerful antiseptic known. Prac-
tical methods of using this antiseptic have been devised. It can be used either
as a gas or as a solution. The advantage of using the gas is that it will
penetrate and will act at a distance. Both the gas and the solution, while
extremely potent against organisms and their spores, cause little or no harm to
the tissues. The effect of this antiseptic is purely local ; the decomposition
products are devoid of toxicity, and there is therefore no danger to be appre-
hended from absorption. A flow of lymph is induced from the wound as part
of the reaction of the tissues. Fetor is rapidly eliminated. If pain and irrita-
tion occur they can be easily controlled by reducing the concentration of the
antiseptic.

"The practical advantages of this antiseptic for field use are: (a) It can be
used as a dry powder and therefore obviates the difliculty of procuring water ;
(b) it can be introducetl into the gauze pad of the first field dressing; (c) and
where water is available the same powder can be made up as a lotion for
general use. The constituents of the powder are inexpensive and easily pro-
cured ; and the preparation of tlie antiseptic is extremely simple."

Forage poisoning due to Claviceps paspali on Faspalum, H. B. Bbown and
E. M. Ranck (Mississippi Sta. Tech. Bui. 6 (1915), pp. 3-35, figs. J8).— This
report of studies of the poisonous properties of C. paspali includes feeding tests
with guinea pigs and calves. It is shown that C. paspali, Ftisarium
hetcrosporum, and a species of Cladosporium grow on the heads of Paspaluin
dilafatum, the first as a parasite on the grass while the other two are largely
parasites of C. paspali.

" C. paspali produces numerous sphacelial spores, by means of which the
fungus is spread freely to healthy heads by insects that feed on the ' honey -dew '
of the fungus. The sclerotia of C. paspali lie on the ground during the winter
and serve to tide the fungus over from one year to the nest.

" Feeding experiments with guinea pigs .«;howed the sclerotia to be poisonous,
producing characteristic nervousness and trembling; 1 gm. of the extract pro-
duced death in a few hours. The poison in the sclerotia retains its virulence
for months after they have been dried ; hay containing sclerotia will, apparently,
poison animals as readily as the grass. Feeding young or healthy Paspalum
grass or hay causes no trouble. Feeding Paspalum grass or hay infected with
C. paspali, and showing sclerotia, or fungus nodules, will result in poisoning in
cattle, and, if continued, will cause death.

" One attack of Paspalum poisoning does not produce immunity against a
subsequent attack. Cattle seem to acquire a decided appetite for the disease<l
heads of Paspalum and even for the fungus sclerotia. Symptoms seem to indi-
cate that the trouble is due to a cumulative poison of some kind. Animals
poisoned by Paspalum should be taken from the pasture, given a regular dose
of Epsom or Glauber salts, and a change of feed. Paspalum poisoning may be
prevented by clipping off the diseased heads of Paspalum as often as sclerotia,
or fungus nodules, appear; this may be done with mowing machine or hand
scythe ; one to three mowings during the summer and fall will be necessary."

A bibliography of 25 titles is appended.

Precipitins in the diagnosis of anthrax, A. Ascoli (Yet. Rcc, 27 (1915),
No. 1400. pp. 575-577, fig. 1). — Certain bacillary constituents result from bac-
teriolysis in the organs or tissues from the carcasses of animals which have
been affected with anthrax. Such substances would naturally be expectetl to
exist in speciii^ens in inverse proportion to the number of micro-organisms
remaining intact. These substances can be recovered by serodiagnostic methods,
which will indicate anthrax protoplasm in a pulp or blood in which they exist.

The author has found few active precipitant sera as ordinarily prepare*!,
but has developed a method by which good precipitant sera may be regularly

VETEEIITARY MEDICINE. 677

obtained. Large doses of avirulent cultures are used rather than smaller doses
of more virulent micro-organisms. The precipito-reaction reveals the presence
of anthrax protoplasm in the extract of the organs (spleen, lungs, liver, kidneys,
suprarenals, and intestine) in the blood, edematous fluid, etc. Putrefaction in no
way affects the precipitin reaction, absolute positive results having been
obtained by the author in material 16 months old. A thermo-precipitin method
which is very rapid and delicate has been developed.

Foot-and-niouth disease with special reference to the outbreak of 1914—15,
J. R. MoHLER (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, J,8 {1915), Nos. 3, pp. 273-285; 4,
pp. 402-419; 5, pp. 532-552). — A paper presented at the annual meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Association at Oakland, Cal., September, 1915,
in which the author deals with the source and history of the infection, methods
of eradication, detailed measures to be adopted, and the occurrence of the dis-
ease in foreign countries, including a synopsis of the disease in Europe during
the past five years in tabular form. An abstract of the discussion which fol-
lowed is appended.

The mallein oplithalmic test in glanders, J. ScHNiJRER (Monatsh. Prakt.
Tierhcilk., 26 (1914), No. 8-4, pp. 97-108; abs. in Jour. Amer. Vet. Assoc., 48
{1915), No. 3, pp. 332-334). — The methods of diagnosis and extermination of
glanders are considered together with some statistical data.

It is concluded that a glanders epizootic may be eradicated by killing clini-
cally sick horses and by diagnostic examination of horses found to be ailing.
Inmiunization treatment is at least superfluous. The most practical method
of diagnosis is considered to be one which gives reliable results in a compara-
tively short time, even in the hands of those not specially trained, as well as
one which is simple to perform, easy to form a judgment on, which lends itself
to mass examination, and which at the same time is comparatively cheap.
The serological methods (agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, con-
glutination, and Abderhalden and anaphylaxis reactions) do not fulfill these
requirements, either alone or in combination. The conditions, however, are
met by the mallein ophthalmic test, which is performed by applying a reliable
concentrated mallein with a brush, cotton pledget, glass rod, or soiue similar
jippliance, but not by dropping with either a pipette or dropping bottle. The
conjunctival test does not interfere with the agglutination reaction. Should
the serological reaction fail to lead to a rapid decision the classical subcutaneous
reaction with a standardized mallein is recommended.

The diagnostic failures with the mallein ophthalmic test and the subcutaneous
reaction of healthy horses are attributed, to a great extent, to a hypersensitive-
ness toward mallein, due to an existing glanders infection. In such cases the
body temperature should be considered befoi*e and several days after the
inoculation.

It is not deemed justifiable to kill horses which have reacted positively in
only the mallein test or to the agglutination reaction, and which otherwise
exhibit no clinical disturbances. Such horses are, in all probability, not infected.

The recognition of healthy horses which have received a subcutaneous
injection of mallein, Kranich {Ztschr. Veterindrk., 27 {1915), No. 12, pp. 353-
358). — It is considered difficult to recognize, by any simple and satisfactory
method, healthy animals which have received a subcutaneous injection of mal-
lein. The matter is simplified for the veterinarian, however, by determining
the district from which the animal came, by obtaining a fall in the complement
reaction, and by securing repeated negative ophthalmic tests.

A bacteriological study of tuberculosis of the lymph glands in children,
A. P. Mitchell {Edinh. Med. Jour., n. ser., 13 {1914), A'o- 3, pp. 209-215; abs. in

678 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Intemat. Centbl. Gesam. Tuberkvlose Forsclu, 9 (1915), No. ^ p. 181; Jour.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 48 (1915), No. 3, pp. 328, 5£5).— The author examinetl
the cervical, bronchial and mesenteric {.'lands, and occasionally the tonsils, in
29 cases of tuberculosis in children, all under 12 years of age. Cultures were
isolated from 12 of the cases, 8 yielding human tubercle bacilli, and 4 the bovine
type. Threeof the latter 4 died of tubercular meningitis, the other from intra-
peritoneal hemorrhage. Tubercular lesions were found in the mesenteric glands
of all the cases at the autopsy. In the cases yielding the human type of tubercle
bacilli the cultures were derived mainly from the cervical, bronchial, and mesen-
teric glands.

In 80 surgical tubercular cases of children, 12 years of age and under, the
bovine bacillus was present in 71 instances and the human bacillus in 9. The
organisms were isolated from the cervical glands. It is noted that 84 per cent
of the children 2 years old and under had been fed unsterilized cow's milk since
birth. The results of an examination of 40G samples of milk collected from the
city of Edinburgh showed 82 to contain tubercle bacilli.

A fatal case of tuberculosis of bovine origin, H. Beitzke (Berlin. Klin.
Wchnschr., 51 (l'J14), No. 33, pp. 1531-1540; abs. in Jour. Amer. Yet. Med.
Assoc, J/S (1915), No. 3, p. 331). — The author describes a fatal case of tuber-
culosis in a 14-year-old boy. All attempts to cultivate the isolated bacillus on
artificial media failed, but by Inoculation of rabbits and cattle the organism
causing the boy's death was proved to be of the bovine type. It is concluded
that the bovine bacillus must be considered a real source of infection for man.

Tuberculosis in a horse (Ztschr. Veterindrk., 27 (1915), No. 12, pp. 362,
363). — The autopsical findings of a case of tuberculosis in a horse which had
been used in the artillery service are ri'ported.

One instance of the occurrence of tuberculosis among' Wyoming cattle and
its significance, O. L. Pkien (^yyominf| Sta. Kpt. 1915. pp. 12'f-126). — A case
is reported to show the rapidity with which tuberculosis is spread among farm
animals. The importation of a small herd of dairy cattle which had been tested
and "absolutely guarantied against tuberculosis" was followed by the death of
3 calves from the cows imported. 7 liead of hogs, and 26 chickens. Six of the
cows and 3 of the calves of the imported herd were condemneil after being
tested. The author indicates the need for great caution in the purchase of
cattle.

The production of artificial immunity against tuberculosis in cattle, S. 11.
Gii.Lii.AND (Penn. Lire Stock Sanit. Bd. Circ. 32 (1915), pp. 129, pis. 9).— As a
result of the work of the State Live Stock Board of Pennsylvania, covering a
Iieriod of a number of year.s, the author concludes that " intravenous in.1e<'tlons
of tubercle bacilli from human soiirces, nonvirulent for cattle, are capable of
conferring an innuunity in cattle against tuberculosis sufficient to withstand
natural infection by association with tuberculous cows. The length of the
innuunity conferred has not been determined definitely, but it is believed to
diminish gradually after two and one-half years.

"The vaccinated animal during the period of vaccination and for some we<^ks
afterward is more liable to contract tuberculosis than a normal animal. The
natural resistance of the animal is apparently lowereil during the time of
vaccination. The interval between the vaccination should be of a sufficient
length to allow any reaction following the previous vaccination to subside
entirely.

"The degree of immunity obtained in the animal depends to a certain extent
upon the number of vaccinations and the amount of vaccine administered.
The vaccine should be prepared so it contains no clumps of bacilli and should
be administered fresh.

VETEBINAEY MEDICINE. 679

"A number of the vaccinated animals may give a typical tuberculin reaction
following the vaccinations for a period of 20 months. These animals may or
may not show lesions of tuberculosis at autopsy. Vaccine administered to
animals already infected with tuberculosis is capable of retarding or holding
in check the progress of the disease.

" The milk from innnunized cows when fed over a long period of time appears
to increase the resistance of calves and pigs. Vaccination of calves against
tuberculosis is of assistance in the eradication of tuberculosis from a herd if
done under the proper conditions. Until further knowledge is obtained in
regard to the destruction or outcome of the living tubercle bacilli constituting
the vaccine, no practical method for the immunization of milk-producing
animals under ordinary conditions can be advocated."

Part 2 reviews the work on the production of immunity in cattle against
tuberculosis and the use of tuberculin. A complete bibliography of literature
cited in the review of the subject is appended.

Ag'g'lutination test as a means of studying the presence of Bacterium
abortus in milk, L. H. Cooledge ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 5 (1916),
No. 19, pp. 871-875). — As a result of an investigation at the Michigan Experi-
ment Station, the author concludes that " a pure culture of B. abortus intro-
duced into the milk cistern of a cow's udder caused the appearance of agglu-
tinins in the milk. In every case in which B. abortus was found present in the
milk by animal inoculation the agglutinins for this organism were also found,
but this bacterium was not found in every case in which agglutinins were
demonstrated. The agglutination test is of value in studying the presence of
B. abortus in milk when it is desired to study a large number of samples. If
B, abortus is found to be pathogenic for human, this test may be of value
as another means of safeguarding certified and all unpasteurized milk."

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 774).

The bactericidal action of methylene blue on abortion bacilli, F. B. Hadley
(Vet. Alumni Quart. [Ohio State Univ.], 2 (1915), No. 4, pp. 139-1^2) .—In this
paper the author reports the results of tests made of two different makes of
methylene blue.

Three strains of the abortion bacillus were used in the experiments, con-
ducted in the veterinary laboratory at the University of Wisconsin, all of
which were satisfactorily cultivated after exposure to solutions of Merck's
medicinal methylene blue varying in strength from 1 : 1,000 to 1 : 4,000 for 73
hours. One particularly resistant strain was able to reproduce itself after
having been immersed in a 1 : 4,000 solution for 124 hours. Griibler's blue
appeared to be more toxic for the organisms. Accompanying tables record
the bactericidal effect of the chemical manufactured by the two different firms.

These experiments indicate that under laboratory conditions methylene blue
does not destroy the abortion bacilli readily even in strong solutions, and should
not be considered a " sure cure " for the disease which they cause. It is
considered to be of little value as an external antiseptic.

Brief history of the cattle tick fight in Louisiana to date, W. H. Dalrtmple
(La. Live Stock Sanit. Bd. Circ. 6 (1915), pp. 16). — This circular reviews the
history of the cattle tick control work carried on in Louisiana up to the present
time.

Cell inclusions in hog cholera, L. R. Himmelbergee (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc, 48 (1916), No. 4, pp. 450-453, fig. i).— The author has systematically
examined smears from the conjunctival epithelium of a number of hogs and has
observed cell inclusions under various circumstances. He has never found the
inclusions in the epithelial cells after death and all cells did not contain them
even in a positive case, having, in fact, been found in but a small percentage of

680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the cells in a given microscopical field. These bodies were found in 95 per cent
of the cases examined during the period in which the body temperature was
beginning to rise, that is, in the first stages of the disease. In but a small
percentage of the cases were cell inclusions observed at the time the tempera-
ture was at its maximum (106 to 108° F.). Examination of sections taken
from a few cases at the time of death failed to show the presence of cell in-
clusions, and smears made from the conjunctiva of hogs after death gave
similar results. The actual significance of these bodies remains to be deter-
mined.

A filterable org'anism isolated from the tissues of cholera hogs. D. J. Healy
and E. J. Gott {Jour. Infect. Diseases, IS (1916), yo. J, pp. 12.',-128, pi. 1).—
Continuing the work on hog cholera at the Kentucky Experiment Station, pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 582), the authors report that they have isolated an
organism from the mesenteric glands of hogs acutely ill with hog cholera. The
organism has been passed through an " F " Chamberland-Pasteur bougie and
successfully cultivated and stained. Complement fixation has been obtained
with the culture fluid in which the organism was grown. This fluid was not
able to fix complement previous to the growth of the organism in it.

The value of virulent salt solution in the production of antihog-cholera
serum by the intravenous method, K. (Ikaham and L. H. Himmklberger {Jour.
Infect. Diseases, 18 {1916), No. 1, pp. 118-123). — In experimental work at the
Kentucky Experiment Station the use of salt virus in conjunction with blood
virus for the production of antihog-cholera serum has given satisfactory results.
In the work 25 co. per pound of body weight of a 0.9 per cent sterile salt .solu-
tion was injected into the i)eritoneal cavity of virus pigs five hours before kill-
ing, when the .solution was aseptically removed. In laboratories where all serum
is tested before being used in the field this method has proved a perfectly safe
and economical procedure.

Sugg'estions relative to the prevention of hog' cholera, J. H. Kastle. R.
Graham, and II. K. Wright (Kcntuchu Sta. Circ. 10 {1915) pp. 70-80, figs.
4). — This bulletin contains practical .suggestions relative to the general care
and management of hogs ; precautions to be observed in purchasing new stock ;
the disposition of hog-cholera carcasses and proper disinfection ; the sale and
transportation of sick hogs; the prevention of hog cholera by means of hog-
cholera serum ; the construction of hog houses; the control of internal parasites;
and the use of some hog remedies.

Effects of refrigeration upon the larvae of Trichinella spiralis. B. H.
Ransom (T. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research. .5 {1916). Xo. 18, pp. 819-854).—
This is a report of investigations conducted in continuation of those previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 881).

During the course of the work quantities of trichinous meat varying in
weight from a few grams to nearly 400 lbs. were frozen and kept for periods
varying from a few minutes to 57 days at various temperatures below the freez-
ing point of water. In most cases the period of refrigeration was between 5
and 20 days. About 33,0CX) trichinre were examined from artificially digesteil
frozen and unfrozen meat and over 500 test animals and control animals were
fed and examined.

" A considerable proportion of the trichina? in meat exposed to a temperature
of about 15° F. for periods of 23 days or less survive and are quite lively after
thawing, but such meat frequently fails to infect test animals. This temi>era-
ture Is injurious to trichina^ but its effects are uncertain, and meat exiw.sed as
long as 23 days has proved to be infectious. Some of the trichime in meat ex-
posed to a temperature of about 10° for periods of 57 days or less generally sur-
vive, but the meat frequently fnils to infect test animals. A temperature of 10°

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681

is more injurious to tricliinse than a temperature of 15°, but, like tlie latter, its
effects are iincertain, although meat exposed to it for 14 days or longer has
generally failed to produce infestation, or if infestation resulted it was slight.
No infestation has been produced by trichinous meat exposed to a temperature
of about 10° for 20 days or longer.

"Apparently in the neighborhood of 10° a critical point is reached below
which the effects of cold upon trichinae become suddenly much more pronounced.
Temperatures of 5° or lower profoundly affect the vitality of trichinse. Only
a very small proportion survive an exposure of more than five days, and these
are so seriously affected that infections are very unlikely to result. Slight
infections, however, have resulted from meat exposed to a temperature of — 9
to 0° for 10 days. ...

"Trichinse vary in their resistance to cold, and some individuals survive re-
frigeration longer and at lower temperatures than others. . . . The vitality of
trichinse which survive refrigeration does not decrease noticeably during a
period of at least a week after the thawing of the meat. . . .

"In the practical application of refrigeration as a means of destroying the
vitality of trichinse, meat should be refrigerated at a temperature not higher
than 5° for not less than 20 days, a period which allows a probable margin of
safety of nearly 10 days. The employment of higher temperatures of refriger-
ation as a means of destroying the vitality of trichinse is not justified in the
light of our present knowledge because of the uncertainty of the effects of such
temperatures. Whether temperatures higher than 5° may be safely employed
by lengthening the period of refrigeration remains to be determined."

A disease resembling " forag'e poisoning " in horses and mules, wherein
oat hay incorporated the primary factor, R. Graham, L. R. HiiiMELBERGER,
and R. L. Pontius (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 48 {1916), No. 5, pp. 514-590,
fig. 1). — ^A detailed account of investigations substantially noted from another
source (E. S. R., 33, p. 880).

"The oat hay responsible for this disease, though apparently clean, was later
found to be contaminated with the excreta of chickens, which on being fed
disguised in wholesome feed resulted fatally. Up to this time, however, we
have not been able to isolate the causative factor of the disease occui'ring as a
result of feeding this particular lot of oat hay, nor have we been able to show
that oat hay from other sources produces ' forage poisoning ' in horses and
mules."

The present knowledge of the cause of pectoral influenza of the horse,
E. GKAtJB {^chiceiz. Arcliiv Tierheilk., 57 (1915), Nos. 8, pp. 392-402; 9, pp. 449-
457). — A review of the literature.

Pernicious anemia of the horse, E. Wyssmann (Schiveiz. Arch. Tierheilk.,
57 (1915), No. 9, pp. 427-449; abs. in Trop. Yet. Bui., 3 (1915), No. 4, pp. 149,
150). — In the introduction the author reviews the literature relating to this
disease, and calls attention to the theory of causation as set forth by the Sey-
derhelms in the work pi*eviously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 681).

The author has observed 125 cases of anemia in horses, of which 44 were
of a pernicious character, and the remaining cases a secondary condition. He
found that in 50 per cent of the cases the animals were under seven years of
age. In acute cases the hemoglobin content of the blood was from 30 to 55 per
cent of the normal, whereas in cases of longer standing it was as low as 15
per cent. In his opinion the prognosis is not so unfavorable as many observers
consider it. Of his 44 cases, 25 died, 5 improved, 11 were cured, and 3 were
lost sight of. He thinks there is a chance for improvement while the hemo-
globin content does not fall below 40 to 55 per cent of the normal. The sub-
cutaneous injection of a 10 per cent watery solution of atoxyl is recommended,

682 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

although in advanced cases accompanied by edema this drug does not give good
results. In acute cases at least one dose a week of from 10 to 20 cc. should
be given.

" Black tongue " or tjrphus of dogs, J. M. Keer {Vet. Alumni Quart. [Ohio
fitate Vnir.'\, 2 (1915), Ko. 4, pp. loJf, 155). — The author calls attention to the
fact that this disease of dogs, known to be extremely common in the Southern
States and as far north as Virginia, resembles the disease described by Hutyra
and Marek as typhus (E. S. R., 26, p. 82).

Complement fixation in intestinal parasitism, of dogs, .1. A. Kolmer, Mary
E. Teist, and G. D. Heist {Jour. Infect. Diseases, IS {1916), Ko. 1, pp. 88-~
105). — From the results of a study of complement fixation tests with the sera
of infested dogs the authors believe that the production of antibodies may occur
after infestation of the intestines with the common parasites.

" Production of antibodies was especially in evidence in infestations with
tapeworms, to a less degree with the ascarids or round worms, and to a slight
extent with the whip-worm. These complement fixations have tended to show
a biologic relation between the tapeworms Tania serrata and DipyVnUuin
caninum and between Ascaris cnnis and Strongylus gipus, although on account
of the wide morphologic differences we leave it an open question. It is prob-
able, therefore, tliat complement-fixation tests will not differentiate, with the
usual teclinique, lietween related species of parasite.s, although they may show
the presence of a parasite.

"Complement-fixation tests may be of value in the diagnosis of intestinal
parasitism of man, and we are now making investigations in this field."

Some experiments with agents calculated to kill the Trombidium holo-
sericeum, B. F. Kaupp (.SVicHrr, n. scr., JfS {1916), Ao. 1097, pp. ,i,i^5). — Tests
made of the effect of a number of parasiticides uiion the chicken mite have letl
to the conclusion that in order to destroy this mite effectively they must either
be in solution or be capable of giving off volatile substances which in themselves
are destructive.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Some notable irrigation and hydro-electric developments, C. E. Grunsky
(In Xntitrc ami Scioitr on the Pacific Const. San Franci.'ico: Paul FAdrr rf Co.,
1915, pp. 22S-2S6). — This article descril)es briefly some of the more important
Government and private irrigation and hydro-electric developments in Cali-
fornia and gives a bibliography of related works.

State rivers and water supply commission, tenth annual report, 1914r-15
{Victoria Rivers and Water Suiii/lif Com. Ann. Rpt., 10 {191Jf-15), pp. Jfl, figs.
2). — Tlie physical and financial conditions of water supply and irrigation works
in Victoria for the financial year 1914-15 are report(^l.

The Dethridge meter. V. M. Cone {Colorado Sta. Bui. 215 {1915), pp. 11,
figs. 7). — The results of experiments on 4-ft., .'-ft., and G-ft. Detliridge meters,
conducted under a cooperative agreement between the Office of Public Roads
and Rural Engineering of this Department and the Colorado Experiment
Station, are graphically reported, the curves showing the approximate loss of
head necessary to allow different quantities of water to flow through the meter,
the quantities of water passing through the meter with the wheel revolving at
different speeds, and the acre-inches of water delivered per revolution of the
wheel with different depths of water in the ditch.

The construction and operation of the meter are described and diagram-
matically illustrated. A previous report dealing in part with the Dethridge
meter has been noted (E. S. R.. 32, p. 683).

EUKAL ENGINEEEING. 683

A note on well boring, W. M. Schutte (Depf. Agr. Bombay Bui. 68 (1914),
pp. 13, pis. 12). — This bulletin describes methods and machinery for well boring
and methods for lifting water, considered to be applicable to Bombay conditions.

Surface water supply of Colorado River basin, 1913 (U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-Supply Paper 359 (1916), pp. 260, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in co-
operation with the States of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico, presents the
results of measurements of flow made on streams in the Colorado River basin
during 1913.

Surface water supply of Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins,
1914 {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-S apply Paper 385 (1915), pp. 247+A'A'/X,
pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Iowa, Illinois,
Wisconsin, and INIinnesota, presents the results of measurements of flow made
on streams in the Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River drainage basins
during 1914.

Ground water in the Waterbui-y area, Connecticut, A. J. Ellis ( U. S. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 397 (1916), pp. 73, pis. 4, figs. iO).— This report
deals with the geology, source, and occurrence of ground water and ground wa-
ters for municipal and private use in an area of 171 square miles in west-central
Connecticut. Methods of developing ground water supplies for private use in
particular are discussed, including drilled, driven, and dug wells, and infiltra-
tion galleries.

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, A. M. Petee, S. D. Av^eritt, and
J. S. McHabgue (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1912, pp. 527-5.50).— Analyses of 55 sam-
ples of potable and mineral waters from 34 counties in Kentucky are re-
ported.

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, A. M. Petek, S. D. A\'eritt, J. S.
McHakgue, and A. S. Behrman (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 593-618).—
Analysis of 68 samples of potable and mineral waters from 33 counties in
Kentucky are reported.

Analyses of mineral and potable waters, A. M. Peter, S. D. Averitt, and
J. S. McHargue (Kentucky Sla. Rpt. 1914, pt. 1, pp. S5-ii8).— Analyses of 92
samples of potable and mineral waters from 42 counties in Kentucky are re-
ported.

Water supplies and health, in Massachusetts, A. L. Gammage (Engin. Netvs,
74 (1915), No. 23, pp. 1077-1079) .—StwUes of hardness and color and the corre-
sponding typhoid fever and general death rates indicate that the hardness of
the water lias no effect upon health, but that color is to some extent an index
of the healtlifulness of supplies.

The Schumann rays as an agent for the sterilization of liquids, W. T.
Bovie (Dot. Gaz., 60 (1915), No. 2, pp. 144-148, fig. i).— Tests are described as
carried out on water passed through an improved sterilizer, in which a long
exposure of a thin layer of the liquid to light of wave lengths between 1,675
and 1,850 Angstrom units was secured. By this treatment the bacterial count
of tap water was reduced from 50 to 4 per cubic centimeter and the fungal
count from 3 to 1 per cubic centimeter, but absolute sterilization was not ob-
tained.

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

First annual report of the Iowa state highway commission (Ann. Rpt.
loica Highway Com., 1 (1913-14), pp. 351, pis. 32, fig. 1). — This report covers
the periods from April to December, 1913, and from December, 1913, to De-
cember, 1914. In addition to the departmental reports are sections devoted to
road legislation, the most important phases of highway work, investigations and
research, finances, and the requirements of roads through and adjacent to state

684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

institutions. A final section contains information summarized and tabulated
from the reports of county engineers.

First annual report of the highway engineer for the period ended Novem-
ber 30, 1914, H. L. BowLBY (Ami. Rpt. Highway Engin. Oreg., 1 (lOl-i), pp.
2Jfl, pis. Jfi, figs. 54)- — Data, by counties, on road and bridge finances, design,
construction, and maintenance in Oregon for 1914 are reported, together with
miscellaneous tests of road materials.

Road laws of "West Virginia, 1913, A. D. Williams (W. Ta. Dept. Agr.
[Bui. 1] (1013), pp. i03).— The text of the laws is given.

Prison labor: Instructions, laws, and duties of officials, A. D. Williams
(TF. Va. Dept. Agr. Bvl. 4 {191J/), pp. 30, figs. 39). — Instructions, laws, and
duties of officials with reference to the employment of prison labor on road
work are outlined.

The road drag, its construction and use, A. D. Williams (W. Vo. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 3 {191/f), pp. 29, figs. 26). — This describes and illustrates the con-
struction of .split log, steel, and plank road drags and gives brief instructions as
to their proper use.

Earth and sand-clay roads, A. D. Williams (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 5
(1914), pp. 47, figs. 50). — This bulletin deals with methods and machinery for
the construction of earth and sand-clay roads.

Relation between the properties of hardness and toughness of road-build-
ing rock, P. Hubbard and F. H. .Tacksox, Jr. (U. ^. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1916), xYo. 19, pp. 903-907, fig. 1). — Hardness, toughness, and
binding power tests of about 3,()00 samples representing every known variety of
road-building rock are graphically reported bringing out the following points:

" (1) The average toughness for all tests made is about 9. (2) The average
hardness increases with toughness, and the rate of increase becomes less as the
toughness values become larger. (3) Individual values of hardness vary
through wide limits for low values of toughness, and the variations from the
average decrease uniformly with the increase in toughness up to a certain point,
about 20, after wliich they remain constant with very little variation from the
average. (4) When any given value for toughness falls within certain limits,
which define the suitability -of tlie material for macadam-road construction
under different traffic conditions, the corresponding value for hardness will fall
within similar limits for hardness. . . .

" If it be assumed that the curve represents a fair average of all available
types of road-building rock, it would seem that a determination of the tough-
ness of any particular sample of rock shows, for all practical purposes at least,
whether it is hard enough to be satisfactorily used in construction. . . . The
results of 2,500 individual routine tests made by the Office of Public Roads and
Rural Engineering show tluit for practical routine work the hardness test adds
nothing to our knowledge of the value of any particular rock sample for use in
water-bound macadam-road construction over that obtained from the toughness
test."

The proper limits of toughness for light, moderate, and heavy traffic on
macadam and bituminous roads are discussed.

The development of refined tars for use in road constniction and mainte-
nance, P. P. Sharples (Metallurg. and Chem. Engin., 13 (1915), No. 15, pp. 918-
920). — Specifications are given for (1) binders used in the construction of
macadam roads, (2) refined tars for use in road-blanket treatments, (3) re-
fined tars used in cold-surface treatments, and (4) pitches used as filler in block
pavements.

EUHAL ENGINEERING. 685

Information for bidders: Specifications, proposal, contract, and bond for
grading and road improvement, A. D. Williams (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 12
(19U), pp. U).

Information for bidders: Specifications, proposal, contract, and bond for
macadam road improvements, A. D. Williams (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. IS
(1914), pp. 66).

Information for bidders: Specifications, proposal, contract, and bond for
brick road improvement, A. D. Williams (IF. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 15 (1914),
pp. 56, fig. 1).

Standard specifications for superstructures of steel highway bridges, R. P.
DA^^[S (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 8 (1914), pp. 29, figs. 2).— This bulletin contains
a form of contract and specification.

Standard specifications: Proposal, contract, and bond for superstructure
of concrete highway bridges, R. P. Davis (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 9 (1914),
pp. 20, figs. 2). — A form of tender, contract, and bond, and specifications for the
superstructure of concrete highway bridges are given.

National Association of Cement Users: Proceedings of the eighth annual
convention, 1912', edited by E. E. Kkauss (Proc. Nat. Assoc. Cement Users, 8
(1912), pp. 819, pis. 6, figs. 293). — Among other reports and special articles are
the following:

The Design of Concrete Flat Slabs, by F. J. Trelease; The Practical Design
of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs, by S. E. Thompson ; The Design of Concrete
Grain Elevators, by E. L. Heidenreich ; Aggregates for Concrete, by W. M. Kin-
ney ; Comparative Tests of the Strength of Concrete in the Laboratory and in
the Field, by R. J. Wig ; Flat Slab Concrete Bridges, by W. H. Finley ; Concrete
Highway Bridges, by W. S. Gearhart ; Standard Specifications for Concrete
Roads and Street Pavements ; Recommended Practice for Plain Concrete Drain
Tile; Method of Testing Drain Tile, by A. N. Talbot and D. A. Abrams; The
Manufacture and Use of Cement Drain Tile, by C. E. Sims; Concrete Fence
Posts, by W. J. Towne ; and Concrete Fence Posts, by L. J. Hotchkiss.

Effect of controllable variables upon the penetration test for asphalts and
asphalt cements, P. Hubbard and F. P. Peitchakd (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1916), No. 17, pp. SC5-SiS).— Experiments with four types of oil
asphalt, produced from (1) steam-refined Calfornia petroleum, (2) steam-
refined Mexican petroleum, (3) refined blended petroleum, and (4) blown
petroleum, are reported. The purpose was to determine what effect apparently
slight differences in laboratory conditions and variations in (1) the method of
preparifig melted samples for testing, (2) temperature, (3) load, and (4) time
will produce in the results of the penetration test for asphalts and asphalt
cements. The more important conclusions reached as a result of these investi-
gations are as follows :

" Melted samples should be cooled for not less than 2 hours prior to test,
and should be tested upon the same day that they are melted, preferably after
2 or 3 hours. Samples should be maintained at the testing temperature for
not less than 1 hour, and preferably for 1.5 hours prior to test.

" Upon standing in the air, prepared samples show a decreasing penetration,
but no definite end point or set is produced up to 28 days. In ordinary labora-
tory work there is no apparent advantage in cooling samples in ice or ice water
prior to determining their penetration at higher temperatures. . . . Samples
should be maintained and tested within 0.1° C. of the desired temperature for
accurate work, as a variation in temperature of less than 0.5° may produce a
decided difference in results. Tests at 4° are not the practical equivalent of
properly made tests at 0°. When making tests at 0°, samples should not be
packed in crushed ice, but should be immersed in a brine bath.

686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

" The increase in penetration of a material determined under given con-
ditions of temperature and time is, witliin certain limits, almost proportional
to the increase in load. For the 100- and 200-gm. loads variations of as much
as 1 gm. do not as a rule seriously affect determinations. It is, however,
recommended that in all cases the load should not vary more than 0.2 gm. from
that desired.

" In any test, proportionally the greatest number of points penetration is
obtained during the first second. In the 5-second test approximately one-half
of the total penetration is obtained during the first second. A variation of one-
half second may, however, produce an appreciable variation in results. A care-
fully calibrated metronome is recommended for securing the proper time control.
" Aside from possible variations in neetlles, it is believed that variations in
results obtained upon the same material by different laboratories are more
probably due to unobserved variations in the methods of preparing the sample
and to the control of temperature than to any other causes. It is believed that
a study of the penetration of various tyi>es and grades of bituminous materials
under a variety of conditions of temperature, load, and time may throw con-
siderable light upon their other physical and chemical characteristics, and may
serve as a possible means of identifying their origin and method of manu-
facture."
The authors propose to continue studies along this line.

A study of West Virginia sands, B. Taylor, R. P. Davis, and A. D. Wil-
liams (IF. Ta. Dcpt. Agr. Bill. 7 (IDUf), pp. 32, figs. i5).— This bulletin de-
scribes the methods and results of a number of briquette and other tests of
\yest Virginia sands which are representative of the river bank and crusher
sands of the State. Most of the sands were composed chiefly of quartz and
most of the other sands contained a large percentage of cinders.

" In these tests the bond of the cement was the weaker element with the
quartz grains not failing even in the 28-day tests, but the grains in the soft
material broke in the 7-day test." The cinders weakened the mortar. "The
coarser sands rank far superior in strength. . . . The series of tests indicate
the truth of the general law that a gradation of coarse and fine elements is
productive of the greatest strength, other things being equal. Where strength
is of greatest importance, the sieve analysis curve is of considerable value in
selecting the sand. . . .

" From these experiments it appears that sharp sands show a greater increase
in strength than do the others. For instance, crusher sands which have sharp
grains improved in rank from 7- to 2S-day tests, while all the other sands have
a lower rank in the 28-day test than in the 7-day one. The .strength of the
mortar does not bear constant relation to the proportion of cement. Hence, the
importance of testing out sands."

Electricity in agriculture, C. J. Rohreb (Gen. Elect. Rev., IS {1915), No. 6,
pp. ^SS-496. figs. 21; Sri. Amer. Sup., 80 (1915), Nos. 2011, pp. 261,-266, figs. 7;
2078, pp. 278, 279). — This is a discussion of the application of electrical power
to various farm operations. See also a previous and more detailed report by
the author (E. S. R., 32, p. 885).

Economical construction of rural lines, A. S. Hall (Jour. Eleetricitg, S5
(1915). No. 23, pp. 4.30-.',.i2, figs. 3). — After pointing out the desirability of a
rural load for central stations and describing some important applications of
electricity to farming, suggestions are made for methods of construction which
it is believed will make it economically possible to give rural service.

Mechanical plowing in Risaia, A. Takchetti (UAratura Mcrcanira in
Risaia. VerceUi: Gallardi tfe I'go, 1911,, PP- 162, figs. 96).— This presents in com-

EURAL EXGINEEEING. 687

plete form experiments on mechanical plowing n<jted previously from another
source (E. S. R., 33, p. 190).

Housing farm implements, B. Youngblood and W. W. Whipkey (Texas Sta.
Circ. 10, n. ser. (1915), pp. 3-8, figs. 2). — Plans, specifications, and bills of
materials for what is considered the most convenient type of implement shed
for Texas conditions are given.

The shed is long and relatively shallow, with one side left open. " On a
small farm the depth may be reduced from 20 to 18 ft. and the length made
just sufficient to cover the implements kept on the farm. For permanency, a
continuous foundation of concrete on three sides is desirable, especially if the
shed is to be constructed on a hillside. The shed can be constructed, however,
at considerably less expense if concrete piers are used instead of the continuous
foundation."

Pressure of cotton seed, W. M. Eliot (Eny'm. News, 7Jf (1915), No. 21, pp.
991, 992, fig. 1). — The results of tests to detej-mine the horizontal pressure of
cotton seed in warehouse bins are graphically reported, the equation of the
curve being P=|if, in which P=the horizontal pressure in pounds per square
inch and i?=the head in feet. The weight of the loose seed was taken at 22.4
lbs. per cubic foot and of the packed seed as 38.6 lbs. per cubic foot, and the
angle of repose of the seed as 38° 40',

The purifi-cation of municipal sewage in Germany by natural biological
processes, J. Konig and H. Lacoub (Landw. Jahrb., 1ft (1914), No. 4, PP- ^77-
572, figs. 6). — This is a report of an extended study of methods employed in
Germany for the purification and disposal of municipal sewage. It contains a
large amount of statistical and other data of a technical nature covering the
amount, general character, and composition of municipal sewage, and the effi-
ciency and economy of the so-called natural biological processes of purification.
These consist of irrigation, spraying, fish ponds, and intermittent soil filtration.

The most space is devoted to a presentation of the results of experience in
sewage irrigation. This method of sewage disposal, it is thought, presents great
agricultural possibilities from the German standpoint, not only as a means of
reclamation by irrigation of more or less barren farm lands in the immediate
vicinity of cities, but as an economical means of supplying valuable nutritive
constituents to the soil. It also constitutes one of the main factors in improv-
ing the physical conditions of soil. It is pointed out, however, that proper cul-
tural treatment, including liming, must accompany sewage irrigation in order
to realize the best results.

Owing to its cheapness and efficiency in sewage purification, sewage irriga-
tion is considered to be the best method of those investigated for the efficient
and economical purification and disposal of municipal sewage for German cities
to employ.

Researches into the purification of dairy sewage, "Weigmaxx and A. Wolff
(^[ilchw. ZcntbL, U (1915), Nos. Jf, pp. .',9-GO ; 5, pp. 65-73; abs. in Internal.
Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 6, pp.
876, S77; Osndhts. Ingen., 38 (1915), No. 2S, p. 352).— Experiments on different
methods of treating dairy sewage showed that purification by biological action
on contact filter beds was very good so far as the removal of substances liable
to putrefaction was concerned, since about 70 per cent of the albuminous sub-
stances and 85 per cent of the easily oxidized matters were removed. Purifica-
tion, however, was not complete, since the sewage still retained a strong smell of
putrefaction and required subsequent aeration. For this purpose spraying into
the air, followed by sand filtration, is recommended.
33859°— 16 7

688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.

" Purifying by irrigation can not equal this method in completeness. Clarify-
ing with limewater is insufficient and such a preliminary purifying in no wise
increases the efficacy of biological action. Equally insufficient is the purifica-
tion of waste water by means of colloidal clay and limewater, and a preliminary
treatment with these substances is useless. These methods are scarcely as
good as the lime-purifying process, and have the disadvantage of not leaving
the water clear. Colloidal clay must therefoi-e be omitted from the substances
that can be used for the purification or clarification of waste water.

"A considerable clarifying effect must, however, be attributed to ferric sul-
phate, and its use should be especially efficacious in the case of waste dairy
water, for this contains its albuminous matter in a colloidal condition. In the
experiments, 65 per cent of the total albumin was decomposed. Used in the
preliminary treatment, ferric sulphate increases very considerably the biological
purification. The use of this compound is therefore to be reconnueuded where
bacterial action alone proves to be insufficient."

The agricultural value of the sludge is considered questionable.

A summary of the experience gained in the treatment of the wastes from
the scouring of wool, M. K. Crohitist and A. D. Weston {Eupiu. ami Con-
tract., 44 (1915), No. 19. pp. 370-376). — Analyses of wool scouring liquors sho\T
that they are a concentrated brownish liquor containing large quantities of or-
ganic matter in solution and suspension, soap and alkali, and waste containing
potash and grease.

It was found by experiment that ordinary sewage treatment methods could
not be applied effectively from the standpoint of purification, or economically
from the standpoint of recovery of the grease and potash. Experiments with
a number of .special methods are doscribeil. and it is concluded that " the best
method seems to be the separation of the concentrated liquor, the recovery of
lK)th potash and grease or the grease alone, and the purification of the dilute
liquors together with the remafuing liquors, after the recovery process by sew-
age purification methods. . . .

" By the Smith-Leach process the wool scouring liquor can be entirely de-
stroyed, the resulting products being grease, potash, distille<l water, .sand, and
mud. No liquid remains to be treated by sewage metho<ls. From such data as
are available this method of disposal will yield a fair return upon tlie cost of
the plant and cost of operation, and there remains no liquid of a polluting na-
ture to cause nuisance."

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Safe farming. B. Knapp (T. S^. Dcpt. A (jr.. Office Sec. Circ. 56 (1916), pp.
16). — The author in this address, delivered before the second annual conference
of Cotton States Bankers, defines safe farming as living from the prtxlucts of
the farm and from the sale or exchange of the sundry products other than the
main money crop, and then the production of money crops for the market. He
recommends that this organization undertake the following work :

Conduct a campaign of education of merchants and bankers to get the basis
of credit changed to the new safe farming basis. Secure, if possible, the adop-
tion of some sort of rate sheet or schedule for farm loans, which discloses the
plan of farm operation. Take up in every county and market town the estab-
lishing of some system by which the farmers may be able to market, at fair
prices, every product of the farm, with arrangements for assembling, standard-
izing, packing, handling, and shipping in case the local community is oversup-
plied. Work with the agricultural forces of each State in planning and assist-

BUBAL ECONOMICS. 689

ing them in carrying out such special campaigns as may be deemed necessary
further to impress the necessity of safe farming upon farmers and country peo-
ple generally.

Continue to give cordial support and backing to the county agents, both men
and women, the extension forces of the States, and all educational activities of
a public character, as they are the permanent forces in the State and working
in the interests of all the people.

Community welfare in Kansas, W. Buer (Kans. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 4
{1915), pp. 34, figs. 21). — The author has discussed the factors in community
activity and outlined certain different lines of work that can be taken up in
each. Jle gives a suggested constitution for a community welfare club and the
available bulletin material on community welfare projects. As pointed out by
the author, he has adapted the plans outlined by Carver previously noted (E.
S. R., 33, p. 292) to certain typical Kansas conditions.

Hale's history of agriculture by dates, P. H. Hale {St. Louis, Mo.: Hale
Publishing Co., 1915, 5. ed., pp. 94, figs. 122). — This pamphlet contains a large
number of historical references to agricultural events dating from 4241 B. C.
to date.

The holy earth, L. H. Bailey {New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915, pp.
VI +171). — In this book are discussed the relationship of raau to the earth,
especially the various aspects which affect the life of agricultural people.

German agriculture and the war {Joiir. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 22 {1915), No.
8, pp. 741-750). — This article contains a brief description, drawn from German
publications, of the methods used to husband the food supply and to feed the
people as well as the live stock.

Plan for the reorganization of agriculture in Spain, G. F. de la Rosa
{Bol. Agr. T6c. y Boon., 7 {1915), Nos. 73, pp. 73-^2; 7^, pp. 142-151; 75, pp.
237-246; 76, pp. 336-345; 77, pp. 444-454: 78. pp. 543-553; 79, pp. 643-653).—
The author gives a historical description of the agriculture of Spain from the
time of the expulsion of the Carthaginians to the present, and outlines a plan
for the reorganization of the existing system of production and of providing
farmers with better credit facilities.

English field systems, H. L. Gray {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1915, pp. IX +568, pi. 1, figs. 16). — The author has examined the histori-
cal evidence of the different systems of holding land in England.

He concludes that the different systems are the result of the differences in
extent to which foreign nations subjugated the English people, and he points
out that throughout five counties of the southeast the influence of Roman
Britain in agrarian affairs persisted after the Germanic conquest of the fifth
century. Either the conquerors showed extraordinary flexibility in adopting a
field system with which they must have been unfamiliar, or they spared a
part of the native population who, as serfs, continued to employ their own
agricultural methods. The large central area, stretching from Durham to the
Channel and from Cambridgeshire to Wales, was the region throughout which
Germanic usage prevailed, presumably because of the thoroughgoing nature of
the fifth-century subjugation; the southeast was characterized by the persist-
ence of Roman influence; and the counties of the southwest, northwest, and
north retained Celtic agragian usages.

The systems of renting land in England, Scotland, and Ireland, J. Wilson
{Hoard's Dairyman, 1915, Dec. 31, pp. 747, 751, 752).— The author gives a brief
historical statement regarding the past system of renting and points out the
principal features of the system now in effect.

690 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

Investigation of the use of land in common in Bavaria, A. Weiss {Landtc.
Jahrb. Bayeni, 3 (1913), Xo. 9, pp. 381-483, pis. S).— This article contains data
as to the history, present status, and value of the land held in common, and dis-
cusses the present practices and methods of organizing the land to produce the
greatest net returns.

Agricultural labor and wages in western India, G. F. Keatinge {Agr.
Jour. India, 10 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 231-236) .—Tho autlior states that the Deccan
peasant has been accustomed to periods of enforced idleness and the conditions
of intermittent labor, which produce a condition of apathy and helplessness
which acquires the rigidity of a race characteristic. He considers it probable
that the rising standard of living and the increasetl facilities for ot^tainiug
remunerative labor will in the future do much to correct this. His article cites
instances of how this change is taking place.

Rural credits (Fruit (nid Prod. Marketer, 6 (1915), Xo. S3, p. i3).— This is
an abstract of an address by Dr. Elwood Mead, of the University of California,
delivered before the National Conference on Marlieting and Farm Credits. Tlie
speaker outlined briefly the system of credit adopted in Australia and New
Zealand, and suggested that it may be applicable to conditions in the Western
States in preference to the systems commonly found in European countries.

Direct dealing between producer and consumer (U. S. Senate, 64- Cong., 1.
Sess., Doc. 2.'i0, pp. 39). — This dotunient contains a series of hearings relating
to direct dealing between jiroducors and consumers through the parcel-post
service by employing mail order methods.

Cooperative societies connected with wine making in middle France, L.
Mandeville (Etude sur Ics Soeietcf: Cooperatirci de Vinijication dii Midi dc la
France. Thesis, Univ. Toulouse, 191.'/, pp. 222, pis. 2). — The author points out
the economic and technical motives that were the primary cause of establish-
ing cooperative wine cellars. I5y cooperation the producers were able to obtain
satisfactory credit and market their produce to a greater advantage. Sup-
plementary data are given showing the number of societies and the extent of
business and recent laws relating to cooperative agricultural organizations. A
brief bibliography is appended.

Monthly crop report ( ('. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop. Kpt., 2 (1916), Xo. 1, pp.
12, figs. 3). — In this number are given the final estimates as to the number of
live stock in the United States. Compared with January 1, 1915, the following
changes are indicated :

"In numbers, horses have decreased 29,000; mules increased 86,000; milch
cows increased 726,000; other cattle increased 2,386,000; sheep decreasetl
794.000; swine increased 3,429,0(M). In average value per head, horses de-
creased $1.73 ; mules increased .$l.,"il ; milch cows decreased .$1.43 ; other cattle
increased .$0.11; .sheep increa.sed .$0.07; swine decreased .$1.47. In total value,
horses decreased $39,034,000; mules increased $16,553,000; milch cows in-
creased .$8,781,000; other cattle increased .$83,759,000; sheep increased $29,061,-
000; and swine decreased $65,589,000. The total value on January 1. 1916,
of all animals enumerated was $6,0<12,784.000, as compared with $5.909,2.53,000
on January 1, 1915, an increase of $33,.531.000. or 0.6 per cent."

It is estimated that the total production of milk in the United States in
1915 was about •11,590,000,000 gal. The average per capita production is esti-
mated at 115 gal. varying as follows: In the North Atlantic States 71 gal., in
the South Atlantic States Or. gal., in the North Central States 188 gal., in the
South Central States 88 gal,, and in the far Western States 131 gal. The
average yields of milk per cow for the year are estimated at 584 gal., 463 gal.,
560 gal., 431 gal., and 015 gal., respectively, or an average of 537 gal.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. G91

Statements are given showing the yearly marketings of live stock, imports
and exports of butter and eggs, stock of potatoes on hand, disposition of the
cabbage crop, and the wool production for 1915. Monthly prices are for a
series of years for the different types of live stock. The estimated farm value
of important products on December 15 and January 1, and the range of prices
of agricultural products at Important markets are also given, together with
miscellaneous data.

Of the total receipts of cattle at Chicago on different days of the week, about
43 per cent is shown to have been received on Mondays, 9 per cent on Tues-
days, 34 per cent on Wednesdays, 10 per cent on Thursdays, 3 per cent on
Fridays, and 1 per cent on Saturdays. Mondays' quotations averaged $8.50,
Tuesdays' $8.20, Wednesdays' .$8.51, Thursdays' $8.20, and Fridays' $7.87,
with no market on Saturday.

Cotton facts, edited by C. Gellek (New York: Shepperson P^ihlisliing Co.,
1915, 40. €d-, pp. 220, pi. 1, figs. 4). — This book contains a compilation of the
crops, receipts, exports, stocks, home and foreign consumption, visible supply,
prices, and acreage of cotton in the United States and other countries for a
series of years.

Annual agricultural statistics of France, 1913 (Statis. Agr. Ann. [Paris'\,
1913, pp. XII -{-286). — In addition to giving statistical data, showing by depart-
ments for France for 1913 the acreage, yield, and average prices of the principal
farm crops and the number of live stock, there is shown for France as a whole
the acreage and production for 1904 to 1913. Additional data are given relative
to the manufacturing industries using agricultural products, foreign trade in
agricultural products for 1911 to 1913, and the area, production, and trade in
agricultural products in a number of other important countries.

Live stock statistics [in France] (IntcDiat. Inst. Agr. [Ro7ne] Bui. Agr. and
Com. Statis., 6 (1915), No. 12. p. 680). — This page contains statistical data show-
ing the number of live stock by kinds on December 31, 1914, and July 1, 1915.

Agricultural warehouses in Bavaria (Landio. Jahrb. Bayern, 3 {1913), No.
7, pp. 269-315). — These pages contain a report for 1911 of the 169 agricultural
warehouses in Bavaria, showing the amount of grain handled, cost of buildings
and equipment, business transacted, and profit and loss.

AGRICULTURAI EDUCATION.

Report on agricultural instruction act, 1913-14 (Canada Dept. Agr. Sess.
Paper 93 (1915), pp. 145, pis. 16). — This is a detailed report of the work car-
ried out by the Provinces of Canada with the federal appropriations provided
under the Agricultural Instruction Act, including a synopsis of the act. An
appendix includes brief articles on agricultural education in Manitoba, a turnip
growing competition, agricultural instruction in Belgium, an educational com-
petition for country girls, etc.

Sixth annual report of the eleven district agricultural schools of Georgia,
J. S. Stewart (Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 91 (1915), pp. 29).— This bulletin
contains an account of the fourth annual meeting of the principals of the dis-
trict agricultural and mechanical schools of Georgia, held June 5, 1915, organi-
zation lists of the schools, an outline of the revised course of study recom-
mended by the Georgia State College of Agriculture and adopted by the prin-
cipals for 191.5-16, a description of subject matter, a suggested daily schedule,
the text of the act creating the schools, and statistical data on the value of their
farm products, repairs, salaries, value of their plants, indebtedness, enrollment,
cultivation of their farms, and farm equipment.

692 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

The new course is based upon the 7-year elementary school, and extends
through four years with gi-aduation with 16 units. The major part of the work
is still vocational, preparing the boy for his life worli on the farm, but with an
academic training that will prepare for higher education institutions. There
has been adde<l to the curriculum as optional work three hours a week for the
last two years of the course, to be devoted to the definite training of teachers.

Report of agriculture in the high, schools of Michigan, W. H. French
(Mich. Agr. Col., Dcpt. Agr. Ed. Bui. 15 (1915), pp. 16, figs. i6).— This report
gives a statistical summary of agricultural instruction in the high schools of
Michigan ; a statement concerning agriculture in the city schools, the use of land,
home project.s, school and home gardens, special schools of agriculture, and
effects of agricultural instruction ; general recommendations for the improve-
ment of the work ; and a list of the high schools and teachers giving instruction
in agiiculture in 1915-16.

It is shown that during the past year 40 high schools offered one unit of
agricultural work in each grade, in charge of special instructors who were
graduates of an agricultural college and were employed for 12 months in the
year. Twenty-five other high schools have given from one-half to one year
of instruction in agriculture either by the teacher of science or the superin-
tendent of schools. The agricultural courses were attended by 1,500 young
men and 400 young women, the latter, for the most part, taking the courses in
horticulture and dairying. Fifteen of the schools have land for demonstration
purposes, ranging from one-fifrh of an acre to 18 acres, and 21 have special
agricultural laboratories well e<iuippo<l with si»ecial apparatus.

Report of Alnarp Agricultural and Dairy Institute and of Alnarp Agri-
cultural School and Farm, 1913 (licr. Vcrks. Alnarps Lantbr. och ilcjeri
Imt.. 1913, pp. 97+29, pi. 1, figs. 6). — This 5s a report on the activities of this
institution for 1013.

[Training teachers to teach nature study] (Xaturc-Study Rev., 11 (1915),
Xo. 9, pp. S9S-J,02, -}72-.i/<S). — Tills luunber includes the following articles on
the training of teachers of nature study : Training Teachers to Teach Nature
Study, by Alice J. I'atterson, in which a method course, including a study of
material and children, is discussed for prospective teachers; Training to Teach
Nature Study in Ontario, by John Dearness, describing the work in the normal
schools of Ontario ; Subject Matter Versus ^lethod in the Normal School, by
G. H. Trafton, holding that a course in nature study in the normal schools
should treat both of subject matter and of method, with special emphasis
on the latter; and Course in Nature Study with Prospective Teachers, by F. T.
Ullrich, in which are considered some of the problems involved in the proper
organization of a course in nature study for teachers, viz, imparting to
.students a knowletlge of materials of the subject, an appreciation of its aims
and purposes, the principles that underlie its organization, and the best methods
of presentation.

College freshmen as an index of the progress of nature study, .1. G. Need-
ham (Xatiirc-Studii h'cr., 11 (1915). Xn. 9. pp. ^QS. .',09).— The author calls at-
tention to several difficulties encountered in giving the natural history course
required of freshmen during their first term at the New York State College of
Agriculture for the purpose of partially overcoming the inability of students
to trust their own eyes or to see the thing itself. These difficulties, consisting
of a notion on the part of students that a field trip is a picnic and the written
record of the work, like the examination paper, an end in itself, and of a
desire to avoid wasting any time on things of no commercial value, are gener-
ally being eliminated by the nature study movement in the schools.

MISCELLANEOUS. 693

Instruction, in political economy in the lower agricultural schools, M.
Prochaska (Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 29 (1915), 2Vo. 1-2, pp. 19-25). —
The author discusses the feasibility of the introduction of instruction in politi-
cal economy into the lower agricultural schools of Austria, both in the one-
semester school where it is deemed desirable only in explanation of farm
management instruction, and in the two-semester winter school, where one
hour a week in tlie first semester is advocated. He also considers the selection
of the subject matter.

Outlines in agriculture, classics, and elementary history (Topeka, Kans.:
Kansas Dept. Ed., 1915, pp. 38). — This is a supplement to the course of study
for rural and graded schools in Kansas for 1914. The outline in agriculture,
arranged by months, is for the eighth grade and is based on the text Agriculture
for the Kansas Common Schools (E. S. R., 33, p. 494).

Secondary school agriculture, H. W. Smith ([Augusta]: Maine Ed. Dept.,
[1915]. pp. 82). — This pamphlet defines the conditions under which courses in
agriculture offered in secondary schools in IMaine may be approvetl for state aid,
equal to two-thirds of the amount expended for such instruction, but not to
exceed $500, and offers suggested outlines for a course in agriculture, with sug-
gested practicums and lists of apparatus and reference literature for each
subject.

Agriculture (In Course of Study for the Common and Graded Schools of
North Dakota, 1915. Fargo, N. Dak.: State Dept. Ed., 1915, pp. 111-120). —
Instruction in elementary agriculture is outlined for the seventh and eighth
grades by montlis for the common and graded schools of North Dakota.

Environment of plants. — I, Air, water, heat, light, J. W. Hotson (Wash.
[State] Dept. Ed. Bui. 23 (1915), pp. J^l, figs. J-i).— This manual for high
schools contains exercises on air, water, heat, and light, and on plants in their
relation to these factors.

Soils laboratory manual and note book, .T. F. Eastmax and K. C. Davis
(Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. 87, figs. 21). — The
authors outline 33 exercises in soils, including a study of plowing and an exam-
ination and discussion of tillage machinery, for students in high schools and
agricultural schools or colleges. Blank pages for student's notes or report are
included.

Bread and bread making, Xorma J. Davis (Agr. Ext. Bui. Unit\ Nev., 3
(1915). No. J^, pp. 15. fig. 1). — This bulletin comprises the first six lessons of a
home economics extension course in foods designed to cover approximately eight
months with one theoretical and practical lesson every two weeks. The course
may be carried on in connection with the public schools, through local clubs, or
by individual girls. The lessons deal with the history, physics, and chemistry
of bread, mec-hanics of bread making, bread judging, and recipes.

MISCELIANEOTJS.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1915 (Ala-
bama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 40). — This contains the organization list, a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, and reports of the di-
rector and heads of departments on the work and publications of the station
during the year.

Report of Kansas Station, 1914 (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 191.'f, pp. 80, figs. 21). —
This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1914, a report of the director summarizing the work and publi-
cations of the station, that portion dealing with nutrition investigations with
animals being abstracted on page 6C5 of this issue, and a special article,
abstracted on page 632.

694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1912 (Kentucky Sta.
Rpt. 1912, pp. XXXII-\-36-r5.56, pis. 79, figs. 42).— This contains the organi-
zation list, a financial statement for the fiscal year endetl June 30. 1912. a re-
port of the director on the work and publications of tlie station during the year,
an article in luemoriani of tlie late Dean Scovell noted below, reprints of Bulle-
tins 159-168, previously noted, and reports of analyses of mineral waters and
meteorological data, abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1913 (Kentucky Sta.
Rpt. 1013, pp. XLVIIJ+J1+62J,. pis. 29, figs. .^7).— Tliis contains the organiza-
tion list, a financial statement for the fiscal year endetl June 30. 1913. a rei)ort
of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, an
account of the dedication of the station building, including the papers pre-
sented, reprints of Bulletins 109-177, previously noted, and reports of analyses
of mineral waters and meteorological data, abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Kentucky Station. 1914. Part 1 (Ken-
tuckt/ Sta. Rpt. 191 >f. pt. 1. pp. lX+12.',. pis. 9). — This contains the organization
list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, a report of
the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, de-
partmental reports, reports of analyses of mineral waters, and meteorological
data. The experimental work recordeil is for the most part abstracted else-
where in this issue.

Biennial Report of the Director of the Kentucky Station. 1914-1915,
J. H. Kastlk {Kcntiirkii Sta. liiru. Rpt. 191.)-191.'>. pp. ,S.>. figs. i8).— This
contains the organization list, a list of publications, and a review of the work
of the station for the biennium ended June 30, 191.j. The experimental work
reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1915 (South
Carolina Sta. Rpt. lOl.'j, pp. 36). — This contains the organization list, a report
of the director on the work of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal
year ended June 30. 19ir>, and departmental reports, of which that of the horti-
culturist and the botanist and plant pathologist are abstracttnl elsewhere in
this issue. The report of the associate agronomist contains brief cultural notes
on cotton, corn, oats, rye, !)arley and wheat, and on cowpeas, sorghums, Sudan
grass and Rhodes grass for hay.

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Wyoming' Station. 1915 (^y!/oming Sta.
Rpt. 1915, pp. .51-131, figs. 21). — This contains: the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1915, reports of the director and
heads of departments, that of the agronomist being abstracted on page 629 of
this issue, meteorological observations noted on page 615, and three special arti-
cles abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington
Sta., West. Wash. Sta., }fo. Bill.. 3 (1916), Xo. 10. pp. 20. figs. 4).— This num-
ber contains brief articles on the following subjects: Feeding Dairy Cows, by
H. L. Blanchard; Plant Propagation by Cuttings, by .T. L. Stalil : The Choice of
Crops, by E. B. Stookey ; Comparison of Methods of Managing Pullets, by Mrs.
G. R. Shoup, abstracted on p.ige 069.

The life and work of Melville Amasa Scovell, .T. H. K.\stle (Kentucky Sta.
Rpt. 1912, pp. 1-36. pis. 2). — A biographical account of the late Dean Scovell.
including a review of the establishment and work of the Kentucky Station, a
list of his station publications, and tributes to his memory. See also a previous
article (E. S. R., 27, p. 401).

NOTES

Kansas College and Station. — Recent appointmeuts in the division of college
extension include T. H. Parks as specialist in entomology, who assumed his
new duties March 16 ; Miss Florence E. Byrd, at present head of the department
of home economics at DePauw University, as assistant in boys' and girls'
clubs, beginning September 1; and R. O. Smith as agricultural agent for
Wilson County. John L. Bayles has been appointed assistant in crops at the
Garden City substation.

Maryland. Station. — A bill recently passed by the legislature provides an appro-
priation for the station of $25,000 per annum for the ensuing biennium as
well as $5,000 per annum for the work at the Ridgely substation.

Massachusetts College. — The annual Farmers' Week, held from March 13 to 17,
is considered unusually successful. The program was divided into eight sec-
tions, including field crops and farm management ; animal husbandry ; dairying
and the handling of dairy products ; poultry husbandry ; market gardening,
fruit growing, floriculture, and forestry ; home economics ; farmers' busines-s
organization ; and beekeeping.

Michigan College. — J. H. Carmody, whose I'esignation from the Kentucky
University has been previously noted, has been appointed horticulturist in the
extension division.

Mississippi Station. — The appropriation bills for the various substations were
vetoed by the governor, but subsequently were passed over his veto by a con-
siderable majority.

Missouri ITniversity and Station. — D. H. Doane, professor of farm manage-
ment and state leader of county agents, and C. A. LeClair, assistant professor
of soils, have resigned to engage in commercial work. J. C. Hackleman, assist-
ant professor of farm crops, has been transferred to the extension service and
B. F. Geisei't, assistant in agricultural extension, has resigned.

Cornell University. — W. M. Peacock, assistant in farm crops, resigned January
1 to become instructor in farm management at the Massachusets College.

Ohio Station. — B. M. Stubblefield has been appointed assistant in soils in the
station.

Oregon Station. — H. M. Carnes, research assistant in farm crops, has resigned
to engage in farming and has been succeeded by H. A. Schoth. J. R. Winston,
pathologist in charge at the Hood River substation, has resigned to accept a
position with this Department. G. F. Moznette has been appointed research
assistant in entomology.

Utah College and Station. — Dr. E. D. Ball, director of the station and school
of agriculture, has resigned to take effect at the end of the year. Dr. F. S.
Harris, agronomist and director of the school of agricultural engineering,
has been appointed dii-ector of the station, and Dr. G. R. Hill, jr.. now botanist
and plant pathologist, director of the school of agriculture. J. T. Caine, III,
has been appointed director of extension work ; Dr. R. .T. Evans, assistant
director ; and Lorin A. Merrill, assistant state leader. E. P. Taylor, of the
extension service of the University of Idaho, has been appointed professor

695

696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of horticulture; O. W. Israelsen, instructor in irrigation in tlie University
of California, assistant professor of irrigation; and D. W. Pittman, assistant
agronomist.

Agricultural Education in Canada. — The University of British Ck)lumbia is
offering this year as an elective to junior and senior students in arts, a
course on the scientific basis of agriculture. This course is not designed to
give advanced instruction in the sciences underlying approved agricultural
practices, but definite application of the scientific principles underlying these
practices is made in the discussion of the practices themselves.

The cour.se has been divided into two main divisions, viz, (1) a study of
the evolution of agricultural practices in relation to tillage, crops, and live
stock, and a discussion, in connection with the advances in the practices notetl,
of the contributions made by science in this development; and (12) subjects
which are the natural outgrowth of the first, embracing a consideration of
economic, social, and e<lucational problems in relation to country life, with a
discussion of the movements now xmder way looking to their solution. This
course is offere<l in view of the increasing demand, not only from teachers in
the public elementary and high schools but also from graduates in arts,
theology, or mcnlicine, whose professional work brings them into more or
less direct contact with the rural population.

A new science building was formally opened January 11 at the Nova Scotia
Agricultural College. This is a two-story and basement brick structure 120
by 50 feet, equipped with laboratories, offices, and classrooms for chemistry,
soils, entomology, plant pathologj-, and domestic science, and an assembly room.

The Ontario Agricultural College has recently completed a four-story brick
building 101 by 70 feet for teaching and research in soil physics.

An article in the March issue of the Agricultural Gazette of Canada describes
the equipment and accommodations of typical offices of the district representa-
tives in Canada, much diversity being shown. At Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia.
a $3,000 agricultural demonstration building has been erected from Dominion
and county funds and private subscriptions, which it is propose<l to use as
agricultural headquarters for the community. The building contains a lecture
hall, seating about 7.') people, and a large room for a museum and repository.

A somewhat similar building has been erecte<l at Antigonish, Nova Scotia,
by the municipality, the local board of trade, and the provincial government.
It contains a large pavilion which in winter provides room for short courses
in agriculture, supplying accommodations for 300 persons with room for live-
stock classes and demonstrations. At other times this sj^ace is available as a
temporary farmers' warehouse or for poultry shows, agricultural society meet-
ings, etc.

F. W. Schofield, instructor and investigator in bacteriology in the Ontario
Veterinary College, has accepted an appointment to take charge of work in
public health and bacteriology in the Severance Medical School of Corea.

Horticultural Experimental Work in Denmark. — A new station has been estab-
lished at Blangstcd pr. Odenso, Denmark, and that at Esbjerg has been enlarged
and taken over by the state as a branch station. A third station Is to be
establishe<l in northern .Jutland during the present spring. These stations will
collectively occupy an area of over 2r)0 acres. Niels Esbjerg has been appointed
in charge f»f the horticultural work at the various stations.

New Experiment Station in Burma. — A new experiment station was opene«l
last year at Yawnghwe to be devoted to wheat and other crops of the Southern
.Shan States. It has an annual maintenance grant of .?073, and takes the place
vf the old government garden at Taunggyi. which was sold in 1914.

NOTES. 697

A new seed farm has also been opened at Yedashe in charge of the district
agriculturist of the Toungoo district.

School of Tropical Agriculture in Ceylon. — According M Tropical Life, the
new School of Tropical Agriculture at Peradeniya, Ceylon, was opened to
students on January 8. R. N. Lyne, the director of agi'iculture, is principal and
C. Drieberg, vice-principal.

Applicants for admission must be 17 years of age and have passed the eighth
grade or its equivalent. Each student is required to cultivate a plat, growing
thereon various economic products for which credit will be given toward a
school certificate. The course, which extends through one year of three terms,
includes the following subjects : Soils, fertilizers, the plant, chemistry, economic
products, agricultural engineering, the animal, and crop pests and plant diseases.
The mornings will be devoted to practical instruction in the botanic gardens
and experiment station.

The school is intended primarily for the training of teachers in the vernacular
schools with the view eventually of making agriculture a compulsory subject in
the code. Instruction in English will also be given for the sons of landowners
and others who intend to take up plantation work as a career.

Sectional Conferences on Secondary Agricultural Instruction. — A series of
sectional conferences of those interested in the preparation of teachers of
secondary school agi'iculture is being held from time to time. The first of
these conferences was at Columbus, Ohio, February 22, 1915, to consider the
general problem of training teachers of agi'iculture for the secondary schools
of the North Atlantic States.

On April 26, 1915, a similar conference was held at Chattanooga, Tenn., for
the Southern States, and a second conference for the North Atlantic States
October 22 and 23, 1915, at New York City.

The first conference for the North Central States was held at Purdue Uni-
versity, February 19, 1916. About nine States were represented, with an
attendance aggregating about 45 and composed mainly of professors of agri-
cultural education in the land-grant colleges and supervisors of secondary
agricultural instruction in state departments of public instruction. The meet-
ing was opened with an address by President W. E. Stone on Teacher-training
for Secondary Agricultural Education. The presiding officer was C. H. Lane,
of the States Relations Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who
declared that it was the purpose of the conference to formulate a tentative
four-year course of study to be offered at land-grant colleges and other insti-
tutions which will fit men to teach agriculture in the secondary schools of this
section. A suggestive course in agriculture for normal schools and colleges
in Indiana which give teacher-training courses was used as a basis for dis-
cussion.

The conference went on record as favoring from 140 to 144 semester hours
as a requirement for p-aduation, and from 15 to 18 hours as approximately
the amount of time which should be given to professional work including
practice teaching. It favored 40 per cent of technical work in agriculture as
a minimum in the four-year course, with 12 semester hours of English, includ-
ing public speaking, and believed that mathematics as now given in most of
the land-grant colleges and modern languages should not be required.

A report from a committee on institutional relations was adopted, which
recommended that the land-gi-ant colleges cooperate with other colleges and
normal schools in their respective States in formulating courses for training
teachers of agriculture with a view to the standardizing of courses. The object
sought was an interchange of credits to minimize the loss of time on the part
of students who may shift from the normal school to the land-grant college.

698 EXPERIMEXT STATION RECORD.

The conference endorsed the policy of holding a general session at the time
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions for men engaged in secondary agriculture, and also the coutinuatioa
of sectional meetings, these to be held at Chicago. The topic recommended
for the next meeting was the general relationship of the agricultural college
to the problem of secondary agricultural education. The conference also
advocated the gradual adoption of a four-year course in agriculture by second-
ary schools ; the largest possible oppoi'tunity for practical work and experience
in connection with all secondary courses in agriculture, first, through home
projects, and second, where possible, through the school plat ; and the reiiuire-
ments that teachers of secondary agi'iculture must have preparation equivalent
to a four-year college course, including special professional training and at
least one year of farm experience, and that the supervision of secondary agri-
culture should be conducted by the college of agriculture with the cooperation
of the state department of e<lucation.

On February 26, 1916, the third conference for the North Atlantic States was
held in New York City. One session was given over largely to the discussion
of a suggestive outline of a four-year training course to be offereil in the
agricultural colleges of this region. It was maintained in the di.*?cussion that
the agriculture needed in .secondary schools is not technical but practical
agriculture, and that highly specialized courses in the college do not give the
best preparation for prospective teachers.

Limited specialization was deemed imiwrtant for teachers in high schools,
but the perspe<'tlve, outlook, and appreciation that comes early from the pur-
suit of a fundamental, broa<l course in their field of instruction was regarded
as more important. The first two years of this course provides for cretlit to
those men who have ha<l good agricultural courses in the high school and offer
introductory or fundamental courses in each of the various divisions of agricul-
tural science, such as soils, farm crops, animal husbandry, etc. The mininuim
for the two years, based on 18 hours per semester, is agricultural subjects 24
hours, sciences 24 hours, humanistic subjects 1.5 hours, electlves from science
or agriculture 6 hours, and optional 3 hours.

For the junior and senior years a minimum is suggested of agricultural
subjects 12 hours, sciences 12 hours, humanistic subjects 12 hours, professional
subjects 9 hours, special methods in secondary agricultural education 12 hours,
electlves from the above groups 9 hcmrs, and optional 6 hours. The 9 hours
of electlves provide to some extent for specializing in some one field of agricul-
ture during the junior and senior years, and the 6 hours optional take care of
a deficiency in some department.

The content of courses in special methods and practice teaching at the New
York State College of Agriculture was discus.sed by G. A. Works. These courses
include the organizing of the subject matter from the standpoint of the sec-
ondary school, a consideration of the time which should be allotted to the
different topics in a given coninumity, and the organization of sui\iect matter
for home projects in agriculture, with special reference to the plan outline*.! by
the New York State Department of Education.

Some time is also devoted to a study of the (>\tension work of the high school
teacher of agriculture, a method of cataloguing station and government publica-
tions for instructional purposes, the selection of chart material and the actual
making of charts for high school purposes, visits to high schools where agricul-
ture is being taught, a study of text-books in agriculture, and the planning of
rooms for agricultural instruction in high schools. Actiml practice in teaching
as an assistant to a regular instructor in agriculture in one of tlie public high
schools is also offered. This year ten seniors have spent one-half year iu this

NOTES. 699

way, the state department of education paying one-third of their salary and
the college of agriculture the remainder.

Federation for Rural Progress. — The tenth annual meeting of this organization
was held at Boston, Mass., March 3. The day preceding the meeting was de-
voted to thirteen sectional meetings of the various rural activities represented,
such as the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, boards of agriculture,
agricultural associations, etc.

The federation program was opened by an address by Dr. A. C. True, director
of the States Relations Service of this Department, entitled Fundamental Points
in the Relationship Between the Various Agricultural Agencies Receiving Aid
from Taxation. Dr. True explained the functions of the various agencies,
advocating that regulatory functions, collection of statistics and similar infor-
mation, and the promotion of fairs be conducted by the state boards of agri-
culture, the colleges confining themselves to the educational functions of teach-
ing, research, and extension work. He favored the establishment of strong state
departments of agriculture on somewhat the federal plan of oi'ganization, and
indei>endent of the governing board of the" colleges.

Dr. True also called attention to the wide range of duties now being attempted
by many of the county agents. He believed that if their work is to be satisfac-
tory and efficient these offices must hold strictly to educational work, as " teach-
ers of practical truth and organizers of the farming people to receive and
practice such truth taught to them through demonstration methods." Clear
definition and differentiation of tlie functions of each of the various agricultural
agencies, so far as feasible, in statutes and administrative regulations, and the
cultivation and practice of the cooperative spirit and method, he deemed vital
to satisfactory relationships between the various public agencies.

The functions of the experiment stations were further discussed by Director
C. D. Woods, of Maine, those of the extension service by Dii'ector W. D. Hurd,
of Massachusetts, and those of the state departments of agriculture by E. S.
Brigham, of Vermont.

An afternoon session was devoted to a discussion of dairy problems with
addresses by F. Rasmussen, of New Hampshire, and others. A resolution
offered by President K. L. Butterfield was adopted, requesting the executive
committee to consider the advisability of inaugurating an educational campaign
in behalf of dairying.

Officers were elected as follows : President, L. H. Healy, secretary of the
Connecticut Board of Agriculture ; vice-president, E. S. Brigham, commissioner
of agriculture of Vermont ; secretary-treasurer, J. A. McKibben, secretary of
the Boston Chamber of Conunerce ; executive committee. President Bvitterfield,
W. N. Cady of the Vermont State Grange, J. B. Abbott, state leader of the farm
bureau work in New Hampshire, C. O. Purrington, lecturer of the Maine State
Grange, Director B. L. Hartwell of the Rhode Island Station, and H. J. Baker,
director of the extension work in Connecticut.

Graduate School of Agriculture. — The seventh session of the school is to open
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College July 3 and will close July 28. Among
the speakers at the formal opening exercises on July 5 are Dr. H. P. Armsby,
chairman of the committee on graduate study of the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations ; Dr. A. C. True, director of the
States Relations Service, who will serve as dean of the school; and President
K. L. Butterfield of the college.

The courses will be arranged under the general headings of growth, agi'icul-
tural education, production, distribution, and rural organization and land
problems. In the course on growth the subjects to be considered are its
dynamics, elemental chemical .synthesis, organization or cellular entity, and

700 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

growth relations, one week being allotted for each topic. There will also be
an adjunct course running through the entire session to provide a review of the
physico-chemical elements involved in growth.

The work in agricultural education will be given the first week of the school
and will deal with the foundations of petlagogj- and methods of teaching, fol-
lowed by seminars on the practice of teaching.

The study of agricultural production, given the second week, will deal with
fundamental factors which govern success in agriculture, including accounting
and business methods. The seminars in this course will include discussions of
the factors of production in orcharding, market gardening, floriculture, dairy-
ing, and poultry husbandry. There will also be conferences on the scientific
basis of agriculture.

The work in distribution and marketing will include Iwtures and seminars
during the tliird week, as well as conferences on farm finance and making the
farm pay. During the fourth week lectures will be given on land problems,
supplementing tlie work on production and including sociological studies. There
will also be lectures, seminars, and a conference on rural organizations.

At the close of the school an eight-day automobile excursion has been ar-
ranged which will afford opportunities to observe some features of the intensive
agriculture of Now England.

" Ground Levels in Democracy." — Dr. L. H. Bailey has assembled the addresses
delivered by him as vice-president of Section M (Agriculture) of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, and two others of similar char-
acter, and published them privately under the title Ground Levels in Democ-
racy. He offers to send the book free, to persons interested, upon application
to his home address, Ithaca, N. Y.

Miscellaneous. — According to a note in Science, Sir Eustace Gurney has offered
to Cambridge University a tract of 257 acres with a view to encouraging the
study of forestry.

The journal hitherto known as the Journal of Economic Biology is to be con-
fined to original research in systematic and anatomical zoology, and has been
renamed the Journal of Zoological Research.

La Enologia Argentina is an illustrated monthly journal, devoted to enology,
viticulture, general agriculture, etc., and issued as the organ of the enological
and viticultural center at Mendoza, Argentina.

Theodore Pergande, scientific assistant in the Bureau of Entomology, died
March 23 at the age of 76 years. He had been connected with this Department
since 1878 and had worked especially with the Aphidldje.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCUEED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCU^MENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

Subscription Price, pee Volume

OF Nine Numbers

AND Index, $1

V

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

JUNE, 1916

No. 8

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaue.

Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alaberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Eetabrook, 5taf<s(ician.

Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard. Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L.W. Page, Director.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

OrncE of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chi^f.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Aubtirn; J. !•. I'uggar.i
Canebrake Station: Vniontcncni L. H. Moore."
Tuskegee Station: Tushrgee hiMUuU; G.W.
Carver .o

Alaska— Si/Jto.' Q.Q. Georgeson.*

Arizona— Tucson: G. F. Freeman.'

A^KJMSxs—FayetteviUt: M. Nelson.*

Califorkia— S«rk<?ey.- T. F. llunt.o

Colorado— Forr Collina: C. P. Gillette.o

CoNNEcncuT—

State Station: yew Bavtn; |e. h. Jenklns.o
Storrs Station: Sforr<; '

Delaware— ^Vicark.- II. Hayward.o

FLORivA—OaineivilU: V. U. EoUs.o

Georgia- £xp*ri7n«nr- R. J. U. DeLoach.o

GVKii—JslandoJ Guam: A. C. llartenbovrer.*

Hawaii-

Federal Station: Ilonolulu; 3. M. Westgate.ft
Sugar Planters' Station: JJonolulu.II. P. Agee.<»

Idaho— J/05C0!*; J. 8. Jonea.o

Illinois— Vrbana: E. I>avenport.<»

Indiana— />« Fayette: A. Goss.o

Iowa— -4mM; C. F. Curtlss.o

KjiHSiS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardlne.o

KT.tm}CKY— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o

Louisiana—

State Station: Ba/onTJoui^c; i

Sugar Station: Audubon Park, L, j^ codson o

New Orleam; f

North La. Station: CaXhoun; j

Maine— Orofifl." C. D. Woods."

Maryland— Co7/r^< Park: H. J. Patterson.o

Massachusetts— A TOfter*^- W. F. Brooks."

MicmOAN— £ost Ixinsing: R. S. Shaw.a

Minnesota— Unip«r«i<y Farm, St. Paul: A. F.
Woods."

}S.tS3\?SiTn— Agricultural College: V.. R. Lloyd."

Missouri—

College Station: Columbia; F. n. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain drove: Paul Evans."

• Director. * Agronomist in

Montana- S(w«non; F. B. Llnflrid."
Nebraska— £inco?n.* E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— Tifno.- S. B. Doten."
New llAMPsniHE— DurAam.- J. C. Kendall."
New Jkrset— jVnf Brunsvick: J. G. Lipman.*
New lljLXico— Slate College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—

State Station: Genera; W. H. Jordan."

Cornell Station: Iihoca; B. T. Galloway .o
North Cabouna—

College Station: We»t Raleigh;\-Q .^ Kllgore."

State Station: iJaZ^v*." '

North. Dakota— .<4^icutoiro? College: T. P.

Cooper."
Ohio— Wooiler: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— SfiWu ar«r.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— CflrMJ/i>.- A. B. Cordley."
Pennstlvanu—

State College: li. L. Watts."

Slate College: Institute of Animal Nutrittoa;
H. P. Armsby.o
Porto Rico—

Federal Station: Mngaguez; P. W. May.6

Insular Station; il'io Pie&ras; W. V. Tow«r.a
Rhode Island— A'ini?»<on.- B. L. llartweU."
South i'arolina— C?«in,inn College: 3. N. Harper .o
South Dakota— Broo*in<?s.' J. W. Wilson."
TENNESSEE- A'noii'i/k.- U. A. Morgan."
T^\K!*~- College Station: B. Youngblood."
VrAa— Logan: E. D. Ball."
Vermont— Burliti^ton: J. L. LI ills."

VlRQINIA-

Blacksburg: W. J. Schocn«.'-
yorjolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washinoton— PuUman.- I. D. Cardiff."
West Virginia— A/or^n/i«r rt.- J. L. Coult«r.«
Wisconsin— A/fld won." 11. L. Russell."
Wyoming— Laromi*.- C. A. Duuiway.c

charge.

c Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Statimis.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITOBIAL DEPABTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj^-^^- g^^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologj^^y ^- gj^^' ^^^' ^'

Field Crops — J. I. Schuite.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hookek, D. V. M.

fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
lu. L.

Foods and Human Nutrition m. L. Lang.

iC. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webstee

Veterinary Medicine ^•i:-#oLS^-
Rural Engineering — R. W. Teullingek.
Rural Economics — E. Meeritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 8.

Editorial notes: Page.

The experiment station as a field for the research worker 701

Recent work in agricultural science 708

Notes 797

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — ^agrotechny.

The casein and salts of goat's milk, Bosworth and Van Slyke 708

The formation of protein and humin substances, ^Maillard 708

Synthesis of polypeptids, peptones, and proteins by enzyms, Abderhalden 708

Studies on anthocyans, II-X, Willstiitter et al 709

The phosphoric acid in starch, Northrop and Nelson 710 .

Alfalfa seed oil. — ^Alfalfa investigation, VI, Jacobson and Holmes 710

The chemistry of yeast and alcoholic fermentation, Euler and Lindner 711

The soft resins in sulphured and unsulphured hops in storage, Russell 711

Bakhar. — The Indian rice beer ferment, Hutchinson and Ram Ayyar 711

On oxidase enzyms, Ewart 711

A study of the composition and preparation of Bordeaux mixture, Sicard 711

Technical methods of chemical analysis, trans, and edited by Keane et al 711

The application of the paper pulp filter to the quantitative estimation of calcium

and magnesium, Jodidi and Kellogg 712

Differential iodimetry, I, Barnebey 712

A simple hydrogen electrode, Barench'echt 712

A method for the estimation of hygroscopic moisture in soils, Haigh 712

A note on the Hopldns-Cole reaction for protein, Breidahl 713

I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

Modified Wohlgemuth method for amylase actixity, Bodnar 713

Bacteriological methods iu food and drugs laboratories, Schneider 713

The determination of the starch content of potatoes, De Yries 713

Chemical testing of milk and cream, Shaw 713

Determination of the quantity of fat in cream, Lindet 714

The colorimetric determination of acetylene, Weaver 714

Report of the bacteriologist, Giltner 714

Preliminary bulletin on canning. Bitting 714

Experimental work on soda cellulose. Wells 714

METEOROLOGY.

Problems and results of agricultural meteorology, Gauer 714

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Potter 714

[Meteorological observations], Seeley 714

Climatology [of Quebec], Decarie 715

Temperature inversions in relation to frost, McAdie 715

Influence of the principal meteorological factors on winter rye, Zalenskii 715

Physical conditions in sphagnum bogs, Rigg 715

Smoke as a source of atmospheric pollution, Goss 715

Sulphur dioxid content of the atmosphere of the smoke zone, Holmes et al 716

Extent of contamination of the atmosphere in the Selby ' ' smoke zone, ' ' Wells. . 716

SOILS — FERTILIZERS .

A student's l>ook on soils and manures, Russell 716

Soil survey of Limestone County, Alabama, Burke and O'Neal, jr 717

Soil survey of Columbia County. Arkansas, I.ounsbury and Deeter 717

Soil survey of Putnam County, Florida, Mooucy et al 717

Soil survey of Nemaha County, Ncl)ri\8ka, Clever et al 717

Soil sun'ey of Oneida County, New York, Maxon ct al 718

The soils and agricultural development of the Mohawk Valley, Fippin 718

Analyses of soils of different localities in the Belgian Congo, ]3at/. 718

Experiments at Oxford on the analysis of Belgian Congo soils, Leplae 718

A study of nitrification in Philippine s<iils, Pafiganiban 718

Nitrogen content of the humus of arid soils, Alway and Bishop 719

Investigations on ammonia adsorption by soil. Pinner 719

Solubility of iron compounds in the soil, Masoni 720

Soil moisture investigations 720

The water-suppljdng power of the soil. Pulling and LiAingston 721

New means of measuring concentrat ion of soil solution, Bouyoucos and McCool . 721

Changes in soils brought about by heating, Wilson 722

Soil fertility. Rush 722

Maintaining fertility in Wisconsin drift soil area in Iowa, Stevenson et al 722

The fertility of Iowa siiils, Brown 723

Rotation, fertilizer, and manure experiments, Shoesmith 723

Peculiar plant physiological action of an ammonium fertilization, Soderbaum. . 724

Some observations on storing calcium cyanamid, Burgess and Edwardes-Ker . . 724

The world's supply of potash 724

The origin, mining, and preparation of phosphate rock, Sellards 724

Tennessee phosphate practice, Barr 724

Sensitiveness of lupines to calcium, Pfeiffer and Blanck 724

Shall g>'psum be used as a fertilizer? Meyer 725

The value of l)y-products rich in lime, von Feilitzen 725

Limestones of New York, Collison and Barker 725

Limestone and marl deposits of South Carolina, Calhoun 725

[Agricultural lime] 726

The fertilizing action of common salt, Soderbaum 726

Action of free sulphur on vegetation, BosinelU 726

Utilization of coffee pulp, etc., as manure for tropical crops, Anstead 726

Fertilizer inspection 726

Farmers' bulletin on fertilizers 726

[Analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seod meal], I\ilgt)re et al 727

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers 727

[Commercial fertilizers] 727

CONTENTS. m

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Page.

Methods in plant histology, Chamberlain 727

[Report on physiological and pathological studies with plants], Hostermann . . . 727

The pollen-presentation mechaiaism in the Composita?, Small 727

Quantitative examination of elements of wood of trees, Dixon and Marshall . . . 727

Formation of nodules, Giltner and Brown 727

The daily march of transpiration in a desert perennial, Shreve 728

Foliar transpiring power as an indicator of permanent wilting in plants, Bakke . . 728

Continuous automatic registration of transpiration, Robertson and Wilkie 729

The osazone method of locating sugars in plant tissues, Mangham 729

Migi'ation of reserA'e material to the seed in barley, Beaven 729

Distribution of nitrogen in seeds of Acacia pycnaniha, Petrie and Chapman 729

Action of radium and radio-activity on germination, Agulhon and Robert .... 730

Inhibition and correlation in regeneration of Bryophyllum calycinum, Loeb 730

The determination of additive effects, Osterhout 730

Acid accumulation and destruction in large succulents. Long 730

Why certain plants are acrid, Lazenby 731

The study of plant enzyms, particularly with relation to oxidation, Hall et al. . 731

Studies in permeability. — I, Exosmosis of electrolytes, Stiles and Jorgensen. . 731

Apparatus for measuring conductivity of electrolytes, llibbard and Chapman. . 732

[Report of the research assistant in plant physiology], Hibbard 732

The agar shake for detection of members of coli aerogenes group, Giltner et al. . 732

Factors influencing longevity of soil micro-organisms, Giltner and Langworlhy . . 732

The vitality of seeds biu'ied in the soil, Beal 732

Breeding experiments with CEnotheras, Bateson, Keeble, and Gregory 732

FIELD CROPS.

Cereal experiments in Maryland and Virginia, Stanton 733

Department of farm crops, Robb 734

Aberdeen substation, Aicher 734

Report of the division of farm crops, Shoesmith 735

Agronomy 735

First annual report of Vivian experiment and demonstration farm, Hume et aL 735

[Farm crops] 735

Farm crop report, Stookey 736

Cover crops for Porto Rico, Ivinman 736

Thinning experiments with potatoes, Whipple 736

Seed inspection 736

Weeds, Arthur 736

HORTICULTURE.

Hotbed construction, Sprague 737

Commercial grading, packing, and shipping of cantaloups. More and Branch . . 737

The tomato, Rovetta 737

Orchard and nursery inspection laws of the different States, Ayers 737

Influence of low temperature on fruit growing in New York State, Chandler. . 737

[Report of horticultural investigations] 737

[Report of the] department of horticulture, Vincent 738

Dusting and spraying experiments with apples, Reddick and Crosby 738

Blight-resistant roots. — The first step toward pear blight control, Wisker 739

The taxonomic value and structure of the peach leaf glands, Gregory 739

Cost of a peach orchard, Hayden 739

Picking, pacldng, handling, storage, and transportation of peaches, Meeking. . 739

Size grades for ripe olives, Bioletti 740

Results of reconstitution in Sicily, Paulsen 740

Mulching the citrus orchard, Fessenden 740

Bud sports in agriculture, Pomeroy 740

Notes on the budding of cacao on an estate scale in Trinidad, Freeman 740

Diseases and pests of the coconut in Netherlands, India, Keuchenius 740

Pecan culture, with special reference to propagation and varieties, Reed 740

Intensive cultivation of ornamental plants, Gajon 741

CUmbing plants, Watson 741

The daffodil yearbook, 1915 741

The amateur orchid cultivators' guide book, Burberry 741

The home grounds, Davis and Curtis 741

A historical sketch of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Macmillan 741

rV CONTENTS.

FORESTRY.

Page.

Woodlot conditions in Broome County, New York, Moody and Bentley, jr 741

Woodlot conditions in Dutchess County, New York, Moody and Bentley, jr. . . 742

Cooperative shelter-belt planting on the northern Great Plains 742

Cooperative shelter-belt development in the northern Great Plains 742

The spruce and balsam fir trees of the Rocky Mountain region, Sudworth 742

The bamboos in the Cordilleras of the South, Ilosseus 742

Observations on some reputed natural eucalj-ptus hybrids, ^Maiden and Cambage 742

Notes on Eucalyptus (with a description of a new species) No. 3, Maiden 742

Notes on some forest species of Madagascar, Perrot and G(^rard 742

The net revenues from the Saxony state forests for 1913, Wapler 743

State forest administration in South Australia for the year 1914-15, Gill 743

[Report of the forestry division], Purves 743

Progress report of the Forest Reseaich Institute for the year 1914-15, Mercer. . 743

Forestry in Netherlands India, Lugt 743

Suggested alterations in the law relating to estate forestry, Adkin 743

Practical forest assessment and survey, Swain 743

Collection of statistics, Schlich and Wood 743

Presers'ative treatment of fence posts, MacDonald 743

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Some observations on the study of plant pathology, Massee 743

Plant diseases, Arthur 744

[Report of the research assistant in plant patliologj']. Coons 744

Diseases and enemies of cultivated plants in the Dutch Ea'^t Indies, Rutgers. . 744

Germination conditions of toleutospores of Urodinea*, III, Dietel 744

Recent data and questions regarding smoke injur)' to plants, Neger 744

Damage caused vegetation by smoke and vapors from factories, Ranwez 745

A convenient casein spray, Vermorel and Dantony 745

The use of copper carbonate as a fungicide, Darnell-Smith 745

Telcutospore formation by the cereal rust fungi, Gassnor 745

Puccinia oryzse parasitic on rice in the Ebro Delta, Spain, Florensa y Condal 745

jlleport of the assistant in plant pathology], Muncie 746

rscudomonas phascoli in beans, Giltner, Brown, and Sapiro 746

Phytoj)hthora disease of ginseng, Rosenbaum 746

Spraying of peanuts for leaf rust, Nowell 746

Studies of health in potatoes. Fitch 746

[Infection of sugar beets through the seed], Sorauer 747

Soil stain, or scurf, of the sweet potato, Taubenhaus 747

t Practical protection for plants], Junge 747

i'ire blight, Tehon 747

Dusting nursery stock for the control of leaf diseases, Stewart 7 17

The use of lime sulphur as a summer spray for apple scab, ^'incent 747

Plum wilt, its nature and cause, Iliggins. 747

[Control of plant diseases and insect enemies], Lustner 748

Control of grape diseases, Lindner 748

The copper content of fungicidal sprays 748

[Fungicide injury and fungus control], Fischer 748

[The use of fungicides against doMTiy mildew], Rabat^ 748

Treatment of grape downy mildew as related to the period of blooming 748

Advance notices regarding mildew outbreak, Capus 749

Grape chlorosis 749

Mildew of raspberry fruits, Naumann 749

Mopo disease of young cinchona plants and the Javanese seed bed fungus. Rant. . 749

Cottony rot of lemons in California, Smith 749

Die-back of lime trees in Montserrat 750

A disease of garden Arabis, Laubert 750

Rose mildew, Kiese 750

Control of rose mildew 750

Violet smut {Uroajstis riolir), Miiller 750

Recent observations on the bli.-!ter rust of the Weymouth pine, von Tubeuf . . . 750

Tubcrculina maxima, a parasite on the blister rust fungus, Lechmere 750

The dry rot question, Moormann 751

CONTENTS. V

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Page.

Laws relating to fur-bearing animals, 1915, Lantz 751

Cottontail rabbits in relation to trees and farm crops, Lantz 751

Further experiments on the effect of low temperatures on the frog, Cameron. .. 751

Snakes and their value to the agriculturist, Shufeldt 751

The cuticula of insects as a means of defence against parasites, Thompson. . . . 751

The interrelation of the phagocytes and parasites of arthropods, Thompson 751

An improved collecting bottle, Ainslie 751

The calibration of the leakage meter. Wood worth 751

Thirtieth report of the state'entomologist, 1914, Felt 752

[Entomological work in Porto Pdco] 752

[Report of the] division of entomology and zoology 753

[Report of entomological work], Dash 753

[Summary of investigations of d ivision of entomology], d 'Emmerez de Charmoy . 754

Cassava insects, Urich 754

Insects injurious to stored grains in Mauritius, d'Emmerez de Charmoy 754

Insect-borne diseases in Pan-America, Guiteras 754

Termites, or "white ants," in the United States, Snyder 754

The apple red bugs (Heterocordylas malinus and Lygidea mendax), Crosby 754

A serious attack of Jassus sexnotatus on autumn rye, von Feilitzen 754

Life history of Vanduzea arquata, Funkhouser 754

The periodical cicada in Missouri, Haseman 754

Morphology and biology of the green apple aphis. Baker and Turner 754

Experiments with sprays against Aphis -papaveris, Rostrup 755

The leopard moth: A dangerous imported insect, Howard and Chittenden 755

The catalpa sphinx, Howard and Chittenden 755

The fruit-tree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila), Herrick and Leiby 755

The bagworm, an injurious shade tree insect, Howard and Chittenden 756

The cranberry girdler and its control, Scammell 756

Observations on respiration of Culicidse, Sen 756

Five North America buffalo gnats of the genus Simulium, Jobbins-Pomeroy. . . 756

Sarcophagid larvae from the painted turtle, Chid ester 756

A new generic name for the screw worm fly, Townsend 756

Life history studies of the Colorado potato beetle, Johnson and Ballinger 756

The life history of the cherry leaf beetle, Herrick and Matheson 756

The tobacco wireworm, Bencomo 757

The corn stalk beetle, Hamed 757

The effect of cyanid on the locust borer and the locust tree, FUnt 757

Farm beekeeping, Tyler and Haseman 758

The olfactory sense of the honeybee, Mclndoo 758

Parasitism among larvse of Mediterranean fruit fly in 1914, Back and Pemberton. 758

On some genera of the pimpline Ichnuemonidse, Merrill 758

Sugar cane borer parasites and control of borers, van der Goot 758

List of TenthredinidiB collected in the Luga district of Petrograd, Padalka 758

Two strawberry slugs, Webster , 758

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Chemical and physical constants for wheat and mill products, Ladd 759

Analyses of wheats and floiu-s, Brunnich 760

The digestibility of bran, Hindhede : 760

Do practices in bread making conform with biochemical teachings? Stoklasa. . 760

The bacterial examination of sausages and its sanitary significance, Cary 760

The composition and evaluation of bouillon cubes, Kappeller and Gottfiied. . . 761

Mushrooms as food, Bruhn 761

Poisoning by mushrooms, Chauvet 761

[Food and drug inspection and analysis], Allen 761

[Food and drug analysis]. Rose and Heimburger 762

Report of the food-investigation station at Klagenfurt for 1914, Svoboda 762

Undergraduate budgets, Comstock 762

Foodstuffs, Sommerville 762

Nutrition, Osborne and Mendel 762

Nitrogen economy by adding ammoniacal salts and m'ea to the diet, Grafe 762

The influence of carbohydrate and fat on protein metabolism, Tsu ji 762

Influence of fat and carbohydrate on excretion of endogenous purins, Umeda. . 763

Influence of diet on secretion of urine of infants, Niemann 763

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The cultivation of fat-containing organisms, Lindner 763

Studies on water drinking, XVIII, Wilson and Hawk 763

Studies on water diinking, XIX, Sherwin and Hawk 7G3

Acidosis and some of the factors which influence it, Lang 763

Pellagra: Causation and a method of prevention, Goldberger 764

Sanitation and the control of pellagra, Nesbitt 7G4

[Report of the] nutrition laboratory, Benedict 764

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The numerical results of diverse systems of breeding, Jennings 764

Influence of pituitary feeding upon growth and sexual development, Groetsch. . 765

Influence of various salts on the reproductive process, Emmerich and Loew. . . 766

The control of sex by food in five species of rotifers, Whitney 766

Histological study of the "pigment specks" of swine, Olt 766

Acid poisoning due to oat feeding, Morgen and Beger 766

Bacteriological studies on forage conservation in the silo, Gorini 766

The value of lactic acid bacteria in the ensiling of beet tops, Meyer 767

Value of brewery waste products under a new method of preservation, Ulrich. . 767

The preparation of straw meal and the baking of cattle bread, Borchert 767

[Feeding stuff analyses], R.ose and Greene 767

Summary prospectus for a proposed stockj'ard and abattoir, Allen 767

Report of the Royal Commission on the meat -export trade. Street 767

A surv^ey and census of the cattle of Bengal, Blackwood 767

Africander cattle, Sommerfeld 767

Triplet calves 767

[Animal husbandry studies], Iddings 767

[Live-stock experiments] 76S

Preliminary results of experiments in hog feeding, Durham 769

Feeding wheat to fattening swine. Weaver 769

Determination of race of swine by protein differentiation method, Liihning. . . 769

Feeding experiments with sugar and meat meal for horses, Greve 769

[Poultry husbandry studies], Moore 769

[Comparison of methods of managing poultry], Shoup 770

Poultry in Texas, Rice 770

What the size of an egg means, Warner and Kirkpatrick 770

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Cost of producing milk on 174 farms in Delaware County, New York, Thompson . 771

Dairy husbandry 773

[Feeding experiments with dairy cattle], Carr 773

Experiments in feeding dairy cows 774

Dairy herd records and how to keep them, Nystrom and Hundertmark 774

Report of the department of dairy husbandry, Himziker 774

Milk inspections, Allen 775

Hygienic milk, Pritzker 776

Slimy and ropy milk, Buchanan and Hammer 776

Effect of salt on butter flora, Giltner and Baker 776

Butter making on the farm, Nystrom and Hundertmark 777

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Veterinary posology and therapeutics, Banham and Young 777

Principles of general physiology, Bayliss 777

Report of the live stock sanitary commissioner of Maine, 1914, Joly 777

Report of the bacteriologist, Giitner 777

Biennial report of state live stock inspector of Tennessee, 1913-14, WTiito 777

Report on tlie veterinary di\'ision, Milne 777

Reports on veterinary department, United ProAnnces, 1914 and 1915, OUver. . . 777

The amins derived from proteins, Guggenheim and Ixifller 777

Fate of amins deri^-ed from proteins in organism, Guggenheim and Lofller. . 778

Studies of anaphylaxis, XI V-XVII, W'oil 778

Studios in nonspecific complement fixation, I-V 779

The dialysis method for the determination of pregnancy in animals, Kahn 780

Oleander poisoning 780

CONTENTS. Vn

Page.

Use of medicaments in treatment of diseases caused by nematodes, Railliet. . . 780

Comparative tests of the action of certain common disinfectants, Krupski 780

The disinfection of infected wood, Fleischer - 780

Evahiation of methods for diagnosis of anthrax, Pfeiler and Scheyer 781

Methods for disinfection of liides infected with anthrax spores, Tilley 781

The biology of pseudoanthrax bacilU, Pokschischewsky 781

Foot-and-mouth disease, Nevermann 781

Aphthous fever, Leclainche 781

Foot-and-mouth disease, Graham 781

Conglutination test with special reference to diagnosis of glanders, Fitch 781

The mallein conjunctival test, Marek 782

Prophylaxis of glanders, Droiun 782

Administrative control of glanders, Ackerman 782

A case of tetanus favorably treated with magnesiiun glycerophosphate, Sittig. . 782

A preliminary report on the pathology of bovine actinomycosis, Griffith 782

Contagious abortion in cows, Kalkus 782

Studies to diagnose a fatal disease of cattle in CaUfornia, Meyer 782

The life history of Gongylonema scutatum, Pv.ansom and Hall 783

Report of the veterinary department, Craig 783

Blepharocorys cqui sp. nov., a new ciliate from cecum of horse, Schumacher 783

Remarks on the diseases of foxes, Croken 784

Practical application of the agglutination test, Jones 784

Suggestions to poultrymen concerning chicken pox, Beach 784

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation in the United States, Teele 784

Irrigation possibilities in Kansas, Walker 785

Irrigation by pumping in Kansas, Walker 785

[Alfalfa irrigation experiments] 785

Tests of a proportional weir ._ 785

Report on water conservation and irrigation for 1915, Dare 785

Annual report of the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania, 1914 785

Ground water in Lasalle and McMullen coimties, Texas, Deussen and Dole. . . 786

A water-power reconnoissance in Alaska, Ellsworth and Davenport 786

Geo-hydrological studies and research in Italy, de Angelis d'Ossat 786

Monograph on the irrigation wells of the Jaunpur District, Walker 786

The peat resources of Wisconsin, Huels 786

Cement and its manifold uses, Trego 787

Effect of iron and calcium on concrete sand, Saville 787

Shrinkage and time effects in reinforced concrete, McMillan 787

Hydrated lime in concrete road construction 787

Apparatus for measuring the wear of concrete roads, Goldbeck 787

Public highways: Kansas roads, past, present, and future, Gearhart 788

Economic factors all important in rural highways, Page 788

Effects of varying mixture and ignition timing, Gage 788

The Highland Society's exhibition trial of motor tillage implements 788

Test of a potato planter and coverer, Nachtweh and Vormfelde 788

Points on selection, adjustment, and care of fann machines, Bracker 789

The dairy bam and milk house, Hundertmark and Nystrom 789

The construction of shearing sheds and yai'ds, compiled by Mathews 789

Housing farm poultry, Philips 789

Planning the farm in relation to the farmstead, Davidson 789

Household conveniences and how to make them, Hanson and Fermier 789

Saving fuel in heating a house, Breckenridge and Flagg 789

Water supply, plumbing, and sewage disposal for country homes, TrulUnger. . 790

Rural sanitation, Magoon 790

Disposal of human excreta and sewage of the country home, Horton 790

The disposal of household wastes, Gerhard 790

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Constructive rural sociology, Gillette 790

Germany's food supply, Ashley 791

Permanent agriculture and social welfare, Hunt 791

Grain farming in the corn belt with live stock as a side line, Vrooman 791

Vm CONTENTS.

Page.

Chemung County, its agriculture and farm bureau, Chubbuck and Scoville. . . 791

Farm leases in Iowa, Lloyd 792

The American Farm Management Association 792

The direct marketing of farm produce, Hibbard and Hobson 792

Suggestions for parcel post marketing, Flohr 792

Farmers' market bulletin 792

[Agricultural statistics for the United Kingdom, 1900-1914] 792

Imports and exports of corn, live stock, and other agricultural produce 792

[Agricultural statistics of Denmark] 792

[Agriculture in Chosen] 792

A B C of Queensland statistics, 1915, compiled by MacLeod 792

AGRICULCUEAL EDUCATION.

Annual report of the state director of industrial education, 1915, Myers 793

Agricultural education, Metzger , 793

[Agricultural instruction in the public schools of New Hampshire], Whitcher. . 793

Outlines for high school agriculture, Farrar, Hoffman, and Bishop 793

Syllabus of course in agriculture for North Dakota high schools, james et al. . . 793

Fann and school problems for high schools and normals, GoU 793

Field and laboratory studies of soils, McCall 793

Fungoid diseases of farm and garden crops, Milbum and Bessey 794

The horse in health and disease, Iladley 794

Illustrated lecture on the production of clean milk 794

Elementary domestic science.— II, Foods; advanced cookerj-, Landes 794

Home making and home keeping, Ferguson 794

Home management, Knowles, Campbell, and Bentley 744

[Nature study and elementary agriculture for elementary schools of New York] . 794

[Nature study and agricuUure for the elementary .schools of New York] 794

Some fundamental proposiuons for nature-etudy, Bigelow 795

The school garden a laboratory for industrial education, Joyce 795

School ga,rdening in the Philippines, Foreman 795

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1915 795

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1915 795

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1915 795

Tweity-sixth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1915 795

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1915 795

Twenty-lilth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1915 796

Monthly bullet in of the Western Washington Substation 796

Index to Special Bulletins, Volume III, and Paint Bulletins 5 and 6 796

Brief statutory history of United Stales Department of Agriculture, Calfey 796

Proceedings of American Association of Agricultural College Editors, 1915 796

Ground-levels in democracy, Bailey 796

Intcriiolation as a means of approximation to the gamma function, I'carl 796

The farmers' guide book, Palnier 796

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT
PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

California Station: Page.

Bui. 263, Jan., 1916 749

Bui. 264, Jan., 1916 751

Bui. 265, Jan., 1916 749

Circ. 145, Dec, 1915 784

Colorado Station:

Bui. 216, Nov., 1915 746

Geora;ia Station:

Bui. 118, Jan., 1916 747

Idaho Station:

Bui. 84, Nov., 1915 (An. Rpt.
1915). . 734, 738, 747, 767, 769, 795

Indiana Station:

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1915. 736,
744, 774, 783, 795

Iowa Station:

Bui. 150, popular ed., June,

1914 723

Bui. 158 (abridged), Dec,

1915 743

Bui. 159 (abridged), Dec,

1915 792

Bui. 161, Oct., 1915 722

Bui. 162, Nov., 1915 758

Research Bui. 22, July, 1915. . 776

Kentucky Station:

Bieu. Rpt. Food and Drug
Dept., 1913-15 761,767,775

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 73, Sept., 1915 736

Off. Insp. 74, Dec, 1915 726

Massachusetts Station:

Met. Buls. 325-326, Jan.-Feb.,

1916... 714

Michigan Station:

Tech. Bui. 23, Nov. , 1915 732

Tech. Bui. 24, Dec, 1915 721

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1915. 714,
723, 727, 732, 735, 744,
746, 773, 776, 777, 795

Missouri Station:

Bui. 136, Nov., 1915 769

Bui. 137, Nov., 1915 754

Bui. 138, Nov., 1915 758

Montana Station:

Bui. 106, Oct., 1915 736

New Mexico Station :

Twenty-sixth An. Rpt., 1915. . 735,
737, 768, 774, 785, 795

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 291 (revised), Feb. 9, 1915. 754

Bui. 361, June, 1915 741

Bui. 362, Oct., 1915 718

Bui. 363, Oct., 1915 746

Bui. 364, Oct., 1915 771

Bui. 365, Nov., 1915 739

Bui. 366, Nov., 1915 741

Bui. 367, Dec, 1915 755

Bui. 3G8, Dec, 1915 741

Bui. 369, Jan., 1916 738

Circ. 32, Jan., 1916 747

Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1915. 795

Stations in the United Slates — Contd.

New York State Station: Page.

Tech. Bui. 46, Dec, 1915 708

Tech. Bui. 47, Dec, 1915 725

North Carolina Station:

Farmers' Market Bui., vol. 3,

No. 14, Jan., 1916 792

North Dakota Station:

Bui. 114, Jan., 1916 759

Spec. Bui., Index, vol. 3 796

Oregon Station :

Bui. 133, Aug., 1915 789

Porto Rico Station:

Bui. 19, Jan. 22, 1916 736

South Carolina Station:

Bui. 183, Dec, 1915 : 725

South Dakota Station :

■ Bui. 162, Oct., 1915 735

Washington Station:

Bui. 127, Dec, 1915 (Twenty-
fifth An. Rpt. ,1915) 720,

735, 753, 773, 796

Popular Bui. 93, Nov., 1915.. . . 790

Popular Bui. 94, July, 1915. ... 782

Popular Bui. 95, Sept. 1, 1915. . 789

Popular Bui. 96, Oct., 1915. ... 777

Popular Bui. 97, Oct., 1915. ... 774

Popular Bui. 98, Jan., 1916 .... 737
West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui.,

vol. 3, No. 11, Feb., 1916. . . 736,
770, 796

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agiicultural Research,
vol. 5:

No. 20, Feb. 14, 1916 719,

732, 756, 787
No. 21, Feb. 21. 1916 747, 754

Bui. 327, The Spruce and Balsam
Fir Ti-ees of the Rocky Mountain
Region, G. B. Sudworth 742

Bui. 329, Notes on Five North
American Buffalo Gnats of the
Genus Simulium, A. W. Jobbins-
Pomeroy 756

Bui. 333, Termites, or "White
Ants," in the United States:
Their Damage, and Methods of
Pi-evention, T. E. Snyder 754

Bui. 336, Cereal Experiments in
Maryland and Virginia, T. R.
Stanton 733

Farmers' Bui. 700, Pecan Culture;
with Special Reference to Prop-
agation and Varieties, C. A.
Reed 740

Farmers' Bui. 701, The Bagworm,
an Injurious Shade-tree Insect,
L. O. Howard and F. H. Chit-
tenden 756

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd

Farmers' Bui. 702, Cottontail Rab- Page-
bits in Relation to Trees and

Farm Crops, D. E. Lantz 751

Farmers' Bui. 703, Suggestions for
Parcel Post Marketing, L. B.

Flohr and C. T. More 792

Farmers' Bui. 704, Grain Farming
in the Com Belt with Live Stock

as a Side Line, C. Vrooman 791

Farmers' Bui. 705, The Catalpa
Sphinx, L. O. Howard and F. II.

Chittenden 755

Farmers' Bui. 706, Laws Relating
to Fur-bearing Animals, 1915,

D. E. Lantz 751

Farmers' Bui. 707, The Commercial
Grading, Packing, and Shippin";
of Cantaloups, C. T. More and

G. V. Branch 737

Farmers' Bui. 708, The Leopard
Moth: A Dangerous Imported
Insect Enemy of Shade Trees,
L. 0. Howard and F. H. Chit-
tenden 755

Bureau of Animal Industrj-:

Doc. 7, Chemical Testing of
Milk and Cream, R. H.

Shaw 713

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Office of Dry-land Agricul-
ture—
Doc. 1, Cooperative Shel-
ter-belt Planting on the
Northern Great Plains. 742
Doc. 2, Cooperative Shel-
ter-belt Development in
the Northern Great

Plains 742

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Survey of Lime^:tono
County, Alabama, R. T.
A. Burke and A. M.

O'Neal, jr 717

Soil Survey of Columbia
County, Arkansas, C.
Lounsbury and E. B.

Deeter 717

Soil Survey of Putnam
County, Florida, C. N.
Mooney, B. D. Gilbert,
H. w. Hawker, and

W.B.Cobb 717

Soil Surs^ey of Nemaha
County, Nebraska, A.
H. Meyer et al 717

States Relations Service: rage.

Syllabus 18, Illustrated Lec-
ture on the Production of

Clean Milk 794

Scientific Contributions: «

The Soft Resins in Sulphured
and Unsulphured Hops in
Storage, G. A. Russell 711

The Application of the Paper
Pulp Filter to the Quanti-
tative Estimation of Cal-
cium and Magnesium, S. L.
Jodidi and E. H. Kellogg . . 712

Experimental Work on Soda
Cellulose, S. D. Wells 714

Bud Sports in Agricultvu-e,
C. S. Pomeroy 740

An Improved Collecting Bot-
tle, C. N. Ainslie 751

The Cranberrj' Girdlcr and Its

Control, H. B. Scammell... 75G

A New Generic Name for the
Screw Worm Fly, C. H. T.
Townsend 756

The Olfactory Sense of the

Honeybee, N. E. Mclndoo. . 758

Panusitism Among Lar\-ae of
Mediterranean Fruit Fly in
1914, E. A. Back and C. E.
Pemberton 75S

Methods for Disinfection of
Hides Infected with An-
thrax Spores, F. W. Tilley. . 781

The Life History of Gongylone-
ma srutatum. B. H. Ransom
and M. C. Hall... 783

Irrigation in the United States,
li. P. Teele 784

Economic Factors all Lnpor-
tant in Rural Highwavs,
L.W.Page .'.. 788

Water Supply, Phirabing, and
Sewage Disposal for Country
Homes, R. W. Trulhngcr. . . 790

Chemung County, an Account
of Its Agriculture and of Its
Farm Bureau, M. E. Chub-
buck and G. P. Sco^ille 791

Farm Organization Investiga-
tions and Their Relation to
the Farm Survey, W. .1.
Spilhuan 792

Brief Statutory- History of
United States Department
of Agriculture, F. G. Caffey. 796

o Printed in scientific and technical journals outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. June, 1916. Xo. 8.

At the time the Hatch Act was passed in 1887, establishing the
agricultural experiment stations, no one but a seer could have
prophesied the growth and development which these institutions
were to undergo or the place they would occupy in the realm of
scientific investigation. In fact, it required a keen appreciation of
the possibilities of scientific research and a far-sighted vision of the
future needs of agriculture to sense the necessity of providing for
experiment stations at all. AVhy, it was asked, should the Federal
Government be called upon to found a system for experimentation
in agriculture when many persons were still stoutly maintaining that
successful farming required only common sense, muscle, and
machinery, and that science as applied to this most ancient of arts
was theoretical and unpractical and had little to do with the real
business of life ?

Thirty years ago all research in the United States was relatively
restricted in scope and amount, and this country had, in fact, hardly
caught its spirit or import. Science itself still seemed to be a purely
academic affair which rarely bore any obvious relation to the prac-
tical world, and research was deemed a sort of intellectual exercise
for a special class. The rigid scholastic conception of pure science
as contrasted with applied science was widely prevalent. The ideal
investigator was thought of as a kind of crusader who enlisted with
almost religious fervor under the banner of truth, with the battle
cry of truth for truth's sake and science for science's sake; but too
often truth and science were regarded as purely abstractions in the
realm of ideas with no necessary connection with the world of con-
crete things.

Eesearch gained a solid footing earliest in endowed colleges, uni-
versities, and institutions established for investigation in special
lines, but its development there was generally quite limited. It was
largely concerned with abstract propositions, and its activities were
regarded with curiosity rather than with comprehension or under-
standing. Least of all was it looked for at the agricultural colleges,
which were expected to interest and instruct their farmer constituents
through their model farms and superior live stock, and were thought
of by other classes of colleges as being distinctly elementary and
•vocational rather than for the broad advancement of learning.

701

702 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

How remarkable, therefore, that these same agricultural institu-
tions should in so short a period have become great centers of investi-
gation and in a measure set a pace for it which has been reflected in
many other classes of institutions. It is probably not too much to
say that they have been the greatest single agencj^for stimulating
research in its varied branches by force of their example and success,
their closeness to the people, and the confidence and understanding
which they have won for experimental inquiry. Agi-icultural investi-
gation has shown, as no other class of investigation had previously
shown, the direct practical relations of such activity' to every-day life
and to human welfare, and has popularized it in the mind of the
people. This interest has been extended to the various departments
of science in general.

With this widespread acceptance and approval of the stations by
the general public has come an increasing realization of their achieve-
ments and opportunities by the scientific world. Tlie impreasion for-
merly more or less current in scientific circles that agricultural inves-
tigation was hardly comparable in quality with the research carried
on at endowed universities and similar institutions is rapidly becom-
ing dispelled. To-day tlie stations are not onl}' recognized as im-
portant and valued factors in the advancement of knowledge and its
application to the improvement of mankind, but as possessing manj'^
and unique advantages as fields of opportunity for the man with
high scientific attainments and the desire to carry on research.

Conditions have radically altered since the days when station posi-
tions were, as a class, too often thought to offer little of promise to
such a man. The station staffs have come to include some of the
best-trained men in the countr3^ In biology, chemistry, physics, and
other sciences, vacancies in the station ranks are being sought by
candidates of high qualifications as comparable with, and in some
respects even preferable to, opportunities open to them elsewhere.
It may be of interest to note briefly some of the reasons for this
change of attitude and some of the considerations which now render
these positions so attractive.

In the early days of the experiment stations their resources were
small and their outlook for development uncertain. They themselves
were looked upon as experiments and had first of all to demonstrate
their right to existence. A full-fledged system of purely research
institutions was impossible under these conditions, and a period of
transition was inevitable.

With the small funds at the disposal of the stations it was necessary
to practice economy in all directions. Equipment was frecjucntly
inadequate and suitable laboratories, library facilities, and similar
needs were too often wanting. Even the number of men which an
institution could afford to maintain upon its staff was greatly limited.

EDITORIAL. 708

The field of agriculture, however, was broad and its needs urgent, and
in the attempt to cover it the scope of each man's province was corre-
spondingly widened. We thus had at the start such somewhat anom-
alous titles for heads of departments as agriculturist and horticul-
turist, and a proportionate scarcit}'- of real specialists.

The station scientist was called upon to do much teaching in the
agricultural college, both to four-year students and in short courses.
Some effort was made to adjust the demands of his dual functions so
that the one would not too greatly interfere with the other, but this
was not always arranged primarily from the point of view of the
station. As the number of students in the colleges increased, the bur-
den of the instruction staff naturally became even heavier, and to the
duties of teaching were added those of organizing departments,
advising students, and other administrative requirements.

In order to bring the results of scientific work more speedily before
the farmers it was deemed wise to expend some efforts in extension
work. The station worker was expected to do more or less speaking
at farmers' institutes and similar gatherings, and to prepare popular
articles for the farm press, as well as to serve as a sort of consulting
expert in answering inquiries for general information and the like.
All this still further lessened his opportunity for research.

Even such time as was available for station work was in great
demand for a variety of matters which seemed to require immediate
attention in spite of their rather simple and elementary character.
Individual farmers proposed problems for which they expected and
needed an early solution, and some of these problems seemed to merit
immediate study, even though it meant a postponement of more
fundamental inquiries.

Then again, there was only a very limited body of agricultural
knowledge in this country, and to meet this deficiency there were
borrowed from Europe results which had already been establishe'd by
investigators there. Thus, data concerning the nutritive value of
feeds and the theoretical nutritive requirements proposed hj Euro-
pean investigators were taken almost bodily for application to
American conditions, and similar recourse, in the absence of domestic
information, was had to European conclusions regarding soil fer-
tility, plant physiologj^, and the control of fungus diseases. This
was, of course, realized to be merely a makeshift to tide over the
interval necessary to complete experiments, but none the less it tended
to create the impression that the stations were to a considerable
degree disseminators of existing information rather than centers of
original research.

More discouraging than these material obstacles to the would-be
research worker, however, was the uncertainty which prevailed as to
the real function of the experiment station and the ultmiate develop-

704 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

ment of agricultural investigation. On these points the ideas held
by the station workers themselves Avere at variance, and the general
public was naturally in even greater need of enlightenment as to
what might be done and how much could reasonably be anticipated.
Some people, as already indicated, expected little or nothing in a
practical way to come from any form of scientific inquiry, but others,
v.ith an over-confidence in the immediate effect of the legislation
establishing the stations, apparently regarded it as a panacea for all
the ills of farming. The stations were looked to for prompt and
authoritative answers to practicajl}^ all questions relating to agricul-
ture, and when urgent problems were presented some impatience was
expressed if quick results were not forthcoming. These insistent
demands for immediate returns inevitably influenced some station
workers against their better judgment to try short-cuts in the solution
of a problem in hand, to rely upon superficial methods of inquiry,
and to publish the results of their findings too soon. Such practices
did much in certain instances to prolong the unfavorable impression
jis to the thoroughness and accuracy of station work, and even to
raise the question as to whether high-grade research in agriculture
was a possibility.

Unfortunate and discouraging as were some of the deficiencies and
mistakes of the early Ijeginnings, it should not be forgotten that many
of them were well-nigh unavoidable. The stations represented a new
experiment in establishing research on a popular basis. They were
developing for it new relationships and dependencies, winning their
way, building a support for their work which would in the end afford
larger opportunity. It was not so much that ideals were lacking,
although these were not always of the highest, as that the conditions
had first to be made right. The public, and not a few individuals,
had to be convinced of the practicability of a system of research in
agriculture and a foundation laid in public sentiment.

Little by little most of the disadvantages formerly surrounding
the stations have been overcome. Increased popular appreciation
has brought with it enlarged resources, and these have made pos-
sible more adequate equipment, better trained assistants, closer dif-
ferentiation in both subject matter and kind of activity, relief from
a variety of distracting duties, and opportunity for concentration
upon problems worthy of study. Fortunate, indeed, is the en-
dowed university or similar institution now possessing superior
advantages along these lines.

Statistics recently tabulated by the States Kelations Service show
that for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915^ the total revenue of the
sixty experiment stations rci^orting was $r),'28G,382.53. This is an
average for each State of over 51^100,000, equivalent to the interest at

EDITORIAL. 705

five per cent on an endowment of $2,000,000 each. Some of this,
to be sure, is appropriated for regulatory service and other non-
research -work, yet the showing is still impressive as an indication of
their resources and permanent footing.

Data are not at hand as to the funds available for research in
privately supported educational institutions, but it is a reasonable
assumption that in few instances would those of the stations suffer
by comparison as to either adequacy or stability. In addition it
may be pointed out that projects financed by the Federal funds are
undertaken under definite plans, many of which, especially in the
case of the Adams projects, contemplate their continuation for five
to ten years or more, under allotments sufficient to guarantee their
efficiency and uninterrupted prosecution.

Additions to the equipment of the stations during the year aggre-
gated $1,135,980.04. Of this amount $537,665.45 was for buikfings,
$40,54:4.05 for the libraries, and $130,754.74 for apparatus, as well
as $85,768.13 for farm implements, $196,784.02 for live stock, and
$144,463.65 for miscellaneous purposes. Most of these figures are
larger than in previous years, but they are not deemed abnormal,
and may fairly be cited as evidence that the stations as a class are
providing their staffs v;ith facilities far more adequate than is com-
mon, except at a very few special institutions.

The more adequate support of the agTicultural colleges, coupled
Avith the passage of the Smith-Lever Act and other provisions for
extension work, are largely relieving the station worker of other
duties. Of the 1,857 members of the station staffs last year, but
892 were also engaged in instruction and but 466 were assisting in
extension work. That as favorable conditions do not always exist
elsewhere may be inferred from a recent address of Dr. Jackson, of
the University of Minnesota, entitled Obstacles to Research, in which
he says that " even more than lack of facilities, lack of time is an
obstacle very frequently encountered by university research work-
ers. Many university men are carrying the burden of research and
teaching, which, if well done, must encroach upon time absolutely
essential for serious research work. In many cases a considerable
amount of routine administrative duties, committee work, etc., is
added."

Station work has been organized on a more logical basis than
formerly, the subject matter has been subdivided, and the services
of specialists extensively employed. Instead of an undifferentiated
department of horticulture we may now find plant breeders, physio-
logical botanists, pomologists, and the like. Agronomy has resolved
itself into soil physics, chemistry, bacteriology, farm crops, etc.
At the same time the boundaries between the general sciences have

706 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

been broken down as the interrelations of the various branches have
become apparent. The physicist has been enlisted in soil investiga-
tions, the biologist in studies of the laws of inheritance in plants and
animals, the chemist in determining the function of new gi'oups of
food constituents, the engineer in the provision and employment of
water, etc.

Marked progress has been made in bringing about an enlarged
public understanding of the methods of research. It is now gener-
ally recognized that the solution of most agricultural problems
requires time, and that it can not be safely hurried. "We less often
hear impatience expressed at the failure to solve a problem in a few
months. The general public has better learned to trust the judgment
and ability of the station worker, and to await with patience and
confidence the completion of his efforts. Likewise, there has come
about a realization by scientific men of the fallacy in the old view
that there is necessarily an inferiority about work which, to quote
President "Woodward, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
" is often designated by the ambiguous word ' practical,' or by the
misleadmg phrase 'applied science,'" and an acknowledgment that
" in so far as it deals with facts and principles and substitutes knowl-
edge for ignorance, it is worthy of prompt recognition and un-
stinted support."

More attractive, however, in tlie eyes of the true investigator than
fine laboratories, or othenvise congenial environment is the oppor-
tunity afforded for productive research. In this respect the stations
now offer an especially attractive field. AYliere to such an extent as
in agriculture can be found problems of such varied -complexity
and immediate and wide application? Agriculture in its present
stage* involves a contest with the elements and with industrial and
economic conditions. Its problems are ready-made and pressing,
not to be postponed without loss and sometimes hardship. Millions
of dollars and the prosperity of whole sections of our country may
be at stake in an investigation of a new disease of plants or animals,
the utilization of a by-product, or the more intelligent use of the
soil. The very size and indispensability of the industry and the diffi-
cult character of many of the problems involved in it furnish an
unusual inspiration. The subject taxes the ingenuity, the scientific
ability, and the acumen of the investigator and gives as large a
range for his efforts as any known field of in(]uirv. Modern agri-
culture is a harnessing, control, and utilization of the elements and
phenomena which operate in accordance with the scientific and
economic laws. In its form and content at any stage it exemplifies
in a significant degree the status of man's knowledge and mastery of
natural forces.

EDITORIAL. 707

In the early days the demand for immediate practical results was
often accompanied \\4th the insistence, even by boards of control and
administrative officers, that the experimenters should be chosen
primarily because of their practical knowledge of farming or horti-
culture. But now it is seen that investigators without scientific
training are not likely to obtain anything more than superficial or
empirical results. Hence the standard of scientific training for sta-
tion workers is steadily rising. Men with elaborate and advanced
training along scientific lines are in demand for the specialized po-
sitions now open in the stations. Young men, therefore, have a
strong incentive to prepare themselves thoroughly for research in
agriculture.

The wide and rapid spread of extension work in agriculture, until
it now covers practically all phases of agriculture throughout the
United States, is already begmning to increase the opportunities of
well-trained men to engage in agricultural research. The large num-
ber of well-paid positions opening in the extension work is attracting
from the ranks of station workers those who are more interested in
popular phases of agricultural work. Thus the opportunity is often
given to put in their place better trained men with a more serious
interest in research. The extension workers are also creating a
broader demand for more complete investigations, the results of
which can be used in demonstrations among the farmers or in an-
swering inquiries pressed home upon the extension men now living
in close contact with the farmers. As time goes on extension work
will inevitably become more highly specialized and the demand for
new knowledge to be put to practical use will grow apace. With
such a backing of widespread interest in the improvement of agri-
cultural practice based on the results of scientific research, there is
every reason to believe that the opportunities for the stations to
strengthen and enlarge their researches will steadily grow.

All these facts are becoming widely known and appreciated in the
scientific world. They present considerations which count for much
among investigators, and explain the prestige which the stations are
acquiring as desirable fields of opportunity. It is fortunate that the
stations are thus coming into their rightful position, for the un-
solved problems in American agriculture are many and intricate and
their importance justifies the enlistment of the services of the best-
trained scientists of the land in their solution.
39513°— No. 8—16 %

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICTJLTTJSAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The casein and salts of goat's milk, A. W. Boswobth and L. L. Van Slyke
(New York Sta. Tech. Bui. 46 {1915), pp. 3-15; Jour. Biol. Chan., 24 {1916),
No. 3, pp. 113-189). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. K., 33, p. 6(30) an iuvesstiga-
tion was made of the chemical composition of goat's milk.

The casein prepared from goat's milk forms a series of compounds with bases
which indicate that its valence, combining proportions, and molecular weight
are the same as that of the casein of cow's milk

The soluble constituents of goat's milk are sugar, potassium, sodium, and
chlorin. The albumin, inorganic phosphates, calcium, magnesium, and citrates
are partly in suspension and partly in colloidal solution. The fat and casein
are entirely in colloidal solution.

The real acidity of the milk, obtained after precipitating the calcium with
neutral potassium oxalate, is considerably less than that of cow's milk. Goat's
milk, in contrast to cow's and human milk, contains tricalcium phosphate.
The total amount of salts in human milk is about one-third that in cow's or
goat's milk. The number of different salts appears to be greater in goat's milk,
and the amount of chlorids is greater than in either human or cow's milk.

Based on the results of their study, the authors suggest the following aa
representing, in percentages, the forms in which the constituents may be present
in the milk: Total solids 12.34, fat 3.8, milk-sugar 4.5, proteins combined with
calcium 3.1, dicalcium phosphate 0.092, tricalcium phosphate 0.0G2, dimagne-
sium phosphate O.OGS, trimagnesium phosphate 0.024, monopotassium phos-
phate 0.073, potassium citrate 0.2.5, potassium chlorid 0.16, calcium chlorid
0.115, and sodium chlorid 0.095.

Analyses of 23 samples of milk from 11 goats are appended.

The formation of protein and humin substances, L. C. Matllabd ( Geii^se des
Matiercs Prot^iqucs ct des Mati&rcs Unmiqucs. Paris: Masson <£• Co., 1913, pp.
XI +423, pis. 2). — This volume constitutes an account of the author's researches
on the formation of protein and humin substances. It contains an introduction
and four main parts, together with a general resume and conclusions.

Experiments on the synthesis of polypeptids, peptones, and proteins by
means of enzyms, E. Addekiialdex {Fermcntforsch., 1 {1914*, ^^>- 1, PP- -}7-
54)- — ^After obtaining negative results in an attempt to synthesize higher
products from amino acids through the agency of enzyms, the author claims to
have obtained positive results by digesting liver, kidney, thyroid, and lung
tissue by gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices for three months, after
which period the biuret reaction was negative in all cases.

A 20 per cent solution of such a digested product was prepared with
physiological salt solution, and after being thoroughly boiled was treated with
its own respective organ extract and allowed to stand in the incubator for four
weeks. At the end of this time biuret tests were made and found to be negative.
The preparations were then allowed to stand for five months at room tem-
perature, at the end of which time biuret reactions were positive and quanti-
tative determinations indicated the formation of protein or interniodiate prod-
ucts. The experimental results strongly indicate the specificity of enzyms.

The investigation is being continued.
708

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 709

Studies on anthocyans. — II-X, R. Wlllstattek et al, (Lichigs Ann, Chcm.,
40s {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-162). — Continuing the investigation previously noted
(E. S. R., 31, p. 324), the following studies are reported:

II. Coloring matter of the rose, by R. Willstatter and T. J. Nolan {pp. I-I4). —
The authors have found that cyanin, the anthocyan of the rose, is identical
with that of the cornflower. The varieties of color are dependent on the reac-
tion of the cell sap, whether acid, neutral, or alkaline. The white and yellow
rose contain practically no anthocyan, the rose-colored one a little, while the
dark red rose is rich in an acid-combined coloring matter, the alkali salt of
which determines the color of the cornflower. The identity of the anthocyans
was demonstrated by the ultimate chemical analysis and by their physical
properties. The preparation of cyanidin (CisHuOoCl) and its pseudobase
(C15H12O7.H2O) further established their identity.

III. Coloring matter of the red xchortleherry, R. V,Hlstdtter and H. Mallison
{pp. 15--'fl). — Idaein was found to contain the same coloring component, cyani-
din, as the rose and cornflower, combined with one molecule of galactose. The
coloring matter was extracted from the berries by glacial acetic acid and subse-
quent precipitation from the extract with ether. It was further purified by
isolation as the picrate, from which the chlorid was obtained by treatment with
methyl-alcohol hydrochloric acid. This method was adopted; as one of the
common procedures . in the isolation of the anthocyans. On hydrolysis with
hydrochloric acid idaein yielded cyanidin chlorid and galactose. The cyanidin,
on heating with alkali, decomposed and yielded phloroglucinol and ortho
dihydroxy-benzoic acid.

IV. Coloring matter of the scarlet pelargonium, R. Willstatter and E. K.
Bolton {pp. .'{2-61). — Scarlet pelargonium was found to contain but one coloring
substance, pelargonin, which is a diglucosid. On treatment with hydrochloric
acid it yielded glucose and the dye-component, pelargonidin, which is analogous
to cyanidin. A sulphate, nitrate, and oxalate of pelargonin were obtained, but
the picrate could not be isolated. On treatment with alkali, pelargonidin
chlorid yielded phloroglucinol and para-oxy-benzoic acid with a trace of proto-
catechuic acid.

V. The anthocyan of the larkspur, R. Willstatter and W. Mieg {pp. 61-82). —
Delphinin, the coloring matter of the larkspur, was isolated either in the free
state or as the chlorid. On hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid the delphinin
chlorid yielded 2 molecules of glucose, 2 molecules of para-oxy-benzoic acid,
and 1 molecule of delphinidin chlorid. This anthocyanidin, on heating with
75 per cent alkali, decomposed Into phloroglucinol and probably gallic acid
which, at the temperature of the reaction, loses carbon dioxid and yields
pyrogallol.

VI. Coloring matter of the grape and the ichortleherry, R. Willstatter and
E. H. Zollinger {pp. 83-100). — Enin, the anthocyan of the grape, was obtained by
the usual procedure, and purified by isolating as the picrate. Alcohol or alco-
holic hydrochloric acid could also be used as extraction agents. From the
picrate the enin chlorid was separated as red or brownish-red crystals. The
enin is a monoglucosid and, on hydrolysis, yields 1 molecule of glucose and 1
molecule of enidin chlorid. Heated with hydriodic acid the enidin chlorid
loses two methyl groups and yields delphinidin. Decomposed with alkali it
gives phloroglucinol and a methyl ester of gallic acid.

Myrtillin was obtained from the whortleberry by alcoholic-hydrochloric acid
extraction, and purified by isolation as the picrate or chlorid. On hydrolysis
with hydrochloric acid it yielded myrtillidin chlorid in dark-brown pointed
prisms.

710 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

VII. Coloring matter of Althaea rosea, R. WiUstiitter and K. Martin (pp. XIO-
121). — ^The anthocyan, althaein, was isolated by the alcoholic acid extraction.
The chlorid, on hydrolysis, yielded myrtillidin chlorid and a sugar which has
not as yet been identified as glucose. Heating with 75 per cent alkali pro-
duced phloroglucinol and probably gallic acid. By demethylization with hydri-
odic acid beautiful crystals of delphinidin chlorid were obtained.

VIII. Coloring matter of the tcUd mallotc, R. Willstdtter and W. Mieg (pp.
122-135). — Malvin, the anthocyan from the wild mallow, was extracted by the
usual alcoholic acid procedure. The glucosid, on hydroly-^iis, yielded malvidin
chlorid and glucose. On treatment with hydriodic acid, malvidin yielded
delphinidin. The alkali fusion caused a cleavage into phloroglucinol, a trace
of a monomethyl ether of phloroglucinol, and probably a monomethyl ether of
gallic acid. Tables giving the physical and chemical properties, and showing
close relation between the anthocyans and anthocyanidins thus far studied, are
included.

IX. Coloring matter of the peony, R. Willstdtter and T. J. Nolan (pp. 136-
l-'fG). — Peonin is analogous to cyanin which was isolated from the rose. On
hydrolysis it yields 2 molecules of glucose and peonidin chlorid. Demethyliza-
tion with hydriodic acid gives cyanidin. On decomposition with alkali phloro-
glucinol was identified, but the acid was apparently decomposed by the high
temperature necessary for the reaction. The properties of cyanin, peonin,
cyanidin, and peonidin are given in tabular form.

X. Variations in the coloring matter of flowers, R. Willstdtter and II. Mallir
son {pp. lJf7-162, figs. 2). — It is concluded that the variation of colors in flowers
depends on (1) the formation of different anthocyans in one plant or even in
a single flower, (2) the varying amounts of the coloring matter present, (3)
the reaction of the cell sap, and (4) the mixture with yellow pigments. The
anthocyans are amphoteric, and experimental evidence indicates that in red
flowers they are combined with acids. In violet flowers they exist as neutral
coloring matter, and in blue flowers as alkali or other metallic salts. Among
the yellow pigments commonly found are the indifferent carotinoids, chiefly
carotin and xanthophyll, the flavone colors combined with a sugar, and the so-
called " anthochlor " dyes. The methods used for the isolation of the an-
thocyans and the preparation of the anthocyanins are reviewed.

The phosphoric acid in starch, J. H. Northrup and .1. M. Nelson (Jour.
Atncr. Chcm. Soc. 38 (1916), No. 2, pp. 472-479).— The results of an investiga-
tion of tlie phosphorus in starch indicated that it is chemically combined in
the starch grains and can not be removed in any form by simple extraction
with dilute acid. The presence of phosphorus in .starch is not due to con-
tamination. A compound of definite composition, containing a carbohydrate
and also having a relatively high phosphorus content, was isolated from par-
tially hydrolyzed starch. The possibility that the compound was derived from
proteins in the starch was shown to be very remote.

Alfalfa seed oil. — Alfalfa investigation, VI, C. A. Jacobson and A. Holmes
(Jotir. Amer. Chern. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 2, pp. 480-485). — This is a continua-
tion of investigations reported previously (E. S. R., 32. p. 410).

The oil obtained by extraction with gasoline was found to be a drying oil,
with the following constants: Refractive index, at 20° C., 1.477; specific grav-
ity, 0.9117 and 0.9149 at 24°; saponification value, 172.3; lodin value. 154.2;
acid value, 2.85 ; acetyl value, 19.8 ; Reichert-Meissl value, 0.4 ; unsaponifiable
matter, 4.4 per cent; glycerol (by acetin), 1.97 per cent; saponificatioa value
of the acetylated oil, 192.2. In its physical properties it resembles safflower
oil. The ground seeds, previous to extraction, yielded the following in per-

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ^AGROTECHNY. 711

centage: Moisture, 6.35; protein, 35.88; ether extract, 11.39; carbohydrates,
etc., 32.43 ; crude fiber, 10.52 ; and ash, 3.43.

The chemistry of yeast and alcoholic fermentation, H. Euler and P. Lind-
ner {Chcmie der Hcfe und der AlkohoUschen Gdrnng. Leipsic: Akad. Verlags
Gesell., 1915, pp. X+350, pis. 2, figs. 17). — In this treatise on yeast and alcoholic
fermentation some of the subjects considered are the morpliology and classifica-
tion of yeast, the chemistry of the cell contents, the enzyms of yeast, the chemi-
cal processes of fermentation, the metabolism of the yeast cell, the influence
of end products on the living cells, toxins, and adaptability and regeneration.
The volume contains many illustrations and a complete author and subject
index.

A study of the soft resins In sulphured and unsulphured hops in cold and
in open storage, G. A. Russell (Letters on Brewing, 15 (1915), No. 1, pp. 8-23,
figs. 10). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 709).

B^khar. — The Indian rice beer ferment, C. M. Hutchinson and C. S. Ram
Ayyab {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bact. Ser., 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 16S, pis. 2). —
Bfl,khar is an artificial culture containing living fungi or their spores, together
with yeast. The former saccharify the rice starch and the latter ferment the
sugars thus produced. No uniformity in the number or kinds of molds and
yeast was shown by the analysis of samples of bakha from various localities.
The saccharifying power of different samples was determined and found to vary
greatly. The native method of preparation of the cake was investigated, and
the results are reported in detail.

On oxidase enzyms, A. J. Ew.sjst (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 84 (1914), PP-
577, 578) — The close correspondence between enzyms and inorganic oxidizers is
discussed. The author states that there is no justification for the use of such
terms as peroxidase, catalase, enoxidase, and tyrosinase to indicate specific sub-
stances, ferments, or groups of ferments. Chloroform strongly, and ether less
so, retard or inhibit catalase action, but do not suppress oxidase action except
after prolonged contact. Contrary to previous statements, oxidase enzyms are
present in the pulp and rind of the orange and lemon and in the stalks, but
not in the bodies of the endocarpal hairs. They are also abundant in the
phloem, and outer cortex but not in the protoxylem of the carrot. The oxidases
of the beet and potato appear to be related and to be among the strongest
occurring in plants.

A study of the composition and preparation of Bordeaux mixture, L. Sicakd
(Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellicr, n. ser., I4 (1915), No. 3, pp. 212-253). — From
a series of experiments on Bordeaux mixture the author has found that when
pure milk of lime is slowly added with stirring to a solution containing 1 kg.
of copper sulphate, the mixture obtained is acid imtil 168.5 gm. of lime have
been added. All the copper is then insoluble and the liquid is neutral without
an excess of lime. With quantities of calcium oxid between 168.5 and 225 gm.
the mixture is still neutral, the alkalinity after each addition slowly disap-
pearing, but after the addition of 225 gm. the mixture is distinctly alkaline.

The reaction between the lime and the copper sulphate is deemed a rather
complex one. The author claims that a basic copper sulphate, a double hydrate
of copper and calcium, a double sulphate of copper and calcium, and a tetra-,
a penta-, and a deca-copper sulphate are formed, the formation of the latter
being dependent on the quantity of lime used. The tetra-copper sulphate is the
active fungicide. The quantity of lime necessary to precipitate the copper was
found to be less than that recommended by most investigators.

See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 449).

Technical methods of chemical analysis, edited by G. Lunge et al., trans,
and edited by C. A. Keane et al. (London: Gurney d Jackson, 1914, vol. 3, pts.

712 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

1, pp. XXXI^538, fiijs. 63; 2, pp. Xyi+539-1125, figs. JJ).— This is volume 3,
parts 1 and 2, of tlie work previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 609). Among the
subjects considered are mineral oils ; lubricants ; oils, fats, and waxes ;
^special methods of analysis employed in the oil and fat industries; resins,
balsams, and gum resins; drugs and Galenical preparations; essential oils;
tartaric acid ; citric acid ; organic preparations ; India rubber and rubber
goods; vegetable tanning materials; leather; ink; sugar; starch and dextrin;
alcohol, potable spirits, and liqueurs; vinegar; wine; brewing mjjterials and
beer ; paper ; textile fibers ; and inorganic colors.

The application of the paper pulp filter to the quantitative estimation of
calcium and magnesium, S. L. Jodidi and E, H. Kellogg (Jour. Franklin In^t.,
181 {1916), No. 2, pp. 217-232, fig. 1). — From their investigations the authors con-
clude that the use of the paper pulp filter is superior to ordinary paper filtra-
tion, both in point of time and ease of manipulation. Experimental data in-
dicate that as great accuracy is possible with the pulp filter as with stand-
ard filter paper.

Differential iodimetry. — I, Determination of periodates, iodates, bromates,
and chlorates in the presence of each, other, O. L. B.venebey (Jour. Amcr.
Chcni. Soc, 38 (1916), Xo. 2, pp. 330-SJtl, figs. 2).— As a result of his studies the
author has found that "(1) certain oxidizing agents can be determined in the
presence of each other iodimetrically in a differential manner by regulation of
the concentration of reagents, especially the acidity, the temperature, and the
time of reaction. (2) Periodate reacts completely with iodid in saturatetl boric
acid solution containing sufficient borax to diminish the acidity to a slight
extent, forming iodate and free iodin. (3) lodate is acted on by tenth-normal
iodid in fourth-normal acetic acid solution and the free iodin can be titrated.
(4) In fifth-normal hydrochloric acid solution containing tenth-normal iodid,
bromate is completely decomposed and the free iodin can be titrated. (5)
Sixth-normal hydrochloric acid acting in presence of tenth- to fifth-normal
iodid decomposes chlorate completely. Mter rendering the solution alkaline
and then acidifying, the iodin can be titrated with thiosulphate. (6) By com-
bination of (2), (3), (4), and (5), periodate, iodate, bromate, and chlorate
can be determined differentially in the presence of each other and in the pres-
ence of perchlorate."

A simple hydrogen electrode, 11. P. Babendbecht (Biochcm. Jour., 9 (1915),
Xo. 1, pp. 66-70, figs. 2). — The author describes a simple arrangement for the
determination of the true reaction of liquids as an improvement on the electro-
metric titrating apparatus described by Walpole." Insiaiitancuus and accurate
estimations can be made in liquids which contain carbonic acid and oxj-gen.

A method for the estimation of hygroscopic moisture in soils, W. D. Haigii
(Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 14 (1915), Xo. 40, pp. 529-53Jf, fig. 1). — A
method for determining the hygroscopic moisture in soils is described, which is
based on the desiccating effect of calcium carbid. An apparatus is used in
which the soil and an excess of calcium carbid are mixed, and the acetylene
gas evolved, as a result of the calcium carbid taking up the soil moisture,
serves as a measure of the hygroscopic water in the soil.

Comparative tests of this method witli the ordinary method of heating in the
water oven, using six arable soils and a sand and a peat soil, showed that while
the results obtained by both methods agreed quite closely, the amount of water
Indicated by the carbid method was always slightly lower than that indicated
by heating in the oven. The difference increased in a rough proportion to the

"Biochem. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 4, pp. 410-428.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 713

hygroscopic moisture present. " Tlie increased hygroscopic moisture present
was due ahuost entii'ely to an increase in organic material or humus. In tlie
case of a pure peat tlie difference is as much as 1..5 per cent, while in a sand
with no organic matter the results agree. It would appear from this that when
a soil contains much organic material the loss of weight on heating to 100° C.
represents more than the hygroscopic moisture present in the soil, part of the
loss being made up of other volatile constituents which are driven off on
heating."

On the basis of these results the carbid method is considered to be a rapid
and reliable means for estimating the hygroscopicity of soils.

A note on the Hopkins-Cole reaction for protein, H. G. D. Beeidahl
(Biochem. Join:, 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 36, 37).— Of the materials tried in an effort
to feduce the amount of oxidizing agents in fresh sulphuric acid and conse-
quently to give the best color in the ring produced, granulated zinc was found
to be the most practical for large quantities of acid.

Modified Wohlg'emuth. method for the determination of amylase activity in
the presence of alkaloids, J. Bodnae {Kis6rlct. KiJzlem., IS {1915), No. 2, pp.
367-^72).— The original procedure (E. S. R., 20, p. 208) has been modified in
that the alkaloids which had been found to interfere with the color changes
are removed by extraction, after the reaction is complete, with a suitable
organic solvent. The alkali is then neutralized with hydrochloric acid and the
determination completed in the usual manner.

Bacteriolog'ical methods in food and drugs laboratories with an introduc-
tion to micro-analytical methods, A. Schneider {Philadelpliia: P. Blakistott's
Son d Co., 1915, pp. y III +288, pis. 6, figs. 87).— As stated in the preface, the
volume is primarily intended as a guide to students who are interested in the
bacteriological examination of foods and drugs. Practical laboratory methods
for food examination are outlined and discussed.

Investigations in regai'd to the determination of the starch content of
potatoes, H. J. F. De Vkies {Verslag. LandbouivJc. Onderzoek. Rijksland-
honwproefstat. [Netherlandsl, No. 18 {1915), pp. 1-82, pis. 3). — As indicated by
experimental data the specific gravity is not a reliable index to the starch
content of potato flours, a chemical analysis being the only means of determining
the true starch content. In manufacturing establishments where no laboratory
is available and the specific gravity method must be resorted to, the author
recommends the use of new tables for the determination of the starch content
from the specific gravity, and he prefers the Reinmann or Parow balance to the
Stohman method.

The most accurate value for the starch content of a potato flour is found by
an indirect analysis, as follows: 100— (moisture at 120° C.+ash+soil ma-
terial+ether extract+protein+pentosans). Lower values, however, for the
starch content are obtained on the average by the Baumert-Bode and Ewers
methods than by indirect analysis, as on dissolving the starch according to
Baumert and Bode and Ewers, products which reduce Fehling's solution are
formed. The method of Ewers is recommended.

Chemical testing of milk and cream, R. H. Shaw {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Anim. Indus. Doc. A-7 {1916), pp. 38, figs, ^i).— This bulletin contains detailed
descriptions of methods for the determination of fat, total solids, specific gravity,
acidity of milk and cream, calculation of total solids by formula, and the
detection of preservatives. A list of chemicals and apparatus used in the
chemical analysis of milk and cream is appended. The subject matter is
treated in such a manner that it may be followed by those who have had neither
chemical training nor a course in milk testing.

714 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD,

Determination of the quantity of fat in cream, L. Lindet (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Af/r. France, 1 (1915), No. 11, S.'iO-SJfG ; ahs. in Internet. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 8, p. 1113,
111-i). — ^After pointing out the difficulties incident to present methods of deter-
mining the quantity of fat in cream, the author describes a method which con-
sists in placing a drop of cream on a piece of foolscap paper, which is then
kept at a temperature of 105° C. for two hours. The area of the spot that is
thus produced is measured and compared with standards which liave been pre-
viously prepared with butter fat and treated in an identical manner. A com-
parison of the method with the desiccation and ether extraction methods indi-
cated a close agreement in analytical results.

The colorimetric determination of acetylene, E. R. Weaveb (Jour. Amer.
Chem. Sac., 38 (1916), Xo. 2, pp. 352-361, figs. 2).— In the course of an investiga-
tion upon the determination of small amounts of water by the use of calcium
carbid the author has devised a colorimetric method for the detection of small
amounts of acetjiene.

The gas to be investigated is passed into an ammoniacal solution of cuprous
chlorid, containing gelatin and alcohol, and the resulting red colloidal solution
compared with a suitable standard, such as a solution of a red dye or a piece of
ruby glass. The method is deemed very sensitive, it being possible to detect
amounts as small as 0.03 mg. of acetylene. Hydrogen sulphid and large
amounts of carbon dioxid and oxygen interfere with tlie determination, but
these may be removed, without loss of acetylene, liy passing the gas to be
tested through a hot alkaline solution of pyrogallol. Several applications of
the method are described.

The results as to the determination of water were not satisfactory.

Eeport of the bacteriologist, W. Giltnek (Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 208,
209). — Analyses of a vint'gar prepared from maple sap skimmings and of the
brine from a normal fermentation of brine pickles are reported. It is con-
cluded that " a vinegar with very good flavor and quality may be produced from
maple skimmings or from maple sap at reasonable cost."

Preliminary bulletin on canning', A. W. Bitting (Nat. Canncrs Assoc. Bui. ^
(1915), pp. 65). — This is preliminary to a publication which will give a more
complete treatment of the subject of canned foods. The minimum require-
ments necessary for successful results in the canning of various fruits and
vegetables are outlined. Analytical and other data obtained in canning experi-
ments are submitted.

Experimental work on soda cellulose, S. D. Wells (Paper, 17 (1915), No. 4,
pp. l-'h 15, fig. 1).

METEOROLOGY.

Problems and results of agricultural nieteorologry. V. K. Gaver (Trudy
Sclsk. Kho.:;. Met., No. I4 (1915), pp. Sl-119).—Tho more important contribu-
tions to this subject are reviewed in this article.

Meterological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, J. E. Ostrandeb and D. Potter (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 325,
326 (1916), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on
pressui'e, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during .Tanuary and February, 1916, are presentetl. The
data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.

[Meterological observations], D. A. Seeley (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Dd. Agr.
Mich., 5'f (1915), pp. 175-186). — Daily and monthly summaries of temperature
(maximum, minimum, and mean), precipitation, cloudiness, and sunshine, and

METEOEOLOGY. 715

monthly summaries of pressure (maximum, minimum, and mean), wind move-
ment, and miscellaneous phenomena (frost, hail, thunderstorms, fog, auroras,
and halos) at East Lansing, Mich., are given for the year ended June 30, 1915.

Climatology [of Quebec], J. L. Decarie {Statis. Year Book, Quebec, 1915,
pp. 118-128, figs. 3). — The temperature and precipitation during 1914 and pre-
ceding years are shown in tables and diagrams and the general characteristics
of the climate of the Province are briefly described.

It is shown that climatologically the Province may be divided into three
sections ; the first, extending from Gaspe to llimouski, which is very damp on
account of proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, with a temperature varying from
—30 to 80° F. and a crop season from May 30 to October 15 ; the second, lying
between Rimouski and Three Rivers, with a temperature varying from —30 to
90° P. and a crop season from May 15 to November 1 ; and the third, covering
the territory from Three Rivers westward to the boundaries of the Province,
with a temperature varying from —27 to 93° P. and a crop season from April
20 to November 20.

The climate is, on the whole, continental and winter passes rapidly into
summer and vice versa. " Life awakens with an outburst of vegetation in the
forest after a long winter and almost as abruptly, after a short but delightful
autumn, plants begin their slumber. The entire cycle for the flora is accom-
plished in from five to seven months, from May to the first fortnight of Novem-
ber, "When snow falls at the beginning of December it does not melt and it
hardens gradually. By means of such a protective covering plants are sheltered
from the frost which threatens them in a less severe climate; snow shelters
even houses from cold. [It also] keeps the ground warm in winter and
fertilizes it." The climatic conditions, in spite of their severity, are stated to
be favorable to the growth of cereals, forage plants, roots, or fruits, and for
stock raising.

Tem.perature inversions in relation to frost, A. Mc^\j)ie {Ann. Astron.
Observ. Harvard Col., 73 (1915), pt. 2, pp. 168-177, pis. 4; Sci. Amer. Sup., 81
(1916), No. 2095, pp. lJfO-142, figs. 3). — This article in large measure covers the
same ground as that of a paper previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 319). Special
emphasis is laid upon the importance of the mixing of air and the relation of
air drainage to frost formation.

Influence of the principal meteorogical factors on winter rye, R. G.
ZalenskiJ (Trudy Selsk. Klioz. Met., No. 14 (1915), pp. Jf8-63, figs. 6).— The
results of seven years' observations at the Bogoroditsky Agricultural College
on the influence of precipitation and temperature on the growth and yield of
winter rye are summarized. The general conclusion is that the best distribu-
tion of spring and summer precipitation and of temperature is as follows :
Abundant precipitation and heat before the formation of heads ; cool and
damp weather during the formation of heads ; dry and moderate temperature
during the time of blooming ; and moist and warm weather during the ripening
period.

Physical conditions in sphag'num bogs, G. B. Rigg (Bot. Gaz., 61 (1916), No.
2, pp. 159-163). — From an analysis of data reported by Cox in a bulletin of the
Weather Bureau dealing with frost and temperature conditions in the cranberry
bogs of Wisconsin (E. S. R., 26, p. 514), the author concludes that the tempera-
ture conditions in both soil and air are less favorable for plants in bogs than
on neighboring firm land, and still less favorable in sphagnum moss than in
bare peat. As far as relative humidity is concerned, the conditions are less
favorable for transpiration on a bog than on neighboring firm land.

Smoke as a source of atmospheric pollution, W. F. M. Goss (Jour. Franklin
Inst., 181 (1916), No. 3, pp. 305-338, figs. 5).— This article summarizes the more

716 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED,

important results of general interest obtained in six years' investigations of
conditions in Chicago, more particularly with reference to recommending means
of smoke abatement. The article also reviews the more important literature
of atmospheric pollution, and the methods employed are described.

The investigations showed that " in general, the combination of meteoro-
logical conditions which tends to intensify the effects of polluting substances
in the air includes low wind velocity, comparatively low temperature, high
relative humidity, and absence of sunshine." It was found that the quantity
of solid materials, derived both from fuel consumption and from dust, in the
atmosphere of Chicago varied from 0.321 to 1.9.jS mg. per cubic meter. The
suspended matter in the air consisted not only of solid products of combustion
but also of mineral, vegetable, and animal debris. While the amount and char-
acter of the solids in smoke varied greatly, smoke arising from solid fuels
was never free from such solids, and, moreover, the amount discharged had no
direct relation to visibility. The amount of carbon dioxid found did not vary
materially from that of the air of other cities. The ammonia content of the
air was .small and only insignificant amounts of chlorin were found. The
amount of sulphur compounds varied from 0.217 to 1.104 mg. per cubic meter.

Sulphur dioxid content of the atmosphere of the smoke zone [of tlie Selby
smelter, California], J. A. Holmes, E. C. Feanklin, and R. A. Goixd (T. S.
Dept. Int., Bur. Mines Bui. 98 {1915), pp. 26-39).— The results of 4,862 deter-
minations of sulphur dioxid at two stations, selected with a view to ob-
taining the maximum sulphur dioxid content of the air in the smoke zone
of the Selby smelter in Contra Costa County, Cal., are reported and discus.<;ed
with reference to the question as to whether the i^ulphur dioxid constituted a
nuisance as regards objectionable odor or effect iiptin the mucous membrane
linings of the throat and lungs of human beings and domestic animals.

The maximum content of POj found during eight month.s' observations was
7.1 parts per million. This was found, however, under exceptional conditions.
The average content calculated from all observations was 0.22 parts per million,
and the average for conditions considered favorable for high concentration
was 3.6 parts per million. The sulphur dioxid content of the air of a number
of California cities and other places outside of the smelter zone is reported
for comparison, and shows a considerable percentage of sulphur dioxid in
places where no smelters or works of similar character exist. For example, it
was found that under certain conditions the sulphur dioxid content of the air
of San Francisco reached nearly 2 parts per million.

Considering the data as a whole, the conclusion is reachotl that the sulphur
dioxid content of the smoke zone of the smelter is not sufficient to constitute
a nuisance from the standpoint of its direct effect upon man.

Investigations to determine the extent of the contamination of the atmos-
phere in the Selby " smoke zone " by the smelter emanations, A. E. Wei.ls
{U. S. Dcpt. Int., Bur. Mines Bui. 08 (1915), pp. 82-212. pis. 4. figs. 5).— This is
a detailed account of metliods employed and the results observed in the in-
vestigations of which the more general results are summarized in the article
noted above.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

A student's book on soils and manures. E. .1. Rvssell (Cambridfjc, Enffland:
Camhridfte UnivcrsHii Press, 1915, pp. IX +206. figs. 34). — This number of the
Cambridge Farm Institute series is a rather popular treatise on soil manage-
ment which is divided into three parts.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 717

Part 1 deals with the soil itself with reference to the requirements of plants,
soil composition, soil organic matter and the changes it undergoes, and the
effect of climate on soil and soil fertility. Part 2 deals briefly with soil con-
trol by means of cultivation and by determining and overcoming the factor or
factors limiting crop gi'owth. Part 3 deals with fertilizers, taking up in turn
nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers ; organic manures, including
barnyard manure ; the purchase and use of artificial manures ; and chalk, lime-
stone, and lime. An appendix describing methods of soil analysis, and a bib-
liography, are also included.

Soil survey of Limestone County, Alabama, R. T. A. Bueke and A. M.
O'Neal, Jk. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils,
J914, pp. 41, fig- 1, inap 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of
Alabama and issued January 12, 191G, deals with the soils of a well-drained
area of 373,760 acres in northern Alabama, comprising uplands and first and
second river terraces. With the exception of some rough land in the Elk River
basin and small swampy areas, the topography is considered favorable to eco-
nomical crop production.

The soils are of residual and alluvial origin. Sixteen soil types of ten series
are mapped, of which the Clarksville silt loam covers 31.3 per cent of the area,
the Decatur clay loam and silt loam 1.5..5 and 11.8 per cent, respectively.

Soil survey of Columbia County, Arkansas, C. Lounsbuet and E. B. Deeteb
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 38, fig.
1, map 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the Arkansas Experiment
Station and issued February 16, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 496,000
acres in the Coastal Plain province in southern Arkansas, the topography of
which is gently rolling to rolling. "The drainage is usually adequate in the
more rolling areas, but in the lower and flatter areas . . . artificial drainage is
needed."

The soils are primarily of sedimentary origin. Including meadow, 27 soil
types of 11 series are mapped, of which the Susquehanna fine sandy loam covers
21.2 per cent, the Caddo fine sandy loam 17.5 per cent, and the Ocklocknee very
fine sandy loam 13.2 per cent of the area.

Soil survey of Putnam County, I'lorida, C. N. Moonet, B. D. Gilbert, H. W.
Hawker, and W. B. Cobb {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations
Bur. Soils, IQI4, pp. 52, pi. 1, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, issued February 15,
1916, deals with the soils of an area of 468,480 acres in northern Florida. The
county comprises extensive ai'eas of low, level flatwoods in the eastern and
central sections and rolling upland areas in the western i)art. Drainage is
poorly established, being eifected largely by seepage.

" The soils of the county range widely in topographic position and drainage
conditions from high, rolling, excessively drained soils to swamps and filled-in
lakes. They range in texture from sand to clay. There are also cumulose
deposits forming peat and muck." Twenty-four soil types of 10 series are
mapped, of which the Norfolk fine sand covers 25.4 per cent, the Portsmouth
fine sand 19.3 per cent, muck 11.5 per cent, the Norfolk sand 11.4 per cent, and
the Leon fine sand 11.2 per cent of the area.

Soil survey of Nemaha County, Nebraska, A. H. IMeytir, M. W. Beck, E. H.
Smies, R. R. Burn, L. T. Skinner, and W. A. Rockie {U. S. Dept. Agr., Ad-
vance Sheets Field ODerations Bur. Soil, 1914, pp. 38, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This sur-
vey, made in cooperation with the Nebraska Soil Survey and issued February
24, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 257,280 acres in southeastern
Nebraska which lies in the glaciated part of the Great Plains province. The
topography ranges from almost fiat to rough and extremely dissected.

718 EXPERIMENT STATIOIT RECORD.

The soils of the county are divided into upland soils of glacial and loessial
origin, alluvial terrace soils, and first bottom soils derived from recent stream
deposits. Twelve soil types of eight series are mapped, of which the Carriug-
ton, Marshall, and Wabash silt loams cover 42.3, 24, and 19.7 per cent of the
area, respectively. The soils of the county are dark in color and rather high in
organic matter content.

Soil survey of Oneida County, New York, E. T. Maxon, M. E. Cark, and
E. H. Ste\-kns (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 362 {1915), pp. 59, pis. 2, figs. 2).—
This survey has been noted from the Field Operations of tlie Bureau of Soils of
this Department for 1913 (E. S. R., 34, p. 123).

The soils and agricultural development of the Mohawk Valley, E. O.
FippiN (Cornell Countryman, 13 (1915), No. 3, pp. 203-206, figs. 2).— This
article briefly discusses the general characteristics of the soils of an area in
New York which occurs as a deep, broad trough between the Catskill and Adi-
rondack Mountains. The soils are of igneous, limestone, and shale origin and
are said to vary widely in productivity.

Analyses of soils of different localities in the Belgian Congo, M. G. Batz
(Bull. Agr. Congo Bclgc, 5 (191.',), No. 4, pp. 601-629) .—Vhysical and chemical
analyses of 36 samples of soil from seven different districts of the Belgian
Congo arc reported and briefly discussed.

Experiments at Oxford on the analysis of Belgian Congo soils, E. Lept^\e
(Bid. Agr. Congo Beige, 5 (191.'f), No. 4, pp. 630-65-'/, figs. 15). — Nine series of
pot culture experiments with Belgian Congo soils, which were so arranged as to
indicate the nutritive constituents relatively in minimum in the soils, showed
that these soils are lacking in nitrogen and available phosphoric acid. These
results are compared with chemical analyses of the same soils, showing the
defects in ordinary methods of chemical .soil analysis for indicating the fertilizer
needs of these soils. Further studies to perfect methods of chemical analysis
are in progress.

A study of nitrification in Philippine soils, E. H. Paxganiban (Philippine
Agr. and Forester, If (1915), No. .}, pp. Sl-91). — Nitrification exiierimonts, using
ammonium sulphate and dried blood, on yautia, corn, banana, and cogon soils
and on a nursery soil, and experiments with the same soils on the influence on
nitrification of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and sand, and of vary-
ing the soil moisture content are reported.

Different soils, although similar chemically, showed different rates of nitri-
fication. A part of this difference is attributed to the influence of the present
and preceding crops on the bacterial flora of the soil. Some soils originally in
cogon grass that had grown crops continuously for three years gave a low rate
of nitrification amounting to from 5.55 to 7.84 mg. in a 100-gm. sample of soil
during four weeks' incubation at room temperature, in the presence of 16.34
mg. of nitrogen as dried blood. Two plats tested that had been but recently
brought under cultivation gave a much more rapid rate of nitrification, amount-
ing to from 8.27 to 14.71 mg. under the same conditions. The nitrification with
ammonium sulphate was about 50 per cent more rapid than that with dried
blood. Lime applietl at the rate of 15 tons per hectare (about 6 tons per acre)
increased the rate of nitrification by more than half, while rapid evaporation
during the time of incubation lowered the rate a great deal, and the addition
of 25 per cent sand to clay soil increased it as much as SO per cent. By steriliz-
ing the soil with heat, nitrification was almost entirely suppressed, even though
the soil was afterwards reinoculated. Magnesium carbonate interfered with
nitrate formation to as much as 40 per cent and caused nitrites to accumulate
in the soil.

SOILS FERTILIZEES. 719

These results are taken to indicate that tlie soils should be limed, but that the
calcium carbonate should contain as little magnesium carbo'iate as possible.
Dried blood is considered i) referable to ammonium salts as a fertilizer. It is
recommended that optimum moisture conditions (20 to 40 per cent moisture)
be maintained in the soil, that surface cultivation be frequent, and that cogon
lands be not burned off.

Nitrogen content of the humus of arid soils, F. J. Alway and E. S. Bishop
{U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Afjr. Research, 5 (WIG), No. 20, pp. 909-916).— In this
contribution from the Minnesota Experiment Station, the work of others bear-
ing on the subject is brieflj^ reviewed, methods of humus nitrogen determina-
tion in soils are discussed, and the results of determinations of humus and
humus nitrogen in 16 virgin and cultivated arid California soils, made by the
authors in 1911 while at the Nebraska Station, are reported.

" Of the 16 samples only five show as high as 10 per cent of nitrogen in the
humus. For the 6 samples of virgin soil the average is 8.5 per cent, with a
maximum of 12 and a minimum of 4 per cent. For the 10 of cultivated soils
the corresponding data are 8.1, 11.8, and 5.6 per cent, respectively. The max-
imum possible percentages of nitrogen in the humus — the relation of the total
nitrogen to the humus — ranged from 5.5 to 19.6 per cent, with an average of
13.1." These results are taken to " confirm the work of Hilgard that high per-
centages are to be found in the arid, but not in the humid soils. This high
nitrogen content of the humus, however, does not appear so general in the arid
soils as to serve as an at all reliable means of ideatification."

Investigations on ammonia adsorption by soil, L. Pinner (Kiihn Arch., 6
{1915), pt. 1, pp. 153-238, fi(js. 5; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 10, pp. 1304, 1305).— The history
and theory of the adsorption of gases by soils and other materials are reviewed
in some detail, and exi^eriments with a number of German soils and with red
soils from other countries are reported. The pui'pose was to determine the
adsorptive power of the soils for ammonia when treated with ammonia solution,
gaseous ammonia, and ammonium chlorid solution. The ammonia adsorption
was determined gravimetrically and volumetrically. Parallel experiments were
conducted with charcoal and permutite.

It was found that no conclusive parallelism existed between ammonia adsorp-
tion and the mechanical and chemical properties of the soils. The ammonia
adsorption values for the native soils were parallel to their hygroscopicity
values. The red soils showed a wider and more irregular relation between
hygroscopicity and adsorption of gaseous ammonia. Ammonia adsorption by
soils was similar to that by charcoal. The greatest gas adsorption occurred
within a few minutes and became constant only after some hours. Ammonia
adsorption was greater by soils retaining some hygroscopic moisture than by
dried soils, but not as great as by dried soils and water together. Part of the
adsorbed ammonia gas was retained by the soils even when aerated for some
weeks. While certain relations existed between the adsorption of ammonia
from ammonia solution or ammonium chlorid solution and the adsorption of
gaseous ammonia, no parallelism was proved. Ammonia adsorption by soil from
ammonium chlorid and from ammonia solution also differed. An increase in
the quantity of ammonium salt solution used caused a decrease in ammonia
adsorption by all the soils.

It is concluded that ammonia adsorption varies considerably on account of
the complex nature of the soil, thus practically preventing the formation of a
theory applicable to all kinds of soils. However, the Freundlich theory that
adsorption is a surface condensation process is considered the most probable.

720

EXPEKIMENT STATIOlSr EECORD.

The alkaline reacfion produced in soils by acids in relation to plant nutri-
tion.— I, Solubility of iron compounds in the soil, G. Masoni (Staz. Sper.
Ayr. Ital., 7/7 (.191^), No. 9-10, pp. 674-701; abs. in Chem. ZcntU., 1915, 1, No. 10,
p. 498; Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 13, p. 1816). — Experiments based in part
on results noted in a previous study (E. S. R., 30, p. 122) are reported. The
dissolving power of hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, phosphoric, formic, acetic,
oxalic, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric acids and of potassium sulphate,
monopotassium phosphate, monopotassium oxalate, monosodium tartrate, and
monopotassium citrate, when used in twentieth-normal, fiftieth-normal, and
in normal solutions were observed on the iron compounds in a calcareous soil,
with and without additions of ferric and ferrous salts and with and without
the presence of carbon dioxid. The processes involved both direct mixing and
percolation.

The dilute solutions of all the acids, excepting citric, tartaric, and malic acids,
failed to throw iron into solution from the soil alone, and even when ferrous
and ferric salts had been added. Dilute citric acid dissolved considerable iron
under all conditions and tartaric and malic acids relatively less, as did also
the solutions of their corresponding salts. The reaction was, however, always
for ferrous iron. The presence of relatively large quantities of carbon dioxid
did not modify the results. Similar experiments made with pure calcium car-
bonate yielded similar results.

The normal solutions of the acids and acid salts in practically every case
dissolved iron in a more or less marked degree.

The results of these experiments are considered to throw more or le.?s light
on the cause of chlorosis in plants growing in limestone soils, in that the weak
acids from plant roots act in the same manner as the weak acids noted above.
This results in the iron compounds being precipitated in insoluble form.

Soil moisture investigations (Washington Sta. Bui. 127 (1915), pp. 15-20,
figs. 3). — The results of three seasons' investigations on the water requirements
of seven of the more important crops are given in the following table. " Mois-
ture determinations were made to a depth of 10 ft. at time of planting and at
harvest on both cropped and check plats. . . . The difference between the
cropped and check plats is what was taken by the crops."

Yield and iratcr requirements of crops.

Crop.

Yield, average 3
years.

Ratio of
praia to
straw.

Water loss.

Grain.

Straw.

Transpi-
ration.

Evapo-
ration.

Rainfall.

Total.

"Wheat

BUrShels.
44.2
85.0
48.4
33.4
31.5
9.7

Terns.
1.86
1.72
1.64
1.88
1.27
.51
2.75

1:1.45
1:1.27
1:1.50
1:1.61
1:1.34
1 : 1. 75

Acre-
inches.
12.75
9.95
8.80
3.72
7.33
3.47
6.54

Acre-
inches.
3.36
2.47
2.00
2.36
1.82
2.57
1.92

Acre-
inches.
3.30
3.30
3.30
3.15
3.30
3.15
2.45

Acre^
inches.
19.41

Oats

15.72

14.10

9.23

Peas

12.45

Beans

9.19

Millet

10.91

In an attempt to ascertain whether there is any variation in the distribu-
tion of nitrates at relatively small distances in soil, a cubic yard of soil so
laid oft that a sample was taken every 4 in. parallel to the faces of the cube,
making in all 1,000 samples. Analyses of these for nitrate content showed that
" the samples containing more than 10 parts of nitrates per million of dry soil

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 721

constituted 1.1 per cent of the total number of samples taken and their total
nitrate content was approximately 10 per cent of the total nitrate as contained
in all samples,"

Studies on the influence of cultivation on nitrate development in 11 tenth-
acre plats of silt loam soil showed that the highest nitrate content was found
in early spring. Two months later there was only a small amount left, but it
was in the same proportion as in April and at harvest time there was still less.
In November, two and one-half months after harvest there was a slight increase
but not until the fall rains came was there a very material development. The
following spring there was a marked increase in those plats which were fall
plowed.

Duty of water experiments at the Grandview substation on corn and potatoes
during a season with a rainfall of 7.35 in. gave results showing that the yield
of corn per acre was greatest with an 8-in. application of water, followed in
order by 4, 12, 20, and 16 in. applications. The yield per acre-inch of water
applied, however, decreased steadily as the size of application increased. The
yield of potatoes per acre increased as the application increased from 4 to 21
in., while the yield per acre-inch decreased as the application increased.

A study of the percolation of water in coarse sand, medium sandy loam, and
fine sandy loam showed that the absorptive power of the soil gradually decreases
" as the time increases with the application of water."

The water- supplying power of the soil as indicated by osmometers, H. E.
Pulling and B. E. Livingston (Carnegie Inst. WasJilngton Pub. 204 {1915), pp.
49-84, figs. 2). — Preliminary experiments on the power of an artificial soil
mixture, consisting of 3 parts of sand and 1 part of dry loam, to supply water
to the roots of plants, as indicated by osmometers prepared from ordinary
thistle tubes with the large opening closed by a collodion membrane, are
reported. Cane sugar solution was used in these osmotic cells. The osmom-
eters were tested both in water and in the soil mixture. The collodion mem-
branes were found to be suitable for the making of osmotic cells for such
experiments.

Packing of the soil was found to be of prime importance in determining its
water-supplying power. "The lack of suitable methods for obtaining strictly
comparable packing of a number of soil samples is one of the main obstacles to
a rapid investigation of the field thus opened."

In this connection it is also considered evident that " it is the percentage of
contained soil moisture on the basis of actual soil volume, and not this percent-
age calculated on dry weight of the soil, which plays an important part in
determining the efficiency of the soil as a source of water supply to growing
plants. . . . The influence of temperature upon the water-supplying power of
the soil, or at least upon its measurement, appears to be of great importance."

It was further found that the osmotic solution used (5-weight molecular cane
sugar) was too concentrated to permit the measurement of the water-supplying
power of the soil mixtures with the water content much above their critical
optimum. Below the critical moisture content the tests gave quite satisfactory
results. " Of fundamental interest is the fact that the critical point in soil-
moisture content appears to be approximately the same as that emphasized as
the critical optimum w^ater content by workers in other lines of soil physics."

The freezing' point m.etliod as a new means of measuring th.e concentra-
tion of the soil solution directly in the soil, G. J. Bouyoucos and M. M. Mc-
CooL (Michigau Sfa. Tech Bid. 2/, {1915), pp. 44, fi9»- 2).— This bulletin reports
the details of experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 419). In addition
to the results noted in the previous report it was found that, at the low moisture

722 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

content, the lowering of the freezing point of soils is very high and varies
considerably with the extreme types of soil, being highest in clay and lowest
in sand.

" In all the soils, with the exception of quartz sand and some extreme types of
sandy soil, the ratio of the lowering of the freezing point is not directly inversely
proportional to the ratio of the water content . . . but the former is many times
greater than the latter. . . . By determining the lowering of the freezing point
of various soils at a large number of moisture contents it was found that . . .
the lowering of the freezing point increases in a geometric progression while
the water content decreases in an arithmetic progression. In the case of quartz
sand and some extreme types of sandy soil, however, the depression of the
freezing point Increases inversely proportional with the water content. . . .
All evidences, both direct and indirect, point to the fact that high depressions
of the freezing point are produced by and represent actual concentration. . . .
The rate of increase in the lowering of the freezing point with the decrease in
moisture content is uniform throughout, from the maximum to the minimum
moisture content, etc."

Further experiments with washed quartz sand, silt loam, clay, .sandy loam,
humus loam, peat, and kaolin to determine, by means of the freezing point
method, the influence of adding tenth-normal solutions of potassium chlorid,
potassium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate,
sodium nitrate, potassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate
to the soils, showed that " in the case of the neutral salts the concentration of
the soil solution was increased from 20 to 100 per cent of their strength
employed, while in the case of the soluble phosphates the concentration of the
soil solution of all the soils except peat, quartz sand, and kaolin, was extremely
little, if any, increased. These results on the whole do not confirm entirely the
theories that the application of soluble salts, even in small amounts, may not
increase the total concentration of the soil solution."

Changes in soils brought about by heating-, A. Wilson {Sci. Proc. Roy.
Dublin /S'oc, n. so:, IJf {I'.ilo). Xo. .18, pp. 513-520, ^(js. 3). — Laboratory experi-
ments are reported in which the depression of freezing points and the electrical
conductivities of extracts of soils wliich had been heated for two hours at from
60 to 150° C. were determined.

It was found that heating increased the amount of soluble matter in soil,
this being indicated by a considerable increase in electrical conductivity, a
marked depression of the freezing point, and a wide range of coloration of
extracts from soil heated at different temperatures. " In each of the extracts
about half the depression of freezing point was due to electrolytes. The
increase in the amount of water absorbed by the heated soil indicates a change
in the texture of the soil brought about by heating. . . .

"The results of these experiments show that at any rate part of the in-
creased productivity of heated soil may be due to the increase in soluble matter
induced by heating, and to the change in soil texture, which has a remarkable
effect on the retention of water by the soil."

A list of references to literature bearing on Ihe subject is appended.

Soil fertiUty, J.E.Rush {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), Xo. lOSS, pp. 6S.2-634).—
It is stated that "the problem of soil fertility is a composite one which needs
for its solution a knowledge of the interrelated subjects physics, chemistry,
and bacteriology." The presence of the proper bacteria in the soil is. however,
considered to be the final deciding factor in soil fertility.

Maintaining fertility in the Wisconsin drift soil area in Iowa, W. H.
Stevemson, p. E. Bkown, and L. W. Fobman {Iowa Sta. Duh 161 {1915), pp.

SOILS — FERTILIZEBS. 723

235-263, figs. 5). — Five series of experiments with corn, oats, and clover on 46
tenth-acre plats and 12 three-twentieth-acre plats of loam soil, to determine the
fertility needs of this soil and the influence of rotation and the uses of phos-
phorus, potassium, manure, and catch crops, are reported. Each series of plats
received the following soil treatment : Legume ; manure ; manure and legume ;
manure, legume, and phosphorus ; legume and phosphorus ; manure and phos-
phorus ; legume, phosphorus, and potassium ; manure, phosphorus, and potas-
sium ; phosphorus and potassium ; and phosphorus.

It was found absolutely essential that a definite rotation of crops be followed
which contained a legume to be turned under as a green manure or fed to
live stock and the manure returned to the land, " Comparison of the yields of
corn gi'own continuously on the same soil for eight years with those secured in
the four-year rotation show much greater yields in the latter case. ...

" The supply of organic matter and nitrogen must be kept up in this soil and
the cheapest and best method of accomplishing this is by the use of farm
manure. Applications of manure have been shown to bring about considerable
increases in crop production, and greater net returns have been secured by its
use than with any other fertilizing constituents and in most cases greater yields
were obtained. ... ,

" Where manure is not produced the organic matter and nitrogen content of
the soil must be maintained by the use of leguminous crops, as green manures.
When green manuring is practiced care should be taken that no injury to the
main crop occurs. Experiments with cowpeas turned under as a catch crop in
the corn frequently showed a depression in the yields of corn, . . . Soil and
climatic conditions and the particular seasonal conditions must determine the
safe use of legumes. Other legumes, like red clover, may be grown as a regular
crop in the rotation and only the seed removed, the remainder of the crop being
turned under in the fall. . , .

" Phosphorus and potassium . . , at the present time do not appear to be
limiting factors in crop production on the Carrington loam. Applications of
these materials did not prove profitable on any of the crops grown in the regular
rotation, although in some cases small increases in yields were secured. There
is an indication that a small amount of a soluble potassium fertilizer might
prove of value for clover."

Drainage, cultivation, and liming are also emphasized as important factors
in maintaining the fertility of Wisconsin drift soils.

The fertility in Iowa soils, P. E. Brown (Iowa Sta. Bui. 150, popular ed.
(1914), pp. 5-47, fig. 1).—A popular edition of Bulletin 1.50 (E, S. R., 32, p. 211).

E/Otation, fertilizer, and manure experiments, V. M. Shoesmith (ilichiijan
Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 229-231). — The data secured up to date in these experiments
with wheat, corn, clover, potatoes, beans, rye, oats, and beets are given in
tabular form.

In a corn, wheat, and clover rotation it was found that " the increase in
yield from the use of the complete fertilizer and from the phosphorus and
potassium fertilizer are about the same, but the net value of the increase is
somewhat higher in the case of the latter fertilizer. The net value of the
increase is larger from the use of the phosphorus fertilizer than when both
nitrogen and phosphorus are used. , . . The yard manure when applied at
the rate of 5 tons per acre is shown to be worth $2.77 per ton, while stall
manure is worth $3.66 per ton when applied at the rate of 5 tons per acre and
$3.17 per ton when applied at the rate of 10 tons per acre. When 200 lbs. of
acid phosphate have been applied to the 5 tons of manure a sufficient increase
has been secured to pay for the acid phosphate and allow $6.46 per ton for
the manure, or nearly twice the value of the untreated manure."
39513°— No, 8—16 3

724 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

Peculiar plant physiological action of an ammonium fertilization, H. O.
SoDERBAUM {Meddcl. CentralanM. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomn^fict, No. 125 {1915),
pp. 13, figs. 2). — Pot experiments with barley on a sand soil are reported, in
which superphosphate, Thomas slag, and bone meal were used in different ex-
periments to supply phosphoric acid, while nitrogen was supplied as ammonium
chlorid and ammonium sulphate. The experiments were conducted with and
without additions of the sulphate or carbonate of magnesium.

Two or three weeks after germination the plants in pots receiving super-
phosphate or bone meal and an ammonium salt, but no magnesium carbonate,
showed evidences of sickness and stunted growth. This was especially marked
in the pots receiving superphosphate. This effect was not observed in the pots
receiving Thomas slag, and additions of magnesium carbonate apparently re-
moved the condition. After such treatment the affected plants recovered and
rapidly reached normal development.

These results are taken to indicate that the bad effect produced on the plants
is due less to the production of a physiologically acid reaction in the soil than
to a direct toxic action of the ammonium salts. The favorable action of mag-
nesium carbonate is explained on the grounds that the transformation of the
ammonia into nitrates is accelerated.

Some observations on the storing of calcium cyanamid, A. H, Burgess and
I). K. Ki)Waki)Es-Kkk (Jour. Southcosf. Af/r. Col. Myc. No. 22 (WIS), pp. 363-
367; ahs. in Intcnwt. In-sit. Ar/r. [Rome], i[o. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Z)i.<i-
cases, 6 (1915), No. 5. pp. 675, 676). — From the re.<;ults of a series of experi-
ments the authors conclude that loss of nitrogen from calcium cyanamid ex-
posed freely to the atmosphere is apparently not caused either by moisture or
carbon dioxid or by both acting together. When stored in air-tight containers
there is no loss of nitrogen and, therefore, the loss noted when exposed to
the air is probably caused by some atmospheric agent. A fall in the percentage
of nitrogen, owing to the increase of weight, is caused by the absorption of
Avater, but water does not cause any real loss of nitrogen.

The world's supply of potash (London: The Imperinl Institute, 1915, pp. ^7;
ahs. in Ndturr. [London], 96 (1915), No. 239^, pp. 60. 61). — This pamphlet con-
tains an account of the more important sources of potash in the world, including
the Stassfurt deposits in Germany.

It is stated that besides the Stassfurt deposits, the only extensive deposit of
carnallite known is that at Catalonia, in Spain. "All plants contain more or
less potash, and the utilization of the ash of wood, the ash of seaweed, of beet-
root residues, and similar by-products of industries in which vegetable materials
are employed, is of importance, . . . especially at a time of scarcity." The ashes
of seaweed, waste wood, hedge trlnunings, and vegetable refuse, and the waste
water from the wool-scoiu'ing process are also discussed as promising sources
of potash.

The origin, mining, and preparation of phosphate rock. E. H. Sellakds
(Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Kngin., 50 (1914), pp. 901-916. figs. .9).— This is a
summary of information on the subject, referring especially to the Florida and
Tennessee phosphate deposits.

Tennessee phosphate practice, J. A. Barb (Trans. Atner. Inst. Mining Engin.,
,'iO (1914), pp. 917-933, figs. 12). — This article briefly describes the geology and
mineralogy of the Tennessee phosphate deposits and the methods employed in
prospecting, valuation, mining, and treatment, and in the manufacture of
acid phosphate..

Sensitiveness of lupines to calcium, T. Pf-etffeb and E. Bi.anck (Mitt.
Landio. Inst. Brestau, 7 (1914), No. 2, pp. 201-233: abs. in ZenthJ. Agr. Chem.,
U (1915), No. 1, pp. 22-25; Jour. Chctn. ^oc. [London]. lOS (1915). No. 630, I,

SOILS FEETILIZERS. 725

pp. 201, 202). — While ground liinostoue proved to be less injurious to lupines
than precipitated calcium carbonate, its effects were found to vary greatly (the
yield being increased by limestone in one case), so that no limiting point is
indicated. Calcium sulphate was also injurious to lupines, apparently causing
them to take iip less phosphorus.

Assimilation of iron by lupines was retarded by both limestone and potassium
nitrate. It is considered probable that the injurious effects of calcium are due
partly to its influence on iron assimilation.

Shall gypsum be used as a fertilizer? D. Meyer {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 35
(1915), No. 39, p. 267). — Experiments with clover, mustard, oats, and potatoes
on an acid sandy loam soil and a neutral sand soil poor in humus to determine
the indirect fertilizing value of gypsum are briefly reported. The results are
taken to indicate that gypsum has no indirect fertilizing value and that it can
not be considered of value as a lime fertilizer.

The value of by-products rich in lime as compared with slaked lime and
ground limestone, H. von Feilitzen {Svenska Mosskiilturfor. Tklskr., 28
{19U), No. S-4, pp. 210^215, fig. 1; abs. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., U (1915), No.
4-5, pp. 160, 161). — Pot experiments with red clover on an undecomposed upland
moor soil, poor in lime and reacting acid to litmus, to determine the relative
values of so-called basic Martin slag containing 37.52 per cent lime, a coal ash
fi'om the iron industry containing 18 per cent lime, slaked lime, and ground
limestone, when added at the rate of 2,000 kg. per hectare (1,780 lbs. per acre),
are reported.

As good results were obtained with the ground limestone and the coal ash as
with slaked lime. The results with the basic slag were much behind those of
the other three fertilizers for the first crop, but equaled them for the second
crop.

Limestones of New York, with reference to their agricultural use, R. 0.
CoLLisoN and J. F. Baeker (New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 47 (1915), pp. 3-38,
pis. 9). — This bulletin deals briefly with the stratigraphic position, general
locality, approximate thickness, adaptability to agricultural use, and prominent
characteristics of the 49 limestone formations found within the State of New
York, describes separately and more in detail the more important formations,
and reports the results of analyses of a varying number of each. A limestone
map is included showing the area of outcrop of each of the more important
formations or groups of formations, and two stratigraphical columns are
given showing diagrammatically cross sections of the hard-rock geology for the
eastern and western halves of the State. A final section briefly discusses types
and origin of limestones.

Limestone and marl deposits of South Carolina, F. H. H. Calhoun (South
Carolina Sta. But. 183 (1915), pp. 31, figs. 7).— This bulletin deals with the
origin and practical agricultural uses of limestone, and reports an investigation
of the lime-bearing deposits of South Carolina made with special reference to
those suitable for a source of ground limestone and marl for agricultural pur-
poses.

As a result of this investigation it is considered doubtful if, even under the
best management, the limestone of the Piedmont and mountain sections of the
State can be so marketed as to compete with North Carolina and Tennessee
products.

It is stated that of the marl deposits of the State " few are found which
would encourage further investigation. The most promising deposits . . . are
those along the Santee River between Ferguson and Eutawville and near
Creston, and the deposits on the Pee Dee, near Godfreys Ferry, and those in
the lower part of Berkeley and Dorchester counties."

726 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Agricultural lime] {Off. Bui. Ohio Agr. Com., 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 111-119).—
A list of brands of agricultural lime licensed for sale in Ohio from January 1
to June 10, 1915, is given, together with guarantied analyses.

The fertilizing action of common salt, with special reference to its sup-
posed power to replace potash salts, II. G. Sodekbalm {ileddcl. Centralanst.
Forsoksv. Jordbruksotnrddet, Xo. 120 (1915), pp. 26, fig. 1; K. Landtbr. Akad.
Handl. och Tidskr., 5^ {1915), Xo. 8, pp. 673-695, fig. i).— A historical review of
the work along this line is given, and further experiments with sodium cblorid,
potassium chlorid, and potassium sulphate on sand and moor soil are reported
(E. S. R., 26, p. 623).

The results showed that common salt in the presence of sufficient potash
usually caused a marked increase in the oats crop, except where the basal
fertilizers contained nitrogen as ammonium chlorid. Common salt was not able
to act as a substitute for potash, however, and potassium clilorid alone pro-
duced as good results as potassium sulphate and common salt together. The
action of potassium sulphate alone was less than when combined with common
salt. This is considered to be further proof that the beneficial effect of sodium
chlorid is due to the chlorin supplied ratlier than to the sodium.

Action of free sulphur on vegetation, G. Bosinelli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital.,
48 {1915), No. 3, pp. 175-184; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 7, pp. 931, 932; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus.,
34 (1915), No. 20, p. 1064; Chcm. Zentbl, 1915, I, No. 21, p. 1137).— Pot and field
experiments begun in 1013 with vetch, oats, mustard, corn, beans, and rape
to determine the effect of small additions of free sulphur on the yield are re-
ported.

The results of the pot experiments showed that the yields were increased
in all cases where sulphur was added, but the increases were not very con-
siderable and not proportional to tlie quantity of sulphur used. Tlie greatest
increase in yield sometimes corresponded to the smallest dressings of sulphur.
Determinations of protein did not reveal any influence of sulphur on the
formation of albuminoids.

In field experiments the sulphur gave only a very slight increase in crop
yield and a decrease in tlie case of mustard. No evidence was obtainetl that
sulpluir has any effect upon chloropliyll formation. Furtlier experiments showed
that sulpluir accelerates the transformation of organic nitrogen into ammonia
compounds, but only to a very limited extent, and the action soon ceases. The
usefulness of sulphur in practical farming is considered doubtful.

The utilization of coffee pulp, etc, as manure for tropical crops, K. D.
Anstead (Trop. Life, 11 (1915), No. 7, pp. 124-126).— Analyses of the dry matter
in fresh coffee pulp showed a content of phosphoric acid 0.81 per cent, potash
2.38 per cent, and nitrogen 2.61 per cent. This pulp dry matter is considered
as good for fertilizing purposes as the best Indian cattle manure. It Is stated
that mixing the pulp with lime and allowing the pulp to leach in the pulp pit
both cause a loss of fertilizing constituents. Two methods of composting the
pulp are described.

Fertilizer inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Imp. 7^ (1915), pp. 225-284).—
This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analy.'jes of 628
samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected in Maine under the
fertilizer-inspection law of that State during 1915. These are taken to indicate
that " on the whole the fertilizers of 1915 are fairly well up to the guaranty."
Brief suggestions regarding how best to meet the fertilizer situation in the
State in 1916 are also given.

Farmers' bulletin on fertilizers (Bui. [Maine] Dept. Agr., 14 (1915), No. 4.
pp. ^S).— This bulletin contains the results of actual analyses made at the

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 727

Maine Experiment Station of 511 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials
ofiEered for sale in Maine during 1915, together witli their guarantied analyses.

[Analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meal], B. AV. Kilgore et al. (Bui.
N. C. Dept. Agr., 36 (1915), No. 11, pp. 85). — This bulletin contains the results
of the actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 1,376 samples of fer-
tilizing materials, collected in North Carolina during the fall months of 1914
and tlie spring months of 1915, and of 109 samples of cotton-seed meal.

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers (Off. Bui. Ohio Agr.
Com., 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 14-56). — Actual analyses made at the Ohio State
University of 518 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale
in Ohio during 1914 are reported, together with their guarantied analyses.

[Commercial fertilizers] (Off. Bui. Ohio Agr. Com., 6 (1915), No. 2, pp.
61-91). — This section contains a list of brands of fertilizers licensed in Ohio
from January 1 to July 1, 1915, statements covering valuations of commercial
fertilizers, and the results of actual analyses made by the Ohio State University
of 218 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Ohio
during 1915.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Methods in plant histology, C. J. Chamberlain (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago
Press, 1915, 3. rev. ed., pp. XI +314, figs- 107). — This book, which is now in its
third edition (E. S. R., 13, p. 425) embodies a considerable number of additions
and improvements in technique so that the present volume is practically a new
%vork.

[Report on physiological and pathological studies with plants], G. Hoster-
HANN (Ber. K. Gdrt. Lehranst. Dahlem, 1913, pp. 52-77, figs. 5).— This report
mentions studies carried forward on certain diseases of economic plants, on
electroculture, etc., and deals more in detail with the development of root systems
by plants in relation to given soils. It discusses also some studies on partheno-
carpy in tomato and other plants, and plant breeding in relation to withstanding
disease and winter cold.

The pollen-presentation mechanism in the Compositse, J. Small (Ann. Bot.
[London], 29 (1915), No. 115, pp. 457-410, figs. 9).— The author claims that the
hypothesis that the appendages of the style branches and the apical and basal
appendages of the anthers are expressions of a tendency to economy of pollen,
which is limited only by the biological necessity of providing sufficient pollen
to insure fertilization, is supported by evidence in the shape of correlative
development of these appendages. Tables are given showing the relative fre-
quency of occurrence of the different types of styles and stamens in the various
tribes and the lines of development and specialization in the pollen-presentation
mechanism. A bibliography is included.

A quantitative examination of the elements of the wood of trees in rela-
tion to the supposed function of the cells in the ascent of sap, H. H. Dixon
and Miss E. S. Marshall (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., n. ser., 14 (1915), No.
29, pp. 358-368). — In order to test the conclusions arrived at by Janse (E. S. R.,
32, p. 221), the authors have made some measurements on the structure of the
conducting tracts of several trees, and the bearing of these on the hypothesis
put forward by that author is discussed. The results as shown are claimed
to lend no support to the hypothesis of Janse as to the intervention of the
living cells in the ascent of sap in stems.

Formation of nodules, W. Giltner and C. W. Brown (Michigan Sta. Rpt.
1915, pp. 206, 201). — A brief account is given of a study of some of the factors
influencing the development of root tubercles on leguminous plants.

728 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

It was found that on the roots of beans, peas, clovers, vetches, and others,
newly formed nodules were present when the plants were from three to six
weeks old. Perennial plants may exhibit nodules at any time when there is
renewed activity in the root system. The life of a nodule was found to be
influenced by a number of factors. In case of annual plants, when the seed is
ripened and the regenerative process completed, the root system ceases to grow
and the nodules are slowly destroyed by the nodule-forming bacteria within
and the saprophytic organisms without. In the case of perennial and biennial
plants, wlien the root system for any reason is not actively functioning, tlie
root tubercles are broken down in a manner similar to that mentioned above
for annuals. It is claimed in general that improper drainage, drought, acidity
of the soil, freezing, etc., interfere with the development of root tubercles, wliile
proper aeration, regular and sufficient watering, tlie presence in the soil of insol-
uble carbonates, and suitable growing temperatures encourage their formation.

The daily march, of transpiration in a desert perennial, EorrH B. Shre\'e
{Caryxeyie Inni. Wafshinr/ton Pith. liiJf. {19U), pp. 6Jf, pi. 1, figs. 27; ahs in
Ztschr. not., 7 {1915), No. 2, pp. 122, i2.?).— This is a study of the behavior of
Parlinsonia microphyUa, which is said to have been selected on account of its
ability to overcome the adverse conditions of a largo evaporating surface (hiring
the entire year and a high death rate of its seedlings during the first two years.
The methods and details of tlie investigation are given as regards transpira-
tional behavior and factors correlated therewith.

It is stated that the actual transpirational behavior of the plant is indicated
more accurately by measurements from small branches of trees growing in
the open than by those from pottetl plants, on account of the previous environ-
mental history of the latter. Transpirational behavior is described, this being
considered as indicative of physiological regulation.

An interrelation between stomatal beJiavior and relative transpiratiou was
apparent. A sliglit drying out of tissues is tliought to account for some cliangi'-^
ol)served to occur in this connection.

Hourly changes in the relative transpiration rate, stomatal opening, water
content of leaves and twigs, and leaf temperature indicate interrelations which
are held to be governed by the ratio of demand to available supply of water.

The index of foliar transpiring' power as an indicator of permanent wilt-
ing in plants, A. U Bakke {Hot. Gnz., 60 {1915), \o. 4, pp. 31J,-^119, fig. 1). —
The author has extended his previous study (E. S. R., 34, p. ^114) l>y making
observations on the index of foliar transpiring power of sunflower when re-
moved from the soil at 8.30 a. m. and allowed to wilt in the laboratory. Tlie
results show a steep decline for one hour, a very gentle decline during four
hours, and a rather sharp rise for two hours, followed by a final decline.

The very steep initial decline Is .supposed to represent the prompt increase
of incipient drying within the leaves as noted by Livingston and Brown (E. S.
R., 27, p. 331). The gentle decline is ascribed to the period within which the
continuous water columns of the plant remained intact, the leaves still .slowly
drawing water from the stem. Tlio rise betwoiMi tlie fifth and .seventh hour is
considered to represent the period of the breaking of the water columns, as the
result of which the foliar transpiration increased on account of the removal of
the tensile stress and the admission of air, following which no further tensile
strength could be developed. After the seventh hour it is supposed that no
more water entered the loaves from the stem and the leaves gradually dried
out, showing meanwhile the decreasetl transpiring power which should accom-
pany desiccation.

It appears then that the stage of wilting just previous to the rise referred to
represents an approach to the most intense drying possible without rupture of

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 729

the water columns of the plaut. At any rate, this rupture represents, apparently,
a rather definite critical point in the course of water extraction by the plant,
probably the same as that about which the concept of permanent wilting has
developed. This plant appears to have reached the stage of permanent wilting
in about five hours.

A new method of continuous automatic registration, of transpiration, R. A.
Robertson and S. J. Wilkie {Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb., 26 (1914-15),
pt. 4, P- 4^2, pi. 1). — A comparatively simple apparatus is described by means of
which the vapor transpired by a plaut can be automatically trapped and
weighed and a practically continuous record of the weight made on a revolving
drum, the interruptions being so infrequent as not to detract materially from
the value of the experiment.

The air is drawn through calcium chlorid tubes to the receiver containing the
plant, and then out through a chlorid tube suspended from an arm of a deli-
cately poised lever, to the other end of which is attached a tracing pencil re-
cording on the revolving drum the depression of the other end. The chlorid is
renewed once a day, the tubing is very flexible, and condensation on the glass
cover of the receiver is obviated by the regulation of the rate of aspiration
and by keeping the temperature constant.

Satisfactory continuous records extending over 12 to 30 days are said to
have been made for herbaceous plants, succulents, and needle-leaved gymno-
sperms without appreciably damaging the experimental material.

Observations on the osazone method of locating sugars in plant tissues,
S. Mangham (Ann. Bot. [Lmulon'i, 29 {.1915), No. 115, lip. 369-391, pi. i).— The
author has extended the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 229), and it
is stated that additional light has been thrown on the value of the method
employed (which is herein presented in greater detail) and on the limits of its
application.

Among the results detailed, it is stated that on the whole the presence of
osazone may be held to indicate with a fair degree of accuracy the distribution
of the reacting sugars before treatment with the reagent. The presence of
impurities in the form of various cell contents, particulax'ly colloidal substances,
is thought to influence the crystallization of osazone, and may account for some
irregularity in its behavior in plant tissues. It is thought advisable, when
using Senft's reagent, to reexamine the preparations from time to time over a
period of at least four months before attempting to draw conclusions
therefrom.

A bibliogi-aphy is given.

Migration of reserve material to the seed in barley considered as a factor
of productivity, E. S. Beaven {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 84 {1914),
pp. 660, 661). — This is an abstract of a paper reporting and discussing the work
of the author in collaboration with Biffin and Gosset. It gives a summary of
the conclusions arrived at from the studies of the last five years, more par-
ticularly as to the value for selection purposes of the accurate determination
of the relative seed-forming energy as shown by the coefficient of migration of
different races of barley.

It is considered to be impracticable, during the initiatory stages of new
races, to separate with any high degree of certainty the most productive races
from among those originated by artificial crossing by employment of the merely
empirical methods hitherto employed.

The distribution of nitrogen in the seeds of Acacia pycnantha, J. M.
Petrie and H. G. Chapman {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. HcL, 84 (1914), PP-
666, 667). — In this summary of work by the authors, it is stated that the whole

730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

seeds of A. pycnantha which have been dried in air contain 4.5 per cent ol
nitrogen, while those with the testa removed show 5.5 per cent, this component
being present partly as protein and partly as various other organic compounds.
Percentages of nitrogen obtainable by different methods are given.

It is stated that with Sorensen's method of titration no fixation of formal-
dehyde by amino groups occurs. Attempts to isolate amino acids invariably
resulted in the discovery of traces thereof. The amount of purin nitrogen pres-
ent is said to be less than 1 per cent.

The action of radium and radio-activity on germination in the higher
plants, H. Agxjlhon and Th^r^se Robekt {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 29 (1915), So. 6,
pp. 2G1-27S). — The authors have made a study of the effects of radio-activity on
seeds during the i)eriod in which the young plants are living on the reserves
contained in the seed.

Peas were used in three series of experiments. In the first, they were ex-
posed to such emanations as could traverse the walls of sealed tubes of thin
glass containing radium bromid. In the second, the seeds were germinated in a
solution containing radio-active material. In the third, the emanation was per-
mitted to diffuse from the radium directly into the space containing the seeds.

In the first series, the observable action was unfavorable to development.
In the second, the slight concentrations employed appeared to be ineffective.
In the third, an accelerating effect on early growth was noted, associatetl with
a degree of etiolation. The possibility that ozone production may have been a
factor in the last mentioned case is discussed.

Rules and mechanism of inhibition and correlation in the regeneration of
Bryophyllum calycinum, J. Loeb (Hot. (laz., 60 (1915), No. 4. pp. 2.',9-276. figs.
j,1). — The plieiiouiena of inhibition of regeneration have been studietl in B. caly-
cinum, and it is stated that they follow the rule that if an organ inhibits re-
generation or growth in another organ the latter often accelerates and favors
regeneration in the former. This is interpreted to mean that the inhibiting
organ receives something from the inhibite<l organ which is necessary for re-
generation.

It is pointed out that this view is in harmony with the older assumption that
the phenomena of inhibition in regeneration, and of correlation, may be at-
tributed to the How of ni;iterial and to the block thereto after mutilation.

The determination of additive effects, W. J. V. Osterhovt (B(jt Gnz., 60
(1915), No. 3, pp. 228-234, figs. 4). — Having pointed out in previous papers (E. S.
R., 31, p. 627; 32, p. 223) tliat in measuring antagonism it is of importance
to determine the additive effects of the substances employed, the author gives
analyses of typical cases. He concludes that in most cases two solutions which
are equally toxic remain so (at least approximately) wlien both are diluted
to the same degree, allowing the additive effect to be easily determined. In
exceptional cases where this does not hold a value may be assigntnl to the
additive effect. Similar considerations apply to unequally toxic solutions.

Acid accumulation and destruction in large succulents, E. R. Long (Plant
^rorl(1, 18 (1915), No. 10, pp. 261-272, fig. 1).—In these experiments, the inves-
tigations of Richards (E. S. R., 30, p. 429; 32, p. 429) have been extended to
include the larger succulent cacti Ecliiuocactus trislizcni nndCarncpi^a gigantca.

It was found that the acidity of the sap of these cacti was higher in the early
morning than at sunset, probably on account of nocturnal metabolism and of
daily high temperature and photolysis. The lugher acidity present in the
early morning in the outer portions is thought to be relateil to the concen-
tration of sugar in this region. The comparative protection given to the inner
portions, as regards heat and light, is attributed to the lesser diurnal differences

AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY. 731

observable there. The movement of sap of low acidity from center to periphery-
has little effect upon the variations of acidity of these tracts, as compared with
the conjoint effects of light and temperature in this respect, as seen in the
outer portions.

Why certain plants are acrid, W. R. Lazenby (Sci. Mo., 1 (1915), No. 3, pp.
272-277). — The author reports an examination of a number of species of plants
noted for acridity, stating that the taste varies greatly among the plants tested.
The acrid principle is not always volatile and was not found to be soluble in
ether. Tests show that the acridity of several members of the Arum family
is connected with the abundant presence of needle-shaped calcium oxalate
crystals.

The absence of the acrid effect in case of some plants, the cells of which are
crowded with raphides, is ascribed to the fact that in such cases the crystals
are covered or embedded in an insoluble mucilage, which prevents their coming,
into contact with the tongue.

The study of plant enzyms, particularly with relation to oxidation, A. D.
Hall, E. F. Aujistrong, et al. (Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 84 (1914), pp.
108, 109). — This is a summary of the third report of the committee on this sub-
ject (E. S. R., 32, p. 523).

It is stated that in the flowers of certain white-flowered races of Primula
sinensis which breed true to whiteness the peroxidase has a definite zonal dis-
tribution, and that such races, on crossing with colored forms, yield in the
F2 generation a certain number of plants the flowers of which show a similar
zonal character. This pattern is referred to a lack of uniformity in distribu-
tion of the peroxidase constituent of the color-forming mechanism, not of the
chromogen.

Partial success has been achieved in the discovery of agents indicative of
the presence of reductases.

The conception that in life interaction takes place between substances In
pairs, the one being oxidized and the other reduced, is considered to simplify,
materially the study of the oxidative changes in plants.

The formation of red pigments from yellow flowers by reduction and sub-
sequent oxidation has been further studied, the experiments having been
extended to quercetin, which has been reduced under a variety of conditions.
As a rule colorless compounds are formed which become red on exposure to
air or the addition of hydrogen peroxid.

A study has been made of the rates at which various carbohydrate solutions
decolorize methylene blue in alkaline solution.

A study of the behavior of lipase in relation with water shows that the
presence of even a small proportion of the latter greatly favors the action of
the former in the reverse direction.

Studies in permeability. — I, The exosmosis of electrolytes as a criterion of
antagonistic ion action, W. Stiles and I. Jorgensen (Ann Bot. [London], 29
(1915), No. 115, pp. 349-367, figs, i^).— The authors have investigated by the
methods of physical chemistry the exosmosis of electrolytes from plant tissue,
using disks of potato tuber and also living bean plants, as related to the com-
position of different external solutions.

From the results as given, they conclude that within certain limits the rate
of exosmosis is a measure of toxicity. A decrease in this rate on addition of
certain ions to solutions containing poisonous ions might be due, it is thought,
to the so-called antagonism. It is claimed to have been shown that in some in-
stances the phenomena are more complex than is generally assumed. The
authors emphasize the necessity of examining and analyzing each case sep-
arately.

732 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

The results obtained by the methods of physical chemistry are held to indi-
cate the possibility of securing in this way more definite information on the
laws governing the exchange of substances between the interior and exterior
of the cell. A bibliography is given.

A simplifi.ed apparatus for measuring: the conductivity of electrolytes,
R. P. HiHBAKD and C. W. Chapman {Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 2S {1915), pp. 41,
figs. IJf). — Attention is called to the value of the Wheatstone bridge for use in
biological studies, especially those on the determination of the concentration of
solutions and their conductivity. The authors have devised and described some
modifications of the apparatus by which it is claimed that greater accuracy
and simplicity of operation are secured. The method of operating the apparatus
is fully described, and the results are given of some experiments which show
the degree of precision obtained.

[Report of the research, assistant in plant physiology], II. P. Hibbard
{Michigun Sia. lipi. 1H15. p. 216). — In connecticMi wiili the work reported, a
method of determining the mineral salt content of very dilute solutions was
worked out (see above).

The agar shake for the detection of members of the coli-aerogenes group,
W. (jiLTNEH, O. W. BuowN, and J. C. Hurlfa" {Michigan Sta. Rpt. HH5, p. 209). —
Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the agar shake in flask and tube
detection of gas-producing bacteria are pointed out.

Some factors influencing the longevity of soil micro-organisms subjected
to desiccation, with special reference to soil solution, W. (Jiltner and H.
Virginia Langworthy (l. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916), No. 20,
pp. 927-9^2). — A report is given of exi>eriments conducted at the Michigan Ex-
periment Station to determine the possibility of a protective effect of the soil
solution on soil organisms subjected to desiccation. Suspensions of Psciido-
monas radicicola in various me<lia were usetl to determine the protective effect
of the solution when dried on sand and the longevity of this organism when
dried in quartz sand and in garden loam, and a study was ma«le of the changes
in the numbers and kinds t>f organisms when the solution was drieil in dif-
ferent types of soils.

The autliors found that the survival of nonspore-bearing bacteria in air-dry
soil is due in part to the retention of moisture in hygroscopic fttrni. Bacteria,
so far as the species investigated are concerned, resist desiccation longer in a
rich clay loam than in sand under the conditions of the experiment. If they
are suspended in a solution extractetl from a rich clay loam before being sub-
jected to desiccation, they live longer than if subjected to desiccation after
suspension in physiological salt solutions.

Attention is called to the fact that not one of the organisms isolated during
the last two months of the experiment correspondetl to any of the four organ-
isms which predominated in the original soil solution used to inoculate the
soils. Tlie extinction of these species, it is thought, may be due to the unfav-
orable influence of association with other organisms during the period of
active multiplication, or to their lack of endurance when supplied with less
than the optinuim amount of moisture.

The vitality of seeds buried in the soil, W. J. Deal {Michigan Sta. Rpt.
1915, pp. 21s, 219). — In continuation of an experiment previously noted (E. S.
11., 6, p. C39), an account is given of the vitality of seeds burieil in the soil
for 3G years. Of 22 different species of weed seed, only Brassica nigra, Cap-
sella hursa-pasloris, Lcpidum rirginicum, Rumcr crispus. and Verhascum
tliiipsus gave any gorniination.

Breeding experiments with CEnotheras, W. Batkson, F. Kkkiu.e. and U. P.
Gregory {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adr. Sci., S'J (/.')/.}). p. 2.J7). — Tins is a roiK»rt

FIELD CROPS. 733

of the committee on the subject, which has received the report of Gates in
continuation of his breeding studies previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 326).
The results of these studies are said to have been confirmed and extended. It
has been shown, in particular, that both blending and alternative inheritance
of characters occur. Some of the plants are said to emphasize still further the
fact that mutation and hybridization in CEnothera are separate processes,
which may, however, go on at the same time.

FIELD CROPS.

Cereal experiments in Maryland and Virginia, T. R. Stanton ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 336 {1916), pp. 51, figs. 6).— This bulletin is for the most part a report
on varietal tests in connection with experiments with winter and spring-grown
cereals conducted by the Office of Cereal Investigations on the Arlington Farm
since 1907, and in cooperation with the Maryland Experiment Station at College
Parlv since 1904.^ The results are tabulated and discussed at some length and
the leading varieties are grouped and described. The method of conducting the
experiments at both places is outlined, the meteorological conditions for the
different years are considered, and the results as a whole are summarized.

The varietal tests at College Park included 107 varieties and races of wheat,
5 of spelt, 3 of emmer, 13 of oats, and 12 of barley, while at the Arlington Farm
the tests included 43 varieties and races of wheat, 12 of rye, 4 of spelt, 2 of
emmer, 19 of oats, and 56 of barley. Only winter varieties of the various
cereals were under test.

Of the winter w^heats tested at Arlington Farm, 11 were selections from
hybrids developed at College Park and Arlington Farm, and of these Virginia
(C. I. No. 3277) proved most promising. The 5 leading varieties of wheat at
College Park, with the 7-year average yield of each in bushels per acre, were as
follows : China, 81.17 bu. ; IVIammoth Red, 31.09 bu. ; Bearded Purple Straw,
30.95 bu. ; Turkish Amber, 30.11 bu. ; and Lancaster, 30.03 bu. At Arlington
J'arm the 5 leading varieties of winter wheat, with the 5-year average yield of
each in bushels per acre, were as follows: Purple Straw (C. I. No. 1915), 32.09
bu. ; Lancaster, 29.74 bu. ; Dawson Golden Chafe, 29.37 bu. ; Fultz, 29.17 bu. ;
and Purple Straw (C. I. No. 1957), 29.17 bu. Several varieties of winter wheat
at Ai-lington Farm gave better yields on well-prepared land when sown at the
rate of 3 or 4 pk. per acre than when larger quantities of seed were applied.

Among several varieties of winter spelt Alstroum ranked first with a 6-year
average yield of 63.23 bu. at College Park and with a 5-year average yield
of 74.08 bu. per acre at Arlington Farm. Black Winter emmer, the only
variety tested, averaged 36.57 and 22.33 bu. respectively, for the same periods at
College Park and Arlington Farm. The w^eight per bushel was figured at
30 lbs.

A varietal test of rye was conducted at Arlington Farm only. Of 12 varieties
and selections tested Giant Winter, Virginia Winter, and Abruzzes were the
leading sorts. The average yield of Giant Winter rye in a 4-years' test was
32.89 bu. Earlier seeding than commonly practiced by farmers gave very satis-
factory results with rye.

The leading varieties of winter oats at College Park were Winter Turf, Bick-
nell, and Culberson, while the most promising at Arlington Farm wei*e the Red
Rustproof, Winter Turf, Bicknell, and Culberson, in the order named. Winter
Turf proved the hardiest and most dependable variety, but it is pointed out
that its late maturity and tendency to lodge are objectionable and that the
Culberson and Bicknell, which mature from ten days to two weeks earlier, are
to be preferred to it in eastern and southern Maryland and eastern Virginia.

734 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

The leading varieties of winter barley at College Park were Maryland Win-
ter, Mammoth Winter, and Tennessee Winter, varieties practically identical,
and at Arlington Farm, Tennessee Winter, Wisconsin Wintef, Maryland Win-
ter, and Texas Winter. None of the 18 two-rowed spring barleys grown from
fall seeding at Arlington Farm proved satisfactory. A hybrid two-rowed winter
barley has been developed which produced an average yield of 25.3 bu. in 1913
and 1914. Varieties of naked barleys also failed to give satisfactory results.

Winter wheat, spelt, rye, barley, and oats gave very satisfactory results, and
the varieties most strongly recommended for eastern and southern Maryland
and eastern Virginia are as follows: China, Fulcaster, Dietz, Fultz, Purple
Straw, Bearded Winter Fife, and Bearded Purple Straw winter wheat ; Al-
stroum winter spelt; Giant Winter, Virginia Winter, and Abruzzes winter rye;
Winter Turf, Culberson, Bicknell, and Red Rustproof winter oats; and Ten-
nessee Winter and Wisconsin Winter barley.

Department of farm crops, N. S. Robb {Idaho Sta. BuJ. S^ (1915), pp. 20,
21). — The best yield of Canada field peas in a seeding test was obtained from
seeding at the rate of from 85 to 100 lbs. per acre. The largest yield secured
in a test of 9 varieties was 44 bu. per acre.

In 1915 Red Russian stood first in yield with 50.8 bu. per acre among 4
varieties of winter wheat. Early Bart with 35.7 bu. among 3 varieties of spring
Avheat, and White Smyrna with 84 bu. among 3 varieties of spring barley,
including White Winter sown in the spring. In a 5-year test of 3 varieties
of winter wheat Red Russian gave an average yield of 43.6, Turkey Red
39.5, and Forty Fold 37.5 bu. per acre. Palouse Bluestem, a spring wheat,
grown for 5 years gave an average yield of 37.7 bu. per acre, and in a 3-year
test of 3 varieties of spring barley White Winter sown in the spring yielded
on the average 72.5, California Feed 62.4. and White Smyrna 61.6 bu. per
acre. The average yield for 3 years of White Winter barley sown in the fall
was 67.6 bu.

Aberdeen substation, L. C. Aicher (Idaho Sta. Bui. 8.'t (1915), pp. 31-S5).—
A general description is given of the work in progress, grouped into dry farm
and irrigation projects. The dry farm work included rotation experiments,
culture tests, and variety and crop trials, and the irrigation work consisted
largely of experiments in crop production.

The results of the dry farm projects indicated the value of alternate fal-
lowing and cropping, and that one-way drilling of 3 to 3i pk'. of seed per acre
to a depth of 2* to 3 in. from Augiist 15 to September 15, when moisture con-
ditions are right, on thoroughly tilled, summer fallow plowed 7 in. deep, the
crop being given no spring harrowing and the grain being allowed to harden
.slightly before harvesting, is the most promising practice in growing winter
wheat at the substation. Other results are reported as warranting the recom-
mendation of Turkey Red winter wheat for the dry farms in that section of
the State.

The best early varieties of potatoes were found to be Early Rose. Early
Ohio, and Bliss Triumph, while Pearl was the leading late variety. Promising
results are reported with alfalfa, sweet clover, and field peas under dry farm
conditions.

The crop work under irrigation indicated that Defiance, Dicklow, and White
Bluestem wheats are desirable for spring planting and that Swedish Select
and White Bonzana oats, Beldi and Sandrel feed barleys, and Ilanna and
Chevalier brewing barleys are promising varieties. Results with 22 sorts of
field peas were regarded as warranting the recommendation of Amraoti. Well-
wood. T.ima. and Kaiser for further distribution. It was found that sowing

FIELD CROPS. 735

from 10 to 12 lbs. of alfalfa seed per acre was ample to insure a good stand
and a good quality of hay. Under irrigation the better yielding varieties of
early potatoes were Early Rose. Early Ohio, and Irish Cobbler ; and the later
varieties, Idaho Rural, Netted Gem, and Pearl.

Beport of the division of farm crops, V. M. Shoesmith (Michigan Sta. Rpt.
1915, pp. 226-228). — A general review by F. A, Spragg is given of the crop im-
provement work of the division. Considerable attention was given to the elimi-
nation of error in plat experiments with crops and a method worked out for
the purpose and involving the use of a factor called the coefficient of yield
is described.

Agronomy (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 35-^2). — In a culture test with
corn, dropping the seed behind the plow when plowing stubble ground in the
spring was compared with plowing and harrowing the ground and planting
with a corn planter. In connection with the first method irrigation was
applied before and with the second after planting. The yields are reported as
in favor of the use of the corn planter by 2.7 bu., and of irrigation before plant-
ing by 3.9 bu. per acre. Ten tons of barnyard manure per aci-e gave an in-
crease in yield of 2 bu. The different varieties grown in the test yielded
as follows: Reid Yellow Dent 37.7 bu., Hickory King 40.1 bu., and Mexican
June 43.3 bu. per acre. A yield of Mexican June at the rate of 110.3 bu. per
acre is also recorded. The percentage of stalks and ears attacked by smut
is given for the different varieties.

In culture tests with wheat, seeding at the rate of 60 lbs. per acre gave
better results than the use of 90 or 120 lbs. of seed per acre, and wheat seeded
November 1 and December 1 gave much better yields than that seeded on
October 1, January 1, February 1, or March 1.

An experiment in the eradication of Jolmson grass through clean cultivation
gave promising results, but reseeding took place through seed carried down
from higher levels in the irrigation water.

Sudan grass grown under irrigation yielded per acre 1,894 lbs. from the first,
3,057 lbs. from the second, and 1,864 lbs. from the third cutting of the season.

First annual report of Vivian experiment and demonstration farm, A. N.
Hume, M. Champlin, and J. G. Hutton (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 162, pp. 266-
279, fig. 1). — The history and climatic and soil conditions of the farm are briefly
noted, and the lines of work inaugurated together with the plans of conducting
the farm are outlined. Some of the year's results with different methods of
soil preparation are given in tables but no definite conclusions are drawn.
It is stated that the results given will be more completely analyzed in the light
of further data and be used later in bulletins dealing with specific subjects.

[Farm crops] (Washington Sta. Bui. 127 (1915), pp. 13-15, 29, 30, fig. 1).—
Forage crop studies are briefly described and some of the results reported.
In a test of growing alfalfa in rows the yields were 7,443, 7,271, and 6,270
lbs. per acre from two cuttings from plantings in rows 7, 14, and 28 in. apart,
respectively. A variety of alfalfa developing root stocks was found in the
forage crop nur.sery. A mixture of Kentucky blue grass, timothy, orchard
grass, brome grass, recftop, alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, and white clover
sown in 1912 gave abundant pasturage each year. In 1915 orchard grass pre-
dominated, and timothy, Kentucky blue grass, and brome grass had diminished,
while there remained only a trace of redtop. Alfalfa persisted better than
the other legumes.

A study of the influence of cultivation on the nitrogen content of wheat
showed increases in the nursery selections at the station amounting to ap-
proximately 33 per cent more nitrogen than was found in the samples taken

736 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

from the check ph\ts. Selections made at Grandview showed approximately
as much nitrogen in wheat grown with 20 in. of irrigation water as in wlieat
grown with smaller quantities. Results in 1914 indicated that winter wheat
can be gi-own with a nitrogen content as high as that found in spring grown
crops. The percentage of nitrogen in wheat grown at Ilitzville was higher
than in wheat grown at Pullman, which is ascribed to the more irregular
growth and the poorer stand of some of the varieties grown at Ritzville as com-
pared with the Pullman crop.

Farm crop report, E. B. Stooket (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo.
Bui., 3 (1016), No. 11, pp. 5-9), — Brief popular notes are given on variety and
crop tests with cereals, clovers, and other legumes, grasses, and miscellaneous
forage crops.

Cover crops for Porto Rico, C. F. Kinman (Porto Riro Sta. Bui. 10, pp. 32,
pis. S). — This bulletin discusses the selection of cover crops to meet the condi-
tions of the climate and the requirements of the crops of Porto Rico more
especially citrus fruits, coconuts, and pineapples; describes in general the re-
sults obtained with different plants grown as cover crops ; and enumerates the
plants which the station recommends for the purpose, together with a number
of wild leguminous plants considered of value in this connection. Descriptive
and cultural notes are given of the co^vpea (Vigna sinensis), jack beau (Cana-
vali ensiformis), sword bean (C. ylndiata), I-yon bean (Stizolohiuni niveiou),
Bengal or Mauritiiis bean (S. atcrrimum), S. cinereum, .9. velntinum, Florida
velvet bean (S. (Jcrriufiiaviim), and the pigeon pea or gandul (Cajnnus iuflirus)
as cover crops for Porto Rico; and of mani cimarrona (Chama^crista diphijlla),
matraca (Crotalaria rctusa), zarzabacoa gahma (Drsmodiiiin a(l<<e(nfl(ns),
zarzabacoa comGn (D. tnranHm), habichuela cimarrona (Phascolus adenanthus),
yerba rosario (J^schynomenc americann), conchita peluda (Centrosema pubes-
cens), tamarindillo (Cassia chama-crista). habichuela parada (P. scmierertns),
and mato de la playa (Cnnarali ohtiisifolia) as wild legimiinous plants valuable
for orchards or other cultivated lands, and worthy of protection and in some in-
stances of cultivation.

Thinning experiments with potatoes, O. B. Wiiipi'le (Montana Sta. Bui. JOG,
pp. 3-8, /iff. 1). — A preliminary report is presented on thinning experiments with
potatoes grown with and without irrigation. Tlie plants were thinned the lirst
two weeks of July to the strongest plant in the hill. The greatest apparent
benefit derived from thinning was the decrease in the amount of culls. Although
the total yield and the yield of marketable tubers was gi-eatest from the un-
thinned rows, the quality of the tubers with reference to size and uniformity
was better from the thinned crop.

Seed inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Jnsp. 73 (1915), pp. ifl7-224).— Tables are
given showing the results of the examination of samples of seeds collected in
the spring of 1915, together with a list of the weed seeils found.

Weeds, J. C. Akthur (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1915. pp. 31, 32).— Brief notes on
cooperative and demonstration work in the control of wild garlic and Canada
thistle by means of spraying with orchard heating oil, red sorrel by sulphate of
iron, and of other weeds by the use of a proprietary weed destroyer, are given.
A study of weed seeds in the soil was made by taking several samples of soil
from different fields and placing them in the greenhouse. In one sample which
contained a cubic foot of soil 3G3 plants came up, and in another 342 plnnts. In
soil from a carefully cultivated field a much smaller number of seeds was found
than in one from poorly cultivated ground. Most of the weed seetls were
found in the upper G in. of the soil.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 737

HORTICULTUEE.

Hotbed eonstniction, C. B. Spbague (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 9S
{1916), pp. 3-15, figs. 5). — Practical directions are given for tlie construction
and management of liotbeds and cold frames, together with some data on tem-
perature tests of hotbeds under different methods of handling the manure and
covering the frame.

The greatest variations in soil temperatures were in beds where no water
was applied to the manure when the bed was being made. Beds which had an
excess of cold water added to the manure in the making gave the most even
temperature but were several days longer in acquiring their maximum tem-
perature. Manure made extremely wet and soggy by the application of cold
water does not heat properly. Placing the manure in the pit before it has time
to warm through thoroughly causes the temperature to rise slowly and unevenly
over the bed. Although excessive packing by tramping and tamping with heavy
tampers retards the heating at the start, the tests suggest that the life of the
manure bed will be lengthened by this practice. The air readings in the beds
covered with single glass sash were higher in the daytime and lower at night
than those under double glass sashes.

The commercial grading', packing, and shipping of cantaloups, O. T. Moee
and G. Y. Branch {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 707 (1916), i)p. 23, figs. 18).—
This publication is designed to aid growers and shippers in preparing their
cantaloups for market in such a way that they may realize higher average
returns with fewer losses. The subject matter is based on the results of careful
observations of grading, packing, and shipping operations as now conducted by
the most progressive growers and shippers in some of the best commercial
cantaloup sections of the country, together with investigations of cantaloup-
marketing conditions in many of the larger cities.

The tomato, R. Ro\t:tta (II Pomodoro. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 191Jf, pp. XF+
27(h pi. 1, figs. 89). — A manual of information relative to tomato culture and
the preparation of various tomato products such as canned tomatoes, tomato
sauce, and paste. Information is also given relative to the utilization of the
refuse as stock feed and fertilizer, including the manufacture of tomato-seed
oil and its adaptation for various purposes. The various types of machinery
and equipment used in the preparation of tomato products are described.

Texas orchard and nursery inspection laws and digest of the laws and
regulations of the different States, covering interstate shipment of nursery
stock, E. L. Aykrs (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui., n. scr.. No. 19 [1916], pp. 20).— The
laws and regulations here noted deal both with insect pests and plant diseases.

Influence of low temperature on fruit growing in New York State, W. H.
Chandlee (Cornell Countryman, 13 (1916), No. 5, pp. 373-377, figs. 4)- — A popu-
lar discussion of various types of injury to fruit trees caused by low tem-
perature.

[Report of horticultural investigations] (Neio Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp.
55-65, figs. 2). — Data are given showing the dates of blooming and picking and
yields and returns from the different varieties in the experimental peach
orchard. Experiments dealing with the winter treatment of Vinifera grapes
were continued. The data obtained show the advantage of winter protection.
Covering the vines with moist soil during the winter appears to be an actual
benefit to them. A table is given showing the average yield per vine, the
actual yield per plat, and the estimated yield per acre for the different varie-
ties xmder different methods of winter treatment. A test of the newer varie-
ties of plums and sweet and sour cherries was started during the year. A
plan is given of the test orchard, together with a list of the varieties planted.

738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The results of spraying Bartlett pears for the codling moth indicate that
it can be successfully controlled with four sprayings. The observations of
the station continue to show that a larger percentage of the fruit is stung in
places other than the calyx end. A preliminary test as to the keeping quality
of Bartlett pears is also noted.

[Report of the] department of horticulture, C. C. Vincent (Idaho Sta. Bui.
84 {1015), jjp. 21-26). — In this brief progress report on horticultural investiga-
tions for the year, lists of apple crosses made for the 6-year period, 1910 to
1915, are included.

A pruning experiment which has been conducted to determine the relative
merits of summer v. winter pruning of apple trees has shown for a 4-year
period an increased yield in favor of summer pruning. The increase ranged
from 1.6 per cent in the case of Rome Beauty trees to 111 per cent in the case
of Wagener trees. Higher colored fruit was also secured in the summer pruned
plats.

Dusting and spraying experiments with apples, D. Reddick and C. R.
Crosby (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 369 (1916), pp. 309-356, pis. J,, •firju. 9).—
The experiments herein reported were undertaken during the 191.5 season for
the purpose of confirming the results of previous experiments by the authors
and by Blodgett (E. S. R., 32, p. 836). Spraying experiments were conducted
in five orchards in different sections of western New York. Comparisons were
made of the various dusted plats with plats of trees treated with the stand-
ard spray materials, lime-sulphur solution and lead arsenate, and with a plat
of trees that received no summer treatment. Details as to quantities of ma-
terials iised, dates of application and conditions influencing the same, time
required, comparative costs, and results are given in connection with the indi-
vidual experiments.

The previous work indicatetl that satisfactory insect control could be so-
cured with a dust mixture containing 90 per cent sulphur and 10 per cent of
arsenate of lead. This result was confirmed in the present experiments. As
a general formula for use in western New York under average western New
York conditions, however, the authors recommend a mixture containing 85 per
cent of exceedingly finely ground sulphur and 15 per cent of powderotl arsenate
of lead applied in amounts of from 1.25 to 2.5 lbs. per tree in each application.
The experiments indicate that 15 oz. of finely ground sulphur applitnl per tree
in each application will give effective control of the scab disease and of sooty
blotch. So far as can be determined the sulphur can be applied directly in
this amount. The results in one experiment, however, indicate that the use of
a filler allows for better distribution. Terra alba, or finely p-ound gj-psum,
used in equal parts with sulphur is a satisfactory filler.

In some of the experiments a number of substances were added to the dust
mixtures to determine whether their destructive properties could be increasiMl
thereby. These substances included hydrated lime, finely ground gjpsum or
terra alba, finely powdered soap, and casein and lime. The dust mixtures were
apparently not improveil by any of the diluents used.

As in the previous work the experiments show that powdered sulphur ap-
plied dry does not adhere as well as sulphur applied in liquid form as in lime-
sulphur solution, or as the very fine sulphur precipitated from the solution on
the addition of arsenate of lead or an acid substance. In every case but one in
which scab was a factor the percentage of scab on the dusted plats was
greater than on the sprayed plats, although in some cases the difference was
slight.

Summing lip the station's dusting experiments iVi a whole the authors con-
clude that a mixture of an insecticide and a fungicide can be applied in

HORTICULTURE. 739

powdorefl form, iisiug air as a carrier, witli better commercial results in the
control of preventable apple diseases and of apple insects than can be obtained
by spraying. Some general suggestions based on the experimental work are
given relative to spraying materials, method, thoroughness, and time of applica-
tion, home mixing of materials, applicability of the dust method, and equip-
ment.

Blight-resistant roots. — The first step toward pear blight coutrol, A. L.
WisKEii (Mo. Bui. Com, Hort. Cal., 5 (IDIG), Xo. 2, pi). JfS-SS, fly. i).— An ad-
dress before the State Fruit Growers' Convention, at Palo Alto, Cal., in July,
1915, in which the author deals particularly with our present knowledge of
blight-resistant roots.

The taxonomic value and structure of the peach leaf glands, C. T. GREcorvY
(New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 3G5 {1915), pp. 183-222, fiys. 9S).— The investiga-
tion here reported was undertaken primarily to determine whether peach leaf
glands are sufficiently stable and uniform in their characters to be used as a
basis for separating the varieties into sections. The leaves used in the work
were obtained from the peach district along Lake Ontario, from the Missouri
Fruit Station, and from the New York State Station at Geneva.

The glands of all the leaves were carefully examined and ai-e here discussed
with reference to their morphology, physiology and histology, comparison with
the spines of the leaf, secretory process, decomposition, and variability. A
number of drawings of certain glands are also included. The available litera-
ture on the subject was consulted and is here listed.

Among the varieties studied four kinds of leaves were found, those with
reniform glands, those with globose glands, glaudless leaves, and leaves having
mixed or indistinctive glands. The great majority of varieties were found to
have very definitely shaped glands, whereas other varieties were found that
were not adapted to any fixed classification because of the variability of the
glands. In view of this variability in conditions it is considered inadvisable to
attempt a definite classification into sections, but a list of varieties is given
with their gland characteristics, the commercial varieties of New York State
being especially considered and illustrated.

The structure of the glands shows that they are true glands having an upper
layer of long, rectangular, secretory cells that produce a sweet substance, the
function of which is .hot apparent. After the glands have ceased secreting
they begin to decay and slowly disappear until almost nothing is left. The
decaying process is preceded in every case by a suberization and thickening
of the cell walls. A study of the transitional forms indicates that the glands
are merely modified leaf spines. The leaves with reniform glands are appar-
ently the highest type and the glandless leaves the lowest type. Whenever
typical glandless leaves become possessed of glands they are always of the
globose type. The margins of normally glandless leaves are deeply and doubly
serrate while the margins of leaves with glands are always single and crenate.
The development of glands on a normally glandless leaf is accompanied by the
transformation of the serrations to crenations.

Cost of a peach orchard, C. J. Hayden {Country Gent., 81 {1916), No. 7, p.
329). — Data are given on the cost of establishing and maintaining a peach
orchard of 10,000 trees during the first three years.

Report on experiment in picking, packing, handling, cool storage, and
transportation of peaches, E. Meeking {Jour. Dept. Ayr. Victoria, 14 {1916),
No. 1, pp. 41-55, figs. 3). — Tabular results are given on some cooperative peach

39513°— No. 8—16 4

740 EXPERIMENT STATTON RECORD.

picking, pacliing, handling, cool storage, and transportation experiments con-
ducted under the direction of the Victoria Department of Agriculture.

Size grades for ripe olives, F. T. Bioletti {Calif omm Sta. Bill. 26S {1916),
pp. 215-227, figs. 2). — In this bulletin the author discusses the uses and methods
of sizing olives, presents data showing a great variation in the present practice
of sizing, and describes some work conducted with a view to establishing
a basis for a common standard.

An attempt was made to discover the relation between diameter and number
of olives per pound. This relation, however, was found to vary according to
the shape of the olive and its specific gravity. From a large number of weigh-
ings and measurements a factor has been determined for each of several of
the principal pickling olives from which the number of olives to the pound for
the various sizes may be determined. This factor differs for each variety of
different shape, and varies especially with the change in ratio between length
and thickness of the olive. Various systems of size grading with reference to
diameter are compared and a grade based on a difference in diameter of 88
per cent is proposed. In this system of grading each grade is almost exactly
88 per cent of the average diameter of the next larger grade and weighs G8
per cent as much per pound. The number of olives to the pound wouhl bo
inversely proportionate to the weight and the number for each grade would
be 68 per cent of the next smaller grade.

Results of reconstitution in Sicily, F. Paulsen {Bui. Agr. Alg^rie, Tunisie,
Maroc, 21 {1915), No. 8, pp. 1S9-206). — A review of progress made during the
past 25 years in the reconstitution of phylloxera-infested vineyards by the use
of American vines as stocks, with special reference to work conducted at the
Royal Nursery of American Vines of Palermo.

Mulching the citrus orchard, D. C. Fessenukn {Cat. Ciirogr., 1 {1916), Xn.
4, p. 25). — A brief r6sum6 of mulching experiments in citrus onliards in
southern California that are being conducted by a number of private interests,
as well as by the state experiment station and the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

Bud sports in agriculture, C. S. Pomeboy (Cal. Citrogr., 1 (1916), No. 4, pp. 16,
17, fig. 1). — The author briefly cites instances of bud sports in fruit trees and
other plants, special reference being made to some results securetl by the
Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in bud selec-
tion work with citrus fruits in California (E. S. R.. 34, p. (>39).

Notes on the budding of cacao on an estate scale in Trinidad, W. G. Free-
man {Proc. xlgr. »S'oc. Trinidad and Tobago, U> {1916), No. 1, pp. 22-28).— The
author gives a brief general statement of progress made in budding cacao,
together with an outline of experiments in budding and gi-afting cacao that
are being conducted on an estate in Trinidad.

Diseases and pests of the coconut in Netherlands India, P. E. Keuchenius
{Tcyfimannia, 26 {1915), No. 10, pp. 601-61^). — Descriptive notes are given on a
number of insect pests and diseases of the coconut, including a short bibli-
ography of related literature.

Pecan culture, with special reference to propagation and varieties, C. A.
Reed {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' liul. 700 {1916), pp. 32. figs. 17).— X practical
treatise on pecan culture, in which consideration is given to the economic im-
portance of the pecan, native range, cultural distribution, soil and moisture re-
quirements, propagation, seed selection, care of the seed, planting the seed,
comparison of budded and grafted trees, cleft gi-afting, formulas for grafting
wax. preparation of grafting dotli. care of cleft grafts, nursery whip grafting,
care of whi|) grafts, aniuilar budding, patcli budding, care of annular and p;itch
buds, chii) budding, Icugtli of time trees should remain in Ihe nursery, the pres-

IFOEESTRY. 741

ervfition of nut-bearing forests, top-working, trees suital)le f(»r top-working,
how to top-work7 top-working the hickory with the pecan, planting, cultivation,
bearing age, present prices of the nuts, marketing pecans, the selection of
varieties, " papershell " pecans, and varieties.

Included in the discussion of varieties are lists of varieties which have
proved most promising in different sections of the pecan region, together with
descriptions of the more important varieties taken largely from Bulletin 251
of the Bureau of Plant Industry, previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 645).

Intensive cultivation of ornamental plants, M. Gajon {Estac. Agr. Cent.
[Mexico] Bol. 9-12 {1914), pp. 102, figs. 41). — A popular treatise with special
reference to Mexican conditions. Descriptive notes are given on flowering
and other ornamental plants suitable for culture in pots or in gardens.

Climbing' plants, W. Watson (Lottdon and Edinhurgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack
[IDWl. pp. X+132, pis. 24)- — A popular treatise on climbing ornamental plants,
discussing the various classes of climbers, their adaptation, and specific cultural
requirements.

The dafEodil yearbook, 1915 (London: Roy. Hort. Soc, 1915, pp. VII +135,
pis. 33). — A compendium of articles by various authorities, dealing with dif-
ferent phases of daffodil culture, new varieties, breeding work, adaptation of
daffodils for various situations and purposes, dates of flowering of different
varieties, reports of shows, and other information. A bibliography on daffodils
is appended.

The amateur orchid cultivators' g'uide book, H. A. Bukberry (Liverpool:
Blake <& Mackenzie, Ltd., 1915, 4. ed., pp. VIII +182, pis. 9, figs. 24).— A text-
book and guide to the study of orchids and their culture.

In addition to cultural directions for orchids in general, information is
given relative to specific requirements of various classes of orchids, together
with lists of varieties that may be grown in cool, intermediate, and warm
greenhouses. The present edition of the work embodies the results of re-
cent experiences in orchid culture, and includes a new chapter on the culture
of Odontoglossum crispum. Instructions for the treatment of orchids through-
out the year are presented in tabular form and a number of questions and
answers relating to orchids are included.

The home grounds, E. G. Davis and R. W. Curtis (New York Cornell Sta.
Bui. 361 (1915), pp. 293-435, figs. 61).— In part 1 of this bulletin the first-named
author discusses some elemental principles and furnishes concrete directions
dealing with the arrangement of the home grounds. Consideration is given to
the house, roads, and walks, and other surroundings; grading and planting;
improving the outlook ; nature and character of plantings ; selection of trees ;
the use of shrubs ; and flower gardens. In part 2 the last-named author has
pi'epared lists of plant materials to be used in selecting the proper trees, shrubs,
and smaller growths suitable for home grounds. The lists are prepared with
due reference to various types of planting; different soil, light, and moisture
conditions ; and for securing different effects with reference to color of foliage,
fruit, flower, etc.

A historical sketch of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, H. P. Mac-
MiLLAN (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 46 (1916), No. 1, pp. 4-9, pis. 4). — A brief resumg
of the development of the Royal Botanic Gardens since their location in Pera-
deniya in 1821.

FORESTRY.

Woodlot conditions in Broome County, New York, F. B. Moody and J.
Bentley, Jr. (Netv York Cornell Sta. Bui. 366 (1915), pp. 227-24Jf, figs. 6).—
This bulletin embraces the results of a survey of woodlot conditions conducted

742 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

in Broome County in 1914. It describes the present condition of the woodlot,
including topography and soil, distribution of forest and woodland, forest types,
and past treatment of woodland. Suggestions are then given relative to
methods of treatment whereby these conditions can be improved and the wood-
lots made to yield a regular income to their owners. In this connection infor-
mation is given relative to species suitable for planting in Broome County and
assistance rendei-ed to landowners by the State in securing planting stock and
in gi-anting relief from taxation on woodland. A list is also give of tlie im-
portant commercial species and the economic uses of their wood.

Two demonstration areas have been located in the county with the view of
furnishing examples of applied foi'estry.

Woodlot conditions in Dutchess County, New York, F. B. Moody and J.
Bentlky, Ju. (New York Vonull Sta. Bui. 368 {1915), pp. 2S.i-302. figs. «).— A
report similar to the above on woodlot conditions in Dutchess County, N. Y.

Cooperative shelter-belt planting- on the northern Great Plains ( V. S. Dipt.
A[ir., Bio: I'liint Indus., Ojjire Dnj-lMnd Am: D>)r. 1 {llUO), pp. 6). — This
pamphlet outlines the cooi)erative shelter-belt planting in the northern Great
Plains as conducted under the direction of the Office of Dry Laml Agriculture
and describes the conditions under which a cooperative shelter-belt planting is
made. The territory covered by the work is that part of North Dak(»ta and
S<)uth Dakota lying west of the one hundredth meridian and of Montana and
Wyoming which lies east of tlii' .l,0<X)-f<H>t elevation.

Cooperative shelter-belt development in the northern Great Plains ( U. S.
Dipt. A[/i:, Bur. riant Indus., O^/tr Dry-Land A<n: Dor. 2 {1016), pp. 3, fifj. 1}.—
This pamplilet contains instructions for tlie planting and care of trees and has
been prei»aretl with special reference to its use by shelter-belt cooperators. See
above abstract.

The spruce and balsam fir trees of the Rocky Mountain regrion, G. B. Sin-
WOKTH {U. /S'. Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. 327 (1016), pp. //J, pis. 3J).— This l)Ulletin deals
with the distinguishing characters, geographic distribution, and forest habits
of all of the spruce and balsam fir trees that grow naturally within tlie Rocky
Mountain region, including also Canadian territory' lying directly north of the
Rockies and Mexican territory adjacent to the Southwest. Keys are provided
for the identification of the genera and species.

The bamboos in the. Cordilleras of the South. C. K. Hosskus {Boh Min. Agr.
[liucnoH -lircs], lii {1015), No. 3-Jf, pp. 105-206, figs. S).— An account of the
bamboos in the Andes region of South America with reference to their charac-
teristics, distribution, forestal importance, importance to the industries, inflnence
on agriculture, and use for protection against wind.

Observations on some reputed natural eucalyptus hybrids, together with
descriptions of two new species, J. H. M aii)i;n and R. II. Camisack (lour, and
Proc. Roy. ^Soc. N. &. Wales, JfS {lOL'i), pt. 3, pp. -il5-.i22). — In this paper three
reputed natural elicalyptus hybrids are discussed, and two of them are nametl
and described as IJucaliiiitus kiilivanciisis n. sp. and IJ. bcntlianii n. sp.

Notes on Eucalyptus (with a description of a new species) No. 3, .1. H.
Maiden {Jovr. and Proc Hoy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 48 {1914), pt. 3, pp. 423-432).—
A new species. Eucalyptus prwcox, is described and notes are given on six previ-
ously published species.

Notes on some forest species of Madagascar, E. Perrot and A. Gerard {Rul.
Kron. Gouvt. G6n. Madagascar, 15 {1915), I, No. 1, pp. 73-79, figs. 4).— The
I)rin('iiial wood characteristics of a number of Madagascar forest trees are
briefly noted.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 743

A review of the net revenues from the Saxony state forests for the year
1915, Waplee (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrb., 66 (1915), No. 6, pp. 420-431).— A
statistical review relative to the yield in major and minor forest products,
revenues, expenditures, etc., for the various districts of Saxony for the year
1913.

Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Aus-
tralia for the year 1914-15, W. Gill (Ami. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Anst.,
1914-15, pp. 13, pis. 7). — This is the usual report relative to the administration
and management of the state forests in South Australia, including a financial
statement for the year ended June 30, 1915. Data relative to forest areas,
planting and other forest operations, revenues, expenditures, etc., are presented
in tabular form.

[Report of the forestry division], J. M. Pxjkves (Nyasaland Dept. Agr., Ann.
Rpt., 19 to, pp. 25-28). — A brief progress report on operations in the forest
nurseries and plantations in Nyasaland, together with a financial statement for
the year.

Progress report of the Forest Research Institute for the year 1914r-15,
L. Merceb (Rpt. Forest Research Inst. [Dehra Dun}, 1914-15, pp. 22-).' — ^A
progress report of investigations in silviculture, forest botany, forest economy,
forest zoology, and forest chemistry. Lists of recent publications and of all
publications issued since the institute was established are appended, together
with a financial statement for the year.

Forestry in Netherlands India, C. S. Lugt (Het Boschbedrijf in Neder-
landsch Indie. Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willinlc d- Son, 1912, pp. 125, pi. 1, figs.
35). — This is the second of a series of handbooks dealing with the agricultural
products of the Dutch East Indies.

The present work takes up the history, development, administration, and
exploitation of teak and wild timber forests on Java and other islands of
Netherlands India. Information is also given relative to cultural operations,
transportation, yields, and revenues from forest operations.

Suggested alterations in the law relating to estate forestry, B. W. Adkin
(Quart. Jour. Forestry, 19 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-9). — In this paper the author
x'ecommends certain changes in laws pertaining to timber estates in England.

Practical forest assessment and survey, E. H. F. Swain (Dept. Forestry,
N. S. Wales, Bui. 9 (1914), pp. 16, figs. 3).— The system of forest strip survey
here outlined is an Australian adaptation of the methods adopted by European
and American forest, services and timber firms.

Collection of statistics, W. Schlich and L. S. Wood (Quart. Jour. Forestry,
10 (1916), No. 1, pp. 4^-5t). — In this article the authors give suggestions for
the collection of forest data in Great Britain to be used in the preparation of
volume tables and preliminary tables of the volume and value increment of
trees and woods. Sample measurements of 36 beech trees are given in order to
explain the method recommended.

Preservative treatment of fence posts, G. B. MacDonald (Iowa Sta. Bui.
15S, abridged ed. (1915), pp. S-31, figs. S). — An abridged edition of the bulletin
previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 153).

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Some observations on the study of plant pathology, G. Massee (Jour. Econ..
Biol., 10 (1915), Nos. 1-2, pp. 29-48). — This is a somewhat general presentation
of results of the author's observations on diseases of plants, resistant varieties,
distribution of disease, legislation in this connection, the training of plant
pathologists, and the mycoplasm theor5\

744 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

The author is of the opinion that an academic knowledge of mycology alone
is of comparatively little value from the standpoint of arresting plant diseases,
owing to the large number of factors which may be operative.

The claim recently made, on the basis of a study of silver leaf disease, that
this disease may apparently be due at times to the fungus Stereum purpnrcum
and at others to undetermined physiological causes, is regarded as justifying
alarm if it proves to be indicative of a possibility more or less general.

Plant diseases, J. C. Arthxjr (Indiann Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 29-31). — ^The author
briefly reviews the investigations in plant diseases conducted during the year
covered by the report. These include studies on grass and sedge rusts, control
of oat smut and potato scab, soil sanitation, and the results of a plant disease
survey of the State.

In connection with the work on control of oat smut, various forms of machines
for treating the grain have been tested, some of them with considerable success.
Further experiments with liydrogen peroxid for the prevention of stinking
smut of wheat and smut of oats indicate that this chemical can not be used
effectively as a grain disinfectant.

In the notes from the plant disease survey, a dozen or more diseases are
reported for the first time as occurring in this State.

[Report of the research assistant in plant pathology], G. H. Coons (MMii-
gan Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 213-215). — One of the principal studies of the year
reported was that a serious canker of apple due to Plcnodomns sp., a portion of
which has already been reported upon (E. S. R.. 34, p. 647).

Among reports of other investigations, an account is given of experiments on
potato seed treatment, the results confirming those previously noted (E. S. R.,
31, p. 543). A disease of celery characterized by stmited growth is briefly
described. This trouble is said to be serious in a number of centers of celery
production, in some cases causing almost total loss. As a result of this study,
the author considers the disease of bacterial causation. Attempts were made
to determine control measures, and among the most promising was soil
sterilization.

Diseases and enemies of cultivated plants in the Dutch East Indies,
A. A. L. Rutgers (Dcpt. Landh., Ni}i\ en Handel [Duieh Eaxt Incites]. Mcded.
Lah. Planienziekten, No. 9 (191^), pp. 2Ji). — Notes are given on diseases of
plants as observed, including Phytophthom fabeii, CortirUini mlmonienlor, C.
jamnicnm, Fomeft ,9emitostuft, HiimenoelKrte noxin, Thiiridaria tarda, and Phyl-
losticta sp. on rublxM- trees; a leaf curl and a bacterial disease of peanuts;
Piricularia and Helminthosporium on rice; rhytophthora on tobacco; Helopeltis,
Pestalozzia, L.'estadia. Cephalenros fireseen.<t, Nectria. Corticium, and Hypoch-
nus on tea; Corticium jaiianieum, Colletotrichum, and Hemileia vastatrix on
coffee; and diseases of unspecified causation, besides a number of insect ene-
mies of cultivated plants.

A list of related publications issued in 1913 is also given.

Germination conditions of teleutospores of TJredinese. Ill, P. Dtetel
{CcnIhL Bald, [etc.'], 2. Aht., Ji2 {1915), Xo. 25. pp. 698-705).— \n 0(intinuan<-e of
previous work (E. S. R.. 28. p. 241), the author has found that spores of Pue-
cinia malvacearum on mallow require for entirely normal development an
atmosphere fully saturated with water vapor. It is stated that the period of
exposure to unsaturated air necessary to complete loss of germinability is short-
ened as the humidity decreases.

Recent data and questions regarding smoke injury to plants, F. W. Neoer
(Natvrw. Wchnsclir., 29 (1914). No. 3Jf. pp. 529-53^^ fl(}.<t. 5).—'V\\\s is a con-
densed account, with a brief bibliography, of observations on gases injurious

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 745

to vegetation, some of which liave already been noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 523),
including siicli features as concentration, precipitation forms, soil factors, struc-
tural peculiarities, physiological relations, and temperature.

Examination and estimation of the damage caused to vegetation by the
smoke and vapors from factories, F. Ranwez (Chem. News, 112 {1915), No.
2913, p. 151). — This is a note on the injuries and problems arising in connec-
tion with the fumes, chiefly sulphur dioxid, from industrial plants.

A convenient casein spray, V. Vermorel and E. Dantony {Rev. Vit., Jf2
{1915), No. 1091, p. 448). — Directions are given for the convenient preparation
of a solution which is said to keep indefinitely in closed vessels.

Powdered casein is dissolved in ten times its own weight of water, which is
stirred rapidly in the meanwhile and also while about the same proportion of
milk of lime is added.

To make a spray which possesses both adherent and spreading qualities the
above preparation is added to 100 times its volume of alkaline Bordeaux mixture.

The use of copper carbonate as a fungicide, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr.
Gaz. N. S. Wales, 26 {1915), No. 3, pp. 242, 243).— In order to avoid the possible
bad effects of wetting the seed wheat in treating for bunt, the use of dry copper
carbonate has been tested at the Wagga and Cowra experiment farms for two
years with good results thus far as regards both germiuability and freedom from
bunt.

The method of applying the treatment was to shake up a bushel of the seed
wheat in a bag with 4 oz, of copper carbonate. The powder I'eadily adheres to
the brush of the grain, where the bunt spores mostly adhere, and to the longi-
tudinal groove of the seed.

Teleutospore formation by the cereal rust fungi, G. Gassner {Ztschr. Bat.,
7 {1915), No. 2, pp. 65-120). — Details are given of extended observations made
in the subtropical regions of South America on the progress of teleutospore
formation by Puccinia triticina, P. graminis, P. coromfera, and P. maydis, and
on the developmental relations between host and fungus.

The dependence of teleutospore formation upon weather appears to be in-
direct and due to the part played by the weather in determining the develop-
mental stages of the host. P. graminis requires, in order to begin the forma-
tion of teleutospores, a more advanced developmental stage in the host plant
than do P. triticina and P. coronifera. P. maydis also depends upon the devel-
opmental stage of its host, as observable in varieties showing differences in de-
velopmental rates and in the periods required to reach the flowering stage.

Puccinia oryzae parasitic on rice in the Ebro Delta, Spain, J. Florensa y
CoNDAL {Sindicato de Riegos del Delta Derecho del Ebro, la Enfermedad del
Arros {Puccinia orysw). Tarragona, 1914, PP- 3£; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
IRome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 3, pp. 469, 470). —
A destructive disease of rice which appeared in July, 1914, in the Ebro Delta
is attributed to P. oryzos. Its progress is thought to be favored by soil fatigue ;
high-water level ; lack of care in selection and disinfection of seed ; excess of
nitrogen in fertilizers deficient in phosphates, potash, and iron ; persistent
humidity ; cool weather during the period from germination to flowering of the
rice; close planting; and the presence of weeds.

Remedial measures thus far have proved to be expensive and impracticable.

Preventive measures recommended include the burning of all vegetation on
the gi'ound after the removal of the straw, which should be disinfected with a
4-5 per cent solution of copper sulphate or with milk of lime ; disinfection of
the soil with lime or carbon disulphid ; maintenance of a low water level (not
over 7 or 8 in. ) ; use of resistant varieties of rice, with constant selection there-

746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

from ; avoidance of suspected seed, or treatment thereof as directed ; destruction
of weeds on embanliments ; spacing from 10 to 14 in. apart ; and rotation of crops
or of varieties wliere possible.

[Report of the assistant in plant pathology], J. H. IMuncie (Michigan Sta.
Rpt. 1915, p. 211). — Tlie author's investigations have been confined to a study
of bean diseases, particularly in connection with measures for control of an-
thracnose and blight. It is believed that by growing early-maturing varieties
of beans to a large extent the losses hitherto reported might be eliminated.
Some experiments are being carrieil o\it to determine whether or not the bean
disease organisms may winter over in the soil and attack the next year's crop.

Pseudomonas phaseoli in beans, W. Giltneb, C. W. PJkown, and S. T. Sapiko
{ilkhif/an ^ta. L'pt. 1015, p. 20S). — On account of the possibility of seed bean
infection, the authors. have made an examination of the presence of bacteria
causing bacteriosis of beans.

It was found that seed from diseased pods may or may not contain the causal
organism, and that healthy-looking, clean beans from diseased pods may contain,
a few weeks after ripening, from 100,000 to S.OOO.aM) l)a(teria per bean, while
discolored ones may contain from 1.000.000 to 100.0(X).(X)0 bacteria. Only 4
out of 27 discolored beans which liad been kept for a year in a dry room showed
the presence of living bacteria. As P. phaseoli was found to make fair growth
on nutrient agar containing 2 per cent copper sulphate, the treatment of beans
with copper sulphate is not considered of much value in the control of bean
Ijacteriosis.

Phytophthora disease of gingseng, .1. Uosk.nravm {Xcw York Conull Sta.
Bui. .%'.? {1!U5), pp. G.i-jnG. fiiiH. /?).— The n-sults are given of a study carrinl
on in cooperation with this I)t'i)artment of the Thytophthora disease of ginseng,
which was first reported in the Unit»Ml States by Van Hook (E. S. R., 18, p. 342)
and which was studied by Hori in Japan (K. S. R., 19, p. 752). The symptoms
of the disease, its cause, patliogenicity of the organism (P. cactorum), the life
history, and the morphology' of the fungus are descrlbeil at length, after which
results of experiments in control are given. Si»raying with fungicides, removal
of diseased tops or roots of plants, dtvp planting, crop rotation, sterilization
of tht' soil, and adequate draij\age are suggesteil.

Spraying of peanuts for leaf rust, W. Nowell {.\(jr. Ncirs [Barbado.<<]. 14
(/.'»/.'>), Xo. iM}2, p. S50). — Information taken from a report by W. Robson regard-
ing spraying for the control of pi'anut rust (Urcdo aja<hi*liJi) indicates that
the fungus is effectively controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, the
yield being increased about 28 per cent in one instance.

The degree of infestation by this fungus depends largely upon conditions of
soil and climate. Under favoral)le conditions oidy those leaves which are ap-
proaching senility are attacked, but luifavorable circumstances result some-
times in the death of the whole plant. This fact leads to varying results from
spraying at dilTerent times and places.

Studies of health in potatoes, C. L. Fitch (Colorado Sta. Bui. 216 (1915),
pp. 3-31, figs. 17). — On accoinit of the serious losses experiencetl by potato
growers in parts of Colora<lo, the author made an investigation of some of the
factors which influence the health of the potato plant. Field and lal)orat<^ry
studies were made of soil temperature, moisture, irrigation, and the roots and
leaves of the potato plant.

The conclusion was reached that high soil temperatures, which cKCur in years
of more than average sunshine, and soakage of soil causing a lack of aer.-ition
are among the most im]iortant factors contributing to the loss. The presence
of hyplia? of Fusarluiu was noted in unheidlliy plants, but it is thought that (he
occurrence of the Fusarluni is secondary to (he effects proiluced by \uifavor:ible

DISEASES OP PLANTS. 747

soil conditions. Leaf roll was widoly reported in the potato districts of Colo-
rado for several years, but it is thought to have almost completely disappeared
in 1915.

[Infection of sugar beets through, the seed], P. Sorauer {Ztschr. Pflanzen-
krank., 24 (1914), No. 8, pp. 449-462). — This is a discussion of the various fungi
and bacteria which are introduced into the soil with seed or mother beets, and
tlie developmental relations between these organisms and their host plants.

Soil stain, or scurf, of the sweet potato, J. J. Taxtbenhaus {U. S. Dept.
A(/r., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 (1916), No. 21, pp. 995-1002, pis. ^).— The results
are given of an extended study at the Delaware Experiment Station of the
soil stain, or scurf, of sweet potatoes due to Moniloclnctcs infuscans (E. S. R.,
2, p. 41G). This disease is said to occur in practically all sweet potato regions
and is abundant in heavy soils, especially where manure has been used as a
fertilizer. It is said to reduce the market value of the roots and also to reduce
the yield by attacking the young roots and stunting their development. The
fungus is said to be difficult to culture, as it is of very slow growth and readily
overgrown by associated saprophytes. A description of the fungus as obtained
from pure culture is given.

[Practical protection for plants], Junge (Ber. K. Lehranst. Wein, Obst u.
Gartcnbau GcisenJieim, 1913, pp. 27-30). — American gooseberry mildew appears
to have been dealt with effectively by careful removal of affected tips and
thorough pruning with a view to light admission.

Fusicladium was not controlled by use of Bordeaux mixture or of lime sul-
phur.

The use of heating devices for preventing injury to orchard fruits was not
effective when the temperature sank as low as — 4° C.

Fire blight, L. R. Tehon (Bien. Rpt. W}io. Bd. Hort., 5 (1913-14), pp. 59-64,
fiffs. 3). — It is stated that fii-e blight (Bacillus amylovorus) is fast getting a
hold upon the orchard district of Wyoming, practically every orchard in Crook
(^ounty being infected in 1914.

Tlie transmission, symptoms, and progress of the disease are discussed.
Trees in vigorous growth, forming abundant new, succulent tissue, are par-
ticularly susceptible. The organism can not endure severe drying.

Continual inspection with destruction of all infected material constitutes the
only available means of protection. The organism overwinters in the cank'ers
on the fruit trees, and on mountain ash, service berry, and haw.

Dusting nursery stock for the control of leaf diseases, V. B. Stewart (New
York Cornell Sta. Circ. 32 (1916), pp. 10, figs. 5). — On account of the reported
success of dusting apple orchards for control of diseases the author has investi-
gated the practicability of this treatment for the control of leaf diseases of
cherry, rose, currant, and horse-chestnut. The dust mixture used in all the
experiments was composed of 90 parts of finely ground sulphur and 10 parts
of powdered lead arsenate. The results obtained were so successful that
further trial on a more extensive scale is considered advisable.

The use of lime sulphur as a summer spray for apple scab, C. C. Vincent
(Idaho Sta. Bui. 84 (1915), pp. 26, 211). — A l)rief preliminary report is given of
the results of spraying for the control of apple scab. Three applications of lime
sulphur resulted in a crop 95 per cent of which was sound, as comi^ared with
10 per cent from untreated trees. The applications were made when the buds
began to show pink, when the petals fell, and four weeks later.

Plum wilt, its nature and cause, B. B. Higgins (Georgia Sta. Bui. 118
(1916), pp. 3-29, figs. 25). — A disease of .Japanese plums and of hybrid varieties
of Japanese parentage, known as wilt, is said to have been under observation

748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

al this station for several years (E. S. R., 17. p. 466). In the fall of 1913 the
author began a study to determine the identity of the organism, means of infec-
tion and spread of the disease, its course of development, and the possibility
of control.

The cause of the wilt has been determined to be a species of Lasiodiplodia,
to which the name L. triflorw n. sp. has been given. The fungus infests prin-
cipally the conducting tissue and the medullary rays of the wood, causing gum
formation. The sudden wilting is considered due to a loss of water supply
througli the deposits of gum in the conducting elements of the wood. The
fungiis, it is said, can not enter through the unbroken bark, but readily enters
through wounds, and a large proportion of the infections occur through wounds
caused by peach borers.

For the prevention of this trouble, the author rtx;ommends the cleaning out
of channels made by peach borers and removing, if necessary, the surrounding
infected tissue, after which the surface is sterilized with corrosive sublimate and
covei'ed with gi-afting wax to prevent infection. Bacterial cankers and other
wounds should be treated in the same manner.

[Control of plant diseases and insect enemies], G. Lustner {Ber. K.
Lchrannt. ^Vcin, Obst it. Clartenbau Gcisenheim, J91S, pp. 91-100). — A brief dis-
cussion is given of tests made with several commercial preparations offered for
use against Peronospora and Oidium on grapevines and also against injurious
insects.

Control of grape diseases, M. Lindneb (Ztschr. Obst u. Uartenbau, 40 U91Jf),
No. 7, pp. 101-10 Jf, figs. 4; abs. in Mycol. Ccntbl., 5 (1915), Xo. 6. p. 29?).— Direc-
tions are given for the employment of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures
against Pcromjspora (VUmmopara) viticola, and of sublimed or powdered sul-
phur against Ohiiuin tiickcri.

The copper content of fungicidal sprays {Rev. Mt., JfZ (1915), Xo. 1092. pp.
469. JflO). — The copper content of Bortleaux and of Burgundy mixtures in
common practice is said to have decreased from a concentration of about 8
per cent in the early stages of its employment to about 2 iier cent at the pres-
ent time. It is thought that the latter concentration should be employed, per-
haps twice, about the time when the blooms are open, but that 1.5. 1, or even
0.5 per cent may be sufficient under ordinary conditions at other times.

[Fung'icide injury and fungus control], Fischer (Ber. K. Lehratist. Wein,
Obst It. Gartoibdit Gcisenheim. 19t.i, pp. 13-18). — This report deals witli injury
to grape leaves and shoots by the use of Bordeaux mixture, and with exi>eri-
ments testing the etHciency of three proprietary preparations designed to con-
trol Peronospora and Oidium, and of a fourth preparation claimed by a vine
grower to give satisfactory I'esults against the.se fungi.

[The use of fungicides against downy mildew], E. Rabat6 (Jour. Agr.
Prat., n. ser., 2S (1915), Xos. 45, pp. 378, 379; 46, pp. 392, 393; 47, pp. 407, 4O8).—
This is a discussion of factors to be considered in connection with the control
of downy mildew of grape, including the weather and similar conditions (tem-
perature, humidity, precipitation, drainage, etc.), resistant varieties, develop-
mental stages of the host and parasite, the time and number of fungicidal ap-
plications as related to weather and growth, and the forms, compositions, and
adaptations of the fungicides recommended.

Treatment of grape downy mildew as related to the period of blooming
(Itev. Tit., 42 (1915), Xo. 1091, pp. 447, 448).— The period during which mildew
attack is most to be dreaded is said to be that during which the flowers are
newly opened and their tissues are moist and tender. The great losses suffered
in 1013 in portions of Algeria were due to an outbreak during this ivriod of
.susceptibility.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749

It is claimed that the two sj)i-ayiugs to be given, one just before and one
just after tliis period, should have a copper sulphate content of 2 per cent and
should be neutral rather than acid. Another tx'eatment should be applied at
about the end of the flowering stage. Each of these treatments should be sup-
plemented by application of the fungicide in the form of a powder, preferably
at the time when moisture or dew is present in order to secure adherence to
the plants.

Advance notices regarding- mildew outbreak, J. Capus (Rev. Vit., 42 {1915),
No. 1092, pp. 461-46S). — This is a discussion of the conditions and indications
of mildew outbreak, and previous notices regarding the same, referring to the
1910 records in this connection.

Grape chlorosis {Rev. Vit., J,2 {1915), No. 1092, pp. 411, //72).— The humid
weather of the past spring is said to have resulted in the appearance of chlorosis
in severe form, especially in grape stocks on soil, the lime content of which is
near the limit of tolerance.

The application of iron sulphate by way of wounds, while efficacious, is said
to be impracticable as a general measure. A 0.4 per cent spray of iron sulphate
may be repeated two or three times without injury, a gi'eater strength burning
the leaves. Treatment must be pi'ompt in order to be effective. In case it is
thought advisable to combine a fungicidal treatment with that for chlorosis,
a solution containing 1.5 per cent of lime with 1 per cent each of copper sul-
phate and iron sulphate is prescribed.

Carefully chosen American stocks are said to be resistant to the influence
of these limy soils.

Mildew of raspberry fruits, A. Naumann {Slichs. Ztsrhr. Obst u. Gai'tejibau,
40 {1914), pp. 121-123; abs. in Mycol. Centbl., 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 293, 294).— A.
iiiildew observed on raspberry fruits in Dresden appears to be due to Sphwro-
iiicca pannosa.

The mopo disease of young- cinchona plants and the Javanese seed bed
fungus, A. Rant {Bid. Jard. Bot. BuUen::orfj. 2. ser.. No. 18 {1915). pp. 22, pis.
7). — The author describes the study of a fungus causing a seed bed disease of
cinchona called mopo in Java. The organism is thought to be identical with
Moniliopsis aderholdii. It is said to be common in Java and to be favored by
close planting in seed beds and by stagnation and humidity of the air, but to be
opposed by alkalinity of the soil.

A bibliography is appended.

Cottony rot of lemons in California, C. O. Smith {Calif ornm Sfa. Bui. 265
{1916), pp. 237-258, figs. 11). — A description is given of the decay of lemons,
commonly known as cottony rot or white mold, due to Sclerotinia Ubertiana.
This disease is said to be widely distributed in the lemon-growing section of
California and is characterized by a mass of white, cotton-like mycelial growth
that rapidly spreads over the infected lemons. The affected tissue, while some-
what softer than normal, does not present the characteristics of a typical soft
rot, as considerable firmness of the tissue may remain for some time. In ad-
vanced stages, however, the tissue becomes broken down and watery.

The life history of the fungus and the results of artificial inoculations are
described. It has been found that the fungus attacks not only lemon fruit but
the twigs of mature trees, nursery stock, and sweet and sour orange seed bed
stock. The filaments of the fungus are able to enter and destroy a perfectly
sound lemon at any point of contact, no abrasion being necessary. Attempts
to inoculate the healthy, uninjured skin of a lemon with spores sprayed with
an atomizer failed to give positive results except at the stem and blossom ends
and rarely at points where two fruits were in contact. A study of strains of
the fungus isolated from bean, cucumber, lettuce, vetch, wild lettuce, citrus

750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

twigs, avocado twigs, tomato, and eggplant appears to indicate that these are
identical with that causing the decay of lemon fruits described.

In a study of means for prevention of loss, disinfecting the fruits by the use
of a wash water containing 0.02 per cent copper sulphate gave satisfactory re-
sults. Where this method is used, it is suggested that the wash water should
be neutralized by the use of sulphuric acid before the copper sulphate is added to
prevent the breaking down of the copper sulphate. Other important measures in
conti'olling injury from this disease can be employed in the packing house, and
the autlior recommonds disinfection of storage boxes, frequent insi>ection, and
the isDlation of fruit tliat may have become infected by contact.

Die-back of lime trees in Montserrat (Ar/r. News [Barbatlosl, IJ^ (1915),
No. 350, pp. 318, 319). — Two fungi are said to be early and constantly present
on diseased twigs of lime trees. One of these resembles the withertip fungus of
citrus trees, Collclotrkhum glaosporioidcs, as described by American writers,
but the effects on leaves and fruits do not correspond so closely.

A Dlplodia found on diseased l)ranches is tliought to be the same as that noted
on cacao.

A disease of garden Arabis, R. Latl-bert (Gartenflora, 63 (1914), No. i.}, pp.
SOS, SO-i; aha. in Mjnol. Ccnthl., 5 (1915). No. 6, p. 295).— A disease of Arabis
due to djstopns caniUdus is reported at Berlin, this being supposedly its first
appearance in Germany.

Rose mildew, Kikse (Roam Ztg., 29 (1914). P- i4>' "''•*• i^^ Mycol. Ccntbl., 5
(191.5), No. 6, p. 298). — Measures reconunended as prote<'tive against rose mil-
dew (SplKrrothrca ptninosa) nre the seltM-tion of nonsusccjitilile varieties, avoid-
ance of light sandy soil.s, and dusting several times during tlie early stages of
growtli with flowers of sulphur.

Control of rose mildew (/Jxchr. Oh.^t n. Gartenhau, 40 (1914), ^'O- 7, pp. 105,
106, figs. 3; ali.<<. in Mycol. CoilhL, 5 (1915), No. 6. p. 2.''7).— P.rief discussion is
given of machines for the employment of powdered sulphur for the cttntrol of
rose mildew (Sphfrroihrca pannosn), witli suggestions for the adaptation of the
treatment to woaflu>r conditions.

Violet smut (Urocystis violae). G. Mth.i.EK (Pralct. Ratgeber Ob.H u. Garten-
ban, 29 (1914), No. 7, p. 69. fig. 1 ; ah.t. in Myvol. Ccntbl, 5 (1915), No. 6. p. 296).—
In order to prevent the transmission of vioU't .snuit ( r. riola-), which, it is said,
may take place by means of cuttings, the use of seed only for propagation is
recommended.

Recent observations on the blister rust of the Weymouth pine. C. von
TrnETF (Natiinr. Ztfichr. For.tt v. Lamltc, 12 (1914), ^'"- 9-10, pp. 4S.'f-491). —
Tlie author follows up a previous report (E. S. R.. 31, p. 50) with the statement
that in 1914 Pcridcrmium slrobi developed abundantly in spite of severe attacks
thereon by TubcrcvUna 7))a.rinia. Study of this relation was carried forward by
Lechmere, whose reiiort ai)pears below.

A continuation of a previous study (E. S. R.. 31, p. 4.">1) on the Ril)es genera-
tion of tliis fungiis has shown tliat infection occurs very sjtnringly, if at all, on
tlie upper leaf surfaces, which boar no stomata, or on thp petioles. Infection of
the lower leaf surfaces by the a>ci<liospores was not prevented by the applica-
tion of I?onI(>aux mixture to the upper surfaces.

Discussion is given of collected observations regarding the host plants, over-
wintering, dispersal, and develojunental conditions of this fungus.

Tuberculina maxima, a parasite on the blister rust fung'us of the Wey-
mouth pine, E. LEruMEKE (Natiirir. Ztschr. Forsf u. TauuIic. 12 (1914), No.
9-10. pp. 491-498, figs. 2). — An account is given of ;i biological study of T.
niaxiiiKi. It is staled that only negative results were obtained from the study,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 751

referred to above, regarding tlie possibility of checking blister rust (Cronartmni
rihicolum or Peridcrmium strobi) on pine by employing for this purpose its
parasite, T. maxima.

The dry rot question, Moormann (Gsiidhts. Imjcn., 38 {1915), No. 18, pp. 211-
21.'f) — This is a reply to Falck on the same subject (E. S. K., 33, p. 151).

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Laws relating to fur-bearing animals, 1915, D. E. Lantz (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 706 {1016), pp. 24). — A summary of laws in the United States
and Canada relating to trapping, protection, propagation, and bounties.

Cottontail rabbits in relation to trees and f araa crops, D. E. Lantz ( U. 8.
Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 702 {11)16), pp. 12, figs. 5). — A discussion of the dam-
age caused by cottontail rabbits, and preventive and remedial measures therefor.

Further experiments on the effect of low temperatures on the frog, A. T.
Cameeon {Proe. and Trans. Roy. 8oc. Canada, 3. scr., 8 {1915), Sec. IV, pp. 261-
266). — The data presented led the author to the following conclusions:

" The death temperature of Ra)ia pipiens from cold is —1.25° ±0.15° C.
[29.75°±0.27° F.]. There is no climatic adaptation, nor any periodic adaptation
due to hibernation, in R. pipiens. The cause of death is a specific temperature
effect on the coordinating centers of the central nervous system. Those con^
trolling lung respiration may be specially concerned. Frogs surviving degrees
of cold such as those occurring during a Manitoban winter do so below the
surface, near the margins of springs, and are themselves subjected to tempera-
tures below the freezing point of water. There seems to be a slight variation
in the death temperature from cold of different species of frogs, amounting to
some tenths of a degree Centigrade. Fi'ogs heated rapidly to normal room
temperature from a temijerature just below the freezing point of their body
fluids (and not itself capable of causing death) are thrown into a peculiar
hypersensitive condition, in which cessation of lung breathing takes place for
long periods."

Snakes and their value to the agriculturist, R. W. Shuteldt {Sci. Amer.
Sup., 80 {1915), Nos. 2082, pp. 3U, 3.'f5, figs. 7; 2085, p. 393).— Attention is called
to the importance and value of snakes in the destruction of field mice. In a
discussion of this paper which follows, W. H. McClellan reports field observa-
tions which indicate that the author's estimate of the number of mice con-
sumed by a snake is much too high.

The cuticula of insects as a means of defence against parasites, W. R.
Thompson {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soe., 18 {1915), No. 2, pp. 51-55). — This is
one of a series of papers reporting the results of studies of various biological
questions connected with entomophagous parasites (E. S. R., 33, pp. 157, 855;
34, pp. 553, 557).

The interrelation of the phagocytes and parasites of arthropods, W. R.
Thompson {Bui. Sac. Zool. France, JfO {1915), No. 1-3, pp. 63-6S, fig. 1).—In
continuation of the studies noted above the author presents tlie results of in-
vestigations of the phagocytic reaction in natural and experimental parasitism.

An improved collecting bottle, C. N. Ainslie {Psyche, 22 {1915), No. 6, pp.
211, 212).

The calibration of the leakage meter, C. W. Woodwoeth {California Sta.
Bui. 264 {1916), pp. 231-234, fig. l).—lt is pointed out that some leakage meters
are so inaccurate that they are unsuitable for use as guides to dosage. The
accuracy may be easily tested by measuring the clamp ring and the hole of
the test plate. " Needles can be used to make test plates, making their meas-

752 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

urement unnecessary. The amount of the inaccuracy is deterraiuetl by com-
paring the reading with a table. If found inaccurate the instrument should be
returned to the maker for adjustment."

Thirtieth, report of the state entomologist, 1914, E. P. Felt {Univ. State
N. T. Bid. 606 (1016), pp. 336. pis. 19. figs. 101).— In the first part of this report
the author refers briefly to the work of the year and the more notable events.
The injurious insects, next considered, include the lined red bug (Lygidca
mendax), tlie species responsible for most of the nil bug damage to apple
orchards in the Hudson Valley ; white grubs and May or June beetles ; forest
tent-caterpillar ; brown tail moth, an infestation of which was found on Fishers
Island, Gardners Island, and the eastern end of Long Island ; army worm ;
European pine shoot moth (Evctria buoUana) which has become established
in several localities in New York State; box leaf midge (Monarthropalpits
huxi), which has become thoroughly established on Long Island and is seri-
ously injuring box hedges ; and grasshoppers, a serious outbreak of which oc-
curred on the sandy areas bordering the Adirondacks.

Under the heading of Notes for the Year (pp. 58-01) the author records ob-
servations on some of the more injurious or interesting species coming to notice.
The fruit insects mentioned include the tent caterpillar ; lime tree winter moth ;
green fruit worm ; pear thrips; pear midge (Contarinia pyrirora) ; i>ear psylla ;
Itanded grape bug (Paracalocoris scrupcns), a description of the early stages
of which are given; .spotttnl winged Idiocerus (Idiocerus maciilipcnnis) ; and
San .Jos6 scale. Several grass and garden insects are considered, namely, grass
webworms (Crambus luteolcllus) ; yellow field ant ( Solenopsis dcbUis) ; Say's
blister beetle {Pomphopaa snyi), unusually abundant and injurious in sovt-ral
localities in the State; juniper plant bug (Chlorochroa vhlcri) ; and Iris borer
(Macronoctua onustn). Those mentioned as having injured ornamental and
shade trees are the European hornet {Vcspa crabro), which attractetl attention
through its gnawing off the bark from the small branches of various trees,
especially birch; the elm leaf beetle {CaJcruccUa luicnla) ; the gipsy moth, a
colony of which was discovered at Xlt. Kisco ; Norway maple leafhopper (Alcbra
albostricUa) and scurfy scale {Lrurnspis jnponica) on Norway maple, hitherto
regarded as comparatively free from insect pests; pine leaf .scale (Chionaspi.t
pinifolkr) ; spruce bud scale {Pfnjsokcnncs pircw), which has become estab-
lished in several widely separated districts of the State; the false maple scale
(Phcnacoccus acey'icola) ; and mulberry white fly (Tctralcyrodes mori). The
forest tree pests noted include the spruce bud moth {Tortrix fitiniferana), ugly
nest cherry worm (Archips cerasivorana), maple and oak twig pruner (Eln-
%>Jiidioti viUosutii), and periodical cicada. Several miscellaneous pests are also
mentionetl.

A list prepared by F. T. Ilartraan of the Coccid.-e in the collection of the
New York State Museum, consisting of 17.3 species of which 4G were found in
New York, is next presented (pp. 92-100). This is followed by lists of publica-
tions of the entomologist and additions to the collections. Part 3 of A Study
on Gall Midges, or Itonidida; (E. S. R.. 33. p. 2.^3), which deals with the trilies
Porricondylaria? and Oligotrophiariie and is illustrated by a number of plates,
is appended.

[Entomological work in Porto Rico] (Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Ayr. P. R., S (1914),
pp. 9-55). — Several reports of work carried on in Porto Rico are presented,
namely. Report of the Quarantine Inspection Work, by R. J. Fiske (pp. 14-19) ;
Report of the Department of Entomologj-, by T. H. .lones (pp. 19-2.5) ; Report
of the Traveling Entomologist, by G. N. Wolcott (pp. 25-40) ; Report of Work
at the South Coast T^aboratory, by E. G. Smyth (pp. 4(>-.53) ; and Progress
Report on Investigations Relative to the Horn Fly, by G. B. Merrill (pp. 53-55).

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753

The report of the traveling entomologist considers details relating to the
work of collecting white-grub parasites {Tiphia inornata and tachinid species).
In collecting material the author has found that the females of Lachnosterna
iniplicata, the most common species in Illinois, feed largely on the leaves of
Cottonwood and willow. Since they do not fly far after feeding before oviposit-
ing, large niimbei's of larv?e are most often found in fields near such trees.

An account is also presented of a trip to Cuba and Jamaica made during the
winter of 1914 for the purpose of investigating sugar-cane insects and their
enemies, especially the sugar-cane borer (Diatra'a saccharalis) and the root
borer {Prwpocles vittatus). The author found the sugar-cane borer apparently
less common in Cuba than in Porto Rico and Louisiana. A tachinid fly {Tachi-
noplujto [Hypostemi] sp.) was found to be the most important larval parasite
of D. saccharalis in Cuba. It was found abundant in nearly every field in
which the borer was present, and it is estimated that 25 per cent of the borer
larvaj in Cuba, half grown or larger, are parasitized by this tachinid. A
similar species occurs in Jamaica. Several predaceous larvse of an elaterid
beetle were found in the borer tunnels at Chaparra. Other important insect
enemies of cane observed in Cuba are the mealy bug {Pseudococcus sp.), Sole-
nopsis geminata, the weevil stalk borer (Aletamasius sericeus), the West Indian
sugar-cane leafhopper (Delphas saccharivora) , and the root borer Diaprepes
abbreviatus.

In Jamaica it was found that the root borer P. vittatus, previously an impor-
tant sugar-cane pest, but which is parasitized by Elis atrata, has not been
abundant in recent years. The fact that the sugar-cane borer is generally less
abundant in Cuba and Jamaica than in Porto Rico and Louisiana is due in part
to parasitism by tachinid flies, the general practice of not burning trash w^hich
favors the effectiveness of the egg parasite Tricliogramma minutttm, care in
planting seed free from Diatrsea larvae, and sanitation in harvesting cane,
that is, cutting close to the ground and destruction of injured stalks.

The report of w^ork at the south coast laboratory deals with the injury by
beetles and by white grubs, species responsible for injury, injury by other
scarabiBids, field habits of Lachnosterna, laboratory work with Lachnosterna
and related Scarabaeidse, control of white gi'ubs, and release of parasites in
Porto Rico.

[Report of the] division of entomology and zoology (Washington Sta. Bui.
121 (1915), pp. 30-38, figs. 2).— The investigations in Washington State have
shown that differences in the viability of scale insects are not due so much to
the strength of the spray employed as to the locality where the spraying is
done. There was found to be a much greater difference in the effect produced
by a single spray at Wenatchee and Clarkston than between the effect of an
excessively strong spray as compared with an excessively weak spray used at
either place alone. See also a previous note by Melander (E. S. R., 34, p. 551).

It is stated that the Colorado potato beetle has now become acclimated to
conditions in eastern Washington and is proving to be as destructive there as
elsewhere. Brief reference is made to the study of endoparasites of the cabbage
aphis and other insects, and brief reports are given of the work with root mag-
gots and the Columbian ground squirrel. The data secured in investigations
have shown beyond doubt that there is but one brood per year of the Colum-
bian ground squirrel, and for this locality the litter appears above the surface
about the first to the tenth of May.

[Report of entomological work], J. S. Dash {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados,
1913-1/f, pp. 37-/^3). — The author reports upon the occurrence of the more im-
portant insects of the year in Barbados and work therewith.

754 EXPERIMEI\^T STATION RECOKD.

[Summary of investigations of the division of entomology], D. d'Emmekez
DE Charmoy (In »S' «»(///«/•)/ of Invcatigutions Made Dutinu the Period January
1 to June SO, 1915. Mauritius: Dept. Ayr., 1915, pp. 3-7).— A lirief report of the
occurrence of and work with the more important insects in Mauritius.

Cassava insects, F. W. Ubich (Bui. Dept. Ayr. Trinidad and Tohayo, 14
{1915), No. 2, pp. 38-40). — ^The author calls attention to some of the insects
found on cassava in Trinidad and Tobago wliicli may become pests.

Insects injurious to stored grains in Mauritius, D. d'Emmekez de Chakmoy
(Dept. Ayr. Mauritius, 8ei. Ser., Bui. 2 (1915), [Enylish Ed.'\, pp. 16, pis. 3).—
Brief accounts are given of three insects attacking maize, namely, the rice
weevil, the maize beetle or bamboo borer (DidoiK^riis minntus), and the maize
tineid; two attacking rice, the rice weevil and rice moth (IJpIiestia caliiritella) ;
three attacking the seeds of leguminous plants, the bean weevil, co\\Tea weevil,
and four-spotted weevil (Hruelnis quadriinaculatuf<) ; and tliree attacking bran,
flour, and other foodstuffs, namely, the saw-tootbeil grain beetles (tsylvanus
siynatus and S. surin<imensis) and the flour beetle (Tribolium ferruyineum).

Insect-borne diseases in Pan- America, J. Guitebas (Havana: Dept. Health
and Charities Republic Cuba, 1915, pp. 42, pi. 1, figs. 2).— This paper, read
before the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress, held in Washington. D. C,
December 27, 1915, to .January S, 191G, reviews the subject at some length and
presents a classified bibliography of 150 titles.

Termites, or "white ants," in the United States: Their damage and
methods of prevention, T. E. S.nyuer (L'. iS'. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 333 (1916), pp. 32,
pis. 15, fiys. 5). — A general account of termites, particularly Leueotermes
fiavipes, L. viryinieus, and L. lueifuyus, their life history and bionomics, geo-
graphical distribution, economic importance in the United States, and preventive
and remedial measures.

The apple red bugs (Heterocordylus m.alinus and Lygidea mendax), C. R.
Crosby (New York Coruell Shi. liul. 291. rev. ed. (1915). pp. 21.i-23n. fiys. 28).—
A revised edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. K., Ii5, p. 255).

A serious attack of Jassus sexnotatus on autumn rye, in the autumn of
1914, H. VON Feilitzen (fjatultmamun, 26 (1915), A'o. 19, pp. 169-172, fiys. 4;
abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 525, 526).— An outbreak of
this pest in a field of fall rye at Jonkiiping. Swe<len, is reported, this being the
first record of its injury to the crop in Sweden.

Life history of Vanduzea arquata, AV. D. Funkhouser {Psyche, 22 (1915),
No. 6, pp. 183-198, pi. 1). — The life history studies of this membracld, one of
the most widely distributed in the United States, are based upon field notes
made during the past five summers in the vicinity of Ithaca. N. Y., where the
species is A'ery abundant upon the locust (Robinia pseudaeaeia).

The periodical cicada in Missouri, L. IIaseman (Mis.souri Stn. Bui. 137
(1915), pp. 3-33, fiys. 27). — A gem-ral account of its life history and bionomics,
followed by an illustrated discussion of the distribution of broods of periodical
cicada in Missouri.

Morphology and biology of the green apple aphis, A. C. Baker and W. F.
Tuener (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Jour. Ayi. Research, 5 (1916), No. 21, pp. 955-994,
pis. 10, fiys. 3). — The authors report in detail upon studies of the life history
of Aphis pomi which were commenced in 1913 and carried on at Vienna, Va.,
The outline of the life history prepared by the authors is as follows :

" The egg is laid upon the tender twigs of the apple, though occasionally it
is laid upon the bark of the older twigs. It is light yellow when laid, but later
changes to shining black. Development for a few days is very rapid, after
which the egg rests for the winter. When the revolution of the embryo is
completed in the spring, an increase in temperature will cause the egg to hatch.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 755

Before this revolution a high temperature only tends to destroy it. Early in
April the egg hatches by a uniform splitting over the insect's head.

"The stem mother is wingless and becomes mature in about ten days. She
produces summer forms, both winged and wingless, with the winged ones pre-
dominating. There are 9 to 17 generations of the summer forms at Vienna,
Va. After the second generation the wingless forms always outnumber the
others, but winged forms may occur in every generation. They become i*are
toward the end of the season. On the other hand, a wingless line may be car-
ried from the stem mother to the egg. A third form, the intermediate, may
occur throughout the summer. The wingless sexes begin to appear about the
first of September. They occur in all generations, from the eleventh to the
nineteenth, inclusive, and probably also in the ninth and tenth. The summer
wingless forms and the oviparous females, which live longer than the males,
remain on the trees at Vienna, Va., until the leaves drop, usually about the
middle to the last of November.

" Mating commences toward the close of September, one male usually serving
more than one female. Both sexes feed. The oviparous female may lay in-
fertile eggs if not reached by a male, and these eggs do not become black. The
fertile egg develops to the resting stage before the first heavy frosts ; otherwise
it may be winterkilled and will not hatch to a stem mother the following
spring."

A genealogical diagram which accompanies the paper shows the forms and
generations developing from one stem mother of the green apple aphis as indi-
cated by the authors' breeding experiments.

Experiments with sprays against Aphis papaveiis, Sofie Kostrup ( Tidsskr.
Planteavl, 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 233-256; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser.
A, Xo. 9, pp. 526, 52]). — Experiments with nicotin sprays for the control of A.
rumicis (papaveris) on seed turnips and horse beans conducted in 1913-14
showed 0.1 per cent uicotin to be sufticieni:, and when the attack is not serious
even less may be used, although 0.05 per cent is probably too weak. " Macrosi-
plium (SiphonopJiora) pisi, a large species often occurring in company with A.
rumicis, is more resistant to the spray. Coccinellids in all stages, Sito'nes
lincatus, and thrips were found alive on the plants, whereas Lygus campestris
was killed."

The leopard moth: A dangerous imported insect enemy of shade trees, L. O.
Howard and F. H. Chittenden (U. S. Dcpt. Agi:, Farmers' Bui. 708 {1916),
pp. 10, figs. //). — A revision of Bureau of Entomology Circular 109, previously
noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 458).

The catalpa sphinx, L. O. Howard and F. H. Chittenden ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 705 {1916), pp. 9, figs. J).— A revision of Circular 96 of the Bu-
reau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 759).

The fruit-tree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila), G. W. Hekrick and R. AV.
Leiby {Xew York Cornell .Sta. Bui. 367 {1915), pp. 2^7-279, figs. 18).— In addi-
tion to the data presented in Bulletin 311 (E. S. R., 27, p. IGO) and in a paper
(E. S. R., 34, p. 63) previously noted, the authors report control experiments
carried on from 1911 to 1914.

The experiments have shown that the eggs of the leaf roller are susceptible
to the effect of miscible oils, which, when thoroughly applied, have destroyed
from 74 to 92 per cent. " In experiments made during the last three years no
injury has resulted from the use of miscible oils. The oils have been applied
in the spring (April) at as near the active growing period of the tree as pos-
sible, but always before the buds burst. They have been used generally at the

39513°— No. 8—16 5

756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

rate of 1 gal. to 15 gal. of water. Only one application should be made, and
that on a day when the temperature is above freezing.

" In cases of severe infestation the oils should be supplemented by thorough
sprayings with arsenate of lead at the rate of 6 lbs. to 100 gal. of water or of
lime-sulphur solution. At least one application should be made before the
blossoms open, and another after the petals fall ; the latter will serve also as
the regular spraying for codling moth. In lightly Infested orchards spraying
with miscible oils may be omitted and reliance placed on thorough applica-
tions of arsenate of lead, at the rate of 6 lbs. to 100 gal. of water or lime-
sulphur solution. One or two applications should be made before the blossoms
open and another after the petals fall."

The bagwonn, an injurious shade tree insect, L. O. Howabd and F. H. Chit-
tenden (r. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 701 {1916), pp. 11, ^g». IS).— A. revision
of Circular 97 of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 19,
p. 860).

The cranberry girdler and its control, H. B. Scammell (Proc Amer. Crati'
bernj Growers' Assoc, If6 {1915), pp. J^S). — The observations of the season are
said to have led to the conclusion that there is only one annual brood of the
cranberry girdler {Cramhu^ horteUus).

Observations on respiration of Culicidse, S. K. Sen {Indian Jour. Med. Re-
seareh, 2 {1915), Xo. 3, pp. 681-697, pis. 4, fiffs. 4). — A report of observations on
the consumption of oxygen and evolution of carbon dloiid by mosquitoes.

Notes on five North. American buffalo gnats of the genus Simulium, A. W.
JoBBiNs-PoMEROY {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 329 {1916), pp. 48. pis. 5, figs. 15.—
Morphological and biological studies are here presented. The various stages of
the simulids, their life cycle and number of generations, Insect enemies and
parasites are dealt with. The Simulium as a possible carrier of disease Is also
considered.

A bibliography of 14 pages arrange«l in alphabetical order is appended.

Sarcophagid larvae from the painted turtle, F, E. Chidester {.Jour. Para-
sitologij, 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 48, 49. figs. 2). — The autlior records having roared
several sarcopliagid larvae from the painted turtle {Chrysemya picta) at New
Brunswick, N. J.

A new generic name for the screw worm fly, C. II. T. Townsend {Jour.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 {1915), No. 20, pp. 644-646) .—The author erects the genus
Cochliomyia for the screw worm fly, which has been known as Chrysomyia
maeellarin.

Life history studies of the Colorado potato beetle, Pauline M. Johnson
and Anita M. Balunger {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916). No.
20, pp. 917-926, pi. 1). — This is a report of exporiinonts con<luctiHl in the District
of Columbia during the season of 1014. during which time the temperature was
exceedingly high with more than tl>e normal rate of humidity. The data are
presented largely in tabular form under the lioadings of generation experiments,
number of molts and duration of instars. and fall mating for spring egg laying.

Observations on the life history of the cherry leaf beetle, G. W. Hekrkk
and R. Matheson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916), No. 20, pp.
943-950, pis. 2). — The authors report from the New York Cornell Experiment
Station that several severe outbreaks of the cherry -leaf beetle {Galerucella
cavicollis) occurred in New York State during the summer of 1915, in which the
adult beetles defoliated cherry, peach {Aruygdalus prrsica), and plum. Prac-
tically all the injury was restricted to the western and southwestern part of the
State.

In the present paper they first present a historical review, after which tlie life
history and habits are briefly dealt with. This beetle is widely distributed.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 757

occurring from Cauada, through the New England States southward into Penn-
sylvania, and west to Wisconsin. It is also said to have been recorded from
Texas and Vancouver, British Columbia, while the original specimen was de-
scribed from North Carolina. In New York State there is only a single brood
each season, the new brood of adults appearing during the second week in
August and becoming common during the latter part of the month and early
September. At Ithaca oviposition takes place from June to August. The
larvae, which hatch out in from 14 to 18 days, make their way from the branches
to the young and tender foliage near the tips of the twigs, where they feed
ravenously and reach maturity in from two to three weeks. Where the larvae
are abundant all the foliage may be so completely skeletonized as to turn brown
and die, giving the trees a scorched appearance. A close examination about
Ithaca failed to detect the presence of larvaj on any trees but the pin cherry.
Pupation Is said to take place at or slightly below the surface of the soil.

Due to scarcity of material, control experiments have not been conducted by
the authors, but correspondents have reported good success from the use of
arsenate of lead paste at the rate of 4 to 5 lbs. to 100 gal. of water and also
from a spray containing 40 per cent of nicotin.

The tobacco wireworm, C. Bencomo (El Pasador del Tahaco. Port an Prince,
Haiti: Author, 1915, pp. IS, pi. 1; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Scr. A, No. 9,
p. 525). — Agriotes (Elatcr) segetis, known as an enemy of cereals and vege-
tables, attacks the roots of the tobacco plant in Cuba, where it is termed the
tobacco wireworm. The present paper gives a brief account of its life history
and control measures.

The corn stalk beetle, R. W. Hakned (Mississippi Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Press
Circ., 1915, June 19, folio.) — The author reports complaints from many parts
of Mississippi of injury to corn by the corn stalk: or sugar cane beetle (Ligyrus
rugiccps), an account of which by Titus (E. S. R., 17, p. 781) has been noted.
It is pointed out that while it does some damage every year, it was apparently
much worse during the spring of 1915 than during any previous year of
which there is record, with the possible exception of 1904, as reported by
Herrick (E. S. R., 17, p. 265). Several remedial practices are recommended.

The effect of cyanid on the locust borer and the locust tree, W. P. Flint
(Scie7ice, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1090, pp. 726, 727).— The author, from the Illi-
nois state entomologist's office, reports experiments carried on in central and
northwestern Illinois early in the spring in which from 0.05 to 0.5 oz. of 98
per cent potassium cyanid and of cyanid-chlorid carbonate mixture (guaran-
tied to contain from 35 to 38 per cent sodium cj^anid) was inti'oduced into
50 black locust trees of from 1 to 7 in. in diameter. The cyanid was inserted
in the trees in auger holes of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 in. in diameter, bored at
diffei-ent heights from the ground and different depths into the trunk.

Of 42 trees located in July, 23 were dead and 19 alive, all but 3 of the latter
being infested with living larvae of CyUenc rohime. " In several cases living
borers were found directly above and within 6 in. of the auger holes, and in
3 cases the borers were within 1 in. of the auger holes. Not only were the
borers alive in the living trees, but in all cases where the trees had put forth
leaves in the spring of 1915 living borers were present in numbers in the
trunks, and could be found around the bases of the trunks of many of the
trees that had not shown foliage the past spring. Not a single dead borer
was found near the points where the cj-anid had been placed.

" While over half of the trees treated were dead, this was not entirely due
to the effects, of the cyanid, as at least 25 per cent of the untreated trees in
both groves had died from the effects of borer injuries. There can be no doubt,
however, that the cyanid had a very injurious effect on the trees, as in all the

758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

living trees tlie bark was dead and the wood discolored for a greater or less
distance around the holes where the cyauid had been placed."

Farm beekeeping, E. E, T\-xeb and L. Haseman (Missouri Sta. Bui. 138
(1915), pp. 3-40, figs. 20). — This is a general account of the honeybee and bee-
keeping. Receipts for the use of honey are included.

The olfactory sense of the honeybee, N. E. ]McIndoo (Jour. Expt. Zool., 16
(.1914), Xo. 3, pp. 265-,346, figs. 24). — In the investigation here reported the
author had two objects in view: (1) The determination of the relative sensi-
tiveness of the honeybee to different odors, so that it may be expressed nu-
merically for comparison luider different conditions; and (2) the location of the
olfactory organs. Experiments were conducted with normal bees and mutilated
bees in observation cases, and a study was made of the morphology of the olfac-
tory pores.

" Bees have a very acute sense of smell. This sense is most highly developed
in the drones and least developed in the queen, while that of the worker is
scarcely inferior to that of the drone. Olfactory pores are found on the bases
of all four wings, widely scattered on the trochanter and at the proximal ends
of the femur and tibia of all six legs, on the second and third tarsal joints
of most legs, and generally distributed on the shaft and lancets of the sting.
Each pore is a chitinous structure connected with a bipolar sense cell, the
peripheral end of which comes into direct contact with the external air. Such
sense cells are met with in all insects, for Kiinckel and Gazagnalre (1881)
assert that bipolar sense cells are common to all insects."

Parasitism among the larvee of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis
capitata) in Hawaii during 1914, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton ([Bicn.]
Rpt. B(L Comrs. Agr. and Forcstnj Hawaii, 191.3-14, pp. 153-161). — This paper
includes tabular data on the roaring of parasites from coffee (see E. S. II. 32, p.
757). Chinese oranges, and strawberry guava. The authors found a parasitism
of from 29 to 53.8 per cent among pupa; from the strawberry guava (Psidiutn
caitlcijanum) In Honolulu in July, 1914. Opius humili.^, introduced from South
Africa and first liberated on the Island of Oahu in November and December,
1913, appears to be largely responsible for the noticeable decrease of the
fruit fly.

On some genera of the pimpline Ichneumoxddse, J. H. Meerill ( Transi.
Amcr. Ent. Soc, 4I (1915), Xo. 2, pp. 109-154, pis. 5).— A systematic .study of
the genera Megarhyssa. Rhyssa, Apechoneura, and Pseudorhyssa with 14 species.
One genus and spooios, rscudorhi/ssa stcninta, arc described as new to science.

Sugar cane borer parasites and control of borers, P, van der Goot (Mcded.
Procfstat. JavO'SuikcritKitts., 5 (1915), No. 4' 125-116, pis. S; abs. in Rev. Appl.
Ent., 3 (1915), Scr. A, Xo. 7. pp. 3S'2-3S6) .—In Java the borers are the most
important enemies of sugar cane. In the present paper four species, namely,
the striped stalk borer (Diatro'a striataU<>), the yellow tip borer (Chile in-
fuscatcUus), the white tip borer (Scirpophaga intacta), and the gray borer
(Olcthrcutcs [Grapholifha] schistaccana), and their parasites are dealt with
at length.

A list of Tenthredinidie collected in the Luga district of the Government
of Petrograd and some biological observations on them, V. Padalka (Rhss.
Ent. Ohozr., 14 (1915), Xo. 4, pp. 460-472: abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser.
A, Xo. 7. p. 389). — A list is given of 108 species of Tontliredinida? and 5 of
Lydidae collected near Luga, in the Government of Petrograd. together with host
plants and a more or less full account of their life histories.

Two strawberry slugs, R. L. Webster (Iowa Sta. Bui. 162 (1915), pp. 3-20, figs.
11: popular ed., pp. .}. figs. 3). — The early strawberry slug (Empria fragarict)
and the late strawberry slug {E. maculata) are here considered, the first having

FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 759

at times been abunfliuit and very destructivo in Iowa. Both of these slugs iu
their okler satges cause sunilar injury to strawberry through eating out
more or less irregular holes in the foliage, often leaving it ragged and with
little more than the midrib and some of the larger veins untouched. Besides
the holes in the leaves, damaged foliage has frequently a browned and dried
appearance, due to the work of the young slugs, which at first eat only the
outer part and not clear through the leaves. When first hatched the early
strawberry slugs begin to feed on the upper surface of the leaves. The newly
hatched slugs of the later species begin their feeding on the lower leaf surface.

Brief accounts are given of both species, including their past history, classi-
fication, generations, several stages, and natural enemies.

"An application of lead arsenate paste, at the rate of 2 lbs. in 50 gal. of water
(or powdered lead arsenate, 1 lb. in 50 gal.), put on immediately before blossom-
ing, will control the early strawberry slug. Powdered zinc arsenite, 1 lb. to
100 gal. of water is also effective. . . . Should the late strawberry slugs
become destructive, an application of hellebore would probably check them,
this applied at the rate of 1 lb. in 50 gal. of water."

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Chemical and physical constants for wheat and mill products, E. F. Ladd
(North Dakota Sta. Bui. II4 (1016), pp. 272-297, figs. 5).— This bulletin sum-
marizes a large amount of experimental data regarding the varieties of wheat
grown in the State and the climatic and soil influences on their milling and
baking value. About 660 complete trials were made with North Dakota grown
wheat during the period 1907-1914.

The average amoxint of screenings found in 652 samples of wheat was 3.99
per cent, but 83 of the samples examined contained more than 30 per cent.
These screenings consisted chiefly of shrunken and broken particles of wheat,
dirt, weed seed, wild oats, etc., and according to the analyses reported con-
stitute a valuable stock feed.

The average loss in milling in 665 trials, representing all classes and grades
of wheat, was 2.24 per cent. Six hundred and sixty-one samples of wheat of
all grades showed an average flour production of 68.82 per cent, and of these
samples 210 gave a yield of 70 per cent or better. The bran contained in 649
samples amounted to 12.71 per cent on an average, and the amount of shorts in
651 samples 15.15 per cent.

Baking tests with 646 samples of flour produced from all classes and varieties
of wheat showed the average loaf volume to be 2,343 cc.

Milling tests were made to determine the yields of flour, bran, and shorts
for the different varieties and grades of wheat by years. These showed that
" in general the percentage of flour produced from the several brands follows the
same general curve ; that is, the variation in the percentage of flour seems to
be due more largely to climatic or seasonal differences than to variety differ-
ences. The diagi'am for the percentage of flour produced for the several varieties
clearly indicates this. In general. Velvet Chaff produced a lower percentage of
flour than any of the varieties, although at the same time it produced the maxi-
mum percentage. There is very little difference between the Fife and Bluestem,
and it is interesting to note that for the period of 8 years durum wheat has
averaged only slightly lower in percentage of flour than the other varieties."

Data are given regarding the moisture in the wheat before and after temper-
ing and also in the flour; the protein in the wheat by grades and years and in
the flour ; color scores ; the absorption of water ; baking tests ; and wheat and
flour prices. As regards bread-producing qualities, " more than 650 tests, divided
among the several varieties of wheat and for the different grades of each

760 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

variety, did not show any very marked variation in loaf volume for the different
grades. As a whole, the Bluestem averaged slightly higher in loaf volume than
either of the others. Velvet Chaff was equal to the Fife, while durum fell
considerably below. The color and texture of all were good. The mean for all
the tests of each variety furnishes a fair basis for comparison."

Analyses of wheats and flours, J, C. Bkunnich {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and
Stock [Queensland], 191It-15, pp. 54-61). — Data are given regarding the compo-
sition of a large number of samples of wheat and flour, the appearance of the
grain and gluten being included.

The digestibility of bran, M. Hindhede {Skand. Arch. Physiol., 33 {1915),
No. 1-3, pp. 59-80; abs. in Zcnthl. Physiol, 30 {1915), No. 12, p. 561).— In the
author's opinion, the nutritive value of bran is such that it is a mistake to use
it in times of need for animal feeding.

Do present practices in bread making conform with the biochemical teach-
ings of human nutrition? J. Stoki.asa {Dent. Med. Wchnsrhr., J/2 (1916), No. S,
pp. 75-77). — The author compares the chemical composition and nutritive values
of pure rye bread, bread made from 80 per cent of rye flour and 20 per cent of
specially prepared bran, and bread containing 70 per cent rye flour and 30 per
cent bran.

Digestion experiments in vitro indicated that the protein in bread made with
30 per cent bran was as thoroughly digestetl as that of the pure rye bread. It
is the opinion of the author that lirnn, which is rich in protein and organic
phosphorus compounds, should be milled in such a way as to make these food
constituents available to the body and incorporated in all flour used for bread
making.

The bacterial examination of sausages and its sanitary significance, W. E.
Gary (.Imcr. Jour. Pub. Jlcnlfh, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 12.',-1.H5).—The significance
of the bacterial content of sausages is discussed in the light of work of other
investigators, mostly German and French.

The investigation here reported was carrieil out to determine the number of
bacteria present and the factors inllueucing it; the prevalence of fecal or path-
ogenic organisms; the presence of atlulterants and preservatives; and the influ-
ence of sanitary marketing and of cooking on Ihe bacterial content. Thirty-
four samples of sausage, purchased under the usual conditions found in the
markets of Chicago, were examined ; at the time of purchase each market was
scored on the sanitary surroundings, method of handling and exposure of the
meat, general cleanliness, and facilities for refrigeration. Determinations were
made of the total numbers of bacteria per gram of meat, developing at 37° G.
in 24 hours and at 20° in 48 hours, and akso of the numbers of Bacillus coli and
organisms forming gas with dextrose.

From the results of these tests, winch are reported in detail, the author con-
cludes that " the number of bacteria per gram of sausage varies so widely that
little importance can be attached to the bacterial count alone. Many factors,
such as the precautions used in manufacture, proper handling in the shops, and
the presence of preservatives may influence the count greatly."

The following organisms, among others, were isolated from the 34 samples
examined: B. coli, 30 times; Proteus vulgaris, 11 times; B. paracoli (organism
resembling B. paratyphosus morphologically and culturally but not agglutinatetl
by eitiier paratyphoid of enteritiilis serum), 9 tiiu«>s; B. fccalis, 8 times; yeast.
8 times; Streptococcus, 5 times; and Staph ylococcus aureus, 2 times.

Each of the samples was examined for starch adulteration. Cornstarch was
very commonly used in a very finely grouixl condition. It was present in oG
per cent of all samples, and in 2G per cent of tlie samples .''> i^^r cent or over Avas
found. It was noted that starch was present in 77 per cent of the samples pur-

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 761

chased in the poorer districts, and in only 3S per cent of tlie samples from the
more sanitary shops, and that the price per pound in these districts was 13 to
15 cents and 18 to 25 cents, respectively.

In an attempt to determine the influence of sausage casings on the bacterial
content the scrapings from the interior of the casings from 7 samples were
examined in parallel with the interior contents of the same sausage. As a result
of this test the conclusion is drawn that " skins used as casings, if properly
prepared, can not be considered to increase the bacterial count or the danger
from pathogens."

Sulphites were found in 7 of the 13 samples tested for the presence of this
preservative.

Six samples of pork sausage were cooked in various ways in the laboratory
to determine the effect of household methods of cookery upon the bacterial con-
tent. Four samples of sausage cooked in restaurants were also examined
bacteriologically as an index of the efficiency of ordinary restaurant cooking.
It was found in general that cooking destroyed a very large percentage of the
bacteria, and that extra well-cooked sausages were sterile. The efficiency of
cooking varied only within the limits of 93.3 per cent and 100 per cent.

The composition and evaluation of boullion cubes, G. Kappeller and A.
GoTTFKiED (ZtscJir. rntcrsuck. Xahr. u. CJenussmtl., 31 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1-6). —
Analytical data are reported showing the composition of 35 samples of boullion
cubes. The following variations in percentage composition were noted : Water,
10.0-1.1 ; protein, 26.9-0.43 ; phosphoric acid, 1.43-0.25 ; ash, 83.7-56.85 ; sodium
chlorid, 83.3-53.7; total creatinin, 1.2-0.0; fat, 9.6-0.0; and sugar, 14.7-0.0 per
cent.

Mushrooms as food, W. Bbuhn (Gartenflora, 64 (1915), No. 21-22, pp. 353-
364, figs. 3). — Analytical data are given comparing the composition of mush-
rooms with that of many more common foods.

Poisoning- by mushrooms, S. Chaxa'et (Les Empoisonnemcnts par les Cham-
pignons. Paris: Lc Francois, 1915, pp. 59, pis. 4, fiffs. 2). — The author brings
together in this book information concerning the causes of occasional poisoning
by fungi, and the diagnosis and treatment of such cases. The botanical charac-
teristics of some very poisonous varieties of mushrooms are described in detail.

[Food and drug- inspection and analysis], R. M. Allen {Kentucky Sta. Food
and Drugs Bicn. Rpt., 8 {1913-1915), pp. 1-12, 26-44) .—Thin is a report of the
work done under the state food and drugs act during the biennium ended June
30, 1915, which included the analysis of 11,095 samples of foods and drugs, a
bacteriological study in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture as to the packing, shipment, and sale of
oysters, an extensive sanitary survey of the establishments in the State en-
gaged in the slaughtering of cattle and the packing of meat, a study of eggs
sold on the market, and, in connection with the research work of the experi-
mental bakery, tests of the effects of a variety of different substances upon the
quality of the bread.

From a study made of the effect of wrapping upon the quality of the loaf, the
the following conclusions are drawn : The chemical change is slight or none
at all for the different substances in the loaf for a limited time so more can
be deducted from the physical appearance, taste, odor, etc. The paraffin paper
caiises bread to retain all its moisture, which becomes equally distributed even
into the crust, destroys its stiffness and renders it less desirable for use. From
bread wrapped in porous paper, one secures all sanitary benefits without injury
to the loaf. Unwrapped bread is insanitary if exposed, and is liable to the
growth of mold. Wrapping in porous paper seems to be the most desirable
method."

762 EXPEEIMEl^T STATION RECOED.

The possibility of using cotton-seed flour in bread malting -was studied to
some extent. " Cotton-seed flour stimulated fermentation. It caused decrease
in loaf volume by weakening or diluting the gluten of the wheat flour. "When
more than 75 gm. of cotton-seed flour is added the gluten is so weakened that
sufficient rise for baking can not be secured. The color resembles that of
ginger bread when as much as 20 per cent of cotton-seed flour is added. The
loaf has a rich, nutty flavor, that is highly pleasing, and it is the opinion
of those who have tried it that the flavor is an improvement over the straight
wheat flour."

In connection with the work of the food laboratory, attention was given to
the extent and means of preventing food spoilage. This was found to be due
mainly to imperfect methods of the producer in picking, packing, and grading;
inadequate storage and shipment facilities; improper conditions of storage;
and a lack of compliance with general sanitary principles.

[Food and drug analysis], R. E. Rose and L. IIeimhirgee (Fla. Quart. Bui.
Drpt Agr., 26 {IHir,), Xo. 1, pp. 8-11, 132-lJf5).—As a iiart of the report of the
.state chemist for 191.1, data are given regarding the examination of 375 samples
of food and drug products, including .304 samples of citrus fruits.

Report of the agricultural-experiment and food-investigation station at
Klagenfurt for the year 1914, II. Svoboda {Ztschr. Lundic. ^'crsuchslr.
Ocstcrr., 18 {1915), No. 6, pp. 357-369). — The results are herein recorded of the
investigation of 1.0"3 miscellaneous foods and beverages.

Undergraduate budgets, Ada L. Comstock {Sniiih Alumn<e Quart., 7 (1916),
Xo. 2, pp. 81-86). — This article reports the results of a study of the budgets of
421 students in Smith College during the school year 1914-15.

Foodstuffs, D. SoMMERVii.LE (Jour. Roy. Soc. Artu, 63 (1915), Xos. 3277, pp.
893-903; 3278, pp. 909-921; 3279, pp. 925-932; 3280, pp. 937-943).— In this
series of four lectures the author reviews the principles of food and nutrition
in the light of recent investigations.

Nutrition, T. B. Osboune and L. B. Mendel (Carncpie /;wf. Washingtoti Year
Boole, H (1915), pp. 378-3S4). — This article summarizes the results of investiga-
tions of the vegetable proteins, carried out for the Carnegie Nutrition Labora-
tory. ^Most of the material here presented has boon noted from other sources.

Nitrogen economy by means of adding ammoniacal salts and urea to the
diet, E. Grafe (Dcut. Arch. Klin. Med, 117 (1915), No. ^-5, pp. 4.',S-.i61 ; ahs. in
Zcnlhl. riiusioh, 30 [1915], Xo 11, pp. 489, PO). — A number of instances are
reported in which the addition of ammonium chlorid, ammonium citrate, urea,
or a combination of these to the diet produced a considerable improvement of
the nitrogen balance, which could not be obtained from an ordinary standard
diet.

The influence of carbohydrate and fat on protein metabolism with special
reference to the output of sulphur, K. Tsr.Ti (Biochcm. Jour., 9 (1915), Xo. 4.
pp. 439-448). — To determine the effect of diets rich in fat and correspondingly
poor in carbohydrate, or vice versa, on protein metabolism as measured by the
excretion of sulphur in the urine, feeding experiments were conducted with a
laboratory animal (dog). The data of three experiments are .summarize*! in
part as follows :

The retention of superimposed nitrogen was greater on a carbohydrate than on
a fat diet ; in two of the experiments the same was true for sulphur.

"The amount of extra nitrogen and sulphur excreted varies with the protein
used. There is no evidence that the protein retained after superimpositlon is poor
in sulphur. Indeed, with the exception of one experiment, sulphur is definitely
retained in larger amount than nitrogen."

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 763

The influence of fat and carbohydrate on the excretion of endogenous
purins in the urine of dog and man, N. Umeda (Biochcm. Jour., 9 {1915), No
Jf, pp. .'i.21-.'i3S). — In feeding experiments in which the autlior served as subject,
diets containing varying proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrate, but
purin-free, were consumed in an attempt to get further information concerning
the synthesis of uric acid in the human body.

The conclusions drav^'n are in part as follows : The protein-sparing action of
carbohydrate as compared with fat is clearly demonstrated. In the case of
man there is some evidence of the synthetic formation of uric acid when the
diet is rich in carbohydrate. In fat-rich diets which are carbohydrate-poor
the output of uric acid is markedly diminished.

The influence of the diet, especially of carbohydrates, on the secretion of
the urine of infants, A. Niemann {Jahrb. Kindcrheilk., 82 {1915), No. 1, pp. 21-
44,' «&s. w Zcnthl. Physiol., 30 [1915], No. 11, p. 488). — Instances are described
in which normal infants accustomed to a milk diet were given an addition of
from 40 to 50 gm. of carbohydrate daily. The amount of urine excreted was
considerably increased, and at the same time a gain in weight was noted. The
author concludes that the hydrolytic cleavage of di- and polysaccharids pro-
duces a storing up of glycogen, which is responsible for these results.

The cultivation of fat-containing organisms. (A present and future
problem), Lindner {Uinsrliau, 19 {1915) No. 52, pp. 1027-1032, figs. 5).— De-
scriptions are given of a number of organisms which have the property of
converting the carbohydrate of the culture medium into fat.
. Studies on water drinking. — XVIII, On the relation between water inges-
tion and the ammonia, phosphate, chlorid, and acid excretion, D. "\V. Wilson
and P. B. Hawk {Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 36 {191.',), No. S, pp. 1774-1779).— In
continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 30, p. 766), the authors report experi-
ments with two normal young men who received a simple mixed diet and vary-
ing quantities of water at mealtime and between meals.

The excretion of chlorids showed small variations. Increased water inges-
tion was followed by increased excretion of urinary ammonia, phosphates, and
acids. In the author's opinion the data indicate an " increased cell metabolism,
causing a formation of acid products which are partly neutralized by ammonia
formation and partly cause increased acid phosphates in the urine."

Studies on water drinking. — XIX, Intestinal putrefaction as influenced by
the ingestion of softened and distilled waters, C. P. Sherwin and P. B. Hawk
{Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 36 {1914), No. 8, pp. 1779-1785).— Two series of ex-
periments are reported by which the effect of drinking softened and distilled
water on intestinal putrefaction was studied with human subjects. The authors
conclude that " both softened and distilled water when taken with meals in
volumes ranging from 500 cc. to 1,000 cc. have a tendency to cause a decrease
in the putrefactive processes in the intestine as indicated by the urinary indican
excretion.

"The nonparallelism of the indican and total ethereal sulphate elimination
was again observed."

Acidosis and some of the factors which influence it, R. M. Lang {Biochem.
Jour., 9 {1915), No. 4, PP- 456-478). — A number of feeding experiments in which
the author himself was the subject are reported. Acidosis in starvation and
the influence of the nature of the diet, as well as the specific effects of feeding
protein, fat, and carbohydrate were the factors studied. The following con-
clusions are drawn :

" The quantity of acetone bodies excreted by the normal individual, on an
ordinary diet containing a sufficiency of carbohydrate, is influenced chiefly by
the protein intake. On an ordinary diet from 10 to 30 mg. are excreted daily.

764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

"The administration of quite small amounts of carbohydrate to the starv-
ing organism brings about a great reduction in the acidosis. The administra-
tion of protein to the fasting organism causes a similar decrease, but this is
neither so marked nor so rapid as in the case of carbohydrate. The adminis-
tration of glycerol under similar conditions also causes a very definite reduc-
tion in the acidosis. The administration of fat to the starving organism in-
creases the acidosis. Administration of alcohol is without effect on the degree
of acidosis.

" The amount of acetone bodies in tlie urine during the first few days of
starvation depends on the initial carbohydrate storage. These substances
appear in abnormal amounts immediately the ratio of the fat to the carbo-
liydrate burnt becomes greater than about 2 : 1. Immediately the ratio becomes
less than this the acetone output is reduced to normal.

" While a relatively large amount of carbohydrate is required to prevent
acidosis, quite a small amount suffices to check it very markedly.

"When acetone bodies are excreted in excessive amounts they are for the
most part derived from fat. Some evidence is put forward in favor of the
possibility of fat being converted into carbohydrate in the body."

Pellagra: Causation and a method of prevention, J, Goldberger (Jour.
Amer. ifed. Aksoc, GG (1916), No. 7, jip. .}77-.'/7(j). — In this article are sum-
marized some of tlie recent studies of the United States Public Health Service.
The bulk of the material has Iteen ncjted from other sources (E. S. R., 34,
pp. 258, 259).

Sanitation and the control of pellagra, C. T. Nesbitt (Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, GG (1916), No. 9, pp. 647, 648). — It is noted, from the exi^rlence of the
author during the past live years, that pellagra Is not decreased by improving
sanitation and general disease prevention methods. From a comparison of
death rates and a discussion of Improved sanitary conditions the author con-
cludes that " there is no existing relation between soil pollution and the inci-
dence of pellagra.

"Close supervision of all cases, disinfection, fumigation, isolation, and the
other usual means of controlling Infection have no influence on pellagra In-
cidence. Business depression, lack of employment, a limited market for prod-
ucts, and increased price of food, with consequent increase of indigence, in-
crease the incidence of pellagra very definitely."

[Report of the] nutrition laboratory. F. G. Benedict (Carnegie Iti^t. Wash-
ington Year Book, 14 (1915), pp. 295-310). — This report summarizes tlie work
of the laboratory during 1915. The investigations in progress are reviewe<l
briefly, and changes and additions to the equipment are noted. Brief ab-
stracts are also given of the pul>llcations of the laboratory issued during the
vear.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The numerical results of diverse systems of breeding H. S. Jennings
(Geiwties, 1 (1916), No. 1, pp. 53-S9, figs. S; ahs. in Pror. Nat. Aead. Sei., 2
(1916), No. 1, pp. 45-50). — The author has found that "when bretxllng by a
given system is continued for many generations several types of results may
be distinguished.

" In some cases the proportions of the population having particular con-
stitutions remain the same for all generations. ... In some complex cases
the population changes from generation, and the best we can do is to obtain
a formula which shall, when we know the proportions in a given generation n,
give us the proportions in the next following generation n+1. ... In many
cases the constitution of the population changes from generation to generation

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 765

as long as the given system of breeding lasts, and it is possible to give a simple
formula in terms of n, the number of generations that the given system has
been followed, from which formula the proportions in generation n can be
directly computed. . . .

" In most cases the constitution of the population changes from generation
to generation, giving a series of values not readily expressed in terms of n
(the number of generations) alone. In these cases diverse systems or diverse
parents give different series of values, almost all of w'hich are examples of
certain simply derived mathematical series or of their combinations. The
results are therefore best presented by giving first these fundamental series,
each with its designation. Then the results of any number of generations of
any system of breeding can be given by designation of the series which it
forms.

"A systematic presentation of fornmlas [is given in the original paper] for
the proportions in any generation, resulting from any of the main types of
breeding, and with any of the common types of parental population, giving 82
numbered sets of formulas. In each case the limit approached is given, together
with the number of generations of breeding required to come within 1 per
cent of that limit."

The influence of pituitary feeding upon growth and sexual development. —
An experimental study, E. Gof;tsch (BuL Johns Hopkins Hasp., 21 (1916),
No. 300, pp. 29-50, jjIs. 4).— The author found that "the dried powdered pitu-
itary extract, derived from both the anterior and posterior lobes of the gland,
when fed to young rats in excessive doses (0.1 gm. daily) causes failure to gain
in weight, loss of appetite, increased peristalsis, a mild enteritis, and certain
nervous manifestations, such as muscular tremors and weakness of the hind
limb. . . . Even when whole gland is fed over a short period of time, from
25 to 40 days, it causes a more rapid growth and development and gain in
weight, larger nipples in the female, and a coarser, drier, harsher growth of
hair than are seen in either control animals or after similar administration
of ovarian (corpus luteum) extract in equivalent dosage.

" In comparison with the development in control animals, the ovaries, tubes,
and cornua of the uterus of animals fed with whole gland extract are larger,
more vascular, and cedematus in appearance, indicating increased development
and activity. . . . There is a generally increased vascularity produced in the
whole sexual system. The overdevelopment is apparent even in the muscle
coat of the uterus, which is considerably thickened, and is also more vascular.
. , . The testes show a considerably earlier growth and development; they
are completely and permanently descended at an earlier age, and their gross
weight is greater than in the control animal. This is evidenced by the ex-
tremely active spermatogenesis, with formation of spermatozoa, and by a
moderate increase in the amount of interstitial tissue, at a time when the
control animal is sexually still very immature. All these developmental, struc-
tural, and functional changes in the sex glands of both the male and the
female, produced by the feeding of pituitary extract, show an extremely selec-
tive and almost specific action of the latter upon the genital system.

" The feeding of pituitary anterior lobe extract causes increased weight and
greater and more vigorous body growth and development over the control.
There is similarly an earlier and more active genital development. The fur
is harsher and thicker. Loss of weight, enteritis, and nervous manifestations
are not observed as in the beginning of whole gland feeding. . . .

"After prolonged feeding of anterior lobe extract, over a period of 8 or 9
months, the sexual instincts are early awakened, along with the early maturity
of the sex glands. . . . The feeding of pituitary anterior lobe to parent rats

766 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

exei-ts its stimulating influence upon the offspring in intra-uterine life and
during lactation, and, when the experiment is carried further, and the feeding
to the young is continued after weaning, it has an even gi*eater stimulating
effect upon growth, weight, and development, and causes earlier and more
frequent breeding, and an increased number of offspring in the litters. The
stimulating effect upon the sex glands is greater the longer the influence of
anterior lobe administration is exerted.

*' The extract of pituitary posterior lobe, even after prolonged administra-
tion, does not stimulate growth in general, nor the development of the sex
glands, as does anterior lobe even after a very short period. . . .

"Ovarian extract (corpus luteum), when fed to the male, especially, causes
a tendency toward the deposition of fat, not only in the body generally, but
in the testes and other glands as well, with a resultant marketl increase in
weiglit. The fur is heavier and coarser than in the animal fed with the
posterior lobe extract. It does not cause an early descent of the testes. . . .

" Following ovarian feeding there is, as compared with conditions in the
control, increased development and activity of the female sex glands, increased
follicle formation, a moderate increase in interstitial tissue and increased
branching of the fimbriated extremity of the tube. Prolonged ovarian fee«ling,
e. g., for 5 to 6 months, to the male rat, as compared with the control, has the
following effect : The gi'oss size and weight of the testes, both absolutely and
in proportion to the body development, is less, and liistologically the sex glands
of the male show a retarded development and evidences of diminished activity.
The definitely retarding influence of ovarian extract upon the male sexual
development is exerted throughout the life of the animal."

Influence of various salts on the reproductive process, U. EitirERicH and
O. LoEW (Arch. Ilijg., 84 {1915), No. 6-7, pp. 261-2S2, fig. i).— This reports a
study made on the effect of calcium, sodium, and magnesium salts on the
number and weight of offspring and on the reproductive process of mice,
guinea pigs, and ralibits.

Calcium cblorid increase<l the number of offspring and was decidedly
superior in this respect to either potassium chlorid or magnesium chlorid.
Sodium chlorid was also beneficial in increasing the number of offspring. It
is thought that these salts stimulate the production of the egg cells in the
ovary, thus resulting in larger litters.

The control of sex by food in five species of rotifers, D. D. Whitxey (Jour.
Expt. ZooL, 20 (1916), No. 2, pp. 26S-296, figs. i.J).— It is shown that in the
American and English rotifer Iliidatina scnta food conditions are the con-
trolling factors in regulating the parthenogenetic production of the two sexes.

Histological study of the " pigment specks " of swine, Oi.t (Ztschr. Flcisch
u. MUchln/g., 26 (1916), No. 7, pp. 91-100, fig. 1). — Tliis reports a microscopical
study made of the pigment specks found in the epithelial cells of the mammne
of swine.

Acid poisoning due to oat feeding, A. ^Iorgkn and C. Beger (Hoppc-
Scylcfs Ztschr. rhgsiol. Chcm., 9^ (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 52^35).— In studies
with rabbits the authors found that the deleterious effect of oats fed alone was
not due so much to a lime deficiency as to an acid poisoning which results in a
bone disease. The addition of dicalcium phosphate was foiuid to be ineffectual
in remedying this condition, as was also sodium chlorid. Sodium carl)onate
proved to be the most effectual In neutralizing the effect of tlie acid poisoning
and in increasing the live weight of tlie ralibits.

Bacteriological studies on forage conservation in the silo, 0. Gorini (Ann.
Ist. Ayr. [Milan], 12 (1913-11,), pp. S9-105, fig. i).— This is a continuation of

ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 767

work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 363). It was found possible to control
the lactic and butyric acid formations in the silo bj' the inoculation of certain
ferments. *

The value of lactic acid bacteria in the ensiling of beet tops, D. Meyeb
(lUus. Landw. Ztg., 35 (1915), No. Jf6, pp. 309-310) .—According to the author,
it has been demonstrated that the inoculation of beet-top silage with a culture
of lactic acid bacteria improves the quality of the silage and aids in the reten-
tion of the digestible nutrients of the feed.

Value of brewery waste products under a new method of preservation,
Ulbich (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 21 (1915), Nos. 6, pp. 85-90; 7 pp. 102-105).—
Analyses are given of brewers' grains, brewery refuse, and brewers' yeast when
preserved by a newly patented method.

The preparation of straw meal and the baking of cattle bread, C. Borchert
(lUus. Landw. Ztg., 35 (1915), No. 42, pp. 287, 288, figs. 3).— A method of luak-
ing cattle bread from straw meal is described.

[Feeding stuff analyses], R. E. Rose and E. P. Greene (Fla. Quart. Bui.
Dept. Agr., 26 (1916), No. 1, pp. 94-131). — Analyses are given of cotton-seed
meal, grapevines, corn bran, ground corncobs, gi'ound slmcks, ground corn with
cob, Mexican clover, ground beggar- weed hay, ground peanut vines, dried beet
pulp, shipstuff, molasses feed, meat scrap, alfalfa meal, wheat middlings, wheat
bran, shorts, distillers' dried grains, rice bran, and various mixed and proprie-
tary feeds.

Summary prospectus for a proposed building and operation of stockyards
and abattoir, to be located neaa.' the city of Lexington, R. M. Allen (Ken-
tucky Sia. Food and Drugs Bieii. Rpt., 8 (1913-1915), pp. i2-20).— The general
condition of the slaughtering industry in and about Lexington, Ky., is here
discussed, with special reference to the proposed construction of stockyards
and abattoir.

Report of the Royal Commission on the meat export trade, P. W. Street
(Rpt. Roy. Com. Meat Export Trade Aust., 1915, pp. 50). — A report of a very
complete investigation made of the meat export trade of Australia, with special
mention of the activities of American concerns therein.

A svirvey and census of the cattle of Bengal, J. R. Blackwood (Calcutta:
Govt., 1915, pp. III-\-34+XC, pis. 29). — An account of a government inquiry
made in regard to the breeds of cattle of Bengal, their care and management,
and methods of improvement.

Africander cattle, K. Sommerfeld (Tropenpflanzer, 19 (1916), No. 1, pp. 24-
33, figs. 4). — A general account of the breed characteristics, body measurements,
and utility value of the native cattle of German Southwest Africa.

Triplet calves (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 3, pp. 135-137, figs. 2).— A gen-
eral discussion of the practicability of breeding a strain of live stock that will
produce an unusual number of young. Instances of the inheritance of this
quality among cattle and sheep are cited.

[Animal husbandry studies], E. J. Iddings (Idaho Sta. Bui. 84 (1915), pp.
8-12). — In an experiment with four lots of pigs comparing cooked potatoes,
alfalfa hay, and tankage when fed supplementary to a basic grain ration, the
most economical gains were made by the lot receiving the alfalfa supplement.
Warming the feed did not pay.

In a test in which one lot of sows received a full grain ration, a second lot
one-half allowance of grain and alfalfa whole in a rack, a third lot the one-half
grain ration and cut alfalfa mixed with the grain, and a fourth lot the same
ration as lot 3 except that the mixture was steamed before feeding, the most
satisfactory and economical ration was found to be a limited amount of grain
supplemented with hay fed in a rack.

768

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In a test In which peas and oats, alfalfa, mixed grasses, and clover were
compared as supplements to a grain ration it was found that the peas and oats
pasture made a relatively good showing. The mixed pasture was found to be
not so valuable.

In the hogging off of peas one lot containing 1.32 acres was used for 25 days
by 20 pigs averaging 78.5 lbs., a second lot of 1.42 acres for 38 days by 20 pigs
averaging 84.8 lbs., and a third lot of 1.51 acres for 30 days by 15 pigs averaging
54.7 lbs., and for 44 days by 30 pigs averaging 70.8 lbs. Figuring pork at $6.00
per 100 lbs., the peas produced an average return of $25.53 per acre or $2.13
per 100 lbs. of peas in the field. In this experiment the second lot was fed
rolled barley as a supplement at the rate of 2 lbs. per 100 lbs. of live weight,
but the results did not justify the additional labor.

The following table is compiled from four years' weights of fleeces, two years'
records of weights of ewes, weights of lambs at birth, and daily gains of lambs,
and a single season record on relative breed maintenance.

Results of tests in sheep hreedbuj and management.

Dreed.

Weight of
ewes

Cost of
daily

mainte-
nance

per head.

Birth Lambing

\vei,;lit of
lambs.

percent-
age.

.Vvorage
daily pain
oflambs.

Average

weight of

fleece.

Southdown.
Shropshire..
Hampslilre . .
Cotswold . . .
Bambouillet

Pounds.
152.0
17.3.0
190.0
1.SJ.5
ltHj.5

Cents.
1.4S
1.95
2.22
2.22
1.48

Porinds.
6.8
7.1
9.0
6.6
8.4

13.S. 5
112.5
77.5
125.0
100.0

Pound.

0.39

.48

.60

.47

Pounds.

7.7
12.2

S.2
17.3
14.8

[Live stock experiments] {Xcw Mexico Sta. Kpt. 19 io, pp. 69-79). — In an
experiment witli four lots of 8 pigs each, in which lot 1 was given a full con-
centrate ration, lot 2 a part concentrate ration in the proportion of 1 lb. con-
centrate to 100 lbs. live weight, lot 3 a concentrate and dried beet pulp ration
in the proportion of 1 lb. concentrate and 0.5 lb. beet pulp to each 1(K) lbs. of
live weight, all of the lots receiving as much choice alfalfa hay as they would
eat, the results favored the feetling of a full ration. The addition of beet
pulp to the ration increased the gains 20 per cent, but this was not enough to
pay for the increased cost.

Two lots of pigs were fed an allowance of 2 lbs. of concentrate for each 100
lbs. live weight, lot 1 receiving in addition all the corn silage and lot 2 all
the alfalfa hay they would consume. The results of this exiieriment were In
favor of alfalfa hay, both in gains and cost of gains.

In an experiment to determine what use may be made of crops grown under
dry-farm conditions for feeding range steers for beef one lot of steers was fed
entirely on dry-farm crops, making use of cowpea hay to furnish the protein
necessary to balance the ration properly. The other lot was given an allow-
ance of cotton-seed meal in place of the cowpea hay. Both lots were fed silage
made of milo maize and Katir corn, and both had an allowance of ground niilo
maize and Kafir-corn heads, but the roughage fed to one lot was shreddeil
milo maize fodder and to the other cowpea hay. The results for 76 days show
quite marke<lly in favor of the cowpea-hay fed lot, in both daily gains and cost
of gains. The average dally gain per head of the co\ATea-hay fed lot was
2.86 lbs., while with the cotton-seed meal lot it was 2.4 lbs.

In continuation of a nutrition project, begun several years ago, calves and year-
lings, 2-year-olds and 3-year-olds, were fed for 120 days on alfalfa and milo-maize

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

769

meal. Average daily gains for the four ages of 1.55, 1.88, 2.11, and 1.57 lbs. were
obtained, consuming 7.81, 10.75, 10.8, and 14.16 lbs. of feed per pound of gain,
and dressing 59.92, 59.49, 58.4, and 58.87 per cent for the respective lots. These
results agree in general with those of previous work (B. S. R., 32 p. 467) in
which alfalfa hay was fed. It was found, however, that the percentages of
dressed beef yielded by the different lots of steers in the alfalfa and milo-
maize series were, on the whole, appreciably higher than the corresponding
figures in the alfalfa-hay series.

Preliminary results of experiments in hog feeding at the college of agri-
cultui'e, S. B. Durham (Philipinne Agr. and Forester, 4 (1015), No. 8, pp. 173-
178). — Hog feeding experiments conducted at the Philippine College of Agricul-
ture are reported. On a combination of rice bran and pasture the pigs made
average daily gains for 85 days of 0.521 lb. per head.

Feeding wheat to fattening swine, L. A. Weaver (Missouri Sta. Bui. 136
(1915), pp. 3-35, figs. 8). — In two experiments six lots of 6 and 12 hogs each
were fed during two periods of 78 and 42 days, or a total of 120 days, with the
following results :

Summary of average results in two swine-fattening experiments.

Ration.

First period of 78 days.

Entire period of 120 days.

Lot.

Daily

gain per

hog.

Grain

consumed

per

pound

of gain.

Dressing
percent-
age.

Daily

gain per

hog.

Grain

consumed

per

pound

of gain.

Dressing
percent-
age.

1

Wheat

Pounds.
1.25
1.18
1.39
1.51
1.24
1.08

Pounds.
4.55
4.93
4.47
4.24
4. (52
5.12

80.60
82.50
80.50
81.90
81.15
80.15

Pounds.
1.26
1.18
1.44
1.52
1.27
1.00

Pounds.
4.83
5.28
4.85
4.69
4.98
5.82

85.50

2

Wtieat and corn, 1:1

86.50

3
4

Wheat, com, and tankage, 5:5:1..
Wheat and tankage, 10:1

85.00
87.80

6

85.00

6

87.30

Complete data are given on the dressing percentage, weight of blood, liver,
entrail fat, heart, tongue, head, shoulder, side, ham, leaf fat, and lard for
representative hogs from the several lots.

Results from similar tests at other stations are included.

Determination of the race of swine by the protein differentiation method,
A. LtJHNiNG (Landw. Jahrb., 47 (1914), No. 3, pp. 443-4^5, figs. 6).— By the
protein differentiation method it was found possible to distinguish between the
Sus vittatus, S. serofa, and various other species of wild and domestic swine.

Feeding experiments with sugar and meat meal for horses, L. Greve
(Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wclmschr., 31 (1015), No. 26, pp. 301-303).— It was demon-
strated that as much as 6 kg. of raw sugar and 900 gm. of meat meal, daily,
may be fed to horses without harmful results. When fed in moderate amounts
as a supplement to an oat and hay ration, work horses did well and increased
in weight.

[Poultry husbandry studies], P. Moore (Idaho Sta. Bui. 84 (1915), pp. 28,
29). — ^Three pens of 30 White Leghorn pullets each were fed the following
rations for one year : Pen 1, a grain ration of wheat, oats, and barley 15 : 2 : 2,
and all the grit they would eat ; pen 2, a grain ration of wheat, peas, oats, barley,
Kafir corn, millet, sunflower seed, and buckwheat 12 : 2 : 3 : 2 : 1 :1.5 : 0.5 : 1,
and a mash ration of bran, shorts, corn meal, wheat meal, fish meat meal, and
charcoal 2:2:1:1:2:1 per cent ; and pen 3, a ration the same as that given

770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

pen 2 except that corn was substituted for peas and the oats were fed in the
proportion of two parts instead of three.

Pen 1 averaged 24 eggs per pullet ; pen 2, 116 eggs ; and pen 3, 131 eggs. The
percentage of eggs under 2 oz. in pen 1 was 6GJ ; in iwn 2, 5.5 ; and in pen 3, 6§.
Pen 1 cost, exclusive of labor, .$19.36, and brought in only .$18.45 ; pen 2 cost
$34.91, with an income of .$87.15 ; and pen 3 cost .$33.22, with an income of .$97.20.

[Comparison of methods of managing poultry], Mbs. G. R. Shoup (Wash-
ington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., ^[o. BuL, 3 {1916), Xo. 11, pp. 5-i.}).— This con-
tinues work previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 669). The pen of pullets, which
had been receiving ordinary care, were shut in a house, due to the extreme
cold winter weather, and were fed on green feed. This treatment was found
to Increase the egg production, the egg yield being 30 per cent greater the first
17 days of January than it was the last 17 days of December. It is concluded
that housing during the winter, the feeding of green feeds, and regular feeding
all go to increase the egg yield.

The lengthening of the work day by artificial light seemed to be followed by
increased egg yields, as in the previous work.

Poultry in Texas, J. E. Rice {Agr. and }[cch. Col. Tex. Ext. Scrv. Bui. B-10
{1916), pp. 109, figs. J!i9). — General information on the breeding, feeding, care,
and management of poultry under Texas conditions is given.

What the size of an &ee means, D. E. Warnek and AV. F. Kirkpatrick
(Jour. Ilcrcditi/, 7 (1916), Xo. 3, pp. 128-131, figs. 2).— The authors have found,
in their work at the Connecticut Storrs Station, that contrary to current belief
neither small nor large eggs are necessarily laid either at the beginning or end
of a hen's laying period, but that they are most often laid during the time of
heavy egg production.

"The number of eggs laid by the 1,820 hens during the 20 months' period
was 199,137, of which 103 were small (less than 0.09 lb.) and 89 were large
(over 0.179 lb.). . . . The 103 small eggs were laid by only 85 hens, showing
that only a small percentage of the hens laid a small egg during their first year
of laying. Four hens out of the 85 laid 2 small eggs at different periods of
their productivity. . . .

" It was found that only 2 eggs out of a total of 103 indicate a resting period
after the production of a small egg. In every other case the small egg was
found in an almost uninterrupted series of normal eggs. . . .

" The figures also show that as a rule hens do not lay extremely small eggs at
the beginning of their laying periods, but that such eggs are laid at a time when
the hen is laying most heavily. It seems clear, therefore, that the small egg is
not due to the fact that it is a hen's first attempt, or to the fact that it is the end
of her laying period and represents exhausted power. A fairer a.ssumption as
to the cause of these small eggs would lie that they are due to some mechanical
interference with the hen's normal functions — that they are laid whenever a
particle of blood, foreign element, or an undeveloped yolk is drawn into the
passage where the shells are formed, and that contractions of the oviduct then
cause an egg to be laid completely formed, but without having undergone
normal development. . . .

" [Of the] 89 large eggs, nearly 99 per cent were laid at the time of heavy
production, and in most cases the hen did not rest after laying such an egg. but
continued her uninterrupted yield of normal eggs. ... It further appeared
that in most cases the hen did not rest before laying a large egg any more than
she did after such a performance. Forty-five of the large eggs were laid with-
out any previous resting period. 31 wc^re laid with a resting period of 1 day
before, and 10 were laid with a resting period of 2 days."

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

771

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Cost of producing milk on 174 farms in Delaware County, New York,
A. L. Thompson {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 364 (1015), pp. 109-179, figs. 19).—
The purpose of this investigation was to find out as nearly as possible what
it costs the average farmer to produce milk in the hill regions of New York.
All the data for the investigation were collected by the survey method, com-
plete records for two years from 174 typical farms in Delaware County, N. Y.,
being included. The averages for the two years are summarized in the following
table :

^uiiiiiiarif of dairy farm survcij.

Kind of data.

1912

1913

Number of cows per herd

Value of cows per head

Pounds of milk produced per cow

Poundsof milk sold per cow

Pounds of milk fat produced per cow

Poimds of grain per cow and accompanyint; stock

Valueof grain per cow and accompanying stock

Poimds of hay and forago per cow and accompanying stock

Value of hay and forage per cow and accompanying stock

Pomidsofsilagepercow and accompanying stock

Number of feed units, excluding pasture, per cow and accompanying stock

Acres of pasture per cow and accompanying stock

Annual cost of pasture per cow and accompanying stock

Cost of bedding per cow and accompanying stock _

Value of buildings per cow and accompanying stock

Annual cost of buildings per cow and accompanying stock

Hours of lumian labor per cow and accompanying stock

Cost of lal)or per cow and accompanying stock

Miscellaneous costs per cow and accompanying stock

Cattle cost per cow and acconij lanying stock

Cost of dairy equipment per cow

Cost of hauling milk per cow

Total cost per cow

Total returns, other than milk sold, per cow

Loss per cow

Amount received per pound of milk, cents

Cost per pound of milK, cents

Cost per quart of milk, cents

Cost per pound of milk fat, cents

Miles from station

Per cent of butter fat in milk

30.5

28.9

SIO. 00

$47.00

4,644

4,695

4,575

4,0(X)

214

217

2,004

2,256

$31. 33

$32. 25

4,504

4,430

$40. 36

$34. 11

1,793

1,656

4,187

4,321

3

3

$4.29

$3. 82

«0. 91

$0.79

$08. 00

$67.00

$5.31

$5.66

158

129

$22. 45

$18. 11

%\. 19

$1.22

$1.00

(a)

$0.49

$0.45

$5.90

$6.10

$118.84

$107. 67

S11.21

$14.21

$32. 14

S12.50

1.65

1.76

2.35-

2.03

5.10

4.40

51

44

2.7

2.7

4.6

4.6

o There was enough stock raised to show an appreciation in 1913.

In 1912, 1.5 dairy herds, or about 1 in 11, showed a profit. The average cow
paid all costs excepting the value of hay and forage raised on the farm, for
which only 28 per cent of its farm value was obtained. In 1013 dairy conditions
were more favorable, as grain and forage were cheaper, and milk brought a
better price, and 52 herds, or 30 per cent, showed some profit. The average
cow paid all costs except hay and forage raised on the farm, and paid 66 per
cent of the farm value for this.

In 1913 the cost of hauling milk per cow was .$4 in the herds with more than
f.5 cows, and $8 in the herds with 20 or less cows. The annual cost for shelter-
ing a cow was $7 in the herds with 20 cows or less, and $4 in the herds with over
40 cows. The average investment in buildings per cow for the herds with 20
or less cows was $76. In the herds with 41 or more cows it was $54. The value
of the feed used per cow did not vary greatly in proportion to the size of herd.
The milk production was higher in the medium-sized herds than in the large or
small herds. The size of herd did not greatly affect the cost of milk production,
this being 2.42 cts. per pound in the herds witli 20 or less cows, and 2.37 cts.
in the herds witli over 40 cows.

39513°— No. 8—16-

772 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD.

In 1912 the value of pasture land on farms 1 mile or less from the milk
station averaged $25 per acre ; on farms over 1 mile and not more than 3 miles
from market, $20 per acre ; on farms from 3 to not more than 4 miles from
market, $18 per acre ; aad on farms over 4 miles from market, $1G per acre.
The cost of hauling milk on farms 1 mile or less from market was $4 per cow,
or 8.7 cts. per 100 lbs. of milk sold. When the distance hauled was more than
4 miles the cost of marketing was $7 per cow, or 15.3 cts. per 100 lbs. of milk
sold. The production of milk, the cost of feed, and the cost of production
did not differ greatly with the distance from market.

Cows that were given $41 worth of feed in addition to pasture produced milk
for 1.47 cts. per pound and made an average profit of $13. This profit was
made on a production of 4,100 lbs., which is 3G3 lbs. below the average for the
State. When the value of the grain, hay, and silage was increased by $28
the milk production was increased by 791 lbs. and* the profits were decreased
by $22. After this point each additional increase of barn feed resulted in
increased production, but the milk cost more and the loss per cow was increaseil.
One-half of the dairymen who \ised $55 or less of winter feed per cow produced
milk for 2 cts. per pound or less, but those who gave more winter feed lessened
their chances of producing milk cheaply. The cows that received on an average
only 2,077 feed units produced 3,925 lbs. of milk which cost l.SO cts. per pound.
Cows that received an increase of 917 feed units produced an increase of 229
lbs. of milk. Increa.ses in feed in the next two groups resulted in increased
production but the cost iK?r pound of milk remained much the same. Wlien the
cows were fed more than 5,421 feed units the production continued to increase,
but the increased value of the feed necessary to make this change was out of
proportion to tlie value of the milk.

Silos were found in the larger dairies, and more intensive methods of feeding
are being followed on the farms that have silos. The value of the feed used
per cow and accompanying stock on the farms with silos was $86 in 1912 and
$80 in 1913, and on farms without silos $79 and $71. The average production
of milk per cow in the herds where silage was fed was 4,791 lbs. in 1912 and
4,778 lbs. in 1913, and in the herds not fed silage 4.516 lbs. in 1912 and 4,624
lbs. in 1913. The cost of production per pound of milk where silage was used
was 2.32 cts. in 1912 and 2.08 cts. in 1913, and where silage was not used 2.3S
cts. and 1.99 cts.

A larger expenditure for feed and more feed units were xised in the herds of
higher value. The amount of labor spent per ci>w in the different groups was
fairly constant. The production per cow was higher in the herds of high value.
Intensive feeding of the average cow did not pay. but the group containing
cows valued at $55 or more was able to use as much as $94 worth of feed and
show a profit.

The milk from the Holstein group tested the lowest in fat, averaging 4.1
per cent in 1912 and 4.2 per cent in 1913. The Tersey group tested the highest,
with an average test of 4.8 per cent in 1912 and 4.7 per cent in 1913. Not
counting pasture the Holsteins consumed more feed than did the other groups
but were closely followed by the Jerseys. The Jerseys used more expensive
feed, so that their ration cost a little more than the Holstein ration. In 1913
the average profit per cow among the 542 Holstein cows was $3, while the 3.026
Jersey cows showed an average loss of $15, and the cows of mixed breed a
loss of $19 per cow. The Holstein herds, however, were mainly on the valley
farms, where natural conditions for economical milk production were better,
and this may help to account for the better showing made by the Holstein
group.

> DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 773

The highest production was found in the herds for whicli the milk fat test
of the milli was low. In 1913 the production per cow in the herds for which
the test of the milli ran 4.4 per cent of milk fat or below was 4,998 lbs., while
in the herds for which the millv tested from 4.5 to 4.6 per cent it was 4,738 lbs.,
for those with milk testing from 4.7 to 4.8 per cent, 4,431 lbs., and for those
with milk testing over 4.9 per cent, 4,584 lbs. The cost of producing milk was
less and the profit per cow was greater in the herds for which the test of the
milk was low. Milk testing 4.4 per cent of milk fat, or less, cost 1.9 cts. per
pound to produce, and milk testing 4.9 per cent of milk fat, or more, 2.19 cts.

The cost of producing 1 lb. of milk was 0.2S ct. less in the herds for which milk
records were kept. The keeping of records apparently decreased the loss by
$11 per cow in 1912, and in 1913 changed a .$14 loss to a $3 gain.

In every instance the value per cow increased wheft the production inci'eased,
but an increase of 1,000 lbs. of milk made only a small increase in the value per
cow. This means that more milk can be produced from $1,000 invested in good
cows than can be produced from a similar amount invested in poorer cows.

The cost of producing 100 lbs. of milk was greater in the low-producing herds.
In order to produce milk at a profit in 1912 it requii-ed an average production
of 7,219 lbs. per cow.

Data on the cost of producing milk in other States are included.

Dairy husbandry {Washington Sta. Bui. 121 {1915), pp. 9-11). — Cows fed
beet pulp, moistened with 5 parts by weight of water, consumed the feed with
considerable relish and rapidly increased in milk yield c\uring a two-week
period. Although it was diflicult to accustom the cows to eating the feed at
first, later they would eat from 6 to 8 lbs. more of the soaked pulp than they
would of the corn silage. The general condition of the cows fed the beet pulp
was comparable with that of those fed corn silage, and there was no appre-
ciable difference in their weights. Since their feeding value is about the same,
it appears that the extended use of beet pulp as a substitute for silage depends
largely on the relative cost of producing and preserving silage and the cost of
dried beet pulp.

Three lots of 6 calves each were fed 90 days, the grain ration consisting of
ground oats, wheat, and barley, with bran, together with clover or alfalfa hay,
lot 1 receiving in addition skim milk, lot 2 Blatchford's calf meal, and lot 3
a homemade calf meal. Skim milk gave the best results as a substitute for
whole milk, yet the other feeds, with a limited use of skim milk, gave fair
results. Tlie skim-milk lot made the largest gains per day with the lowest cost
per pound. Grain mixtures fed dry rather than mixed with milk gave the best
results.

A number of cows were divided without regard to breed into groups of large
and small cows, eows weighing 1,100 lbs. or more being taken as large. During
a five-month period it was found that with the cost of feed alone considered the
small cows produced milk fat for 1 ct. per pound less than the large cows,
but did not produce milk as cheaply. When the total expenses were consid-
ered, the large cows produced milk fat at 3 cts. less per pound, and milk at 57
cts, less per 100 lbs. than the small cows.

[Feeding experiments with dairy cattle], R. Caeb {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1915,
pp. 23Jt, 235). — Two lots of four cows each were fed five months in periods of
two weeks by the reversal method, one week intervening between periods, one
group receiving 30 lbs. per day of silage as a succulent feed, the other group
30 lbs. of roots. The cows were allowed all the alfalfa hay they would eat
and a grain ration which was not changed throughout the test, each animal
being given approximately 1 lb. of grain to 4 lbs. of milk. Other conditions
were maintained as identical as possible.

774 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

There seemed to be no appreciable difference between the silage and root
rations as to the amount of hay eaten. Each group and each individual cow
produced more milk from the root ration, but the difference was not very great,
averaging 0.7 lb. per day per cow. While the number of cows was small and
the test covered but one season, it is believed that the ligures would seem
to warrant the conclusion that the roots are at least as good as the corn silage.
Data on the cost of growing and handling these crops seem to indicate very little
difference in that respect, local conditions influencing the cost greatly.

Experiments in feeding' dairy cows {New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 66-69). —
In an experiment with two lots of dairy cows, fed for 30-duy periods, in which
one lot received a ration consisting of 30 lbs. of corn silage, 1 lb. of concentrate
to each 5 lbs. of milk, and all the choice alfalfa hay they would eat, and the
other lot the same feed with the exception of the corn silage, for which 8 lbs.
of dried beet pulp was substituted, a 10.6 per cent larger yield of milk and milk
fat was obtained from the lots fed dried beet pulp. However, the milk cost 28
per cent more and the fat 33 i per cent more.

Dairy herd records, their value, and how to keep them, A. B. Nystbom
and It. E. Huxdertmaek (Washinytoti Sta. Popular Bui. 97 (1915), pp. 3-16,
fiys. 6). — General information on liow to keep records, and the value of such
records in increasing dairy profits, is given.

Report of the department of dairy husbandry, O. F. IIunzikeb (Indiana
Sta. lipt. 1915, pp. 3.'f-Ji5). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R.,
32, p. 672) a calf-feeding experiment was carrietl on in which one lot received
whole milk, skim milk, ground corn and oats as a dry mash, alfalfa hay, and
corn silage, and another lot a home-mixed calf meal containing hominy feed,
linseed meal, red dog flour, and dried blood, equal parts by weight, in place of
the skim milk. The following conclusions are drawn :

" The use of skim milk as a feed for young calves is increasing in those sec-
tions wliore it is available in large quantities. Its use for this purpose should
be encouraged unless its market value is very nmch above 30 cts. per 100 lbs.
So long as skim milk is available as a feed for live stock, milk substitutes for
dairy calves are of very limited value.

" In certain sections of the State the chief product sold from the farm is
whole milk. Under these conditions the growing of dairy heifers becomes a
very expensive proposition luiless a milk substitute may be secured, making it
possible to reduce the amount of milk required for calf feeding to the mininimu.
Under such conditions the use of a home-mixed calf meal is advisable, although
the calf so produced will not be as well developed at six months of age as if fed
milk during its early growing period.

" The prices charged by concerns manufacturing calf meals are iisually very
nmch above the actual cost of producing them, chiefly on account of advertising
costs, transportation charges, and dealers' profits. All things being equal, so far
as the efficiency of the ration is concerned the use of a ready-prepared calf
meal is largely prohibitive on account of the high retail prices of such feeds.

" The results, from the standpoint of gain in weight and growth in height,
produced by feeding Blatchford's calf meal do not warrant its recommendation
as an absolute milk substitute for the growing of dairy calves.

*' In order for a ration to be considere<l an miqualitied success for dairy calves,
it should produce at least 1 lb. of gain per day as an average for the first six
months of the life of the calf. An average daily gain of 1.5 lbs. is not uncom-
mon, although slightly above that which the average dairyman may expect.

" The amount of grain mixture and dry roughage consumetl by dairy calves
is a splendid index to their thriftlness. The development of an appetite for dry
feeds by dairy calves is governed by the type of milk or milk substitute ration

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 775

fed and the method of feeding the supplementary feeds. The feeder's ability
to encourage and teach the calves to eat dry feeds is an important factor to
consider in raising calves by hand.

"The amount of food nutrients required per day by growing calves is, ap-
proximately, i lb. of protein, 1 lb. of carbohydrates, and 1.05 lb. of fat. The
above figures are based upon the total amount rather than the amount of
digestible nutrients consumed.

" The rate of growth in height of dairy calves is rather uniform during the
first six months of their life. The average monthly growth for an average-sized
calf should be from 1.5 in. to 2 in., although certain individuals will very much
exceed these figures.

"As dairy calves advance in age their relation between height and weight
gradually changes. A calf at 30 days of age should weigh, approximately, 3 lbs.
for each inch in height. This figure gradually increases until, at six months of
age, the average calf should weigh, approximately, 6.5 lbs. for each inch in
height."

Work thus far completed indicates that cotton-seed meal has very little effect
on the breeding properties of dairy heifers.

In continuation of the report previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 575) on the
pasteurization of cream for butter making, it appears that " the germ-killing
efficiency of pasteurization varies witli the bacterial flora of the cream, and
the latter in turn varies with the season of the year.

"Extremely high pasteurizing temperatures, such as 185° F. and higher,
while efficient in destroying germs, may cause a very poor quality of butter
when used on very sour cream. The resulting butter tends to have a disa-
greeable oily flavor, suggesting also fishiness. This is particularly true in early
summer when the cows are on green pasture and the butter fat contains a
relatively high percentage of olein, which appears to yield to the oxidizing action
of the combination of high acid and high heat. Under these conditions the
lower pasteurizing temperatures, such as 160 to 165° flash, and 145° holding,
give decidedly better resiilts.

" Vat pasteurization, while producing a good flavor, appears to give the liutter
a more or less mealy texture. This is probably due to the prolonged exposure
to heat due to slow cooling.

" Butter made from cream properly pasteurized shows a decided improvement
over butter made from raw cream of the same quality."

Directions for the manufacture of commercial buttermilk from skim milk
or whole milk, based on the station work, are presented. In order to produce
a buttermilk of good quality and possessing the proper balance of flavor, acidity,
body, and holding-together property it seems necessary to use two separate and
distinct species of lactic acid bacteria, viz. Bacillus btilgaricns and Strepto-
coccus lacticus. Where a whole milk buttermilk is desired (I)uttermilk contain-
ing milk fat) a much better flavor is produced when the whole milk is first
separated, only the skim milk soured, and the cream mixed back into the prod-
uct after the fermentation is completed. In this way the prolonged exposure
of the fat to the high acid, which gives the finished product a rather coarse
flavor, bordering on rancidity, is avoided and the buttermilk has a rich, smooth,
and creamy flavor.

Milk inspections, R. M. Allen {Kentucky Sta. Food and Drugs Bien. Rpt., 8
(1913-1915), pp. 21-25). — It is stated that very practical and effective methods
of milk inspection have been worked out in Kentucky, and that these methods
are showing a widespread improvement in both the chemical and bacterio-
logical purity of the State's milk supply. Bacteriological examinations directed
toward both market samples and the processes in the dairy and milk depots

776 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

have been the chief means for accurate knowledge of sanitary condition and
the omissions in practice responsible for contaminated milk.

Marked results were noted as the result of the elimination of dust from the
barn. It is stated that dust in the barn and the failure to sterilize utensils are
two of the chief reasons for high bacterial counts. These conclusions are rather
in contrast to those reached by the New York State Station (E. S. R., 34,
p. 183).

Hygienic milk, J. Pbitzkee {Schweiz. Apotli. Ztg., 53 {1915), Xos. 42, pp.
583-586; 43, pp. 593-597; 44, pp. 609-612; 45, pp. 624-62S).—\ summary and
digest of data, including the findings of bacteriological examinations of milk
prepared under various conditions of cleanliness. It is maintained that raw
milk obtained and handled with proper precautions is the best substitute for
mother's milk. Pasteurization and sterilization reduce the number of bacteria,
but boiling alters the chemical composition of the milk. Sterilized milk is con-
sidered responsible for rachitis and scurvy in infants.

Slimy and ropy milk, R. E. BrciiAXAN and B. W. Hammer {loxca f^ta. Re-
search Bui. 22 (1915), pp. 207-295, figs. 10). — A study of slimy and ropy milk
sent in for examination to the dairy bacteriological laboratories has shown the
following :

" Cultures of organisms secured from slimy starters, apparently typical
Streptococcus lacticus forms, sometimes showed marked capacity to produce,
ropiness when inoculated into sterile milk. This slime-producing power is
evidently a variable characteristic, appearing and disappearing without ap-
parent cause. Associative action of organisms in some cases is responsible for
ropiness. Two organisms, neither of which alone can cause ropiness, may,
when grown together, caiise the medium to become slimy. Bacterium (lactis)
viscosum Is one common ca\ise of slimy milk. Certain peptonizing bacteria,
as B. pcptogencfi, produce a very slimy residuum after digestion of the casein.
B. hulgaricum. and certain related high acid organisms frequently produce
marked viscosity in milk.

" Sllminess in milk is apparently due to different causes with different organ-
Isms: Gum and g\imlike capsular materials partially soluble, or at least swelling
In water, are frequently the same. In many cases there seems to be a direct
relationship between chain formation of streptococcus and the development of
ropiness, likewise between the numbers of bacteria and ropiness. Associ.-itive
action between two distinct organisms resulting in great increases in number
of each is not uncommon as a cause of ropiness. Methods of control and pre-
vention of slimy milk are discussed."

Keys to the organisms tliat have been described as responsible for slimy
production in milk are presented. An attempt has been made to clear up
synonymy. Descriptions of 33 species of bacteria tliat have been found asso-
ciated with milk are given, and the literature reviewed. A bibliography is
appended.

Effect of salt on butter flora, W. Gixtner and .1. D. Bakeb {MicJiigan Sta.
Rpt. 1915, p. 209). — It has been found that salt to a concentration of 12 per
cent does not in all cases retard growth, an<l that the growth of some organisms
is not prohibited by 20 per cent of salt. Streptococci are sensitive to salt, wliile
micrococci and staphylococci can tolerate a high percentage. IVIost of the yeasts
and torulre of butter are not easily affected by salt, yet they can not withstand
as much salt as some of the cocci. Salt (8 per cent) retards the physiological
processes of most organisms. Micro-organisms which liquefy casein and gelatin
are more easily affected by salt than nonliquefiers. Some organisms by con-
tinued cultivation on salt agar increase their maximum tolerance for salt.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 777

Butter making on the farm, A. B. Nystrom and R. E. Hundeetmaek (Wash-
ington Sfa. Popular Bui. 96 {1915), pp. 23, figs. iO).— This bulletin deals with
the importance of sanitation in butter making, ripening cream, steps in the
manufacture of butter, kinds of churns, preparing butter for market, and mar-
Iceting farm butter.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Table of veterinary posology and therapeutics for students and practi-
tioners, G. A. BANHAir and "\V. J. Young {London: BaUUdrc, Tindall cG Cox,
1915, 4. ed., pp. XYI+212; rev. in Vet. Jour., 71 (1915), No. 48.% pp. 453, 454).—
The fourth edition of this handbook.

Principles of general physiology, W. M. Bayxiss (London and Neio York:
Longmans, Green & Co., 1915, pp. XX-\-850, figs. 259). — This new volume on
general physiology treats of those subjects which are common to all living
organisms. A brief summary of the material considered is appended to each
chapter.

A very complete bibliography covering SO pages is included.

Report of the live stock sanitai-y commissioner of the State of Maine on
contagious diseases of animals, 1914, A. Joly (Rpt. Live Stock Sanit. Comr.
Me., 1914, pp. 139, pis. I'f). — A report of the occurrence of, and work of the year
with, diseases of animals.

Report of the bacteriologist, W. Giltner (Michigan St a. Ept. 1915 pp. 194-
204). — These pages contain partial results of a study by L. R. Himmelberger of
the immune bodies of antihog-cholera serum and methods for diagnosing hog
cholera, and a review of the outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease in 1914, by
E. T. Hallman.

Biennial report of the state live stock inspector of the State of Tennessee,
1913-14, G. R. White (Bien. Rpt. State Live Stock Insp. Tenn., 1913-14, pp.
22, figs. 2). — This account of work for the period under report deals particu-
larly with that of hog-cholera control.

Report on the veterinary division, A. S. Milne (Rpt. Dept. Sci. and Agr.
Brit. Guiana, 1918-14, App. 4, pp. 5). — ^A brief statement of the work of the year.

Annual reports on the civil veterinary department. United Provinces, for
the years ending March 31, 1914 and 1915, E. W. OLrv'ER (Ann. Rpts. Civ.
ret. Dept. United Prov., 1914, pp. 4+II+25; 1915, pp. //+ 77+2 J). —These
annual reports include accounts of the occurrence of diseases of animals, breed-
ing operations, etc.

Biological investigations of the amins derived from proteins in organ
extracts and body fluids, M. Guggenheim and W. Loffleb (Biocheni. Ztschr.,
72 (1916), No. 5-6, pp. 303-324, figs. 36).— The authors have studied the effect
of certain amins on the isolated guinea pig intestine suspended in Ringer's solu-
tion. These amins are derived in the animal organism from the amino acids
by the cleavage of carbon dioxid, probably through the agency of bacteria, as
demonstrated by earlier investigators.

Very small amounts of j3-imidazolethylamin, oxyphenylethylamiu, phenylethyl-
amin hydrochlorid, isoamylamin hydrochlorid, indolethylamin hydrochlorid,
suprarenin hydrochlorid, etc., were found to exercise a marked tonic effect.
Alkali salts of the higher fatty acids, gallic acid, oxalates, citrates, indol,
phenol, cresol, guaiacol, and disodium phosphate were found to have a similar
action, much larger doses, however, being necessary. In amounts less than
0.1 gm. per 100 cc. of Ringer's solution alipathic amino acids, silk peptone, solu-
tions of egg white, dioxyphenylalanin, histidin, tryptophan, paraoxypheuylacetic
acid, homogentisic acid, cadaverin, putrescin, etc., were found to exercise no
reaction.

778 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

The relation of such action as a probable etiological factor of intestinal auto-
intoxication and other pathological conditions is indicated.

The fate of amins derived from proteins in the animal organism, M. Gug-
genheim and W. LoFFLEB (Biochcm. Ztschr., 12 (1916), No. 5-6, pp. 325-350,
figs, 7). — It has been demonstrated that isoamylamin, phenylethylamln, para-
oxyphenylethylamin, indolethylarain, and /3-imidazolethylamin are detoxicated
in the animal organism. This detoxication results from a deamination and
subsequent oxidation, the end product being an acid with the same number of
carbon atoms as the original amin. As intermediate products in the oxidation
of the amins, alcohols were isolated and identified by perfusing the isolated
liver with the respective amins. The fact was thus established that the liver
is able to oxidize certain alcohols to their corresponding acids.

Normal human blood and serum, and also that of the rabbit, exhibitetl a tonic
effect on the isolated guinea-pig intestine. The active principle causing this
effect was found to be soluble in alcohol and thermostable.

Studies in anaphylaxis, XIV-XVII, II. Weil (Jour. Immunol., 1 (1916),
Xo. 1, pp. 1-Ji'.>). — Four studies are bore reported, continuing previous work
(E. S. R., 33, p. 82).

XIV. On the relation hctwccyi precipitin and }(en^<iitizin (pp. 1-lS). — From
experimental data it has been demonstrated that passive sensitization toward
horse serum can be induced in guinea pigs by injecting intraperitoneally pre-
cipitates produced by liorse serum and the serum of a rabbit inununized against
horse serum. The same results can be obtained by using crystalline egg
albumin. Certain quantitative relations have been found to exist between
antigen and antibody in producing the precipitates which do not vary outside
of certain fairly wide limits. A great excess or deficiency of either factor
produces a preciiiitate wliich fails to sensitize passively.

"The precipitating substance of immune sera is competent to sensitize guinea
pigs passively. In other words, precipitin is also sensitizin [the substance
which confers sensitization!. It is conceivable, but improbable, that tliere may
be a fraction of precipitin which lacks the sensitizing function.

"Antibody may be deprived of its precipitating function by heat without
suffering a very material diminution in its sensitizing value. This observation
corresponds with the previously known fact that ' precipitoid,' or heate<l pre-
cipitin, has retained its combining power with antigen, although it has lost its
precipitating power. The precipitating, or ergophore group, is said to be tber-
molabile; the sensitizing or haptophore group, to be thermostable.

"Only the combining (or haptophore) group is essential to passive sensitiza-
tion. Anaphylaxis therefore consists simply in the cellular reaction due to the
fixation of antigen by cellular antibody. These new data therefore confirm and
establi-sh the theory of anaphylaxis supported in previous studies of this series.

"The fact that the coexistence of antigen in the same fluid may inhibit the
precipitating power of antibody while only partially interfering with the sensi-
tizing function, as in the prozone experiments, may explain the divergence in
the literature between those who maintain that precipitin and sensitizin run
parallel in immune sera and those who deny this relationship.

" The phenomenon which has been descrilied as dissociation of the precipitate,
which probably occurs within the body and which may be lmitate«l by various
laboratory procedures such as extraction by sodium carbonate, sets free
antibody in a form which sensitizes passively but fails to give the precipitin
reaction. Such a factor, likewise, would upset the normal parallelism between
sensitizin and precipitin.

" The foregoing consideration may serve to explain the fact that the presence
of antibodies may be demonstrated by means of passive sensitization in spite of

VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 779

the fact that the test tube reartious, such as agglutination and precipitation,
prove ineffective. In infectious disease tlie coexistence of the antigen (tlie
infectious agent or its product) in the blood might be expected to produce this
result."

XV. Equilibrium in precipitation reactions. Eqtiilibriiim in combination (pp.
1&-34). — The supernatant fluid resulting from the preparation of precipitates
with rabbit serum, previously immunized against horse serum, and normal
horse serum was found to contain both antigen and antibody. Similar results
were obtained with raw egg albumin. Purified egg albumin, however, exhibited
entirely different results. When treated as above the supernatant fluid never
contained both antigen and antibody simultaneously. Raw egg albumin was
found to contain more than one antigen, and the antiserum, therefore, corre-
spondingly contained more than one antibody. The protective action of a third
colloid, preventing complete interaction of antigen and antibody, has not been
demonstrated. Cross precipitations could not be induced by mixing the sera
of different rabbits immunized against crystalline egg albumin, but were possi-
ble when raw egg albumin was used as antigen.

From the experimental results it is concluded that precipitin and precipi-
tinogen can not exist in the same fluid without undergoing union and produc-
ing precipitation. The instances of the apparent coexistence of antigen and
antibody reported in the literature must be explained on the basis of multi-
plicity of antigens.

XVI. Equilibrium in precipitation reactions. Dissociation (pp. 35-46). — Ex-
perimental data show that "precipitates contain both antigen and antibody,
as shown by the fact that they sensitize both actively and passively. If pre-
cipitates ai"e treated with salt solution in the incubator, the extracts are found
to contain a small amount of antigen, but no antibody. If precipitates are ex-
tracted with solutions of sodium carbonate, antigen is readily demonstrable in
the extracts. Precipitin can not be demonstrated, but antibody is demonstrable
in large amounts, by the method of passive sensitization (sensitizin). Extrac-
tion with trypsin and with leucocytes yields both precipitin and precipitinogen."

XVII. On tlie coexistence of antigen and antibody in the body (pp. 47-49). —
The author concludes that antigen and antibody may coexist in the same fluids
In the test tube in reactive form, and also in the blood and in the cells of the
living animal. Antibody, even if in combination with antigen, is still capable of
reacting with fresh antigen.

Studies in nonspecific complement fixation, I— V (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 18
(1916), No 1, pp. 20-87). — The studies here reported consist of a number of
papers as follows: (1) Nonspecific Complement Fixation by Normal Rabbit
Serum, by J. A. Kolmer and Mary E. Trist (pp. 20-2G) ; (2) Nonspecific Com-
plement Fixation by Normal Dog Serum, by J. A. Kolmer, Mary E. Trist, and
G. D. Heist (pp. 27-31) ; (3) The Influence of Splenectomy and Anesthetics on
the Nonspecific Complement Fixation Sometimes Shown by Normal Rabbit and
Dog Sera, by J. A. Kolmer and R. M. Pearce (pp. 32-45) ; (4) The Relation of
Serum Lipoids and Proteins to Nonspecific Complement Fixation with Normal
Rabbit and Dog Sera, by J. A. Kolmer (pp. 4G-63) ; and (5) The Effect of
Heat on Normal Rabbit and Dog Sera in Relation to Antilytic and Nonspecific
Complement-Fixation Reactions, by J. A. Kolmer and Mary E. Trist (pp.
64-87).

It is indicated that the sera of rabbits which are intended for use in com-
plement-fixation tests should be tested several times before the animals are in-
oculated, preferably with the particular antigen to be used, and only those
selected that react negatively. It is further emphasized that great caution

780 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

should be employed in the Interpretation of complement-fixation tests with dog
serum.

It is concluded that the nonspecific complement fixation by normal rabbit and
dog sera is probably due primarily to thermolabile and thermostabile antilytic
(anticomplementary) substances in the sera.

The dialysis method for the determination of pregnancy in animals, with
special reference to the sources of error, M. Kahn (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt.
Tierhcill:., Jfl (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 222-2.'fS). — The importance and value of an
early diagnosis of pregnancy and the difficulty of determining such a condi-
tion by a purely physical examination is pointed out. The theory of the origin
and mechanism of the defensive ferments produced by the parenteral introduc-
tion of foreign protein into the animal organism is also discussed, and the
technique of the method, including the preliminary testing of the dialyzation
tubes, preparation of the placental tissue, etc., is described in detail.

From experimental data it is concluded that the dialysis reaction can bo
used for the diagnosis of pregnancy in horses and cattle from the first month
to full term, using the technique as described. Only such results as are ob-
tained with hemoglobin-free perfectly clear serum, properly prepared placental
substrate, and standardized tubes can be considered as trustworthy.

The serum of nonpregnant mares and of geldings persistently showed a nega-
tive reaction. The same I'osults were obtained with cattle.

Special attention is called to the fact that the prepared placental tissue of
the horse could not, in some instances, be used after 24 hours unless again
freed from ninliydrin reacting sub-stances by boiling in distilled water. The
importance of using dialyzation tubes which are Impermeable to protein yet
permeable to peptones, and which have been carefully standardized, is also
emphasized.

Oleander poisoning- (Ztschr. Tclcrimirk., 27 (1915), 'So. 12, pp. 366, 367).—
Two cases of poisoning in horses, n>sulting in death and attributed to the eat-
ing of oleander leaves, are reported.

The animals first refused food and soon became unable to stand. On exami-
nation the pulse was found to be weak, the heart sounds indistinct, the con-
junctiva congested, respiration labored, peristalsis suppressetl, and fever ab-
sent. On post-mortem no visilde patbologi(.'al changes except a small clot in
the heart cavity of one of the animals were evident. The stomach and in-
testinal contents revealed the presence of fresh green leaves, later identified
as oleander leaves.

See also a previous note by "Wilson (E. S. R.. 21. p. 6S1).

The use of medicaments in the treatment of diseases caused by nematodes,
A. Ratt.liet (Hcc. Med. V^t., 01 (1915), No. 15, pp. J,90^1S).—A summarizeil
account. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 34, p. 576).

Comparative tests of the action of certain common disinfectants, A. Kritski
(Schicciz. Arch. Tierhcilk., 57 (1915), A'o. 12, pp. 615-651, figs. 5).— Experi-
mental data obtained from comparative tests of a number of disinfectants are
submitted. The results are in part represented graphically.

It is indicated that in general the cresol emulsions best fulfill the chief re-
quirements, viz, cheapness and bactericidal strength, of an efficient disin-
fectant.

The disinfection of infected wood, E. Fleischer (^yicncr TicriirziL
Monatsschr., 2 (1915), No. 11, pp. J{97~507). — As the result of an Inve.stigation
to determine the value of various agents for the disinfection of wood the
author has demonstrated that stronger solutions of the disinfectants are
necessary in actual practice than were found to be satisfactory in the experi-

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 781

mental tests. The materials used were lime, bleaching powder, potassium
hydroxid, antiformin, formaldehyde, and mercuric chlorid. All were found to
be satisfactory in proper concentrations. The organisms used were the an-
thrax, swine plague, and chicken cholera bacilli.

It Is concluded that under the experimental conditions a 2.5 per cent solu-
tion of formaldehyde is the most reliable disinfectant, even in the presence of
anthrax spores.

A bibliography of some 30 references is appended.

A contribution to the evaluation of methods for the bacteriological and
serological diagnosis of anthrax with' special reference to the microscopical
investigation, W. Pfeiler and G. Scheyek {Berlin. Tierurztl. Wchnschr., S2
{1916), No. S, pp. 25S0). — The authors discuss the various methods used in
Staining the anthrax bacillus, and indicate those stains which have been found
to give the most satisfactory results. The results of 315 examintaions of
pathological specimens, comprising 113 cases in cattle, 8 in the horse, 4 in
sheep, and 190 in swine, are reported in tabular form and briefly discussed.
Tlie precipitin reaction, microscopical examinationf and culture and animal in-
oculation were tlie methods used in diagnosing tlie cases reported.

A bacteriological study of methods for the disinfection of hides infected
with anthrax spores, F. W. Tilley {Jour. Amer. Leather Chem. Assoc, 11
{1916), No. 3, pp. 131-160). — This is a slightly abridged account of the investi-
gation previously noted (E. S. R., 3.3, p. 178).

The biology of pseudoanthrax bacilli. — Contribution to the differential
diagnosis of anthrax and pseudoanthrax bacilli, N. Pokschischeavsky {Arb.
K. Osndlitsamf., -',7 {191-',), No. 4, pp. 541-590, pis. 4).— This paper, substan-
tially noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 579), includes a three-page
bibliography.

Foot-and-mouth' disease, L. Nev-eemann {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tie'rheillc.,
41 {1915), No. 3, pp. 177-210, pis. 2). — The serious outbreaks in Germany and
the means used in handling such epizootics are reviewed. Methods of control
are considered tinder three divisions (1) the slaughter of infected animals, (2)
quarantine measures, and (3) immunization.

Experimental results of immunization tests with Loeffler's protective serum
obtained from different localities are presented in tabular form. From these
results it is concluded that the injection of large doses (100 to 200 cc.) of the
antiserum is not only a means of protection but is also of value as a therapeutic
agent in treating animals affected witli the disease. Tlie injection of small
doses of serum yielded unsatisfactory results.

Aphthous fever, E. Leclainche {Rev. G4n. lUil. V4t., 24 {1915), No. 281-282,
pp. 201-210). — The author reports that immunization against aphthous fever
with antiserum does not give good results and is in general unreliable. Strict
quarantine measures are indicated as being tlie most satisfactory means of com-
bating the disease. All diseased and infected animals should be slaughtered
and the infected district policed.

The "dotible zone system " of quarantine has given excellent results.

Foot-and-mouth disease, R. Graham {Kentucky Col. Agr., Ext. Div. Circ. 28
^1914), pp. 3-8, figs. 5). — A brief popular account furnishing information for
the farmer.

Preliminary report on the conglutination test with special reference to
the diagnosis of glanders, C. P. Fitch {Jour, Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 48
{1916), No. 5, pp. 566-574). — From the results obtained in testing over 300
horses by the conglutination, complement fixation, and agglutination reactions
it is concluded that the complement fixation and conglutination tests are in
many respects very similar. Whilo both are relatively complex the reagents

782 EXPEEIMEXT STATION EECOED.

for conglutination are more easily obtained than for complement fixation. The
greater sensitiveness of the conglutination system, however, offsets this ad-
vantage.

The conglutination reaction has a decided advantage over complement fixa-
tion for the diagnosis of glanders in asses, mules, and those horses which
have anticomplementary substances in their blood. No single sera test is
deemed absolute for the diagnosis of glanders. Tlie necessity of standardized
methods for carrying out such diagnostic tests in various laboratories is em-
phasized, as tending to reduce the number of discrepancies in tlie results ob-
tained by different workers.

The mallein conjunctival test, .T. Makek (Devt. Tierdrzil. Wchnschr., 24
{1916), No. 5, pp. -i-MS, fiffS. 4). — Tlie autlior reviews in detail the technique of
the mallein ophthalmic test for glanders and discusses certain procedures which
have yielded the best results. Tlie interpretation of results is also considered.

Prophylaxis of glanders, V. Drouin (Rev. G^n. MM. Vrf., 2'/ (1915), No.
281-2R2, pp. 210-226). — The author reviews tlie subject in general and indi-
cates the value of the subcutaneous mallein and ophthalmic reactions in the
diagnosis of the disease. The complement fixation reaction is also recommended,
but it is not deeraetl so valuable as the other diagnostic tests. In using these
tests it is important to consider all symptoms in order to form a correct judg-
ment for the diagnosis.

The usual sanitary measures should be observed and diseased horses
slaughtered.

Excellent results have been obtaine^l by the systematic subcutaneous use of
mallein.

Administrative control of glanders, E. B. Ackerxiax (Drpt. ITcnJth X. Y.
City, Reprint f^cr.. No. 16 (lOl-i), pp. IS). — ^This is a report of control work in
New York City.

A case of tetanus favorably treated with magnesium glycerophosphate,
RiTTTG (Ztsrhr. Vctrnniirk., 27 (1915), No. 12, p. S6S). — After two subcutaneous
injections of tetanus antitoxin without any favorable result, fiO cc. of a 25 i>er
cent sterile solution of magnesium glycerophosphate was injecttnl intramuscu-
larly into a horse. The injection was repeated on the following day. The re-
sults of this treatment wore most striking and prompt.

It is indicated that magnesium glycerophosphate is an excellent antitetanic
even in the severest ca.ses of the disease.

A preliminary report on the pathology of bovine actinomycosis, F. Gbif-
KiTH (Rpts. Local Govt. lid. [Gt. Brit.}, Pub. Health and Mrd Siuhju., n. ser..
No. 107 (1915), pp. 11). — This preliminary report deals with .^0 frozen tongues
and lymphatic glands from the lingual region, of which 40 were imported from
Argentina, 2 from North America, and 2 from Siberia, and 44 fresh specimens
from animals slaughtered in England. The results show that actinobacillosis
is widespread and forms a considerable proportion of the cases of disease in
oxen known xinder the name of actinomycosis.

An account of investigations on the subject by Hope has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 882).

Contagious abortion in cows, J. W. Kalkus (Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
94 (1915), pp. 4)- — ^ brief account of this disease, with preventive and reme<lial
measures.

Studies to diagnose a fatal disease of cattle in the mountainous regions of
California, K. F. Meyer (Jour. Amer. Yet. Med. Axsoe., 4S (1916), No. 5, pp.
552-565). — A preliminary account of work with a disease that occurs in Cali-
fornia and Nevada, and which is thought to be bovine hemorrhagic septicemia.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 783

The life histoi-y of Gongylonema scutatum, B. H. Ransom and M. C. Hall
(Jour. Parasitology, 2 (1915), No. 2, pp. 80-SG). — ^This is a report of studies of
the life liistory of the gullet worm of sheep and cattle, commenced in April,
1911, at which time investigations of the role of insects as intermediate hosts
of helminths were undertaken.

" The eggs of G. scutatum present in the feces of sheep and cattle infested
with the adult parasite hatch out when swallowed by insects of various species.
The larvae thus released from the eggs pass into the body cavity and reach the
final larval stage in about a month. In this stage the larva is coiled into a
spiral and is inclosed in a capsule about 0.5 mm. in diameter. The length of
the fully developed larva is about 2 nnu. and the esophagus equals about two-
thirds the body length. The mouth, elongated dorso-ventrally, is surrounded
by a flange-like chitinous border.

" Sheep fed upon insects containing these larvee became infested with Gon-
gylonema. A hog fed upon Croton bugs artificially infested by feeding with eggs
of Gongylonema from cattle failed to become infested. A mouse, rabbit, and
guinea pig fed with Gongylonema lai'vsB from beetles found in sheep manure,
or from Croton bugs artificially infested by feeding Gongylonema eggs from
cattle, also failed to become infested. Failure to produce infestation in these
various animals indicates that the Gongylonema of sheep and cattle (G. scuta-
tum) is not transmissible to hogs, mice, rabbits, or guinea pigs.

" Gongylonema larvfe have been found in various species of dung beetles col-
lected from sheep manure, namely, Aphodius femoralis, A. granarius, A. flmen-
tarius, A. coloradcnsis, A. vittatus, Onthophagus hccate, and O. pcnnsylvanicus.
They have been developed in various species of Aphodius and in Croton bugs
(Ectohia gcrnmnica) by feeding the eggs of G. scutatum from cattle. The
feeding of eggs of Gongylonema from the gullet of a hog (presumably G.
puMirum) to Croton bugs also resulted in the development to encysted larv£e.

" Under natural conditions the usual intermediate hosts of G. scutatum are
probably dung beetles of various species.

"The life history of G. scutatum is similar to that of G. neoplasticum of rats,
mice, and other rodents, the intermediate stage of the latter having been found
by Fibiger and Ditlevsen to develop in roaches {Periplancta amcricana, P.
orientalis, and E. gcrmanica) and in a beetle (Tenebrio molitor). It is also
similar to that of another rat and mouse parasite, Spiroptcra obtusa, whose
intermediate host was found by Leuckart and Marchi to be the larva of a beetle
(T. molitor)."

Report of the veterinary department, R. A. Craig (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1915,
pp. 70-75). — Three commercial hog-cholera remedies were tested and found to
possess absolutely no preventive or curative properties.

The effect of heat on the potency of antihog-cholera serum was investigated,
with the result that the serum was found still to be potent after being heated
for one hour at 58° C. An attempt was made to prepare a vaccine by mixing
hog-cholera blood and antihog-cholera serum and heating in a water bath.
This, however, failed to protect pigs, thus evidently conferring no immunity.

The virulence of blood from cholera hogs was tested at different periods in
the disease by making tail bleedings in from 5 to 8 days from the date of inocu-
lation. Eight-day virus was found to kill pigs in about 13 days, as compared
to pen exposure, which kiled in 24 days.

The continued attempts to isolate a specific micro-organism from the hog-
cholera blood and blood filtrates were unsuccessful.

On Blepharocorys equi sp. nov., a new ciliate from the cecum of the horse,
I. 0. SCHUMACHEK (Uuiv. Cat. Puhs., Zool., 16 (1915), No. 8, pp. 95-106, pi. 1). —

784 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

This paper deals with tlie morphology of a 'new species, which is compared with
the closely allied forms previously described.

Bemarks on the diseases of foxes, I. E. Ckoken (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 11
(1916), No. 3, pp. 195-191). — A brief discussion of diseases of foxes, based upon
the author's experience in Prince Edward Island where fox farming is carried
on on a very large scale.

Practical application of the agglutination test, R. Jones {Jour. Amcr.
Assoc. Insfr. and Invest. Fonltry Hush., 2 (1915), Xo. 3, pp. 22, £.?).— The practi-
cal application of this test on commercial farms in Connecticut was taken up in
June, 1914, and continued until April, 1915, during which time 70 farms in 40
different cities and towns were visited and 14.009 birds tested.

The average infection for all flocks was 10 per cent, but the range was very
great, running from none in the case of a few flocks to 5G.3 per cent in the
worst flock. That the lowest percentage of infection was found in the Leg-
horns is accounted for only by the natural resistance due to the activity and
vitality of the breed. The hatchability of eggs and mortality of chicks seems
to depend upon the size and vitality of the birds.

See also a previous note by F. S. Jones (E. S. R., 28, p. 8S7).

Suggestions to poultrymen concerning chicken pox, J. R. Beach (Ca7t-
fornki Sta. Circ. l.',5 (1915), pp. 8, figs. J).— This circular deals particularly
with preventive vaccination, with an announcement concerning the sale of
vaccine by the university.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation in the United States, R. I*. Tkki.e (Xcw York and LomJon: D.
Applcton tC- Co., 1915, pp. iA'4-2.5J, figs. 2).— This book presents a nontechnical
discussion of the legal, economic, and financial aspects of irrigation in the west-
ern United States, with chapters on the field for irrigation in the United States,
historical information, climatic conditions in the arid region, water supply,
crops, legislation relating to irrigation, irrigation investments, organization and
operation of irrigation enterprises, and the present situation and future of irri-
gation in the United States.

The greater part of the book is devoted to a discussion of federal and state
legislation relating to irrigation, irrigation investments, and organization and
operation of irrigation enterprises. In these chapters the author has attempted
to set forth, for the prospective investor in irrigated lands, water rights, irri-
gation bonds, stocks, etc., the exact nature of what is being offered to investors,
particularly as to the security behind such investments.

The author expresses his belief in the feasil)ility of irrigation and in tlie pos-
sibilities of the West, but he points out that the interests of the "West can not be
advanced permanently by overstating the returns which are to be secured from
irrigated lands or from securities behind irrigation investments. It is pointed
out further that to-day large areas of land exi.st under projects either com-
pleted or under construction not yet under cultivation and irrigation, and with no
effective demand for this land. "As it stands to-day. few, if any, of such enter-
prises, public or private, are paying any return on the capital invested. The
great need of the We.st now is the utilization of the works already built, not
more works. . . . Past experience and the present situation seem to indicate
that irrigated lands can not be expected to repay directly the cost of irrigation
works, with interest, as is ordinarily expected of investments generally. Past
experience demonstrates, however, that if the loss to original investors is over-
looked, irrigation has been a decided success."

KUEAL ENGINEERING. 785

To relieve the situation a system of local, state, and federal aid is favored
by the author, the general features of which are suggested as follows: "(1)
Provision for the segregation for reclamation of tracts of public laud as is now
done iinder the Carey Act; (2) provision for the reclamation of similar tracts
of state or private lands, or of tracts partly public and partly private; (3)
provision for the ci*eation of districts composed of such lands, in general like
the present irrigation districts; (4) provisions for the submission of pro-
posals for the creation of such districts and the construction of works to
.supply the lands with water in somewhat the same manner as Carey Act pro-
posals are now submitted; (5) provision for the ajiproval of such proposals by
all the contributing agencies and for the pledging of these agencies to con-
tribute the amounts agreed upon; (G) provision for the issue of bonds which
shall be made in lien on the lands of the districts to be enforced by taxation
as is now done in irrigation districts; (7) provision for the disposal of lands to
settlers subject to the bonds issued to secure funds for construction; and (8)
provision for the enforcement of the lien on the land in case there is default in
the payment of interest or principal."

Irrigation possibilities in Kansas, H. B. WxIlkep. {Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Ayr.,
19 (lOlS-l-i), pp. 307-S16, figs. 5). — The author emphasizes the importance of
first developing the areas of Kansas in which water may be obtained for irriga-
tion by pumping from relatively small depths, and is of the opinion that farm-
ing methods, to utilize the available water supplies most economically, should be
intensive.

Irrigation by pumping in Kansas: What Kansas is doing to develop irri-
gation, B. P. Walker (Bien. Rpt. Kam. Bd. Agr., 19 (1913-14), PP- 301-306,
fig. 1). — This is a-brief sketch of the Irrigation situation in Kansas.

[Alfalfa irrigation experiments] {Neto Mexico St a. Rpt. 1915, pp. 45-49,
fig. 1). — The amounts of water applied in irrigation experiments on 46 plats of
alfalfa, conducted in cooperation with the Irrigation Investigations of this
Department, are reported in tabular form. The plats varied in area from
1,980 to 14,040 sq. ft. An average of 0.38 acre-feet per acre per irrigation was
applied to the lirst 28 plats and of 0.304 acre-feet per acre per irrigation to the
remainder. Five irrigations were made. From the irrigation standpoint the
results were deemed unsatisfactory, '

Tests of a proportional weir (Engin. News, 74 (1915), No. 22, pp. 1018, 1019,
figs. 3). — ^Tests of two proportional-flow weirs of the Rettger type (E. S. R.,
31, p. 784) are reported, both being 3i ft. long on the crest, but dilfering in
height from the crest to the curve of the side.

The results as graphically reported indicate the approximate proportionality
of discharge to head. For the higher heads (above 1 ft.), the coeflicients of the
smaller weir are about 2.4 per cent higher than for the larger weir. The
gi-adual increase in coefficient as the head increased was found to be not due to
velocity of approach.

Report of the acting commissioner for water conservation and irrigation
for the year ended June 30, 1915, H. H. Daee (Rpt. Act. Comr. Water Conserv.
and I nig. [N. S. Wales], 1914~15, pp. 109, pis. 16).— This report covers the
physical and financial status of established and projected irrigation schemes
and the extent of artesian and shallow boring during the year from July 1,
1914, to June 30, 1915. Private works for the conservation and distribution of
water for irrigation and stock watering purposes ai-e also reported upon.

Annual report of the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania, 1914
(Ann. Rpt. Water Supply Com. Penn., 1914, pp. 114+399, pis. 34).— This reports
the activities of the commission for 1914 and contains considerable hydro-

786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

graphic data. An appendix gives the results of measurements of stream flow
in the State in 1914.

Ground water in Lasalle and McMullen counties, Texas, A. Deussen and
R. B. Dole {U. S. CJeol. Survey, Water-Supi)li/ Paper 37o-G {1916), pp. J^l-lll,
pis. 2, fig. 1 ) . — This report describes the geology, physiography, and water bear-
ing formations of two areas of 1,180 and 1,707 square miles in southwestern
Texas, and presents the results of an investigation of the ground waters of the
areas with reference to their use for irrigation and domestic purposes.

Data from 131 wells in the two counties, together with analyses of the waters,
are reiwrted. These are taken to indicate " that strongly mineralized alkali
waters abound in Lasalle and McMullen counties. Almost all the waters tested
exceed 500 parts per million in total mineral content, and nearly two-thirds of
them exceed 2,000 parts. Sulphate anil chlorid waters predominate. Though
only about one-quarter of the supplit-s are classed as sodium carbonate, more
than half contain notable amounts of bhick alkali. Because of this generally
excessive mineral content a large proportion of the waters are poor supplies,
many being unlit for use. Drinkable waters have been found in many places,
and a few are only moderately high in mineral content. In general, however,
the region affords supplies carrying excessive contents of alkali. The waters
must be called poor for \ise in boilers, because they would cause excessive
foaming, tliough they woiUd probably not be corrosive nor would they form
much scale. The content of alkali of most of them is too great to render it
advisable to irrigate with them, and many are unlit for such use."

A water-power reconnoissance in south-central Alaska, C. E. Ellsworth
and It. W. Daveni'OUT {V. H. G'col. Survey, ^\'attr-Sul)l)ly Paper 372 (1915), pp.
173, pis. 22, figs. 6). — This reports in convenient form data on measurements of
the volume of streams in the Bering lliver basin ; the Controller Bay region ;
the basin of the lower Copper lliver and its principal tributary, the Chitina;
in numerous localities in the I'rince William Sound region; the Willow Creek
district; and the eastern part of the Ki-nai Peninsula, together with compila-
tions of the precipitation records made by the Weather Bureau of this Depart-
ment. A s«'parate rcp<trt on a water-power reconnoissance in southeastern
Alaska in ItXX), by .T. C. Hoyt, is appended.

Geo-hydrological studies and research, in Italy in connection with agri-
culture, G. DE Angelis d'Ossat (Internal. Imt. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915),' Xo. 4. PP- 517-^21).— The importance of
the geologist in connection with drainage and irrigation work, in soil study,
and in obtaining rural water supplies is pointed out, with reference to Italian
rural conditions.

A bibliogi-apliy of Italian literature bearing on the subject is appended.

Monograph on the irrigation wells of the Jaunpur District, A. C. Walker
(Dept. Land Ree. and Ayr. United Prov. Ayra and Oudh, Ayr. Ser., Bui. 32
(1915), pp. 56). — This describes the wells and well irrigation in the district.

The peat resources of Wisconsin, F. W. Hlels (Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Survey Bui. J,5 (1915), Eeon. Ser. 20, pp. .\VlI+27h /''»• 22, figs. 20).— A gen-
eral discussion of the origin, characteristics, and uses of peat is followe<l by a
reix)rt of investigations into the location, extent, and character of the peat
beds of Wisconsin by counties and the possibilities for tlieir economic utilization.

Wisconsin is considered to have extensive peat resources, but it is statetl that
attempts at the development of peat industries in the State have been unsatis-
factory. " The peat lands of Wisconsin in a number of instances are nuich more
likely to be drained and reclaimed for agricultural purposes than tliey are to
be used for their potential fuel value."

KUKAL ENGINEERING. 787

Cement and its manifold uses, E. A. Tkego (Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 19
{1913-14), pp. 44S-457, figs. 10). — Several of the uses of cement in farm struc-
tures are described and illustrated.

Effect of iron and calcium on concrete sand, T. Sa\t:lle {Engin. News, 74
{1915), No. 26, p. 1242, figs. 2). — In connection with a study of New Hampshire
and Vermont sands aud gravels, it was found that sands containing iron par-
ticles made a stronger mortar than ordinary sand, and sand containing con-
siderable calcium carbonate made mortars stronger than those made from
standard Ottawa sand.

Shrinkage and time effects in reinforced concrete, F. R. McMillan {Univ.
Minn. Studies Engin., No. 3 {1915), pp. ^i, p?.s. 3, figs. 17). — Tests of long dura-
tion under load on a Si by 30 in. by 12 ft. reinforced concrete beam of 1:2:4
mixture, four 4 by 5 by 42 in. reinforced concrete beams of 1:2:4 mixture, a
6 by 8 ft. concrete slab reinforced two ways and of 1 : 2^ : 4 mixture, and a
10 by 10 ft. concrete slab reinforced one way and of 1:2:4 mixture, are re-
ported, together with a test of three beams to determine the shrinkage under
variable conditions of curing.

" With materials aud mixtures as used in these tests it is safe to predict a
shrinkage of from f to 1 in. or more in 100 ft. when exposed to the ordinary
dry air of a heated building. It can not be definitely stated when shrinkage
will cease under these conditions, but certainly not within a year. However,
from one-half to two-thirds of the amount indicated may be expected witliin 40
to 60 days after exposure to dry air. The effect of thorough wetting in the
early curing stage seems to have no effect in reducing the total shrinkage, the
only effect being to retard the beginning of the action, this in spite of the fact
that the strength of the concrete is materially increased by this treatment.
Slight changes in the moisture content in the air will retard the shrinkage or
even cause a swelling, which seems to warrant tlie belief that structures open
to the elements would never show the same total shrinkage as found in these
tests.

" The continued slirinkage in beams and slabs acts to prodtice an increasing
deflection, though not to the same extent as the time yielding. The yielding of
the concrete under compressive stress with time ... is greater as the unit
stress is greater and seems to go on indefinitely. In these tests the deforma-
tion due to yielding was. found to be from three to five times that produced
immediately upon the application of the load. On the tension side of a beam
or slab the effect of time is to cause a gradual increase in the steel stress from
the breaking down of the concrete in tension or the failure of the bond. The
combination of the extension at the bottom and a shortening at the top pro-
duces in beams and slabs a continually increasing deflection. With the same
unit changes top and bottom the deflection is less the deeper the beam."

The most important possibility indicated by these tests is considered to be that
of the production of high stresses in the longitudinal steel of compression mem-
bers. " The time yielding of the concrete under stress, combined with the ex-
cessive shortening due to shrinkage, may result in deformations from five to
fifteen times those expected from the ordinary calculations."

Hydrated lime in concrete road construction {Good Roads, 48 {1915), No.
23, pp. 305-308, figs. 7). — This is a review of some of the work done with
hydrated lime in concrete pavement construction. The consensus of opinion
based on these service tests seems in general to favor the use of hydrated lime
on concrete roads.

Apparatus for measuring' the wear of concrete roads, A. T. Goldbeck ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 { '916), No. 20, pp. 951-954, pi. 1, fig. 1). —
An instrument developed liy the author in the Oflice of Public Roads and Rural
39513°— No. 8—16 7

788 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Engineering of tliis Department for measuring the wear of concrete roads is
described in detail and illustrated. It " essentially consists of a fine wire
stretched tightly across the road at a constant height, together with an inside
micrometer for measuring the distance from the road surface to the wire.
Measurements taken 1 ft. apart across the road permit the plotting of its cross
section, and if these measurements are repeated at long intervals the change of
cross section or the decrease in the thickness of the road will be revealed."

Public highways: Kansas roads, past, present, and future, AY, S. Gear-
HAiiT (Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Ayr., 19 (1913-14), pp. 56-120. figs. 5S).— This
article points out the benefits of good roads to Kansas farmers, and discusses
Yi some detail the location, design, construction, maintenance, and financing
of the different types of roads in Kansas.

Economic factors all important in i-ural highways, L. "W. Page (Engin.
Ilcc, 112 (1915), No. 13, p. 3S5, fig. 1). — The principal factors which affect the
economic efficiency of an improved road, and upon which it is thought economic
comparisons should be based, are discussed as cost of construction and main-
tenance, amount and character of traffic, and the average unit cost of hauling
before and after the improvement is made. With special reference to the
kst factor, it is stated that " if the improvement is to be justified economically
I the] total annual saving must be sufficient, after all costs for maintenance
and repairs are deducted, to pay a reasonable interest on the original invest-
ment. . . . The State is much better circumstanced for planning and supervis-
ing road improvement work than are any of its political subdivisions."

A diart is shown wliich is intontled to illustrate the scope of a model state
organization. See also a note of a previous report along similar lines by
Tennypacker (E. S. II.. 33, p. 290).

Effects of varying mixture and ignition timing, V. R. Gage (Poucr. .i2
(1915), No. 21, pp. 120-122, figs. 2). — Indicatdr diagrams obtained from a
6-horseix)wer, 4-stroke cycle, hit-and-miss governed internal combustion engine,
operating on different fuel mixtures and with the spark retarded or advanced,
are given. These show that " not only maximum economy but also maximum
power are obtained by ail justing the engine to run on as lean a mixture as
possible, with the spark advanced only enough to overcome the lapse of time
required for the mixture to liurn and to overcome the electrical lag."

The Highland Society's exhibition trial of motor tillage implements at
Stirling (Iiiipl. and Mach. Ucv., J,l (1915), No. J,SS, pp. 926, .027).— Trials of
four tractor plowing outfits and one motor plow on uniform stiff clay soil and
light .soil, with grades varying from 1 in 7 to 1 in 30. are reported, in which it
was attempted to simulate actual working conditions on the farm. It was re-
quired, however, that " the depth of furrow shall be not less than 8 jn. and not
more than 10 in. on the light land and not less than 6 in. on the stiff land."

It was found that " none of the tractors was successful in ascending the
gradient on the plats originally assigned to them on the light land and had to
be removed to a part of the field where the gradient was less severe. The
presence of a liberal dressing of fresh manure on the surface addetl to the
difficulty." It was concluded that the tractors are unable to do field work on
a grade exceeding 1 in 20. Under the favorable weather conditions prevailing
(hiring the trials no appreciable packing by the wheels of the tractors was
observed.

Test of a potato planter and coverer, A. Nachtweh and K. Vormfelde (Mitt.
Verb. Landtr. Mnach. rhifungsanM., 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. 5). — A two-
row potato planter is described and diagramraatically illustrated, and tests are
feoorted. The moiM feature of the planter is a traveling cup chain which lifts

EURAL ENGINEERING. 789

a potato in each cup and drops it into a tube throuirli wliioli it passes into the
furrow. The furrow is dug aliead of tlie seeder and the seed is covered by a
pair of inclined disks.

In the tests it was found that on the average about i hectare (0.61 acre)
could be planted in an hour in a field 250 meters (820 ft.) long. No injury to
the seed was observed. While it is concluded that such a planter is practical
and useful, it is estimated that on a field of 15 hectares (37 acres) the costs of
machine and hand planting will be about the same. It is thought probable,
however, that a three- or four-row machine of this type on a larger field would
cause considerable saving.

Points on the selection, adjustment, and care of farm machines, E. M. D.
Bkacker (Oregon Sta. Bui. 133 (1915), pp. 48, flvs- 37). — Tliis is a popular dis-
cussion intended for the farmer and dealing in detail with factors relating to
the selection of farm machines, tyiies and adjustments of farm machines, and
the care of farm machinery. A number of practical illustrations and other
data are included.

The dairy bam and milk house, how to construct them, R. E. Hundektmark
and A. B. Nystrom (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 95 (1915), pp. 40, figs. 22). —
This bulletin describes and illustrates the shed, open shed, bank, and t^\'o-
story types of dairy barn, and a convenient milk house, all of which are con-
sidered suitable for Washington conditions, and gives instructions as to design
and construction, together with bills of materials.

The construction of shearing sheds and yards, compiled by J. W. Mathews
(Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 91 (1915), pp. 29, figs. J7).— This bulle-
tin describes and illustrates two sheep-shearing sheds, a combined shearing
shed and grain store, and sheep yards for small flocks, and points out the fac-
tors to be considered in their planning.

Housing farm poultry, A. G. Philips (Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 19 (1913-
IJf), pp. 656-669, figs. 21). — The substance of this article has been noted from
another source (E. S. R., 27, p. 374).

Planning the farm in relation to the farmstead, J. B. Davidson (Bien. Rpt.
Ka7is. Bd. Agr., 19 (1913-1. 'f), pp. 35S-3G0, fig. i).— The author offers a sketch
showing the routes to be traveled in performing the farm operations, this to
serve as a basis for the best location of farm buildings, roads to the field,
fences, etc.

Household conveniences and how to make them, C. E. Hanson and E. J.
Fermier (Texas Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. B. 8 (1915), pp. 27, figs. IJf).— This
bulletin describes and illustrates cold water and hot and cold water supply
systems, a fireless cooker, evaporation cooler, cold bos, fly traps and screen
frames, ironing board, and kitchen wall cabinet.

Saving fuel in heating a house, L. P. Breckenridge and S. B. Flagg ( U. S.
Dcpt. Int. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 97 (1915), pp. 35, figs. 3). — This bulletin de-
scribes the different fuels used and methods for heating residences, discusser:
factors affecting the design of heating apparatus and governing the consump-
tion of fuel and the convenience of operation, and gives general suggestions on
the firing of different fuels, together with the results of house heating tests
obtained from various sources. The most important points brought out in
this study are as follows :

"... Both convenience of operation [in heating a house] and consumption
of fuel depend on the system of heating (and ventilation) installed, and con-
venience, fuel consumption, and first cost should be considered in making a
selection. The heater should be large enough to meet continuously and without
attention for periods of eight hours the demands for heat in all weather except
the most severe,

790 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

" Heating equipment that burns satisfactorily and economically one kint or
size of fuel may not be weil adapted to burning another. Ascertain by ex-
periment what fuel and what method of using it are best suited to [the]
needs. . . .

"Attend to the fire regularly and try to anticipate the demands for heat.
Keep the heat-absorbing surfaces of the heater free from soot and du-t by
regular cleaning. Heating systems often fail to meet the demand for heat in
severe weather because of insufficient draft. To supply additional heat, the
heater must be able to burn more coal. The more probable causes of insuffi-
cient draft are chimney not high enough, or having its top too near some tall
object; chimney, smoke pipe, or gas passages of heater clogged with soot or
debris, sometimes through the breaking of a partition between two flues in a
chimney ; leaky connection of smoke pipe to heater or to chimney ; accidental
closing of hand damper in smoke pipe; clogging of fuel bed by clinkers; and
too great a length of horizontal smoke pipe between the heater and the
chimney."

A list of available publications issued by the Bureau of Mines on fuel tech-
nology is included.

Water supply, plumbing, and sewage disposal for country homes, R. W.
Trvllinger (Bicu. Rpt. Kuns. lid. Agr., 19 (lilJ3-J.',), pp. 361-.',1S, figs. 38).—
The substance of this article has been noted from another source (E. S. U.. 30,
p. 690).

Sural sanitation, C. A. :\Iagoon {Waxhinpton Sta. Popular Bui. 93 {1915),
pp. 60, figs. 30). — This bulletin takes up the subject mainly from the bacteriologi-
cal vie\\'point, giving considerable information as to the protection of foods,
water supplies, and dairy products, and describing briefly methods of well
protection and sewage and garbage disposal.

A method of treatment of pollutetl farm water supplies with chlorid of lime
is outlined as follows : " One tablespoonful of the chlorid of lime is dissolved
in 10 qt. of water. This quantity is sufficient to treat 1,000 gal. of water and
the operation is carried out by simply pouring the clear solution into the water
to be treatetl and stirring thoroughly. This solution is a powerful germicide
and its action is very rapid, ten minutes or sc being all the time requinxl to
carry out the purification."

Disposal of human excreta and sewage of the country home, T. Horton
{Mo. Bui. N. T. State Dcpt. Health, 31 {1915), ^^os. 8. pp. 237-2.',3, figs. 2: 11.
pp. 333-339, figs. 4). — It is stated that as the main requirements a sanitary
sewage disposal system for a country home should not be a nuisance, a menace
to health, nor the source of an esthetic objection. Its operation should not be
affected by freezing weather and it should be convenient. On the basis of these
requirements two dry-earth privies, one with a vault and the other with a
removable container; two types of cesspools; and a settling tank and tile
absorption system, are described and illustrated.

The disposal of household wastes, W. P. Gerhard {Xew Yoric: D. Van
Nostrarul Co., 1915, 3. ed., pp. 195, figs. 4)- — This book discusses the disposal of
sewage, garbage, and ashes, chiefly from the farmer's and householder's point
of view.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Constructive iniral sociology. .7. M. Gilt.ktte {Xew York: Sfurgi.<( d Walton
Co., 1916, 1HW ed., rev. and enl.. pp. XIX+40S, figs. 8). — This is a revised edition
of the book previously noted (E. S. R., 28. p. o95). It contains an additional
chapter on the physical condition of the United States and agriculture, and a
number of new topics under the individual chapters. The material has been

RURAL ECONOMICS. 791

slightly revised and brought up to date by the use of more recent data furnished
by the 1910 Census.

Germany's food supply, W. J. Ashley (Quart. Rev., 221f {1915) No. 44^, PP'
JfJfJf-JfGZ) . — This article points out the source of various products going to make
up Germany's food supply, and the influence of the war in changing tlie quan-
tity of the products. The author believes the effect will have a greater in-
fluence upon the supply of live stock, and therefore on the meat and dairy
products, than upon otlier agricultural products, since the larger proportion
of the ci'ops will be consumed direct without being transformed into milk or
meat.

Permanent agriculture and social welfare, T. F. Hunt {TJ. S. Senate, 64-
Cong., 1. Sess., Doc. 239, pp. 8). — Tliis address, delivered in 1915 before the
National Association of Real Estate Exchanges at Los Angeles, and before
the Farm Management Association at the University of California, presents
the following propositions :

(1) American farms must be recapitalized at least three times in a cen-
turj-. (2) The open country can not afford to support numerous social, re-
ligious, or racial divisions. (3) The country population of one generation
determines the character of the city population in the next generation. (4)
Land credit, popularly known as rural credit, is a means of creating a per-
manent agriculture by putting farm mortgages on an investment basis.

The author also states that farming is the one great industrial occupation
in the United States where children are of economic advantage and that
training which children obtain in thus contributing to the family income is a
factor of great importance to society. In the long run it is of no particular
advantage to any person to own a farm unless he intends to raise thereon a
successful family. With these propositions as a basis he argues that there
should be established a type of rural credit that will tend toward a great
stability in the rural population through enabling the young men with but small
means to purchase a farm and to pay for it through a long series of years.

Grain farming in the com belt with live stock as a side line, C. Veooman
(U. S. Dept. Afjr., Farmers' Bid. 704 (1916), pp. JfS, figs. 5).— The author, vsrit-
ing from the standpoint of the farmer farming for a living, states that to
make a money-maker of a farm that has become a losing proposition through
steady gi-ain farming, in addition to raising standard grain crops it is necessary
to grow legumes, raise live stock as a side line, keep accounts of receipts and
expenditures, " mix horse sense with scientific agriculture, thus adapting the
new methods to changes in market, weather, and other conditions," try to
secure enough capital, pursue a consistent policy, confer with the county agent,
and study other available information.

Specific suggestions along these lines are given.

Chemung County, an account of its agriculture and of its farm bvireau,
M. E. Chubbuck and G. P. Scoville (Farm Burs. N. Y. Circ. 7 {1915), pp. 38,
pis. Jf, figs. 2). — This circular in the main consists of a report of the farm
management surveys made by the county agent. The farms have been divided
into two classes, called the hill and valley farms, and the data gathered ex-
tend over several years.

The authors conclude that neither the size of business, crop yields, quality
of live stock, nor diversity of business, alone, is the determining condition
in the success of a farm. Size is perhaps the most important factor, but a
large business conducted without attention to qiiality of live stock or diversity
of enterprises may result in a loss.

The requirements suggested as necessary for a farm to be as good or better
than the average in the county are. for a hill farm, 380 imits of size. 26 per

792 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

cent of the man work clays applied on enterprises other than stock for diversity,
milk receipts of $56 per cow, and crop yields of 100 per cent. For the valley
farm the corresponding figures are 479 units of size, 37 per cent of man jvork,
J?83 of milk receipts, and 100 per cent of crop yield.

The circular also contains a number of suggestions as to methods that may
be adopted to improve agriculture in the county, and a brief history of the
county agent work from its beginning in 1912 .

Farm leases in Iowa, O. G. Lloyd {loica Sta. Bui. 159 (1915) abridged, pp. 30,
figs. 5). — This is an abridged edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. IJ..
34, p. 193).

The American Farm Management Association (Amer. Farm Management
Assoc. Proc, 5 {191.'t), pp. 95, pis. 2, figs. ^). — This contains the proceedings of
the annual meeting for 1914, including the addresses and reports previously
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 292), and an address entitled Farm Organization In-
vestigations and Their Relation to the Farm Survey, by W. J. Spillman.

The direct marketing of farm produce, B. H. Hibbakd and A. Hobsox
(Hoard's Dairyman, 50 (1916), No. 26, pp. 857, 859-865, figs. 9). — This article
deals primarily with marketing by parcel post, and treats of types, quality,
and packing of produce, the establishment of the proper relationship between
producer and consumer, rates by parcel post and express, and methods of
transacting the business.

Suggestions for parcel post marketing, L. B. Flohr (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners' Bui. 703 (1916), pp. 19, figs. 8\. — This contains suggestions for per-
sons desiring to sell or buy produce by parcel post, and discusses methods of
bringing the producer and consumer into business contact, the parcel post zones,
rates, and regulations, methods of conducting the business, and preparing
produce for shipment.

Farmers' market bulletin (North Carolina Sta., Farmers' Market BuL, 3
(1916), Xo. 14. pp. 22, fiy. 1). — This gives the usual list of farm products for
sale, and brief discussions of the market for soy beans, market price of North
Carolina corn, and the movement to promote rural credit within the State.

[Agricultural statistics for the United Kingdom, 1900-1S14] (Statis. Abs.
United Kingdom, 1900-191 Ji. pp. 94->317). — Tlit-se pages contain statistical data
for 1900-1914 relative to the average prices of British wheat, barley, and oats
in England and Wales in each month, togetlier with the acreage, total pro-
duction, and average yield of crops and number of live stock for Great Britain
and Ireland.

Imports and exports of com, live stock, and other agricultural produce
(Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr. Statis., 49 (1914), Xo. 4, pp. 276-^i66).—
This report gives statistical data showing for a series of years the quantity
and value of the imports and exports of Great Britain as well as the country
of origin or destination.

[Agritultural statistics of Denmark] (Statis. Aarbog Danmark, 20 (1915).
pp. 36-60). — This yearbook contains information along the lines previously
noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 594), adding data for the crop year ended .Tune 30, 1915.

[Agriculture in Chosen] (Ann. Rpt. Reforms ami Frog. Vlioxcn (Korea) _
191.3-14, pp. 94-105, pi. 1). — These pages show the extent of agi-icultural produc-
tion, the number of live stock, the utilization of water for irrigation, antl the
work of the experiment and seedling stations and of the Oriental Development
Company. This company is organized under government supervision for the
oncouragement of skilled farmers and others as immigrants, and furnishes
them with necessary funds.

A B C of Queensland statistics, 1915. compiled by N. .T. :MacLkod {Bii'<-
banc: fiovt.j 1915, pp. 42). — This continues data previously noted (E. S. R.. 32.
p. 288).

AGEICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 793

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Annual report of the state director of industrial education tc the super-
intendent of public instruction, 1915, ^Manette A. Myers (Ann. Rpt. State
Oh: Indus. Ed. [N. J/c.r.], 2 {WI5), pp. 218, figs. 9i).— This report includes a
general survey of industrial education in New Mexico, including instruction
in agriculture and home economics, an account of the history and organiza-
tion of boys' and girls' club work in the State, and notes on the progress of
instruction in agricultui'e, home economics, etc., in the schools of the various
counties.

Agricultural education, J. E. Metzgeb {Md. Agr. Col. Bui., 11 (1914), No. 3,
pp. 30, figs. 12). — This bulletin offers suggestions for school officers and instruc-
tors as to courses of study, including an outline of a 4-year course, equipment,
laboratory and field work, and community work for agricultural high schools,
based on observations made by the author on a tour of the agricultural high
schools of Maryland. An appendix gives directions for organizing boys' and
girls' agricultural clubs.

[Agricultural instruction in the public schools of New Hampshire], G. H.
AVhitchee (iV. H. Dept. Pub. Instr. Inst. Circs. 1913-14, No. 11, pp. 22; 1915-16,
Nos. 44, pp. 3; 46, pp. 13, figs. 5; 47, pp. 9, figs. 5). — These circulars outline
instruction in home mixed fertilizers, soils, and agriculture extending through
two years for the secondary schools of New Hampshire.

Outlines for high school agriculture, R. K. Farrar, M. H. Hoffman, and
,^]. C. Bishop {Des Moines, loiva: Dept. Pub. Instr., 191.5, pp. 154, figs. 113).—
These outlines are for the guidance of superintendents and teachers in organ-
izing and conducting agricultural classes in Iowa high schools.

The one-year course includes studies in farm crops, soils, farm management
and rural economics, dairying, horticulture, and farm animals. It com-
prises 180 lessons arranged in a sequential order and is planned for three
recitations and two laboratory periods a week. A seasonal arrangement is also
presented. In a suggested distribution of work for a half-year course it is
recommended that farm crops and soils be required subjects, with either dairy-
ing, horticulture, or farm animals, according to local conditions, as an elective.
A minimum price list of apparatus for high school agriculture and a list of
reference literature are appended.

Syllabus of a course in agriculture for the use of teachers and students
ia the high schools of North Dakota, M. C. .Tames, G. W. Randlett, and C. C.
Schmidt {Bismarck, N. Dak.: Dept. Pub. Instr., pp. 64). — Part 1 of this pam-
phlet offers suggestions to teachers on methods of teaching and equipment of
libraries and laboratories. Part 2 consists of an outline of a course of study,
with references arranged binder the topics of the plant, special plants or farm
crops, horticulture and fore.stry, animal husbandry, animal nutrition, the soil,
and the farm home and the farm community. Part 3 is a students' laboratary
manual comprising 75 exercises.

Farm and school problems for high schools and normals, H. L. Gorx
{Columbus, Ohio: The Hcer Press, 1915, pp. XV-\-538, figs. 102).— This book
contains a scientific discussion of the essential facts in agriculture and an
economic study of the factors of greatest influence affecting the various op-
erations of the farm. It comprises four parts, dealing respectively with soils,
plants, animals, and farm management, including arithmetical problems, exi^eri-
ments, reference tables, review questions, and lists of publications for reference.

Field and laboratory studies of soils, A. G. McCall (Neio York: John Wiley
i6 Sons, Inc., 1915, pp. YIII -{-77, pis. 2, figs. .?>3).— This elementary manual con-

794 EXPEEIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

sists of 35 exercises in the study of soils, and is intended to furnish suflacient
material for tlie equivalent of one period a week througliout tlie year.

Fungoid diseases of farm and garden crops, T. Milbubn and E. A. Bessey
(London and New York: Longmans, Green d Co., 1915, pp. XI +118, figs. 32). —
This book presents for the student and the agriculturist a brief discussion of
each of the more impox'taut diseases of the common field and garden crops, to-
gether with preventive measures. A general explanation of a few botanical
terms is included.

The horse in health and disease, F. B. Hadley (Philadelphia and London:
W. B. Saunders Co., 1915, pp. 261, pi. 1, figs. 69).— This manual, which is
designed as an introductory text to the study of veterinary science in agricul-
tural schools and colleges consists of two parts, dealing respectively with the
anatomy and physiology of the horse and with the causes, methods of preven-
tion, and effects of diseases.

Illustrated lecture on the production of clean milk ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Stntcf
Relations Serv. Syllahns IS (l'.)lo), pp. 18). — This syllabus, intended for the
use of farmers' institutes and other extension lecturers, comprises the following'
topics: Definition of clean milk, bacteria in milk, sources of milk contamina
tion, importance of clean milk to the consumer aud the producer, the cost of
milk, how to produce clean milk, scoring dairy farms, transportation, and
literature. A list of 49 lantern slides designed to illustrate the lecture and a
list of references to literature on the subject are appended.

Elementary domestic science. — II, Foods; advanced cookery, Sarah W.
Lanuks (Stilhoatcr, Okla.: Students Supply House, 1915, pp. 187). — This volume
consists of a compilation of recipes. Volume 1 has been previously noted
(E. S. R., 22, p. 594).

Home making and home keeping, Grace .1. Ferguson (San .Juan. P. R.:
Dept. Ed., 1915, pp. XI +278, pis. 4, figs. 23).— Tins text in the elementary
principles and practice of cooking, sewing, laundering, care and feeding of babies
and small children, and care of the house has been prepared by the supervisor
of home economics for the two-year course in the public schools of Porto Kico
Five 50-minute periods are allowed Ciich week for this study, three of whicli ar(>
to be devoted to cooking and two to sewing. The course for each year is divided
into nine sections, one for each school month.

Home management, Neale S. Knowles, Louise TI. Camprelt,. and ^Iabel C.
Bentley (loiva State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Home Econ. Bui. 6 (1915-16), pp. 18.
figs. If). — This is a topical outline for the study of the division of Income and
caro of the home.

[Nature study and elementary agriculture for the elementary schools of
New York] (Cornell Rural School Leaflet, 9 (1915). Xo. 1, pp. 3.',0, pi. 1. figs.
251). — This issue for teachers contains subject matter, prepared by specialists
in nature study and elementary agriculture, for 1915-10 as outlined in the New
York state syllabus for elementary schools. It includes lessons on poultry,
horses, cows, calves, and corn : studies of other animals, cultivated plants, and
weeds, as well as of birds, insects, and trees; suggestions for the observation
of Corn Day : a brief statement of the chief reasons for holding the exhibition
of school and home work in agriculture at Cornell University during the
farmers' week, and requirements and suggestions for the preparation of the
1916 exhibit; and suggestive materinl for teachers interested In outdoor study.
[Nature study and agriculture for the elementary schools of New York]
(Cornell Rural School Leaflet, 9 (1915), Xo. 2. pp. 341-376. figs. iJ).— This issue
is for boys and girls and comprises suggestions for the observance of Corn
Day and making seed collections, rules for farmers' week exhibit at Cornell
University, etc.

MISCELLAXEOUS. 795

Some fundamental propositions for nature-study, M. A. Bigelow (Nature-
kitufly Rev., 11 {1915}, A'o. 9, pp. 410-412). — In the propositions submitted the
author defines the scope, aim. aud organization of nature study, designating
elementary agriculture as a special subdivision of " introduction to science " in
grades 7 to 9.

The school garden a laboratory for industrial education, Alice V. Joyce
(Nature-Study Rev., 11 {1915), No. 8, pp. 361-364) .—The author suggests how
the school garden may be made a laboratory for industrial education, and points
out some of its teachings and effects on the pupil.

School gardening in the Philippines, N. H. Foreman (Nature-Study Rev.,
11 (1915), No. 8, pp. 356-361). — The aathor gives an account of the school and
home garden v^^ork and its results in the Philippines. This work is centered
around the double purpose of giviag the pupil a knowledge of plant life and
a liking for good wholesome work, and of increasing the quality and quantity of
food available for the family. Corn and tree planting campaigns and garden days
or small agricultural fairs are important features. Gardening is a prescribed
subject in the curriculum of the primary and intermediate schools in the
Philippines except in such as are especially organized to give superior training
in some one other industrial line.

MISCEILANEOirS.

Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1915 (Idaho Sta. Bui. 84 (1915), pp. //7). —
This contains the organization list, reports by the director and heads of de-
partments, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted
elsewhere in this issue, aud a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1915.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1915 (Indiana Sta. Rpt.
1915, pp. 87). — This contains the oi'ganizatlon list, reports of the director and
heads of departments, the experimental features of which are for the most part
abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a financial statement for the federal
funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, aud for the remaining funds for
the period ended September 30, 1915.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1915 (Michigan Sta.
Rpt. 1915, pp. 187-353, figs. 15). — This contains reports of the director and heads
of departments on the work of the station during the year, the experimental
features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue; a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915 ; reprints of Bulletin
274, Special Bulletins 72 and 73, and Circulars 25-27, all of which have been
previously noted ; and the text of the principal state legislation relating to the
Michigan College and Station and the State Board of Agriculure.

Twenty-sixth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1915 (New Mexico
Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 81, figs. 4)- — This contains the organization list, a report of
the director on the work, publications, and exchanges of the station, including
reports of heads of departments, the experimental features of which have been
for the most part previously noted or abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a
financial statement for the federal funds for the yoar ended June 30, 1915.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1915 (New
York Cornell Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. LXXXIX-\-1037, pis. 13, figs. 353).— This con-
tains the organization list, reports of the director of the station and heads of
departments, and reprints of Bulletins 283 (revised), and 353-360, Memoirs 5-8,
and Circulars 12 (reprint), and 27-31, all of which have been pi-eviously noted,
and of Bulletin 291 (revised) and 301, abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

796 EXPEEIMEXT STATIOX EECOKD.

Twenty-fifth. Annual Report of Washington Station, 1915 (Washington
Sta. Bui. 127 {1915), pp. 59, figs. 15). — This contains the organization list, a
report of the work and publications of the station during the year, and a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915. The experimental work
reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation {Washington
Sta., West. Wash. »S7a., Mo. Bui., 3 {1916), Xo. 11, pp. 16).— This number con-
tains brief articles on the following subjects: Good Varieties of Fruits and
Vegetables, by J. L. Stahl ; Farm Crop Report, by E. B. Stookey (see p. 73C) ;
Comparison of Methotls of Managing Pullets, and Station Flocks Respond to
Special Management, by Mrs. G. II. Shoup (see p. 770) ; Bee Troubles, by J. W.
Ware; and Ground Lime Rock.

Index to Special Bulletins, Volume III, and Paint Bulletins 5 and 6
(North Dahota Sta.. Spec. Buh. vol. 3, Imlcr, pi,. .i09-.>,16).

A brief statutory history of the United States Department of Agriculture,
F. G. Caffey {Case and Comment, 22 {1916), Xos. 9, pp. 723-733; 10, pp. 850-
856, fig. 1). — This article summarizes the history of this Department and its
various activities from a legal standpoint, including a discussion of the con-
stitutionality of the legislation.

Proceedings of the third annual conference of the American Association
of Agricultural College Editors, 1915 { I'roc. Amer. Assoc. Agi: Col. Editors,
3 {1915), pp. 62). — This contains tlie addresses, reports, and papers given at
the third annual conference of this Association, previously noted (E. S. R., 33,
p. 496), with a preliminary statement in regard to the first and second con-
ferences.

Ground-levels in democracy, L. H. Baiu:y {Ithaca, X. Y.: Author, 1916, pp.
95). — Tliis book contains the following material: Tie Science Spirit in a De-
mocracy (pp. 7-27), the president's address before the American Nature Study
Society, December 30, 1915; The Forthcoming Situation in Agricultural Work,
I, The Public Foundations (pp. 2i>-.56), II, Tlie Nonpublic Foundations (pp. 57-
SS), these being respectively the vice-president's addresses before Section M of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science previously note<l
(E. S. R.. 32, p. 102; 34. p. 39G) ; and Efficiency and Centralization (pp. 89-95),
a part of an address before tlie Four-State Country Life Conference. February
7,1916.

Interpolation as a means of approximation to the gamma function for
high values of h\ R. Pearl (Science, n. ser., Jfl {1915), No. 1057, pp. 506,
507). — A series of computations is reported, from which it is concluded that
" the interpolation method, when third differences are used, gives values slightly
better than those by Forsyth's method" when h>2.5. For «=75 or more the
interpolation method using only second differences gives an approximation suf-
ficiently close for all practical statistical purposes. As to the labor involveil,
there is no great amount of choice between Forsyth's and the interpolation
method, but on the whole there appears to be a distinct, if small, advantage in
favor of the interpolation."

The farmers' guide book. C. S. Palmer (Buffalo, N. Y.: The Hammond
Vress, 1915, pp. 191). — This book is intended as "a ready reference book of use-
ful facts and rules for American farming." and contains a wide range of data.

Kpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Set.. ISSn. p. 47.

NOTES.

Delaware College and Station. — F. B. Hills, assistant professor of animal hus-
liandry and assistant animal husbandman, has resigned to take charge of the
publicity work of the American Guernsey Cattle Club. H. V. Cory, instructor
in poultry husbandrj' in Rutgers College, has been appointed instructor in
poultry husbandry beginning July 1.

Idaho Station. — Ramsay M. Walker, of Wallace, has succeeded Herman J.
Rossi as a member of the State Board of Education.

The semi-monthly Agricultural Newsletter which heretofore has been sent
only to newspapers is now being sent to the entire station mailing list. Through,
this Newsletter frequent announcement is made of available and new publica-
tions, which are now sent out only in response to direct request.

The limited area of the State in which corn can be successfully grown neces-
sitates the extensive use of crops other than corn for silage purposes. The
station is entering upon its second year of experimentation with mixtures of
legumes and small grains for the silo. Valuable feeding data were obtained
last year from the college dairy and beef herds with wheat and vetch and with
■5at and pea silage in comparison with corn ensiled alone.

The department of agricultural chemistry has entered upon an investigation
of the chemical changes which these crops undergo in the silo. The work will
have for its immediate object the determination of the end products of carbo-
hydrate fermentation and of the characteristic nitrogen compounds which con-
stitute the total crude protein. A beginning is also being made in the field of
animal nutrition. The work is under the immediate supervision of Ray E.
Xeidig, recently of the Iowa College, and of H. P. Fishburn, who is now at the
University of Missouri for advanced work in physiological chemistry.

The influence upon quality in wheat of a crop rotation that will make avail-
able large quantities of soil nitrogen is the primary object of an extensive
series of field plats just being initiated. Previous experiments at one of the
substations has emphasized a distinct relationship between available soil nitro-
gen and the protein content of the matured grain. It is believed that the series
of experiments just initiated will eventually answer questions relative to the
possibility of producing in the Palouse country a better quality of milling wheat.

Illinois University and Station. — The new genetics building is completed, and
experiments with about 1,500 mice are in progress as to the transmission of
characters in animals. Plans are under way for a horticultural field laboratory.

Thomas J. Burrill, Ph. D., LL. D., professor of botany emeritus, died in April
at the age of 77 years. Dr. Burrill came to the university within a month after
its opening, serving continuously until his retirement in 1912. During this
long period he had filled the following positions : Assistant professor of natural
history, 1868-1S70 ; professor of botany, 1870-1912; professor of horticulture^
1870-1903; botanist of the station, 1888-1903; dean of the college of science,
1878-1884; dean of the general faculty, 1894-1901; dean of the graduate school,
1894-190.5 ; vice-president of the university, 1879-1912 ; and acting president for
various periods aggregating nearly five years.

Michigan College.— A gift of .$100,000 has been made by R. E. Olds for the
rebuilding of the engineering biiildiug destroyed by fire INIarch 5. The new
structure is to be known as the R. E. Olds Hall of Engineering.

797

798 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

Minnesota (Jniversity and Station. — The former divisions of economic ento-
mologj' and of vegetable pathologj- and botany tiave been given the titles of
(1) economic zoologj' and (2) plant pathology and agriculi'ual botany, respec-
tively.

C. W. Glotfelter, of Waterville, has been appointed a member of the board
of regents, vice B. F. Nelson, whose term expired April 1. F. B. Snyder and
Pierce Butler, whose terms expired at the same time, were reappointed.

R. M. West, assistant professor of agricultural chemistry and assistant
chemist, has r&signed to become secretary of the State Department of Agricul-
ture, effective on March 1. Miss Mildreth J. Haggard, chemist in animal
nutrition investigations, resigned to take effect May 1. J. J. Willaraan has
been promoted from instructor to assistant professor of agricultural chemi.stry
and placed in charge of the section of agricultural analysis. C. H. Bailey,
cereal technologist of the station, has been given a year's leave of absence, in
order to take up work in the research laboratory of the State Grain Inspection
Service.

Nebraska University and Station. — W. ^^'. Burr, of the Office of Dry-land
Agriculture of this Department, has been appointed professor of agronomy
and head of the department of agronomy, beginning July 1.

New Jersey College and Stations. — Dr. Julius Nelson, professor of biology and
biologist since 1SS8, died Fi'l)ruary 15 at the age of 58 years. Dr. Nelson was
born at Copenhagen, Denmark, and was gi-aduated from the University of
Wisconsin in ISSl. In 1883 he received the M. S. degree from the same institu-
tion, and in 1888 that of Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins University. His best
known station work is his long-continued study, under a state appropriation,
of oyster culture.

North Dakota Station. — I.. R. Waldron, superintendent of the Dickinson .'iuh-
station since 1005, has been appointed in charge of the crop-breeding work at
the main station and has been succeeded at Dickinson by John C. Thysell.

Texas Station. — T. W. Buell. superintendent of the Denton substation, has
resigned to engage in farming. He has bivn succeeded by V. L. Cory, superin-
tendent of the Lubbock substation, and he in turn by R. E. Karper, assistant
agronomist of the Oklahoma College and Station.

Washington Station. — An additional substation has been established at Lind.
Adams County, to be known as the Adams Branch Station. This substation is
planned especially for stuilies in dry-land agriculture and was acquired through
appropriations from the county board of commissioners, supplemented by gifts
from a railway company and various individuals. A foreman's cottage, barn,
and laboratory and office building have been erected, and crop and tillage
experiments are under way. ^I. A.^ :McCall has been appointed superintendent
of the substation.

A temporary substation has also been opened at Winthrop foir the study of
animal diseases. A laboratory for the purpose has been erected.

Wisconsin University and Station. — The department of experimental breeding
has recently occupied its new barn which has been especially designed for ex-
perimental purposes. The barn contains accommodations for about 20 cattle
and has a floor space 36 by G3 feet.

The demonstration farm at Sparta is to he transferred to Hancock, where a
site of 25 acres, provided by the Hancock Advancement Association, is to be
utilized.

W. J. Geib. of the Soil Survey of this Department, has been appointed assist-
ant professor of soils.

Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. — The
next meeting of this association will bo li'*l"l :ir Wnshlngton, D. <".. November

NOTES. 799

15 to 17. It is expected that special prominence will be given on the general
program to a discussion of some of the administrative features of the Smith-
Lever Act, the development of home economics work, especially along extension
lines, and the enlargement of military service in the land-grant colleges under
the recent Federal legislation for increasing the military resources of the
country.

National Agricultural Society. — This society was formally organized in Xew
York City, April 27, the purpose stated in press reports being that of serving
as the mouth-piece of the farmers of the United States in agricultural questions
of nation-wide interest. Hon. James Wilson, of Iowa, former Secretary of
Agriculture, was elected president ; Theodore N. Vail, of Vermont, vice-presi-
dent ; G. Howard Davison, of New York, chairman of the executive committee ;
and T. Coleman DuPont, of Delaware, John A. Spoor, of Chicago, R. V. Linda-
bury, of New Jersey, Hon. William H. Moore, of New York, Governor H. C.
Stewart, of Virginia, Senator James W. Wadsworth, of New York, and Fairfax
Harrison, president of the Southern Railway, as members of the board of
directors.

The society has begun the publication of the Agricultural Digest. This is a
monthly which summarizes the important happenings in agriculture, and con-
tains announcements, notes, signed editorials by a number of prominent agri-
cultural workers, and similar material.

Southern States Conference on Secondary Agricultural Education. — The second
conference on secondary agricultural instruction for the Southern States was
held at New Orleans, La., April 17. The attendance aggregated about fifty, all
the Southern States being represented. The conference was a joint undertak-
ing between the States Relations Service of this Department and the U. S.
Bureau of Education, and included professors of secondary education in state
universities as well as supervisors of secondary agricultural instruction in
state departments of public instruction.

C. H. Lane summarized some of the more important happenings in connec-
tion with teacher training that had taken place at similar conferences held in
the North Atlantic and North Central States. He also stated that the aim of
this conference was to work out a tentative course which may be taken as a
guide for training teachers in agriculture, and when revised and tested, may be
made the basis for licensing teachers in lieu of the present required examina-
tions. The more important features of this course include a minimum for the
first two years of agricultural subjects 24 hours, science 24 hours, humanistic
subjects 15 hours, electives from agriculture 6 hours, and optional 3 hours.
The minimum for the junior and senior years is agricultural subjects 12 hours,
sciences 12 hours, humanistic subjects 12 hours, professional (education) 9
hours, special methods in secondary agricultural instruction 12 hours, electives
from the foregoing gi'oups 9 hours, and optional 6 hours. The course presented
and in general approved by the conference also provided for general courses
in the first two years of from 3 to 4 hours in field and forage crops, soils and
fertilizers, animal husbandry and dairying, horticulture and forestry, and farm
machinery, including shop and farm practice.

The report of the committee on annual conferences and programs, approved
by the conference, recommended the continuation of the conferences, which
have been found most useful in providing standards in agricultural teaching.
It was thought that the conference should hereafter meet with the Conference
for Education and Industry in the South, and that its next subject should be
The Supervision of Agricultural Teaching. The belief was expressed that the
proceedings should be published and distributed as widely as possible. Some
action should be taken to insure the adoption of the recommendations of the

800 EXPEEIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

conference and to follow up its work. Reports to the Bureau of Education
and the Department of Agriculture as to the success of courses tested, with
recommendations for modifications or changes, were suggested.

The report of the committee on institutional relations, also approved by the
conference, recommended that only four-year college courses, substantially as
outlined by the conference, be recognized by state departments of eilucation
for professional licenses to teach agriculture in secondary schools without
further examination. It was believed that much less work should be required
for teachers of agriculture in elementary schools, and that such training should
be done in normal schools and secondary agricultural schools. The training
of secondary teachers of agriculture, however, it was thought should be done
in the agricultiiral colleges, universities, and other institutions of like grade
equipped with full departments of agriculture and education.

A conference with normal schools and secondary schools of agriculture to
determine a well defined course in agriculture for teachers in elementary
schools was favored.

Necrology. — Prof. George E. Patrick, chief of the dairy laboratory of the
Bureau of Chemistry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture since 1901, died
at Washington, D. C, March 25 at the age of 64 years. Professor Patrick was
a native of Massachusetts and a graduate of Cornell University in 1873 (M. S.,
1874). He served as instructor in chemistry in Cornell University from 1873
to 1874, as assistant professor and professor t>f chemistry in the University
of Kansas from 1874 to 1883, as chemist of the I<»wa Station from 1888 to
1895, and as assistant professor of agricultural chemistry in the Iowa College
from 1890 to 1895, when he began his service with this Department. His work
was largely with the chemistry of dairy products, and he had had umch .service
as associate referee and referee of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists in this connection.

Dr. Harry M. Hart, inspector of cattle at El Paso, Tex., for the Bureau of
Animal Industry of this Department, was killed March 9 at Columbus, N.
Mex., in the raid by Mexican bandits. He was a 1900 graduate of the college
of veterinarj' medicine of the Ohio State University and had been in the service
of this Department since graduation.

The recent deaths are noted of Samuel Johnson, professor of agriculture in
the Michigan College fnmi 1880 to 1889. and the first agriculturist of the .sta-
tion ; W. W. Cooke, assistant biologist of the Biological Survey of this Depart-
ment and one of the leading authorities on bird migration and distribution ;
Charles A. Davis, peat expert of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and known es-
pecially for his studies of peat and related subjects; and Thomas H. Cun-
ningham, inspector of fruit pests for British Columbia.

It is reported that Kenneth U. I.ewin, protozoologist at tlie Rothamsted
Experiment Station since 1913, was killed in the European War, March 9.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRDf];iNG OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

Subscription Price, per Volume

OF Nine Numbers

AND Index, $1

Xssoed Jul7 19, 1916.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

ABSTRACT NUMBER

No. 9

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weatheb Bxtkeatj — C. F. Manin, Chi£f.

BtJHEAU OP Animal Industhy — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

BuBEAU OP Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau of Soils — ^Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.

Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entovxologist.

Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Office OF Public Roads AND Rural Engineering — L.W. Page, i>jr€c/or.

Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief

States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

'.•}E.

H. Jenkins.a

Alabama —

College Station: Avhum; 3. F. Duggar.o
Canebrake Station: Unioniown; L. H. Moore.o
Tuskegee Station: Tutlcefee JmlittUe; O. W.
Carver. o

Alaska— Sirto.- C. C. Georgeson.fc

Arizona— Tucson: G. F. Freeman, c

hztJissKa— FayetXevtllt: M. Nelson."

Cautoexu— £<rkWfy.- T. F. Hunt.o

Colorado— forr CxjUira: C. P. Gllleite.o

CoNKECTictrr—

State Station: Netc Haren;^
Storrs Station: Slom;

Delaware— JVetf ark." H. Hayward.o

Florida— GQ<n<*fiW€; P. H. Rolis.o

Gzo&GiA—Eiperiment: R. J. U. De Loach.o

GVKM— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbover.*

Hawau—

Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.*
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.o

lV)Kno— Moicow: 3. S. Jones.o

Illinois— Vrbana: E. Da\'enport.o

Indiana— Xa Fayette: A. Goss.o

lo-WA—Amfi: C. F. Curtiss.o

KAif3&s— ManJiottan: W. M. Jardine.o

KEVTVCKr— Lexington: 3. H. Kastle.«

LoUISLiNA—

State Station: Baton Rouge; 1

Sugar Station: Audulnm Parle. \
Kew Orleans;

North La. Station: Calhoun; J
Maime— OroTWX- C. D. Woods.o
Maryland— Co»«^e Port.- H. J. Patterson.o
Massachusetts— .dwiftrt'**: W. P. B rooks .<»
yLicaiQUX— East Lansing: R. S. Shaw.o
Minnesota— Dhicerniy Farm, St. Paul- A. F

Woods.a
ilvsaissjppi'- Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.o
Missoxjri-

College Station: Columbia: F. B. Mumford.o

Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans."

>W. R.Dodson.a

Montana— Bowman.- F. B. Llnfield.o

Nebraska- ZtncoJn.- E. A. Bumett.o

Nevada— firno; S. B. Poten."

Nrw nAMPSuiRE— 2>ur/uin7.- J. C. Kendall."

New Jersey — New Bruruwick: J. G. Lipman.o

New Hzxko— State CoUege: Fabian Garcia."

New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. II. Jqrdan."
Cornell Sution: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway."

North Carolina—

College Station: West Raleigh:^^ _ ^,,
State Station: Uoi^vft; }b. W. Kllgore.r

North Dakota— .A^ricuttural CotUgc T. P.

Cooper."
Omo— Wootter: C. E. Thome."
Oklahoma— S/«/if(rtfr.- W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— rori«//M.- A. B. Cordley."

PENNS^-LVAKli-

Stale College: R. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animal Nntritlon,
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayagucz; D. W. May.6
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.«
Rhode Isulsd— Kingston: B. L. Hartwdl."
SorTH Carolina— C2<ma(m College: 3. N. Har-
per."
SotJTH Dakota— Srooitin^*.- J. W. Wilson."
Tennessee — Knoiville: n. A. Morgan."
TS.X.KS— College Station: IJ. Youngblood."
Vrxn— Logan: E. D. Ball."
VEBLMOfit— Burlington: 3. L. Hills."
Virginia—

Blaclisburg: W. J. Schoene.c
yorfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washington— Pu7/TOan.- I. D. Cardiff."
West Virginw— .VorjMn.'oirn- J. I,. Coultt^r "
Wisconsin— A/o<fi»on.- H. L. Russell."
WtoMiNO— Laramif: C. .V. Duniway.f

I Director.

t> Agronomist in charge.

f Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief , Office of Experiment Stations.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau.
Meteorology-, Soils, and FertiUzersjW- H. ^eal^^^^^

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology!^- ^- f^Yc ^' ^^' ^'

Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.

Horticultiu-e and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.

rC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition] H. L. Lang.

IC. F. Walton, Jr.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.

Veterma^Medicme{f;^.H00K--

Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.

•^M

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIV, NO. 9.

Page.

Recent work in agricultural science 801

Notes 900

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

A handbook of colloid chemistry: Ostwald, translation by Fischer et al 801

Industrial and manufacturing chemistry. — I. Organic, Martin et al 801

Technology of the organic chemical industries, edited by Binz 801

The chemical technology of fermentation and food stuffs, edited by Hayduck. . 801

Chemical changes in the souring of milk. Van Slyke and Bosworth 802

Chemical changes during the ripening of the wild-goose plum, McHargue 802

The essential oil of sugi ( Cryptomeria japonica) leaves, Uchida 802

Essential oil of Formosan hinoki (Chamxcyparis obtusa) wood, Uchida 802

Thermal values of the fats and oils. — I, The heat of bromination, Marden 803

The action of bromin on proteins and amino acids, Siegfried and Reppin 803

Constitution of proteins of flour and relation to baking strength, BUsh 803

Refractive indices of solutions of certain proteins. — IX, Edestin, Schmidt 803

Preparation of glucosamin hydrochlorid from mucoid from ascitic fluid , Oswald . 803

Enzym investigations. — X, The enzymatic sjoithesis of disaccharids, Lob 803

Influence of certain substances on activity of invertase. Griffin and Nelson 803

Occurrence of arginase and determination by formol titration, Edlbacher 804

A hydrogen electrode vessel, Clark 804

Simple sodium lamp for polariscope, Foresman 804

A large fat extractor, Sclimidt 804

Soda lime as an energetic general reagent, Guareschi 804

Rapid method of converting scrap platinum into chloroplatinic acid, Tingle. . 804

A possible source of error in colorimeter observations. Long 805

An evaluation of methods for determination of phosphoric acid, Sichmann 805

I

n CONTENTS.

Page.

Easily extractable phosphorus and phosphorus nutrition, Jakouchkine 805

The decomposition of tetrathionates in alkaline solution, Cliapin 805

Report of International Commission for Chemical Soil Analysis, Munich, 1914. . 806

Potassium permanganate for determination of humus in soils, Grigorieff 806

The humus of the loess soils of the transition region, Blish 806

A comparison of methods for the determination of soil phosphorus, Robinson . . 806

A Limestone tester, Hopkins 806

Some new methods for the analysis of lime-sulphur solutions, Chapin 806

Determination of halogens in organic compounds, Drogin and Rosanoff 806

A method for the estimation of chlorids in cheese, Cornish and Golding 807

The determination of acidity in potatoes, Hoffmann and Preckel 807

Analysis of maple products. — V, Miscellaneous observations on sirup, Snell. . . 807

The determination of small amounts of sugar in luine, Nagasaki 807

The determination of amino acids in urine, Bang 808

New indican reaction, Jolles 808

Nephelometric determination of essential oils. Woodman et al 808

The utiUzation of cherry by-products, Rabak 808

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Lee County, Iowa, Da-\is and Sar 809

Soil survey of Cherokee Coimty, Kans., Wood and Throckmorton 809

Soil survey of Reno County, Kans., Carter, jr., et al 809

Soil siu^'ey of Union County, N. C, Derrick and Perkins 810

Soil survey of Portage County, Oliio, Mooney et al 810

Analyses of tj-pical soils, Ames 810

Geo-agronomic study of farm lands in Perugia, Marcarelli 810

Soils study of the lower Rhine districts, Zimmermann 811

Successful soil-sampling tools, Shaw 811

Recent broAvn soil and humus formation in Java and the Malay Peninsula, Lang 811

Determination of amino acids and nitrates in soils. Potter and Snyder 811

The amino acid nitrogen of soil, Potter and Snyder 811

Origin of the "niter spots" in certain western soils, Sackett and L'^ham 811

Origin of the "niter spots" in certain western soils, Stewart and Peterson 812

The variation of the fertility and productivity of the soil, Gedroits 813-

The development of a dj-namic theory of soilfertiUty, Cameron 812

The difference between rye and wheat soils, Stutzer and Haupt 813

Influence of soil condition on the bacterial Life, Christensen 813

Azotobacter in woods and lime requirements, Weis and Bomebxisch 814

The nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and their importance, DuggeU.. 815

The fixation of potash by soil bacteria, KjTopoulos 815

The antizymotic action of salicylic aldchvde and mannite. Skinner 815

The importance of soil colloids for agricultiu-e and forestry, Rohland 816

Colloidal clay, Ehrenberg and Given ". 816

Moisture relations to some Texas soils, Fraps 816

Absorptive power of soils of Mauritius. De Sornay 816

The adsorption of potassium Ijy the soil, McCall et al 817

Absorption of ultraviolet and infra-red rays by soil, Tristan and Michaud 817

Soil temperatures, Leather 818

Droughts, rainfall, and soil erosion 818

The prevention and control of erosion in North Carolina, Baker 819

Increase of ecological value of light soils by internuxing clay, Schneider 819

Use of d}Tiamite in improvement of heavy clay soils. Call and Throckmorton. . 820

The box method of testing manurial requirements of soils, Baylis 820

Liquid manure T 820

The nitrogen of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and liine nitrogen, Ilerke. . 820

Relative action of nitrogen of lime nitrogen and of sodium nitratc^Gvirfas 820

Cause of red coloration sometimes observed on decomposing Thomas slag, Ditz. 820

The pebble phosphates of Florida, Sellards 821

Possible sources of potash in America, Cameron 821

Statistical potash fertilizer experiments in 1914, Hoffmann 821

Importance of fineness to utility of crushed Limestone, Thomas and Froar 821

The lime magnesia ratio in soil amendments, Thomas and Frcar 821

The effects of radio-active ores and residues on plant life, Sutton 821

Influence of radio-active earth on plant growth and crop production, Rusbv ... 822

Some chemical aspects of the peat probfeni, Morgan ." 822

Commercial fertihzers, Curtis and Rodes T 822

CONTENTS. ni

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Page.

Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity, Blackman et al 822

Heredity and mutation as cell phenomena, Gates 823

Genetical studies on Oxalis, Nohara 823

Seh-pollination and artilicial cross-polhnation in rice, Fameti 823

The natiire of poloria in flowers, Sirks 823

The nature of poloria, Sirks 823

Recent studies on the formation of fiower-coloring materials, Schiemann 824

Relation between vegetative vigor and reproduction in Saprolegniacese, Pieters . 824

Influence of nutrition on sexual organs in fern prothallia, Nagai 824

Relation of moisture to seed production in alfalfa, Martin 824

Presence and physiological significance of tannin in plants, van Wisselingh 825

Elaioplasts in monocotyledons and dicotyledons, Politis 825

The electrical conductivity of sap in vegetable tissues, MameU 825

Studies on wilting, drjdng, and returgescence of plants, Holle 825

Relations of plants to distilled water and dilute toxic solutions, Merrill 825

Electrolytic determination of exosmosis from the roots of plants, Merrill 826

The question of the toxicity of distilled water, Hibbard 827

Plant records of an expedition to Lower CaKfornia, Goldman 827

New or noteworthy plants from Colombia and Central America, V. Pittier 827

FIELD CROPS.

Moisture content and ehrinkage of forage, Vinall and McKee 827

Method of coiTecting for soil heterogeneity in variety tests, Surface and Pearl. . 829

Colonial plants. — Textile plants, Jumelle 829

The curing of blue-grass seeds as affecting viability, Garman and Vaughn 829

Testing seed corn, Williams 830

Cotton experiments, 1915, Brown 830

Report on variety tests of cotton for 1915, Winters and Herman 831

Japanese cane, Scott 831

Sudan grass, Williams 831

Manurial experiments on sugar cane, 1912-1914, de Verteuil 831

Manm-ial experiments on sugar cane, 1912-1915, de Verteuil 832

ProceecHngs of Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America, 1914 . . . 832

Results of seed inspection, 1914, Helyar and Schmidt 832

HORTICULTURE.

Subtropical vegetable gardening, Rolfs 833

Vegetable culture. Van Hermann and CunUffe 833

Cabbage, Price and Stelzenmuller 833

Early peas tried at Wisley, 1915, Titclimarsh 833

Factors affecting regular bearing in orchards, Gourley 833

Bridge gi-afting of fruit trees, Fletcher 833

Pruning, Chandler and Knapp 833

Apple and pear growing, Allen 833

Grass mulch culture of apple orchards, Ballou 833

The methods of propagation of the best varieties of perry pears, Truelle 834

Fertilizer experiments with cranberries, New_ Jersey, 1915, Schlatter 834

Resistance of various gooseberry varieties against mildew, Kock 834

Strawberry culture, Jimenez 834

Note on some grapes of French- American and American hybrid Aones, Tornello. 834

Muscadine grapes, Husmann and Bearing 834

The raisin industry, Husmann : . . 835

[Varieties of the avocado], Popenoe 835

Study on the chayote (Scchium edule), Hcrrera 835

Features of the grapefruit in California, Shamel 835

The consumer's dollar working backwards, Powell 835

Seed gardens 835

Fertilizer experiments at Malabar, II, Bosscha 835

The production and commerce of nuts in Asia, Rigotard 835

Experiments in foi'cing the lily-of-the-valley by warm water, Langer 835

[Phloxes and pyrethrums at Wisley, 1915], Titchmarsh 836

House and window plants, Bois 836

Fertilizing lawn and garden soils, Brown 836

The North Dakota farmstead, its arrangement and adornment, Werner 836

Gardeners' and florists' annual for 1916, edited by Dick 836

IV CONTENTS.

FORESTRY.

Page.

Laws, decisions, and opinions as to National Forests, compiled by Feagans 837

Seventh report of the state forester.— Forestry in Vermont, Hawes 837

Eighth annual report of the Washington Forest Fire Association, 1915 837

Report of forestry committee, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Thurston . 837

The Eberswalde forest-seed testing station and methods of testing, Schwappach . 837

Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 191-1-15, Muhaj 837

Forest administration in Bihar and Orissa for 1914-15, Haines 837

Report of forest department of Madras Presidency for 1915, Lushington ct al 837

Forest administration in Northwest Frontier Pro\ince for 1914-15, Mayes 838

Report of the department of forestr>- for 1915, Dalrj-mple-Hay 838

Forest trees and shrubs of the Missouri^ River hasln, Pammel et al •. 838

A mill scale study of western yellow pine, McKenzie 838

Colonial plants. — Latex and resin yielding plants, Jumelle 838

[Papers on rubber culture and the rubber industry'] 838

Manurial experiments with young rubber at Kuala Lumpur, Spring 838

The natural reproduction of sal, Troup 839

The formation of annual rings of Tectona grandis, Geiger 839

Reproduction of teak by root suckers, Marsden 839

Teak working plans in Burma, Watson 839

The most exact method of measuring teak trees and teak stands, Beekman. . . . 839

The care and improvement of the woodlot, Tillotson 839

Marketing of woodlot products in Kentucky, Sterrett 839

Utilization of southern wood waste. Little 839

Wood flour, Kressmann 839

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The International Phytopathological Convention of Rome, Rogers 840

Vegetable pathology, Bois 840

[Effect of meteorological conditions on plant disea.se], Dorogin 840

The genus Fusarium in plant pathology, Gandara 840

An Asiatic species of Gymnosporangium cstablishefl in Oregon, Jackson 840

Pyrenochxta clodcx n. sp., Orshanskaia 840

Rhizoctonia crocorum and R. sohni (Corticium vagum), Duggar _. . 840

Notes on plant parasitic nematodes, Byars 841

[Plant diseases in Barbados], Dash 841

[Plant pests and diseases in Grenatla], Moore 841

[Work of the Bureau of Mycology and Phj"topathology], lachevska 842

An investigation of the mycological flora In Astraklian, Shembel 842

[Report of the plant pathologist], Barbarin 842

Obsen-ations on parasitic fungi m the Province of Podolsk, Dobrovorskii 843

[Report on plant diseases], Stockdale 843

Duration of resistance of plants and insects to hot water 843

Burgimdy mixture as a substitute for Bordeaux mixture, Nowell 843

Fungicide experiments, 1914, Darnell-Smith , 843

[Potassium permanganate treatment for seed grains], Egert 844

BUght in maize 844

Flower-bud and boll shedding of cotton in Horin Province, Nigeria, Thornton . . . 844

Hdminthosponinn turcicum , Zhavoron];ova 844

Crown gall of mangels 844

Wart disease, Malthouse 844

Beet tumors, Peklo 845

Stomatal movement and infection by Ccrcosporn bctieoJn. Pool and McKay. . . . 845

A fungus of uncertain systematic position occ\irring on wheat and rs-e, O'Gara. . 845

Fungus diseases of wheat, Darnell-Smith and Itlackinnon ". 845

Seeding time and attack by stinking smut, Appl 845

A Phoma disease of western wheat grass, O'Gara 846

Gummosis, or the gumming of fruit trees, Darnell-Smith and Mackinnon 846

[ Venturia inxqualk and V. pirina in puroculturcs], Novouspenskii 846

[Fimdadiuvi piiinum in pure cultures], lache^'skii 846

[On the etiology of Stippigkeit], Scrbi nov 846

[White and brown fruit spot of pear), Scrbinov 84G

Experinaeuts on American gooseberry miklew in Cambridgeshire, Brooks et al. 846

Studies in physiology of parasitism.— I, Action of Botnjtis cin-erea, Brown 847

Perocid as substitute for copper sulphate for Peronospora. Gvozde novi<5 847

Hibernation of powdery mildew in Hungary, Ibos 847

CONTENTS. V

Page.

A banana disease in Cuba, Johnston 847

Marasmius perniciosus n. sp., cause of ki'ulloten disease of cacao, Stahel 847

Coffee leaf disease (liemilcia vastatrix) in Uganda, Simpson and Small 848

Citrus cankcr,_Cook 848

Citrus canker in America. The outbreak of a new disease, Darnell-Smith 848

Discovery of chestnut blight parasite in Japan, Shear and Steveus 848

The chestnut bark disease in Vermont, Ross 848

Diseases of Hevea in Ceylon, Peteh 849

[A larch leaf disease], Lebedeva 849

Peridermiian harknessii and Cronartium quercuvi, Meinecke 849

Brown oak and its origin, Groom 849

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Birds of Porto Rico, Wetmore 849

Peculiarity in growth of tail feathers of giant hornbill, Wetmore 850

Strychnin sulphate. — Its effect on California valley quail, Pierce and Clegg. . . 850

Five new mammals from Mexico and Arizona, Goldman 850

Descriptions of a new genus and seven new races of flying squirrels, Howell. . . 850

Five new rice rats of the genus Oryzomys from Middle America, Goldman — 850

Distribution and combat of field mouse in Bavaria from 1902 to 1913, Ililtuer. . 850

A sj^stematic account of the grasshopper mice, Hollister 850

Medical and veterinary entomology, Herms 850

[Papers on insects and insect control] 850

Work of the colonial entomologist, Mayne 851

[Report of the entomologist of Southern Nigeria], Lamborn 851

Insect pests of wheat, Gurney 851

Some of the more important truck crop pests in Georgia, Reed 851

Carbon bisulphid and its use for grain fumigation, Goodwin 851

[Cranberry insects in Wisconsin], Malde 851

Blueberry insects in Maine, Woods 851

Insects affecting the coconut palm in Trinidad, Urich 853

Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, Studhalter and Ruggles 853

Hydrocyanic acid gas against household insects, Howard and Popeuoe 853

Orthoptera of the Yale-Dominican expedition of 1913, Caudell 854

Genera of subfamily Rhaphidophorinse found north of Mexico, Caudell 854

[Migratory locusts in South America] 854

Jerusalem's locust plague, Whiting 854

Observations on Chermes spp. in Switzerland, Cholodkovsky 854

Identity of Eriosoma pyri, Baker 854

Destruction of body lice by oil of eucalyptus, Sergent and Foley 854

Descriptions of new species and genera of Lepidoptera from Mexico, Dyar 855

Lepidoptera of the Yale-Dominican expedition of 1913, Dyar 855

Report on the Lepidoptera of the Panama Canal Zone, Dyar 855

New genera and species of Microlepidoptera from Panama, Busck 855

The injmious Microlepidoptera of the fir and spruce, Tragardh 855

The noctuid moths of the genera Palindia and Dyomyx, Dyar 855

The pickle worm or cucumber worm {Diaphania nitidalis), Garman 855

The practical employment of the cacao moth parasite, Roepke 855

Two new Canadian Diptera, Aldrich 855

New western and southwestern Muscoidea, Townsend 855

Diagnoses of new genera of muscoid flies founded on old species, Townsend . . . 855

The house fly, Fitzsimons 855

The sporogony of Hsemoproteus columhse, Adie 355

Fighting the fly peril, Plowman and Dearden 856

Report on a mosquito sm'vey at the mouth of the Connecticut, Butti'ick 85g

Anopheles as a winter carrier of plasmodium, Mitzmain 856

The duck as a preventive against malaria and yellow fever, Dixon 856

Anastrepha serpentina, a new pest of fruits in Brazil, Tavares 856

Relations of Mediterranean fruit fly and citrus fruits, Savastano 856

Two new species of Pipunculus, Knab .' 857

Notes on some Virginian species of Platypeza, Banks 857

Life history and control measures for the cereal leaf beetle, Kadocsa 857

The western 12-spotted cucumber beetle, Essig 857

Problem of the bark beetle, Swaine 857

Species of Rhynchites and Anthonomus pomorum injuring orchards, Schreiner. 357

Boll weevils hibernating in cotton seed 857

The Mexican beau weevil, Amundsen 857

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

New genera of chalcidoid Hj-menoptera, Girault 857

Vespoid and sphecoid Hymenoptera collected in Guatemala, Rohwer 857

West Indian wasps, Ballon 857

Observations on the biologj' of Ixodidae, II, Nuttall 857

[Studies of Cimex], Cragg - - •_ - 857

On the life history and morphology of Clonorchis sinensis, Kobayashi 858

Morphology and life history- of Critkidia leptocoridis n. sp., McCulloch 858

Life history of an.ameba of the Limax group ( VahJkampJia catkensi), ITogue. . . 858

Identification of stages in asexual cycle of Bartonella bacilli/oryivs, Townsend . . 858

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

The velocity of the staling of bread, Katz 858

The staling of bread, Katz 859

The staling of bread from the physiological-chemical standpoint, I-III, Katz. . 859

Changes in stmcture of bread during staling, Verschaffelt and van Teutem 859

How to grow the peanut and 105 ways of preparing it, Carver 859

Recent observations in the use of soy bean in infant feeding, Sinclaii- 859

Ice-cream making, Baer 859

The manufacture of ice creams and ices, Frandsen and Markham 860

[Report of food and drug laboratorj-], Barnard 861

Electric cooking in a cafeteria, Uannon 861

School lunches. Hunt and Ward 861

The child and its care, Knowles, Campbell, and Benlley 861

The physiology of the newborn infant, Benedict and Talbot 861

Acceleration of gi-owth after retardation, Osl)orne et al 862

Studies in water drinking. — XX, Relationship to certain life processes, Hawk. 862

The relation of salivary to gastric digestion, Maxwell 862

Gastrointestinal studies. — XII, Duo(lenal rouurgitation, Spencer et al 862

Green color in mother's milk after the ingestion of liver, Feer... 863

Fasting studies. — XIV, Elimination of urinary indican, Sherwin and Hawk.. 863

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Experiments on the Mendolian laws of inheritance, Pucci 864

Variability under inbreeding and cro.-^-breeding, Castle 864

[Mice breeding experiment.s|, WeUlon 864

The determination of sex, Rognault 864

Duration of spermatozoa after fecundation in pullet and the duck, ChappelLier. 864

Effect of castration on weight of pituitary bodv and other gland.s, Livingston. . 864

Studies on the carotin gioup of the animal body. — I, Insecta, Schulze 865

Studies of the carotin-xanthophyll group, II, Schulze 865

The palatability of farm grasses, Williams 865

Kafir corn ("dan") from South Africa 865

Comparative experiments with feed roots, 1912-1914, Bolin 865

Value of blood and other offal for feeding purposes • 865

The breeds of live stock. Gay 866

Steer feeding. Burns 866

Relation of steer feeding to farm returns, Willson 867

Profits and losses in cattle feeding 867

Calf-feeding experiments S68

Methods of handling sheep in California, Ellenwood 868

Lambing methods in national forests of Southwest, Hill 868

Improved management of national forest stock, Barnes 868

Corriedale sheep record association 869

A demonstration test of swine rations 869

Clover meal as a feed for swine, Zur Ilorst 869

A study of hog profits and lo.sses 869

Meat and blood meal as a supplement to oats for horses, Westmattelmann 869

Breeding and training of the horse, Bonnefont 869

Mechanics applied to the race horse, Couste, trans, by Cassatt 869

The sensation of the Percheron world ' 869

The Missoiui Poultry Experiment Station, Patterson 869

Can selection cause genetic change? Castle 870

A feminized cockerel, Goodale 870

Feeding chicks grain mixtin-es of high and low lysin content, Buclcner et al. . . 871

When to feed the baby chick, Kaupp 872

Poultry raising in Wisconsin, Ilalpiu and Hayes 872

Ostrich breeding, Sokolowsky ." 872

A successful experiment in skunk farming, Jones 872

CONTENTS. VII
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Page.

Feeding ex|)eriments with dairy cattle, Goldschmidt 873

The utilization of beets in cattle feeding, Malpeaux 873

The utilization of cassava flour in the feeding of dairy cattle, Lucas 873

The value of cod-liver meal as a dairy cattle feed, Isaachsen et al 873

The feeding of sesame cake to dairy cattle, Giuliani 874

The agricultural colleges and stations in relation to milk supply, Stocking 874

Milk and cream contests, Kelly, Cook, and Gamble 874

[ITse of milk and milk products] 874

Experiments in pasteurizing milk in Denmark, Lund 874

Control of acidity, catalase, and reductase by biorizatiou, Kooper 875

Experiments in cheese making from milks of different fat contents, Lund 875

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Lymphatic glands in meat animals, Godbille, trans, by Liautard and Hughes . 876

A practicum of bacteriology and protozoology. — I, Bacteriology, Kisskalt 876

Yearly progi'ess in veterinary medicine, edited by EUenberger et al 876

Wound treatment, Merillat, Hoare et al ". 876

Antiseptic methods in treatment of infected wounds, Cazin and Krongold 876

The germicidal power of glycerin on various micro-organisms, Ruediger 876

Changes of bacteria in the animal body 877

Complement fixation in varicella, Kolmer 877

Complement fixation in vaccinia and variola, Kolmer 877

The fate of various antibodies in the precipitin reaction, Gay and Stone 877

Kidney lesions in chronic anaphylaxis, Boughton 878

Biological researches on the eosinophils, Weinberg and Seguin 878

Biological researches on the eosinophils, II, Weinberg and Seguin 878

Toxins of intestinal parasites, Paulian 879

Morphology of adults of fUaiia found in Philippine Islands, Walker 879

Development of free living generations of lungworms, von Linden and Zenneck . 879

African coast fever, Bevan , 879

Anthrax,_de Castro y Ramirez 879

Vaccination experiments against anthrax, Eichhorn 879

Investigation of foot-and-mouth disease, Kallert 879

Concerning the filterability of trypanosomes, Wolbach, Chapman and Stevens. 880

Effect of daylight and drying on tubercle bacilli, Findlay and Martin 880

The intracutaneous tuberculination of chickens. Van Leeuwen 880

The success of the tuberculin test in certified dairies, Roadhouse 880

Diagnosis of infectious abortion in cattle by the Abderhalden procedure, Katz 880

Further contribution on biology of Hupoderma lineatum and H. bovis, Hadwen. 881

Trichinosis. — Case with the trichina larvte in the spinal fluid, Bloch 881

Salvarsan treatment of infectious catarrh of upper respiratory tract, Barthel . . . 881

Some fiuther studies of chick mortality, Kaupp 881

The diseases of poultry, Ehrhardt 881

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Flow through weir notches with thia edges and full contractions, Cone 881

Notes on the duty of water, Beardsley 883

The use of mud-ladened water in drUliiig wells, Knapp 884

Irrigation in Netherlands East India 884

Surface water supply of north Pacific drainage basins, 1912, Grover et al 884

Water powers of Cascade Range. — III, Yakima River basin, Parker and Storey. . 884

The regulation of rivers. Van Ornum 885

Proceedings of eleventh meeting of Iowa State Drainage Association 885

Proceedings of N. C. Drainage Association, 1914, compiled by Pratt and Berry. . 885

The hydraulic ram, Robb 885

Electrically driven dragline scrapers dig 45-mile irrigation canal 885

A comparison between bleach and liquid chlorin disinfection, Avery 885

Does alum inhibit the action of chlorin as a disinfectant? Avery and Lye 885

American sewerage practice, Metcalf and Eddy 886

Septic tanks and absorption systems, Beckwith and Teeter 887

Sewage treatment where sewerage system is not available, Hansen 888

Economy ol deep percolating filters, Clark 888

Oxidation of sewage without aid of filters, II, Ardern and Lockett 888

Oxidation of sewage without aid of filters, III, Ardern and Lockett 888

VIII CONTENTS.

Page.

Economic possibilities of sludge from Emsclier or TraAis tanks, de Laporte 889

Tables facilitate accuracy in timber beam design, Hardman 889

Influence of temperature on the strength of concrete, McDaniel 889

Use of water-gas tar and coal tar on concrete subjected to water, Paul 889

The use of concrete for protecting wood -stave pipe. Heron 890

Determination of the physical properties of road-building rock, Jackson, jr 890

Proceedings of thirteenth meeting of Ontario Good Roads Association, 1915 890

Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1914 890

Report of the surveyor general for the year 1914, Spowers 890

When the boiler needs attention 890

How to install the farm gasoline engine, Mathewson 891

Antifreezing solutions for yoiu- engine, Shattuck 891

General notes on power farming, Wiggins 891

Directory and specifications of gasoline and oil farm tractors 891

The latest idea in tractor harvesting, Watson 891

Daily working capacities of motor plows and their determination, Thallmayer. . 891

The practical value of model tests on the plow, Bernstein '. 891

Trial of steam threshers at Lj-allpur, Roberts 891

Using the modem grain separator, Conner 891

Test of a separator for cold milk, Xachtweh 891

List of farm btiilding plans 892

Silos, Scoates 892

Refrigeration and its increasing importance for different purposes, Ahrens 892

Ice on the farm. Nelson 892

RUKAL ECONOMICS.

The settlement of pubUc lands in the Uniteil States, Hibbard 892

The demand for agriculttiral produrts and some consequences, Thompson 892

The marketing of farm products. Weld 893

Carlot distribution, Crutchfield 893

[Purchase and marketing associations in Posen and West Prussia] Niklewski. . 893

Central Btireau and Netherlands Agricultural Committee, van Genderen Stort. 893

Report on cooperative credit societies in Ainier-Merwara, 1913-14 893

Report on cooperative societies in Central ProWntes and Berar. 1914-15 894

Report on the working of the cooperative so<-ieties in the Punjab, 1915 894

How to finance the farmer, Herrick and Ingalls 894

Rural organization, community, counts", di^'ision, State, Morgan and Brj'son. . 895

Country life week, 1915 " .' ' 895

Rural housing. Savage 895

Periodic migrations of Irish agricultural lalwrers, Hooper 895

Suggestions concerning checking and tabulating farm management sur\'ey data . 895

Lumber accounting in primar\- grain elevators, Humphrey and Kerr. . .' 896

Some extremes in Ohio soils, Thome ' 896

Statistics of Ohio farms, Lutta 896

Monthly crop report 896

Agricultural statistics of Italy 896

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION".

The fighting chance for agriculture, Collett 896

Vocational training and liberal culture, Schmidt 897

Work for the iinprovement of mral education, Colegrove et al 897

Recommendations for agricultural and household science departments 897

The best type of agricultural high school, Nelson 897

The Gibbens schools, Broyles. .t 898

Eighth report of the inspector of high schools, 1915, Ilevward 898

The Royal Agricultural, Horticultural, and Forestn.- High School, Kamerling. . 898

Material and methods for teaching agriculture below the high school, Lewis. . 899

Home projects in secondar>' courses in agriculture. Barrows 899

Physical geography and soils, Green 899

Home economics instraction, de Diesbach 899

Extension coiurse in vegetable foods. Barrows 899

Teaching of sewing, Buckman 899

Nature-study in the Geneseo schools. 111., Bailey 899

Intensive gardening, Sheppard " 899

Boys' and girls' club work for 1916, Norcross 899

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama College Station: Page.

Bui. 187, Jan., 1916 833

Alabama Tuskegee Station:

Bui. 31, Mar., 1916 859

Connecticut State Station:

Bui. 189, Dec, 1915 856

Florida Station :

Bui. 129, Jan., 1916 831

Illinois Station:

Circ. 185, Feb., 1916 806

Iowa Station:

Research Bui. 23, July, 1915.. 824
Research Bui. 24, July, 1915. . 811
Circ. 24, Mar., 1916 836

Kansas Station:

Bui. 207, Sept., 1915 809

Bui. 208, Sept., 1915 809

Bui. 209, Dec, 1915 820

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 196, Dec. 31, 1915 822

Bui. 197, Jan., 1916 871

Bui. 198, Jan., 1916 829

Maine Station:

Bui. 244, Dec, 1915 851

Mississippi Station:

Bui. 173, Jan. 1, 1916 830, 857

New Jersey Stations :

Bui. 279, May 20, 1915 832

New York State Station:

Tech. Bui. 48, Jan., 1916 802

North Carolina Station :

Bui. 235, Jan., 1916 872,881

Bui. 236, Feb., 1916 819

North Dakota Station:

Circ. 10, Jan., 1916 836

Ohio Station:

Mo. Bui., vol. 1, No. 3, Mar.,

1916 .... 810, 830, 831, 851, 865, 890

Tennessee Station:

Bui. 114, Dec, 1915 867

Texas Station:

Bui. 182, Nov., 1915 866

Bui. 183, Dec, 1915 816

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 261, Feb., 1916 873

Bui. 262, Feb., 1916 859

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Journal of Agricultural Research,
vol. 5:
No. 22, Feb. 28, 1916. . . 829, 840, 845

No. 23, Mar. 6, 1916 854, 881

Bui. 123, Extension Coiu-se in Vege-
table Foods, Anna Barrows 899

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Bui. 326, Birds of Porto Rico, A. Page.

Wetmore 849

Bui. 346, Home Projects in Second-
ary Comses in Agriculture, H. P.

Barrows 899

Bui. 347, Methods for the Determi-
nation of the Physical Properties
of Road-building Rock, F. H.

Jackson, jr 890

Bui. 349, The Raisin Industry, G.

C. Husmann 835

Bui. 350, The Utilization of Cherry

By-products, F. Rabak 808

Bui. 353, Moistiu'e Content and
Slirinkage of Forage, H. N. Vinall

and R. McKee 827

Bui. 356, Milk and Cream Contests,
E. Kelly, L. B. Cook, and J. A.

Gamble 874

Farmers' Bui. 699, Hydrocyanic-
acid Gas Against Household In-
sects, L. O. Howard and C. H.

Popenoe 854

Farmers' Bui. 709, Muscadine
Grapes, G. C. Husmann and C.

Dearing 834

Farmers' Bui 710, Bridge Grafting

of Fruit Trees, W. F. Fletcher. . 833
Farmers' Bui. 711, The Care and
Improvement of the Wood Lot,

C. R. Tillotson 839

Farmers' Bui 712, School Lunches,
Caroline L. Hunt and Mabel

Ward 861

Bureau of Crop Estimates :

Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 2, No. 2,

Feb. 29, 1916 896

Bureau of Soils:

Field Operations, 1914 —

Soil Survey of Lee County,
Iowa, L. V. Davis and

M. E. Sar 809

Soil Survey of Union
County, N. C, B. B.
Derrick and S. 0. Per-
kins 810

Soil Survey of Portage
County, Ohio, C. N.
Mooney and H. G.

Lewis et al 810

Office of Farm Management:

Circ. 1, Suggestions Concern-
ing Checking and Tabulat-
ing Farm Management Sur-
vey Data 895

IX

X

LIST OF PUBLICATIO:S"S.

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.

Office of Markets and Rural Organi- Page,
zation:

Doc. 2, Lumber Accounting
and Opening the Books in
Primary Grain Elevators, J.
R. Humphrey and W. H.

KeiT 896

Office of the Solicitor:

Laws, Decisions, and Opinions
Applicable to the National

Forests : 837

Scientific Contributions: a

A Hydrogen Electrode Vessel,
W.M.Clark 804

The Decomposition of Tetra-
thionates in Alkaline Solu-
tion, R. M. Chapin 805

A Comparison of Methods for
the Determination of Soil
Phosphorus, W. 0. Robin-
son 806

Some New Methods for the
Analysis of Lime-Sulphur
Solutions, R. M. Chapin 806

The Development of a Dy-
namic Theorj'- of Soil Fer-
tility, F. K. Cameron 812

The Antizymotic Action of
Salicylic Aldehyde and Man-
nite, J. J. Skinner 815

Possible Sources of Potash in
America, F. K. Cameron 821

Plant Records of an Expedi-
tion to Lower CaUfomia,
E.A.Goldman 827

New or Noteworthy Plants
from Colombia and Central
America, V. H. Pittier 827

The Necessity for Standardi-
zation of Methods, E . Browni . 832

Apparatus and Methods Em-
ployed in Maldng Purity
Tests of Seeds, F. H. Ilill-
man 832

The Germination of Seeds
Buried Ten Years, W. L.
Goss 832

Features of the Grapefruit in
California, A . D . Shamel 835

Marketing of Woodlot Products
in Kentucky, W. D. Ster-

rett 839

WoodFlo\ir,F.W.Kressmann. 839
Discovery of Chestnut Blight
Parasite in Japan, C. L

Shear and N . E . Stevens 848

Peridennium harknessii and
Cronartium quercuum, E. P.

Meinecke 849

Peculiarity in Growth of Tail
Feathers of the Giant Horn-
bill, A. Wetmore 850

U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con.
Scientific Contributions — Con.

Five New Mammals from Mex- rage,
ico and Arizona, E. A. Gold-
man 850

Descriptions of a New Genus
and Seven New Races of
Fhing Squirrels, A. H.
Howell 850

Five New Rice Rats of the
Genus Or\-zomys from Mid-
dle America, E. A. Gold-
man 850

Orthoptera of the Yale-Do-
minican Expedition of 1913
A. N. Caudell 854

Genera of Subfamily Rahphi-
dophorina? Found Nortn of
Mexico, A. N. Caudell 854

Descriptions of New Species
and Genera of Lepidoptera
from Mexico, II . G. Dyar 855

Lepidoptera of the Yale-Do-
minican Expedition of 1913,
H. G. Dyar 855

Report on the Lepidoptera of
tne Panama Canal Zone,
II. G. Dyar 855

New Genera and Species of
Microlepidoptera from Pan-
ama, A. Busck 855

The Noctuid Moths of the
Genera PaUndia and Dyo-
myx, II. G. Dyar 855

Two' New Canaclian Diptera,
J. M. Aldrich 855

New Western and Southwest-
em Muscoidea, C. H. T.
Townsend 855

Diagnoses of New Genera of
Muscoid Flies Founded on
Old Species, C. H. T. Town-
send 855

Two New Species of Pipuncu.
lus, F. Knab .-. 857

Notes on Some Virginian Spe-
cies of Platypeza, N. Banks. 857

New Genera of Chalcidoid Hy-
menoptera, A. A. Girault 857

Vespoid and Sphecoid Ily-
menoptera Collected in Gua-
temala, S. A. Rohwer 857

Identification of Stages in
Asexual Cvcle of Bartonella
bacillifonms, C. H. T. Town-
send 858

Lambing Methods in National
Forests of Southwest, R. R.
Hill 868

Improved Management. of Na-
tional Forest Stock, W. C.
Barnes 868

Vaccination Experiments
Against Antlirax, A, Eich-
hom 879

o Printed in scientific and technical put)lications outside the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXXIV. Abstract Number. No. 9.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AaRICULTTJRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

A handbook of colloid chemistry; the recognition of colloids, the theory
of colloids, and their general physico-chemical properties, W. Ostwald, trans.
by M. H. Fischer, R. E. Oespeb, and L. Berman {Philadelphia: P. Blalci^ston's
Son d Co., 1915, pp. X//+27S, pi. 1, figs. 60).— This is the first English edition,
translated from the third German edition of this work. It contains methods
for general and special colloid analysis and a general theoretical consideration
of the subject of colloid chemistry. Many references to original communica-
tions are cited in the text.

Industrial and manufacturing chemistry. — I, Organic, G. Martin et al.
{London: Crosby Lockivood & Son, 1915, 2. ed., rev. and enl., vol. 1, pp. XX -{-734,
pis. 5, figs. 2Jf4 ) . — This is the second edition, revised and enlarged, of the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 610). The various sections have been
brought up to date and new ones added on the hydrogenation of fats, the
manufacture of milk sugar, the manufacture of maize and arrowroot starch,
the analysis of rubber, and the new synthetic tanning materials. An index
list of trade names of the newer synthetic drugs, photographic developers, etc.,
is appended.

Supplement to Muspratt's encyclopedia of technical chemistry. — Tech-
nology of the organic chemical industries, edited by A. Binz {Ergdnzungsicerk
::u Muspratt's Encyldopddischem Ilandbuch der Technischen Chemie. — Cheml-
srhe Technologic Organischer Industriezweige. Brunswick: F. Vieweg & Son,
1915, vol. 3, 1. half, pp. XIV -^515, figs. 5i).— This is the first part of the third
supplementary volume to the original work. The general subjects considered
are ether, drugs and sera, celluloid, cellulose, tlie use of cellulose esters for
films, disinfection, protein, protein preparations, noninflammable solvents and
extraction agents, natural dyestuffs, intermediate products of the coal-tar dye
industry, coal-tar dyes, pigments, the determination, testing, and value of coal-
tar dyes, and varnishes, siccatives, and lacs.

Supplement to Muspratt's encyclopedia of technical chemistry. — The
chemical technology of fermentation and food stuffs, edited by F. Hayduck
{Ergdnzungsioerk zxi Muspratt's Encyklopddischem Handbuch der Technischen
Chemie. — Chcmische Tcchnologie der Gdnmgsgcwcrbe, Nahrtings- und Genuss-
mittel. Brunswick: F. Tieiveg <& Son, 1915, vol. 4, 1. half, pp. XI -{-516, figs.
331). — This is the first part of the fourth supplementary volume to the original
work. The subjects considered are alcohol and compressed yeast, beer, bread,
butyric acid, vinegar, and the tanning industry.

801

802 EXPERIMEXT 3TATI0X EECOED.

Chemical changes in the souring of milk, L. L. Tan Slyke and A. W. Bos-
worth (New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 48 (1916), pp. 12; Jour. Biol. Chem.,
24 (1916), No. 3, pp. 191-202). — The results of the investigation reported demon-
strate that about 22 per cent of the Uictose of milk is changed by the lactic
acid bacteria during the process of souring. Of this amount about 88.5 per
cent is converted into lactic acid. The citric acid present in the milk com-
pletely disappears, being decomposed into acetic acid and carbon dioxid by
Bacterium lactis aerogencs. The insoluble inorganic constituents of normal
milk are made soluble by the acid resulting from bacterial action. The albumin
which in normal milk only partly passes through a porous porcelain filter is
so changed in some manner during the souring as to pass completely through
such a filter. The calcium caseinate of normal milk is completely converted
into free protein and precipitated as such, the calcium forming calcium lactate
which is soluble in the serum.

The rate and extent of chemical change under given conditions was also
studied. The greatest change of conversion of milk sugar into lactic acid was
found to occur between the tenth and the twenty-fourth hour after inoculation.
The acidity increased rapidly during the first 24 hours, the rate of increase
diminishing after this time. The amount of albumin nitrogen in milk serum
was found to increase with the increase of acidity. All of the albumin of the
milk appeared in the serum in 14 hours.

The experimental methods used in the investigation were those described in
the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. G07>.

Chemical changes occun-ing during the ripening of the wild goose plum,
J. S. IMcH.VRGUE (Jour. Aiiicr. Chem. Sue, 38 (1016), No. 3, pp. 718-722).— Vvum
the results of a study at the Kentucky Experiment Station the author concludes
that there is a gradual diminution in the acidity of the fruit during the rli>en-
ing period, and at the same time an increase in the amount of reducing sugars
formed. The greatest increase in total sugars occurs in passing from the un-
ripe to the ripe condition. Saccharose plays a very important part in the
ripening of this fruit, which suggests the idea that a fruit is just ripe when it
contains the maximum anmunt of saccharo.se. This plum contains the euzym
invertase, which is apparently most active in the passage of the fruit from the
ripe to the overripe stage.

The essential oil of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) leaves, S. Uchida (Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 3, pp. 687-699).— The .sugi is a coniferous tree
indigenous to Japan, and extensively cultivated as a valuable timber. The
essential oil of the leaves, obtained by steam distillation, was found to contain
the following substances: d— a— pinene; dipentene; an alcohol (CioHisO, h. p.=
212-214°, (iis=0.9414, 71d"'=1.4832) ; cadinene; a sesquiterpene with two
double linkings (C,.H„, b. p.=266-268°. rfi5=z0.9335. np" '=1.5041, [a]D = +
15.19° in a 6.08 per cent chloroform solution) ; a .sesquiterpene alcohol
(CisHzeO, b. p.=2S4-2S6°, r7,5..=O.OG23, 71d="=1.5048, [0]^"= +16.70° in a 5
per cent chloroform solution) ; a new diterpene (Ca^Hs:, b. p.7ao=345°, b. p.i6=
198, [a]D=z— 34.22° in a 4.67 per cent chloroform solution) for which the
author proposes the name " a-cryptomerene " ; a lactone (CmHsjO;) ; caprylic
acid in combination with the alcohol ; higher fatty acids in a free state ; and a
blue oil '* azulene."

The relative proportion of the above constituents present was also deter-
mined.

Essential oil of Formosan hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood, S. IVinDA
(Jour. Amer. Chrm. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 3, pp. 699-702) .—The hinoki tree is ex-
tensively grown in .Tapan and furnishes a timber wood of superior quality.
The crude (»il ul)taln(Ml by dry tlistillath.n of the wood was rectifieil bv steam

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 803

distillation and found to consist chiefly of d — a — pinene and cadineno, with a
small amount of oxygenated compounds. The amount of terpenes was about
70 per cent and of sesquiterpenes about 24 per cent.

The thermal values of the fats and oils. — I, The heat of bromination, J. W.
M-UJDEN (Jour. Indus, and Eng'm. Cheni., 8 {1916), No. 2, pp. 121-126, figs. 3). —
A special apparatus and method for the determination of the true heat of
bromination, and also a new apparatus for tlie rapid determination of specific
heat, are described. Experimental data indicate that the heat of bromination is
not directly comparable to the iodin number. The heats of solution of bromin
and most oils in carbon tetrachlorid were found to be very small.

The action of bromin on proteins and amino acids, M. Siegfried and H.
Reppin (Hoppe-Scyler's Ztsclir. Physiol. Chem., 95 {1915), No. 1, pp. 18-28). —
Experimental data on the absorption of bromin by proteins and amino acids
are submitted.

It is indicated that in a mixture of protein cleavage products only amino
acids containing a ring complex absorb bromin. Gelatin and edestin absorb
more bromin than tlieir cleavage products. The significance of tlae results ob-
tained is discussed.

On the chemical constitution of the proteins of wheat flour and its rela-
tion to baking strength, M. J. Blish (Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJicm., 8 (1916),
No. 2, pp. 138-144)- — As the result of his investigation the author concludes that
the individual proteins of both strong and weak flours are identical in their
chemical constitution as determined by the Van Slyke method (E. S. R., 26,
p. 22). The gliadin-glutenin ratio is more constant in flours of different baking
qualities than lias been indicated by previous investigators, the great varia-
tion being in the " soluble proteins." The determination of ammonia nitro-
gen in the hydrolyzed products of flour, extracts of flour made witli various
solvents, and crude gluten is proposed to serve as an accurate indication of the
amounts of the various proteins present in the flour.

The refractive indices of solutions of certain proteins. — IX, Edestin, C. L.
A. Schmidt (Jour. Biol. Chem., 23 (1915), No. 2, pp. 487-^53 ) .—Experimental
data of the refractive indices of varying amounts of edestin, dissolved in vari-
ous concentrations of solutions of acids, bases, and salts, are submitted.

The solutions were found to follow the law 7lr-n^=aXc (E. S. R., 25, p. 709),
the average value for a being 0.00174±0.00006. The value for a remained con-
stant, even though the solvent caused hydrolysis of the dissolved protein.

The preparation of glucosamin hydrochlorid from mucoid obtained from
the ascitic fluid, A. Oswald (Hoppe-Sei/ler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 95 (1915),
No. 2-3, pp. 100, 101). — On boiling the mucoid obtained from the ascitic fluid
with B per cent hydrochloric acid, filtering, and concentrating the filtrate, the
characteristic crystals of glucosamin hydrochlorid were obtained and easily
identified.

Enzym investigations.— X, Experiments on the enzymatic synthesis of
disaccharids, W. Lob (Biochem,. Ztschr., 72 (1916), No. 5-6, pp. 392-415).—
Fi'om the investigation reported the author concludes that the invertase of
sugar beets, as well as that of yeast and pancreas, is unable, under the experi-
mental conditions described, to synthesize cane sugar from its corresponding
hexoses.

The influence of certain substances on the activity of invertase, E. G.
Griffin and .7. M. Nelson (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 3, pp. 722-
730). — Experimental data submitted indicate that the inhibiting effect on
enzym activity of certain substances, such as glass beads, serum, and egg
albumin, is due to a lowering of the hydrogen ion concentration. The effect of

804 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

charcoal was also found to be clue to a change in the hydrogen ion concentra-
tion. Relatively large amounts of this material, however, were found to
absorb invertase from solution. Gelatinous aluminum hydroxid was also found
to possess this adsorbing power, but in small amounts it did not interfere with
the activity of the enzym.

The occurrence of arginase in the animal organism and its determination
by the formol titration procedure, S. I^dlbachek (Uoppc-Scylcr's Ztsrlir.
riiysiol. Chcm., 95 {J015), Xo. 2-3, pp. 81-87). — From his investigation the
author concludes that the Sorensen formol titration method is a convenient
and reliable procedure for the determination of arginase. Arginase was found
in the liver of guinea pigs and rabbits, but was absent from this organ in birds
and reptiles. Its presence in the kidneys, thymus, and intestinal mucosa of
birds, as reported by Kossel and Daliin," could not be determined by the
method followed.

A hydrogen electrode vessel, W. M. Cl.\ek (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 23 {1915), No.
2, pp. Jf75-'/86, fiy. 1). — The author describes a form of apparatus devistnl to
meet some special requirements in a study of the hydrogen ion concentrations of
bacterial cultures. The accuracy of the results obtaintxl witli the apparatus
is indicated by experimental data.

Simple sodium lamp for polariscope, G. K. Foresman {Jour. Indus, and
Enyin. Chcm., 8 {1916), No. 2, p. 165). — The device consi.sts of a piece of tire and
acid proof asbestos with a slit of the proper size cut in. and is used in con-
nection with an ordinary Bunsen burner with a wing top. By saturating the
edges of the slit with salt solution a flame of great intensity is produceil. The
asbestos docs not affect tlie quality of the sodium flame.

A large fat extractor, C. L. A. Schmujt {.lour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., S
{1916), No. 2, p. 165, fig. 1). — A large apparatus in which .several pounds of
material may be extracted in a single operation is described and illustrated by
a figure. It consists essentially of two parts, a large distilling flask and the
extractor proper, which is made of heavy glass. To insure ether-tight seals
mercury is used at all the connections. The apparatus may be used for the
recovery of the solvent used in the extraction.

Soda lime as an energetic general reagent and its great chemical activity,
I. GrAiiEscHi {Abs. in Chcm. Ahs., 10 {1916), Xo. 1, p. 25).— \ review of the
literature of soda lime is given and its history and uses discusse<l in detail.

Experimental data indicate that soda lime is an excellent absorbent for
chlorin, bromiu, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitrogen peroxid, and
carbonyl chlorid. The freshly preparetl reagent absorbs from SO to 90 cc.
of carbon dioxid in 10 minutes. When prepared from calcium oxid and a .solu-
tion of sodium hydroxid it was found to be a better absorbent for carbon
dioxid than solid potassium hydroxid. Carbon monoxi<l. pyrrol, indol, alde-
hydes, ethyl bromoacetate, benzyl bromid, chloroacetone, ami a number of
ethers and nitriles were found to be more or less completely absorbed.

The author concludes that soda lime probably is not a simjile mixture but a
definite compound, and proposes formulas. 'With traces of iron, manganese, etc.,
it is considered superior to the chemically pure material as an absorbent
since these substances act as catalysts.

A rapid method of converting scrap platinum into chloroplatinic acid, .T. B.
and A. Tingle {Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 35 {1916), Xn. 2. p. 77).— A method in
which the platinum is alloyed with zinc by fusion under a layer of borax or
other flux is described. The metallic mass which results from the fusi»m is
treated with dilute commercial hydrochloric acid. The zinc dissolves rapidly

<» noppe-Scylci's Ztschr. riiysiol. Chcm., 42 (1004), No. 3, p. 1S4.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 805

and leaves beliiml a black powder resembling platinum black. This is dis-
solved in aqua regia, the resulting solution evaporated to dryness, and the
residue redissolved in very dilute hydrochloric acid. From this solution the
platinum is separated either by precipitating the metal with zinc or by
precipitating with hydrogen sulphid, filtering, washing, and igniting the result-
ing sulphid. The platinum thus obtained is readily soluble in aqua regia, and
easily converted into chloroplatinic acid in the usual manner.

A possible source of error in colorimeter observations, J. H. Long (Jour.
Amcr. Clicm. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 3, pp. 7 16-7 IS). —The author reports certain
discrepancies in colorimeter observations which resulted from using an instru-
ment which had stood through a hot summer in a room the temperature of
whicli often reached 33° C. (91.4° F.). At this temperature the wax by which
the prisms are fastened in their brass sockets becomes soft enough to permit
the slow displacement of the glass. Care should therefore be exercised to keep
instruments away from the vicinity of steam radiators and from places which
are likelj' to become very warm in summer.

An evaluation of the methods for the determination of phosphoric acids
soluble in citric acid and that found in dephosphorization slags (Thomas
slag), O. SiCHMANN (Zhur. Opyfn. Agroii., 16 (1915), No. S, pp. 169-212).— As
the result of a critical comparison the author has found very little difference
between the molybdic method, the methods of Lorenz (E. S. R., 13, p. 14),
Topp (E. S. R., 29, p. 410), Darmstadt, and Naumann (E. S. R., 14, p. 940),
and the hydrochloric acid method. The Lorenz method gave the lowest results.
For convenience and rapidity the methods of Popp and Lox'enz are recommended,
the latter being the simpler.

Easily extractable phosphorus and phosphorus nutrition, I. Jakouchkine
(Zhur. Opvtn. A(jron., 16 (1915), No. 2, pp. llS-139) .—The author has shown
that for material poor in fat, such as stems or stalks, the alcohol and ether
extraction does not cause an appreciable decrease of phosphorus pentoxid in
the acid extract. Direct precipitation in citric acid was used in separating
the mineral phosphate from the phytin. More exact results may be obtained
by using this method in combination with that of IwanofE by first precipitating
with magnesia mixture in tlie presence of citric acid, and, after dissolving in
nitric acid, reprecipitating by Neumann's method.

The amount of phytin in the grain is apparently dependent on the condition
of the soil. The fertility of the soil is indicated by the mineral-phosphate
content of the straw, and when the content is less than from 0.07 to 0.1 per
cent a phosphate fertilizer is deemed necessary, while a mineral-phosphate
content greater than 0.15 per cent shows that the soil is sufficiently rich In
phosphorus.

The decomposition of tetrathionates in alkaline solution as a source of
error in certain iodin titrations, R. M. Chapin (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 3S
(1916), No. 3, pp. 625, 626). — The experimental data reported indicate that
" tetrathionates are notably sensitive to even low concentrations of hydroxyl
ions, though only slightly affected by sodium bicarbonate, and still less by
sodium bicarbonate in presence of carbonic acid. It therefore follows that
acid solutions containing tetrathionates, if to be later titrated with iodin or
subjected to any treatment involving assumption that the tetrathionate present
has remained unaffected, should never be neutralized by any substance of
distinctly alkaline properties." Sodimu carbonate, however, may be used within
reasonable limits of error, provided the solution is not subjected to an elevated
temi)erature for any length of time. Sodium sulphite is recommended as a
discharging agent for iodin in place of sodium thiosulphate.

806 EXPEBIMEXT STATIOI^ KECOED.

Eeport of the session of the International Commission for Chemical Soil
Analysis; Munich, April 23 and 24, 1914 (Intermit. Mitt. Jiodenk., 5 (1915),
Nos. 1, pp. 25-52; 2, pp. 121-153). — This is an account of tlie proceedings of
the commission, including discussions of chemical methods for soil analysis.

The application of potassium permanganate for the determination of
humus in soils, P. Grigokikff (Zhur. Opytn. Ayron., 16 (1915), .Vo. 3, pp. 217-
222). — The probable nature of the oxidation of the humus in soil by potassium
permanganate is considered. The results obtained by the oxidation method do
not agree with those obtained by Gustavsohn's method, the former method
yielding too high results. For this reason it is concluded that the oxidation
method, although simple and rapid, is not to be preferred to the combustion
method.

On the distribution and composition of the humus of the loess soils of
the transition region, M. J. Blish (Univ. [Xcbr.] Studies, l.'f (1914), Xo. 2, pp.
lll-Ut-'f). — From a long series of experiments on Nebraska soils the author
concludes that the Rather method (E. S. R., 26, p. 406) for humus determina-
tions is the most practical of all gravimetric methods tried. I'or the determina-
tion of humus nitrogen the Alway-Bishop procedure was found to be the most
satisfactory, both in point of accuracy and economy of time.

Soil color may be associated fairly closely with humus content when the
soils under inspection are from the same locality. A reliable comparison,
however, can not be made with soils from different localities on account of
the presence of substances other than humus, such as lime and iron. The
photometric determination was not found to give satisfactory results with soils
containing less than 0.1 per cent of humus. Great variation in the humus
content of the soils was found with respect to both locality and depth from
which the samples were taken.

A comparison of methods for the determ.ination of soil phosphorus, W. Cs.
Robinson (Jovr. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 8 (1916), A'o. 2, pp. 148-151). — The
results of the author's investigation indicate that accurate determinations can
be obtained by the fusion, Washington, and Fischer methods of treating the
soil for phosphorus determinations. Vanadium interferes with the volumetric
phosphorus determinations in soils, but the diflicultj' was overcome by reducing
the vanadium with ferrous sulphate and precipitating the phosphorus at a
low temperature by agitation. Tungsten and titanium were not found to
interfere with the phosphorus determinations by the gravimetric method when
proper precautions for complete precipitation were exercised.

A limestone tester. C. G. Hopkins (Illinois Sta. Circ. 185 (1916), pp. 2-12,
figs. 2). — This circular describes in detail a simple apparatus and method for
the determination of calcium carbonate in limestones used for agricultural pur-
poses, similar to and based on the same principle as the " calcimeter " pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. .'lOS).

The final result can not be ascertained by direct reading hut involves a simple
calculation. Tables of the weight of carbon dioxid in milligrams per cubic
centimeter at various temperatures and pressures are included.

The apparatus may also be used for determining the limestone content of
soils.

Some new methods for the analysis of lime-sulphur solutions, R. M.
Chapin (Jour. huJns. and En-gin. Chrm., 8 (1910), No. 2, pp. 151-156). — ^>'ew
methods based on definite reactions are described in fletail. Some of the pro-
redures are applicable to polluted dipping baths through which sheep and cattle
have passed.

On the detection and determination of halogens in organic compounds,
I. Drogin and M. A. Rosakoff (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 (1916), Xo. 3, pp.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 807

111-116). — An improvement of the method described by Stepanoff" and
modified by others is outlined in detalL

The method consists in dissolving the halogen compound in 98 per cent
alcohol, adding an excess of sodium and, after sufficient heating, diluting the
mixture with water. The alcohol is then distilled off, the solution acidified
with nitric acid, and the free halogen acid, thus produced, titrated according
to Volhard's method. Experimental data submitted indicate the accuracy of
the method. The qualitative procedure was found to yield a decided positive
test in certain cases where the Beilstein test gave a doubtful result.

A method for the estimation of chlorids in cheese, Elfreida G, V. Cobnish
and J. GoLDiNG {Analyst, 40 (1915), No. 470, pp. 197-203, fig. 1; abs. in Ztschr.
Angeic. Chcm., 29 {1916), No. 2, Referatenteil, p. 4). — A method claimed to be
more accurate and rapid than the incineration or water-extraction method I3
described.

The sample is treated in a Kjeldahl flask with concentrated sulphuric acid
and gently heated. By means of a specially arranged apparatus tlie hydro-
chloric acid formed by the action of the sulphuric acid on the chlorids present
is aspirated into standard acid silver nitrate and precipitated as silver chlorid.
When the reaction is complete the silver chlorid is filtered, washed free of
nitrates, the washings added to the filtrate, and the excess of silver nitrate in
the filtrate determined according to Volhard's method. Experimental data,
obtained from different samples of normal cheese and others showing a brown
discoloration are submitted.

The cheese residue remaining in the flask after the distillation of the hydro-
chloric acid may be used for the estimation of nitrogen in the solid cheese, by
Kjeldahl's method.

The determination of acidity in potatoes, J. F. Hoffmann and F. Pkeckel
{Landw. Vers. Stat., 87 {1915), No. 2-3, pp. 237-239) .—The following procedure
is recommended by the authors :

Fifty cc. of the pressed juice is measured into a 250 cc. flask, and 95 per cent
alcohol added to the mark. The mixture is allowed to set for about one hour
with occasional shaking and then filtered. For the titration 100 cc. of the
filtrate is diluted with an equal volume of water and 1 cc. of rosolic acid
added. The liquid thus contains about 80 cc. of alcohol and 120 cc. of water.
A comparison solution is prepared in a similar manner with 80 cc. of alcohol
and 120 cc. of water and titrated to a definite color change. The potato sample
is titrated to the same shale and the reading of the comparison solution sub-
tracted from that of the potato sample. The liquids should be well shaken
before titrating in order to remove as much as possible of the carbon dioxid,
which influences the color change.

The analysis of maple products. — V, Miscellaneous observations on maple
sirup incidental to a search for new methods of detecting adulteration, J. F.
Snell {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), Xo. 2, pp. l^-l^S). — Certain
observations made while working on new methods for the detection of adultera-
tion are recorded. A complete ash analysis of a composite of about 60 genuine
sirups indicated the presence of more chlorin and less phosphoric acid than the
analyses previously recorded.

See also previous notes (E. S. R., 32, p. 808; 33, pp. 15, 208).

The determination of small amoiints of sug'ar in urine, S. Nagasaki
{Hoppc-Seylefs Ztschr. Physiol. Chem.. 95 {1915), No. 2-3, pp. 61-77). — For
determining small amounts of sugar in urine the author has devised a method
. as follows :

" Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 39 (1906), No. 16, pp. 4056, 4057.
41852°— No. 9—16 2

808 EXPEKIMEXT STATION EECOED.

The sample is first titrated with Benedict's copper solution (E. S. R.. 25.
p. 15). Another sample is then inoculated with the yeast Torula monosa and
allowed to ferment for 24 hours at 30° C. After the fermentation the sample
is again titrated with Benedict's solution and the amount of glucose calculated
from the difference in the two titrations. By boiling the fermented urine with
citric acid and repeating the fermentation and titrations as before, the iso-
maltose, calculated as glucose, can be easily determined. Samples in which
spontaneous fermentation has started do not give reliable results.

The method is deemed of value in determining the slight influence of a diet
in cases of glycosuria, and in making a diagnosis of doubtful cases of diabetes.
The average glucose content of 174 samples of normal urine was found to be
0.012 per cent (maximum 0.033, minimum 0.002 per cent), and the average
percentage of isomaltose in S4 samples was found to be 0.012 per cent (maxi-
mum 0.023, minimum 0.0<33 per cent).

The determination of amino acids in urine, I. Bang {Biochcm. Ztschr., 72
(1915), A'o. 1-2, pp. 101-103). — To obviate the inconvenience of titrating a
colored solution in the formol titration method for the determination of amino-
acid nitrogen the author recommends that the solution be decolorize<l with blood
charcoal in the presence of 20 per cent alcohol. No amino-acid nitrogen is lost
by this procedure.

New indican reaction, A. Jolu:s (Eoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. PhysioJ. Chcm., 95
{1915), Xo. 1, pp. 29-S3). — The following procedure is recommended as a
qualitative test for indican:

Ten cc. of urine is mixed with 1 cc. of a 5 per cent alcoholic solution of
a-naphthol and 10 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid (containing 5 gm. ferric
chlorid per liter). The mixture is thoroughly shaken and allowed to set for
15 minutes, after which the coloring matter is extracted with 5 cc, of chloro-
form. The color of the extract will vary from violet to a dark blue, depending
on the amount of indican present. The reaction is sensitive to 0.(X>3 mg.
indican in 10 cc. of liquid, but is not applicable to quantitative colorimetric
determinations.

The nephelometric determination of small amounts of essential oils, A. G.
Woodman, R. T. Gookin, and L. .T. Heath (Jour. Iiulus. and Eiifjin. Chcm.,
8 (1916), No. 2, pp. 128-131, figs. 2). — A proce<lure basetl on the formation of an
emulsion on adding water to an alcoholic solution of an essential oil, using
the Kober nephelometer previously noteil (K. S. R., 31, p. 114), Is described.
Great accuracy is said to be possible with the method in concentrations up to
1 per cent and, by suitable dilution with alcohol, in higher concentrations.
In applying the method to cordials the percentage of alcohol and sugar influ-
ences the results to such an extent that it is necessary to iise a standard con-
taining approximately the same amounts of those materials. If the cordials
are deeply colored the alcohol may be distilled off and the distillate compared
with a standard extract.

The utilization of cherry by-products, F. Rabak (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 350
(1916), pp. 2Jf). — As a result of the investigation the author obtainetl from the
pits of red sour cherries a fixed oil, the physical and chemical properties of
which were found to be very similar to those of the commercial oil of almonds.
It is indicated that this oil should find application along pharmaceutical and
therapeutical lines, as a condimental oil. or in the sonp-niaklng industry. The
volatile oil producetl from the press cake is practically identical with the oil
of bitter almonds, and would thus find the same application. Analysis of the
meal, which is the final residue, showed 1.06 per cent of moisture. 30.87 p«^r
cent of protein, 13.1 per cent of ether extract, 42.13 per cent of nitrogen-free

SOILS — FEKTILIZEES. 809

extract, 8.9 per cent of crude fiber, and 3.94 per cent of ash. From the juice
alcohol, sirup, and jelly have been successfully prepared.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soil survey of Lee County, Iowa, L. V. Davis and M. E. Sar {U. S. Dept.
Ayr., Advance iShccts Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 36, pis. 2, fig. 1,
map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with tlie Iowa Experiment Station
and issued March 10, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 327,040 acres
in southeastern Iowa.

"The county comprises two main physiographic divisions. The upland
plateau, with level to rolling topography, constitutes one division, and the
alluvial river terraces and first bottoms the other. The former occupies about
six-sevenths of the total area of the county." The soils of the county are of
loessial, glacial, residual, and alluvial origin. Nineteen soil types of nine
series are mapped, of which the Grundy silt loam, the Lindley loam, the
Putnam silt loam, and the Memphis silt loam cover respectively 27.5, 23.7,
11.4, and 10 per cent of the area.

Soil survey of Cherokee County, Kansas, P. O. Wood and R. I. Theock-
MORTON {Kansas Sta. Bui. 207 {191.5), pp. 46, pi. 1). — This survey, made in co-
operation v,-ith the Bureau of Soils of this Department and noted in the Field
Operations of that Bureau for 1912 (E. S. R., 34, p. 322), deals with the
general characteristics, mechanical and chemical composition, and crop adapta-
bilities of the soils of an area of 374,400 acres in southeastern Kansas, consist-
ing mainly of residual prairie.

The soils are residual upland soils and alluvial bottom soils. Including
meadow, 22 soil types of 13 series are mapped, of which the Bates silt loam
and the Cherokee silt loam cover 24.5 and 20 per cent of the area, respectively.
Chemical analyses of samples of the types are reported, the results of which
are taken to indicate that these soils are relatively deficient in nitrogen, phos-
phorus, potassium, and lime, and high in organic matter. The majority of the
soils are acid.

A fertilizer test with wheat is included.

Soil survey of Reno County, Kansas, W. T. Carter, Jr., et at.. (Kansas
Sta. Bui. 208 {1915), pp. 48, pi. 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the
Bureau of Soils of this Department and noted in the Field Operations of that
Bureau for 1911 (E. S. R., 31, p. 513), deals with the general characteristics,
mechanical and chemical properties, and crop adaptabilities of the soils of an
area of 812,000 acres in south-central Kansas, the general topography of which
is that of a rolling plain intersected by three relatively narrow valleys.

The soils of the area are upland and bottom soils and are formed (1) from
shales and sandstones, (2) from unconsolidated water-laid deposits, (3) from
a mixture of the above two groups, and (4) from wind-laid deposits. In-
cluding meadow and dune sand, 31 soil types of 10 series are recognized, of
which the Pratt loam and fine sandy loam and the Albion sandy loam cover
16.6, 15.1, and 11.1 per cent of the area, respectively. Chemical analyses of
representative samples of each type made at the station are reported, the re-
sults of which show that the nitrogen content averages 0.106 per cent for the
surface soil, 0.076 per cent for the subsurface soil, and 0.045 per cent for the
subsoil, and the phosphorus content averages 0.034 per cent for the surface and
subsurface soil and 0.031 per cent for the subsoil. The potash and lime con-
tents are considered to be relatively high, most of the soils containing more
than 2 per cent potassium. The average calcium content for the county was
0.88 per cent in the soil, 1.47 in the subsurface soil, and 1.73 in the subsoil.

810

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Soil survey of Union County, North Carolina, B. B. Debeick and S. O.
Pebkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914,
pp. 38, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation witti tlie North Carolina
Department of Agriculture and issued March 4, 1916, deals %A'ith the soils of an
area of 403,200 acres in southern North Carolina.

" The general surface features of Union County consist of broad, gently roll-
ing interstream areas, wliich become more rolling, broken, and hilly as the
larger streams are approached. The central, eastern, and northern portions of
the county slope to the northeast and are well drained by the Rocky River and
its tributaries, while the remainder inclines toward the southwest, being
drained by tributaries of the Catawba River." The county lies wholly within
the Piedmont Plateau province and the soils are of residual origin. Sixteen
soil types of 8 series are mapped, of which the Alamance silt loam and gravelly
silt loam cover 24.7 and 10.9 per cent of the area, respectively, and the George-
ville gravelly silt loam and silt loam 1.^..5 and 13.9 per cent, re.spectivoly.

Soil survey of Portage County, Ohio, C. N. Mooney, H. G. Lewis, A. F.
Head, and C. W. Shiffler {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sltcets Field OpcrationJi
Bur. Soils, 191Ii, pp. J/Jf, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with
the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station and issued March 4, 1916, deals with
the soils of an area of 333,440 acres in northeastern Ohio, the topography of
which ranges from flat or slightly undulating to rolling and hilly. The soils
are of glacial and alluvial origin. Including muck, 18 soil types of 10 series
are mappetl, of which the Volusia clay loam, loam, and silty clay loam cover
27.4, 2.5.1, and 10.1 per cent of the area, respectively, and the Wooster loam
18.1 per cent.

Analyses of typical soils, J. W. Ames (.Vo. Bnl. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 3,
pp. 73-76). — Results selected from a number of analyses of representative soils
from various localities in Ohio are reported in the following table for the pur-
pose of indicating the variations in amounts of fertility constituents that may
exist in different classes of soil :

Fertility consfifue'uts in different classes nf soil, per acre.

Typo of soil.

Sand

Sandy loam

Do

Silt loam

Do

Clay loam

Do

Clay

Do

Black clay loam.

Do

Black clay

Do

Peat

Depth.

Inches.
0- 7
0- 7
7-15
0- 7
7-1.5
0- 7
7-15
0- 7
7-15
0- 7
7-15
0- 7
7-15

Nitrogen,

Pounds.
1,000
2,390

590
2,096
1,054
2,920
1,152
2,170

910
4,900
2,100
7,410
.3,sno
27, SCO

Phos-
phorus.

rouMf.

892

7S2

2S2

870

60S

766

3S.S

690

42S

1, 456

788

1,958

1,446

1,710

Potas-
sium.

Calcium.

PounHs.

Povvd.i.

20,000

9.0;{8

28,772

12,302

30,636

11,942

29,092

4, 758

31,278

3,996

31,331

7,560

35, ass

7,092

42,384

5,61S

44,800

3. 726

41,806

l.T.sni

49, 872

14, ISO

46, 726

IS, s.if,

52, (MX)

16. «0

3,370

2,010

Magne-
sium.

Pounds.
4,050
5,128
5,526
5,6S4
7,750
6,271
9.H00
12,000
15,000
14,1.';4
17,860
14,348
15,772
2,420

Geo-agronomic study of the farm lands of the Royal Institute of Ex-
perimental Agriculture in Perugia, B. Mabcvkelli {Slaz. Sper. Agr. Ttal., J^8
(1915), No. 4, pp. 233-271, pis. 4). — Thi.s is a detailed description of the topog-
raphy, geolo.cy. origin, and characteristics of the soils and of the meteorological
and agricultural conditions of the farm lands of the institute and includes
mechanical and chemical analyses of the soils.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS. 811

Soils study according to the geological-agTonoinic survey, with especial
reference to the soils types of the lower Rhine districts, E. Zimmermann
{FiihUmfs Landw. Zty., 64 {1915), No. IS-lJf, pp. 329-S.'f 7). —This is a general
discussion of tlie methods, results, and advantages of this kind of soil survey
as applied to the lower Rhine districts.

Successful soil-sampling- tools, A. M. Shaw {Engin. News, 7Jf {1915), No. 26,
p. 1228, fig. 1). — ^A soil-sampling outfit consisting of an auger and pipe extension
for taking deep samples is described.

Recent brovsm soil and humus formation in Java and the Malay Peninsula,
together with remarks on climatic weathering, R. Lang {Ceritbl. Min., Geol.u.
PaUiontol., 1914, Nos. 17, pp. 513-518; 18, i)p. 545-551; abs. in Zenihl. Agr.
Cliem., U {1915), No. J,-5, pp. 148-150) .—The author reports the results of
observations on tlio occurrence and origin of the so-called brown soils and
humus soil of Java and the Malay Peninsula and the influence of climatic
factors on their formation.

It is concluded that the main factor in the formation of both these soils is
an extraordinarily heavy rainfall. Brown soils are formed when the waters
of a tropical region are so impregnated with mineral salts as to efi'ect an
adsorptive saturation of the soil humus substances with which they come in
contact.

Raw humus is formed where the waters of tropical regions do not contain
sufficient mineral salts to effect an adsorptive saturation of humus substances.
It is further concluded that dampness and coolness favor humus formation,
while heat and dryness retard it.

Determination of amino acids and nitrates in soils, R. S. Potter and R. S.
Snydeh (Iowa Sta. Research Bui. 24 {1915), pp. 327-352, figs. S).— This bulletin
briefly reviews the work of others bearing on the subject and reports the
details of the experiments noted below and of experiments previously noted
from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 112).

The amino acid nitrogen of soil, R. S. Potter and R. S. Snyder {Jour.
Indus, and Enyin. Chon., 7 {1915), No. 12, pp. 1049-1053, fig<i. S).— Laboratory
and pot experiments are reported in which it was found that by use of the
Kober copper method of determining amino acids (E. S. R., 31, p. 211) no
amino acid nitrogen could be detected in the dilute acid extract of soils. Upon
adding small quantities of amino acid to a soil and extracting with dilute
acids no amino acid was found. " Upon adding small quantities of amino
acids to a soil and extracting with dilute alkali, practically the entire amount
added was recovered. There v/as found to be no difference in the quantity
of amino acid nitrogen extracted by dilute alkali in one, two, four, and six
hours."

From the pot experiments it is concluded that " there is no tendency for
amino acid to accumulate ... in a limed and unlimed acid soil, in a heavily
manured and limed, and a heavily manured unlimed acid soil. The amino
acid nitrogen was present in the soil in less amounts than the ammonia nitro-
gen, but in a general way it fluctuktes with the ammonia nitrogen. The soils
with the higher amounts of manure show a decided decrease in the amount
of nitrate nitrogen at first, but after from four to six weeks there is a decided
increase."

The origin of the " niter spots " in certain western soils, W. G. Sackett
and R. I\I. Isham {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1083, pp. 452, .^.53).— The
authors disagree with the theory of Stewart and Peterson (E. S. R., 33, p. 121)
with reference to the cause of the brown coloration of the so-called niter spots
in some western soils, and adhere to the theory of pigmentation of Azotobacter

812 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

chroococcum as the cause of the browu coloration of the spots (E. S. R., 25,
p. 815).

The origin of the " niter spots " in certain western soils, R. Stewakt ami
W. Peterson (Science, n. ser., 43 (1916), No. 1097, pp. 20-24). — This is a reply
to the above, in which the authors reiterate their original theory regarding the
origin of the brown niter spots (E. S. R., 33, p. 121). They conclude "that
the nonsyrabiotic bacteria are not responsible for the production of the nitrates
noted in the niter spots of the affected soils of the arid "West and their presence
there is only incidental and of no more economic importance than their more
abundant occurrence in other normal niter-free soils of the arid regions. The
nitrates present in the niter spots are the direct result of the leaching and
concentrating action of the ground water iipon the nitrates preexisting in the
country rock adjacent to or underneath the soil of the affected area. . . .
The color is due to the solvent and decomposing action of the nitrates upon
the old organic matter or humus in the soil." Experimental data are cited in
support of the argument.

The variation of the fertility and productivity of the soil under the in-
fluence of natiiral conditions and dry air storage, K. Gedboits (Trudy Selsk.
Khoz. Khim. Lab. St. Petcrb., 8 (1914), PP- 144-199; abs. in Sclsk. Khoz. i
IjQsov., 245 (1914), Aug., pp. 630-633; Zhur. Opytn. Agron.. (Russ. Jour. Expt.
Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 4, pp. 307, 308; Jntermt. Inst. Agr. [Rome'l, Mo. liuh
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 37-39). — Pot experiments
with oats and flax on soils stored in dry air from one to six years following
1903 are reportctl, in which no fertilization, complete fertilization, complete
fertilization without nitrogen, and complete fertilization without phosphoric
acid were practiced.

A gradual increase in the oat crop without fertilizer with length of storage
was observed, except in the fifth year of storage. " The same effect also oc-
curred in the pots without nitrogen and without phosphate. AVith the com-
plete fertilizer the greatest yield was obtained in the first year ; there was then
a considerable decrease in tlie second year, followed by a gi'adiial increase,
though the yield of the first year was never reached. In the case of flax
with a complete fertilizer the harvest increased regularly during the four years
after the first year, then remained almost constant. With the other .series the
changes corresponded to those of the oats."

As a check on the above experiments a series was conducted in which soils
collected in various years were all tested in the same year (1908). "Tii«>se
experiments and many others carried out during a period of years show that
the yield is always in direct relation with the length of storage of the soil.
Chemical analysis shows a slight increase in the percentage of phosphoric acid
soluble in 2 per cent citric acid and in acetic acid. In 1904 the citric acid
soluble phosphoric acid was 0.0078 per cent and in 1909 the same soil gave
0.0096 per cent. The percentage of phosphoric acid in the oats and flax was also
increased with the duration of storage of the soil. . . . Chemical analysis
showed similar results with respect to nitrogen. . . .

"These results lead to the conclusion that storing the soil in dry air increases
its productivity in proportion to the period of storage, and also increases in a
corresponding degree the percentage of phosphoric acid and niti'ogen in the
crop."

The development of a dynamic theory of soil fertility, F. K. Cameron
(Jour. Franklin Inst., ISl (1916), No. 1. pp. 27-'/.0, figs. 2).— The author re-
views some of the more important features of the existing knowledge of soil
fertility and points out that soil management involves the consideration of

SOILS — FEKTILIZEES. 813

all the natural factors aJffiectiug the same, singly and in total, and that each
of these factors is in a continual process of change. " The problems of soil
management are, therefore, essentially dynamic. . . . The properties of
the soil are not merely the sum of the properties of the components, but the
summation of these properties as they mutually affect and modify each other."

It must therefore be recognized " that the problems of soil fertility are no
longer problems merely of soil composition or merely of a supply of plant food.
The great fundamental questions now are : What are the processes, physical,
chemical, and biological, taking place continually in the soil? What are their
magnitudes and what are the rates of change? How do they affect one another?
What are the differences between individual soils that are the expression of
the resultants of these interdependent processes?"

The difference between rye and wheat soils, A. Stutzer and W. Haupt
(Fuhrinf/s Landw. Ztg., 6-^ (1015), No. IS-li, pp. 347-352).— In examinations of
eight wheat soils and four rye soils no marked difference in chemical composition
was observed, but mechanical analyses showed that the clay content and the
content of fine particles in general were greater for the wheat than for the
rye soils. These results are taken to indicate that, other conditions being
approximately equal, mechanical analysis will probably in general serve as a
basis for judgment as to whether a soil is better adapted to wheat or rye.

Studies of the influence of soil condition on the bacterial life and the
transformation of matter in soils, H. R. Christensen {Centbl. Bald, [etc.l,
2. Aht., 43 (1915), No. 1-1, pp. 1-166, i)ls. 2, figs. 21; Ber. Stat. Forsogs Virks.
Plantekult., 81 (1914), pp. 321-552, pis. 2, figs. 21; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1915,
I, No. 13, pp. 100, 701; Intermit. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 7, pp. 923, 924; Zentbl. Agr. Cliem., 44 (1915),
No. 7, pp. 290-296). — A series of detailed investigations along lines similar to
those previously noted (B. S. R., 18, p. 720), using Remy's method of cultures
in inoculated solutions of mannite and a number of different soils for inocu-
lation, are reported. The purpose was to study the relations between soil condi-
tions and the activities of Azotobacter, the power of soils to ferment mannite
and decompose peptone and cellulose, and the nitrifying power of soil.

It was found that the development of Azotobacter in mannite solution de-
pended upon the presence of basic matter, either in the solution or in the soil
used for inoculation. In no case was a growth of Azotobacter obtained with a
base-free medium, but when the carbonates of calcium or magnesium were added
a marked growth of Azotobacter was obtained in the solutions inoculated with
raw cultures of Azotobacter. This is taken to indicate that the growth of Azo-
tobacter in an inoculated lime-free mannite solution may indicate the presence
of basic matter in the soil and that the method may serve to indicate the need
of a soil for lime.

Experiments using mannite solutions with and without lime showed that the
occurrence of Azotobacter is not so general as is commonly thought and that
a sure indication of the basicity of a soil or of its need for lime can not be
obtained by use of a lime-free mannite solution without inoculation with Azo-
tobacter. It is concluded that the use of inoculated and uninoculated cultures
will determine whether the absence of Azotobacter is due to the chemical or
biological conditions of a soil, and that the occurrence and distribution of
Azotobacter in soil are governed by its reaction and basicity. It is further
concluded that Azotobacter practically never exist in acid soils and only seldom
in neutral soils, and that the presence of basic lime and magnesia compounds
is especially favorable for their growth.

Further experiments showed that a growth of Azotobacter on the addition
of calcium sulphate to cultures of soils which had previously showed no

814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

growth is an indication of tlie probable presence of alkaline carbonates in the
soils. A marked development of Azotobacter in a mannite solution containing
no phosphoric acid is taken to indicate that the soil tised is probably not
deficient in phosphoric acid.

It was found further that soils producing no fermentation of mannite in a
lime-free mannite solution were very deficient in lime. This is taken to indi-
cate that the degree of fermentation produced under such conditions serves as a
measure of the amount of lime present in a form available to mannite-ferment-
ing bacteria.

The addition of phosphoric acid to a peptone solution inoculated with decom-
posed peptone markedly aided the decomposition of the solution. The addition
of carbon compounds did not accelerate decomposition, but humus and ferric phos-
phate did. Studies of the decomposition of peptone by soils, using inoculated and
uninoculated cultures, showed that lowland moor peat soil possessed a much
greater power for decomposing peptone than upland moor peat soil. The upland
moor peat contained substances which inhibited peptone decomposition, but
which were rendered inactive by adding calcium carbonate. Additions of cal-
cium carbonate and phosphoric acid and of phosphoric acid alone to acid low-
land moor peat favored peptone decomposition. Inoculation of the lowland
moor peat cultures had no effect, l>ut inoculation of the upland moor peat cul-
tures markedly favored the decomposition of peptone.

In cultivated mineral soils peptone decomposition varied greatly. The
phosphoric acid content of the .soils especially influenced the degree of de-
composition. All the soils tested appeared to contain suflicient humus for
maximum peptone decomposition. With reference to the effect of inoculation
of cultures with decomposed peptone the mineral soils were of two groups,
namely, (1) those in which inoculation had little or no effect on peptone decom-
position and which were in all cases basic, and (2) those in which inoculation
markedly favored peptone decomposition and which were not basic. It is
concluded that a soil of low peptone decomposing power forms an unfavorable
medium for crop gro^vth.

The decomposition of cellulose was usually found to be very small in humus
soils. With upland and lowland moor soils practically the same differences were
observed in cellulose decomposition as in peptone decomposition, except that the
influence of chemical factors was more marked. Next to the content of basic
lime and phosphoric acid, the availability of the organic nitrogen in peat was
the factor controlling the decomposition of cellulose. In mineral soils it was
found in all cases that the chemical condition of the soil mainly conti'olled cel-
lulose decomposition, basic lime and phosphoric acid being the controlling
factors.

In both humus and mineral soils nitrification was found to be governed
mainly by their biological condition.

A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended.

On the presence of Azotobacter in Danish, •woods and on the value of
Azotobacter cultures for the determination of the lime requirements in
-woodland, F. Weis and C H. IJornebusch {Forstl. Forsopsr. Dfinmark, J^
{1914), No. 4, pp. 319-337; abs. in Intcnwt. InM. Apr. [Rome], Mo. Bill. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Disca.'<es, 6 (1915), No. Jf, pp. 5.}6-.>-J8). — Experiments using
Beijerinck's nutritive medium to determine the Az(ttobacter content of soils
from 64 different localities in Danish forests are repi>rteil.

Azotobacter was found in only two of the soils, both of which showed marked
alkalinity. In culture experiments in which the soil in question was substi-
tuted for calcium carbonate in Beijerinck's solution positive results were ob-
tained in 32 out of 54 cases. " In several cases the dry leaves fallen to the

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 815

ground were examined for Azotobacter, but always with negative results. In
the cases in which it was looked for in arable soils in the immediate vicinity
of woods whose soil did not contain any species of Azotobacter its presence
was easily demonstrated, but the species was always A. chroococcum."

The following general conclusions are drawn : "Azotobacter is only excep-
tionally present in Danish forest soils. In some localities in which the soil
contains much calcium carbonate A. heijerinckii and A. vitreum are present.
Consequently, for the supply of nitrogen to the forest soils of Denmark some
other micro-organisms, probably lower fungi, must be of importance. . . . The
culture of Azotobacter in Beijerinck's nutritive solution in which the lime is
replaced by 5 gra. of the soil to be studied is a rapid and easy way of showing
if a woodland to be regenerated requires lime or not since the calcium com-
pounds that favor the development of Azotobacter iii such cultures seem to
be the same which facilitate the development of those organisms which lead
to the production and conservation of a good mold and favor the development
of forest trees, especially of beeches."

A report along similar lines by Christensen is noted above.

The nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing' soil bacteria and their importance in
natural economy, M. DtiGGEU (Naturw. Wchnschr., 30 (1915), No. Jf2, pp. 651-
66Ii). — Tlie author discusses the physiology and activity of the nonsymbiotic
nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, with special reference to their relation to soil
fertility.

The fixation of potash by soil bacteria, S. Kyropottlos {Ztschr. Gdrungs-
physiol., 5 {1915), No. 3, pp. 161-166; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Ag7\ [Rome'], Mo.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 10, pp. 1306, iSOr).— Studies
of the potash-fixing powers of soil bacteria in soil and solution cultures,
using cane sugar as the nutritive medium in soil and the Beijerinck nutritive
solution, showed, with different potash additions, no analytical proof of the
assimilation of any considerable amounts of potash by bacteria.

The antizymotic action of a harmful soil constituent: Salicylic aldehyde
and mannite, J. J. Skinneb (Pla7it World, 18 (1915), No. 6, pp. 162-161).—
Experiments with wheat in distilled water and in nutrient solution cultures
to determine the influence on the crop growth of mannite alone and in com-
bination with salicylic aldehyde are reported. Mannite was used alone in con-
centrations varying from 10 to 200 parts per million in distilled water, and in
a concentration of 100 parts per million in nutrient solution. In the distilled
water cultures *' growth in some of the mannite concentrations was about equal
to that in pure distilled water. Some of the cultures produced larger growth
and others made less growth than in distilled water." It was further found
that " the mannite in the nutrient solutions containing all three of the nutrient
elements underwent decomposition, there was a formation of nitrites and
ammonia, and consequently the decomposition caused poor plant growth. The
solution in which there was no phosphate was not a good medium for the devel-
opment of bacteria, consequently there was no decomposition of the mannite.
Mannite as such does not seem to be harmful to wheat seedlings, and when
decomposition does not take place the material would seem to be used by the
plants and an increased growth results."

In further wheat-culture experiments in nutritive solution to which mannite
was added in amounts of 100 parts per million and salicylic aldehyde in
amounts of from 1 to 100 parts per million, it was found that " nitrites and
ammonia formed in the duplicate mannite solutions and in those solutions
which contained mannite together with 1, 5, and 10 parts per million of sali-
cylic aldehyde. In the solutions which had no plants 25 parts per million and

816 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

more of salicylic aldehj-de prevented any decomposition in the solution. In the
solutions with plants it required as much as 50 parts per million of salicylic
aldehyde in the mannite solutions to prevent decomposition. ... In every
case 25 to 50 parts per million of salicylic aldehyde in nutrient solution with
mannite prevented any bacterial action."

Salicylic aldehyde was harmful to the growth of plants as well as to bacterial
life.

Th.e importance of soil colloids for agriculture and forestry, P. Rohland
{Forstw. Centbl, n. ser., 37 {1915), Nos. 6, pp. 257-263; JO, pp. 455-460).— An
additional contribution to the subject is given, covering practically the same
ground as previous articles (E. S. R., 34, p. 18).

Colloidal clay, P. Ehrenberg and G. Given (Kolloid Ztsclir., 17 {1915), No.
2, pp. 33-37) . — After a brief review of the work of others bearing on the subject,
experiments with a highly plastic clay are reported, the results are taken to
indicate that the colloids of clay exhibit all the general characteristics of
emulsoids.

Moisture relations of some Texas soils, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. 183
{1915), pp. 36, figs. 6). — Two years' studies supplementing experiments pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. G19) on the moisture content of clay, black clay,
loam, sand, clay loam, and black clay loam soils under different conditions and
fertility treatments are reported. Curves are given showing the moisture
content of the soils at different iieriods and the relation of the moisture to the
rainfall.

It was found that the average quantity of water in soils after continued
rains was 58 per cent of the water capacit)' measured in the laboratory, and
the maximum quantity was G9 per cent. " The .soils retained when saturated
to a depth of 14 in. enough water for from 12.6 to 19.1 bu. of corn, or from 156
to 234 lbs. of lint cotton. The crop draws upon a greater depth of soil for
moisture, but there are also great losses due to evaporation."

Both cultivation and manuring increased the quantity of water held at the
ends of the wet periods. The soils retained at the ends of the dry periods, on
an average of the two years, 44 per cent of the water capacity measured in the
laboratory. The lowest quantities reachetl in 1911 were from 33 to 46 per cent
of the water capacity; in 1912, from 21 to 41 per cent. Cultivation and
manuring increased the water content of the soils at the ends of the dry periods
and decreased the loss by evaporation. There was a variation of about 50
per cent in the capacity of the various soils to hold water during wot periods
and to retain water during dry periods.

Absorptive power of soils of Mauritius, P. de Sornay {Dept. Agr. Mau-
ritius, i>ci. Set:, Bui. 1 {1915) [English Ed."], pp. 18; ahs. in Internet. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 10, pp. ISOS,
130/i). — Two series of experiments with representative soils taken from dilTerent
parts of the island of Slauritius are reported, the purpose of which was to
determine their ab.sorptivo powers for ammonium sulphate, potassium nitrate,
potassium sulphate, sodium nitrate, and calcium superphosphate. The first
series consisted of percolation and the second of leaching experiments. Pre-
liminary experiments showed that these soils when saturated contained an
average of about 40 per cent of water, and that their average moisture content
to a depth of 1 ft. was about 19 per cent.

The results of the main experiments led to the conclusion that the absorption
of free or alkaline bases always takes place and that its intensity varies ac-
cording to tlie nature of the soil. " In Mauritian soils this absorption of bases
is particularly high when the conditions of experiments represent as nearly as

SOILS — FERTILIZEES. 817

possible those of practice ; and it may be said that the soil will give back, but
with great diflieulty and only after very heavy rainfalls, the ammonia and the
potasli retained. So long as rain falls slowly enough to prevent washing the
soil will absorb high quantities of water which will be stored in the soil and
subsoil, the latter remaining the reservoir of the cultivated soil. Tlie soluble
salts which are carried away will not be lost for plant growth. Surface ten-
sion and capillarity will bring them back to the surface. If rainfalls are
heavy and compress the surface of the soil, washing will begin and a certain
amount of cultivated soil w'ill be carried away, together with the manure it
contains."

The adsorption of potassiiim by the soil, A. G. McCall, F. M. Hildebrandt,
and E. S. Johnston {Jour. Phijs. Chem., 20 (1916), No. 1, pp. 51-G3, figs. S).—
A resume of literature bearing on the subject is given, and experiments with a
sandy loam soil in its natural state and with the same soil when ground for
four days in a porcelain-lined ball mill are reported. The object was to deter-
mine the amount of potassium absorbed from percolating solutions of potassium
chlorid containing 62 and 78 parts per million of potassium. Tlie flow of the
solutions during percolation was maintained at the rate of about 50 cc. in ten
minutes.

With the natural soil and the w^eaker salt solution, it was found " that the
first ten-minute contact of the solution with the soil reduced its concentration
from 62 parts per million to 40 parts per million. At the end of the second
ten-minute period the strength of the solution is further reduced to 36 parts
per million, but from this point the concentration of the solution rises until the
fifth and last fraction is reached, when the concentration is within three parts
per million of the concentration of the original solution. The amount of potas-
sium retained by the soil rises gradually to 233 parts per milliou of the dry
soil when 250 cc. of solution have passed through."

With the finely pulverized soil and the stronger salt solution, it was found
" that the amount of potassium in the solution has been increased instead of
decreased by its contact with the soil." This is explained in part on the basis
that the soil gave up some of its potassium to the percolating solution, and in
part on the basis of selective adsorption "in which the solvent (water) is
adsorbed more rapidly than the dissolved potassium salt, with the result that
the percolate is more concentrated than the original solution."

The absorption of the ultraviolet and infra-red rays by arable soil, J. F.
Teistan and G. Michaud {Arch. ScL Phys. et Nat. [Geneva], 4. ser., 39 {1915),
No. 3, pp. 270-273, figs. 2; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Ro'ine], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 6, pp. 796, 797; Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53
{1915), l-II, No. 16, p. 376; Sci. Abs., Sect. A-Pliys., 18 {1915), No. 8, p. 4OI;
U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), No. 10, pp. 510, 511; Chem. Zentbl, 1915, I,
No. 23, p. 1222). — Experiments on the absorbing power of calcareous, sandy,
clayey, and humus soils, when di"y and when damp, for the two invisible ends
of the solar spectrum are reported, in which the photographic method w^as
employed. The ultraviolet rays were isolated by filtering sunlight through a
quartz lens covered with a very thin film of silver. A Wood filter was used
for the separation of the infra-red rays.

It was found " that infra-red light is much less absorbed by damp soil of
all four types than by dry and that the soils absorb these rays in the following
ascending order : Calcareous, clayey, sandy, and humus. The ultraviolet light
also is less absorbed by damp than by dry calcareous soil, but the difference
is less for sandy soil and becomes imperceptible in the case of Imnuis and clayey
soils. The intensity of absoi-ption is least in the case of calcareous soil, which

818 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

is followed by sandy soil, while it is greater for humus and clayey soils. The
difference of behavior toward the rays of the two invisible ends of the spectrum
is greatest in dry clayey soil. While this absorbs ultraviolet light very readily,
it absorbs very little infra-x'ed light."

Soil temperatures, J. W. Leather (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, C'hem. Scr., 4
{1915), Ko. 2, pp. 19-84, pis. 8, figs. 7). — Two years' observations on the
temperature of cropped and fallow alluvial soils at Pusa containing a high
proportion of calcium carbonate are reported. The temperatures were taken
by means of self-registering thermometers placed horizontally in the undis-
turbed soil at depths of 1, 2, 3, G, 9, 12, 18, and 24 in.

It was found that the temperature of the surface soil varied naturally with
the hour of the day and with the season, the seasonal variations being mini-
mum in .January and maximum in May. In bare fallow soil " the diurnal
change of temperature extends to between 12 and 24 in. from the surface on
most days in the year. At 12 in. it amounts to about 1° C. but at 24 in. it is
doubtful whether it ever exceeds 0.1° in Bihar and probably does not exceed
0.2° in any part of India.

" There is a fairly close correspondence between the temperature of bare
fallow soil at 1 in. from the surface and that of the air in the shade. Ap-
proximately the soil minimum at this depth is about 2° higher than the air
minimum, and the soil maximum is about 3° higher than the air maximum.
There is also a similarly close relation between the diurnal change of tem-
perature in the soil (bare fallow) at 1 in. from the surface and in the air
(shade), the diurnal change being about 1.5° greater in the soil at this depth
than in the air. This diurnal change is least during the monsoon and great-
est during the dry season. At the former season (June to September) it isnbout
10° in the soil (bare fallow) at 1 in. deep, and during the latter (in March
and April) it frequently approaches 20°.

"Tlie temperature of the soil near the surface (down to 3 or 4 in.) is above
the mean temperature for only about 8 hours daily, while it is below it for
about IG hours. Tlie lag in temperature is about 2 hours at 3 in. deep and
about 8 hours at IS in. from tlie surface. A diange in the specific heat of the
soil, due to change of moisture content, does not seem to affect the maxima or
minima ; but rainfalls during the dry season, causing a considerable change in
the anK>unt of water evaporating, have a marked effect. . . .

"The effect of a covering crop on the soil temperature is very marked, for it
both prevents the surface soil from rising to the temperature which fallow land
assumes and also modifies the diurnal change. Tluis while the temperature
of exposed soil at 1 in. deep rises to about 3° above that of the air, that of
cropped land is about 2° below it, and while the temperature of exposetl soil
at the surface rises to prol)id)ly some 20° above that of the air, the correspond-
ing figure for cropped land is only some 2 or 3° even in March, while in the
rains it is actually lower than that of the air. Also in respect of diurnal
change, at 1 in. deep, while exposed soil suffers a change of some 20° in March,
that of cropped land is only about 13° at the same depth, and during the mon-
soon, while exposed soil suffers a diurnal change of some 10° at 1 In. deep,
that of cropped land is only about 3 to 4°."

Droughts, rainfall, and soil erosion {Union So. Africa Senate, 4- Sess., 1.
Parliament, 1914, .June 19, pp. XII-\-55-\-XXVIII, pis. 2).— This is a report
of an investigation by a conunittee of the senate of the Union of South Africa
regarding the occurrence and variation of rainfall in South Africa, the causes
and extent of soil erosion, and the drying up of certain areas in the Union,
with suggestions of possible remedial measures.

SOILS — FERTILIZEES. 819

Among the general conclusions reached from this investigation are that
while the distribution of rainfall varies widely in different parts of the country
from year to year and month to month and in proportion to the distance from
the coast, tlie available evidence goes to show that there has been no definite
diminution in the total rainfall of South Africa during historic times. There
is, however, some evidence of cyclic or periodic variations. While denudation
of the forested and grassed areas has not appreciably affected the total rain-
fall, it has been an important factor in increasing soil erosion. Other important
factors are the making of roads, tracks, or paths, and the grazing of stock.
It is stated that the combined effect of these various agencies " has been
calamitous in the extreme."

T^ie conditions which favor soil erosion have also been responsible for the
drying up of the lands in certain parts of the country. Increased surface
run-off has been accompanied by less penetration of moisture into the soil, and
the formation of numerous gullies and drainage channels has resulted in the
lowering of the underground water. The evidence appeai'ed to be unanimous
and conclusive " that many parts of the Union, in spite of the apparent con-
stancy of the total amount of the rainfall, have been slowly but surely drying
up, the rate of desiccation varying with the differences of locality, soil, and
gradients ; and that such parts must sooner or later become useless and un-
inhabitable if the process proceeds unchecked."

Among the remedial measures proposed are conservation of water by means
of dams and irrigation works, encouragement of fencing, the increase of vege-
tation, control of veld burning, afforestation and reseeding to grass, and more
attention to drainage in the construction of roads and railways.

The pTsvention. and control of erosion in North Carolina, with special
reference to terracing', F. R. Baker {North Carolina Sta, Bui. 236 (1916), pp.
27, figs. 25). — This bulletin, prepared in cooperation with this Department,
states that the area in which soil erosion is especially active in North Carolina
is almost wholly within the Piedmont region, but that a considerable amount
of the western Coastal Plain is subject to erosion, the whole area so affected
covering over 10,000,000' acres. Methods discussed for the prevention of erosion
are (1) proper cultivation, (2) tile drainage, (3) hillside ditches, and (4) ter-
racing. The falling and level terraces are given the most attention.

" Of the two terraces the broad, level terrace is more ideal, but its use
is limited to soils in good physical condition. The falling terrace can be more
generally used and is probably best adapted to the conditions found generally
in North Carolina. The fall of the terrace varies with the state of cultivation
between 6 in. in 100 ft. and a dead level. The level terraces should be spaced
three or four feet apart (vertical distance) ; and the falling terraces four or
five feet apart (vertical distance). A broad mound should be maintained
whether a level or fa^iiing terrace is used."

Useful accessories, including levels and terrace drags, are also described.

The increase of the ecolog'ical value of light soils by intermixing clay
(Betonung-), C. Schneider (FiihUng's Landio. Ztg., 64 {1915), No 13-14, PP-
352-366). — The author enumerates and discusses the factors influencing the
ecological value of a soil, and, considering light sandy soils and heavy clay
soils as representing practically the limits of soil texture, points out how a
proper mixture of clay or clay soil with a light soil will indirectly increase the
ecological value of the latter by favorably influencing the factors mentioned
and resulting in a normal soil. A general classification of soils on the basis of
their content of sand and clay is given, and the relations between the different
classes and normal soils for different crops is discussed.

820 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

The use of dynamite in the improvement of heavy clay soils, L. E. Call
and R. I. Theockmorton (Kansas Sta. Bui. 209 (1915), pp. 3Jf, figs. 8). — A series
of experiments to determine the effect of dynamiting on tlie j'ield of different
field crops, on the physical condition, moisture and bacterial content, and
nitrifying powers of the soil, on the leaching of salts in alkali soil, and on the
growth and vitality of fruit trees is reported. From one-half to one stick of
dynamite was placed from 2i to 3 ft. deep and from 15 to 20 ft. apart. AVhile
some benefits from dynamiting were observed in some cases, it was found that
" in no instance was there improvement sufficient to pay the expense of
dynamiting." The authors conclude that " heavy plastic clay soils will seldom,
if ever, be found dry enough under field conditions in humid climates to be
shattered or cracked by explosions of dynamite, and that the physical condition
of such soils will usually be injured rather than benefited by dynamiting."

The box method of testing manurial requirem^ents of soils, G. de S.
Baylis (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 11 (1915), No. 2, pp. 97-105, figs. 5).— A box
culture method for testing the value of different fertilizer mixtures and for
determining incidentally the factor or factors limiting the productiveness of a
soil is described.

Liquid manure (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Imtr. Ireland Jour., 16 (1915), No. 1,
pp. 26-32. pi. 1, figs. 3). — Experiments on hay lands to determine the value of
liquid manure applied at the rate of 16 tons per acre, as compared with barn-
yard manure applied at the same rate, and a complete artificial mixed fertilizer
applied at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre, showed that the three manures pro-
duced very similar result.*?, but on the average slightly in favor of the li«iuid
manure. Methods of collection, storage, and distribution of liquid manure are
briefly described.

The action of the nitrogen of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and
lime nitrogen, S. Hebke (Ki^Mct Kihlcm., 18 (1915), No. 2, pp. 266-306).—
Ten years' pot-culture experiments with barley, mustard, oats, and popples on
different soils to determine the relative values of sodium nitrate, ammonium
sulphate, and lime nitrogen as sources of nitrogen are reported.

The kind of soil had a marked influence on the action of lime nitrogen. It had
the most favorable action on loam soils rich in lime and humus, where it
equaled ammonium sulphate in effectiveness. On sand soils rich in lime but poor
in humus and on loam soils rich in hunuis but poor in lime, the lime nitrogen had
a less favorable action than the other two fertilizers. Considering the effect of
sodium nitrate as 100, in the first case the effect of ammonium sulphate was 92
and of lime nitrogen 62, and in the second case that of ammonium sulphate was
84 and of lime nitrogen 61. Lime nitrogen was in general favorable to the
same plants as was ammonium sulphate, although its action was usually less
marked. The final average results with all the crops .-md all the soil types
showed that with sodium nitrate taken at 100, ammoniiBll lulphate stood at 91
and lime nitrogen at 70.

The relative action of the nitrogen of lime nitrogen and of sodium nitrate,
J. GyariAs (Kisfrlct. Kozlcm., 18 (1915), No. 2. pp. 307-125) .—Throi^ years'
field experiments comparing the fertilizing action of sodium nitrate and lime
nitrogen when used under winter rye, barley, and potatoes on meadow, and as
a top-dressing for winter-seeded crops, showed that on the average, taking the
effectiveness of sodium nitrate as 100, that of lime nitrogen was 66. No rela-
tion was observed between the kind of soil and the fertilizing action of lime
nitrogen, except that on an excessively damp, acid meadow soil the lime nitro-
gen had little effect and in some cases Mas injurious.

Cause of the red coloration sometimes observed on decomposing Thomas
slag with sulphuric acid, H. Dixz (Jour. Prakt. Chcm., n. scr., 91 (1915), No.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 821

12, pp. 501-520; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 {1015), No. 18, p. 912).—
Experiments are reported, the results of which are taken to indicate that the
red coloration given by certain kinds of Thomas slag when decomposed with
strong sulphuric acid is due to the presence of trivalent manganese, mainly in
the form of a mangani-phosphoric acid compound. The color was also given
by other kinds of basic slag to which potassium permanganate was added. By
properly varying the conditions of temperature and oxidation it was possible
to obtain, from the slag leaving the converter, a product giving a green-blue
or red coloration with sulphuric acid. The oxidation of manganous oxid iu
slag, ijt is thought, can be promoted under certain conditions by the presence
of free lime. It is considered probable that the proportion of ferrous oxid to
manganese in the slag also has an influence on the formation of a compound
giving a red coloration with sulphuric acid.

The pebble phosphates of Florida, E. H. Sellaeds {Fla. Oeol. Survey Ann.
Rpt., 7 (1914), pp. 25-116, pi. 1, figs. 5i).— This paper deals in detail with the
origin, location, and conditions of deposition of the land and river pebble de-
posits of Florida.

Possible sources of potash in America, F. K. Camekon {Jour. Franklin Inst,
180 (1915), No. 6, pp. 641-651; Amer. Fert., 44 (1916), No. 2, pp. 21-26; Sci.
Amcr. Sup., 81 (1916), No. 2089, pp. 34, 35).— This is a discussion of desert
basins, alunite, and kelp as possible sources of potash in America. It is con-
cluded that " there are within the United States large stores of raw materials
from which it is possible to obtain ample supplies of potash salts ; that the
technology of the subject is sufficiently developed to demonstrate the entire
practicability of a supply from native sources, so far as physical factors are
concerned."

Statistical potash fertilizer experiments in 1914, with special reference to
top-dressings and meadow fertilization, M. Hoffmann (Mitt. Deut. Lnndio.
Gescll., 30 (1915), No. 38, pp. 560-566). — A classified review of a number of ex-
periments along this line is given.

The importance of fineness of subdivision to the utility of cinished lime-
stone as a soil amendment, W. Thomas and W. Freak (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 12, pp. IO41, 1042).— Th^ substance of this article
has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 133).

The lime mag'nesia ratio in soil amendments, W. Thomas and W. Fbeab
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJiem., 7 (1915), No. 12, pp. IO42-IO44).— The sub-
stance of this article has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 133).

The effects of radio-active ores and residues on plant life, M. H. F. Sutton
(Reading, Eng.: Sutton tC- Sons, 1914, Bui. 6, pp. 15, figs. 4)- — Box and labora-
tory experiments, described previously in a brief note by Bastin (E. S. R., 33,
p. 123), to determine the influence of two radio-active ores containing, respec-
tively, 8 and 9 mg. of radium bromid per ton, of radium mine residue containing
the equivalent of 1.8 mg. of radium bromid per ton, and of black oxid of
uranium, on the growth of radishes, lettuce, peas, tall nastui'tiums, and flower-
ing annuals, and on the germination of red clover, smooth stalked meadow
grass, and rape, are reported in detail. The radio-active ores were added to
the vegetables at rates of from 1 part of ore to 12 parts of soil, to 1 part of
ore to 48 parts of soil, and to tall nasturtiums at rates of from 1 : 14 to 1 : 2,240
parts of soil. The radium residue was added to nasturtiums at the same rates
as the ore. Black oxid was added to the flowering annuals at the rate of 1
part to 2,000 parts of soil.

The results obtained " afford some evidence that radium emanations possess
the property of developing and increasing growth. Many of the radish, lettuce,

822 EXPEEIMEXT STATION KECOED.

and pea trials which were dressed with radio-active ore showed considerable
superiority over those grown in plain soil, but the cost of the ore far outweighed
the worth of the la-ger crop. . . .

" No material difference in results was apparent between the trials with ore
incorporated with the soil and those with ore placed at the bottom of the
boxes or pots. The quantity and degree of radio-active material to insure the
best return can not be definitely stated, but it would appear that a light dressing
is likely to give as good results as a larger amount. In the trials with rape
seed, the influence of the radio-active material in accelerating germination was
most consistent in all the tests, but it was evident that a very small quantity
of low-grade residue proved as effective as a considerable amount of ore con-
taining a much larger proportion of radium."

In the laboratory germination tests " there is no indication that better results
are obtainable with ore possessing considerable radio-activity than with residue
of low value, nor have these trials generally proved superior to the ' controls.' "

The influence of radio-active earth, on plant growth and crop production,
H. H. KvsBY (Radium, 4 {1915), Nos. 4, pp. 68-74, 5, pp. i)4-104).—The sub-
stance of. this article has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R.,
33, p. 123).

Some chemical aspects of the peat problem, G. T. Morgan {Dcpt. Agr. and
Tech. Imtr. Ireland Jour., 16 (I'Jl.j), Xo. 1, pp. 39-46, pis. 4).— This article
deals with the products of the peat industry, referring in particular to the
production of ammonium sulphate and peat ash as fertilizers.

Conunercial fertilizers, H. E. Curtis and W. Rodes (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 196
(1915), pp. 239-371). — This bulletin contains the results of analyses and esti-
mated valuations of 734 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered
for sale in Kentucky during 191.5.

" The results of these analyses .sliow that in most cases the samples analyzed
have come fully up to the guaranty, or where there is a slight deficiency in one
ingredient, it has been made up by an excess in one or botli of the other
ingredients. In a few instances, the deficiency in one ingredient, while fully
made up by an excess of the other Ingredients, is still too large to be considered
acceptable."

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity. F. F. Blackman et al.
(Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. t<ci., 84 (1914), pp. J45-247 ) .—This is a report
on work being conducted by Edith R. Saunders, R. P. Gregory, and Miss A.
Gairdner.

In the study of half-hoariness in stocks and its relations to the glabrous and
lioary forms a new half-hoary race has been obtainetl, which is being employed
in a new series of experiments. Progress is reported in the further study of
gametic coupling.

It has been found that the double-flowered plants, at least in some strains,
make a more rapid and vigorous growth than the singles.

A beginning has been made in the work of obtaining a complete series of
types of known factorial constitution for use in further study of the inter-
relations between the factors determining hoariness and sap color.

Experiments investigating the cytologj' and genetics of certain giant races
of Primula sinensis found to be in tetraploid condition have given results which
are summarized in the statement that retluplication of the chromosomes is
accompanied by a reduplication of the .series of factors.

The investigations of Gregory on inheritance of green, variegated, and yel-
low leaves in Primula have been noted previously (E. S. R., 34, p. 226).

AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 823

Heredity and mutation as cell phenomena, R. R. Gates (Amer. Jour. Bot.,

2 (1915), No. 10, pp. 519-528). — This is a discussion of several characters and
their inheritance in certain CEnotheras, based upon the conceptions which the
author favors of variation and inheritance, namely, the process by which
new differences arise and the process by which they are perpetuated.

Not only do parallel mutations occur independently in species widely apart,
but wide differences are found in the types of change which give rise to
them. » Emphasis is laid on the statement that each mutation is the result
of a cell change which is repeated in every part of the organism, having orig-
inated in the fertilized egg. A mutant is such because not only germ cells
but somatic cells contain a certain peculiarity. It is thought that a female
animal, like a mutant, is somatically distinguished by a different chromosome
content in all its tissues and that many important implications lie in this fact.

The CE. ruhricalyx character is considered an example of a mutation funda-
mentally chemical, though the precise nature of the change by which it is
produced is as yet unknown. It is thought probable that (E. rubricalyx is also
a cell mutation, the nuclei in all parts containing a descendant of the original
changed chromosome. Parallels to this mutation are found in such plants
as the copper beech and the red sunflower, which belong to widely separated
groups.

Genetical studies on Oxalis, S. Nohara (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo,
6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 165-182, pi. 1). — The results are given of a study of several
forms of Oxalis growing in Tokyo and its vicinity. A number of these forms,
which are characterized by differences in flower and leaf color, were grown
as pedigreed plants and used in crossing experiments.

As a result of the culture work some of these forms were found to be dis-
tinct biotypes. In the materials employed the presence or absence of purple
In the corolla and leaves was used as a distinctive character. This color
is said to be due to the presence of a purple cell sap. Four of the five pedigreed
cultures were found to be pure types, while one split into forms of the pure
types upon self-fertilization. In the hybrids the presence of a factor or factors
of purple color was found dominant over the absence of the same. An Fi
generation was found intermediate in color intensity between its parents. The
two reciprocals of any of the hybrids were found to be of exactly the same
nature so far as the author's investigations are given.

Self-pollination and the possibility of artificial cross-polHnation in rice,
R. Fabneti (Atti 1st. Bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2. scr., 12 (1915), pp. 351-362, pi. 1). —
The author has studied the possibility of accomplishing artificial fertilization
in rice. It was found that with sufficient skill and patience this could be
brought about at the proper stage by introducing a fine instrument through the
minute opening at the points of the glumes. It was, however, difficult to avoid
causing self-fertilization or injury resulting in sterility.

The nature of peloria in flowers, M. J. Sibks (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u.
Tcrerhungslehre, 14 (1915), No. 2, pp. 71-79). — The author, giving results of his
own studies, holds with Vochting (E. S. R., 9, p. 1027) that peloria is due, not
to external conditions primarily, but to the operation of causes which are in-
terior to the plant itself and bound up with the constitution of the species. In
the cases studied, peloria and fasciation appear to be the results of independent
processes. A bibliography is given.

The nature of peloria, M. J. Sikks (Arch. N6erland. Sci. Exact, et Nat., Ser.

3 B,2 (1915), No. 2, pp. 239-283, flgs. 3).— This is a more extended presentation
of the material above reported, with a discussion of heredity and of external
influences as related to peloria.

41852°— No. 9—16 3

824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Recent studies on the formation of flower coloring materials, Elisabeth
ScHiEiiANN {Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Yererhungslehre, 14 {1915), No. 2,
pp. 80-96). — This is a brief discussion of the results of studies reported during
1902 to 1914 by a number of authors listed with their contributions. The
material, which is regarded from the standpoint of Mendelian splitting, Is dis-
cussed under the main heads of the glucosid-splitting enzym, the oxidases, the
limiting factor, and the chromogens.

The relation between veg'etative vigor and reproduction in some Sapro-
legniaceae, A. J. Pieters (Amer. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 10, pp. 520^76, figs.
2). — The author, reporting a study of S. fcrax, S. monoica, Achlya raccmosa,
and A. prolifera, states that there is no constant relation between vegetative
growth and sexual reproduction when the concentration of the food supply
exceeds the minimum requirement of the species therefor. This is not far
from 0.1 per cent of peptone for the production of both sporangia and oogonla.

Tendencies developed by a mycelium while growing vegetatively may affect
the number and character of the reproductive organs produced later under
different conditions. Maltose and levulose are especially favorable among the
carbohydrates u.sed as regards vegetative growth, and the latter has an especial
value for the production of oogonia. Sucrose is probably not usetl by species
of Saprolegnia or of Achlya unless it is first inverted by some other agency.
Phosphates tend to increase the reproductive capacity of the fungus.

The achievement of comparable results requires the use of a medium of
definite and known composition.

A bibliography is given.

On the influence of nutrition upon the development of sexual organs in
the fern prothallia, I. Nagai (.four. Col. A(jr. Imp. I'nii: Tokyo. 6 (1915), No.
2, pp. 121-l()Jf, pi. 1, figs. 7). — On account of recent investigations showing the
effect of nutrition on the development of sex in plants, the author made a study
of the inlUience of nutrition on the development of sexual organs in the game-
tophytes of Osmunda rcfjaU.^ jnponica and Asplcnium nidux.

The prothallia were grown from .spores in Knop's solution, and it was found
that the development of antherldia and archegonia was dependent upon the
concentration of the solution in which they were grown. The prothallia of
O. rcffalis jnponica grown in solutions which lacked calcium and magnesium
salts wore almost completely sterile. Starch was found to accumulate abnor-
mally in the chlorophyll bodies of prothallia of Osmunda which were grown
under a nitrogen-hungry condition, but a normal condition was soon restore<l
if weak solutions of ammonium salts and nitrates were supplied.

Relation of moisture to seed production in alfalfa, J. N. Martin (loxca
Sta. Research Bui. 23 (1915), pp. 302-324, figs. 2).—\ report Is given of in-
vestigations conducted to determine the cause of the frequent failure of alfalfa
to produce seed in Iowa.

As a result of laboratory and other experiments, it was determined that
the proper functioning of alfalfa pollen is the limiting factor In seed produc-
tion. For the germination of the pollen, a proper supply of water Is required,
and a certain ratio between the moisture delivere<l by the stigma and the
moisture of the air was found necessary. When the optimum supply of soil
and atmospheric moisture Is present, an Increase In .soil moisture resulting
In an increased moisture delivery of the stigma, or a change in the atmospheric
moisture disturbs the supply for pollen germination and prevents fertilization.
The blasting of seed is said to be commonly due to arreste<l development, and
this may be brought about by inability on the part of the plant to furnish the
proper water and food supply, or It may be due to pathological conditions to
which the seed is susceptible under drought conditions.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 825

The presence and physiological significance of tannin in plants, C. van
WissELiNGH (Bot. Ccntbl, Beihefte, 32 (1915), 1. Abt, No. 2, pp. 155-217, pis.
2). — The author describes researches carried on by himself with Spirogyra
maxima as regards tannin. It is claimed that this plant contains a substance
closely allied to gallotannin in the cell sap, and that the precipitate obtained
by the use of certain bases Is a tannin and not a nitrogen product. Antipyrin
and caffein have proved to be well adapted to the demonstration of tannin in
living cells without injury thereto.

It is thought that in case of S. maxima the tanin present in the cell sap
is not an excretion product or a reserve material, but a solute in process
of utilization by the plant along with other dissolved substances.

Correlations appear to exist between tannin and other bodies, as chromato-
phores and starches.

Elaioplasts in monocotyledons and dicotyledons, I. Politis (Atti 1st. Bot.
R. Utiii-. Pa via, 2. scr., 12 {1915), pp. 345-SoO). — The author claims to have
found elaioplasts in 27 species representing 19 genera of monocotyledons,
and in the Malvacete among the dicotyledons. They are to be regarded
as the specific organs of the cell which are concerned with the elaboration of
oily material. Elaioplasts are regarded as fundamentally similar in substance
to the nucleoli. In bulbs, it is stated, new elaioplasts are formed with each
resumption of vegetative activity.

The electrical conductivity of sap in vegetable tissues, Eva Mameu (Atti
1st. Bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2. set:, 12 {1915), pp. 285-297).— The author shows
that successive degrees of torsion or pressure to which the tissues of Opuntia
ficiis indica and of Agave americana were subjected gave corresponding in-
crea.ses in the conductivity of the expressed sap.

In case of Diotostemon hookcri. Aloe grandidcntata, and A. africana, per-
mitted to dry slowly at from 16 to 20° C, the specific conductivity diminished
at first, but later increased. In case of the last two of these and of A. striata,
it appears that the specific conductivity decreases with the age of the organs.

In O. flciis indica and Agave sp., the specific conductivity of leaf tissue from
the basal region exceeded that from the apical portions.

Studies on wilting, drying, and returgescence of plants, H. Holle {Flora
[Jena}, n. ser., 8 {1915), No. 1-3, pp. 73-126, figs. 6).— The author has studied
various plants as to the conditions in the vascular elements in wilting or drying
shoots, the changes in living parenchyma cells while drying out, the relations
of air to drying cells, and the restoration of turgor, including the influence of
temperature in this connection. He has also considered some implications of
water movement theories.

It is stated that in the neighborhood of wounds the concentrating cell sap
withdraws water from the uninjured cells. The cell membranes shrink with
the diminution of the cell contents. The shrinking of the cell wall is noted
in dead as well as in live cells. Small, gas-filled spaces may appear in the
parenchyma cells as they dry, but they do not restore the form of the crinkled
cell membrane. Thin walled parenchyma cells show no such bubbles, being
squeezed together in a compact mass. While dead cells are losing their water,
cohesion tensions are set up of various degrees of intensity before the gas
bubbles appear. Penetration of membranes by air in case of pressures of one
atmosphere or less does not occur so long as the cell is filled with water.
Restoration of turgor in detached shoots occurs in warm water somewhat more
quickly than in cold, within certain limits of resistance of the cut surface.

A bibliography is appended.

Some relations of plants to distilled water and certain dilute toxic solu-
tions, M. C. Meebill {Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 2 {1915), No. 3, pp. 459-506,

826 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.

pis. Jf, figs. 4; Amer. Jour. Pharm., 87 {1915), No. 12, pp. 549-555; 88 (1916),
Nos. 1, pp. 12-22; 2, pp. 71-82, figs. 3; 4, pp. 156-164, fig. i).— Briefly reviewing
related contributions, tlie author outlines his own work with Pisum sativum
and Vicia faba.

Renewing the distilled water every four days increased the growth of the
top and roots, lengthened the life of the plants, and continued growth longer
after they were placed in a full nutrient solution. The period between 5 and
10 days in distilled water appears to be a critical one for these plants as
regards complete recovery in a full nutrient solution. Sterilizing the distilled
water every four days by boiling for i hour favored continued growth. Greater
total exosmosis was obtained in the renewed than in the unrenewed distilled
water.

Normal plants grown for some time in a full nutrient medium and then
transferred to distilled water exhibited at first greater excretion than absorp-
tion of electrolytes, but after a day or two absorption was in excess and con-
ductivity declined, sometimes for a considerable period of time. The conduc-
tivity curve of the full nutrient solution fell for about the first 15 days of
growth therein to a horizontal which was maintained for about 50 days. The
growth curve was in general opposite to that of conductivity. Exceptional
features are also noted. Greater deterioration of the roots in distilled water
occurred if the plants had not previously l)een grown in full nutrient solution.

The conclusion is thought to be justified that pure distilled water is not of
itself toxic or injurious to plants, and that various other factors must aid in
causing the deterioration observed in this connection. The author inclines to
the view that, while exosmosis of food materials or nutrient salts is not
responsible for the injury observetl, the question of food relations does play
an important part in the incipiency of the trouble, this being quickly followed
by factors initiated as a result of the inimical food or nutrient relation. It Is
thought possible that in the absence of available food the tissues of the plant
begin to disorganize and thus fall a ready prey to fungus and bacterial action,
which continues and extends the injurious effects.

A bibliography i.s given.

Electrolytic determination of exosmosis from the roots of plants subjected
to the o.ction of various ag'ents, M. C. Mkkkii,i, (Ann. Mis.'<ouii Bot. Gard., 2
(191t), No. S, pp. 507-572, figs. 18). — In this paper are given the results of
studies on the effects of agencies wliich are considered as actively injurious, as
distinguished from the operation of the agencies considered in the paper above
noted. An attempt wjxs also made to determine the approximate boundary
between normal and abnormal exosmosis.

It was found that pea seedlings grew better in distilled water in which
exosmosis from previously treated plants of the first crop had occurred than
in fresh distilled water or in that in which untreate<l plants had been grown.
Peas or horse beans grew better in fresh distilled water than in distilled
water in which seedlings had already grown for 21 days.

Abundant exosmosis may occur from treated plants, the roots remaining
normal in appearance. Anesthetic vapors cause markwl exosmosis after long
exposure, the order of greatest effectiveness being chloroform, illuminating
gas, and ether. The time limits for the exposure to extremes of temperature
in relation to exosmosis were determined, and comparison was made between
the effect of dry and that of moist heat. The exosmosis curves were found for
various organic compounds, which, at the concentrations used, produced marked
excretion, and the effects of salts, singly and in pairs and with anesthetics in
solution, were ascertained. Antagonistic relations were not discovered in the
course of this work.

FIELD CROPS. 827

The effects of heat and cold are considered as resulting in a complete or in-
cipient disorganization of the cell, depending upon the duration of exposure
and a consequent escape of some of the contents. The observations here re-
corded are not considered to substantiate the view that anesthesia is a reversi-
ble process, the excretion process induced by an anesthetic conforming in every
way to an irreversible chemical reaction. It is further believed that the results
obtained by antagonistic pairs of salts and by single salts are also to be
explained, as far as resulting exosmosis is concerned, in the specificity of the
action of each.

A bibliography is appended.

The question of the toxicity of distilled water, R. P. Hibbard (Amer. Jour.
Bot., 2 {1915), No. 8, pp. 389-^01). — The author refers to articles by Livingston,
Hoyt, and True, respectively (E. S. R., 19, p. 13; 31, pp. 32, 730) as affording
a complete summary of the work done in the past on the toxic effects of dis-
tilled water. This is said to have been about equally divided between animal
and plant physiologists. He then details his own investigations, employing as
indicators the roots of Lvpinns albiis and relating first to the problem of ad-
justment and second to that of toxic root excretions.

It is held that by some process of acclimatization or adjustment, lupine
seedlings give better growth in distilled water if change to that medium from
tap water is made gradually rather than suddenly, and that this fact should
never be neglected in cultural work. It appears also that roots of lupine seed-
lings excrete a substance that inhibits growth therein and produces also ab-
normalities of development as regards form and direction. It is thought that
the harmfulness of distilled water may be considered as due, not to any one
predominant factor, but to a resultant of many, consisting of a disturbance of
the normal equilibrium of the various chemical and physical interactions
within the organism and between it and its environment.

Plant records of an expedition to Lower California, E. A. Goldman {U. S.
Nat. Mus., Contrib. Nat. Herbarium, 16 (1916), pt. U, pp. S09-Stl+XIII, pis.
31). — A list is given of plants collected in Lower California in 1905 and 1906,
along with notes on distribution and descriptive, ecological, and economic data.
The work includes descriptions of three new species of oak, Quercus brandegei,
Q. idoiiea, and Q. devia.

New or noteworthy plants from Colombia and Central America, V, H.
PiTTiEE {U. 8. Nat. Mils., Contrih. Nat. Herbarium, 18 {1916), pt. ^, pp. 143-
lll-\-IX, pis. 24, figs. 10). — The author describes a number of trees and shrubs
of Central America and northern South America which were hitherto imper-
fectly known or not described.

FIELD CROPS.

Moisture content and shrinkage of f orag-e and the relation of these factors
to the accuracy of experimental data, H. N. Vinall and R. McKee {V. S.
Depf. Agr. Bui. 353 {1916), pp. 37). — This bulletin is a report on a series of ex-
periments made during 1914 to secure data on which to base a sampling sys-
tem giving greater accuracy to field tests in forage experiments. The plan
consists essentially in taking small samples at the time of weighing field-cured
or green material for use in determining the moisture content of the material
and applying the data in reducing the yield either to an air-dry or to a dry-
matter basis.

In the experiments described the efficiency of correcting ordinary green and
field-cured forage weights with 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16 lb. samples was determined
with a number of crops at different points. Of ordinary field-cured forage 100
lbs. was taken from the shock or windrow and 500 lbs. of green forage was

828

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

taken immediately after cutting and placed on a canvas to prevent loss of
weight other than moisture. When this forage had become sufficiently dry
the lots were placed in burlap bags and kept in an open shelter until they
ceased to lose weight. Composite samples of 2, 4, 6, and 8 lbs. of field-cured
forage, part from the outside and part from the inside of shocks, were secured
at the same time and from the same material as the 100-lb. lots before men-
tioned and allowed to become perfectly air-dry. Samples 4, 8, 12, and 16 lbs.
in size of green forage were taken immediately after cutting and were treated
similarly. Samples were replicated five or six times to check the variation due
to sampling. All samples were taken at the stage of maturity generally recog-
nized as the proper cutting time for each crop. The data secured are arranged
in tables and discussed.

The study of the use of samples in correcting forage yields indicated that
air-dried samples, while a little less accurate than oven-drietl samples, can be
relied upon for all practical purposes in correcting forage yields. Much
greater extremes were found in the samples of field-cured material than in the
samples of green material. It is believed that with the proper care in sam-
pling correction by means of samples can be accurately made from either
green or field-cured material. The percentage of moisture in different crops
when these are ordinarily harveste<l for forage was as follows: Alfalfa at
Chico, Cal., 75 to 78 per cent, average 7G.9 per cent ; alfalfa at Arlington Farm,
Va., 74 to 76.5 per cent, average 75.2 per cent ; tall oat-grass and orchard-grass
mixture at Arlington Farm, Va., 71 to 73 per cent, average 72 per cent;
timothy at New London, Ohio, when in full bloom, average 67.2 per cent;
sorghum at Amarillo, Tex., 70 to 73 per cent, average 71.2 per cent. The
average amount of moisture found in field-cured material was as follow.*? :
Alfalfa, 22.3 per cent; timothy, 20.3 per cent; tall oat-grass and orchard-grass
mixture, 29 per cent ; sorghum, 43.2 per cent. It is stated that the moisture
content of field-cured material varies so widely that it can not be foretold
with accuracy.

The following results were secured in the study of the relation of the mois-
ture content to the stage of development: Alfalfa at Chico. Cal., very young
(12 in. high), 7S.9 per cent; one-tenth in bloom, 77.1 per cent; full bloom,
74.6 per cent ; past full bloom, 73.4 per cent. Sorghum at Amarillo, Tex., very
young, 90.6 per cent ; shooting for heads, 87.1 per cent ; beginning to head,
84.8 per cent ; full bloom, 80.4 per cent ; seeil ripe, 75.3 per cent. The results
with sorghum at Hays, Kans., showed practically the same gradations as at
Amarillo, Tex. Timothy at New London, Ohio: Very young (10 to 12 in.
high), 77.5 per cent; ju.st heading, 76.6 per cent; early bloom, 71.4 per cent;
full bloom, 67.2 per cent ; leaves drying, 58.6 per cent ; seed mature, 51.2 per cent.

The results of a study of the rate of loss of moisture in forage during the early
stages of curing are shown in the following table:

ApproTimaie moiaturc losses in different crops during the first four hours

of cm tup.

Crop and location.

Moisture loss.

J hour.

1 hour.

2 hours.

3 hours.

i hours.

Per cent.

Alfalfa at Chico, Cal

Alfalfa at Arlington Farm.Va

Tall oat-grass and orchard grass at Arlington, Va.

Timothy at New London, Ohio

Sorghum at Hays, Kans

Percent.
17
14
12
10
5

Percent.
35
23
24
18
9

Percent.

Percent.
69
33
34
30
13

FIELD CROPS. 829

It was observed that the rate of loss of moisture after cutting differed in
different v'arieties of the same crop as well as in different crops. Arabian
alfalfa lost moisture faster than Peruvian or ordinary alfalfa in the first one
or two hours after cutting, but the total percentage of moisture was about the
same in the three varieties. A high percentage of leaf surface in alfalfa was
correlated with a rapid loss of moisture immediately after cutting, but it did
not indicate a high moisture content.

Studies of the shrinkage in hay after storing and variation of moisture
content due to changes in atmospheric humidity showed that at Chico, Cal.,
baled oat hay in 1914 lost 8.1 per cent in weight betwecMi June 1 and August 31,
and gained 5.9 per cent of the original weight from August 31, 1914, to Feb-
ruary 25, 1915. The results at this point indicated that even baled hay re-
sponds noticeably to changes in atmospheric humidity. Results secured at
New London, Ohio, with loose timothy indicate a shrinkage of 8.6 per cent
in one lot and 15.6 per cent in another lot when the hay was stored in a barn
for about three months. The effect of a week of rainy weather was indicated
by an increase of weight In the loose hay,

A method of correcting for soil heterogeneity in variety tests, F. M. Sub-
face and R. Pearl (U, 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916), No. 22,
pp. 1039-1049, figs. ^). — This article, from the Maine Experiment Station, pro-
poses a method for use in correcting for differences in the soil of different
plats, when the plats are arranged In a certain definite way.

The method involves in the first place the determination of the probable
yield by the contingency method. This calculated yield is taken as repre-
senting the most probable yield of each plat on the supposition that they have
all been planted with a hypothetical variety whose mean yield is the same
as the observed means of the field. This calculated yield is used as a basis
for determining a correction factor. If the calculated yield of a given plat
is above the mean of the field, it is regarded that the soil of this plat is
better than the average of the field and a corresponding amount is deducted
from the observed yield. If the calculated yield is below the average, a pro-
portional amount is added to the observed yield in order to make the plats
comparable. The results are considered still more comparable if the correction
factors are based upon the percentage of the mean rather than upon the
absolute figures. An application of the method upon experimental plats led
to results which are believed to represent the truth more nearly than do un-
corrected yields.

Colonial plants. — Textile plants, H. Jumelle (Les Cultures Coloniales.—
Plantes Textiles. Paris: J. B. Baillidre d Son, 1915, vol. 6, 2. ed., en-l., pp. 118,
figs. S3). — This is part 6 of the second revised edition of the author's work
(E. S. R., 33, p. 437), treating of kapok, cotton, coconut fiber, New Zealand
hemp, Sansevieria, abacS,, sisal hemp, agave, ramie, jute, hibiscus, and sann.

The curing' of blue-grass seeds as affecting their viability, H. Gakman
and E. C. Vaughn {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 198 {1916), pp. 27-39, i)ls. 5).— Germina-
tion tests of blue-grass seeds subjected to different temperatures in the process
of curing showed that seeds allowed to heat to 140° F. even for a short time
are worthless, and that the seeds should never be permitted to heat above 122°
F., as prolonged heating even at this temperature reduces the percentage of
germination.

To show the influence of handling on the quality of the seeds, the following
averages are given of germination percentages taken from records made in 1915 ;
12 tests of samples taken from bags at warehouses averaged 33.25 per cent;
18 samples from ricks at warehouses averaged 57.44 per cent; 12 samples from
ricks in barns averaged 56.2 per cent; 10 samples from ricks out-of-doors

830 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

averaged 69.3 per cent; and 8 tests of hand-stripped samples averaged 73.62
per cent.

Observations by the authors led to the conclusion that the seeds are best
when harvested in that locality from about June 15 to 20. Methods of harvest-
ing and curing are described with a view to getting cleaner seed and higher
viability.

Testing seed corn, C. G. Williams {Mo. BvL Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. S, p.
96). — The yields of corn for the years 1911-191.5, inclusive, in an experiment at
the Ohio Station averaged 54.49 bu. per acre from untested seed and 58.60 bu.
from tested seed. It is pointed out that this increase of 4.11 bu. per acre
at 50 cts. per bu. represents a return of .?6.85 an hour for the time spent in
testing.

The moisture content of 5 varieties of corn was determined early in November
in 1908, 1914, and 1915, the average being 19, 2G.6, and 33.5 per cent, respec-
tively. Attention is called to the high nu>isture content of the 1915 crop and
its relation to the percentage of germination.

Cotton experiments, 1915, II. B. Brown (^fis.'<ifisippi f^ta. Bui. 113 (1916),
pp. 1-27, 29, figs. 3). — This bulletin reports in part the results of cotton ex-
periments conducted in 1915 at the Mississippi Station and the Holly Springs
and Delta substations. Results of similar experiments have been previously
reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 734). Temperature and rainfall records presented
are regarded as showing practically no relation between cotton yields and
rainfall and temperature fluctuations during the growing season.

A test of 21 varieties or strains at the station indicated the general superi-
ority of Wanamaker-Cleveland, Cleveland Big Boll, and Ililler among the big
boll varieties, although on rich bottom lands under boll-weevil conditions the
smaller early-maturing varieties such as Trice and Dodds Prolific will possibly
be more satisfactory. Express is regarded as ranking as a long-staple cotton
for boll-weevil conditions and Unknown as comparing very favorably with
Express.

Several varieties grown on silty loam land infested with cotton wilt were
tested as to their resistance to the disease. Simpkins and Trice, known to be
susceptible, were badly attacketl while Dixie and Covington-Toole, resistant
varieties, had practically no plants that showed external symptoms of the dis-
ease, and although a number of the plants were infected, their yield was not
affected materially. Wanamaker-Cleveland, a variety of medium resistance
which led in production per plant, is considered as possibly the best cotton
obtainable when the crop must be grown under the conditions of the experiment.

Plats sprayed with a proprietary preparation to combat the boll weevil
showed a total yield of seed cotton of 1,104 lbs. per acre for April plantings
and 264 lbs. for June plantings, as compared with 1,176 and 2.j6 lbs., respec-
tively, for unsprayed plats.

The 6-year average yield of seed cotton per acre in a test of growing plants
1, 2, or 3 ft. apart in the drill was in favor of the 1-ft. distance with a yield
of 1.643.5 lbs. The 5-year average yield of seed cotton per acre in a test of
different distances between the rows was in favor of 3 ft., the smallest distance,
with a yield of 1,446 lbs.

The results of the variety tests at Holly Springs, which are given in a table,
indicated that Wanamaker-Cleveland, Cleveland Big Boll, Miller, and Triumph
are among the leading varieties for the hill section of the State. Results of a
variety test at Delta branch station are tabulated but no conclusions with
reference to individual varieties are drawn. The variety averages for the
three stations and tlie rank of varieties grown the last five years on the basis
of money value per acre are also presented in tables.

, FIELD CROPS. 831

Report on variety tests of cotton for 1915, R. Y. Winters and V. R. Her-
man (BuL N. V. Dept. Agr., 37 (1916), No. 2, pp. 3-15).— On the station farm
near Raleigh 37 short-staple varieties ranged in yield from 926 to 1,417 lbs. of
seed cotton per acre, and 7 long-staple varieties from 976 to 1,297 lbs. of seed
cotton per acre. In this test the highest yielding strains produced a shorter
fiber. A comparison of five strains of Cleveltind Big Boll and six strains of
King showed that strains of the same variety may differ in character of plant,
size of boll, shape of leaf, and yield.

In a test at Iredell farm of 21 short-staple varieties of cotton including the
earliest medium boll and the small-boll varieties, the yields ranged from 370 to
1,261 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. The yields of the different varieties and
strains are given in tables.

Japanese cane, J. M. Scott (Florkla Sfa. Bui. 129 {1916), pp. 21-Jfli. figs. ^).—
The culture and uses of Japanese cane are discussed, and the results of culture
and fertilizer tests, together witli analyses and other data as to the chemical
composition of the crop with reference to its feeding and fertilizer value, are
reported.

In the fertilizer experiments, conducted on 8 plats from 1909 to 1914, in-
clusive, 112 lbs. of dried blood, 72 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 84 Ibs.i of
nuiriate of sidphate of potash, and 224 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre were used
in different combinations. One plat received in addition in 1909, 1911, and
1913 an application of 2,000 lbs. per acre of ground limestone. The yields in
tons of green material per acre in 1909 ranged from 16.10 on the plat receiving
dried blood and acid phosphate to 27.03 on the plat receiving dried blood,
sulphate of potash, acid phosphate, and ground limestone. The yields de-
creased greatly from the first to the sixth year and the averages ranged
from 7.55 to 13.7 tons of green material per acre on the different plats. The
results showed in general that on the soil on which the cane was grown potash
was most beneficial, and nitrogen appeared to be next in importance. Ground
limestone acted as a temporary stimulant and no results were apparent except
from the first application. The method of fertilizing the soil had no effect on
the percentage of sucrose in the juice.

A test of replanting cane on each of the 8 plats in 1915 gave yields of green
material per acre ranging from 18 to 31.9 tons. It is believed that better
yields of Japanese cane will be obtained by replanting every third or fourth
year.

Sudan grass, C. G. Williams {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 3, pp. 67-70,
fig. 1). — Notes are given on the seeding, harvesting, and feeding value of Sudan
grass. The average yield of Sudan grass at the station for the years 1912-1914,
inclusive, was 4.3 tons of dry hay per acre as compared with 8.9 tons of German
millet.

Manurial experiments on sugar cane, 1912-1914, J. de Veeteuil {Bui.
Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 13 {1914), No. 82, pp. 227-234, pi. 1, fig. 1).—
These exi^eriments were conducted under the control of the Board of Agricul-
ture on the Brechin Castle, Esperanza, and Malgretoute estates. On each
estate, of the eight plats devoted to the work, the first four, constituting a
nitrogen series, received a complete application, the fifth plat nitrogen and
phosphates, the sixth nitrogen and potash, the seventh nitrogen alone, and the
eighth was a control. Nitrogen was applied in all cases at the rate of 45 lbs.
per acre, phosphates in the form of dissolved bone at the rate of 40 lbs., and
potash in the form of the sulphate at the rate of 28 lbs. with the exception of
plat 6 which received 40 lbs. In the nitrogen series, plat 1 received calcium
nitrate, plat 2 sodium nitrate, plate 3 calcium cyanamid, and plat 4 sulphate of
ammonia.

832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

On the Brechin Castle estate plat 1, receiving the calcium nitrate, gave the
largest profit, $3.11 per acre, but in no case was the increase resulting from
fertilizer treatment sufficient to pay for the cost of the fertilizers. On the
Esperanza estate the calcium nitrate plat was also the best, showing an in-
crease of $8.30 in the value of the crop produced as compared with the control
plat. All plats treated with sulphate of ammonia showed a loss. On the
Malgretoute estate the results in no case showed an increa.se sufficient to pay
for the cost of applying the fertilizers. At this place an additional plat which
received an application of Peruvian guano at the rate of 3 cwt. per acre gave
a profit of $11.04 per acre.

Manurial experiments on sugax cane, 1912—1915, J. de Vebteuil (Bui.
Dept. Agt: Trinidad and Tobago, llf {1915), No. 5, pp. 145-155, pis. S).— This
gives the results of an experiment to determine the value of different forms
of nitrogen used on plant and first rattoon canes and continues the work noted
above.

The greatest profit from first rattoons at the Brechin Castle estate was
obtained from the plat receiving sulphate of ammonia and sulphate of potash,
and the lowest return from the plat receiving nitrogen only in the form of
sulphate of ammonia. The plat yielding the largest profit from the Esperanza
estate was the one receiving sodium nitrate in connection with phosphoric acid
and potash, while the least return was obtained from the plat receiving sulphate
of ammonia and potash and that receiving sulphate of ammonia alone. The
largest return from the Malgretoute estate was obtained by the u.se of calcium
cyanaraid with phosphoric acid and potash, and the smallest return from the
plat receiving calcium nitrate with phosphoric acid and potash.

Proceedings of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America,
1914 (I'roc. Assoc. Off. Seed Atuil. of \o. Amcr.j J'J14, pp. 32). — A brief
rfsum6 of the development and activities of the association is given, together
with the following papers presented at the seventh annual meeting (E. S. R.,
32, p. 200): The Necessity for Standardization of Methods, by E. Brown;
Uniform Methods of Sampling See<l, by E. D. Eddy; Apparatus and Metho<ls
Employed in Making Purity Tests of Seeds, by F. H. Hillman; The Enforce-
ment of the New Jersey Seed Law, by J. P. Helyar; The Wetnl Content of
Seeds, by A. L. Stone, which includes a table giving the number of seeds
borne by 21 annual, 17 perennial, and 8 biennial wee«ls; and The Weetl Con-
tent in Some Commercial Seeds, by I... H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King.

A paper on The Germination of Seeds Buried Ten Years, by W. L. Goss,
points out that of 112 varieties 21, including only 4 weeds, never produced
any sprouts after being buried; 69 produced sprouts after 10 years' burial;
and the remainder perished during the interval. Of the 69 living at the end
of 10 years 26 germinated 51 per cent or better, 13 between 25 and 50 per
cent, 13 between 10 and 24 per cent, and 17 below 10 per cent. Attention is
further called to the fact that green foxtail germinated 70 per cent at the end
of 10 years. Broad leaved or bitter dock germinated 89 per cent in 10 years,
black nightshade 90 per cent, burdock 93 per cent, jimson wee<l 95 per cent,
ox-eye daisy 82 per cent, Canada thistle 21 per cent, and black mustard 25
per cent. The results of similar work by Duvel have been previously noted
(E. S. R., 17, p. 556).

Results of seed inspection, 1914, J. P. Helt.\r and R. Schmidt (Neto
Jersey Stas. Bui. 279 (1915). pp. 3-^,')). — This bulletin tabulates the results of
analysis of 443 unofficial samples and 4.'>5 official samples of .see«ls. The official
samples included timothy, redtop, Kentucky and Canada blue gra.ss, orchard
grass, millet, meadow fe.scue, hard fescue, English rye grass, brome grass, red.

HORTICULTURE. 833

alsike, crimson, and white clover, alfalfa, and vetch. (Comments are given
on the official samples, and the methods of taking and sending samples to
the seed laboratory are described. The text of the New Jersey seed law is
included.

HORTICTJLTTIRE.

Subtropical vegetable gardening, P. H. Rolfs (Neto York: The Macmillan
Co., 1916, pp. XV I II +309, pifi. 16). — A practical treatise on vegetable growing
In subtropical countries. Although the subject matter is based primarily on
Florida practice, the author has also drawn on the results of horticultural
investigators in this country as well as on the horticultural literature of tropi-
cal countries.

The first or general part of the work discusses soils and manures for vege-
table gardening in warm countries, fertilizers, rotation of crops in vegetable
gardening, water and watering, seeds and seed sowing, planting, pests and
diseases, and marketing. The succeeding chapters take up the various classes
of vegetables with reference to their specific cultural treatment. Short refer-
ence lists are given of publications dealing with the more important vegetables.

Vegetable culture, H. A. Van Hermann and R. S. Cunliffe {Estac. Eipt.
Agron. Cuba Circ. 51 (1916), pp. 75, figs. 18). — This circular discusses the gen-
eral principles of vegetable growing, and gives specific directions for the culture
of various kinds of vegetables adapted for culture in Cuba.

Cabbage, J. C. C. Price and G. V. Stelzenmxtllee {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui.
187 {1916), pp. 3-20, figs. 2).— This bulletin gives the results of fertilizer ex-
periments and variety tests with cabbage conducted under the direction of the
station, together with general directions for growing cabbage based upon the
experiments, and including notes on insects and diseases.

Early peas tried at Wisley, 1915, C. C. Titchmabsh {-lour. Roy, Eort. Soc,
41 {1915), No. 2, pp. 277-289, pi. 1). — A report on varieties of garden peas under
observation at Wisley in 191.5.

Factors affecting regular bearing in orchards, J. E. GorBiiT {Agr. Student,
22 {1916), Xo. 7, pp. 465-Jf70, fig. 1). — This article summarizes the results of
experiments at the New Hampshire Experiment Station in plat tests of fruit
trees with fertilizers, cultivation, mulching, liming, and cover crops ; and of
the effect of girdling and pollination, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 44).

Bridge grafting of fruit trees, W. F. Fletcher ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 710 {1916), pp. 8, figs. 7). — In this publication the author discusses the
range of usefulness of brid^'e grafting and gives detailed instructions for
bridge grafting. Suggestions are also given for the prevention of injuries by
mice, rabbits, and borers, together with a list of Department publications relat-
ing to animals and insects that are likely to girdle trees.

Pruning, W. H. Chandler and H. B. Knapp {Cornell Reading Courses, 5
(1916), No. 104, PP- 73-96, figs. 27).— A popular treatise on the methods of
pruning various fruit trees and bushes.

Apple and pear growing, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmer^
Bui. 92 (1915), pp. 74, pis. 2, figs. 49). — A practical treatise on the establish-
ment and management of apple and pear orchards, including descriptions of
varieties. A section on insect pests of the apple and pear, by W. W. Froggatt
and W. B. Gurney (pp. 27-^7), is also given.

Grass mulch, culture of apple orchards, F. H. Ballou (Agr. Student, 22
(1916), No. 7, pp. 471-475, figs. 4)- — A popular .summary of combined mulching
and chemical fertilizer experiments in apple orchards being conducted at the
Ohio Experiment Station.

834 EXPERIMEXT STATION EECOED.

As a result of these experiments it was found that by the judicious use of
fertilizers on the thin orchard soils of the hilly sections of southeastern Ohio
the vigor and fruitfulness of the trees is not only improved but the vegetation
beneath the trees becomes transformed from a scanty wild growth of native
weeds and poverty grass to an abundant growth of better grasses which,
annually cut and allowed to remain as a soil covering, is rapidly proving a
source of humus for the soil. No grass seed has been sown in any of these
experiments.

The methods of propagation of the best varieties of perry pears, A.
Truelle {Les ilodes de Propagation dts ilciUcuns ^'aril.^t^s de Poitiers d Poir€.
Argentan: Emile Langlois, 1915, pp. 11). — In addition to a di.scus.sion of
methods of propagation, a list is given of some 84 varieties of cider pears of
French and of foreign origin, together with a selecte<l list of 15 of the more
important varieties, which includes analytical data showing the principal ele-
ments contained in a liter of juice of these varieties.

Report on the cooperative fertilizer experiments with cranberries at
Whitesbog, Browns Mills, New Jersey, 1915, F. P. Schlatter (Proc. Amer.
Cranberry Growers' Assoc., 46 {1916), pp. 9-13, 15-19). — A general summary is
given of the results secured in 1915 in the cooperative fertilizer experiments
with cranberries being conducted under the direction of the New Jersey Experi-
ment Stations (E. S. R., 34, p. 150). The data secured from various plats
are presented in tabular form and discussed.

Although no definite conclusions are drawn at this time, the results of the
work for the three seasons show that fertilizers have given an increased yield
in only one series of experiment-s, where the plats were located on a sandy
soil. In one series, which is located on deep mud or muck bottom soil, fer-
tilizers, excepting perhaps phosphorus-containing materials, have had a detri-
mental effect. Practically the same results were secured in a series of experi-
ments conducted on a deep mud soil underlaid with bog iron ore.

The resistance of various gooseberry varieties against North American
gooseberry mildew and their behavior on treatment with sulphur, G. KocK
(Die M'iderslandsfuhigh-eit versrhiedener Staehelbeersortcn gegeniiber nord-
atnerikanischem Stachelbeennchltaii und ihr Verhaiien bei der Behandlung mit
Schwefel. Vienna: K. K. Pflanzenschutzstation [1914], PP- i)- — The author
enumerates some 100 varieties of gooseberries under observation and gives fur-
ther lists of those which were subject to mildew attack and those which suffer
from leaf fall upon being treated with sulphur.

Strawberry culture, F. W. Jimenez {El Cultivo de la Fresa. Mexico: Goi't.,
1914, rev. and cnh, pp. 27). — A popular treatise on strawberry culture with
special reference to Mexican conditions.

Note on some determinations on the grapes of French-American and
American hybrid vines, F. C. Tobnello {Agr. Hod. [Milan], 22 (1916), No. S.
pp. 26-2S). — The author reports observations made on vines of six hybrid
species, conducted in the antiphylloxera nursery at Cerignola. The data given
show the yield of the different species, quality of the fruit, and relative pro-
portion of the juice, must, and residue, as well as the sugar, acid, and alco-
holic content of the must.

Muscadine grapes, G. C. Husmann and C. Deaking (P. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farm"
ers' Bui. 709 (1916), pp. 2S, figs. 29). — A treatise on the Muscadine grapes with
reference to their botanical relation and classification, propagation, soils, plant-
ing, companion crops, cultivation, fertilization, pollination, pruning and train-
ing, harvesting and handling, yields and returns, uses, insect enemies and dis-
eases, breeding investigations, and general descriptions of the leading varieties.

HORTICULTURE. 835

As a result of the breeding investigations already conducted by the Depart-
ment some valuable seedlings have been secured. One lot of 49 seedlings has
been produced in which over 50 per cent are perfect flowered and self-fertile,
there being no sterile male seedling in this lot. The progress thus far made with
this lot suggests that it is only a matter of time when self-fertile varieties with
greater yields than the present varieties will lie produced. A number of prom-
ising hybrids between Muscadine and American Euvitis and between Muscadine
and Vinifera grapes have also been produced.

The raisin industry, G. C. Husmann (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 3^9 (1916), pp.
15, pis. 9, figs. 3). — An account of the raisin industry in the United States, in
which consideration is given to the origin, growth, and fluctuations in the in-
dustry, soils adapted for raisins, preparation of soils, pruning methods, raisin
varieties, climatic conditions, harvesting and preparing the crop, dipping and
scalding raisins, pacliing raisins, and classes of raisins.

[Varieties of the avocado], F. O. Popenoe {Cal. Citrogr., 1 (1915), No. 3,
pp. 14, 33; 1 (1916), Nos. 4, pp. 12, 13, 2^, figs. 3; 5, pp. S-10, figs. 4).— An ex-
position on the varieties of the avocado, including a descriptive list of the
varieties which was prepared for the California Avocado Association.

Study on the chayote (Sechium edule), D. A. Herkera (Bol. Dir. Gen. Agr.
[Mexico], 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 135-1^3). — In this article the author discusses the
chayote with reference to its botany, chemical composition, culture, and uses.

Features of the grapefruit in California, A. D. Shamel (Cal. Citrogr., 1
(1916), Nos. 5, pp. 19, 20, figs. 2; 6, pp. 3, 13, fig. 1).—A paper on this subject
in which the author reviews the grapefruit situation in California. Informa-
tion is given relative to varieties, distribution of plantings, relation of composi-
tion and other characteristics to the quality, comparative analyses of Florida
and California grapefruit, and analyses of representative types of California-
grown Marsh Seedless grapefruit during the ripe period.

The consumer's dollar working backwards, G. H. Powell (Ann. Conv. Nat.
League Com. Merchants U. S., 24 (1916), pp. 80-91, figs. 5). — An economic
discussion of the methods and cost of distributing citrus fruit, with special
reference to the California citrus fruit crop.

Seed gardens (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded.
Proefstat. Thee, No. 39 (1915), pp. 24, pis. 3).— This pamphlet contains the
following articles : Report on a Study of the Tea Seed Gardens in Cachar and
Sylhet, by A. S. Tunstall, translated by C. Bernard (pp. 1-14), and Some Ob-
servations on Tea Gardens in Java, by C. Bernard (pp. 1.5-24). These
articles contain information relative to the care and management of the tea
seed gardens with special reference to the pruning and training of seed trees
and insect pests and diseases and their control.

Fertilizer experiments at Malabar, II, K. A. R. Bosscha (Dept. Landb.,
Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 37 (1915),
pp. 13). — A further report on fertilizer experiments with tea plants conducted
at Malabar (E. S. R., 32, p. 46). A brief note on the productive possibilities
of the tea plant, by A. E. Reijnst (pp. 11-13), is also included.

The production and commerce of nuts in Asia, M. and L. Rigotabd (Vie
Agr. et Rurale, 6 (1916), No. 10, pp. 175-178, figs. 2).— This article is essentially
a comparative study of French and Asiatic varieties of walnuts with special
reference to their commercial importance.

Experiments in forcing the lily-of-the-valley by means of the warm
water process, G. A. Langer (Moller's Deut. Gdrt. Ztg., 30 (1915). No. 50, pp.
398-401, figs. 7). — In 1914 experiments were conducted with a large number of
lily-of-the-valley plants which were treated by the warm bath process (E. S. R.,

836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

27, p. 842), the various temperatures ranging from 25 to 45° C. (77 to 113° F.),
and for 5- and 10-hour periods. The warm water bath was applied to some
lots of plants as early as November 25 and to others as late as February 22.

Summing up the data secured from the various tests, the author finds that
the advantage of the warm water process for early forcing has been proved
beyond doubt. The temperature of the water and the duration of the bath
varies with the time the plants are to be forced. For early forcing the tem-
perature should range from 35 to 38° and the bath should be continued for a
10-hour period, or with a temperature of 40° an inmiersion period of only 4 or
5 hours is necessary. Later in the season the temperature may be reduced
from 32 to 35° and the immersion period continue<l for about 5 hours. In the
present experiments the warm water bath applied after the middle of February
appeared to be not only superfluous but to do some damage.

Generally speaking, it is not necessary to inuuerse the plants for as long a
time after a wet or cold summer as after a dry and warm summer. Plants
from heavy soils are more susceptible to treatment than plants from light
sandy soils, and large plants react more favorably than small plants. In all
cases it is necessary to maintain the water at the proper temperature through-
out the time of the bath.

[Phloxes and pyrethrums at Wisley, 1915], C. C. Titch marsh {Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc, 41 (1015), No. 2, pp. 250-2'i6). — This comprises a report on several
hundred varieties of phlox and pyrethrums under observation at the Wisley
Gardens during 1915.

House and window plants, D. Bois {Leu Plnntcs d'Apparlemcnt et les
Planter dc Fcn^trcs. I'arix: ,/. li. B(ulli('Tr d Sons, 11)16, 2. cd., rev. and cnL,
pp. JfJfS, flgH. 219). — Part 1 of this work deals with the general principles of
culture as applied to house and win<low plants. Part 2 contains a descriptive
list of plants suitable for win<lo\vs and balconies, including .siiecific cultural
directions^, and part 3 takes up in a similar manner tlie plants suitable for
culture in the hou.se. Part 4 contains cla.ssifieil lists of the plants, with special
reference to their light requirements and value for foliage, flowers, and decora-
tive purposes.

Fertilizing lawn and garden soils, P. E. Rrown {Iowa Sta. Cire. 24 {1916).
pp. 3-15). — This circular discusses the preparation of lawn soils, fertilization,
seeding, subsequent fertilization, and renovating lawn.s. Information is also
given relative to (he use of fertilizers and green manure crops for the vegetable
garden.

The North Dakota farmstead, its arrangement and adornment, II. O.
Wernkr (Xortfi Dakota <S7«. Circ. JO {1916), pp. 62, figs. 51). — In this circular
the author discusses the location of the farmstead site and the arrangement of
farm buildings and grounds, together with the development of the farmstead
from an ornamental point of view. A descriptive list is given of trees, shrubs,
vines, hardy perennials, and annual plants suitetl for North Dakota conditions,
together with detail plans of farmsteads with lists of plant materials sug-
gested. Directions are also givt>n for the culture and care of trees and shrubs.

Gardeners' and florists' annual for 1916, tnllted l\v J. H. Dick {Xew York:
A. T. Dc La Mare Printing t(- Publi.9hing Co., Ltd., 1916, pp. 2,^1. figs. 2/).— This
work contains a digest of the events of the horticultural year in this country
and abroad, including the activities of the national societies, a summary of
law cases affecting the trade, biographies of leading horticulturists, six^cial
articles, and miscellaneous notes and information dealing with gardening and
floriculture.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 837

FORESTRY.

Laws, decisions, and opinions applicable to the National Forests, compiled
by R. F. Feagans {U. S. Drpt. Agr., Office Solicitor, Laws, Decifiions, and Opin-
ions Applicable to the Nati^mal Forests, I'JIG, pp. 151). — This comprises ;i com-
pilation of laws and parts of laws of a general nature alTecting the adminis-
tration and protection of the National Forests, with citations to acts of special
or local application, and references to the more important decisions of the
courts, the Interior Department, the Attorney General, the Comptroller of the
Treasury, and the Solicitor of the Department of Agriculture.

Seventh annual report of the state forester. — Forestry in Vermont, A. F.
Hawes {Ann. Rpt. State Forester 17., 7 (I'Jl.")), pp. 55, pis. 6). — This report
includes a description of some of the more interesting examples of forestry
throughout the State, together with an account of nursery planting operation.s
for the year and activities on the different State forests. A brief note is given
on white pine blister rust inspection for 1915. A report on forest fires in 1914
by R. M. Ross and a report on an examination made by B. A. Chandler on land
willed to the United States Government are also included.

Eighth annual report of the Washington Forest Fire Association, 1915
(Ami. Rpt. Wash. Forest Fire Assoc, 8 {1015), pp. 20). — A report of the activi-
ties of the association for the year 1915 in the protection of some 2,586,409 acres
of forests from fire.

Report of committee on forestry, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,
for the year ended September 30, 1915, L. A. Thurston {Honolulu: Hawaiian
Gazette Co., Ltd., 1915, pp. 22). — This report contains short reports by C. S.
Judd (pp. 6-14), D. Forbes (pp. 15-20), and L. von Tempsky (pp. 21, 22), in
which consideration is given to the desirability of forest protection and forest
extension for the conservation of water and the protection of watersheds, the
prevention of sand or dust drifting, and the production of the major and minor
forest products. Lists are given of trees suitable for these various purposes
in Hawaii.

The Eberswalde forest-seed testing station and the methods of testing the
seeds, Schwappach {Ztsclir. Forst u. Jaydw., 47 {l'J15), No 11, pp. 631-651,
fig. 1). — A descriptive account of the seed-testing work of the Eberswalde seed-
testing station.

Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1914-15,
MuLRAj {Ifi)t. Forest Admin. Baluchistan, 1914-15, pp. 6+11+28). — The usual
progress report of the administration of the state forests of Baluchistan, in-
cluding data relative to alterations in areas, forest surveys, working plans,
forest protection, revenues and expenditures, etc., for the year 1914-15.

Annual progress report on forest administration in the Province of Bihar
and Orissa for the year 1914:-15, H. H. Haines {An7i. Rpt. Forest Admin.
Bihar and Orissa, 1914-15, pp. II +52+5). — A report similar to the above rela-
tive to the administration of the state forests of the Province of Bihar and
Orissa for the year 1914-15.

Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras
Presidency for the twelve months ended June 30, 1915, A. W. Lushington,
S. Cox, P. M. Lushington, C. D. McCarthy, et al. {Ann. Admin. Rpt. Forest
Dept. Madras, 1915, pp. 81 + LXXII+18). — This comprises separate reports on
the administration of the state forests in the Northern, Central, Southern, and
Western Circles of the Madras Presidency, together with a summarized report
on the administration of the forests in the Presidency as a whole. Data rela-
tive to alterations in forest areas, forest surveys, protective and miscellaneous

838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

work, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc.,
are included in tabular form.

Progress report on forest administration in the Northwest Frontier Prov-
ince for the year 1914-15, W. Mayes {Rpt. Forest Admin. Northwest Frontier
Prov., 191.'f-1.5, pp. -i+II+l^+XXIV). — ^A report similar to the above relative
to the administration of the state forests of the Northwest Frontier Province
for the year 191-^15.

Report of the department of forestry for the year ended June 30, 1915,
R. Dai3Ymple-Hay {Rpt. Forestry Dept. N. S. Wales, 1915, pp. 6, pis. 6).— This
is the usual progress report relative to the administration and management of
the state forests and forest nurseries of New South Wales, including informa-
tion relative to afforestation work, alterations in forest areas, imports and
exports of timber, revenues, expenditures, etc.

The native and cultivated forest trees and shrubs of the Misso\iri River
basin, L. H. Pammel, G. B. MacDonald, and H. B. Clark (Proc. Iowa Acad.
Sci.. 22 {191.5), pp. 23-56, pis. 12). — In this paper the authors present a cata-
logue of trees and shrubs of the Missouri River basin in western Iowa and
eastern Nebraska. Introductory considerations deal with the topography and
soils of the region, the range and ecological distribution of trees in the area
surveyed, and the origin of the tree flora.

A mill scale study of western yellow pine, H. E. McKenzie {Cal. Bd. For-
estry Bui. 6 {1915), pp. Ill, figs. 222). — The study here reported is bused upon
919 trees ranging from 20 to 44 in. in diameter breast-high. A complete
analysis of the quality and quantity of lumber produced from these trees, also
from the butt logs (the best part) and the top logs (the poorest part of the
trees) was made. The measurements secured in this work are here presented,
together with deductions made therefrom, in a series of curves and tables with
a view to throwing some light on the lumbering value and the best time to cut
trees of various sizes.

Colonial plants. — Latex and resin yielding plants, H. Jumelle {Lcs Cul-
tures Colonialcs. — PUnxtes a Late.r et a R^siues. Paris: .J. B. BniUii:re & Sons,
2. rev. cd., vol. 7, 1915, pp. 119, figs. ^1). — This is part 7 of the author's revisetl
work (see p. 829). The jtrosent part discusses various rubber and resin
yielding plants with reference to their botany, exploitation, culture, and
uhlization.

[Papers on rubber culture and the rubber industry] {Introductory Papers
luternat. liuhhcr Cong. Batavin, 191.'i. pp. [191]. fig. 1). — This comprises .some 21
papers on various phases of rubber culture and the rubber industry, which were
prepared for the International Rubber Congress and Exhibition at Batavia in
Septemlier, 1914. Certain of the present papers are classed as introductory
papers and others as papers prepared for but not included in the rubber book
issued by the congi'ess (E. S. R.. .3.3, p. 50).

Manurial experiments with young nibber at Kuala Lumpur, E. G. Spring
{Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, ^ {1916), No. J^, pp. 105-110).— DaXa are given on
the fourth season's results with various combinations of lime, nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potash (E. S. R., 32. p. 339).

The fertilizers in this experiment were applied at the beginning of the
first and third years. They appeared to have had a stimulating effect as re-
gards growth for about a year after each application. After this there seenieii
to be a slight reaction as compare<l with the control plats. Over the whole
4-year period tlie total increnso in tlie manured plats in every case exceede«l
that of the controls. No delinite conclusions are to be drawn until the trees
are tapped.

FORESTRY. 839

The natural reproduction of sal, R. S. Troup (Indian Forester, 42 {1916), No.
2, pp. 57-60). — Experiments conducted by the author show that in the open,
exposed to the sun, the seed of sal {Shorea robusta) falling on a layer of dead
leaves fails to germinate or, if it does germinate, perishes rapidly. Under
shade with complete protection from the sun the seed falling on a layer of
dead leaves germinates and the seedlings develop satisfactorily above ground
during the first rainy season. Relative to the root system, however, unless the
leaf layer is so scanty as to permit of the ready penetration of the taproot to
the mineral soil, the roots spread horizontally along the moist leaves and
perish in the ensuing dry season. These results suggest that the annual layer
of fresh dead leaves may be a highly adverse factor so far as natural repro-
duction is concerned.

Anatomical investigations on the formation of annual rings of Tectona
grandis, F. Geiger {Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringshehn], 55 {1915), No. 4, pp. 521-
607, figs. 2S). — A study of annual ring formation of teak woods secured from dif-
ferent sections of east and west Java. Data are given and discussed showing
the variation in the formation and distribution of the elementary organs in
the different specimens, with special reference to structure in the region of
growth.

A bibliography of related literature is appended.

Reproduction of teak by root suckers, E. Marsden {Indian Forester, 42
{1916), No. 2, pp. 4-^-00, pis. 6). — Experiments reported by the author indicate
that the so-called root suckers of teak are really " stool shoots " and that true
root suckers are comparatively rare, these being usually confined to a few shoots
which originate near the head of the roots, close to the parent stem.

Teak working plans in Burma, H. W. A. Watson {Indian Forester, 4^
{1916), No. 1, pp. 4-1"^) • — IQ this article the author discusses the past working
plans and the probable trend of future working plans, including suggestions for
their development.

An investigation relative to the most exact method of measuring teak
trees and teak stands, H. Beekman {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch
East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Bosehio., No. 1 {1915), pp. VIII+93, pis. 20). —
This comprises a report on a comparative study of methods of estimating age,
diameter, height, and volume growth, with special reference to teak trees and
teak forests. The data secured are presented in a series of diagrams and tables
and fully discussed.

The care and improvement of the woodlot, C. R. Tlllotson {U. S. Dept.
Agr. Fanners' Bui. 711 {1916), pp. 24, figs. 6). — This bulletin discusses the essen-
tials of a good woodlot and its improvement, care, and methods of regeneration.

Marketing of woodlot products in Kentucky, W. D. Sterkett {Bien. Rpt.
State Forester Ky., 2 {1915), pp. 71-140, pis. 24).— In this paper the author
briefly surveys the woodlot situation in Kentucky ; gives an account of the wood-
lot regions, wood-using industries, and how the different species are used ; and
discusses the methods of increasing the profits from woodlot sales and of pre-
venting the deterioration of cut woodlot products. A directory of wood-using
firms is included.

Utilization of southern wood waste, A. D. Little {Chem. Engin., 23 {1916),
No. 2, pp. 83-86) . — An address on this subject delivered before the eighth annual
meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in January, 1916, in
which the author gives special attention to the various methods of utilizing
wood waste in longleaf yellow pine.

Wood flour, F. W. Kress jiann {Metallurg. and Chem. Engin., 14 {1916), No. 7,
pp. 372-374). — A discussion of the nature, properties, and uses of wood flour.
41852°— No. 9—16 i

840 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The International Phytopathological Convention of Rome and its relation
to tropical agriculture, A. G. L. Rogers {Proc. Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr., 3
(1914), pp. 109-117). — A brief abstract is given of this paper, which dealt with
the history of the movement in favor of international action for control of
plant diseases, the congress at Rome in 1914, the inadequate representation of
tropical countries, a summary of legislation and regulations at present in force
in tropical and subtropical countries, a comparison of these regulations with
those contemplated by the Rome convention, and the advantages and disadvan-
tages of the proposed change of method. The discussion which followed the
paper is also reported.

Vegetable pathology, D. Bois {Rev. Hort. [Paris], 81 (1915), No. 19, pp. 4^4.
405). — The author describes briefly the organization of the Soci^t^ de Patho-
logie VC'g^tale, which held its first meeting in Paris in February, 1914. listing
the officials chosen thereby and noting the main contents of its first bulletin.

[Effect of meteorological conditions on development of plant diseases],
G. DoKOGiN (Mat. J/jAo?. i Fitopatol. Ross., 1 (1915), No. 2, pp. 3-9, fig. l).—lt Is
announced by the author that hereafter the Bureau of Mycologj' and Phytopath-
ology of the Russian Department of Agriculture will make a special study of the
meteorological conditions of the Petrograd region in their relation to the de-
velopment of plant diseases. In order to secure accurate data this study will
extend over a period of many years. Tables showing cloudiness, rainfall, depth
of snow layer, soil and atmosplioric toniporature, atmospheric pressure, reitera-
tion and strength of winds, and certain other factors will be compiled quarterly
and published in this journal. The first table, covering the winter months of
1914-15, is given with this article.

The genus Fusarium in plant pathology, G. Gandaba (Mem. y Rev. Soc.
Cient. ''Antonio Alzatc," ,i2 (li'l-i). \o. 9-10. pp. J,ir)-J,26). — The author gives the
results of an examination attempting to determine the really pathological
species of Fusarium so far as plants are concerned, the known synonymy of
the same, and the hosts attacked by preference in each case.

An Asiatic species of Gymnosporangium established in Oregon, H. S.
Jackson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Researeh, 5 (1916), A'o. 22, pp. lOOS-1010,
pis. 2). — A detailed account is given of investigations conducteil by the author,
while connectetl with the Oregon Experiment Station, on O. koreccnse, a pre-
liminary note of which has already been given (E. S. R., 34, p. 352).

Pyrenochaeta elodese n. sp., V. Orshanskaia (Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Ross.,
1 (1915), yo. 2. pp. 35-37, figs. 2). — The above species was isolate<l by the author
from Elodca dcnsa, the leaves and stems of which were affected by this parasite
and turned yellowish instead of normal bright greiMi. The host tissue was
found to be permeated with the fungus mycelimn, which was also growing In
flakes on the surface of the plant. A technical description of the fungus is
given.

Bhizoctonia crocorum and R. solani (Corticium vagum). with notes on
other species, B. M. Duggar (.inn. Missouri Bot. Gard.. 2 (1915), No. 3, pp. 403-
458, figs. 9). — The author presents an account of investigations on Rhizoctonia
as a cause of disease in plants, especially of those carrierl out since the appear-
ance of his own earlier work with Stewart (E. S. R., 13. p. 55).

The view that the Rhizoctonia forms on crocus, alfalfa, and some other
hosts belong to a single morphological species is confirrae<l. The correct name
of the violet root fungus, so long as a spore stage remains uncertain, is held
to be R. crocorum. This is known in a few localities in America and widely in

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 841

Europe. It attacks plaats in many families, l)ut mainly dicotyledons. Large
sclerotia are observable in connection with crocus and alfalfa. The existence
of distinct forms or races of this species requires further Investigation. The
organism has not yet proved to be culturable by the usual laboratory methods,
and the evidence collected is still insufficient to identify the perfect form.

R. solani, which is readily distinguishable from the above, is said to be
widely distributed in America and elsewhere on potato. The other host plants
represent many families, Asparof/us sprcngcri being the only monocotyledonous
host yet reported. The types of disease caused by this species are very diverse,
damping off and root and stem rots being the most important direct effects.
The organism is readily culturable by the usual laboratory methods. The per-
fect stage is thought to be C. vagum.

Contrasted descriptions are given of these two fungi, with notes on other
species, some of which are considered as having insufficient affinities to be
included in the genus Rhizoctouia.

A bibliography is appended.

Notes on plant parasitic nematodes, L. P. Byars (Abs. in Science, n. ser.,
43 (1916), JVo. 1102, p. 219). — Attention is called to the general characteristics of
nematodes and to the economic importance and present distribution of the bulb
and stem infesting nematode, Tylcnchus dipsaci; T. tritici, a parasite of wheat
kernels ; Apheleywkus armcrodis, a violet bud organism ; and Heterodera
radicicola, a gall-forming nematode on a number of plants.

[Plant diseases in Barbados], J. S. Dash (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1913-14,
pp. 4^-45). — It is stated that CoUetotrichuni falcatum, the cause of sugar cane
red rot, was rarely met with during 1913-14, but Marasmius sacchari, the
cause of a root disease of cane, appeared as usual. Thielaviopsis ethaccticus,
which attacks cane cuttings principally, was severe in several places. It can
be controlled, it is said, by passing the cuttings through Bordeaux mixture
just before planting.

A banana disease may be connected with the presence of a Fusarium and a
Gloeosiwrium on the diseased portions. Insufficient nutrition and inferior liv-
ing conditions generally may render the trees susceptible to these fungi.

Specimens of dieased tomato showed two diseases, one a leaf mold {Clado-
sporinm fnlrum), the other a fruit anthracnose due to a Gloeosporium.

Grape mildew (Oidium tnckcri, Uncimila spiralis) was successfully treated
with flowers of sulphur and lime in the form of a powder.

A dieback of cassava, ascribed to a Gloeosporium (possibly G. manihot),
may be controlled, it is thought, by care in tlie selection of cuttings and soak-
ing them in Bordeaux mixture just before planting.

Entypa erumpcns is said to have caused a loss of Ficus nitida.

Cultivated snapdragon (Antirrhimim sp.) showed evidences of a disease of
the roots and of the stem near the ground, from the fructifications of which
a CoUetotrichuni could be developed. This is said to be somewhat different
from C. antirrhini described by Stewart (E. S. R., 12, p. 1055) as causing
anthracnose of snapdragon. L'^se of seed for propagation is advised.

[Plant pests and diseases in Grenada], .1. C. Moore (Imp. Dept. Agr. West
Indies, Kpt. Agr. Dept. Grenada, 1914-15, pp. 7, 8, 19). — A report of Ballou and
Nowell, besides giving information regarding animal pests, records the dis-
covery of root diseases due to three species of Rosellinia. Two of these were
found attacking cacao, one in wet, the other in drier situations. The third
form, R. bunodes, was observed on hibiscus in the interior of the island.

In another part of the report, brief notes are given on thread blight of cacao
and nutmegs, also canker, pod brown rot, and dieback of cacao.

842 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Work of the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology], A. lACHEVSKiii
(Jaczewski) {Hat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Ross., 1 (1915), No. 2, pp. 48-52). — This is
a general outline of the main problems on which the members of the bureau
staff are working at the present time.

Of particular interest is a peculiar disease of cereals known in Russia as
" drunk bread." This is attributed to the action of certain fungi, and results
in general intoxication of the population when affected grains are used for
food. The disease occurs from year to year in eastern Siberia and also occa-
sionally in northern and central European Russia. Pathological as well as
chemical investigations are under way, and preliminary reports are already
in print.

Rusts are considered another serious pest of cereals. Work along this line
Is concentrated chiefly on selecting and breeding disease resistant varieties.
Results of the previous two seasons' work will soon be published.

In regard to smuts, attention is directed toward simplifying and improving
various methods of seed treatment. Contrary to the opinion of some practical
men, the exposure of smut spores to a temperature of from 20 to 24° C. for a
long time did not affect their ability to germinate.

Club root of cabbage is said to cause immense losses, especially in suburban
gardens of Petrogad. A thorough study was made during the past three years
on the life history of the causal organisms, means of infection, host relations,
and means of control.

Much attention lias been devoted to testing various fungicides, and the re-
sults of the experiments are fully in favor of lime and sulphur compounds as
substitutes for Bordeaux mixture and other mixtures of copper salts. Root
gall of nursery stock, American gooseberry mildew, and fungus diseases of
insects are the remaining throe problems mentioned in the outline.

An investigation of the mycological flora in Astrakhan. S. SnEMnET. (^[at.
Mikol. i Fitopatol. Rosh., 1 {I'Jlo), Xo. 1. pp. 7-.}/, figs. 2-i). — The author gives an
account of fungus diseases observed during the summer of 1913 in the Province
of Astrakhan, Russia, chiefly in the vicinity of the city of Astrakhan.

The number of cryptogamic parasites in that particular season was not very
great, but the area affected and the degree of infestation were quite serious.
Most prevalent appeared to be members of the family Erysiphace.ie, frequently
attacked by a parasite of the genus Cicinnobolus, and various rust fungi.
Among the latter is mentioned rronniccs athayinis n. sp. on leaves and stems of
Alhagi camcJorum. On the same host the author found also an undescribed
species of Septoria which he named S. alhaginis, and another new fungus on
Euphorbia csula named Lcptothyrium caspirum n. sp.

Grapes suffered more than any other cultivated plant, due to a severe attack
of mildew {Plasmopara viti-cola), from 50 to 70 per cent of the fruit being
affected. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture before the blossoming period gave
almost perfect control of this disease, while omission of this spray resulted in
the loss of the largest part of the crop. Two applications of Lazurin (a pre-
pared Bordeaux mixture) on May 23 and July 3 at the rate of about 4J lbs.
to 21* gal. water, with the addition of the dusting of the blossoms with sulphur,
practically freed the plants from the fungus. In the same experiment, poly-
sulphids and insecticides alone did not check the development of the disease.

[Report of the plant pathologist], I. E. Babbarin {Otchet ilikol. Kab. Sal-
girsk. Opytn. Plod. Sta., 1913-14, PP- ^4)- — A brief account is given of the work
carried on at the Salgir Experiment Station since its organization in 1913.
The diseases studied included a supposedly nonparasitic spot of apple fruit
known in Germany as Stippigkeit ; the so-called dry spot of apple leaves ; pink

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 843

spot of watermelons due to Glccosporium lagenarium, which is vei'y widely
spread in the Crimea ; and wheat rust caused by Puccinia glumarum, with par-
ticular reference to the possibility of its transmission with the seed.

In testing various fungicides, it was found that a proprietary compound
known as Mortus was most effective against apple scab and American goose-
berry mildew {Sphccrothcca mors-uvcc). The composition of Mortus is un-
known, but chemical analysis showed the presence of sodium and arsenic, and
some evidence was obtained that the effectiveness of the compound is due to
the latter element. Laboratory, tests with germinating spores of Monilia
fructigena, S. humtili, Trichothecium roseum, Penicillium sp., and others showed
that germination was retarded in a solution of ^ gm. sodium arsenite in 3
liters of water, and that it ceased entirely in a solution of twice this strength.
More extended experiments are to be carried on in the future.

Observations on parasitic fungi in the Province of Podolsk, M. E. Dobrov-
OL'sKii {Zhur. Boliezni East., No. 4-5 {1914), V- 13D; abs. in Mat. Mikol. i Fito-
patol. Ross., 1 {1915), No. 1, pp. 74, 75). — Among the fungi collected by the
author in the Province of Podolsk in 1912, some are reported on new hosts,
among which are Tilletia controversa on Triticnm vulgare, Ventiiria inwqualis
on Fyrus prnnifolia, and Rliytisma punctatum on Acer ginnale. The author
also describes Ascochyta cardiacm n. sp. from Leonurus cardiaca.

[Report on plant diseases], F. A. Stockdale (In Summary of Investigations
Made During the Period Jamiary 1 to June 30, 1915. Manritins: Dept. Agr.,
1915, pp. 1, 2). — Three manifestations are described from different localities of
what appears to be a physiological disease resulting in the production of a
gummy substance in the tissues of the sugar cane plant. The leaf and stem
disease of cassava due to Olaosporiuin manihotis has again been prevalent in
some .sections, local varieties suffering more than those recently introduced.
The local variety of pistachio appears to be more resistant than imported ones
to a leaf spotting disease caused by a species of Cercospora.

Phytophthora infestans was common on potatoes and tomatoes in some locali-
ties late in June. Its control, where dews are heavy, appears to be more
difficult in this region than in Europe. Attempts are being made to hybridize
locally resistant varieties with standard European varieties of tomatoes.

Du.ration of resistance of plants and insects to hot water {Rev. Sci. [Paris'\,
53 {1915), I-II, No. 17, pp. 405, 406).— In connection with the mention of tests on
the resistance of insects to hot water in view of the present high price of
chemicals, it is said to have been found by Gaston and Vermorel that grapevines
were uninjured by a hot water temperature of 45° C. (113° F.), but that young
leaves were killed by a temperature of 50° in 6 minutes and 52° in 1 minute.

Burgundy mixture as a substitute for Bordeaux mixture, W. Nowell {Agr.
News [Barbados], 14 {1915), No. 355, p. 398). — Tlie difficulty experienced in
securing quicklime for Bordeaux mixture in some of the West Indies having
resulted in the employment of slaked or partly slaked lime in this application
and in the preparation therefrom of an inferior spray for fungicidal pui'poses,
attention has been directed to Burgundy mixture. This is said to have yielded
excellent results in experiments referred to, showing advantages even where
good lime is available. Several formulas are given, with directions for mixing
and testing.

Fungicide experiments, 1914, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales,
26 {1915), No. 6, pp. 494, 495). — The results of these and pi'evious experiments
are claimed to show that the safest treatment thus far tested, as regards
germinability and freedom from bunt, is immersion of the seed wheat for three
minutes in 1.5 per cent copper sulphate solution and then for an equal period
In lime water.

844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

[Potassium permanganate treatment for seed grains], K. L. I^^gebt {Selsk.
Khoz., 191J,, pp. 13J,3-JSJ,6: ahs. in Mat. Mikol. i Fifopatol. Ros.^., 1 {1915), ^o. 2,
p. 66). — Tlie author obtained a perfect control of wheat smut by soaking seed
i hour in potassium permanganate solution at the rate of about i oz. to 3 gal.
of w.'iter. A solution practically 10 limes stronger than tl)is did not affect the
germinating power of the grain. This treatment, according to the author, is
less expensive than the usual formalin method, and. besides, the seed thus
treated is not attractive to birds on account of a black color which it takes on
in soaking.

Blight in maize (Agr. Gaz. X. S. Wales, 26 (1915), Xo. 5, p. 588).— Reports
sent in by ofTuials are said to indicate that a leaf blight of maize, due to a
Helminthosporium, causes severe loss in localities where heavy rainfall and
hot steamy weather continue for some time. The trouble is apparently aug-
mented by the continuous growing of maize on the same lantl year after yenr.
Rotation and the use of legxuninous crops for green manuring are recommended.

Flower-bud and boll shedding of cotton in the Ilorin Province, Nigeria,
T. Thornton {Proc. Intenuit. Cong. Trap. Agr., S (191^), pp. SS1-S35). — This is
an abstract of an account, with discussion, of observations made on both
exotic nnd native cotton as regards one of the most serious drawbacks to its
cultivation in that section.

High relative hunndity, cloudy weather, and rain usually produced very
severe losses. During the wet period the buds and bolls only were dropped,
but not long after the establishment of the dry season an increased slunlding
of these was accompanied with a loss of leaves. Partial recovery later usually
resulted in the production of new leaves and blooms, and a little rain falling
in this period may result in a fair crop.

Helminthosporium turcicum, I. Zh.woronkova (Mat. MikoL i Fitopatol.
Ross., 1 (1915), No. 1, pp. Jiii~50, figs. 1). — This is jin account of studies upon the
effects of various culture media and temj^eratures on the growth of this or-
ganism, which the author isolated from diseased maize leaves.

The cultures were started in Van Tieghem moist cells and then transferred
to nutrient media. The best growth was obtained on grains of maize and
rice, and especially on bread. Gelatin apiioaretl to be completely liquefieil after
three weeks. In regard to the temperature, growth began one or two days
earlier and the mycelium developed more luxuriantly and densely at 25 to
30° C. than at 15 to 1G°.

Crown gall of mangels (Field E.rpts. llarpcr-Adams Agr. Col. and Stafford-
shire, Ri't. 191.'i. p. St, pi. 1). — Several six>cimens of roots showing crown gall
due to Bacterium iumefaciens have been received from Warwickshire and
Shropshire. The disease is said to be increasing in importance, as numerous
kinds of plants are attacked, including beet, jx^tato, hop, tobacco, apple, and
most other fruit trees, roses, and chrysanthemums.

Wart disease, G. T. M.\LTHorsE (Field Expts. Harper-Adams Agr. Cot. and
Staffordshire, Rpt. 1914. PP- 27-29, pi. 1). — A report is given of the 1914 potato
tests for resistance to Synchjitrium endobioticum. 11 varieties and 2 seedlings
not previously tested being listed as immune thereto.

It is stated tliat since the first variety tests were commencetl in 1000. 300
varieties and seedlings have been tested. Of these, 90 were of continental or
South American origin and 31 have provetl to be immune, while of the 270
of British or North American origin only 63 have proved to be inunune. About
23 varieties are listed which are considered to be the most di'sirable and
readily obtainable.

Tests with formalin showe<l no perceptible tlifference in degree of attack.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 845

Further examination of material previously studied has shown that the
resting stage of S. endobioticuvi is not of common occurrence.

Beet tumors, J. I'eklo {Ztschr. Zuckerindus. Bohnicn, 39 (1915), No. 5, pp.
204-219, figs. 5). — The author describes the tumors resulting? from the inocula-
tion of sugar beet with BacteHum beticohun, obtained for this purpose from
Smith after his discovery of this organism (E. S. R., 25, p. 243). B. tume-
faciens was also used to inoculate various plants. The results, such as tumor
formation, infection strands in stems, etc., are discussed, with emphasis on the
similarities between the results as shown in beets, for example, and those
in animals and human beings.

Relation of stomatal m.ovement to infection by Cercospora beticola, Venus
W. Pool and M. B. McKay (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research. 5 {1916), No.
22, pp. 1011-1038, pis. 2, figs. 6).— The results are given of a study of leaf infec-
tion of the sugar beet caused by C. beticola.

Infection was found to be determined by certain morphological and environ-
mental factors which influence stcmiatal activity. Among the factors concerned
in the movement of stomata are leaf maturity, light, temperature, and relative
humidity. Infection, both artificial and natural, was found to occur best on
mature leaves and to be influenced by the rapidity of germ tube growth, ma-
turity of leaves, and stomatal movement. Penetration of the leaf by the conidial
germ tubes of C. beticola has been observed to occur only through open stomata,
and consequently it is thought that infection probably takes place during day-
light hours. As soon as penetration of the germ tube occurs, an attempt is
made by the leaf cells to isolate the invading organism, but when this is not pos-
sible the fungus grows and produces a well-defined leaf spot.

A fungus of uncertain systematic position occurring on wheat and rye,
P. J. O'Gaba (Science, n. ser., 43 (1916), No. 1099, pp. Ill, 112).— A report is
given of a fungus which is found attacking the heads of wheat and rye some
time before they emerge from the leaf sheaths. Often the heads are said to be
so severely attacked that they do not emerge but remain permanently within
the sheath. The organism has been isolated and grown in pure cultures, but
its identification has not been fully determined.

Fungus diseases of wheat, G. P. Darnell-Smith and E. Mackinnon (Dept.
Agr. N. S. Wales, Fanners' Bui. 102 (1915), pp. 3S1, figs. 28).— This consists of
information and suggestions regarding control, as condensed from various
sources, relating to fungus diseases of wheat in New South Wales. These
include bunt or stinking smut (Tilletia tritici or T. levis), loose smut (Ustilago
tritici), flag smut (Urocystis tritici), rusts (Puccinia graminis and P. tri-
ticina), mildew (Erysiphe graminis), take-all (Ophiobolus graminis), ergot
{Claviceps purpurea), and blight associated with several species of Septoria.
A form of contortion described is attributed to insect attack or to dispropor-
tionate growth in two different directions.

Seeding time and attack by stinking smut, J. Appl (Ztschr. Landw. Ver-
suchsw. Osterr., 18 (1915), No. 3, pp. 45-54). — Results are given of studies on the
influence of fungicidal treatments of seed wheat on subsequent attack by
stinking smut, and also on the effects of seeding time and weather in this
connection.

It is stated that the germination of wheat seed at the temperatures prevalent
during the early part of October results in a higher percentage of attack by
stinking smut than does that of seed planted earlier. By planting after
October 30, however, the percentage of attack was diminished, owing probably
to the fact that the fungus germinates at a somewhat higher minimum tempera-
ture than the seed, thus permitting the cereal to pass its period of greatest
susceptibility comparatively free from attack.

846 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOKD.

It is thought probable, however, that soil moisture is a more important factor
in attack by stinking smut than is the temperature during the germination of
the seed.

A Phoma disease of western wheat grass, P. J. O'Gaba (Science, n. ser., jffS
(1916), No. 1099, pp. 110, 111). — A preliminary account is given of a Phoma dis-
ease of Ayropyron smithii, a more extended account of which is promised for
a later publication.

Gummosis, or the gumming of fruit trees. G. P. Daenell-Smith and E.
Mackixnon (Agr. (Inz. N. .S'. Walc-f, 26 (1915) . Xo. 5. pp. 405-410).— The authors
give a brief historical 'survey, with notes on reports by several investigators,
dealing more particularly with that of Butler (E. S. R., 24, p. 74G).

While various causes and remedies are discussed, the general conclusion is
reached that the one great measure, at once remedial and preventive in this
connection, is proper attention to drainage.

[Venturia inaequalis and V. pirina in pure cultures], S. P. NovourpenskiI
(Zhvr. liolilzni Rnst.. No. 4-5 (1914), P- 1^0: ahs. in Mat. Mikol. i FHopatoI.
Ross., 1 (1915), No. 2, p. 61). — The author briefly states that the apple scab
fungxis and the pear scab fungus are readily distinguishable in pure cultures
by the color of their mycelium and the character of their growth. He also
reports his observations on the development of apple scab in storage, the incu-
bation period liolng only five days.

[Fusicladium pirinum in pure cultures], G. TwriTXi^Kii (Jaczewski) (Mat.
Mikol. i Fitopalol. Nous., 1 (1915), No. 2. pp. 57-60, figs. S).— Growth of the pear
scab fung\is (F. pirinum) in the author's studies appeared to be normal on
gelatin as well as on cooked potato, carrot, and pear, but somewhat retardetl
on apple. Involution forms such as were reported by NovouspenskTI (see
above) in case of the apple scab fungus were not observed in the cultures of
F. pirinum.

[On the etiology of Stippigkeit]. I. L. SERmxov (Zhur. Bnli7\z)ii Rast., No.
SS (1914). p. 51 : ahs. in Mat. Mihnl. i Fitopatol. 7?o.<J.<f., 1 (1915), No. 1, p. 75).—
Large losses are said to be sustained every year by Russian apple growers
through a physiological fruit spot called in Germany Stippigkeit. Certain exi)©-
riments conducted by the author have led him to think that this disease is due
to intensive culture.

[White and brown fruit spot of pear], I. Jj. Serptnov (Zhur. Bo1(?zni Rast.,
No. 4-5 (1914). p. n.^: ahfi. in Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol Ross., 1 (1915), No. 2,
p. 61). — Two leaf spot fungi commonly appearing on pear leaves, Scptoria piri-
cola and Entomosporium maculatum, have been reported by the author ns
attacking the fruit also.

Experiments on American gooseberry mildew in Cambridgeshire, F. T.
Brooks, F. R. Petherhridge and G. T. Spinks (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London}, 22
(1915), No. 3, pp. 227-230). — The purpose of these experiments, which were
made in 1913-14, was to see if some form of spraying or soil treatment carried
out on a commercial basis could replace the present system of pruning. In
1914 the summer stage of the fungus was particularly prevalent and wide-
spread, so that the experiments were carried out under severe conditions. The
treatment was probalily more carefully done than would often be the case in
commercial enterprises.

Spraying twice in the early part of the spring with lime sulphur or Bordeaux
mixture, while somewhat helpful, was not profitable. Soil treatment and
winter spraying also proved to be ineffective. Heavy use of farmyard manure
favored the disease by causing abimdant succulent growth. Pruning is deemed
the only practical means of checking the dise^ase. This is best carried out in

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 847

autumn, as soon as danger of renewed growth is past, usually early in Sep-
tember. Since perithecia form on the berries as early as May, it is important
to destroy all disoasod fruit as soon as possible.

Studies in the physiology of parasitism. — I, The action of Botrytis cinerea,
W. Bkown (Ann. But. [Londou], 29 (IDlo), Au. 115, pp. 313-3^8).— This contri-
bution, the first of a series of studies now being carried out, is intended to
lead the way to a fuller understanding of the more highly specialized parasites.

A method of preparing quickly and in practicable quantities a very powerful
extract from the germ tubes of B. cinerea is described in some detail, as pos-
sibly applicable to other studies along similar lines.

It is stated that the extract shows two types of action on a plant cell, one
on the cell wall leading to disintegration of the tissue, another on the proto-
plast producing death at a late stage of the former process. The extract may
be deactivated by heating, mechanical agitation, or neutralization with alkali.

It is thought that neither oxalic acid nor oxalates have any share in pro-
ducing the toxicity of the extract, and that any lethal substance present must
be of a colloidal nature. The only active substance in the extract appears to
be the enzym, which produces a macerating effect mainly by solution of the
middle lamella, and which causes also the lethal action of the extract. The
death of the cells is brought about presumably by its action, either directly on
the protoplasmic membrane or indirectly as a result of its action on the cell
walls. The ability of certain tissues to resist the action of the extract is de-
pendent upon the special properties of their cell walls.

Perocid as a substitute for copper sulphate in combating' Peronospora of
grape stocks, F. Gvozuenovic (Ztsclir. Landw. Vcrsuchsw. Osterr., 18 {1015),
No. 1-2, pp. 11-28). — This is an account and discussion of tests made with Pero-
cid, a proprietary preparation to be used in the form of spray, paste, or powder
for the control of I'eronospora, and a comparison of the fungicidal values of
such preparations witli those of sprays in common use.

The hibernation of the powdery mildew of the vine (Uncinula necator) in
Hvmgary, J. Ihos {Bordszati Lapok, 1,6 (1914), Nos. 50, jip. 703, 704; 51, pp. 712,
713; 52, pp. 728, 729, figs. S; ahs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. \_Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, p. S12). — The question as to how
powdery mildew of grape passes the winter is said to be still unanswered.
Istvanfti, in 1908, is said to have been the first to find the perithecia in
Hungary.

The author observed considerable injury to grapes in the autumn of 1913.
A large number of leaves examined in November showed perithecia on the
mildew patches. The very abundant formation of these patches was thought
to be due to the great variations in climatic conditions in that year, the summer
being cool and wet and the autumn dry and warm.

A banana disease in Cuba, J. R. Johnston (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Circ.
^7 (1915), pp. 1-9, pis. 7). — An account is given of the appearance, progress, and
effects of a disease of banana in Cuba, which is stated to cause heavy losses
in some districts and to threaten banana culture in this region.

The discoloration, wilting, and rotting of the parts is described, also the
appearance of the stems in cross section, showing the relation thereto of the
fungus, which is found in connection with the vascular bundles. The varieties
which appear to be susceptible or resistant are indicated. The use of 0.2 per
cent corrosive sul)limate or other disinfectant is recommended, also removal of
affected plants by cutting close to the ground and the application of quicklime
to the stump.

Marasmius perniciosus n. sp., the cause of the krulloten disease of cacao in
Surinam, G. Stahel (Dept. Landb. Surinanie Bui. 33 (1915), pp. 27+25-\-26,

848 EXPEEIMEXT STATIOX EECOED.

pis. 12; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 14 (1915), No. 354, P- S82).— This contri-
bution, which is given in Dutch, English (translation by A. M. W. Ter Laag),
and German, is said to be the outcome of an investigation suggested by the
publication of studies by Rorer (E. S. R., 29, p. 851) on the witches' broom
disease of cacao in Surinam.

The organism, which is found in diseased shoots, indurated pods, and in-
fected flower cushions of the cacao tree, is described as M. peniiciosus n. sp.
Mycelium isolated from diseased plants and used for inoculation gave no
results, but spore material reproduced the disease.

While heavy shade appears to favor the fungus by the retention of moisture,
it is thought best to decrease the shade gradually rather than suddenly.
Drainage has the effect of strengthening the plants against attack. The
diseased parts should be destroyed, and Bordeaux mixture should be applied
to the trees in the form of a line si>ray.

Coffee leaf disease (Hemileia vastatrix) in Uganda, S. Simpson and W.
Small (Proc. Intcrnat. Cong. Trop. Agr., 3 (1914), pp. 365, 366).— In an abstract
here given of this paper, it is said to have been establishetl that no record
exists of coffee trees having been attacked locally by any species of Hemileia
other than //. vastatrix, and that so far spores of this fungus from Coffea
robusta have failed to infect leaves of cultivated coffee.

The drier weather of 1913 arrested the disease. Bordeaux and Burgundy
mixtures have continued to give good results, but other applications have been
disappointing.

No aecidial stage of H. vastatrix has yet been found. At least 10 genera
of the Rubiaceje occur in the Victoria Nyanza region, and 4 of these are known
to harbor species of Hemileia in other localities.

Citrus canker, A. J. Cook (J/o. Bui. Com. Hort. Cat., 3 (19U), No. 12, pp. 520,
521). — This is partly a brief notice of information, furnished mainly by Berger
(E. S. R., 34, p. G49) and by Stevens (E. S. R., 31. p. 54), regarding the
origin, distribution, .symptoms, and res-ults of citrus canker, and partly a
discussion of protective measures, including quarantines by States.

Citrus canker in America. The outbreak of a new disease, (i. P. Dabnell-
Smith (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Walci^. 20 (1915), No. 6, pp. 517, 518).— The author dis-
cusses an extract from a bulletin on citrus canker by Stevens (E. S. R., 31,
p. 54) and one from the above article by Cook.

The discovery of the chestnut blight parasite (Endothia parasitica) and
other chestnut fungi in Japan, C. L. Shear and N. E. Stevens (iScietice, n. ser.,
43 (1916), No. 1101, pp. 173-176).— The presence of E. parasitica on chestnut
trees in the vicinity of Nikko, Japan, was definitely established from material
received from several sources. In addition to K. parasitica, E. radicalis has
been found on the bark of Pasani-a sp., a genuS closely related to Quercus.
This seems to establish the fact that E. radicalis is indigenous to Japan and
is not confined to the genus Castanea.

The chestnut bark disease in Vermont, R. M. Ross (Vt. Forestry Pub. 16
(1915), pp. 16, pis. 4). — It is stated that the chestnut blight, ascribed to En-dothia
gyrosn parasitica, and said to be found in all the New England States,
threatens to infect all the chestnut areas in Vermont. No methods have been
found effective in checking the disease or in saving a tree when once badly
diseased.

While wood once infected begins to deteriorate within two years after the
death of the tree, timber cut before infection may be seasoned and kept for
many years. Suggestions for the utilization of chestnut wood are given. Com-
plete destruction of all infected material is insistetl upon.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOOY — ENTOMOLOGY. 849

Diseases of Hevea in Ceylon, T. Petch (Proc. Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr., S
(1914)' p- 172). — In the abstract here given of this paper, it is stated that the
diseases acquired by H. b7-asilicnsis during its cultivation in the East for over
30 years have been comparatively few and mild.

The most important diseases of this tree in Ceylon at the present time are
brown root disease {Hymenochwte noxia), pink disease (Corticium salmoni-
color), dieback {Botryodiplodia thcobromae) , and canker (Phytophthora
faberi). The production of nodules and the decay of the tapped cortex are more
serious phcnoiiieiia wliich have not yet been traced to the agency of fungi.

[A larch. leaf disease], A. A. Lebedeva (Zhur. BolQzni Rast., No. 4-5 (1914),
p. 136; (lbs. in Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Boss., 1 (1915), No. 2, p. 61). — A serious
larch leaf disease, attributed to HartigieUa laricis and resulting in a complete
defoliation and death of nursery stock, has been described by the author as
occurring in the Province of Voronezh, Russia. Spraying with Lazurin (a
prepared Bordeaux mixture) and removing affected leaves gave very good
results.

Peridermium harknessii and Cronartium quercuum, E. P. Meinecke
(aScjVhcc, n. ser., 43 (1916), No. 1098, p. 73).— The author reports the successful
inoculation of Pinus radiata with jeciospores of P. harknessii and the fact that
the mycelium of C. quercuum winters over in the old green leaves of Quercua
agrifoUa. The uredinial sori on the young leaves are said to be the results
of infection from the sori on the old leaves. The author claims that if P.
harknessii is connected with C. quercuum, this is a case of facultative heteroe-
cism in both generations.

Brown oak and its origin, P. Geoom (Ann. Bot. [London], 29 (1915), No. 115,
pp. 393-408). — An account is given of a study made on reddish or brown heart-
wood of individual trees of the species Quercua robur in Great Britain.

The change, which is little if at all injurious to the wood for a long time,
is apparently due to a fungus, the. conidiophores of which closely resemble
those of Penicillium. On incipient brown oak of some specimens were pro-
duced small spheroidal basidiocarps which were identified by Massee as Melano-
gaster variegatus broomianus, but tlie identity of the conidiate fungus with
the basidiate one was not established by pure cultures.

Results are also given of a study of the tannin in oak heartwood by W. P.
Rial.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Birds of Porto Rico, A. Wetmore (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 326 (1916), pp. 14O,
pis. 10). — This work is based upon investigations commenced in December, 1911,
from which time continuous field work was carried on until September, 1912.
All the principal regions of the island were visited, short trips having been
made to the adjacent islands of Vieques and Culebra, and four days spent on
Desecheo Island, in Mona Passage. As a result of this work more than 2,200
stomachs of birds collected at all seasons were available for laboratory study
and investigation, about 2,000 of which were collected by the author. It is
pointed out that the examination and results have additional importance as
representing the first extended work of the kind carried on within the tropical
regions of the Western Hemisphere.

In the introduction the author first presents the itinerary, following which
he deals with the physiography of Porto Rico; bird life in cane fields, coffee
plantations, and citrus groves ; economic considerations ; bird enemies of the
mole cricket, sugar cane root borer, weevil stalk borer, and May beetle ; methods
of increasing birds; introduction of birds, etc.

850 EXPERIMENT STATI02S' RECORD.

The greater part of the work (pp. 17-129) is taken up by an annotated list
of 178 species known to inhabit or visit Porto Kico. The data include the
names by which the species is known, a brief account of its habits, and a
statement regarding its food and economic status. In some cases detailed
lists of insects and other animals, seeds, and fruits identified in the stomachs
are given in systematic order, so that as the status of other forms of life be-
comes known the relation of the birds to them may be more easily ascertained.
A bibliography of the literature relating to the ornithology of Porto Rico and
a subject index are appended.

A peculiarity in the growth, of the tail feathers of the giant hornbill
(Rhinoplax vigil), A. Wetmore {I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 47 (1915). pp. 497-^00 \.

Stryclinin sulphate. — Its effect on California valley quail, C. C. I'iebce and
M. T. Clegg (Pith. Health Rpt!<. [T. .S'.], 30 (1915). X<>. 50 pp. 3601-^604).— The
authors report experiments conducted which have been summarized as follows :

" In each case convulsions and death occurred within a period of two hours
after administering the barley, and in each case the barley was reclaimed
from the pouch of the squirrel after death, showing, what had already been
proved, that strychnin is rapidly absorbed through the membranes of this
organ.

" California valley quail may be fed, under natural conditions, relatively
large amounts of stryclniin sulphate without showing toxic symptoms. The
minimum lethal dose by subcutaneous injection is 4 mg. per 100 gm. of body
weight. The California ground .squirrel (CitcUus hcechci/i) is very susceptible
to strychnin sulphate; 0.00 mg. per 100 gm. of body weght pro<lucetl convulsions.
Nineteen grains of barley, containing 2.7 mg. of strychnin sulphate, when re-
tained in the pouch of the ground squirrel, proved fatal. Poisoned barley,
as used for ground squirrel eradication, does not cause the death of Cali-
fornia valley quail under natural feeding conditions."

Five new mammals from Mexico and Arizona, E. A. Goldman {Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 2S (1915). pp. 133-137).

Descriptions of a new genus and seven new races of flying squirrels, A. H.
IIowELL (Proc. Biol Soc. Waxh.. 28 (1915). pp. 109-113).

Five new rice rats of the genus Oryzomys from Middle America, E. A.
Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. ^Va!^h.. 28 (1915). pp. 127-130).

The distribution and combat of the field mouse in Bavaria from 1902 to
1913, L. HiLTNEB (Lan^u: Jahrb. Baycm, 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 437-478, figs.
24). — A description of the dissemination of this pest and of control work in
Bavaria.

A systematic account of the grasshopper mice, N. Hollister (Proc. U. S.
Nat. J/».s\. 47 (1915). pp. 427-489. pJ. 1. figs. 3).

Medical and veterinary entomology, W. B. Herms (New York: The Mac-
miUan Co.. 1915. pp. Xn-\-393. fins. 228).— In this work the subject is dealt
with under the following headings : Parasites and parasitism ; insect anatomy
and classification ; insect mouth parts ; how insects carry and cause disease ;
cockroaches, beetles, and thrips ; the lice; bedbugs and cone noses; mosquitoes;
mosquitoes as disease bearers ; mosquito control ; buffalo gnats and horse flies ;
the common house fly ; house fly control ; bloodsucking musclds — tsetse flies,
stable flies, horn flies ; myiasis ; fleas and louse flies ; ticks ; mites ; and venom-
ous insects and arachnids — bees, wasps, spiders, scorpions, etc. A general
classification of bacteria and protozoa is appended.

[Papers on insects and insect control] (Ann. Scrv. flpiphyties, Mem. ct Rap..
1 (1912), pp. TIII-j-i62. /)?s. 3. figs. 80). — The papers here presented of interest
to economic entomologists include the following: Icerya purchasi In France

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 851

and the Acclimation of Novius cardinalis, by P. Marchal (pp. 13-26) ; The
Acclimation of N. cardiiwUs in Gardens of the Peninsula of Cape Ferrato
Invaded by /. purchasi, by G. Poirault and A. Vuillet (pp. 27-33) ; Protection
of Cultivated Plants from Insects of Exotic Origin, by A. Vuillet (pp. 34-50) ;
A Note on the Necessity of the Employment of Poisonous Substances, Particu-
larly Arsenate of Lead, in Agriculture, by E. Roux (pp. 51-56) ; Opportunity
for the Employment of Arsenicals, and Particularly Arsenate of Lead, in
Agriculture, by P. Marchal (pp. 57-62) ; Tests of the Toxicity of Some Arseni-
cal Compounds Employed in Agi*iculture, by H. Fabre (pp. 63-76) ; A Con-
sideration of the Use of Arsenicals in the Southern Section, by F. Picard (pp.
77-79) ; The Potato Tuber Moth (PhtJiorimcca opcrcuIcUa) , by F. Picard (pp.
106-176) ; Studies of a Disease of the Peach Tree in the Valley of the Rhone
Caused by Xylcborus dispar, by J. Beauverie (pp. 186-195) ; The Fight Against
Diaspis pcntagona in Italy, by G. Gastine (pp. 196-219) ; The Asparagus Fly
(Platyparca poecilopfcra) in the Environs of Paris, by P. Lesne (pp. 228-247) ;
The Cochylis and Eudemis Moths in 1912, by P. Marchal (pp. 248-252) ; Studies
of the Cochylis and Eudemis Moths in Bordeaux in 1912, by J. Feytaud (pp.
253-330) ; The Cochylis and Eudemis Moths in the Valley of the Loire, by
Vezin and L. Gaumont (pp. 331-338) ; Observations on the Cochylis and
Eudemis Moths in Burgundy in 1912, by A. Palllot (pp. 339-351) ; Report on
the Cochylis and Eudemis Moths in Southern France, by F. Picard (pp.
352-364) ; Tests of Illuminated Traps in Champagne in 1911-12, by J. Chatanay
(pp. 365-371) ; Studies of the Vegetable Parasites of Cochylis and Eudemis
Moths, by G. Fron (pp. 372-378) ; Studies of the Pathogenic Action of Divers
Coccobacilli of the May Beetle, Silkworm, and Cochylis and Eudemis Moths, by
E. Chatton (pp. 379-391) ; and A Note on the Coccidse of West Africa, by P.
Vayssiere (pp. 426-432).

Work of the colonial entomologist, R. Mayn^ (Bid. Agr. Congo Beige, 5
(1914), No. 4, pp. 577-600, figs. S).— The author here deals with the enemies of
rubber in Belgian Kongo, and presents a note on an enemy of coffee (Stephano-
dcres coffr(r) and a brief account of the citrus butterfly {Papilio demoleus) .

[Report of the entomologist of Southern Nigeria]. W. A. Lambobn (Ann.
Rpt. Agr. Dept. South. Nigeria, 1913. pp. 21-39). — In this report for the period
from May 26 to December 31, 1913, the author discusses the insect enemies of
cotton, cacao, maize, guinea corn, peanuts, etc. Three species of ticks, namely,
Boophilus annulatus decoloratus, Rhipiceplxalus simus, and Amblyomma varie-
gatum, are said to abound in the district.

Insect pests of wheat, W. B. Gurney (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui.
102 (1915), pp. 32-40. figs. 8). — A brief account of the more important in.sect
enemies of wheat in New South Wales.

Some of the more important truck crop pests in Georgia, W. V. Reed (Ga.
Bd. Ent. Bui. 41 {191-5), pp. 39, figs. 29). — A brief popular account is given of the
more important insect enemies of truck crops and means for their control.

Carbon bisulphid and its use for grain fumigation, W. H. Goodwin (Mo.
Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 3, pp. 86-90, figs. 5).— Directions are given for the
practical use of carbon bisulphid as an insecticide.

[Cranberry insects in Wisconsin], O. G. Malde (Wis. State Cranberry
Groirers' Assoc. [Proc], 28 (1915), pp. 15-17). — This is a report of the occur-
rence of, and work of the season of 1914 with, the cranberry fruit worm, cran-
berry leaf miner, and cranberry tip worm.

Blueberry insects in Maine, W. C. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 244 (1915), pp.
249-288, pis. 4, figs. 3). — In his introduction the author first considers the status
of the blueberry industry in Maine, which is restricted in large part to the

852 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

blueberry barrens of Washington County, comprising some 250,000 acres. It is
stated that in 1912 90,000 bu. of blueberries were canned and the industry
valued at $2,000,000. Three species of blueberries occur on the barrens,
namely, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, V. carwdense, and V. vaciUans, but the
first two of these predominate decidedly. Since T. canadense ripens about 10
days later than V. pennsylvanicum the berry season is fairly long.

Accounts are given of eight insects of economic importance, all but one of
which attack the fruit. The present account of the apple maggot is more at
length than that previously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 350). The maggot is the
most important enemy of the blueberry in Washington County, to which locality
the pest is largely restricted so far as this crop is concerned. A hymenopterous
parasite, Biosteres rhagoletis, previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 456), was
reared in considerable numbers from puparia obtained from blueberries in
1913, which apparently reduced the number of maggots considerably during
the summer of 1914. With the large crop in 1913 only from 1 to 2 per cent
was attacked, but the yield in 1914 was so small that from 8 to 10 per cent
of the fruit was maggoty and conditions were much the same in 1915. It is
stated that no measures aimwl at complete control of the pest have proved
really practical but that with an ordinary yield no elaborate system of control
is needed. Burning the plains, as is commonly done, is a practice to be highly
recommended since it not only restores the fertility of the land but destroys
the puparia which lie near the surface of the soil.

A new cecldomyiid, i. e., itonidid, though found in the fruit in considerable
number.s, Is not of economic importance since it infests only decaying or decayed
berries. Descriptions of this species and its several stages under the name
Lnsioptera fruciuaria by E. P. Felt are incorporated in the account.

The pomace fly is said to have been reared in great numbers from blue-
berries placed in cages in the insectary as soon as the fruit had become a trifle
old and had lost its firmness. It is pointed out that unless stored berries are
packed securely and guarded against the attack of this fly, it may prove to be
a very serious pest.

The currant fruit weevil (Pscudanthonomus ralidus) is quite widely dis-
tributed in Maine as a blueberry pest, occurring at both Orono and Cherry-
field, the only places at which extensive collections of berries have been made
for the study of their insect enemies. So far as known it is confined to the low
blueberries {V. pennsylvanicum and V. catiadctisc). Hibernation takes place
in the adult stage. Oviposition commences about the middle of June while the
berries are still small and green, the egg usually being placed in one of the
calyx lobes. On hatching out, the larva tunnels to the center of the berry,
leaving behind it a hardened reddish trail, which is very conspicuous in the
green pulp. A single berry is said to furnish sufTicient nourishment for one
weevil, all parts of the fruit being oaten except the outer coat of the seeds, and
the berry is left just a shell around a mass of fine brown frass. There is but
one generation a year in Maine. A description of its several stages by W. D.
Pierce is included.

A fruit caterpillar, thought to be Epinotia fasciolatw, is, next to the maggot,
the insect most commonly found in the fruit. This pest, while very abundant
in 1913, was so extensively parasitized that it was quite rare the following
year and had not appreciably reestablished itself in 1915. It appears to be
generally distributed throughout the State. The eggs are deposited singly on
the outside of the berry while it is still green, usually somewhere around the
calyx lobe. Upon hatching out in most cases the larva enters the berry
near the calyx end. usually on the outside of the berry at the base of one of
*^e sepals, but some enter by the calyx cup and a few near the stem end. If

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 853

one berry does not contain enough food the larva may make its way to one
which has been webbed to it. In 1913 its numbers were greatly reduced by an
ichneumonid parasite of the genus Pimpla.

The blueberry damsel bug {Nabis rufuscultis) , which probably occurs
throughout the State, deposits its eggs in the fruit and the nymphs, which are
predaceous, live upon the plant, but this seems to be the only way in which
the blueberry is directly concerned in their life cycle. Occasionally a little
scale of the genus Pseudococcus is found in the calyx end of the berry.

In addition to the insects which attack the fruit, to which particular atten-
tion was paid by the author, a leaf beetle, namely, Galcrucella decora, was
observed to be decidedly injurious to the foliage of the blueberry in Maine.
It is said to be widely distributed through the State and in the vicinity of
Orono to have been very abundant during the past three seasons and to have
killed a considerable number of blueberry bushes. It hibernates in the adult
stage, and the eggs are deposited about the middle of June. The larva? eat the
leaves very rapidly and in great amount, the leaves being skeletonized and
only the brown ribs and upper epidermis left. Bushes which are defoliated
two or three years in succession usually are killed.

Insects affecting the coconut palm in Trinidad, F. W. Ukich {Bui. Dept.
Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, U {1015), No. 6, pp. 200-203) .—An annotated list of
the more important insects of the coconut palm in Trinidad.

Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, R. A. Studhalteb and
A. G. RuGGLES {Pcnn. Dept. Forestry Bid. 12 {1915), pp. 33, pis. 4).— Following
a brief review of the literature relating to the transmission of plant diseases by
insects, the authors report the results of investigations conducted, including
those obtained from cultures, the microscopic examination of centrifuged sedi-
ments, etc. The work has been summarized as follows :

" Each insect tested was placed in a flask containing 100 cc. of sterile water,
kept there for at least several hours, small quantities of the water plated out
in dilution plates, and the wash water centrifuged in case positive results were
obtained. Tests were made of 21 ants used in certain laboratory and insectary
experiments in which they had been permitted to run over chestnut bark bear-
ing spore horns or active perithecial pustules of the chestnut blight fungus
{Endothia parasitica) . Five of these 21 ants were found to be carrying spores
of the chestnut blight fungus.

" Tests were also made of 52 insects and 2 spiders brought in from the field.
All but 3 of these were picked directly from the chestnut blight cankers.
Both of the spiders yielded negative results, while 19 of the 52 insects from
the field were found to be carrying spores of E. parasitica. Positive results
were obtained from insects in the orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and
Hymenoptera. The only other order of insects represented was the Lepidop-
tera, of which only 2 individuals were tested, both with negative results.

"The number of viable spores of the blight fungus carried varied from 74
to 336,960 per insect. The cultures from 3 insects contained no fungus colonies
except those of E. parasitica. Each of the 8 individuals tested of Leptostylus
macula, one of the beetles which feeds on pustules of the blight fungus, yielded
positive results. The 3 highest positive results obtained, 336,960, 145,340, and
8,538, were from L. macula. It was demonstrated that the spores of the blight
fungus were easily shaken from the body of this beetle by its own movements.

" From the rate of development of the colonies of E. parasitica in cultures,
it was determined that the insects from the fields were carrying pycnospores
almost exclusively. A microscopic examination of the centrifuged sediments
showed a very few ascospores, and these from only 5 insects. Pycnospores
were present in the sediment from every insect yielding positive results. The

854 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

insects tested, even L. macula, which eats the pustules, were therefore carrying
pycnospores almost exclusively. Most of the pycnospores were probably
brushed off from normal or diseased bark, or both, by the movements of the
insects over these surfaces. Some were probably obtained while eating the
pustules, and some may have been obtained from the soil around the bases of
diseased trees.

" Most of the insects were also carrying spores of fungi other than E. para-
sitwa. The number of species of other fungi varied from 0 to 7 in the cultures,
but was shown by microscopic examination of the centrifuged sediments to be
greater, in at least some cases. In proportion to size, insects may carry a
greater number of spores of the blight fungus than birds.

"We are led to the conclusion that some insects carry a large number of
spores of the blight fungus, and that they are important agents in the local
dissemination of this disease. This is especially true of the beetle, L. macula."

A list of 55 titles of the literature cited is appended.

Hydrocyanic acid gas against household insects, L. O. Howabd and C. H.
PoPENOE (U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Buh 600 (1916), pp. 8). — This is a revision
of Bureau of Entomology Circular 163, previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 352).

Orthoptera of the Yale-Dominican expedition of 1913, A. N. Caudell {Proc.
U. S. Xat. Mus., .',7 {1015). pp. .',01--',05).

The genera of the tettiginiid insects of the subfamily Rhaphidophorinse
found in America north of Mexico, A. N. Cai-dell (Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus., .J5
(1016), pp. 655-600, figs. 28).

[Migratory locusts in South America] (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tobago, I't (1015), No. 6, pp. 101-109, pis. 5).— Several papers are here pre-
sented relating to the subject, including A Report on Locusts in Venezuela, by
W. G. Freeman (pp. 191-194) ; ^\•tes on the South .Vmerican Migratory Locust
(Schistoccrca parancnsis), by F. W. Urich (pp. 194-197) ; Report on the
Inoculation of Locusts with Coccobacillus acridiorum, by J. B. Rorer (pp. 197,
198) ; and The Manurial Value of Locusts, by A. E. Collens (p. 199).

Inoculation experiments with C. acridiorum show that its virulence can be
increased for the Venezuelan locust (S. paran<;nsis) in a way similar to that
used in Yucatan and Argentina. An experiment with the giant locust (Tropir
dacris dux) shows that the organism is virulent for it also.

Jerusalem's locust plague, J. D. Whiting (Xat. Gcogr. Mag., 28 (1915), No.
6, pp. 511-550, figs. 25). — Tlie author reviews the history of former locust inva-
sions and describes and illustrates the great devastation caused by locusts ia
Jerusalem and the means that have been taken to combat them.

Observations on Chennes spp. in Switzerland, N. A. Cholodkovskt (Russ.
Ent. Obozr., H (lOl.'i), No, 2-S, pp. LXXIX-LXXXIII ; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 34-3, 344). — This reports observations on the biology
of Chcrmcs spp.

Identity of Eriosoma pyri, A, C. Bakeb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 5 (1016), No. 23, pp. 1115-1119, fig. i).— As stated by the author, this
paper was written in order to reinstate the woolly aphis described by Fitch from
apple (iJalus spp.) roots, to point out its distinctness from the woolly apple
aphis (E. lanigrrum), with which it has been confused, and to place it among
the species of the genus to which it properly belongs, namely, Prociphilus. In
his studies the author has had Fitch's original notes on the species and his
type of Prociphilus pyri at hand. Descriptive notes and figures of the species
of Prociphilus are given as an aid in the placing of P. pyri.

Destruction of body lice, agents in the transmission of recurrent fever and
exanthematous typhus, by oil of eucalyptus, E. Sergent and H. Foley (Bui.
Soc. Path. Exot., 8 (1915), No. 6, pp. 378-381; abs. in Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 855

and Prcv. Med., S (1915), No. 2, pp. 109-111).— The authors find that the oil of
eucalyptus is an efficient disinfection agent for use against body lice in loco,
on the clothing, and on the body while still clothed.

Descriptions of new species and genera of Lepidoptera from. iUEexico, H. G.
Dyak {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mits., 47 (1915), pp. 365-409).

Lepidoptera of the Yale-Dominican expedition of 1913, H. G. Dtab (Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 41 (1915), pp. 42i-42Q).

Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian biological survey of the
Panama Canal Zone, H. G. Dyab (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47 (1915), pp. 139-350).

New genera and species of Microlepidoptera from Panama, A. Busck (Proc.
V. S. Nat. Mus., 47 (1915), pp. 1-67).

Contributions toward the knowledge of the injurious Microlepidoptera of
the fir and spruce, I. Tragakdh (Skogsvdrdsfor. Tidskr., No. 11 (1915), pp.
813-874, figs. 40; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 290-292).—
The species here considered are Dioryctria schiitzeella, Pandemis ribeana,
Grapholitha (Epiblema) tedella, G. (Epinatia) nanann, Argyresthia illumi-
natella, Caccccia piceana, Evetria resinella, Heringia dodecella, Cedcstis gys-
selin^lla, Dyscedestis farinatella, and Ocnerostoma piniariella. A bibliography
of 28 titles is appended.

The noctuid moths of the genera Palindia and Dyomyx, H. G. Dyak (Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 47 (1915), pp. 95-116).

The pickle worm or cucumber worm (Diaphania nitidalis), H. Gasman
(Kentucky Sta. Dept. Ent. and Bot. Circ. 3 (1915), pp. 7, figs. 5).— This insect
has been the source of considerable injury in Kentucky during the past three
or four years, particularly to cantaloups and cucumbers. The injury com-
mences about the middle of July and is at its height during August and early
September. Several broods which overlap develop during this period. Treat-
ment consists in rotation, the gathering and destruction of badly infested fruit,
and plowing and harrowing immediately after the removal of the crop. Spray-
ing with arsenicals may at times be employed to advantage but should be
practiced with care.

The practical employment of the cacao moth parasite, W. Roepke (Meded.
Proof Stat. Midde)i-Java, No. 18 (1914), pp. 25-27; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3
(1915), 8er. A, No. 6, pp. 313, 314). — A description is given of the manner of
rearing and liberating cacao moth parasites and of the destruction of hyper-
parasites.

Two new Canadian Diptera, J. M. Aldkich (Canad. Ent., 48 (1916), No. 1,
pp. 20-22). — Exorista cwsar reared from Archips argyrospila at Simcoe, Ontario,
and Frontina spectabilis collected at Wabamic, Ontario, are described as new
to science.

New western and southwestern Muscoidea, O. H. T. Townsend (Jour. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. 23 (1915), No. 4, pp. 216-234).

Diagnoses of new genera of muscoid flies founded on old species, C. H. T.
TowNSEXD (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 49 (1916), pp. 617-633).

The house fly, F. W. Fitzsimons (London and New York: Longmans, Green
d Co., 1915 pp. VI +89, figs. 22). — A small book of a popular nature which
emphasizes the importance of combating the house fly.

The sporogony of Hsemoproteus columbae, Helen Adie (Indian Jour. Med.
Research, 2.(1915), No. 3 pp. 671-680, pJs. 3).— The author concludes that
" pigeons at the places and the times indicated are very heavily infected with
Hfemoproteus ; no other blood parasites were found. Lynchia flies associated
with these pigeons are also very heavily infected with the sexual stages of
a parasite analogous to Proteosoma and the malarial parasite. Where flies are

41852°— No. 9—16 5

856 EXPERIMEXT STATION BECORD.

rare, pigeon infection is also rare. Kasauli pigeons show no flies and are, as
far as my experience goes, free from infection.

" The development of Hsemoproteus can be traced in the fly ; the ookinete,
zygote, oocyst, and sporozoite stages have all been demonstrated. Sporozoites
have been seen in vast numbers in the salivary glands and streaming down the
salivary duct. Both sexes of Lynchia carry the infection. Laboratory bred
flies placed on infected birds have shown in due course both zygotes and sporo-
zoites of the same type as those of naturally infected flies. Kasauli pigeons
for good reasons thought to be uninfected (but not laboratory hatched) have
become infected by flies taken off heavily infected Ambala birds (flies after-
wards dissected and found infected). The sporogony of Hsemoproteus in this
Lynchia is similar to that of Proteosoma and the malaria parasite. It is
another instance of the cycle of Ross."

Fighting the fly peril, C. F. Plowman and W. F. Deabdex {LoMoii: T.
Fisher Unwin, Lid., 1915, pp. 127, pis. 7, figs. 4)- — A popular and practical hand-
book.

Report on a mosquito survey at the mouth of the Connecticut River, P. L.
BuTTKicK {Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 1S9 {1915), pp. 5-32, pi. i).— This is a
detailed report of a survey made with a view to ascertaining the location and
character of mosquito breeding places, to determine how they can best be
eliminated, and to estimate roughly the probable cost. It is thought that
this survey with the accompanying map makes it possible for those interested
to decide what work is most necessary, where money can best be spent, and
the approximate cost.

Anopheles as a winter carrier of Plasmodium. — The mosquito as a prophy-
lactic indicator, M. B. Mitzmain {Pub. Health Rpis. [U. S.], 30 {1915), No. 29,
pp. 2117-2121). — The author reports upon investigations conducted at Scott,
Miss., from February 3 to June 1, 1915.

During the three months from February 9 to May 9, LOCK) Anopheles
mosquitoes collected were dissected and examined but no forms suggestive of
the malarial Plasmodium were encountered. Two mosquitoes {Anopheles
qnadriwnculatus) were found Infected on May 15 and a third on May 26.
The findings indicate that " at any time previous to May 15, in the locality
investigated, protection from malaria may be secured by treating with quinin
all the human carriers so that the insect carriers may not be permitted to
carry out their role in completing the cycle. Failing this, prophylactic meas-
ures among healthy and other susceptible persons may be instituted any time,
from May 15 to June 1, when it is considered the completion of the mosquito
cycle in this locality makes preventive measures urgent."

The duck as a preventive against malaria and yellow fever, S. G. Dixon
{.Jovr. Amcr. Med. Aswc, 63 {1914), No. II,, p. i2(?5).— Attention is called to the
habit of ducks of focdiiis upon mosquito larva:'.

Anastrepha serpentina, a new pest of fruits in Brazil, J. S. Tavares {Bro-
teria, Ser. Zooh, IS {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 52-5^; ah.9. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {191S),
Scr. A, yo. 7, p. SS7). — In addition to the fruit flies A. fraterculu.9. Cerntitis
capitata, and Lonchoca ccnca which occur in Brazil, .1. serpentina, which attacks
the sapodilla {Sapota aehra-t), has been discovered. About 30 days are re-
quired for its larval development and 15 for the pupal.

The biopathological relations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis cap-
itata) and citrus fruits, L. Savastano {Ann. B. Staz. Sper. Agrum. c Fruttirol.
Aeirealc, 2 {1914), pp. 97-128; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A. Xo. 10.
pp. 6O4. 605). — The attack of the Mediterranean fruit fly is aggravated by an
increase in the sugar content of citrus with the resulting decrease in acidity.

A bibliography of 47 titles is given.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 857

Two new species of Pipunculus, F. Knab (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28 (1915),
pp. 83-85, pi. 1). — Pipunculus industrius and P. vagabundus, both reared from
the sugar beet leaf hopper (Eutettix tcnella) at King City and Pleasanton, Cal.,
are described as new to science.

Notes on some Virginian species of Platyreza, N. Banks {Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Sac, 23 (1915), No. 4, pp. 213-216, pi. 1).

The life history and control measures for the cereal leaf beetle (Lema
melanopus), G. Kadocsa (Ki-s4rlet. Kodem., 18 (1915), No. 1, pp. 109-178, pis. S,
figs. 3). — A detailed report of studies of this pest conducted at the Royal Ento-
mological Station in Budapest.

The western 12-spotted cucumber beetle, E, O. EssiG (Univ. Cal. Joitr. Agr.,
3 (1915"*, No. 1, pp. 12-15, figs. 3). — This account relates to Diabrotica soror, a
native of the Western States and especially abundant in California, where it is
a source of considerable injury.

Problem of the bark beetle, J. M. Swaine (Canad. Forestry Jour., 11 (1915),
No. 6, pp. 89-92, figs. 2). — This account is based upon work previously noted
(E. S. R., 32, p. 551).

Species of Rhynchites and Anthonomus pomorum injuring orchards, J. F.
ScHREiNEB (Trudy Biuro Ent. [Petrograd'\, 2 (191Jt), No. 14, 3. enl. ed., pp. 65,
figs. 32; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 533-535) .—Seven
species of Rhynchites injurious in Russia are considered.

Boll weevils hibernating in cotton seed (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 173 (1916),
pp. 28, 29, fig. 1). — This records the discovery of three live weevils in 2 lbs. of
seed cotton in January while ginning a sample by hand. The weevils are said
to have been inside the seeds, having entered apparently after the seeds were
nearly or quite mature, as the seed coats were about normal.

The Mexican bean weevil, E. O. Amundsen (Mo. Bui. Com. Eort. Cal., 5
(1916), No. 1, pp. 33, 3-'f, figs. 3). — A Mexican bean, known as " guamuchile," is
often found infested by Bruchus limbatus. It is also found in the seeds of
other legumes and if unchecked renders them unfit for food or seed.

New genera of chalcidoid Hymenoptera, A. A. Gikauxt (Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, 23 (1915), No. 3, pp. 165-173). — Among the species here described of eco-
nomic importance are Holanusomyia pidcliripennis n. g. and n. sp., reared from
the citrus mealy bug on bamboo at Manila, Philippine Islands ; Anagyrella cor-
vina n. g. and n. sp., reared from Pseudococcus sp., at Fresno, Cal. ; Metallo-
noidea brittanica n. subg. and n. sp., reared from the oyster shell scale, at Man-
chester, England; Pscudhomalopoda prima n. g. and n. sp., reared from Chrys-
omphahis aonidum and Aleurocantlius woglami, at Kingston, Jamaica ; and
Paraleurocerus bicoloripcs n. g. and n. sp., reared from a cherry leaf miner
(Lithocelletis sp. ), at Woods Hole, Mass.

Vespoid and sphecoid Hymenoptera collected in Guatemala by W. P.
Cockerell, S. A. Rohwer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47 (1915), pp. 513-523).

West Indian wasps, H. A. Ballou (Agr. News [Barbados^, 14 (1915), No.
S49, p. 298, figs. 4)- — A brief account of the more important wasps occurring in
the West Indies.

Observations on the biology of Ixodidee, II, G. H. F. Nuttaxl (Parasit-
ology, 7 (1915), No. 4, PP- 408-456). — In this .second part of the work previously
noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 58) the author reviews the literature relating to the
biology of 14 species of ticks, in part, and reports original observations.

[Studies of Cimex], F. W. Cbagg (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 2 (1915), No.
3, pp. 698-720, pis. 3, figs. 2) . — The author's work with Cimex is reported in two
papers, the first relating to fertilization (pp. 698-705) and the second consist-
ing of anatomical and physiological studies of the alimentary tract (pp.
706-720).

858 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

On the life history and m-orpholo^y of Clonorchis sinensis, H. Kobayashi
{Centbl. Bakt. [efc], 1. AM., Orig., 75 {1915), No. 4, pp. 299-318, pis. 4).— This
report of studies at the Imperial Institute for Infectious Diseases has been
summarized as follows :

" Liver distomiasis in Japan is caused by C. suiensis. The natives in the
district where the disease is prevalent are infested with the parasites through
eating fresh-water cyprinoid fishes raw that are the intermediate hosts.

"Experimentally the following 12 species are ascertained to be the inter-
mediate hosts of the distome: Pseudorasbora parva, Leucogobio giintheri, L.
mayedCE, Sarcocheilichthys variegattis, Pscudopcrilampus tijpus, Parachcilogrui-
thus rhombcum, Achcilognathus lanccolatum, A. limbatum, A. cyanostigma,
Abbottina pscgma, Biwi<i zczcra, and Carassiiis auratus.

"The encysted larva in the fish grows and reaches maturity in the cat, the
dog, the rabbit, the guinea pig, and the rat. In the final host the cyst ruptures
and the larva is set free. During the development in the final host, the spines
of the ' cuticula ' enlarge and then disappear. The size relations of the oral
and ventral sucliers are reversed. The final shape and position of the testes
and the ovary are attained in 7 days and the egg formation begins in from 12
to 15 days.

"The parasite matures in from 23 to 26 days. Yellowish or brownish pig-
ment of the adult is probably degenerated shell material contained in the
yolk cells. Senile degeneration is found in larger specimens in which the
vitellaria are partly [reduced] or wholly disappear, the pigment is present, and
the uterus is empty. The liver distome in Japan constitutes a single species
(C. sinensis)."

An outline of the morphology and life history of Crithidia leptocoridis
n. sp., Irene McCulix)CH (Univ. Cal. Pubs., Zoo/., J6 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 22. pis.
4, fig. 1). — The flagellate parasite C. leptocoridis occurs in immense numbers in
the intestinal tract of the common box-elder bug {Lrptocoris irivittatus).

Studies in the life history of an ameba of the Limax group (Vahlkampfia
calkensi), Maky J. Hogue {Arch. Proiistcnk., 35 {1914), No. 2, pp. 154-163, pis.
S). — :Most of the oysters found around New York are said to be infested with
this ameba, while tlie Cape Cod oysters and those found near Woods Hole are
peculiarly free from it.

Identification of the stages in the asexual cycle of Bartonella bacilli-
f ormis, the pathogenic organism of verruga, and their bearing on the etiol-
ogy and unity of the disease, C. H. T. Townsend {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5
{1915), No. 21, pp. 662-667). — The author reviews studies relating to verruga
which appear to indicate conclusively that the Bartonella is a protozoan, and
attempts to interpret correctly the stages in the asexual cycle of D. baciUi-
f ormis. Accounts relating to verruga and its transmission by Phlebotomus
verrucanun have previously been noted (E. S. K., 32, pp. 248, 350).

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The velocity of the staling of bread, J. R. Katz (A'. Akad. Wctrnsch.
Amsterdam, Tersl. Wis. en Natuiirk. Afdecl., 23 {1914), pt. 1, pp. 652-655).— In
continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 28, p. 861), the author reports ex-
perimental data indicating that the velocity of the staling of bread and its
loss of imbibing power (which is thought to depend on a physical change in
the starch of the flour so that it becomes harder and less capable of holding
water) do not run quite parallel. It was found that the diminished capacity
of the starch to absorb water took place the more rapidly, and that the vapor

FOODS — HUMAI^r NUTRITION. 859

pressure of both fresh and stale bread was approximately equal to that of
pure water.

The staling of bread, J. R. Katz {K. Akad. Wctemch. Amsterdam, Versl.
Wis. en Natuurk. Afdeel, 23 {1914), pt. 1, pp. 655-658) .—From tlie results of a
series of tests to determine the imbibing power and solubility of bread made
of meals from several different kinds of grain the conclusion is given that the
staling of bread is connected with a change which takes place not only with
wheat and rye starch but also with all varieties of starch, but that it leads
to practically important results only in the case of wheat and rye starch.

The staling' of bread from the physiological-chemical standpoint, I-III,
J. R. Katz {Iloppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Cliem., 95 (1915), No. 2-3, pp. 10^-
129; 136-1 Jf6, fig. 1; 147-151). — In the first of these papers, experimental data
on the chemical and physical changes which take place when bread becomes
stale are reported. These az'e in agreement with the work of Neumann (E.
S. R., 32, p. 356). The author concludes that the principal cause of the staling
of bread is a change in the starch, brought about by baking, by which the
starch granules become harder and less capable of holding water and by
which a part of the soluble polysaccharids become insoluble. At the same
time there is a transference of the water in the starch to the gluten. Further-
more, the consistency of the gluten skeleton of bread influences the general
texture of the bread.

In the second paper the author reports a further investigation of the changes
produced in the starch granules of bread by baking and during staling. These
data indicate that during baking the high temperature disturbs the equilibrium
which ordinarily exists between starch, water, and gluten, and fresh bread
results. During staling this equilibrium tends to be restored ; at higher tem-
peratures, accordingly, bread remains comparatively fresh.

In the third paper, from the data of experiments reported, he concludes
that the starch granules of sago, rice, potatoes, barley, corn, oats, lentils, and
marena undergo the same changes in the baking and staling of bread as occur
in wheat and rye bread.

Changes in the microscopical structure of bread during staling, E. Vek-
scHAFFELT and E. VAN Teutem {Hoppe-Seylefs Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 95
(1915), No. 2-S, pp. lSO-135, pis. 2). — The authors describe studies of the micros-
copy of fresh and stale bread. The findings of these experiments are in
agreement with Katz's theory of the staling of bread noted above.

How to grow the peanut and 105 ways of preparing it for human con-
sumption, G. W. Caeveb (Alabama Tuskeyee Sta. Bui. SI (1916), pp. 35). — In
addition to information regarding the planting, cultivation, and food value of
the peanut, 105 recipes are given for the use of peanuts in cookery.

Recent observations in the use of soy bean in infant feeding, J. F. Sin-
clair (N. Y. State Jour. Med., 16 (1916), No. 2, pp. S5-S8).— The results are
reported of feeding soy-bean gruel to 74 infants under three years of age, who
were suffering with gastrointestinal disturbances. Owing to its high protein
and fat content the gruel proved very efficient in checking the weight losses
which occur so fi'equently during these disorders.

In conclusion other uses of soy-bean flour are mentioned : " It has proved
useful when mixed with cereals, oatmeal, or barley jelly. It may be used in
broths. Where condensed milk must be employed it is of service because it
supplies the protein and fat which is needed and which condensed milk lacks."

Ice-cream making, A. C Baeb (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 262 (1916), pp. 36, figs.
4). — The material in this bulletin is based upon the results of about 600 freezing
tests with plain ice creams made by the station under commercial conditions,
and may be summarized briefly as follows:

860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The body (general firmness) and texture (smoothness) of ice cream are
influenced by a number of factors, such as the age and Idnd of cream used, the
amount of milk fat or other millv solids in the mixture, and the kind and
amount of filler used. In order to secure good body and texture the cream
should be aged from 24 to 48 hours at a low temperature before being frozen.
If the cream is properly aged the product retains good body and texture for a
much longer period than otherwise. Experiments with creams having percent-
ages of milk fat varying from 8 to 30 per cent showed that ice cream made from
cream having less than 18 per cent of fat was weak in body and poor in texture.
The thinner the cream used the more filler was needed to accomplish the desired
results.

The time of freezing and the speed of the freezer is important. A mixture
frozen too rapidly was coarse in texture and weak in botly, while if the speed
of the dasher or disks was too low the cream was not whipped to the proper
consistency and smoothness.

Since an excessive overrun results in a product of poor quality it should be
avoided. A number of factors which influence overrun were studied, and these
showed in general that by careful standardizing of the ice cream " mix " and
by regulating the freezing operation it was possible to obtain a uniform overrun
from day to day. A raw cream produced a higher overrun than a pasteurized
cream. Aging a pasteurizetl or homogenized cream made a higher swell pos-
sible. Rapid freezing resulted in a lower overrun than when sufficient time
was given to properly whip up the mixture. The kind and amount of filler did
not seem to affect the overrun. A high swell resulted in an open-textured,
light, foamy ice cream, and such a product was of poorer quality than one with
less overrun. Because the amount of overrun affects the weight of ice cream,
the nutrients in a given volume will also be affected ; a high overrun ice cream
contains less nutrients than a lower overrun product.

The flavor of ice cream is influencetl by several factors, among thera quality
of flavoring materials, richness of cream, taints of cream, kind of cream, filler,
and storage of the finished product. A pure extract of vanilla will produce a
more pleasant flavor than cheap, imitation compounds. The natural fruit
flavors are more desirable than the cheaper grade of extracts. An old. taiuteil,
partly sour cream can not be made into a good ice cream. An excessive use of
a low grade gelatin or ice-cream powder always can be detected in the flavor.
Considerable data are also given regarding the processes of freezing; the tem-
perature during freezing; packing; and testing. A few simple formulas are
given together with suggested score cards for judging ice cream. It is stated
that creameries and milk plants can profitably make ice cream without much
additional equipment, and if advantageously located they can install an equip-
ment for manufacturing ice cream for about .$.tOO.

The manufacture of ice creams and ices, .7. H. Franosex and E. A. Mark-
ham (Xcw York: Orange Judd Co., 1915, pp. A'/V+Jio. figs. 10<?).— The chap-
ters included in this book are the cream sui)ply ; the bacteriology of ice cream ;
the care of milk and cream at the factory ; condense«l milk, milk powder, and
homogenized cream ; stabilizers ; flavoring ; standardizing the ice cream mix-
ture ; preparing the ice cream mixture ; classiflcation of ice cream ; ice cream
formulas ; water ices and sherbets ; fancy molded ice creams ; the freezing
process; refrigeration; the economical operation of the refrigerating plant;
.scoring ice creams and ices; the ice cream factory, its location and equipment;
factory nianagonient ; by-products and side lines ; and ice cream as a side line
in the local creamery.

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 861

[Report of food and drag laboratory], H. E. Barnard (Tnd. Bd. Health,
Ann. Rpt. Chem. Div. Lab. Hyy., 9 (1915), pp. 1-153, figs. 39).— The work of the
laboratory during the year ended September 30, 1914, is reviewed. This in-
cluded the analysis of 1,703 samples of miscellaneous foods, of which 1,279 were
found to be legal, and of 294 samples of drugs, of which 261 conformed to
existing standards. Sanitary inspections were made of 12,106 places, including
grocery stores, meat markets, drug stores, bakeries, hotels, and restaurants,
of which 50 per cent were found to be in good condition.

Special reports are given of a sanitary survey of canneries and bottling
works operating in the State. Reprints are included of A Study of Fruit Jar
Caps, by Cxail M. Stapp (E. S. R., 32, p. 856), and The Effect of Bread Wrapping
on the Chemical Composition of the Loaf, by H. E. Barnard and H. E. Bishop
(E. S. R., 32, p. 354). Reprints of various instructions and notices issued
by the food commissioner conclude the report.

Electric cooking in a cafeteria, B. E. Hannon {Jour. Electricity, 36 (1916),
No. 15, pp. 280, 281, figs. 2). — ^The electric cooking equipment of a cafeteria is
described in detail, cost data being included.

School lunches, Caroline L. Hunt and Mabel Ward (U. S. Dept. Agr,,
Farmers' Bid. 712 (1916), pp. 27). — Although this publication was prepared pri-
marily to furnish information regarding the foods best suited for the children's
noon meal and for the school lunch basket, it emphasizes the fact that all
three meals in a day's ration must be considered together and considerable
space is devoted to the general food requirements of children. General infor-
mation and suggested bills of fare are given for the home lunch, for the basket
lunch, and for meals prepared at school. A few recipes for school-lunch
dishes are included.

The child and its care, Neale S. Knowles, Louise H. Campbell, and Mabei,
C. Bentley (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Home Econ. Bui. 2 (1915-16), pp.
32, figs. 14). — Considerable information is contained in this bulletin regarding
the diet of infants and of children three years of age or more, suggestive lists
of foods and menus being included. Hints are also given regarding the per-
sonal hygiene and clothing of children.

The physiology of the newborn infant. Character and amount of the
catabolism, F. G. Benedict and F. B. Talbot (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub.
233 (1915), pp. 126, figs. 10). — In this publication the authors refer to earlier
researches with newborn infants by other investigators and to the former paper
by themselves (E. S. R., 32, p. 461). A translation is given of an article
reporting respiration experiments with newborn infants, by K. A. Hasselbalch,
who draws the conclusion that a well-nourished infant born at full term has
a store of carbohydrates (glycogen) in its organs which is spent in the course
of a few hours and that " the metabolism of a poorly nourished and premature
infant depends chiefly on the oxidation of carbohydrates during the first
hours of life." The conclusions of Hasselbalch are discussed by the authors
in the light of other experiments.

The experiments here reported consist of observations of the metabolism of
105 newborn infants and include several hundred experimental periods. The
technique employed is described in detail and the statistics of the observations
are presented in tabular form.

An analysis of the data for the minimum metabolism periods shows that on
the first day of life there are important temperature regulation disturbances
which result either in a decreased metabolism, or an increased metabolism
when there is an effort on the part of the infant to compensate for the loss of
heat. After the second day there is a fair uniformity in the heat production

862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

per square meter of body surface and a remarkable uniformity per square
meter of body surface per unit of length. This constancy is such as to permit
the establishment of a factor which indicates that when the square meter of
body surface as computed from the body weight is divided by the length the
metabolism per unit is 12.65 calories. From a study of the effect of tempera-
ture changes on the basal metabolism and the amount of available breast secre-
tion in the first week of life, certain procedures for the conservation of energy
and supplemental feeding are suggested.

Acceleration of growth after retardation, T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel,
Edna L. Ferry, and A. J. Wakeman {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 40 (1916), Xo. 1, pp.
16-20, pis. 2). — Curves are given illustrating the accelerated growth of a number
of albino rats in which growth had previously been retarded either intention-
ally by the character of the diet or incidentally as the result of a failure on
the part of the animals to eat enough of a supposedly adequate ration. The
authors conclude that " after periods of suppression of growth, even without
loss of body weight, growth may proceed at an exaggerated rate for a consider-
able period. This is regarded as something apart from the rapid gains of
weight in the repair or recuperation of tissue actually lost. Despite failure
to grow for some time the average normal size may thus be regained before
the usual period of growth is ended."

Studies in water drinking. — XX, The relationship of water to certain life
processes and more especially to nutrition, P. B. Hawk (Biochcm. Bui., S
(1914), No. 11-12, pp. If20-Jf3.'f). — In this summary and digest of data, continuing
previous work (E. S. U., 34, p. 703) the author describes the physiological needs
of the body for water from both the physical and the chemical standpoints.
With regard to water drinking at mealtime, he concludes that for the normal
individual "the drinking of a reasonable volume of water wilh meals will
promote the secretion and activity of the digestive juices, the digestion and ab-
soiption of the ingested food, and will retard the growth of intestinal bacteria
and lessen the extent of the putrefaction processes in the intestine."

The relation of salivary to gastric digestion, L. A. I. Maxwell {Biochcm.
Jour., 9 (1915), No. 3, pp. 323-329; abs. Jour. Cliem. Sac. [Lomlon], 108 (1915),
No. 637, 1, p. 102Jt). — From the experimental data here reported, the author con-
cludes in part that unboiled starch does not liinder peptic digestion, but that
all cooked farinaceous foods do this unl(<ss first subjected to salivary digestion.

Gastrointestinal studies. — XII, Direct evidence of duodenal regurgita-
tion and its influence upon the chemistry and function of the normal human
stomach, AV. II. Spencer, G. P. Meveu, M. E. Rehfi'ss, and P. B. Hawk (Awcr.
Jour. Physiol., 39 (1916), No. 4, pp. 459-^79, figs. i2).— The experiments liere
reported were undertaken to determine whether or not duodenal regurgitation
does occur, as evidenced by the presence of some of the constituents of the
duodenal secretions in the samples of material removed from the stomach. Of
these constituents, trypsin was regarded as the most satisfactory indicator.
Quantitative determinations of trypsin were made in samples of the stomach
contents, obtained by fractional removal through the Rohfuss tube as has been
described in earlier papers of this series. Tlie samples were taken after the
introduction into the stomach of hydrochloric acid; vinegar; water; sodium
bicarbonate solutions of various strengths; and a small Ewald meal, both with
water and with sodium bicarbonate solutions. From the results of these tests,
which are reported in detail, the following conclusions are drawn :

"A tryptic enzym is almost constantly present in the fasting and digesting
contents of the normal human stomach. . . . [This] is deduced to be trypsin
regurgitated from the duodenum.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 863

"Trypsin in the gastric contents is highly resistant to the action of acid
and pepsin. In general, tryptic value is high in the presence of low acidity
and in alkaline reaction, and of low value when the gastric contents are of high
acid concentration. A fall in the acidity is usually accompanied by a rise in
the tryptic values,

" The color of the gastric contents often changes during the period of experi-
ment from that of the ingested material to a golden yellow or a dark olive or
blue green. This color change is due to regurgitation of bile from the duodenum
and is absent on a diet of substances which do not cause the outpouring of bile.
The tryptic values in the gastric contents usually rise concomitantly with the
color change, although in a non-bile stimulating diet the tryptic value seems
independent of the color.

" Sodium bicarbonate in 5 per cent solution is lield in the stomach until
sufficient hydrochloric acid is secreted to bring the alkalinity to a point where
it is uonirritating to the duodenum. The retention is accompanied by a high
trypsin value — suggesting antiperistalsis in the duodenum in response to an
irritant. Sodium bicarbonate in 1 per cent solution hastens the emptying of
the stomach either by increasing the motility of the stomach or opening the
pylorus. Sodium bicarbonate solutions do not inhibit human gastric secretion,
but seem to have a direct stimulatory effect in some cases.

" Free hydrochloric acid seems unnecessary for the opening of the pylorus,
for the stomach sometimes empties while its contents are still alkaline. Five-
tenths per cent of hydrochloric acid ingestion is followed by a rapid fall in
acidity to about 0.2 per cent, due to a regurgitation of alkaline duodenal con-
tents, as is indicated by the rise in tryptic values coincident with the fall of
acidity. The acid is then emptied from the stomach.

" Regurgitation of duodenal contents into the stomach is but another of the
protective functions of which the body furnishes so many examples and has for
its purpose the defense of the small intestines from irritants."

An extended bibliography is appended.

For earlier work in this series see a previous note (E. S. R., 34, p. 659).

Green color in mother's milk after the ingestion of liver, E. Feer {Biochem.
Ztschr., 72 (1916), No. 5-6, p. 378). — In the case of wet nurses it was observed
that the milk secreted a few hours after the ingestion of beef or calves' liver
had a green color, which was noticeable on comparing it with normal milk.
The condition persisted for about 16 hours. The suggestion is offered that the
color is due to the presence of some derivative of the coloring matter present
in the liver eaten.

Fasting studies. — XIV, The elimination of urinary indican during two
fasts of over 100 days each, C. P. Shebwin and P. B. Hawk {Biochem. BuL, 3
(1914), ^^o. 11-12, pp. ■/tl6-419). — In connection with previous studies of this
series (E. S. R., 30, p. 765) two fasting experiments with a dog are reported.
The fasting periods were 117 and 105 days in length, differing only in the fact
that the 105-day fast was a " repeated " one.

During the initial fast of 117 days the indican output was continuous and
fairly high throughout, while during the repeated fast of 105 days the indican
values were much lower. On the basis of these observations, the authors con-
clude that " the finding of diminished intestinal putrefaction as a result of
' repeated ' fasting is in line with other observations . . . which have shown
that ' repeated fasting ' is accompanied by greater resistance, a less rapid los.s
in body weight, less pronounced protein catabolism, and a general physical and
mental improvement."

864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ANIMAL PRODTTCTION.

Experiments on the Mendelian laws of inheritance, C. Prcci (Mod^ Zooia-
tro, Parte ScL, 25 {1915), No. 4, pp. 145-153, figs. 6). — Gray Flemish rabbits and
white Polish rabbits were crossed. In Fi the gray color of the Flemish parent
was dominant to the white of the Polish, but almost all the rabbits showed
whitish spots. The Fz generation consisted of 52 pigmented and 16 white
individuals, thus following the Mendelian ratios. It appears that the self-
colored individuals of the F2 generation behave as heterozygotes and the white
as homozygotes.

Rambouillet rams were crossed on Middle Tiber Valley ewes, which are
noted for their very convex profile of nose and forehead, an open fleece, and
the head, throat, belly, and limbs devoid of wool. In the Fi generation all the
crosses had a straight face profile. In the F2 generation the convex profile
appeared in ratio very nearly following Mendel's law. The extent of the fleece
was greater in individuals with a straight profile, and seemed to follow, like
the latter characteristic itself, the laws of dominance and of the numerical
constancy of reversion.

Variability vmder inbreeding and cross-breeding, W. E. Castle (Amcr.
Nat., 50 (I'JlG), No. 5'Jl, pp. irS-i S3). —This paper comments on Walton's
studies and conclusions (E. S. R., 34, p. 370). The author points out the utility
value of both inbreeding and cross-breeding in securing variations, and shows
that each has its utility at the proper time and place.

[Mice breeding experiments], W. F. R. Weldon {Biomctrika, 11 (1915), No.
1-2, App., pp. 60, pJ. 1. figs. 7). — Complete data on mice breeding experiments
are given.

The determination of sex, J. Regnault (Conipt. Rend. Assoc. Franc. Adt\
Sci., 1914, pp. 554-551). — This is a short review of some of the principal theories
on the determination of sex as applied to man. with special emphasis upon the
influence of nutrition.

Duration of the spermatozoa after fecundation, in the pullet and the duck,
A. Chappeloeb (Compt. Ren^l. Assoc. Franc. Adi\ Sci., 1914, PP- 519^26). — In
his studies the author found that the extremes of duration of the spermatozoa
after fecundation rangt^l from 10 to 18 days in the pullet and from 7 to 11
days in the duck. A bililiograpliy of references on the subject is given.

The effect of castration on the weight of the pituary body and other
glands of internal secretion in the rabbit, A. E. LmNGSTOx {Amer. Jour.
Physiol, 40 (1916), No. 2, pp. 15S-1S5. figs. S).— The author concludes as the
result of his studies with rabbits that " there is no constant .sex difference in
the weight of the hypophysis. Neither males nor females show a constant
hypophyseal hypertrophy following castration or spaying. The females may
be regarded as showing a more constant response by the hypophysis after
spaying than is to be seen among the males after castration.

*' From the curves of growth corre.sponding to each group there is a con-
stant relationship between the rate of increase in body weight and the response
of the hypophysis to castration or spaying. There is less hypertrophy of the
hypophysis in those groups which show an increase in rate of growth. In
groups where no effect can be shown upon the rate of growth a distinct hyi>er-
trophy of the hypophysis is constant, though in no case is it very marked.

"A marked atrophy of the uterus follows removal of the ovaries from females.
No change in the weight of the heart or the kidneys can be attributed to
castration or spaying. No change can be demonstrated in the thyroid with the
possible exception of a moderate decrease in males after castration. The

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 865

suprarenals show no marked effect. In the males a tendency toward enlarge-
ment follows castration, which does not appear after spaying females. No
conclusions were reached as to the effect of castration or spaying on the thymus
or pineal gland."

A bibliography of references is given.

Studies on the carotin group of the animal body. — I, Insecta, P. Schttlze
(Sitzber. Ge.tcU. Nnturf. Freiimle Berlin, No. 1 (1913), pp. 1-22, pis. 3, figs. 3.—
This reports a study of the chemical and physical nature and the physiological
significance of the carotinoids in insects.

Studies of the carotin-xanthophyll group. — II, The carotin structure of
the Chrysomelidae, P. Schulze (Sitzher. Gesell. Naturf. Freiinde Berlin, No.
8-9 {191.'i), pp. 398-406, pis. 2). — This is a continuation of the above and treats
of the physiological characteristics of the carotin-xanthophyll group as found
in the Chrysomelidse. A bibliography is given.

The palatability of farm grasses, C. G. Williams (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1
{1916), No. 3, pp. 70-72). — In two experiments to determine the palatability of
various farm grasses 4 horses were fed from 18 to 20 lbs. of hay a day, one-
half of the hay of each feed being timothy, and the remainder an equal
weight of one of the other hays, a different one being tried each succeeding
day. The timothy was placed in one end of the manger and the hay to be
compared with it in the other end.

It was found that, in general, the mixed clover and timothy hay was more
palatable than timothy or any other one grass. Brome grass stood second
and timothy third. While the rye grasses (Italian rye and perennial rye)
received high rank in the first test, they did not hold up as well in the second,
and it is probable that their proper position is intermediate. Tall oat grass
was decidedly inferior as regards palatability, with blue grass and redtop close
seconds.

Kafi.r corn (" dari ") from South Africa (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington'},
13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 379, 380; abs. in Analyst, 41 {1916), No. 478, p. S).— Analy-
ses are given of various types of South African Kafir corn.

Comparative experiments with feed roots, 1912-1914, P. Bolin {Meddel.
Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. Ill {1915), pp. 25, figs. 2; K.
Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 54 {1915), No. 4, pp. 365-388, figs. 2).—
Experiments were made with various feed roots during three years for the
purpose of ascertaining their contents of dry matter. The roots under experi-
mentation were 3 kinds of Bortfelder, 3 Yellow Tankards, and 2 Ostersund
turnips ; 3 kinds of Bangholm and 2 kinds of Swedish turnips ; and the Barres
and Eckendorfer fodder beets.

It was found that the various kinds of the same roots are quite similar in
the amount of dry matter gathered from 1 hectare, as when one kind yields a
greater percentage of dry matter another gives a greater yield of crop. The
oblong Bortfelder and the Yellow Tankard turnips were superior to the white
Ostersund, and among the beets, the Barres proved superior to the cylindrical
Eckendorfer. In comparing the three kinds of roots, the Bortfelder, Yellow
Tankard, and Ostersund turnips proved inferior in dry-matter content to the
beets and Swedish turnips. The Swedish turnips gave best results in central,
the beets in southern Sweden. The former developed better during the wet
and cold season of 1912, while the beets gave better results during the dry and
warm summer of 1914.

Value of blood and other offal for feeding purposes {Wiener Landw. Ztg.,
65 {1915), No. 38, pp. 310, 311, figs. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Mo.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 7, pp. 970, 971).— An appa-

866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ratus for the utilization of blood and other slaughterhouse offal as food for live
stock is described.

The breeds of live stock, C. W. Gay {Neic York: The Macmillan Co., 1916,
pp. xyiII+483, pis. 16, figs. 99). — This book, which is one of the Rural Text-
book Series, treats of the various breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and
swine.

Steer feeding, J. C. Bubns {Texas Sta. Bui. 182 {1915), pp. 3-16, pis. 6).—
Five lots of 12 2-year-old Hereford steers were fed for 140 days the following
daily rations per head : For the first 90 days, lot 1, 4.72 lbs. of cotton-seed meal
and 48.52 lbs. of corn silage; lot 2, 9.4.5 lbs. of cold pressed cotton seed and
41.46 lbs. of corn silage; lot 3, 4.72 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 35.23 lbs. of corn
silage, and 6.86 lbs. of rice bran ; lot 4, 4.72 lbs. of cotton-seed meal. 35.08 lbs.
of corn silage, and 9.1 lbs. of ground railo-maize heads ; and lot 5, 4.72 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal and 48.52 lbs. of corn silage ; and during the last .50 days, lot 1,
6 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 50 lbs. of sorghum silage; lot 2, 12 lbs. of cold
pressed cotton soeil and 30.16 lbs. of sorghum silage; lot 3, 6 lbs. of cotton-.seed
meal, 34.66 lbs. of sorghum silage, and 7.-56 lbs. of rice bran ; lot 4, 6 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal, 32 lbs. of sorghum silage, and 12 lbs. of ground milo-maize
heads; and lot 5, 6 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 50 lbs. of sorghum .silage.

These steers made, for the entire period of 140 days, average daily gains per
head of 1.94, 2.15, 2.27, 2.44. and 2.07 lbs., at a cast for fee<l of 7..52, 8.3, 8.09, 9.2,
and 7.05 rts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. The average net shrink-
age in .shipping was 7.6. 5.3, 5.65, 5.53, and 7.16 per cent for the respective lots,
while the dressing percentages wore 56.89, 57.05, .58.04, 58.46, and 56.55. The
net profits per steer were .$1.24, .$1.90, $3.44, $0.34, and $1.18 for the respec-
tive lots.

Hogs were placed in several of the ix'iis. l)ut llie results indicate that there is
danger of loss in having them follow cattle that are receiving full rations of
cotton-seed meal. Previous tests indicate, however, that they may follow, with
a fair degree of safety, cattle that are receiving only enoiigh cotton-seed meal
(from 3 to 4 lbs. for each 1,000 lbs. of live weight per day) to balance their
ration.

It is stated that, based on the selling prices of 7..35 ct.s. per pound for lot 1
and 7.5 ct.s. for lot 2, cold pressed cotton seed could have cost .$23.90 a ton and
proved of equal value to cotton-seed meal at $28 a ton. Rice bran at $10.70 a
ton proved profital)le in supplementing cotton-seed meal and silage and was
more profitable for this purpo.se than ground milo-maize heads at .$20 a ton. In
fact, based on the selling prices of 7.65 cts. per pound for lot 3 and 7.75 cts.
for lot 4, rice bran could have cost $22.92 a ton and proved of equal value to
the ground milo-maize heads at $20 a ton. It was very evident that the milo-
maize heads, which contained about 75 per cent grain, were much more palatable
than the rice bran. When the latter is used it is deemed very important that
it be fresh and of good quality and that it be fed during the fall an<l winter
months. During warm weather it becomes rancid very quickly and in such
condition cattle do not relish it and it deteriorates in feeding value.

Ba.sed on the final weight at Fort Worth, lot 5, that had had access to a
shed open on the south side, gained 23 lbs. a head more than lot 1, fed in a
similar pen without shelter, both having received the same kind and amoimt
of feed. Had lot 5 sold for 7.35 cts. per pound as did lot 1, there would have
been a difference in profit in its favor of $1.40 a head.

The results of the experiment indicate that " without a greater margin or
spread between the prices for feeders and the prices for fat cattle than was
had in this case, there is practically no direct profit in feeding cattle with feetls
at the prices herein quoted."

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 867

Relation of steer feeding to farm returns, C. A. Willson (Tennessee Sta.
Bui. 114 {1915), pp. 79-110, figs. 6). — This is a restatement and continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 665). The primary object of these ex-
periments was to determine tlie amounts of beef tliat an acre of land would
produce if the crops grown upon it were fed to live stock.

Seven 1-acre plats of the following crop rotations were grown, as follows :
Plat 1, soy beans and barley ; plat 2, cowpoas and barley ; plat 3, corn and
barley ; plat 4, soy-bean hay and barley ; plat 5, soy beans and wheat ; plat 6,
soy-bean hay and oats ; and plat 7, alfalfa. During seven years, from 1908 to
1914, inclusive, the average annual beef production per acre was 508, 451, 434,
435, 402, 456, and 515 lbs., for the respective lots.

The experiments indicated that better results in beef production can be
secured from the rotation of soy beans and barley than from any other com-
bination of crops tested. The alfalfa acre ranked first in yield of beef for
three years and last for one year. In beef yield it was the ranking acre, but
has not been on experiment so long as some of the others. The soy-bean and
barley acre ranked ahead of it in gross returns per acre, being first for two
years, second for two years, never lowest, and for five of the seven years among
the upper half of the acres in beef production. Oats and soy-bean hay have
been on experiment for only four years, and although they have made a good
showing for that time not enough results have been obtained to warrant the
drawing of conclusions. The cowpea and barley acre has not averaged so
well as the soy-bean and barley acre. It has never ranked first in production,
but has, however, for three years produced more than 500 lbs. of beef per acre.
The corn and barley acre thus far has proved to be nearly the poorest of the
acres for the production of beef, ranking five years out of the seven in the
lower division. The use of corn and barley as a rotation for the growing and
finishing of beef cattle is not recommended as compared with soy beans and
barley.

The beef produced was valued at 6 cents per pound, the silage fed at $3 per
ton, and it was assumed that there would be a margin of $1 on 1,000-lb. steers
for the 60- to 90-day feeding period. On this basis it is calculated ' that the
gross returns per acre were $61.23, $58.94, $56.92, $57.07, $55.99, $59.23, and
$58.91, for the respective lots.

These experiments were so conducted as also to determine whether it would
be better to feed the crops grown in a short feeding period with a heavy ration,
or to feed a lighter grain ration and thus extend the time for finishing. When
fed for 90 days on the lighter grain ration the average gain per acre was 584,
447, 527, 492, 354, 570, and 515 lbs. for the respective lots, while when fed for
60 days on a heavy ration the average gains per acre were 375, 453, 301, 277,
417, and 417 lbs. for the respective lots. The steers on the 90-day feed made
33 per cent larger gains than the steers on the 60-day feed, owing to a greater
utilization of the roughages grown on each acre. Also the increased finish
which the steers on 90-day feed put on would probably make them bring from
0.25 to 0.5 ct. more per pound than the steers on 60-day feed.

Data on the prices obtained for grains and hay by marketing through steers
by the foregoing methods are given, also the prices the grains must sell at
when not fed to make up for fertility returned by steers when fed.

Profits and losses in cattle feeding' {Wallaces' Farmer, 41 {1916), No. 10,
p. 398, fig. 1). — A chart is given which shows the relation over a long period of
years between cattle and corn prices. During 1914 and 1915 cattle lost money
to the average feeder. During January, 1916, the loss was about $13 per head
and during Februai'y about $12. Better conditions for the near future are
indicated.

868 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Calf-feeding experiments (Agr. Gaz. [London], 83 (1916), No. 2201, pp. 151,
152). — In experiments conducted at the college farm at Kilmarnock, Scotland,
one lot of 4 calves was fed on new milk, the actual quantity of whole milk
consumed being equivalent to an average of 1.75 gal. per calf per day over the
whole experimental period. Hay was fed ad libitum from the time the calves
were six weeks old, and linseed cake was introduced when the calves were
eight weeks old. In one trial the calves made an average weekly gain per calf
of 14.8 lbs. for the 16-week period, while in a second trial they made 12.6 lbs.

Another lot of calves, which were fed whole milk for the first four weeks
and then gradually changed to a ration consisting of an average of 2 gal. of
separated milk and 0.75 lb. of crushed oats, together with hay and linseed
cake, made during one trial an average weekly gain of 12.7 lbs. per head and
during a second trial 12.1 lbs. A third lot of calves which were fed an aver-
age of 2 gal. of separated milk and 0.5 lb. of maize meal per calf per day,
together with hay and linseed cake, made average weekly gains of 12 lbs. per
head during one trial and of 12.1 lbs. during a second trial.

A fourth lot of calves was fed an average of 1.75 gal. of whey and 2 lbs. of
calf meal per calf per day. The calves did not care for the whey and it had a
tendency to scour them. These calves made an average weekly gain of 9.5 lbs.
per calf during one trial and of 9.7 lbs. in a second trial. This ration was in
no way as satisfactory as the others.

Excellent results were obtained from the separated milk with either crushed
oats or maize meal, fed as gruel, and it is stated that if separated milk is avail-
able it is doubtful if anything better is needed.

Methods of handling sheep in California, F. A. Ellen wood (.Va^ ^\'ool
Grower, 6 (1016), ISo. 1. pp. 19-22). — Results of experiments are given which
show more rapid gains by hot-iron docked lambs than by knife docke<l lambs.

Lambing methods in national forests of Southwest, R. R. Hill (Nat. Wool
GroHcr, 6 (1916), No. 3, pp. 7-10, figs. 2). — The author compares the open-range
and the pasture and corral methods of lambing.

It has been found that the open-range method of lambing is not economical
on the mountain ranges of the national forests in the Southwest. The best
method of lambing is. theoretically, in coyote-proof pastures, but in practice the
best method to adopt on the average allotment in the Southwest is to lamb in
corrals and pastures in connection with the open range. The advantages of the
improved methods of lambing over the open-range method are (1) an increase
of from 3 to 7 per cent in the number of lambs secured; (2) improved condi-
tions for the development of the lamb during the most critical period of its
life; (3) a net saving of approximately 20 cts. per head on the ewes to lamb;
and (4) the protection of the season's growth of forage, insuring that it will
be available for lambing when needed.

The cost of constructing all improvements necessary for lambing a band of
1,000 ewes should not exceed .51,0(X1. The amount of range required for such a
band during the five-week lambing period would vary from 3 to 5 sections, ac-
cording to the character of the forage and the general topography. The num-
ber of acres that should be inclosed would vary from 140 to 200 acres. The
pasture and corral method of lambing is well adapted to any sized outfit and
to any ordinary type of range commonly used for lambing in the Southwest.

Improved management of national forest stock, W. C. Barnes (Nat. Wool
Grower, 6 (1916). No. 1, pp. 23-27). — This is a discussion of some of the prin-
cipal problems which have been investigated by the grazing division of the
Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It includes the open
herding system of sheep grazing, pasture and sheds for range lambing, grazing

ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 869

sheep without water, deferred and rotation grazing, and general improvement
of the grazing ai-eas.

Corriedale sheep record association {Breeder's Gas., 69 (1916), No. 7, p.
374). — Announcement is made of tlie organization of the American Corriedale
Association. This association will maintain a flocli book for all Corriedale
sheep tracing in an unbroken line through both parents to Corriedale flocks
recognized by the Sheep Breeders' Association of New Zealand.

A demonstration test of swine rations (Breeder's Gas., 69 (1916), No. 5,
p. 2If3, fig. 1). — In a demonstration test at the Indiana Experiment Station
showing the value of supplementary corn for fattening hogs, 2 hogs from
each of 3 lots of 10 79-lb. pigs were butchered after a 70-day test and the car-
casses displayed. Lot 1, receiving corn alone, averaged during the 70-day
period 20 lbs. gain per head, costing 8.64 cts. per pound of gain ; lot 2, on corn
and tankage, 94 lbs. gain, costing 3.92 cts. per pound ; and lot 3, on corn and
buttermilk, 128 lbs. gain, costing 4.08 cts. per pound.

Clover ineal as a feed for swine, A, Zur Hoest (Deut. Landto. Tiersucht, 20
(1916), No. 2, pp. 10-12). — A ration composed of clover meal, potatoes, meat
meal, acorns, and beets proved a very satisfactory feed for fattening swine.

A study of hog profits and losses (Wallaces' Farmer, 4I (1916), No. 5, p. 155,
fig. 1). — A graphic illustration is given of the fluctuation of hog prices over a
period of twelve years, witli the corresponding proflt or loss to the producer.

Meat and blood meal as a supplement to oats for horses, Westmattelmann
(Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 24 (1916), No. 8, pp. 69, 70).— Successful trials in
feeding 10 lbs. per day per horse of a mixture of 20 lbs. of dried stomach
contents, 20 lbs. of blood, 20 lbs. of meat meal, 2 liters of brewery yeast, 7
lbs. of sugar, 1 lb. of salt, and 30 lbs. of oats are reported. It took several
weeks for the horses to become accustomed to the feed, but after this time
they put on weight and muscle. A ration composed of 2 lbs. of meat meal,
2 lbs. of oats, 3 lbs. of sugai*, and 3.5 lbs. of bran per head per day also gave
satisfactory i-esults.

Breeding' and training- of the horse, G. Bonnefont (Elevage et Dressage du
Cheval. Paris: J. B. Bailliere d Sons, 1914, 2. ed., pp. 440, figs. 228). — This book
treats of the breeding and management of the various breeds of light and
draft horses and of their training for harness, draft, and army purposes.

Mechanics applied to the race horse, H. Couste, trans, by E. B. Cassatt
(Neio York: 1916, pp. 80, pi. 1, figs. 10). — This is a translation of the second
edition of this work and treats of the conformation of the race horse and the
mechanics involved in the various gaits and in jumping.

The sensation of the Percheron world (Breeder's Gas., 69 (1916), No. 6, pp.
309, 310, figs. 2). — An account of the recent deal in which a half interest in the
11-year-old Percheron stallion Carnot is reported to have been sold for ?20,000.
The history of this well-known stallion is given.

The Missouri Poultry Experiment Station, T. C. Patteeson (Breeder's Gas.,
69 (1916), No. 7, pp. 367, 368, figs. 10).— A discussion of the situation, equip-
ment, and work of the Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, at Mountain
Grove, Mo.

From observations for several years of egg-laying contests the author
believes that more depends on the strain than on the variety, for it is not
uncommon with two pens side by side of the same variety for one to average
perhaps 180 eggs per hen, while the other pen averages only 80 or 90 eggs.
The difference seems to be that one man has carefully selected and bred for
egg production, while the other has not. Another point of importance is the
uniformity of size, shape, and color of the eggs. The strain seems to influence
this as much as the number of eggs produced.

870 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

Contrary to popular belief, the heaviest layers were the lightest eaters, and
the hen laying the greatest number of eggs consumed the smallest amount of
feed. It seems to be the hen's ability to utilize the feed she eats as much as
the quantity eaten. The balancing of the ration also evidently has much to
do with egg production.

It has been found that the color of a fowl does not influence egg production.
One Buff Leghorn pullet laid more than 200 eggs in one year— more than all
others in her class. The week before the contests began she was entered in a
poultry show and was the highest-scoring bird in her class. One reason for
the belief that high-producing hens are rough and ugly is that they usually
are viewed and pictured after the year's work is done. At the beginning of the
the contest many of the high producers were high-scoring.

It is stated that the popular theory that the larger birds lay large eggs is
incorrect. AVhere all the eggs were weighed it showed that the Ancona, which
is smaller than the Leghorn, laid the largest egg of all the breetls tested. An-
other theory is that the medium-sized or all-purpose breeds do not lay as many
eggs as the egg breeds, like the Mediterraneans. One reason given is that the
all-purpose breeds lose time brooding, but the records show that the Wyan-
dottes laid the greatest number of eggs and also went broody the greatest
number of times.

Can selection cause genetic change? W. E. Castle {Amcr. Nat., 50 (1916),
No. 592, pp. 248-256). — This is a continuation of the discussion previously re-
ferred to (E. S. R., 34, p. 564) on fecundity in the domestic fowl and the
selection problem.

A feminized cockerel, II. D. Goodale {.Jour. Expt. ZooL, 20 {1916), No. 3, pp.
421-428, figs. 7). — A Brown Leghorn chick was castrated by making an incision
on each side and carefully removing the testes. Particular care was taken to
see that all testicular matter was removed. Just previous to the operation on
this bird the ovaries had been removefl from two pullets of the same strain
belonging to the same brood and placed in moist cotton. They were cut in
several pieces and dropped into the abdominal cavity of the cockerel on each
side. No attempt was made to suture the pieces in place.

The bird develope<l a general feminine appearance except that it grew some-
what long-legged and rangj-, as a cockerel would do. The spurs remained unde-
veloped a long time. When the adult plumage came in it lost some of its non-
descript character and in most sections was clearly that of the normal female.
The chief difference lay in the feathers of the dorsal region.s, which were
black with relatively few minute brown spots instead of the uniform mixtures
of minute dull black and brown spots characteristic of the Brown Leghorn
female.

Later the bird was killed and the autopsy showetl the following findings:
Weight, 3 lbs. 7 oz. ; oviduct not found, nor were vasa deferent ia; spleen
hypertrophied ; very little body fat; bursa fabricii not found. Ovarian tissue
was found in the following positions : On the left side one piece was attache<l
to the body wall, ribs, and transverse septum and inclosed in a serum-filled
sack. The ova were very small, not more than a millimeter in diameter. A
second mass lay on the surface of the kidney just lateral to the junction of the
iliac with the vena cava. Four of the pieces placed on the right side were
found to have become attached, throe of them in the form of elongated masses,
one attached to the ribs, another to the transverse septum and liver, while the
third was attached to the mid-dorsal mesentery at the level of the adrenal.
The fourth had adliered to the outer body wall. Some of the ova on this side
reached 3 mm. in diameter. There were no evidences of empty follicles. The
blood supply of the pieces of ovum on this side was well developed.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 871

It is the opinion of the author that " the difference between the secondary
sexual characters of the sexes can not be ascribed solely to the internal secre-
tions, but that the genetic basis of each character must also be taken into con-
sideration. At least four groups of characters can be recognized : Head fur-
nishings, dependent in the male upon the testes, in the female independent of
the ovary in certain respects, in other respects dependent ; spurs independent of
testes, but on which the ovary exerts an inhibition, often incomplete; voice
and behavior, which in the male is partially dependent and partially inde-
pendent of the testes, yet closely correlated with these ; and plumage, which is
independent of the male organs, but on which the ovary exerts a modifying
influence.

" Since the male may be feminized, it follows that if the ovary be consid-
ered an inhibitor merely, then the male must possess both potentialities for the
secondary sexual characters and that the ovarian secretion suppresses the male
character, allowing the female plumage to develop. Genetically, then, the male
secondary sexual characters must be considered dominant to tlie female. On
the other hand, if the ovarian secretion be considered a modifier, transforming
the male character into the female, we need not assume that both potentialities
exist in the male, but only the one. We may also make a similar assumption
for the normal female. At present it is impossible to determine whether or not
the ovarian secretion is an inhibitor or modifier."

The feeding of young cMcks on grain mixtures of high and low lysin con-
tent, G. D. BucKNER, E. H. NoLLAU, and J. H. Kastle {Kentucky 8ta. Bui. 197
(1916), pp. 3-21, figs. 16; Amer. Jour. Physiol., 39 {1915), No. 2, pp. 162^171,
pi. 1). — Two lots of chicks were fed eight weeks, lot 1 receiving a mash twice a
day, morning and evening, consisting of equal parts by weight of finely ground
wheat, wheat bran, sunflower seed, and hemp seed, moistened with sour skim
milk, and once a day at noon they were given a coarsely-ground grain mixture
of wheat, hemp seed, and cracked corn. Lot 2 received a mash consisting of
finely-ground barley, rice, hominy, and oats, 100 gm. each, and 56 gm. of gluten
flour, and prepared with protein-free milk, and at noon a mixture of equal
parts of barley, rice, and hominy. The lysin content of the ration fed to
lot 1 was 3.8 per cent of the total nitrogen for the mash and 2.23 per cent
for the grain; lot 2, 0.5 per cent for the mash and 0.79 for the grain.

Five of the chickens of lot 1 at the conclusion of the experiment weighed
2,553 gm., whereas 7 chickens in lot 2 weighed 1,195 gm. There were marked
differences in the feathering of the two lots of chickens, lot 1 showing the
feathering characteristic of the mature chicken, whereas lot 2 still showed
the feathering of the young and immature chick at the conclusion of the ex-
periment. Great difference in the two lots of chickens was also shown in their
general activity during the progress of the experiment, the chickens of lot
1 being greatly more active than the chickens of lot 2. It was also observed
that the chickens of lot 2 consumed more charcoal than the chickens of lot 1.

It is stated that the desire showed by the young chick for hemp seed is re-
markable. It has been observed that out of a grain mixture containing this
material they will pick out every hemp seed before eating the remainder of
the ration. Of all the substances used in the feeding experiments hemp seed
is richest in lysin.

The lots were then reversed, the chickens of lot 2 receiving the ration of lot

1 and lot 1 the ration of lot 2. At the end of a week the chickens of lot

2 were found to weigh 1,539 gm., an increase in seven days of 41.2 gm. per
chick, as compared with an average gain per week of 15.9 gm. during the
regular period of the experiment. It is stated that this rapid increase in

41852°— ?so. 9—16 6

872 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

weight indicates tliat wliile growth was stunted on the first ration the cliickens
still possessed the power to grow rapidly on the ration of lot 1. The difference
in the nutrition in these two lots of chicks is deemed due, in all probability, to
the difference in the amount of lysin received by the two lots, and possibly
to a difference in the quantity and nature of the fats contained in the two
rations. The mash fed to the chicks of lot 1 contained 13.08 per cent of fat,
and the dry grain mixture 8.21 per cent, whereas the mash fed to the chicks
of lot 2 contained only 1.8 per cent of fat and the grain mixture 1 per cent.

In order to determine to what extent the difference shown by the two
lots was due to difference in the protein or fats two lots of chicks were fed for
GO days the same rations as in the foregoing experiment except that to the
ration supplied to lot 2 there was added sufficient butter fat to bring the
fat content up to that of the ration fed to lot 1. The chickens of lot 1 showed
an average gain per chick of 277.3 gm. over the chickens of lot 2. The differ-
ences shown by these two lots of chicks at the end of the feeding period were
very striking. The chickens of lot 1 were strong, growthy, and perfectly
feathered in contrast to the chicks of lot 2, which, although in perfect health,
were markedly stunted in their growth and showed the feathering character-
istics of a much younger chick and the yellow color and appearance of the
newly-hatched chick about the head and neck. The external sexual character-
istics of these two lots also showed most striking differences. In lot 1 the
cockerels were easily distinguished from the hens and both showed well-
developed, highly colored gills and combs, whereas tlie chicks of lot 2 showed
no well-developed external sexual characteristics whatever, the combs of both
sexes being rudimentary and colorless.

These two lots were reversed, as in the first experiment, and the average
percentage gains of lot 1 were 5.1 against 28.9 for lot 2. Withiu one week
after reversing the rations fed to lots 1 and 2 the external sexual character-
istics of the chicks of lot 2 became noticeable, and at the end of three weeks
were very pronounced.

It is deemed evident from these results that the marked differences sht-wn
by these two lots of chicks in the rate of growth and development can not
be ascribed to the fat content of the two rations, but rather to differences in
the amino-acid content of the two rations and in all probability to differences
in the lysin content.

When to feed the baby chick, B. F. Kax.tp (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 235
(1916), pp. 13-1.5, figs. 7). — Studies were made to determine how much of the
abdominal yolk was absorbed in the embryonic stage in the shell, or in other
words, to determine how much food was left in the abdominal yolk at hatching.

The weights were taken of 1,4.54 White Leghorn eggs, the average being 57.7
gm. By boiling the egg and weighing it was found that the average weight
of 10 yolks was 17.78 gm. In a study of ten baliy chicks that had started to
pip out of the shell but had died, it was found that the unabsorbed yolk
weighed, on an average, 8.5 gm., or 47 per cent unabsorbeil. Tliere appeared-
to be no constant definite weight of the amount of yolk left in the yolk sac
unabsorbed at this period of the chick's life. The weights varied from 8 to
10 gm., and it was found that the rate of absorption of the yolk varied in dif-
ferent individuals.

Forty chicks were killed by the aid of chloroform at different ages, skinned,
and the carcasses immediately placed in a 10 per cent solution of formaldehyde.
Later these carcasses were sectioned longitudinally for the purpose of making
a study of the relation of visceral organs with respect to the abdominal
yolk sac.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 873

From this study it was concluded that nature lias made ample provision in
supplying a generous store of food to keep the bahy chick well nourished until
the brood has hatched, and that this supply of nutrients is sulhcient to carry
nutrition on until the bird becomes strong. " From the study of the rapidity
of absorption of the abdominal yolk it appears clear that if baby chicks be fed
as soon as hatched there is likely to be trouble. If the stomach, gizzard, and
intestines become gorged with food it is certain to place more or less pressure
on the al)domiual nerves and blood and lymph vessels, and thus the function
of these vital structures will be interfered ^\■ith and in some cases cause death."

Five experiments were run in which the baby chicks were left in the nursery
tray until they were 72 hours old. They were then placed in outdoor brooders
and given nothing but buttermilk to drink for the next 24 hours, and during
the next 24 hours (the fifth day) were given only two light feeds with the
milk. On the sixth day they were placed on full feed. These chicks throve
better and were stronger and more resistant to chick troubles than their
controls.

It is suggested that in the case of sitting hens it is advisable to give milk
the first day after taking the hen from the nest and light feed for the next
two days, after which the chicks may be placed on full feed with safety.

By using the combination sitting and brooding coops the hen may be fed
from a high can, such an an oyster can, and the baby chicks fed in their com-
partment, as desired and without being interfered with by larger fowls or the
mother.

Poultry raising in Wisconsin, J. G. Halpin and J. B. Hayes {Wisconsin Sta.
Bui. 261 {1916), pp. 3-35, figs. 13). — A popular discussion of methods of poultry
raising under Wisconsin conditions.

Ostrich breeding, A. Sokolowsky {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 32 {1916),
No. 4, PP- 37--il, figs. 3). — Methods of breeding, feeding, care, and management
of ostriches in German Southwest Africa are described.

A successful experiment in skunk farming, H. D. Jones {Sci. Anier., 114
{1916), No. l.'f, pp. 346, 3C6, figs. 5). — An account of methods adopted in con-
ducting a skunk farm as a profitable business enterprise.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYINa.

Feeding experiments with dairy cattle, H. Goldschmidt {Tidsskr. Laiido-
konomi, No. 4 {I'.Uo), pp. 180-1'J6; ahs. in Zcntbl. Agr. Chem., 44 {1915), No. 7,
pp. 334-^336). — This article rep<jrts experiments in the economical feeding of
dairy cattle in Denmark, in which the value of oil cake, molasses feed, beets,
and straw was demonstrated.

The utilization of beets in cattle feeding, L. Malpeaux {Vie Agr. et Rurale,
6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 27-33, figs. 4)- — In feeding experiments with dairy cows it
was found that the feeding of whole beets produced a somewhat larger yield
of milk and milk fat than when chopped beets were fed, this increase probably
being due to more complete mastication and utilization.

The utilization of cassava flour in the feeding of dairy cattle, J. E. Lucas
{Bill. Econ. Gouvt. Gen. Madagascar, 15 {1915), I, No. 1, pp. 67-71). — The par-
tial substitution of cassava flour in the ordinary grain ration for dairy cattle
resulted in an increased milk and milk fat yield and in a greater live weight
of the animals so fed.

The value of cod liver meal as a dairy cattle feed, H. Isaachsen, E. Fkid-
BicHSEN, A. Lalim, and Ingeborg K. Wold {Ber. Foringsforsoks Stat. [Norgesl
Landbrukshoiskolen, 9 {1913-14), PP- 1-52, figs. 5; abs. in Zcntbl. Agr. Chem.,
44' {1915), No. 7, pp. 330S33). — The composition of cod liver meal is given as
dry matter 92.53, protein 50.69, fat 31.43, ash 2.52, and other constituents 7.89

874 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

per cent. The feeding of this material to dairy cattle resulted in increased
milk and fat yields.

The feeding of sesame cake to dairy cattle, R. Giuliani {Ann. 1st. Agr.
[Milan], 12 {IDl^-l.'t), pp. 1-69). — Experiments in the feeding of sesame cake to
dairy cattle resulted in increased milk and fat yields. Butter was produced
sooner and at a lower temperature from cream from cows fed sesame cake
than from those fed linseed cake. The Polenske and Reichert-Meissl numbers
were lowered.

Tlie work of the agricultural colleges and experim.ent stations in its rela-
tion to a better milk supply, W. A. Stocking {Milk Dealer, 5 (1916), No. 6,
pp. 20-23, fig. 1). — This paper has been previously referred to (E. S. R., 33,
p. 702).

Data collected in inspection work in Ithaca, N. Y., are presented. It is shown
that at the beginning of the inspection work in 1907, 98 farmers were producing
milk for the city. Of this number, 31 had milk houses, 4 used a small-top milk
pail, and 1 used a damp cloth for wiping the udder just before milking. In
1914 there were 124 producers, of whom 62 had suitable milk houses, 60 used
small-top milk pails, and 12 used a damp cloth. During all this period, it has
been the purpose of the inspectors to give as much assistance as possible, both
to producers and dealers, and improvements made are attributed to friendly
cooperation and assistance.

Milk and cream contests, E. Kelly, L. B. Cook, and J. A. Gamble {U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. .^56 {1916). pp. 2.i). — The subjects discussed in this bulletin are
national contests, how contests are conducted, educational features, exliibitions,
average scores of recent contests, and benefits of milk contests to dairymen.
Suggestions are given for the production of contest milk.

[Use of milk and milk products] {Cong. Rcc, 53 {1916), No. 87, pp. 6039-
Q0If2). — This reviews statements from various dairy experts, agricultural
authorities, farm journals, and newspapers on the condition of the milk supply
in this country and tlie need fur more elToclive inspection and legislation.

Experiments in pasteurizing milk by means of the " universal pasteur-
izer" in Denmark. A. V. Lund {Bcr. K. Vet. og Landbohijjskolc* Lab. Landd-
honom. Jorsiig [Copenhagen], 86 {litUi), pp. 56-72. fig. 1; ahs. in Inienwt. Imt.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel. a)ul Plant Di!<eases. 6 {1915), No. 7, pp. 986-
088). — In Denmark, under the law dealing with the combating of tuberculosis in
domestic animals, the pasteurization is obligatory of all skim milk and butter-
milk given to cattle, so tliat it gives a negative reaction to Storch's test (E.
S. R., 10, p. 384) ; i. e., the milk must be heated to at least 80° C. The ap-
paratus often used is the so-called " universal pasteurizer," a regenerative heat-
ing apparatus in which the milk, after being heated, is coole<l before leaving
the pasteurizer.

In experiments it was found that if the milk from an ordinary pasteurizer
has, on reaching the weighing receptacle, a temperature that would allow a
positive reaction to Storch's test, the capacity for such reaction can be neu-
tralized by the subsequent admission into the vessel of superheated milk.
This, however, can not happen if the milk comes from the " universal pas-
teurizer" or similar apparatus, hence if milk capable of giving a positive re-
action enters the weighing receptacle it retains that capacity in spite of any
subsequent rise, however great, in the pasteurizer itself. The reading of the
thermometer on the " universal pasteurizer," taken at the same time as the
sample, thus affords no evidence as to how the milk in the weighing receptacle
will react. A relatively small quantity of milk capable of positive reaction can.
when added to the milk in the weighing receptacle, cause the latter to react.

DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 875

Hence, as mixing is continually taking place, the milk in the receptacle can
give a positive reaction a considerable time (even several hours) after the
actual milk capable of causing the reaction has emerged from the pasteurizer.

As the various milk particles probably have somewhat different temperatures
when they reach the top of the " universal pasteurizer," and the thermometer
can only register one temperature at a given moment, the latter must always
be higher than the critical temperature of the reaction (from 80° to 81°) in or-
der that the least warmed particles of the milk, and consequently the whole bulk
of the milk, shall not give a positive reaction. For this reason the maker now
makes a point of mentioning in the directions for using his apparatus that the
thermometer should always register at least 83° if the milk is to pass Storch's
test. It is thought that this precaution will be all that is needed, and the
working of the machine is not affected thereby. The rapidity with which the
milk cools after being heated seems to have no effect upon its reactive
capacity.

The milk of .Jersey cows and of goats behaved in a precisely similar manner
to that of Danish cows in respect to its reaction to the Storch test.

The control of the degree of acidity, the catalase, and the reductase by
biorization, W. D. Kooper {Molk. Ztg. [Hlldcshcim], 29 {1915), Nos. 76, pp.
959-961 ; 77, pp. 973, 974). — Data are presented which indicate that biorization
materially reduces the formation of acid in milk, destroys bacteria, and im-
proves the keeping quality of milk.

Experiments in cheese making- from milks of different fat contents, A. V.
Lund {Brr. K. Vet. oy LandhnhdjsJ.-olcf! Lab. lAimlokonom. Forsoff [Copen-
hagcnl, 86 (1914), pp. 73-97; obs. in Infernaf. Inst. Af/r. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Di.<ieases, 6 {1915), No. 7, pp. 988-990). — In cheese investiga-
tions it has been found that the coefficient of the cheese, i. e. the relation
between the fat content and the casein content, can be very accurately esti-
mated from tlie fat percentage of the " cheese milk " and, conversely, that the
fat percentage can be calculated from the coefficient. The factor to be used in
the case of the milk of ordinary Danish cows is 37.5.

It follows that the coefficients of the different kinds of cheese known com-
mercially as whole-milk cheese, half and quarter whole-milk cheese, and skim-
milk cheese are sufficiently distinct to allow of the various kinds being distin-
guished by this means. In spite of the very considerable variations in the
values of the same sort of cheese it has been found that the minimum values
found for whole-milk cheeses are higher than the maximum values for half
whole-milk cheeses, while the minimum values for the latter are in their turn
higher than the maximum values of quarter whole-milk cheese, and so on.
Such factors as whether the cheese is made with pasteurized or unpasteurized
milk, and whether the curd is coarsely or finely divided, exert some influence
upon the coefficient of the cheese, but not to the extent of appreciably modifying
the above conclusions.

The coefficients remain almost the same whether the cheese analyzed is fresh
or has been kept some time. The method of storing also has little effect upon
the coefficients as determined by analysis. As the coefficients determined by
the experiments are merely experimental figures, and do not correspond to the
conditions obtaining in practical cheese making, in trade, or at exhibitions,
they can not be used as type values, but may serve as guides for the determina-
tion of the latter.

The yield of cheese can be roughly estimated when the amount of fat and
casein in the cheese milk is known. Cheeses made from the milk of Jersey
cows were found to have higher coefficients than those made from the milk of

876 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

ordinary Danish cows ; yet the coefficients of the former were relatively too
low, owing to the large amount of casein in the milk of Jersey cows. In the
case of the milk of the Jersey cow the factor 37.5 given above must be replaced
by the factor 30. The milk of Jersey cows gave a much larger cheese yield than
ordinary milk, this being due to the larger fat and casein content of the former.
Judging from a single examination there is no characteristic difference between
the quality of cheese made from the milk of Jersey cows and that made from
the milk of ordinary Danish cows.

Any given cheese milk can be altered by the addition of skim milk or whole
milk (or even cream) in such a way as to obtain the desired coefficient in the
cheese to be produced.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Lymphatic glands in meat-producing animals, P. Godbix-I-e, trans, by A. F.
LiAUTAUi) and 1>. A. IUgiiks (Xcic York: William R. Jcukins Co. [ISIS], pp.
175. figs. 17).— The first part of this work (pp. 17-109) deals with the topo-
graphic anatomy of the lymphatic glands in food-producing animals, including
cattle, swine, sheep, and horses, and the second part (pp. 111-164) with the
normal appearance of these glands in meat-producing animals and the patho-
logical alterations occurring in tbem.

A practicum of bacteriology and protozoology. — I, Bacteriology, K. Kiss-
KALT {I'rdktikum drr Bnktcrioiotjic uud J'rotaznologic. I, Bnkliholof/ic. Jena:
fiufitfiv Fi.schrr, J'UJf, 3. c<l.. pp. VIII+IU. figs. 40).— The third edition of the
fir.st part of this compond. previously noteil (E. S. 11., 20. p. 882).

Yearly reports in regard to the progress made in veterinary medicine,
edited Ity W. Kixen-bkrckk. W. SciiCtz, and O. Zietzsch>[ann {.Uihrcshcr. Vet.
Med., 33 {1913), pp. r+/,2.?; 3^. {1914), PP- T'/Z-f 2.97) .—These reports covering
the years 1913 and 1914 are in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R.,
29, p. 581).

Wound treatment, L. A. Mektllat, E. W. Hoare, et al. {Chieago: Amer.
Jour. Yet. Mrd.. ]'.il5, pp. 186). — This work consists of articles on wounds and
wound treatment by a number of authors.

Antiseptic methods employed in the treatment of infected wounds based
on a bacteriological examination of the pus, Cazin and Mi.le. S. Krongotj)
{Compt. Reml. Aead. Sri. [l'ari.^'\, 162 {1916), Xo. 2, pp. S9-91).— In the treat-
ment of wounds, in which Bacillus pgoegancus, staphylococcus associated with
various diplococci. and other common bacteria were found, a solution of silver
nitrate (1:200,000) yielded the most satisfactory results. For suppurative,
gangrenous wounds in which B. pcrfriiigens, tetragones, anaerobic streptococci,
B. eoli, and others were found, hypochlorite solutions were necessary. The
solutions used were those prepare*! according to Dakin's method and the water
of Javolle. The latter gave the best results in a concentration of 15 gm. per
liter of distilled water, stronger solutions being found to produce irritation of
the skin after prolonged use. Dakin's hypochlorite solution was not as strongly
bactericidal as the water of Javelle, but does not irritate tlie skin and can be
used continuously for several weeks. Favorable results are also reported with
the polyvalent serum of Leclainche and Valine.

The germicidal power of glycerin on various m^icro-organisms under
various conditions, E. II. RrKinoER {Pliilippi)ie Jour. Sri., Sect. B, 9 {191^),
Xo. 6, pp. ^6*J-//77). — " Glycerin has a distinct, although feeble germicidal action.
The germicidal action varies greatly witli the temperature, being much feebler
at a temperature of 15° C. than at from 30 to 35°. The germicidal action varies

VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 877

with the diluent employed; in glycerin diluted with physiologic salt solution
the micro-orgimisnis died much sooner than in glycerin diluted with bouillon
or with horse serum. In dilutions up to 50 per cent, glycerin did not destroy
the bacillus of anthrax in 15 days. This may be due to the presence of spores.
Glycerin seems to be a selective poison for the bacillus of plague, the spirillum
of cholera, and the bacillus of diphtheria. In 50 per cent of glycerin in
physiologic salt solution all the nonspore-forming organisms died in less than
4 days."

Changes of bacteria on the animal body {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt,, Orig.,
74 (19U), No. 3-4, pp. 285-294; 75 (1914), No. 2, pp. 159-173; 75 {1915), No.
5-6, pp. 394-398; 76 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 38-46; 5, pp. 330'-3J,2) .—The present
papers, in continuation of a series on the subject, include an experiment on the
formation of the capsule of the anthrax bacillus, by K. Rotky (pp. 285-294) ;
the correlation between capsule formation, spore formation, and infectivity of
the anthrax bacillus, by O. Bail (pp. 159-173) ; experiments on the power of
resistance of capsulated and capsule-free anthrax bacilli, by J. Matsui (pp.
394-398) ; investigations of capsule-free anthrax, by O. Bail (pp. 38-46) ; and
tests of the attenuation of the anthrax bacillus at 42°, by O. Bail (pp. 330-342).

Complement fixation in varicella, J. A. Kolmeb {Jour. Immunol., 1 {1916),
No. 1, pp. 51-58). — While the experiments reported have shown that "an anti-
body in the natui'e of an amboceptor is present in the sera of persons suffering
with varicella which will absorb complement in the presence of an antigen
prepared of the cutaneous lesions of this disease, yet the percentage of positive
reactions and particularly the degree of complement absorption is small. While
immunity principles are in all probability present in the body fluids of persons
for years after an attack of varicella these could not be detected by the com-
plement-fixation tests in this study. All positive reactions were observed dur-
ing or soon after an attack of the disease and at the time of probable highest
concentration of antibodies. A more delicate technique would probably yield
a higher percentage of positive reactions as is usual in all complement-fixation
tests with bacterial antigens, but in this study this was avoided in order to
guard against the possibility of nonspecific absorption of complement."

Complement fixation in vaccinia and variola, J. A. Kolmer {Jour. Immunol.,
1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 59-81). — Experiments reported show that about 60 per
cent of the sera examined from patients suffering with mild smallpox yielded
positive complement-fixation reactions with salt-solution antigens of variolous
and cowpox viruses. Although the reactions in general were relatively weak
those with the variolous antigens w^ere somewhat stronger than those with
the cowpox antigens. Alcohol extracts of variolous and cowpox viruses
possessed little or no antigenic sensitiveness.

" These complement-fixation reactions have demonstrated the close biological
relationship between the antibodies of vaccinia and variola ; it is probable that
complement-fixation reactions with salt-solution antigens of the contents of
smallpox lesions or fresh cowpox virus will prove of some value in the diag-
nosis of smallpox."

The fate of various antibodies in the precipitin reaction, F. P. Gay
and Rttth L. Stone {Jour. Immunol., 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 83-104). — The authors
were unsuccessful in an attempt to separate out antibodies in a condition
relatively free from other proteins. Their experiments have shown that most
bacteriolysins and hemolysins, when associated either with the precipitinogen
serum or with the precipitin serum, are not carried down in the precipitate.
Similar negative results were obtained with artificial bacterial agglutinins
and hemagglutinins. When the precipitate was produced by adding serum to

878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

its antiserum the fixation complex was generally shown to be present in the
precipitate. The fixation complex may, however, be present in the super-
natant fluid, and was in most instances so found when a bacterial extract
was added to an immune serum.

" In certain combinations it seems definitely shown that the fixation com-
plex is present in that fraction (supernatant or precipitate) in which the
protective bodies are absent. Thus in the case of pneumococcus precipitate
produced by adding the extract of pneumococcus to antiserum from the horse,
the protective bodies are present in the precipitate and the fixation complex
is present in the supernatant fluid. The exact reverse is true in a combination
of rabbit antihorse serum and horse antipneumococcus serum."

A bibliography of 28 references is appended.

Kidney lesions in. chronic anaphylaxis, T. H. Boughton {Jour. Immuiwl.,
1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 105-118, figs. 5). — Material examined from 23 guinea pigs
demonstrated that " repeated anaphylactic shock induced ... by injections
of egg white or beef serum is able to produce lesions of the kidney that are
not produced by acute anaphylaxis, nor by the repeated injection of these
proteins in refractory animals. These lesions consist principally of necrosis
of tubular epithelium, proliferation of glomerular capillary endothelium, and
swelling and degeneration of the intima and media of small vessels. Small
diffusely scattered areas of round-celled infiltration were observed in nearly
all cases, somewhat similar to the areas observed in the controls, but usually
larger, and invariably much more numerous than the spontaneous lesions.
In this series the lesions noted are to be considered as subacute rather tlian
chronic."

Biological researches on the eosinophils, M. Weinberg and P. S6guin
{A7in. Inst. Pasteur, 2S {WIJ,), Xo. 5. pp. .',10-508, pis. 2).— From the investiga-
tion the authors have shown that the eosinophils, as well as the other white
cells, possess chemotactic properties for certain toxic substances, as well as
the original parasite, to an even greater extent than the other leucocytes.
When the " eosinotactic " substances are absorbed in the infected tissue they
cause a stimulation to the production of a large number of eosinophils and
thus produce a local eosinophil la. This local action does not depend entirely
on the toxic substance or parasites, but more especially on the nimiber of
eosinophils in the blood of the experimental animal. When thej' are present
in gi'eat numbers the eosinotactic substances apparently cause an afflux of
polynuclear neutrophils. This result has also been obtained by injecting
helminth products in the conjunctival ti.ssue of the horse or in the muscle
of the guinea pig. Intraperitoneal injection of such toxins into guinea pigs
does not produce an afflux of eosinophils from the blood in the peritoneal
exudate, since the eosinophils are arrested in the neighboring tissues of the
peritoneum and thus constitute a local eosinophilia.

The intense local eosinophilia observetl in the phenomenon of Arthus, attrib-
uted by some investigators to the chemotactic action of the eosinophils, has
not been definitely determined. Injection into the peritoneal cavity does not
produce a local eosinophilia in the lungs of the animal which survives the
anaphylactic shock. The pulmonary eosinophilia, which is considered as a
characteristic lesion of nonfatal anaphylaxis by some, preexists to a large
extent as an eosinophilia in the blood. Such a condition manifests itself about
15 minutes after the injection of a sensitized guinea pig, and is considered a
natural consequence of anaphylaxis. The direct action of the antigen on the
hematopoietic center seems thus to be explained.

Biological researches on the eosinophils, II, M. Weinbebg and P. S£guin
{Ami. Inst. Pasteur, 29 {1915), No. 7, pp. S2S-SJ,6, pis. 2; abs. in Jour. Roy.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879

Micros. Soc, No. 5 {1915), p. 508). — Continuing the investigation noted above,
the authors have shown that the eosinophils possess phagocytic properties and
are not only capable of ingesting inert material and bacteria but also protozoa
and erythrocytes. The results obtained with Bacillus subtilis, B. coli, certain
protozoa, and the red cells indicate that they are not only ingested but also
completely digested. The eosinophilic phagocytosis takes place both in vitro
and in vivo (peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue, and circulating blood of
the guinea pig).

When the eosinophils are very abundant in the blood, or when they accumu-
late at the point of inoculation, they play a very important part in the imme-
diate protection of the organism against infection. When placed in contact
with the fluid from a hydatid cyst for 1 hour at 37° C. they lose their phago-
cytic properties, while the neutrophils and mononuclears are still strongly
phagocytic. If a sufficient number are brought in contact with such a fluid
it finally loses its antigenic properties, as is easily demonstrated by the com-
plement-fixation reaction with a fresh echinococcus serum and a normal hy-
datid fluid as controls. Those of immunized animals were found to absorb
the hydatid antigen more readily than those of normal animals. While pos-
sessing these properties they still play only a supplementary role in the actual
process of phagocytosis.

It is concluded that the eosinophil leucocytes, together with the polynuclear
neutrophils, are an important factor in immunity. Although the principal
function of the neutrophils is to protect the organism against the invading
micro-organisms, the eosinophils are especially adapted for neutralizing certain
toxic products. . The elaboration of the specific antibodies is probably the result
of the absorption of toxic products.

Toxins of intestinal parasites, D. E. Paulian (Presse MM. [Paris'\, No. ^,9
(1915), p. 403; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 {1915), No. 22, p. 1954).— The
author's investigations have led to the conclusion that intestinal parasites act
on the organism through the production of toxins which result in congestion
and degeneration of tissues, loss of resisting powers of the red corpuscles,
intense anemia, and eosinophilia. The nervous disturbances and even the
eosinophilia may be regarded as phenomena of anaphylaxis.

The morpholog'y of the adults of the filaria found in the Philippine Islands,
E. L. Walker {PJiiUppine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 9 {1914), A"o. 6, pp. 483-491,
pi. 1). — The author finds that the Philippine filaria is apparently identical with
Filaria bancrofti.

Investigations of the development of the free living generations of lung-
worms, Countess von Linden and L. Zenneck {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.J, 1. AM.,
Orig., 16 {1915), No. 2-3, pp. 147-178, pis. ^).— Studies of several species of
Strongylus are reported upon.

African coast fever, L. E. W. Bevan {Rhodesia Ayr. Jour., 12 {1915), No. 4,
pp. 468-483, pis. 7, figs. 5). — A summarized account of the disease, with direc-
tions for dipping.

Anthrax, R. de Casteo y Ramirez {Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 25 {1915),
pp. 22, pis. 4, fig- !)■ — A general account of this disease and its treatment.

Vaccination experiments against anthrax, A. Eichhorn {Jour. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc, 48 {1916), No. 6, pp. 669-687).— Substantially noted from another
source (E. S. R., 34, p. 579).

Investigations of foot-and-mouth disease, E. Kallert {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt.,
47 {1914). No. 4, pp. 591-613, })ls. 4; 48 {1915), No. 3, pp. 351-380, pis. 2).— Sev-
eral papers are presented which deal with the subject as follows: (1) Im-
portance of the von Betegh Bodies Found in Lymph of Affected Animals (pp.

880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

591-602) ; (2) Contribution to tlio Histogenesis and Ilistolofry of the Vesicles,
Particularly as Relates to the Question of the Occurrence of Inclusion Bodies
in the Affected Parts (pp. 603-613) ; and (3) The Morphologj' and Biology
of the Cytoryctes Cocci Reported by Siegel to be the Cause of Foot-and-Mouth
Disease (pp. 351-380).

Concerning the filterability of tiTpanosomes, S. B. Wolbach, W. H. Chap-
ifAN, and II. W. Stkvk.ns {.four. Mv,l. h'cscarch, 33 (1915), No. 1, pp. 107-117).—
The authors concludt' that trypanosonies from cultures and from animal tissues
are not filterable through bacteria-proof filters.

The effect of daylight and drying on the human and bovine types of
tubercle bacilli, L. Finulay and W. B. M. Mautin (Vet. lice, 2S (1915), No.
11,30, pp. 253, 25 Jf). — From experimental evidence the authors have demonstrated
that there is little appreciable loss of virulence of either type of the tubercle
bacillus after seven days desiccation. Diffusetl daylight causes a definite
lowering of the virulence in both types, the human type being avirulent within
seven days. Under the combined inlluence of desiccation antl dilTused day-
light there is a marked fall in virulence. This fall is more pronounced in the
bovine than in the human type.

In general it is concludiMl that the bovine type is distinctly more susceptible
to the elTect of ordinary atmospheric influences than is the human type. Such
difference may explain in part why aerial infection with the bovine type is so
Infrequent in the human organism.

The intracutaneous tuberculination of chickens, .T. F. II. li. Van Leeuwen
{Ccnthl. liakt. [cic.^, 1. Abt., On//., 76 {HU5), No. ^, pp. 27.5-^8^).— From the
investigation it Is concluded that the intracutaneims tuberculination yields
fairly reliable results in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in chicl<ens. The
turgescence which occurs aftiT the injection is of no significance in the diag-
nosis, but in ju<lging a reaction the general .state of nutrition of the animal
nmst be taken into consideration. If it is desirinl to reinject, the usual inter-
mission of several weeks is not necessary as the injections may be given during
or shortly after the reacthm. Local anaphylaxis following a previous injection
does not occur in healthy chickens. In making the test it is necessary to u.se
avian tubercidin.

A bibliograi)hy of 121 references is appended.

The success and failure of the tuberculin test in certified dairies, 0. li.
RoADiiorsE {Jour. Aiiicr. Vit. ^[((l. Assoc, J,S {IHIi;), No. .}. pp. .',.^0-429).—
Methods of scientific supervision in certified dairies wliich have given satis-
factory results are outlined, and experimental results obtained from the sub-
cutaneous and Intradermal tuberculin tests are submitted. It Is indicated that
" the Intradernuil test Is somewhat more searching in Its diagnosis of incipient
cases of tuberculosis In animals than the subcutaneous."

The diagnosis of infectious abortion in cattle by means of the Abderhalden
dialysis procedure, K. Katz ( llif»rr licniiztl. Motialsschr., 2 (1915), No. ^,
pp. 161-112). — The results ctf llie autlior's invt'stigation have tlemonstrated that
the serum of aninuils naturally or artificially infected with BaciUu.'i abortus Is
capable of cleaving the protein of abortion bacilli. Normal serum does not
possess this property. The dialysis proce<lure is, therefore, .specific in Infectious
abortion in cattle and Is valuable as a diagnostic method, the results being in
almost perfect accord with those obtained by the agglutination reaction. The
number of failures Is no greater than the usual experimental error due to faulty
technique.

The special pn'iiaration of the antigen, or sul>strate. Is described in detail.
and the experimental data are presented in tabular form. A bibliography of
34 references Is appended.

RURAL ENGINEERING. 881

A further contribution on the biology of Hypoderma lineatum. and H.
bovis, S. llADWKN (rarasitoloijif, 7 ili)ir,). No. J,, pp. 331-338, pis. £).— Substan-
tially noted from anotluT source (K. S. 11., 33, p. 775).

Trichinosis. — Report of a case with the trichina larvre in the spinal fluid,
L. BuK'H (,/oiir. Aincr. AUd. Aksoc, G5 (1!)/5), Nu. 25, pp. 21. 'lO, 2IJfl, fig. 1) . —
This is a report of a case in which trichina larvre were found in the cerebro-
spinal iluid. " Meningeal irritation undoubtedly exists, as is shown by the
positive Nonne and Noguchi tests. Severe infections show low eosinophil count
during the acute .stage, which increases with convalescence."

Salvarsan treatment of infectious catarrh of the upper respiratory tract
of the horse, IJautiiel (Ztschr. Vctcrinurh-., 27 (10J5), No. 3, pp. 65-68; abs. in
Vet. L'cc, 28 (JiH5), No. 1J,23, pp. J67, 168).— T\w author reports that successful
resuUs have followed the administration of 4.5 gm. of neosalvarsan dissolved
In 100 cc. of distilled water and injected intravenously, tlie injections varying
from one to five days after the first appearance of symptoms of the disease.
Fifteen horses were thus treated and four slightly Infected cases left for con-
trols. The symptoms of the disease were very characteristic, so that it was
possible to exclude strangles and equine infectious pneumonia from the diag-
nosLs. The fever diminislied in from 12 to 90 hours after injection and an
iniiirovenient of the general condition appeared. The controls continued to
have Irregularities of tenii'erature, pulse, and respiration for some time.

I, Some further studies of chick mortality, B. F. Kaupp {North Carolina
Sta. Bui. 235 (J!tI6), pp. 3-11, 15). — TIi('S(> jiageS discuss the causes of chick
mortality, and report experiinents iindertaken to determine the effect of feeding
various kinds of sour milk and* buttermilk in reducing this mortality. All of
the lots were raised on ground infected by Bacterium, pullorum,.

In addition to a grain mixture four lots of chicks received the following
feeds: Lot 1, sour milk (clabber); lot 2, artificial buttermilk made by
BaciUna hulf/aricus ; lot 3, buttermilk made from IL acidi lactiH; and lot 4,
a control lot, no milk. Diarrhea attacked tiie fiocks, resulting at the end of
the 8-week period in a 16 per cent loss in lot 1, 10 per cent in lot 2, and 12
per cent in lot 3. In lot 4 diarrhea claimed a toll of 24 per cent during the
first four weeks and left the remaind(^r of the flock in such a wrecked condition,
constitutionally, that by the end of eight weeks 36 per cent had died.

In individual records of 8 White Leghorns 4 were infected with diarrhea and,
although they survived at the end of eight weeks, they averaged oidy 0..56 lb.
in weight, while those that were not attacked averaged 0.74 lb. Eleven birds
were attacked by diarrhea and at the end of eight weeks averaged only 0.28 lb.
each in weight, while 8 birds which were not affected by diarrhea averaged
0.47 lb. each in weight.

It is concluded that normal, artificial buttermilk, and sour milk are beneficial
in baby chick feeding, serving to ward off severe attacks of diarrhea and
resulting in greater gains in the chicks. The feeding of sour milk is recom-
mended to begin as soon as the chick is taken from tlie incubator or nest.

The diseases of poultry, J. EiiRHAKnT (J)ie Krankhcltcn den Ilausf/cfliigcl.^.
Aarau: lUnll 11'//:, liUJf, 3. rd., pp. mi +60). —A third edition of this small
handbook.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Flow through weir notches with thin edges and full contractions, V. M.
Conk {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 5 {1916), No. 23, pp. 1051-1113, pi.
1, figs. 21f). — Laboratory equipment and methods used are described and ex-
periments conducted under a cooperative agreement between the Oflice of Ex-
periment Stations of this Department and the Colorado Experiment Station on

882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

notches with thin edges and full contractions to determine the accuracy of the
Francis and CipoUetti formulas for notches of the sizes ordinarily used in irri-
gation practice are reported.

It was found that " the discharges through rectangular and CipoUetti notches
when plotted logarithmically do not give straight lines and therefore can not
be represented correctly by a formula of the type Q = CLH". It was found,
however, in the case of the rectangular notches experimented with and the
heads of water run, that a straight-line formula could be deduced that within
the range of the experiments gave values quite close to the experimental data.

" The formula

Q=3.247LH'*^- (\^2l''^)^''''

gives discharge values for 1-, 1-5, 2-, 3-, and 4-ft. rectangular notches that
agree within a maximum of approximatelj' 1.2 per cent and within an average
of 0.28 per cent with the curves plotted from the experimental data. The dis-
charges throughout the 0.5-ft. rectangular notch do not follow the same law as
those for the longer notches. The formula

Q=1.593F'«« A+ — \j^')
\ 800ff2-V

gives values consistent with the curve plotted from the experimental data.

" The Francis formula gives values within approximately 2 per cent of the
actual discharges, so long as the head does not exceed one-third the length of
the notch. Within the limits of the experiments the formula

Q = 3.08L'-0« fl-(1.4<HO.0O3I,)

gives discharge values for the 1-, ISj-, 2-, 3-. and 4-ft. rectangular notches that
agree within a maximum of 0.7 per cent, and an average of 0.20 per cent, with
the values given in the curves plotted from the experimental data. The
formula Q=1.566H"** gives values for the 0.5-ft. rectangular notch that agree
within 1 per cent with the curves plotted from the experimental data. The
curve-line formula for rectangular notches takes account of the law of variation
of the discharge curves better than does the straight-line formula and, con-
sequently, it appears that it will give closer values for higher heads and longer
notches than those experimented with.
" The formula

Q=3.247Zff»-"-C^:^^^*')H'»+0.609fl'2.«

gives discharge values for the 1-, 1.5-, 2-, 3-, and 4-ft. CipoUetti notches that
agree within 0.5 per cent with the curves plotted from the experimental data,
except in the case of the lower heads on the 1-ft. notch, where the maximum
divergence is approximately 1.5 per cent. The discharges through the 0.!>ft.
CipoUetti notch do not follow the same law as those for longer notches. The
formula

Q=1.593i7'-^-^«(l-fg^^,_^+0.587^».

represents the discharges through such a notch.

"The CipoUetti formula gives discharge values within 1.5 per cent of the
actual discharges so long as the head does not exceed one-third the length of
the crest of the notch. The formula

Q=3.08i'-<«2fl'('-*6+<'-«»L)4.o.6.ff2-«,

RURAL ENGINEERING. 883

which is based on the straight-line formuhi for rectangular notches, gives dis-
charge values for the 1-, 1.5-, 2-, 3-, and 4-ft. Cipolletti notches that agree
within a maximum of 1 per cent with the curves plotted from the experimental
data, the divergences at all but a few points being 0.5 per cent or less. The
formula for the 0.5-foot notch is g=1.566JI''^-f 0.56iJ'". The Cipolletti type
of notch does not give discharges as nearly proportional to the length of crest
as does the rectangular type, consequently, . . . the rectangular-notch weir is
to be preferred.

" The general formuhi for discharges through triangular notches of from
28° 4' to 90°, and probably up to 109°, is

/„- 0.0195 \
Q=(0.025-f 2.462 S)H{^-^—so?n, )

where E is the head in feet and S the slope of the sides. Triangular notches
having side slopes greater than about 1:4 (109°) are impractical, as the
nappe adheres. The 90° triangular notch is the most practical triangular notch
and should be used in preference to either rectangular or Cipolletti notches
for discharges up to approximately 3 cu. ft. per second. The approximate
formula Q=2A9H^'^^ will give discharge values for 90° notches which agree
very closely with the value obtained with the general formula for triangular
notches.

" The crest and sides of a weir notch need not be knife-edged. They are suf-
ficiently sharp if the upstream corner of the edges is a distinct angle of 90° or
less and the thickness of the edges is not so great that the water will- adhere
to them. The head should be measured upstream from the weir a distance of
at least 4H, or sidewise from the end of the crest in the plane of weir a dis-
tance of at least 2H.

" The distances required for full contractions with rectangular and Cipolletti
notches are approximately 211, but an additional cross-sectional area of the
weir box is required to reduce the velocity of approach.

" With end contractions equal to 2_ff and a bottom contraction equal to SH,
or end contractions equal to 3-ff and a bottom contraction equal to 2H, the
mean velocities of approach are about J ft. per second, and the discharges
with medium to high heads do not agree more closely than approximately 1 per
cent with the discharges computed by the formulas. The average ratio of the
cross-sectional area of the weir box to the cross-sectional area of the notch re-
quired to give discharges within 1 per cent of the values obtained with the
formula is greater than 7 and is probably near 15.

" In order to make the results comparable with those for rectangular notches,
the end contractions for trapezoidal notches should be measured from about
the middle point of the side of the notch, rather than from the end of the crest.
A notch which would give discharges proportional to the lengths of the notches
would probably have curved sides, the slope decreasing with the head.

" For all practical purposes, discharges through rectangular and Cipolletti
notches are not alfected until the notch is submerged to a depth equal to one-
tenth the head upstream from the weir. Submergence equal to one-eighth the
head upstream from the notch decreases the discharge approximately 2 per
cent, that equal to one-fourth approximately 6 per cent, and that equal to one-
third approximately 9 per cent."

Notes on the duty of water, J. W. Beaedsley (Cornell Civ. Engin., 24 {1916),
No. 4' PP- 153-160, figs. 2). — It is the purpose of this paper "to indicate some
of the questions arising in a determination of the area to be developed under
a given water supply, with special reference to conditions existing along the
relatively dry coastal plains on the south side of Porto Rico. . . .

884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

" The duty of water for the Porto Rico Irrigation Service, as defined by
law, is '4 acre-feet per acre per annum, the said standard to be applied on the
basis of fair average years.' Irrigation is carried on continuously throughout
the year. The crop is practically entirely sugar cane and it is planted during
both spring and fall months."

From experiments from various sources and general conditions in Porto
Rico, a curve is given showing " that the value of water in percentage of yield
rapidly decreases as a maximum crop is approached, and unless water is
very cheap its use beyond that point will not be financially profitable. Up to
about 85 per cent its use is of maximum value, thence up to 100 per cent of
minimum value to the CTop. ... As the maximum tonnage is passed, the per-
centage of sucrose in the cane decreases more rapidly than the tonnage of
yield on account of the harmful effect of surplus water and oversaturation of
the soil. Also between 30 and 80 per cent yields an increase per annum of 1 in.
of beneficial water gives 1.8 per cent Increase in yield."

Other climatic and hydrographic data are reported " to illustrate the danger
of using [such] data covering short periods of time as fair bases for technical
problems and the construction of expensive structures."

The use of mud-ladened water in drilling wells, I. N. Knapp (Trans. Amcr.
Inst. Mining Enyin., 51 (1016), pp. 571-o86, fins. 2). — The object of this paper
" is to describe the mixing, testing, and use of mud-laden water for rotary
drilling in such a way as to make them helpful to the driller, the operator, or
the engineer in solving his own special drilling problems. The structures,
apparatus, and tools used are indicated in a general way. . . .

" The information is the result of actual experience in drilling in Coastal
Plain formations. The materials encountered in the wells drilleil were uncon-
solidated sands, gravels, and clays, in which thin layers of sandstones, shell
conglomerates, and shales began to appear at about 1,200 ft. in depth."

Irrigation in Netherlands East India (Xcthcrlamls East Indian Han Fran-
cisco Com., Dcpt. A(/r., Indus., and Com., Essay i\'o. 12 (1914), pp. 7.?, pis. 5,
figs. 10). — This pamphlet describes the climate, rainfall, and surface water sui>
plies of Java and the distribution and extent of the rice fields of Java and Ma-
doera, discusses the cultivation of crops needing irrigation, and sketches the his-
tory and development of irrigation in the Dutch East Indies. Brief descriptions
of some of the chief irrigation works are also included. Other topics dealt with
are drainage and fiood protection ; harmful influence of active volcanoes on
irrigation works; reservoirs for irrigation purposes; development of the water
management, cost of management and maintenance ; expenditure and staff for
irrigation purposes ; results obtained from irrigation works ; and irrigation in
the possessions beyond Java and Madoera.

Surface water supply of north Pacific drainage basins, 1912, N. C. Gboveb,
F. F. Henshaw, G. C. Baldwin, and W. A. Lamb (U. S. Gcol. Survey, Water-
supply Palter 332 (1916), pp. XI+748, pis. 2). — ^This report combines the ma-
terial covered by Parts A-C, previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 587; 33, pp.
484, 880).

Water powers of the Cascade Range. — III, Yakima River basin, G. L.
Paeker sind F. B. Stokey (U. S. GcoI. Surrey, ^yater-SuppIy Paper 369 (1916),
pp. 169, pis. 20, figs. 12). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the Wash-
ington Geological Survey, is based on data consisting of stream-flow records,
I'iver plans and profiles, reservoir surveys, and field reconnaissances of streams
in the Yakima lUxev basin, an area of about 5.970 square miles slightly south-
east of the geographic center of Washington, continuing previous work ( E. S. R.,
24, p. 313; 29, p. 84).

RURAL ENGINEERING. 885

The regulation of rivers, J. L. Van Oknum {Nexo York, and London: McGraiv-
Hill Book Co., 1914, PP- X+393, pis. 6, figs. 96; rev. in Engin. News, 7^ (1915),
No. 25, p. 1170). — This book considers the principles underlying the regula-
tion of rivers. It contains chapters on commercial considerations, general
phenomena, investigations, surveys, etc., methods of river improvement, the
principles of regulation, worlis of channel contraction, the protection of erodible
banks, dredging, levees, and the control of the current.

Proceeding's of the eleventh annual meeting" of the Iowa State Drainage
Association (Proc. lotca State Drainage Assoc, 11 {1915), pp. Ill, figs. 5). —
The following special articles are included in these proceedings :

Platting and Recording Tile Drainage Systems, by C. B. Piatt ; Soil Erosion,
by B. Brooks ; Planning and Building Farm Drainage Systems, by F. O. Nelson ;
Draining and Farm Units, by J. M. Wells ; Drainage by Wells, by J. T. Stewart ;
Soil ]Moisture — Under Drainage and Crop Production, by W. J. Schlick ; Drain-
age Improvements and Their Relation to Sanitary Conditions, by L. Higgins;
Some Sanitary Benefits Resulting from Drainage, by W. Grant ; Problems of
Drainage Contractor, by H. B. Whitney ; Legal Problems in Operating Under
the Iowa Drainage Law, by T. P. Harrington ; The National Aspect of Drain-
age, by E. T. Perkins ; Levying Drainage Assessments, by G. R. Campbell ; and
Methods of Paying Drainage Engineers for Their Services, by A. G. Baker.

Proceedings of seventh anniial drainage convention of the North Caro-
lina Drainage Association, 1914, compiled by J. H. Pratt and Miss H. M.
Beeky {N. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Econ. Paper 41 {1915), pp. 10, figs. 3). —
These proceedings contain the following special articles :

The Upbuilding of Eastern Carolina Through Drainage and the Resulting
Benefits to the Railroads, by B. E. Rice ; Tile Drainage, by W. E. Slierwin ;
The Importance of Principles of Farm Drainage, by H. M. Lynde ; The Drain-
age and Development of North Carolina's Muck Lands, by C. W. Mengel ;
North Carolina Drainage Law and Some Needed Amendments, by J. H. Small ;
and Some New Factors in Drainage Work in North Carolina, by L. Brett.

The hydraulic ram, B. B. Robb {Cornell Countryman, 13 {1916), No. Jf, pp.
275-281, figs. 7). — The construction and operation of single- and double-acting
hydraulic rams are illustrated and described, and tlie results of performance
tests of a typical ram operating under fixed heads, but with varying lengths of
stroke of the dash valve, are graphically reported. The mathematical theory
of the operation of the hydraulic ram is also briefly presented.

Electrically driven dragline scrapers dig 45-mile irrigation canal {Engin.
Rec, 73 {1916), No. 5, pp. llfl, UiS, figs. 3).— Data on unit costs of excavating
1,500,000 cu. yds. of material in two seasons with two machines on the Sun
River project of the U. S. Reclamation Service are given.

A comparison between bleach and liquid chlorin disinfection, C. R. A\'ery
{Ann. Rpt. Prov. Bd. Health Ontario, 33 {1914), PP- 142-149). — Experiments
are reported comparing bleaching powder and liquid chlorin for the disinfection
of water.

The results are taken to indicate that " taking the results as a whole the
advantage of what difference there is seems to lie with the bleach. This dif-
ference is small, however, and the conclusion is that if a normal water supply
be treated with the same amount of available chlorin, whether from bleaching
powder or liquid chlorin, and provided proper mixing takes place, the disin-
fection in either case will be the same."

Does alum inhibit the action of chlorin as a disinfectant? C. R. A^^:RT
and O. G. Lye {Ann. Rpt. Prov. Bd. Health Ontario, 33 {1914), pp. 150-155).—
Experiments on the effect of alum on the action of chlorin as a disinfectant
for water are reported.

886 EXPEEIMENl STATION EECORD.

The results are taken to indicate that while the addition of alum immedi-
ately causes a considerable reduction in the available chlorin content the
disinfecting qualities of the bleach are not apparently affected under a period
of 12 hours. The addition of alum to bleach solutions did not have the effect
of lowering the bacteriological efficiency appreciably along with the reduction
of available chlorin during the first 12 hours, but after this period a perceptible
change in efficiency was evidenced.

" The addition of varying amounts of alum does not cause results correspond-
ing to the amounts added. . . . The amount of chlorin in parts per million
appears to be reduced in direct proportion to the amount of alum added up to a
certain limit, after which the further addition of alum has little effect on the
available chlorin."

American sewerage practice, L. Metcau and H. P. Eddy (Xew York and
London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1914, vol. 1, pp. X+lJfl, pis. 25, figs. 213; 1915,
vols. 2, pp. X-\-56Jf, pis. 18, figs. 163; 3, pp. XIII+851, pi. 1, figs. 229; vol. S rev.
in Engin. Neics, 7| {1915), Xo. 25, pp. 1168, 1169). — This treatise deals, in three
volumes, with the design and construction of sewers and with sewage disposal.

The chapters of volume 1, Design of Sewers, are as follows: The lessons
taught by early sewerage works ; the general arrangement of sewerage systems ;
flow of water in pipes and channels ; velocities and grades ; measurement of
flowing water; quantity of sewage; precipitation; formulas for estimating
storm-water flow; the rational method of estimating storm-water run-off in
sewer design ; gaging storm-water flow in sewers ; sewer pipe ; the design of
masonry sewers ; examples of sewer sections and the loads on sewers ; the
analysis of masonry arches; street inlets, catch basins, and manholes; junc-
tions, siphons, bridges, and flushing devices; regulators, overflows, outlets, tide
gates, and ventilation; and sewage pumping stations.

Volume 2 deals with the construction of .sewers, as follows: Preliminary
investigations; engineering work and inspection during construction; excava-
tion; machinery for trench excavation; methods of rock excavation; ex-
plosives and blasting; quantity and cost of excavation; rate of progress in
building sewers; the sheeting and bracing of trenches and tunnels; sizes of
sheeting, rangers, and braces; purcliasing, handling, and laying sewer pipe;
jointing sewer pipe ; construction of brick and block sewers ; construction of
concrete sewers ; profiles, templates, forms, and centers ; contracts, specifi-
cations, and drawings; technical specifications; operation and maintenance
of sewerage systems; and explosions in sewers.

The chapters of volume 3, Disposal of Sewage, are as follows : Introduc-
tion— ^i^rogressive steps in sewage treatment ; meaning of chemical analyses ;
bacteria and their relation to the problem of sewage disposal ; plankton ;
composition of sewage ; theories of sewage disposal aJid treatment ; sewage
disposal by dilution; grit chambers; racks, cages, and screens; sedimentation,
straining, and aeration; tanks for sludge digestion; chemical precipitation;
sludge; contact bods; trickling filters; intermittent sand filtration; irrigation
and the agricultural utilization of sewage and sludge ; automatic apparatus for
dosing ; disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents ; and disposal of residential
and institutional sewage.

With reference to sewage irrigation and the use of sewage and sludge for
fertilization, experience in this country and in Europe is reviewed and it la
stated that " the popular opinion of the value of sewage in agriculture is much
exaggerated. The fertilizing value of sewage is far less than is commonly
supposed, on account of the great dilution of the constituents serviceable to plant
life, nitrogen, phosphates, and potash, and, further, because only a part of these
substances is present in the sewage in a form suitable for fertilizing pur-

KURAL ENGINEERING. 887

poses. . . . Nitrification is checked if sewage is turned over land in too great
quantities or if the air is cold, and if the sewage is applied freelj- there is a
tendency to wash out of the soil what nitrates have formed. In considering
the fertilizing value of sewage it is also necessary to consider its ingredients
which are detrimental to agriculture. The fat and soap may work harm by
clogging the pores of the soil and thus counterbalance the small improvement
due to the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. ... In sewage disposal . . .
the crops should be regarded as merely a by-product. All evidence furnished
by many years' experience in many countries under many conditions does not
reveal, however, any decisive proof that it is possible to obtain much fertilizing
value from city sewage as it must be used to make irrigation practicable, but
indicates that where sewage irrigation has been successful agriculturally, irri-
gation with water would have produced about the same results. English ex-
perience indicates that whatever profit is to be made in the future from the
fertilizing ingredients of sewage will probably result from the production of
artificial manures from sludge."

In a chapter on the disposal of residential and farm sewage, it is stated
that " where the desired degi'ee of purification of the sewage is high and the
treatment involves methods of filtration which should proceed at fairly regular
rates, it is evident that the storage of sewage so as to permit fairly uniform
delivery to the filters and some uniformity in the composition of the applied
liquid by mixing the laundry wastes, kitchen wastes, and domestic sewage to-
gether becomes particularly important. In the second place, the small size of
the plants makes it desirable to have them as nearly fool-proof and automatic
as possible. Even if the owner's means render economy in management unnec-
essary, the importance of automatic operation is great because experience shows
that regular attendance is rarely given to these little plants."

Septic tanks and absorption systems, T. D. Beckwith and T. A. H. Teetee
(Oreg. Agr. Col. Ext. Div., Ser. 2, Ko. 8, pp. 18, figs. 9). — This publication deals
with the design and construction of small sewage disposal systems, consisting
essentially of a septic tank and tile absorption area. The designs are based on
the views of both the engineer and bacteriologist.

It is pointed out that " the septic tank, if made water-tight, can be located
anywhere outside the cellar wall without danger of disease or bad odors. . . .
The sewer from the house should consist of a 4- to 6-in. vitrified sewer pipe
with a trap near the house end to form a water seal in order to guard against
the escape of sewer gas into the house." The necessity of compartments in a
septic tank is emphasized, and it is stated that " the scum which forms on the
surface of the sewage in the first chamber is essential to the proper action of
the tank."

Statements regarding other points of controversy among authorities are made
as follows : " The tank becomes nothing more nor less than a large culture
chamber for the growth of the proper kinds of bacteria, and upon them solely
depends the work of purification of sewage entering the tank. . . . The types
of bacteria in a septic tank are two, (1) those which thrive without the pres-
ence of free oxygen or air and which demand that the portion of the tank in
which they grow must be as nearly air-tight as practicable, and (2) those
which require oxygen to thrive and which do their work best in the presence of
as much air as possible. The second compartment, where the bacterial action
is completed, should be so constructed that air may have free entrance and
circulation. ... A septic tank which purifies over 70 per cent is very excep-
tional, and generally only from 60 to 65 per cent purification may be expected."
41852°— No. 9—16 7

888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Sewage treatment in small communities where a sewerage system is not
available, P. Ha>-.sex (/?/. Health News, n. set:, 1 (1915), No. 11, pp. 179-18^,
fiijs. 5). — This article describes and diagrammatically illustrates a type of com-
mon settling tank, a small Emscher double-deck or two-chamber tank, and a
tile absorption system for the disposal of residential or farm sewage.

"Xo part of a subsurface drainage system should be within 200 ft. of any
well, assuming an ordinary gi*avelly or sandy soil. If limestone is near the
surface, the danger to wells is infinitely increased. However, the subsurface
irrigation system is of far less danger to wells than is the ordinary leaching
cesspool. This device is an abomination that should not be permitted in any
built-up community, for it is almost impracticable to keep them at a safe dis-
tance from shallow wells."

Economy of deep percolating fi.lters, H. W. Clabk {Surveyor, 48 {1915), Xo.
12^5, pp. 5^0, 541, figs. 2). — Recent experiments made at the Lawrence, Mass.,
experiment station on the efficiency of four trickling filters 4, 6. 8, and 10 ft.
deep, respectively, are reported, each filter being operated at rates of 500,000,
800,000, 1,000,000, 1,.500,000. and 2,500,000 gal. per acre per day. Salt was
added to the sewage as an indicator of the filter activity.

With the 1,000.000-gal. flow rate " 50 per cent of the sewage applied to the
4-ft. filter reaches the filter outlet mingled with 50 per cent oi the held sewage
12 minutes after its application, while with the 10-ft. filter 125 minures elapse
before 50 per cent of the applied salt sewage reached the filter outlet mingletl
with 50 per cent of the held sewage." With the other rates of flow " the applied
and held .sewage were about equally intermingled and hence were about equal
periods of time in passing through each filter."

These results are taken to indicate the great economy of deep trickling filters
as compared with shallow trickling filters.

The oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters, II, E. Ardebx and W. T.
LocKKTT {Jour. Sac. Clicm. Imluf>.. 33 {1914), ^'0. 23, pp. 1122-1124).— A con-
tinuation on a larger scale of the experiments previously reported (E. S. R.,
32, p. 387), using the continuous flow and fill and draw methods, is reported.

" The effluents obtained throughout this series of exjieriments were extremely
well clarified and in general were superior to those yielded by the best type of
bacterial filters. The outstamling feature of these results is the fact that by
employing diffused air the necessity for intermediate aeration and consequent
manipulation of sludge was entirely removed and at the same time much better
effluents were obtained than those yielded by plain pipe aeration when working
with a similar aeration period.

The effluents obtained in the earlier laboratory experiments, when working
with a six hours' plain pipe aeration period, were liable to absorb an undue
proportion of dissolved oxygen. ... In the series of outdoor experiments
. . . the dissolved oxygen absorption of the effluents was remarkably low.
This low dissolved oxygen absorption, being coincident with a very low free
ammonia content, appears to support the theory previously advanced, that the
stage to which nitrification has proceetled is not without influence on the
amount of dissolved oxygen absorbed."

The oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters, III, E, Abdern and
W. T. LocKETT {Jour. Soc. Chein. Itidus.. 34 {1915), No. 18, pp. 937-943, figs. 2;
Surveyor, 48 {1915). No. 124I, pp. 45O-454, figs. 2). — A third contribution to the
subject gives the results obtained to date regarding " (1) the initial produc-
tion of activated sludge; (2) the volume of air essential for the successful
working of the purification process; and (3) the most advantageous proportion
of activated sludge to employ; together with a description of certain exi>eri-
ments relating to the purification of a dilute domestic sewage."

RURAL ENGINEERING. 889

The results are taken to indicate " (1) that, apart from the use of slurry
from percolating filters, the initial production of activated sludge can be facili-
tated and obtained with considerably less air cost than originally was the case,
(2) that under certain controlled conditions the volume of air required maj- be
considerably less than previously estimated, and (3) that there is an economic
advantage in employing an increased volume of activated sludge with special
reference to the rate of nitrification." It is concluded " that the estimated
costs of aeration indicate that the activated sludge method of sewage purifica-
tion is eminently a practical process."

Experiments to determine the economic possibilities of sludge from.
Emscher or Travis tanks, A. Y. De Lapoete {Ann. Rpt. Prov. Bd. Health On-
tario, 33 (1914), pp- 139-141, fiff. 1). — Experiments are reported, the results of
which to date are taken to indicate that "(1) the sludge has practically no
value as a fertilizer or a fuel, (2) extraction for the recovery of the grease
or distillation with superheated steam would not pay, and (3) destructive
distillation designed to recover the grease, gas, ammonia, etc., might cover
expenses."

Tables facilitate accuj.'acy in tim.ber beam, design, R. C. Hakdman (Engin.
Rec, 73 (1916), No. 5, pp. 138, 139).— The errors in the usual practice of timber
beam design based on nominal sizes are pointed out, it being stated that
deficiencies in sizes of timbers vary from i to f in. Factors to be applied to
tables of safe loads and a table of actual sizes, sectional areas, and section
moduli for commercial lumber surfaced on one side and one edge are given.

Influence of temperature on the strength of concrete, A. B. McDaniei.
{Univ. III. Engin. Expt. Sta. Bid. 81 {1915), pp. 24, figs. 15; abs. in Engin. and
Contract., 44 {1915), No. 21, pp. 405-408, figs. 7). — Experiments on the influence
of temperature on the attainment of strength in concrete are reported. These
included three groups of tests, namely, 45 6- by 6-in. cylinders, 51 6-in. cubes,
and 60 8- by 16-in. cylinders. The concrete was composed of 1 part cement,
2 parts sand, and 4 parts broken stone, by weight, corresponding to 1 part
cement, 2.2 parts sand, and 3.6 parts broken stone, by volume. The test
specimens were stored in temperatures varying from 26.5 to 95.6° F. The
temperature of storage was determined by daily readings of the maximum and
minimum thermometers. The following conclusions are considered justifiable :

" Under uniform temperature conditions, there was an increase of strength
with age within the limits of the tests. For any temperature the rate of
increase decreases with the age of the specimen, and this rate of increase is
less correspondingly at the lower temperature conditions. For the specimens
tested, under normal hardening temperature conditions of from 60 to 70°, the
compressive strength of the concrete subjected to a uniform temperature at
the ages of 7, 14, and 21 days may be taken as approximately 50, 75, and 90
per cent of the sti*ength at 28 days, respectively. For lower temperatures the
percentage values are less, and for higher temperatures the percentages are
higher. The relation between the percentage values at the ages of 7, 14, 21,
and 28 days is nearly the same for temperature conditions from 30 to 70°.
However, the values for the lower temperatures should be used with caution.
Concrete which is maintained at a temperature of from 60 to 70° will at the
age of one week have practically double the strength of the same material
which is kept at a temperature of from 32 to 40°."

Curves of the results are also presented for convenient use.

Use of water-gas tar and coal tar on concrete subjected to high, velocities of
water, C. H. Paul {Reclam. Rec. [V. S.], 7 {1916), No. 1, p. 46; Engin. and
Contract., 40 {1916), No. 3, p. 56). — The use of water-gas tar and coal tar on the
concrete surfaces of the regulating outlets through the Arrowrock dam is

890 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

described. These outlets are 4 ft. 4 in. in diameter and are .subjected to
velocities of 60 ft. per second or higher. The purpose of such surfacing was
" not so much that of waterproofing as to fill all the minute voids in the surface
of the outlets, so as to prevent, if possible, the erosion caused by the formation
of vacuum in .small voids or pockets."

The results from one year's service tests are taken to indicate " that the use
of this tar coating gave thoroughly satisfactory results."

The use of concrete for protecting wood-stave pipe, K. A. Hebox {West.
Eng'm., 7 {1916), No. 1, pp. 27-29, figs. Jf.). — This article describes the remodeling
of two partially decayed wood-stave pipe lines in Colorado. Repairs were
made by covering the pipe with concrete. Cost data are included.

Methods for the determination of the physical properties of road-building
rock, F. H. Jacksox, Jb. {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 5-J7 {1916), pp. 27, figs. 12).—
This bulletin is a partial revision of Office of Public Roads Bulletin 44 (E. S. R.,
27, p. 587). It is limited to a description of methods employed by the Office
of Public Roads and Rural Engineering for testing rock for road building,
and *' is intended to serve as a more or less permanent laboratory manual for
those who have occasion to make such tests." It deals with the physical prop-
erties of road-building rock and physical tests of road materials, including
specific gravity, weight per cubic foot, water absorption, Deval abrasion test,
hardness test, toughness test, cementing value test, and compression test. Two
appendixes deal with the .selection and shipment of samples and laboratory
equipment.

Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the Ontario Good iBoads
Association, 1915 {Proc. Ontario Oood Roads Assoc, 13 {1915), pp. 201, pis.
S). — These proceedings include the following special papers: Road Construc-
tion in New York State, by G. C. Diehl ; Wearing Surfaces, by G. W. Tillson ;
Finance, by S. L. Squire ; Road Laws, by B. Michaud ; Bridges and Culverts, by
L. E. Allen; State Roads of New Jersey, by R. A. Meeker; Road Foundations,
by J. Duchastel; Machinerj', by F. E. Ellis; Dust Prevention, by W. W. Crosby;
Maintenance of Roads, by G. Henry; Road Organization, by G. H. Henry;
Road Location, by C. R. Wheelock ; Gravel and Stone Roads, by C. Talbot ;
The Evolution of the Asphalt Pavement in Toronto, by G. Powell ; Good Roads
and the Contractor, by H. T. Routly ; Traffic and Its Relation to Road Construc-
tion, Maintenance, and Cost, by "VV. D. Sohier; Brick Roads and Streets, by
E. A. James; Bituminous Construction, by J. Pearson; Concrete Roads and
Streets, by H. S. Van Scoyoc; and Creosoted Wood Block Pavements, by
A. F. IMacallum.

Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1914 {Ann. Rpt. High-
irag Imp. Ontario, 191.'t, pp. 110, figs. 36). — ^This report deals with the follow-
ing subjects related to highway improvement : Expenditure by counties, model
and experimental roads, bituminous roads, operation and care of machinery,
cost keeping and accounting, bridges and abutments, types of county roads,
broken stone roads, gravel roads, drainage, the geology of road building
materials, the testing of stone and gravel, culverts, explosives, and asphaltic
deposits.

Report of the surveyor general for the year 1914, A. A. Spowebs {Ann.
Rpt. Dept. Pub. Lands Queensland, 1914, PP- 84-98, pis. 5). — The activities and
expenditures of the Queensland surveyor general's office for 1914 are reported,
together with the reports of district surveyors. These include surveys of
lands, roads, etc.

When the boiler needs attention {Poiver Farming, 25 {1916), No. 1, pp. 42-44-
figs. 5). — Methods of repairing boilers of steam tractors are described and
illustrated.

EUKAL ENGINEERING. 891

How to install the farm gasoline engine, G. H. Mathe\\ son (Gas Power,
13 {1916), No. 8, pp. 10, 12, 14, figs. 5). — Brief hints are given regarding the
installation of an engine, special reference being made to the construction
of a proper foundation.

Antifreezing solutions for your engine, C. P. Shattuck (Gas Power, 13
(1916), No. 8, pp. 54, 56). — Ways' and means of preventing frozen radiators and
cracked cylinders are briefly described, and a table showing the combinations
and freezing points of calcium chlorid solutions, alcohol, glycerin, and glycerin
and alcohol mixtures is given.

General notes on power farming, E. R. Wiggins (Power Farming, 25 (1916),
No. 1, pp. 18, 19). —Data, on operating the cream separator, on gas engine oper-
ation and efficiency, and on grinding feed with an engine are briefly pre-
sented.

Directory and specifications of gasoline and oil farm tractors (Farm
Machinery, No. 1265 (1916), pp. 40-4^). — This is a second directory, said to be
complete to date.

The latest idea in tractor harvesting, E. L. Watson (Gas Power, 13 (1916),
No. 8, pp. 5, 6, fig. 1). — ^A means devised and used for operating the binder
levers from the engine seat consisted of disconnecting the bundle carrier
trip rod and attaching it to a foot lever on the engine frame, transferring the
binder shifting lever from the seat pipe and the lever for raising and lower-
ing the reel to the stub tongue within easy reach of the operator.

The daily working capacities of motor plows and formulas for their de-
termination, Thallmayer (Mitt. Deut. Landio. Gesell., 30 (1915), No. 52, pp.
791-794). — The results of different tractor plowing tests are reviewed, with
special reference to the relation between brake and drawbar horsepower, depth
of plowing, actual hours of work, etc.

The following formula for the determination of daily plowing capacity of

tractor plows is proposed: F=27 ^'^ j^ — , in which F=area plowed in

hectares, Z=gross hours of work, ^=brake horsepower of tractor, f=depth
of plowing in centimeters, W=soil resistance in kilograms per square deci-
meter, and a and ^ are coefficients, the former indicating the relation between
gross and net working hours and the latter the relation between brake and
drawbar horsepower. The review of test results shows that a averaged about
0.75 and /S about 0.52 for gas tractors, about 0.73 for steam tractors, and about
0.64 for motor plows.

The practical value of model tests on the plow, B. Bebnstein (Mitt. Verb.
Landtv. Mascli. PriifUngsanst., 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9-24, ficis. 3). — ^This is a
mathematical and graphical discussion.

Trial of steam thrashers at Lyallpur, W. Robebts (Agr. Jour. India, 10
(1915), No. 3, pp. 285-287, pis. 2). — A comparison of the work of a 30-in. and a
48-in. thrasher in thrashing wheat is said to indicate the marked superiority
of the 48-in. machine.

Using the modem grain separator, G. F. Conner (Power Farming, 25
(1916), No. 1, pp. 9, 40, 4i> flffs- 4)- — This is a brief description of the mechanical
details of the grain separator in its present stage of development.

Test of a separator for cold milk of a capacity of 220 liters per hour,
A. Nachtweh (Mitt. Verb. Landw. Masch. PriifUngsanst., 9 (1915), No. 1, pp.
32-43. figs. 3). — A machine for the separation of cream from cold milk is de-
scribed and diagrammatically illustrated, and tests are reported with milk at
temperatures varying from 3 to 15° C. (37.4 to 59° F.).

The main difference between this machine and those for the separation of
warm milk is that the cylinder is larger and the size and number of disks

892 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

and of inlet and outlet holes are greater. It was found that the separator
removed from cold milk all but from 0.12 to 0.18 per cent of the fat and also
cleaned the milk. Separation was continued for an hour without obstruction.

List of farm building plans {Mississippi Agr. Col. Ext. Dept. [Circ], l'J16,
pp. 11, fig. 1). — A list of farm building plans furnished by the agricultural en-
gineering department of the Mississippi College to farmers of Mississippi is
given.

Silos, D. KcoATES (Mississippi Agr. Col. Ext. Dept. Circ, pp. 7). — This circu-
lar discusses briefly the essential features of silos, especially the wooden and
concrete types.

Refrigeration and its increasing importance for different purposes, W.
Aheens (Naturwusemchaften, 3 (1915), No. 37, pp. .'{77-483, figs. 9). — ^A dis-
cussion is given of the applicability and use of refrigeration for different pur-
poses, together with a description of refrigerating processes and apparatus
and their practical operation.

Ice on the farm, W. L. Nelson (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bid., 13 (1915), Xo.
9, pp. 2-19, figs. 9). — ^This is a compilation of information regarding ice and
farm ice houses, much of which has been drawn from Farmers' Bulletin 623
of this Department (E. S. R., 32, p. 591).

RTJRAL ECONOMICS.

The settlement of public lajids in the United States, B. H. Hibbabd
(Internat. Inst. Agr. [Home], Intcrnot. Rev. Agr. Econ.. 7 (1916), No. 1, pp.
97-117). — ^The author treats of the settlement of public lands in the United
States beginning with the year 1783.

He states that " one sorry effect of the great liberality of the land policies
by which settlement was encotiraged, and almost never restrained, was the
almost unbelievable rapidity of settlement of the western country. Population
and grain production doubled throughout the great grain States in periods of
about 20 years, and this at a time in the development when it meant the addi-
tion to the farm area of 50,000,000 or 60,000,000 acres of farm land and
6,000,000 or 8,000,000 of people per decade. The result was ruinously low
prices and a discouraged and restless farm people. . . .

"At present what is needed is a plan by which the Government may admin-
ister the affairs of the land yet in its hands in such a manner as to result in
putting it into the hands of people who will use it for production instead of
exploitation. Likewise the state governments need land policies both with
respect to land which they still possess and laud which in private hands is
being used with a view to speculative gains to the present owner, resulting
in hardship to the man who actually imdertakes to turn a portion of it into a
farm."

The nature of demand for agricultural products and some important con-
sequences, J. G. Thomi'son {Jdur. J'olit. F.ion.. J^ (/.''/<»). .Vo. ^, pp. 158-1S2). —
The author has divided commodities into two classes — elastic and inelastic.
He considers that the demand for a commodity is elastic when that commodity
is of such a nature that the demand is sensitive to price change or to a change
in the purchasing power of the prospective buyer. He has placed agricultural
products in the inelastic class, and states that with reference to food supplies
as a whole it is very evident that the demand is relatively inelastic.

" With reference to any particular article of food In the consumption of
which there is no fixed custom or habit there may be a considerable measure
of elasticity of domand because of the i)(>ssibility of the substitution of one
article of food for another. But the consumption of one article of food in place

EUKAL ECONOMICS. 893

of another can not materially increase or decrease the amount of food consumed
as a whole. A larger demand for one article would mean simply a smaller
demand for other articles. . . . With reference to the textile fibers and other
agricultural raw materials for the manufacture of articles of dress, there is
eeen to be a considerable degree of elasticity of demand, due to the character
of the demand for the finished products. ...

" In recent years the inelastic character of the demand for the products now
raised on the farm has afforded a bar to expansion in the production of those
commodities proportional to the improvements introduced in agriculture, and
the consequence of the introduction of these improvements — especially improved
agricultural macliinery — taken in connection with the indisposition of demand
for agricultural products to expand beyond a certain limit, has been to transfer
workers by the millions from the farm to the urban centers. The city has
gathered to itself, not only manufactures, but many other activities for the
products of which demand is of the elastic .sort. The city has thus become,
as compared with the country, the center of expansion in industry and thus in
population."

The marketing of farm products, L. D. H. Weld (Neio York: The MacmiUan
Co., 1916, pp. Xiy-}-Jf83, figs. 2). — The author's thesis is that marketing is a
phase of prmluction as defined by the professional economist. He defines pro-
duction as the creation of utilities, that is, any process that makes a thing
more useful, as by molding it into more desirable forms in the factory, by
transporting it from one place where it is less needed to another place where
it is more needed, or by storing it from one season of the year when it is less
needed until another season when it is more needed. He has treated this
subject from this point of view under the headings of marketing at country
places, methods of sale, functions and organization of wholesale trade, sales
by auction, cold storage as a factor in marketing, cost of marketing, transporta-
tion as a factor in marketing, prices of farm products, produce exchanges,
price quotations, future trading, inspection and grading, city markets and
direct marketing by parcel post, cooperative marketing, problems of retailing,
and weaknesses, remedies, and governmental activities.

Car-lot distribution, J. S. Ceutchfield (Fruit and Prod. Marketer, 7 {1916},
No. 6, pp. 1, 4, 5). — The author summarizes his conclusions as follows:

"Car-lot marketing and distribution are accomplished most satisfactorily
when the distributing organization, be it composed of growers or middlemen,
lias the confidence of growers, buyers, retailers, and consumers, as well as
bankers and railroads. To justify and retain this confidence and cooperation
necessitates an honest and intelligent effort to consider and respect the rights
and interest of each."

[Purchase and marketing associations in Posen and West Prussia, their
systems of organization and development], Z. Niklewski {Latulto. Jahrb., Jft
(1914), No. 5, pp. 719-787). — The author points out the occasion and motive
for the establishment of the association, the organization of the different
unions, the amount of business transacted, and the extent of the organization
and membership, and appends a bi'ief bibliography.

Historical sketch of the development of the Central Bureau and Nether-
lands Agricultural Committee, C. G. J. A. vax Gendeeen Stort (Nedcrland.
Landb. Com., No. 2 {1915), pp. 91-184). — This article describes the first central
bureau organized to purchase commercial fertilizers and its development and
reorganization. The different laws relating to the Central Bureau and the
Netherlands Agricultural Committee are included.

Report on the working of the cooperative credit societies in the district of
Ajmer-Merwara, 1913-14 (Rpf. Work. Coop. Credit Soc. Ajmer-Mencara,

894 EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECORD.

1913-14, PP- i8+Sl). — This report shows the number of societies, membership,
working capital, interest, rate on loans and deposits, and profit and loss. A
brief statement relative to the principal problems arising during the year is
included.

Report on the working' of the cooperative societies in the Central Prov-
inces and Berar, 1914—15 (Rpt. Work. Coop. Soc. Cent. Prov. and Bcrar,
1914-15, pp. 3+12+40). — This report gives the number of societies by types,
their membership, capital, rate of interest, receipts and disbursements, and
profit and loss.

Report on the working of the cooperative societies in the Punjab, 1915
(Rpt. Work. Coop. Soc. Punjab, 1915, pp. S+3+11, tables i5).— This reiwrt
gives the number and types of societies, receipts and disbursements, profit and
loss, rate of interest, and a brief review of the progress in the organization and
supervision of cooperative societies.

How to fi.nance the farmer: Private enterprise, not state aid, M. T. Hkr-
KicK and R. Ingalls (Cleveland: Ohio Com. Rural Credits and Coop., 1915,
pp. 58). — The authors discuss the rural credits movement, early methods of
stimulating farm mortgages, building and loan associations, landschafts, bond
and mortgage companies, and rural cooperative banking.

In calling attention to the difference between the landschafts and the build-
ing and loan associations they claim " that the building and loan as.sociation
serves both investor and borrower members ; it finances itself by their savings,
avoids the u.se of its credit, makes its loans in cash, and is purely cooperative.
The landschaft, on the other hand, serves only borrowers ; it has no need of
savings, deposits, or working funds coming from any source, from either mem-
bers or non-members, since it operates entirely uix)n credit and makes its loans
in debentures, while it is neither an a.'^.soclation nor a company; nor is it co-
operative, although it imposes mutual liability on members. In spite of these
fundamental differences, however, there are points of resemblance ; both are
thrift institutions and both are protected by a safeguard which prevents them
from being encumbered with obligations to outside parties. . . . Nobody join.s
the landschaft except applicants for loans, and membership ceases upon repay-
ment of the loan; but liability as a member continues for a statutory period,
usually two years, after retirement. . , .

"A marketl similarity appears between the methods of accumulating the
sinking fund in a landschaft and the capital of a building and loan association.
Both come entirely from members through obligatory periodic payments made
with the effect, if not in the spirit, of thrift ; but there the similarity ends, for a
landschaft is the creditor, while the building and loan association is the debtor,
of members in respect to its funds, with the landschaft holding exactly a con-
verse position in respect to the outside world."

It is also claimed that the agricultural States should be divided into districts
for issuing debentures for loans secured by massed mortgages on farm lands
and guarantiefl by the unlimited, collective liability of the borrowers.

The following legislative steps are considered necessary for the proper or-
ganization of rural credit: "An amendment of the National Banking Act so as
to permit a national bank that confines its credit facilities to members to be
organized as an association of any form without capital stock ; An amendment
of the banking act of each State so as to permit any kind of bank' that con-
fines its credit facilities to members to be organized as an association of any
form without capital stock ; an enabling and regulatory law by the nation anti
by each State, legalizing for economic associations whatever is lawful for cor-
porations; a clause in such laws to permit combination among farmers' as-
sociations and associational banks, among a.ssociations organlzetl for selling

RURAL ECONOMICS. 895

footl and household supplies to members, and among associations organized by
artisans for buying on their common account the materials needed in their
work or for selling their products."

Rural organization, community, county, division, state, H. A. Morgan and
H. K. Bryson {Col. Agr. Univ. Tenn., Ext. Div. Pub. 10 (1915), pp. 19, pi. 1,
fig. 1). — The authors believe that there should be organized in the local com-
munities, clubs whose membership have a common interest, and that the local
organizations should be federated into county, district, and state institutions.
Methods of procedure in the organizing of clubs and a model constitution and
by-laws are given.

Country life week, 1915 {Ohio State Univ. Bui., 20 {1915), No. 6, pp. 70,
figs. 22). — This report contains abstracts of addresses presented at the second
country life conference (E. S. R., 33, p. 190), held at the Ohio State Univer-
sity, August 2-6, 1915, including tlie following : Rural Organization in Ohio, by
P. L. Vogt ; Church Administration and the Rural Problem, by W. F. Anderson ;
Tlie Psychology of Religion, by J. H. Snowden; Rural Resources for Church
Efficienc3% by G. W. Fiske; Progress in a Northwest Ohio Community, by W,
E. Grove ; Some Country Church Problems in Ohio, by C. M. McConnell ; The
Place of the Rural Y. M. C. A. Work in Ohio, by T. D. Lanham ; Annual Report
of the Executive Secretary of the Ohio Rural Life Association, by C. O. Gill ;
The Grange as a Community Builder, by L. J. Taber ; Agricultural Extension,
by C. S. Wheeler ; The Farm Bureau of County Agent Work, by G. W. Bush ;
and Causes of Feeble-Mindedness and Treatment of the Feeble-Minded, by E. J.
Emerick.

Rural housing, W. G. Savage {London: T. Fi.^Jier Onwin, 1915, pp. X-\-ll-297,
pis. 16, figs. 5). — The author gives briefly the historical development of the
housing problem in England and Wales and describes how the housing con-
ditions may be improved. A brief review of the laws relating to rural housing
and sanitation is included.

He summarizes his conception of the housing problem as follows :

" Existing cottages are wearing or have worn out ; economic causes prevent
private enterprise erecting more in anything like sufficient and compensatory
numbers; the local authorities will not build if loss is likely to fall upon the
rates and the powers to make them are ineffective ; the State, through the Local
Government Board, exhorts and stimulates, but provides no pecuniary help ;
the problem is being solved in each place in whicli it arises by the migration
to town or colony of some of the best of the agricultural working classes.

" If the shortage of houses is dealt with, the question of dealing with de-
fective houses presents no great administrative difficulty. The remedy for
defective houses is simple — it is more houses. If only there are enough houses
the defective houses can ])e closed or made fit."

Periodic migrations of Irish agricultural laborers, J. Hooper {Interna t.
Inst. -Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soe. Intel, 6 {1915), No. 12, pp. 105-
114). — The author points out the source of the migratory laborers, their extent,
types, character of work performed, wages, and savings.

Suggestions concerning checking and tabulating farm management sur-
vey data {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office See. Farm. Manage. Circ. 1 {1916), pp. IfO). —
Assuming that the investigator is familiar with the methods of gathering farm
management survey data in the field, this pamphlet is intended as a desk
manual to aid in using these data. The subject is treated from the following
standpoints: Checking the office sheets, preliminary calculations, principles of
tabulation, classification of farms by tenure, and suggested tables. There is a
brief discussion under each of these headings, together with a number of
illustrative examples.

896 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD,

Lumber accoiinting and opening' the books in primary grain elevators,
J. R, HuMPHKEY and "\V. H. Kebb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Markets and Rural
Organ. Doc. 2 (1916), pp. 12). — This pamphlet describes the forms necessary to
supplement the regular grain elevator accounts when the elevator carries on a
lumber business as a side issue, and methods of opening and closing the books
of grain elevators. Model forms for the lumber accounts are included.

Some extremes in Ohio soils, C. E. Thobxe (J/o. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916),
No. S, pp. 77-8.5, figs. 2; Agr. Student, 22 (1916), Xo. 5, pp. 313-320).— In this
article are given comparative results obtained on the experimental farms in
Clermont and Paulding counties by the use of different combinations of fertiliz-
ers and crops. Marked differences were observed, and it is concluded that
" it would seem, as a business proposition, the Paulding county farm was a
better investment at $175 per acre than the Clermont county farm at $50."

Statistics of Ohio farms, F. M. Lutts (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 3,
pp. 91-95). — The author has pointed out some of the errors found in the agi'i-
cultural statistics gathered by the township assessors. The principal difficulties
were due to misinterpretation of the questions and carelessness in taking the
original record, as well as in tabulation.

Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 2 (1916), Xo. 2, pp.
13-20). — This report gives a summary of farm prices for corresponding months
of 1914, 1915, and 1916, the estimated value of important farm products on
.January 15 and February 1, 191G, with comparisons for earlier years, the range
of prices of agi'icultural products at important markets, a preliminary estimate
of the acreage of truck crops in Florida, a revised estimate of the acreage
contracted for by canneries of corn, peas, and tomatoes for 1913, 1914, and
1915, brief statements regarding ocean freight rates on wheat, the crops of
India for 1915-16, the Census report on beet sugar for 1914, and miscellaneous
data. The aggregate crop value for the thirteen jirincipal crops for 1915 is
estimated at $5,345,842,000 and for all crops $6,7SS,905,(XX).

A summary statement is made relative to the diversification of crops in the
South. The wheat acreage in the Southern States increased from 3.7 per
cent of the total acreage in 1911 to 7.9 per cent in 1915, the oat crop from 4.3
to 7.1, and the hay crop from 3 to 3.6 per cent.

There is also included a special article by S. A. Jones relative to beans and
peas. This contains statistical tables showing the uses to which the crop is
put, the usual dates of planting and harvesting, and the acreage of the indi-
vidual kinds compared with the total acreage of all beans and jieas in the
various States.

Agricultural statistics of Italy (Ann. Statis. Hal., 2. scr., Jf (1914), pp. 155-
168). — This report continues data previously noted (E. S. R., .32. p. 491), adding
information for 1914.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The fighting chance for agriculture, E. B. Collett (Proc. Cent. Assoc. Sci.
and Math. Teachers, 14 (1914), PP- 25-2S). — The author endeavors to point out
some dangers to agricultural instruction in its effort to gain a place in the
educational system. He concludes that while agriculture brings most valu-
able and practical material to the school, it lacks an organization and richness
of content necessary for class-room work ; that, in order to render a real service
to the educational system, there must be poured into the heart of the course
a technique, such as Latin contains, for mental development ; that a careful
watch must be kept of scientific advancement and at the same time its par-
ticular application to the changing needs of agriculture in practice; and that
not the course of study but service toward mankind must be made the goal.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897

"Agriculture, as a school cour.se, had hetter never he taught if it fosters an
aim of specialized competition among men rather than a united effort in direct-
ing the forces of nature for the benefit of mankind."

Vocational training' and liberal culture, C. C. Schmidt (Proc. N. Dak. Ed.
Assoc, 2S (1914), pp. 180-187). — The author gives the definitions of the term ■
" culture '■ of a number of leading educational authorities and discusses
the cultural value of vocational education, taking agricultural and home
economics courses as examples.

Work for the improvement of rural education, C. P. Colegrove et al. {BuI.
Iowa State Teachers Col, 15 {1915), No. 3, pp. 83, figs. 116).— This is a report on
the work of the Iowa State Teachers College in the improvement of rural edu-
cation by means of rural demonstration schools ; the introduction of agricul-
ture, domestic science, and manual training, which are required subjects in
the rural schools of Iowa since July 1, 1915 ; the organization of community
centers ; extension work for the improvement of teachers in service, including
teaclier study centers, county institutes, lectures, and entertainments; and
training teachers for rural schools.

Recommendations and regulations for the establishment, org'anization,
and management of agricultural and household science departments in con-
tinuation and high schools and collegiate institutes (Toronto, Canada: Ont.
Dcpt. Ed., 1915, pp. 45). — The requirements as to accommodations, equipment,
qualifications of staffs, and courses of study for the approval of the establish-
ment of an agricultural or household science department, or both, and the
distribution of the annual government grant of $150 for each year of the
courses in agriculture and household science, respectively, under the industrial
education act, are outlined.

It is provided that the school board must appoint an advisory agricultural
committee, consisting of four members of the board and four rate payers
actually engaged in agricultural pursuits, and that for a beginning an area for
experimental plats of 8 or 10 square rods of land within the school grounds
or adjoining them may be found sufficient. The courses at present cover only
two years but a third year will be added as soon as required. The agricultural
subjects include farm mechanics, science, fruit growing, floriculture, landscape
and vegetable gardening, beekeeping, poultry husbandry, field crops, animal
linsbandry, dairying, farm management, rural economics and arithmetic; and the
household science subjects include cleaning, cookery, foods, the house, laundej--
ing, sewing, marketing, entertaining, household accounts, home nursing, and
emergencies, beekeeping, poultry and dairy husbandry, fruit gi'owing, floricul-
ture, landscape and vegetable gardening, entomology, bacteriology, and rural
economics. Lists of suggested home projects in agriculture and household
science are included. An outline of a seasonal course in the special agricultural
subjects and price lists of equipment for the agricultural and household science
departments are appended.

The best type of agricultural high school, C. J. N. Nelson (Proc. N. Dal-.
Ed. Assoc., 28 {1914), pp. 81-84). — This discussion is intended to bring out
the relative economy and efficiency of the two types of agricultural high
schools in the State of North Dakota, viz, the state schools and the county
or Gibbens schools.

The state agricultural high school is a city school receiving $2,500 annual
state aid for agricultural instruction, the agricultural department of which is
under local direction and supervision. The county agricultural school is a
separate institution with a separate building, faculty, and administration, under
the direction of a county board, and receiving $3,000 annually from the State
for maintenance.

898 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

The author believes that a maximum of efficiency at a minimum of expense
can best be attained when agi'iculture is put in as a department in a school
rather than to make the school exclusive in this line and limiting the work
only to prospective farmers. He contends that agriculture should be placed
within the reach of all young pteople, boys or girls, side by side with all
other cultural subjects and not segregated from the so-called cultural school.
Further, the student in the high school should not begin to specialize except
to .some extent in agriculture in the higher classes, and should be in a school
with broad courses and liberal electives to have full freedom of choice.

The Gibbens schools, W. A. Bboyles (Proc. X. Dak. Ed. Assoc, 28 (1914),
pp. 77-80). — An account is given of the organization and work of the county
agricultural school at Park River, N. Dak., which is one of two such county
schools supported jointly by the county and the State under the Gibbens Act of
1911, amended in 1913 (see above).

These schools are free to residents of the county, and teach agriculture, includ-
ing the study of soils, horticulture, plant life, and animal life, a system of farm
accounts, manual training and domestic economy, and the common branches
and such other branches as are necessary for the training of teachers in methods
of school management and provision for observation and practice in the art
of teaching. The schools are a continuation of an ungraded system instead
of a graded system and the law does not define or speak of them as high
schools.

The advantages of this type of school are summetl up as follows: "The
county as a unit has more funds than a smaller unit and admits of more
systematic extension work than a larger unit. ... In attacking the question
of rural community life in its various phases the county .school has the great
advantage of a single aim. ... It has no set of grades to divide the time
of the executive. In its rural school work- it has the resources of the county
superintendent's office with its deputies to share responsibilities and give as-
sistance. It has no assured consistency in the form of a ninth grade coming
in regularly with the change of the seasons. This single-mindedness gives it
opportunity to concentrate its forces upon certain things — individual instruc-
tion and careful classification ; an elaborately planne<l and directed short
course, going about the county, learning of it and serving it through schools
and families, providing a center for rural life propaganda."
. Eighth annual report of the inspector of high schools to the state board of
education for the year ending' June 30, 1915, K. IIeywakd {Bisnuirck.
N. Dak.: State Ed. Dcpt., 1915, pp. 53, figs. 9). — This report includes, among
other material, statistical data on the enrollment, equipment, salaries, etc.,
of the five state high schools having an agricultural department, and brief
reports on the school farm at Carrington. the extension work of the schools,
and state aid for agricultural instruction.

It is shown that 43 high schools offered courses in agriculture in the past
year and that 8.5 per cent of the pupils enrolled pursuetl the work. The five
schools having an agricultural department report a total value of equipment
for agricultural instruction of .$2,850, and a total enrollment in agriculture
of 133, a gain of 24 over the previous year. The enrollment in agriculture in
all of the other state high schools for the year was 307, a gain of 65 over the
previous year. Each of the five schools received $2,020 state aid for its
agricultural department.

What the instruction at the Royal Agricultural. Horticultural, and
Forestry High School is and what it should be, Z. Kamerlino {Indischc
Mcrruur, 38 {1915), Xos. 28, pp. 565-567: 29. pp. 585-587).— This is a discussion
of the curriculum of the Royal Agricultural, Horticultural, and Forestry High

AGEICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 899

School at Wageningen, The Netherlands, and suggestions for its improvement,
by an instructor who was a former student at this school.

Material and methods for teaching' agriculture in the grades below the
high school, C. D. Lewis {Proc. Ky. Ed. Assoc, U {1915), pp. 158-160).— The
author does not consider agricultural instruction so mucli a new branch to
be taught in the elementary schools as a new attitude of mind, a new relation
to life, which it is hoped to secure through new ideals and ideas gradually
instilled into the lives of children through the medium of the old subjects
reorganized around a new center. He discusses the reconstruction of the
elementary general school subjects to this end, and recommends that agricul-
tural natui'e study material be added and that the science of agriculture be left
for secondary and higher institutions.

Home projects in secondary courses in agriculture, H. P. Bakeows {U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 346 {1916), pp. 20). — With the view of making the home farm a
more definite factor in agricultural instruction through the home project plan,
the author discusses the development of the home project idea and the essentials
of a successful project ; outlines potato, pig, alfalfa, orchard, poultry, and
farm home projects ; suggests lists of production, demonstration, improvement,
and management projects; and calls attention to some project problems now
receiving attention.

Physical geography and soils, R. P. Green {Proc. Ky. Ed. Assoc, 44 {1915),
pp. 160, 162-167). — This is a consideration of the problem of so teaching physi-
cal geography as to increase the pupils' knowledge of the soils, especially as to
their origin and nature, the destructive work of mechanical erosion and its
relation to soil fertility and permanent agriculture, etc.

Home economics instruction, Countess R. de Diesbach {Enseignement
menager. Paris: Pierre Tcqui [1914^, PP- XXXII-\-121). — This is a discussion
of the need, nature, organization, choice of teacher and her qualifications, and
results of home economics instruction in France.

Extension course in vegetable foods, Anna Barrows {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid.
123 {1916), pp. 78, figs. 4).— This is a revision of Bulletin 245 of the Office of
Experiment Stations, previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 597).

Teaching of sewing, Ruby Buckman {Proc. Ky. Ed. Assoc, 44 {1915), pp.
96-98). — The author offers suggestions on subject matter and method in teach-
ing sewing, and holds that sewing if properly taught possesses cultural value
and numerous other advantages.

Nature-study in the Geneseo schools, 111., Josephine Bailey {Nature-
Study Rev., 11 {1915), No. 9, pp. 4I8-42I). — The study of -insects, animals, birds
and flowers, and weeds and trees in grades 3, 4, and 5 of the Geneseo, 111.,
schools is described.

Intensive gardening, Elizabeth P. Sheppard {Nature-Study Rev., 11 {1915)
No. 9, pp. 424-428, fig. 1). — An outline is given of gardening work as conducted
in the spring of 1915 at the normal school at Trenton, N. J. Some 200 children
of the practice school worked out garden projects, individually or in groups,
and about 100 normal school students from the nature study classes assisted in
the activities, learning how to plan and conduct this part of nature study.

Boys' and girls' club work for 1916, C. A. Norcross {Agr. Ext., Univ. Nev.
Leaflet 1 {1915), pp. 4)- — This circular outlines the organization and procedure
for three state-wide boys' and girls' clubs organized in January, 1916, viz, a
girls' home economics club and boys' and girls' animal husbandry and garden-
ing clubs. It is proposed to offer 2-year courses in these clubs, those having
received an extension certificate for the satisfactory completion of the first-year
course being eligible for the second-year advanced work in 1917.

NOTES

Georgia Station. — B. AV. Hunt, of Eatonton, has been appointed to succeed
J. W. McWliorter as a member of the board of directors.

Kansas College and Station. — D. E. Lewis, assistant professor of horticulture
and asistant in the fruit and vegetable disease investigations, resigned April 1
to engage in commercial fruit gi-owing. P. E. Crabtree, specialist in crops in the
extension division, has been appointed district agricultural agent for western
Kansas with headquarters at Scott City.

Maine University. — Alexander Lurie, instructor in horticulture, has been
appointed horticulturist in the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Cornell University. — The New York State College of Agriculture, in coopera-
tion with various otlier state agencies, such as the farm bureaus, is conducting
an active campaign this spring against oat smut. In this campaign it is using
a pictorial poster in briglit colors, the poster showing two men in the act of treat-
ing smut with formaldehyde solution, while the lettering on the poster gives
very briefly the essential features of the treatment. Information on the subject
is being sent out systematically to the agricultural press, largely through the
farm bureau agents. One of the railroads of the state is running an oat smut
demonstration train.

All of these activities are regarded as preliminary to the most important part
of the worli, whidi is actual demonstration through meetings with farmers.

Pennsylvania Station. — Tlie station has planned an extensive field test of
different carriers of phosphorus. The plan of this experiment calls for 4 tier.s
of 41 one-tenth acre plats in each, making a total of 164 plats. The crop rota-
tion will consist of corn, oats, wheat, and mixed clover and timothy, each one
year, and the fertilizers will not be applied until the plats have passed through
one four-year rotation. This will afford preliminary data concerning the rela-
tive fertility of the plats.

The experiment is designed to test tne relative efficiency of equal amounts
of pliosphorus in diffei'ent carriers when usetl in connection with a complete
fertilizer, with barnyard manure, and with a crop rotation in which the crop
residues are returned to the .soil. It will also include the effect of lime on the
different forms of phosphorus, together with a comparison of the different
methods of applying rock phosphate and acid phosphate.

During the past sunnner preliminary field and pot experiments were con-
ductetl with soil of the Dekalb series from the vicinity of Snow Shoe, Center
County. This has led to the establishment of a field experiment in somewhat
greater detail with a view of determining the effect of manure, lime, and com-
mercial fertilizers for the improvement of the Dakalb soils.

Rhode Island Station. — Frank O. Fitts has resigned as assistant in chemistry
to accept a similar position at the New .Jersey stations.

Vermont University. — County agents are now at work in 11 of the 14 counties
of the State. F. C Shaw, agricultural instructor in the farm and trades' .school
at Thompson's Island in Boston Harbor, began work in Bennington County
March 27, and F. H. Abbott in Washington County, April 13.
900

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATES RELATIONS SERVICE

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXXIV

INDEX NUMBER

EXPERIMENT

STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

19 Id

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weathek Btteeatj — 0. F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.

Bureau op Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.

Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester.

Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.

Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.

Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician,

Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.

Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.

Opfice of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director.

Opkce op Markets and Rural Organization — 0. J. Brand, Chief.

States Relations Service — A. 0. True, Director.

Opfice of Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, CJtUf,

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabaha—

College Station: Auburn- J. F. Duggar.«

Canebrake Station: Vnitmtown: L. H. Moore.*

Tuskegee Station: Ttulu^ee InstUuU; G. W.
Carver."
Alaska— Sttlfco; C. C. Georgeson.*
Akeona— Tucton: Q. F. Freeman.-
AzsjLSSks—Faj/eUeviUe: M. Nelson.a
Califoknu— Bn-kei^j/.- T. F. Hunt."
Colorado— Fort CoUtru: C. P. Gillette."
CoNKrCTictrr—

State SUtlon: Tfac Baven.X^ ^ JenldM."

Storrs Station: S'mttm: I
Delaware— A^icark.- II. Dajrward."
Florida— OaiiKjyiUe.- P. H. Rolfa."
Georgia- ^iperiTO^TU.' R. J. H. De Loach."
Gv/M—Uland ojOuam: A. C. Hartenbower.*
Haw An—

Federal Station: Honolulu:]. M. Westgate.n

Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu.U. P. Agee."
Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones."
Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport."
Indiana— La Fayette: A. Ooss."
Iowa— Xttvm.- C. F. Curtlss."
KkVSkS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine."
KSNTUCKT — Lexington: J. H. Kastle."
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Rouge: \

Sugar Station: Audubon Parle] ^ ^ Dodflon."
New Orleans; \

North La. Station: CaUumn; j
Maink— Orono.- C. D. Woods."
ILkxru^v— College Park: H. J. Patterson."
MASSACHUSETT&— XTOfter»f W. P. Brooks."
Michigan— £a»( Lansing: R. S. Shaw."
iimvzsor A— University Farm, St. Paul- A. F.

Woods."
liiasissjrri— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd. »

VlKBOtJRI—

Colloge Station: Columbia: F. B. Mamford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans."

• Director. * Agronomist In

Montana— Bowman,' F. B. Linfield.*

NEBRAaiA— imcoin: E. A. Burnett."

Nevada— iJcno/ S. B. Doten."

New Hampshise— Z>urAam.' J. C. Kendall."

New JE&SKY—Xew Brunstcick: J. Q. Llpman."

New Mexico— Stott College: Fabian Qarola."

New York—

State SUtfon: Qeneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Uann.e

North Carollva —

College Station: West R(aeigK-\ ^ «-.,„„„
State SUtlon: Raleijh: r* ^- KUgore."

North Djlrou.— Agricultural College: T. P.
Coojier."

Ohio— Woosttr: C. E. Thome."

Oklahoma— StiZ/tfo/^.- W. L. Carlyle."

Oregon— CtorwiiJtj.- A. B. Cordley."

Pennsylvania—

State College: R. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition,
IJ. P. .Vrmsby.a

Porto Rico—

Federal Station: Mat/aguet; D. W. May.k
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower."

Rhode Island— iTin^j/on.' B. L. Ilartwell."

South Carolina— Ci«77won College: J. N. Har-
per."

South Dakota— i?r(K)fc«»v«-' J- W. Wilson."

Tennessee— FnottiiUt U. A. Morgan."

'V'E.Xx.^r- College Station: B. Youngblood."

Utah— Lo^n.- F. S. Harris."

Vermont— BurJirvfon." J. L. Hills."

VmoDnA—

BlacUburg: A. W. Drinkwater, Jr."
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."

Washington- Puflman.- I. D. Cardiil."

West Vmotsik—Morgantown; J. L. Coulter." *

Wisconsin— ifadi*on.' H. L. llussell."

Wyoming — Laramie: C. A. Dunlwsy.*

oharga.

' Acting director.

INDEX OF NAMES.

Abbe, C, Jr., 614.
Abbott, A. C, 192.
Abbott, F. H., flOO.
Abbott, J. B., 699.
Abderhalden, B., 500, 563,

577, 578, 607, 708.
Abrams, D. A., 685.
Ackermnn, E. B., 782.
Acree, S. F., 538.
Adams, F., 282.
Adams, J. F., 247, 497.
Adie H., 855.
Adkln, B. W., 743.
Adier, L., 502.
At Trolle, R., 574.
Agee, A., 197.
Agee, J. H., 321, 322.
Agulhon, H.. 730.
Ahern, G. P., 306.
Abrens, W., 892.
Alcher, L. C, 734.
Alkman, C. M., 670.
Ainslie, C. N., 751.
Aird, J. A., 384.
Albert, 588.
Albert, J., 662.
Alberts, G. A., 535.
Albrigbt, A. R., 410.
Aldatore, H. F., 118 ,
Alderman, W. H., 637.
Aldricb, J. M., 64, 251, 400,

855.
Aldricb, T. B., 608.
Alexander, A. S., 469.
Alexander, W. H., 117.
Allan, R. G., 672.
Allard, H. A., 247.
Allen, F. L., 497.
Allen, F. W., jr., 342.
Allen, L. E., 890.
Allen, R. M., 166, 761, 767,

775.
Allen, R. T., 321, 322, 418.
Allen, S. J. M., 615.
Allen, W. .T., 833.
AUen, W. M., 661.
Allison, F. E., 499.
Allison, I. M. K., 94, 493.
Allyn, O. M., 336.
Alter, J. C, 413.
Alting, H. C, 391.
Alway, P. J., 499, 719.
Amerio, A., 413.
Ames, J. W., 619, 810.
Ammann, L., 590.
Amundsen, E. O., 857.

Anderson, A. C, 322.
Anderson, E. M., 651.
Anderson, G. F., 332, 371.
Anderson, J. P., 56.
Anderson, P. J., 542.
Anderson, V. G., 118.
Anderson, W. F., 895.
Andouard, P., 372.
Andreasch, R., 311.
Andreeva, N. V., 449.
Andrew, H. W., 532.
Andrews, E. A., 236.
Andrus, C. G.. 413.
Angelis d'Ossat. G. de, 221,

786.
Angot, A., 415.
Annett, H. B., 38.
Anstoad, R. D., 726.
Antbony, E. L., 78.
Anthony, R. D., 234.
Antoine, 498.
Apostol, S., 631.
Appel, O., 48, 443, 541.
Appiani, H. P., 223.
Appl, J., 845.
Appleman, C. O., 523.
Appleyard, A., 514.
Arber, A., 134.
Archibald, E. S., 663.
Archila, P., 300.
Arctowski, H., 118, 415.
Ardern, E., 888.
Arens, P., 57.
Arias, 299.
Arisz, W. H., 524.
Armlngton, J. H., 615.
Armsby, H. P., 699.
Armstrong, C. G., 204.
Armstrong, E. F., 731.
Armstrong, B. H., 28.
Armstrong, H. E., 199.
Arnaud, G., 243.
Arnd, T., 18.
Amy, A. C, 339,
Aron, H., 258.
Arpin, 256.
Arrhenlus, S., 607.
Arthur, J. C, 7S6, 744.
Artis B., 615.
Ascoli, A., 676.
Ashby, S. F., 348.
Ashley, W. J., 791.
Ashton, P. W., 214.
Aston, B. C, 519.
Atherton, L. G., 94.
Atwood, P. G., 274.

Atwood, G. G., 40.
Atwood, H., 669.
Aubel, C. E., 400.
Auld, S. J. M., 352.
Aull, W. B., 199.
Aust, P. A., 98.
Austen. B. E., 254.
Avary, P. H., 321.
Averitt, S. D., 121, 683.
Avei-y, C. R., 885.
Awaii, P. R., 451.
Ayers, E. L., 737.
Ayers, S. H., 165, 571.
Ayuso, R., 100.
Azzi, G., 207, 208.

Babcock, D, C, 448, 543.

Babcock, E. B., 236.

Back, E. A., 59, 564, 856,

758.
Bacon, R. P., 166.
Baczyiiska, H., 281.
Badcock, L. M., 256.
Baer, A. C, 859.
Bahlman, C, 507.
Bahsen, P. P., 273.
Bail, O., 877.
Bailey, C. H., 610, 798.
Bailey, B. H. S., 311.
Bailey, E. M., 311.
Bailey, P. M., 100.
Bailey, J., 899.
Bailey, L. H., 396, 689, 700,

796.
Bailey, M. A., 649.
Bailey, P. G., 74.
Bailey, V., 449.
BaiUaud, E., 227.
Bain, J. B., 472.
Baird, R. O., 661.
Baker, A. C, 754, 854.
Baker, A. G., 885.
Baker, P. R., 819.
Baker, G. A., 600.
Baker, H. H., 489.
Baker, H. J., 699.
Baker, H. P., 345.
Baker, J. D., 776.
Baker, M. M., 499.
Baker, R., 489.
Baker, W. H., 97.
Baker, W. N., 332.
Bakke, A. L., 334, 728.
Baldwin, G. C, 884.
Baldwin, M., 210, 211, 322,

417.

901

902

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Balfour, F. R. S., 152,
Ball, C. R., 39.
Ball, E. D., 695.
Ball, W., 347.
Ballard, E., 549.
Ballard, W. S., 352.
Ballinger, A. M.. 756.
Ballou, F. H., 833.
Ballou, H. A., 65, 857,
Balls, W. L., 645.
Bamber, M. K., 48.
Bancroft, C. K., 40, 442.
Bancroft, R. L., 96.
Bancroft, W. F., 157,
Bang, I., 808.
Bang, C, 575.
Banham, G. A., 777.
Banks, N., 66, 357, 361, 458,

857.
Baragiola, W. I., 43.
Barbarln, I. E., 842,
Barber, C. A., 227.
Barber, H. G., 550.
Barber, 11. S., 364, 557.
Barendrecht, H. P., 712,
Barfuss, K., 51.
Barker, J, F., 35, 725,
Barker, P. B., 293.
Barnard, E. E., 413.
Barnard, H. E., S61.
Barnebey, O. L., 712,
Barnes, W. C, 868,
Barnett, C. R., 494.
Barnett, W. A., 279.
Barr, J. A., 724.
Barre, H. W., 643.
Barrett. .T. T., 352, 353, 354.
Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H.,

57.
Barrier, A., 576.
Barrios, F. A. S., 572.
Barrows, A., 899.
Barrows, H. P., 899,
Barrus, M. F., 644.
Barss, H. P.. 199, 351.
Bartel, C, 77.
Barthel, 881.
Barthel, C, 499.
Bartholomew, E. T., 444.
Bartlett, H. H., 224.
Barton. W. H., 94.
Bartow, E., 67, 520, 591,
Bartram, H. E., 538.
Bastin, H., 28.
Batchelor, L. D., 533, 613,

639.
Bates, F. W., 99,
Bates, J, S., 240,
Bateson, E., 346.
Bateson, W., 41. 732.
Batres, R. P., 306.
Battlson, W, J., 668.
Batz, M. G., 718.
F..Tndrexel, A., 471.
r.niier, L. A., 615.
rMiimann, F., 163.

Bayard, E. S., 28.
Bayles, J. L., 695,
Baylis, G de S., 820.
Bayliss, W. M., 777.
Beach, B. A., 481, 675.
Beach, .T. R., 274, 784.
Beach, S, A., 342.
Beadle, C, 227.
Beal, A. C, 345.
Beal, F, E. L.. 59.
Beal, G. D., 501.
Beal, W. J., 732.
Deals, C, L., 467.
Beardsley, J. W., 883.
Beattie, R. K., 336.
Beaulieu, G., 449.
Beauverie, J., 851.
Beaven, E. S., 35, 729.
Beck, M. W., 120, 322, 418,

511, 717.
Beck, W.. 287.
Becker, 327.
Becker, G. G., 653.
Beckericb, A., 208.
Beckett. S. H., 282.
Beckwith, C, S., 158, 161.
Beckwith, T, D., 887.
Beebe, C. K., 501.
Beegle, F. M.. 315,
Beokman, H., 839.
Roger, C, 366, 766,
Begg, J. T„ 93.
Begtrup, E., 258.
Behrman, A. S., 609. 683.
Beijerinck, M. W., 499.
Bellle. L., 545.
Boitzke, II., 678.
Belgrave, W. N. C„ 648,
Bellle, .T. A., 520,
Bell, B., 97.
Bell, C. E., 661.
Bell, N. E., 119, 321, 322,
Bell, R. L„ 586,
Belleval, G., 480.
Belling, J., 431,
Benaiges, C, 535.
Bencomo, C, 757.
Benedict. F. G., 260, 663,

764, 861.
Benedict, H. M., 222,
Bengtson, N. A„ 293.
Bennett, C, F,. 416.
Bennett, H. H., 209, 321.
Bennett, J. B., 319.
Benskin, E., 239, 240.
Benson, 11. K., 412, 508, 509.
Bentley, J., jr., 741, 742.
Bentley, M. C. 794, 861.
Bentley, W. H., 72, 501.
Berg, W. N., 557.
Berger, E. W., 649.
Berkhout, A. D,, 608,
Berlese, A., 456.
Berman, L., 801.
Bernard, C, 55. 835.
Bernard, E., 503.

Bernstein, H. S.. 563.
Bernstein, J. M., 254,
Bernstein, R., 891.
Berry, E., 662.
Berry, H. K., 278.
Berry, H. M., 885,
Berteau, A., 535.
Bertholet, U., 591,
BertoHi, G. T., 38.
Besley, F. W., 440.
Bessey, E. A., 244, 794.
Beutenmuller, W., 362.
Bevan, L. E. W., 879.
Bey, J. B. P., 576.
Biederman, C. R., 236.
Biermann, 13.
Bigelow, E. M., 587.
Bigelow, F. H., 414.
Bigelow, M. A., 795,
Bigelow, S. L., 407,
Bigelow, W. D., 12, 636.
Bilger, H. E.. 86.
Billings, G. A.. 592.
Binford. .1. H.. 292.
Binz, A.. 801.
Bioletti. F. T., 60. 207, 235,

544. 740.
Birge, E. G., 591.
Birk. C, 589.
Bishop, E. C, 793.
Bishop, E. S., 719.
Bishop. H. E., 861.
Bishopp, F. C, 159. 359,554.
Bitting, A. W., 714.
Rjorlykke. K. O., 16.
Blaaiiw, A. H.. 223.
Black. C. G.. 91.
Blacklock, B., 187.
Blackman, F. F.. 822.
Blackmore. E. II., 651.
Blackwood. J. R.. 767.
Blair. A. W., 127, 129. 130.

132. 140, 499, 021, 622,

032.
Blair. R. E., 229. 231.
Blair, W. R., 117.
Blake. M. A., 44, 143. 1.57,

161, 6.'!9.
Blanchard A. H., 484, 586.
Blanchard, H. L., 95, 294.

494, 094.
Blanck, E., 724,
Bland. N.. 11.
Bland. R., 232.
Blatherwlck. N. R.. .366,

507.
Blau. 81.
Bleyer, A.. 462.
Blish. M. J.. 610. 803. 806.
Bloch. L., 881.
Bloor. W. R., 503. 562. 563.
Blosser. R., 258.
Blnmentbal. P, L.. 504.
P.odinus. 660.
BodnSr, J.. 52, 428. 713.
Boeger, E. A., 593.

INDEX OP NAMES.

903

Boekhout, F. W. J., 590.

Boerger, A., 307.

Boerker, R. H., 441, 640,

641.
Boes, J., 257, 472.
Bohle, J., 113.
Bois, D., 836, 840.
Bols-Reymond, R. du, 261.
Bokorny, T, 30, 502, 561.
BoUn, P., 519, 865.
Bolser, F. A., 273.
Bolton, E. K., 709.
Boltz, G. E., 202.
Bonardi, J. P., 98.
Bonazzi, A., 124.
Boncquet, P. A., 645, 646.
Bond, C. J., 225.
Bondar, G., 55.
Bongert, J., 575.
Bonine, C. A., 329.
Bonnefont, G., 869.
Bonnema, A. A., 508.
Boquet, A., 480.
Borchert, C, 767.
Borden, A. D., 355.
Bornebusch, C. H., 814.
Bos, J. R., 63.
Bose, J. C, 29.
Bosinelli, G., 726.
Bosler, J., 414.
Bosscha, K. A. R., 835.
Bosworth, A. W., 97, 708,

802.
Bottomley, W. B., 325, 515.
Boucher, A. C, 322.
Boughner, W. C, 137.
Boughton, T. H., 878.
Boulenger, C. L., 187.
Bourne, A. I., 252.
Boussinesq, J., 319.
Bouyoucos, G. J., 215, 216,

419, 721.
Bovie, W. T., 683.
Bowditch, J. P., 380.
Bowes, O. C, 472.
Bowker, W. H., 96, 295, 597.
Bowlby, H. L., 684.
Bowman, F. C, 203.
Bowman, M. L., 529.
Boyce, W. G. H., 48.
Bracker, E. M. D., 789.
Brackett, R. N., 13, 26, 521.
Bradley, F. M., 600.
Bradley, H., 425.
Bradt, S. E., 391.
Bragina, A., 652.
Brahm, 376.
Branch, G. V., 737.
Brand, C. J., 194, 318, 490,

529.
Brandt, S. W., 614.
Braun, A. F., 64.
Braun, J. W., 98.
Brauns, D. H., 408.
Braunton, E., 535.
Bray, G. E., 395.

Breakwell, E., 631.
Breckenridge, L. P., 789.
Bi-eed, H. E., 484.
Breed, R. S., 673.
Brehme, H. H., 556.
Breidahl, H. G. D., 713.
Breteau, P., 410.
Bretignifere, L., 517.
Brett, L., 885.
Brewer, L., 164.
Bridges, C. B., 500.
Briggs, L. J., 34, 226, 306,

522.
Brigham, E. S., 699.
Brinkley, L. L., 321, 418.
Briosi, G., 539.
Britten, H., 554.
Brittlebank, J. W., 575.
Britton, W. E., 363, 400.
Brodie, F. J., 14.
Bronfenbrenner, J., 674.
Brooks, B., 885.
Brooks, F. S., 185.
Brooks, F. T., 57, 448, 846.
Brooks, T. R., 614.
Brooks, W. P., 138.
Broomell, A. W., 559.
Brounov, P. I., 207.
Brown, A. J., 626.
Brown, C. W., 727, 732, 746.
Brown, Edgar, 832.
Brown, Edward, 377.
Brown, F., 615.
Brown, G. A., 561.
Brown, H. B., 676, 830.
Brown, H. S., 597.
Brown, J. G., 430.
Brown, L. A., 166.
Brown, P. E., 10, 19, 20, 27,

112, 499, 619, 722, 723,

836.
Brown, T., 232.
Brown, W., 847.
Browne, W. W.. 208.
Brownlee, R. B., 599.
Broyles, W. A., 898.
Bruce, D., 641.
Bruck, W. F., 227.
Briies, C. T., 654.
Bruhn, W., 761.
Bruijning, F. F., 344.
Bruinsma, A. E. J., 348.
Brunner, J., 159.
Brunnich, J. C, 760.
Bryan, E. A., 97.
Bryan, M. K., 442.
Bryan, W. E., 198.
Bryce, P. I., 54.
Bryson, H. K., 895.
Bubberman, C, 81.
Buchanan, G. B., 484.
Buchanan, R. E., 477, 776.
Buchner, F. S., 321, 322.
Brchheim, A., 136.
Buck, F. E., 439.
Buckman, H. O., 321.

Buckman, R., S90.
Buckner, G. D., 427, 871.
Buell, T. W., 708.
Bullock, W., 537.
Bunting, B., 47.
Bunzel, H. H., 225.
Burberry, H. A., 741.
Burdette, W. W., 120.
Burdick, R. T., 337.
Burge, W. B., 414.
Burgess, A. H., 724.
Burgess, P. S., 219.
Burk, L. B., 469.
Burke, R. T. A., 210, 321,

717.
Burlison, W. L., 96, 336.
Burn, R. R., 211, 212, 717.
Burnett, W. L., 651.
Burns, J. C, 866.
Burr, W., 689.
Burr, W. W., 798.
Burri, R., 572.
Burrill, A. C, 648.
Burrill, T. J., 797.
Burrows, C. W., 485.
Burson, W. M., 600.
Burtt-Davy, J., 227, 435.
Busck, A., 855.
Buser, A. L., 617.
Bush, G. W., 895.
Bushnell, T. M., 211, 212,

213, 322.
Buss. W. J., 669.
Bussy, L. P. de, 351.
Butler, B. S., 425.
Butler, E. R. C, 576.
Butler, P., 798.
Buttel-Reepen, H. von, 362.
Butterfleld, K. L., 96, 297,

308, 699.
Euttrick, P. L., 856.
Butzke, E. J.. 280.
Buynitzky, E., 615.
Byars, L. P., 841.
Byers, W. C, 322.
Byrd, F. E., 695.

Cady, W. N., 699.
Caffey, F. G., 796.
Cahill, E. A.. 188.
Call, J. M., 298.
Caine, J. T., Ill, 695.
Calderon, J. M., 300.
Caldwell, .T. S., 495.
Calhoun, F. H. H.. 725.
Call, L. E., 338, 632, 820.
Calvin, J. W., 111.
Cambage, R. H., 742.
Cameron, A. E., 158.
Cameron, A. G., 489.
Cameron, A. T., 751.
Cameron, F. K., 100, 812,

821.
Campbell, G. H.. 96.
Campbell, G. R., 885.
Campbell, L. E., 47, 240.

904

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Campbell, L. H., 794, 861.
Campbell, R. H.. 239.
Campbell. W., 675.
Canina, E. G., 42, 43.
Cannon, W. A., 334, 430.
Canon, H., 164.
Cantrell. L., 215, 321. 418.
Capitani. G. L. de. 227
Capus, J., 244, 543, 749.
Carlson, A. J.. 463.
Carlyle, S., 98.
Carmlchael, B. E.. 567.
Carmody. J. H.. 496, 695.
Carnes, H. M., 695.
Carpano. M., 2S0, 383.
Carpenter, C. W., 246.
Carpenter, F. A., 509.
Carpenter, P. H.. 236.
Carpenter, T. M., 260.
Carr, M. E., 123, 321, 718.
Carr. R., 773.
Carrasco, E., 491.
C.'-rr6, H., 575.
Carreras, R.. 299.
Carrero, J. 0., 435.
Carruth, F. E.. 381.
Carson, W. J., 97.
Carstarphen, W. T., 164.
Carstens, C. C, 41.
Carter, C. N., 447.
Carter, H. R.. 358.
Carter. W. T.. jr., 213, 321,

617, 809.
Qartler, J., 517.
Carver, G. W., 859.
Carver, T. N.. ."iO?.
Cary. W. E., 760.
Case, L. I., 296.
Case, L. N., 477.
Cassatt. E. B., 869.
Castafieda, F., .SOO.
Castelho, E., 200.
Castle, W. E.. 499. 564. 864,

870.
Castro y Ramirez, B. de,

879.
Catalano, G., 500.
Gates, H. R., 529.
Cathcart. C. S.. 45, 625,

639, 665.
Cattoretti, F., 168.
Caudell, A. N., 61. 255, 854.
Cave, T. W., 275.
Cazalbou, 576.
Cazin, 876.
C6sari, E., 575.
Cetto. von, 391.
Cettollni, S., 235.
Chamberlain, C. J., 727.
Chambers, C. O., 97.
Chamlee. A. S.. 295.
Chamot, E. M.. 284. 285,

286.
Champlln. M., 230, 735.
Cband, H.. 441.
Chandler. B. A., 641, 837.

Chandler. W. H., 737, 833.
Chapln, R. M., 805, 806.
Chapln. W. S.. 40.
Chapman, C. W., 732.
Chapman, H. G., 729.
Chapman. H. H.. 441.
Chapman, W. H., 880.
Chappellier, A.. 864.
Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 754.
Chatanay. J., 851.
Chatton, E., 851.
Chauvet, S., 761.
Chauzit, 331.
Chavan, P., 85.
Chidester, F. E., 756.
Childs. L., 552.
Chittenden. F. II., 755, 756.
Chittenden, F. J.. 342, 527.

632.
Cholodkov.sky, N. A., 854.
Christensen, H. R., 499, 813.
Christian, R. V., 386.
Christie, H. R., 641.
Chrystal. R. N.. 250. 651.
Chubbuck. M. E.. 791.
Chudeau. R.. 208, 320.
Church. F. 0., 97.
Church, J. E.. 308.
Clurea, J.. 480.
Clark. A. L.. 197.
Clark. E., 193.
Clark, E. K. O., 395.
Clark, n. B., 838.
Clark, n. W.. 888.
Clark. J. .\.. 39.
Clark, L. .V., 75.
Clark. W. M., 136, 524, 804.
Clarke. F. W., 222.
Clausen, 338.
Clausen, C. P.. 162, 555.
Clausen. R. E., 225.
Clayton. H. H., 14.
Clegg, M. T.. 850.
Cleland. .1. B.. 577.
Cline, I. M.. 413.
Clinton, G. P., 52.
Clothier, R. W., 169.
Clough, P. W., 383.
Cloukey, H.. 508.
Cnopf. J., 581.
Coad, B. R.. 656.
Cobb, N. A., 50, 306.
Cobb, W. B.. 717.
Cochel, W. A., 174, 175, 179,

400.
Cochrane. D. C, 613.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 66, 237,

341. 450, 552.
Cockerell, W. P.. 857.
Cocks, A. W.. 99.
Coffey, G. N., 322.
Coffey, .T. S., 94.
Coffey, W. C, 400.
Coffman, J. H., 396.
Cocgeshall, G. W., 27.
Colt, J. K.. 235, 292.

Cole, C. G.. 82.
Colegrove, C. P., 897.
Coleman, D. A., 217, 513.
Coleman, G. P., 391.
Coleman. L. C, 55.
Colin, H., 524.
Collens, A. E., 624. 854.
Collett, E. B.. 896.
Collin. E., 460.
ColUns, G. N., 306.
Collins, J. F.. 546.
Collins, S. H., 670.
ColUson, R. C, 725.
Commallonga y Mena, J., 307.
Compere, G., 55.
Compton. R. H., 55.
Comstock. A. L.. 762.
Condal. J. F. y 745.
Cone, V. M., 527. 682, 881.
Congdon, L. A., 167.
Conklln. E. G., 499.
Conn, H. J., 499.
Connaway. J. W.. 185, 280.
Connell, VT. H., 484.
Conner, G. F.. 891.
Connor. A. J.. 320.
Connors. C. H.. 143, 157,

161, 639.
Conrey, G., 418. 617.
Cook, A. J.. 848.
Cook, A. S., ISO.
Cook, F. C, 428, 625.
Cook, L. B.. 874.
Cook. M. T., 153. 157. 300.
Cook, M. W., 674.
Cook, O. F., 306, 529.
Cook. R. C. 499.
Cooke, W. W.. 158. 800.
Cooledge, L. II.. 679.
Coolcy, G. W.. 391.
Coolidge. P. T.. 441.
Coons, G. H.. 647. 744.
Cooper, W. F.. ISO. 359, 449.
Copeman, S. M., 254.
Cornish, E. C. V., 807.
Cornish, G. A., 599.
Corsaut. J. U., 350.
Cortelezzi. E. D.. 478.
Cory, E. N., 62, 250.
Cory, H. V., 797.
Cory, V. L., 798.
Cosens, A., 362.
Cosmctato, C. P., 227.
Cotton, C. E., 185.
Coulter. S., 537.
Courtney. A. M., 461.
Couste, H.. 869.
Coutant, A. F.. 359.
Coventry, B. 0., 46, 535.
Coville. F. v.. 534.
Cow, D., 75.
CowglU, H.. 661.
Cox. S.. 837.
Crabh. G. A., 321. 322.
Crabill. C. H.. 32. 54.
Crabtree. P. E., 900.

INDEX OF NAMES.

905

Cracff, F. W., 857.
Craijr, 11. A., 98.
Craig, J. F., 576.
CraJK, R. A., 383. 783.
Craighead, F. C, 3fil, *652.
Crantlall, W. C, 623.
Crane, M. B., 42.
Cranflpld, H. T., 471.
Crawford, D. L., 450.
Crawford, F. N., 199.
Crawford, J. C, 66, 363.
Crawley, J. T., 307.
Creel, R. H., 548.
Cresswell, C. G., 327.
Creydt, 314.
Crlddle, N., 250.
Cripps, L. D., 272.
Crites, H. N., 412.
Crohurst, H. R., 89, 688.
Crolien, I. B., 784.
Crolas, 249.
Crqsby, C. R., 250, 363, 451,

657, 738, 754.
Crosby, L. S., 296.
Crosby, W. W., 890.
Cross, W. E., 520.
Crosse, R., 29.
Crossley, B. W., 529.
Crow, M. F., 290.
Crowe, F. T., 483.
Crowther, C, 299, 620.
Cruess, W. V., 207.
Crumb, S. E., 255, 453.
Crutchfield, J. S., 893.
Cuddle, D., 574.
Culbreth, E. E., 496.
Cummins, E. H., 365.
Cnnliffe, R. S., 833.
Cunningham, C. C, 529.
Cunningham, M., 11.
Cunningham, S. W., 598.
Cunningham, T. H., 800.
Curry, B. E., 168, 521.
Curtis, H. E., 521, 822.
Curtis, M. R., 196, 480, 481.
Curtis, R. H., 14.
Curtis, R. W., 741.
Curtman, L. J., 112.
Cushing, H., 500.
Cushman, R. A., 362, 363.
Czapek, F., 33.

Daiber, M., 370.
Daliin, 804.
Dale, J. K., 408.
Dalrymple, W. H., 575, 679.
Dalrymple-Hay, R., 838.
Dam, W. van, 570, 574.
Dammann, K., 494.
Damon, E. F., 600.
Dana, G. G., 588.
nana, J. A., 97.
Dandeno, J. B., 98.
Dangeard, P. A., 526.
Daniel, L., 32.
Daniels, A. L., 659.

Dann, A. B., 377.

Dantony, E., 540, 745.

DarbisMre, A. D., 499.

Dare, H. H., 785.

Darlington, I. T., 507.

Darnell-Smith, G. P., 247
541, 644, 745, 843, 845
846, 848.

Darner, R. W., 279.

Darrin, M., 509.

Darrow, G. M., 534.

Dash, J. C, 753, 841.

Dassogno, L., 373.

Daudt, H. W., 205.

Daugherty, R. L., 482.

Davenport, C. B., 499.

Davenport, E., 598.

Davenport, R. W., 786.

Davidson, J., 653.

Davidson, J. B., 789.

Davidson, R. J., 497.

Davidson, W. M., 453.

Davies, G. R., 193.

Davies, H. J., 232.

Davis, B. F., 185.

Davis, B. M., 135, 499.

Davis, C. A., 332, 800.

Davis, E. G., 741.

Davis, F. W., 67.

Davis, H. P., 181, 182.

Davis, J. J., 62.

Davis, K. C, 693.

Davis, L. M.. 269.

Davis, L. v., 322, 809.

Davis, M., 367, 368.

Davis, M. B., 341, 635.

Davis, N. .T., 693.

Davis, R. P., 685, 686.

Davis, W. H., 93, 493.

Davis, W. P., 472.

Davison, G. H.. 799.

Davy, J. B., 22 7, 435.

Dawson, C. F., 275.

Day, G. O., 651.

Day, L. H., 54.

Day, P. C, 118.

De, M. N., 552.

Dean, A. W., 391.

Dean, G. A., 61.

Dean, H. J., 284.

De Angells d'Ossat, ©., 221,

786.
Dearborn, N., 180.
Dearden, W. F., 856.
Deardorflf, C. E., 123.
Dearing, C, 834.
Dearness, J., 692.
De Bussy, L. P., 351.
De Capltani, 6. L., 227.
Decarie, J. L., 715.
De Castro y Ramirez, R.,

879.
De Charmoy, D. d'E., 754.
Decker, 660.

De Diesbach (Countess) R.,
899.

De Domlnlcus, A., 324.

Dedonckele, R. R., 35.

Deem, J. W., 527.

Deeter, E. B., 119, 717.

De Fedtschenko, B., 227.

De Gryse, J. J., 55.3.

De .Tong, A. W. K., 537.

De Jong, D. A., 575.

De Jong, D. J., 410.

De la Mare Norris, F., 255.

De Laporte, A. V., 889.

De la Rosa, G. F., 689.

Del^pine, S., 483.

Del Guercio, G., 251, 360,
552.

Delwiche, E. J., 431.

De Mello Geraldes, C, 227.

De Mendonca, H. J. M., 391.

De Milly, .T. W., 275.

D'Emmerez de Charmoy, D.,
754.

Demuth, G. S., 158.

Denniston, R. H., 345.

Derden, J. H., 213.

De Roo, 576.

Derrick, B. B., 418, 810.

Descombes, P., 614, 615.

De Sigmond, A. A. F., 499.

Deslandres, H., 414.

Desmoulins, A., 234.

De Sornay, P., 816.

De Sousa e Faro, J. D. C,
391.

Detlefsen, J. A., 464.

Detwiler, S. B., 641.

Deuss, J. J. B., 166.

Deussen, A., 786.

De Verteuil, J., 831. 832.

de Vilhena, E. J., 391.

De Villfele, A., 665.

De Vine, J. F., 185.

De Vries, H. J. F., 713.

De Vrie.s, J. J. O., 590, 671.

De Vries, M. S., 628.

De Vries, O., 634.

Dew, J. A., 163.

Dewar, E. S., 263.

Dewey, G. W., 534.

DeWolfe, L. A., 93.

Dezani, S., 168.

Diacon, H. F., 643.

Dick, J. H., 44, 836.

Dickey, J. B. R., 417, 616.

Dieckman, G. P., 87.

Diebl, G. C, 890.

Diem, K., 510.

Diesbach, (Countess) R. de,

899.
Dietel, P., 744.
Dietrich, T., 311.
Dietrich, W., 471.
Dletz, P. A., 351.
Dlffloth, P., 565.
Dillman, A. C, 528.
Dillon, J. J., 490.
Dimo, N. A., 16.

906

EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

Dines, W. H., 614.
D'Ippolito, G.. 331.
Dir, W., 415.
Disielhorst, R., 195.
Ditz, H., 820.
Dixon, H. H., 727.
Dixon, H. M., 592.
Dixon, S. G., 856.
Doane, C. F., 273.
Doane, D. H., 493, 695.
Dobell, C, 458.
Dobrovol'skn, M. E., 843.
Doby, G., 428.
Dodge, F. D., 501.
Dodge, R., 663.
Doidge. E. M., 242, 447, 649.
Dole, R. B., 786.
Dominicus, A. de, 324.
Donatli, E., 318.
Doneghue, R. C, 35.
Doolittle, R. E., 661.
Doom, W. T. C. van, 352.
Dor^e, C, 11.
Dorogin, G., 840.
Dorrance, F., 49.
Dorset, M., 185. 273, 280.
D'Ossat G. de A., 221, 786.
Dotterrer, W. D., 673.
Doucet, J. A., 538.
Dougherty, J. E., 268, 377.
Douie, J., 391.
Drake, R. H., 583.
Drennan, A. M., 675.
Drieberg, C, 697.
Drogin, I.. 806.
D-oste, 164.
Drouin, 576.
Drouin, V., 782.
Dry, F. W., 453.
DuBois. D., 68.
DuBois, E. F.. 68.
Dn Bois-Reymond, R., 261.
Ducha^ek, F., 574.
Duchastel, J., S90.
Duck, R. W., 497.
Dudgeon, G. C. 227, 491.
Duffee, F. W., 96.
Duggar, B. M., 532, 840.
Diiggell, M., 815.
Dunn, C. H., 258.
Dunn, J. E., 322.
Uunne, J. J., 277.
Dunnewald, T. .T., 215, 617.
Dunstan, W. R., 491, 565.
DuPont, T. C, 799.
DuPorte, E. M., 250.
Durant-Gr^ville, 614,
Durham, S. B., 769.
Durst, C. E.. 40.
Duryee, W. B., jr., 28.
Dusserre, C, 22, 24.
Dutcher, B. H., 477.
Dyar, H. G., 63, 64, 453,

553, 855.
Dymond. J. R., 663.
Dyson. O. E., 184, 185.

Earle, F. S., 353, 446.

Earnshaw, F. L., 157.

Earp, 297.

Eason, C. M., 589.

East, E. M., 431, 499, 527.

Eastman, J. F., 693.

Eastwood, G. R., 199.

Eber, A., 575.

Eberhart, 624.

Eberson, F., 479.

Eckles, C. H., 378.

EcLmann, E. C, 214, 322.

Eddy, E. D., 832.

Eddy, H. P., 886.

Edgerton, C W., 300, 541,

646.
Edlbacher, S., 804.
Edmiston, H. D.. 115, 118.
Edson. H. A., 156.
Edwardes-Ker, D. R., 51,

724.
Eeckhout, A. van den, 576.
Effront, J., 660.
Egbert, K. C, 199.
Egercr, G., 409.
figert, K. L., 844.
Eggsteln, A. A., 674.
Ehrenberg, P., 419, 515, 816.
Ehrhardt, J., 881.
Ehrhorn, E. M., 59.
Eichorn, A.. 184, 185, 385,

579, 879.
Eisler, M. von, 580.
Ekholm. N., 413.
Elford. F. C, 663.
Eliot, W. M., 687.
Ellenberger, W.. 876.
Ellenberger. W. P., 479.
Ellenwood, F. A., 868.
Elliot. H. B., 477.
Elliott, E. C, 97.
Elliott, J. A., 440.
Ellis, A. J., 683.
Ellis, B. W., 295.
Ellis, D. C, 347.
Ellis, F. E., 890.
Ellis, W. C, 655.
Ellsworth, C. E., 786.
Emerick, K. J., 895.
Emerson, F. V., 121, 322.
Emerson. R. A., 500.
Emery, W. O., 502.
Emmerez de Charmoy, D. d',

754.
Emmerich, R., 766.
Erb, E. S., 133.
Eredia, F., 510.
Erf, C, 572.
Eriksson, J., 442.
E.sb.1crg, N., 606..
Escobar, R., 489.
Esmarch, F., 513.
Essig, E. O., 62, 361, 454,

857.
Etchegoyen. F., 306.
Etcheverry. B. A., 481, 482.

Etheridge, J. I., 341.
Euler, H., 711.
Eustace, H. J., 436.
Evans, A., 76.
Evans, G. H., 275.
Evans, H. M., 382.
Evans, I. B. P., 241.
Evans, R. J., 695.
Evaristo, G., 566.
Everest, A. E., 223, 335.
Evvard, J. M., 400.
Ewart, A. J., 30, 711.
Ewers, E., 506.
Ewing, H. E., 66.
Ewing, P. v., 169, 174.
Ezdorf, R. H. von, 553.

Fabre, H., Sol.
Fabyan. M.. 581.
Faes, H., 234.
Fagan, T. W., 270.
Falrchlld, D., 45, 306.
Fairlle, A. M., 29.
Falckensteln, K. V. von, 16.
Fales, H. A., 408.
Fales. H. L., 461.
Falk, K. G., Ill, 112.
Fall. H. C, 361.
Fallada. 0., 350.
Faraut, 344.
Farley, A. .T., 197.
Farmer, J. B., 199.
Farnetl. R., 823.
Faro, J. D. C. de S. e, 391.
Farrar, H. A.. 599.
Farrar. R. K., 793.
Farrell. F. D., 267.
F.as. otti. G.. 473, 572.
Fassig, O. L., 413, 603.
Fiinlwctter. R. C, 199.
Favill, U. B., 472.
Favillc, A. D., 170, 467. 469,

667, 668.
Fawcett, C. J., 97.
Fawcett, G. L., 300.
Fawcett. H. S., 56, 353. 446,

447, 449.
Feagans, R. F., 837.
Fedtschenko. B. de, 227.
Feer, E., 863.
FelUtzen, H. von, 499, 725,

754.
Feldkarap, C. L., 414.
Fellenberg, T. von, 662.
Felllnga, F. B., 52.
Felt, E. P., 61, 251, 400,

752, 852.
Fenzl, E. O., 438.
Ferguson, G. J., 794.
Ferguson, R. H., 198.
Fermler, E. J.. 789.
Fernald, H. T., 400, 654.
Fernald, M. C. 396.
Fernow, B. E., 238.
Ferrar, H. T., 513.
Ferry, E. L., 562, 862.

INDEX OF NAMES.

907

Ferry, N. S.. 184.

Fessecdcn, D. C, 740.

Fetzer, L. W., 9G.

B^ytaud, J., 851.

Field, E. C, 444.

Field, J., 298.

Filler, C. C, 97,

Findlay, L., 880.

Fink, D. B., 555.

Finlpy, W. H., 685.

Finlow, R. S., 227.

Finzi, G.. 480.

Fippin, E. O., 321, 417, 718.

Firor, J. W., 436.

Fischer, 588, 748.

Fisclier, G., 88.

Fischer, H., 200.

Fischer, M. H., 801.

Fischer, P., 184, 185, 273.

Fischer, R., 509.

Fish, E. S., 563.

Fishburn, H. P., 797.

Fisher, C. W., 186.

Fisher, W. J., 614.

Fisher, W. S., 254.

Fisk, W. W., 184.

Fiske, G. W., 895.

Flske, J., 298.

Fiske, R. J., 752.

Fitch, C. L., 746.

Fitch, C. P., 280, 478, 781.

Fitch, J. B., 138.

Fitts, F. O., 900.

Fitzgerald, F. F., 12.

Fitzgerald, J. C, 477.

Fitzsimons, F. W., 855.
Flagg, S. B., 789.
Fleischer, E., 780.
Fleischmann, W., 670.
Fleming, C. E., 396.
Fletcher, A. B., 391.
Fletcher, C, 293.
Fletcher, T. B., 549.
Fletcher, W. F., 43, 833.
Fleurent, 256.
Flint, P. N., 174.
Flint, W. P., 757.
Flohr, L. B., 792.
Flora, S. D., 615.
Florence, L., 650.
Florensa y Condal, J., 745.
Fios.sfeder, F. C. H., 544.
Foght, H. W., 195, 196.
Foley, H., 854.
Folk, B. P., 296.
Fontaine, 576.
Fonzes-Diacon, H., 643.
Forbes, D., 837.
Forbes, E, B., 315, 668.
Forbes E. R., 185.
Forbes, S. A., 251.
Forbush, E. H., 650.
Foreman, N. H., 795.
Foresman, G. K., 804.
Formau, L. W., 722.
Formanek, G., 612.

50633°— 16 3

i^'oster, A. C, 295.
Foster, J. H., 642.
Foster, W., 651.
Fothergill, C. F., 237.
Fowler, C. C, 663.
Francis, C. K., 577.
Francis, B., 659.
Francis, H. R., 345.
Francis, M. S., 44.
Frandsen, J. H., 671, 860.
Frankenfield, H. C, 118.
Franklin, E. C, 716.
P'ranklin, H. J., 362, 363.
Lranz, P., 255.
Fraps, G. S., 124, 126, 134,

168, 420, 421, 816.
Fraser, W. P., 51.
Frear, W., 115, 133, 142,

821.
B^ed, E. B., 499.
Free, J., 614.
Freeman, A. W., 83, 88.
Freeman, B., 26.
Freeman, G. F., 232.
Freeman, W. G., 740, 854.
French, H. L., 100.
French, T. E., 487, 598.
French, W. H., 692.
Freund, H., 166.
Freybe, O., 14.
Fridrichsen, E., 873.
Friedmann, A., 572.
Friedmann, U., 249.
Friedenthal, H., 256.
Friedrich, A., 83.
Fries, J. A., 168.
Froggatt, W. W., 64, 652,

833.
Frolich, G., 100.
Fron, G., 851.
Frost, H. B., 237.
Frost, J. N., 576.
Frost, W. D., 113, 185.
Frost, W. S., 624.
Frothingham, E. H., 152.
Fiy, W. H., 328.
Frye, T. C, 623.
Fullaway, D. T., 59.
Fuller, G. W., 84.
Fuller, R. W., 599.
Fulmer, E., 600.
Fulton, B. B., 62, 456, 653,

657.
Fulton, H. R., 49, 52, 53,

155, 156, 157, 198.
Funk, C, 561.
Funkhouser, W. D., 255,

356, 754.
Fyles, F., 444.

Gabathuler, A., 113.
Gage, G. E., 387.
Gage, V. R., 788.
Gahan, A. B., 362, 454.
Gall, A. D., Jr., 340.
GaUbraith, A. J., 498.

Gairdner, A., 822.

Gajon, M., 741.

Gall^, P. H., 118.

Galloway, B. T., 307.

Galpin, C. J., 298.

Galpin, S. L., 328.

Gamble, J. A., 874.

Gamble, M. G., 295.

Gammage, A. L., 683.

Gammie, G. A., 227.

Gandara, G., 840.

Gangler, F. A., 10.

Gans, H., 466.

Garcia, F., 437.

Card, M., 525.

Garduer, A. K., 233.

Gardner, C, 489.

Gardner, F. D., 128, 133,
139.

Gardner, J. A., 476.

Gaj'ino-Canina, E., 42, 43.

Garman, H., 458, 829, 855.

Garrett, F. W., 15.

Garrison, P. B., 4S8.

Gaskill, B. F., 231.

Gassner, G., 745.

Gastine, G., 851.

Gaston, 843.

Gates, R. R., 226, 629, 823.

Gauer, V. K., 207, 714.

Gaumont, L., 851.

Gautier, A., 624.

Gawalowski, A., 508.

Gay, C. W., 866.

Gay, F. P., 877.

Gearhart, C. A., 631.
Gearhart, W. S., 484, 685,

788.
Gebhard, K., 202.
GedroTts, K., 812.
Geerligs, H. C. P., 508.
Geib, W. J., 98, 215, 322,

418, 617, 798.
Geiger, F., 839.
Geiger, J, C, 572.
Geisert, B. F., 695.
Geller, C, 601.
Genderen Stort, C. 6. J, A.

van, 893.
Gentner, G., 51.
Gephart, F. C, 68.
Geraldes, C. de M., 227.
Gerard, A., 742.
Gercio, G. del. 360, 552.
Gerhard, W. P., 790.
Gerlach, 566.
Germann, A. F. O., 414.
Gerstenberger, H. J., 558.
Gerth, E., 512.
Ghosh, C. C, 657.
Gibson, A., 251.
Gibson, J. I., 184, 274.
Gibson, W. H., 98.
Gicklhorn, J., 223.
Giffard, W. M., 556,

908

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

GIgon, A., 661.
Gilbert, A. H., 541.
Gilbert, B. D., 322, 717.
Gilbert, C. D., 488.
Gilbert, S. D., 391.
Gilchrist, D. A., 379, 426.
Gile, P. L., 435.
Gill, C. O., 895.
Gill, W., 743.
Glllara, L. G., 97, 295.
Gillespie, L. J., 504.
Gillet, M. A., 13.
Gillette, C. P., 357, 548, 651.
Gillette, J. M., 193, 790.
Gilllland, S. H., 185, 678.
Gilman, J. C., 542.
Giltner, W., 714, 727, 732,

746, 776, 777.
Gloll, G. B., 491.
Glrault, A. A., 66, 363, 456,

556, 557, 857.
Girola, C. D., 434.
Girton, E., 96.
Gismondi, A., 164.
Giuliani, R., 874.
Given, G., 816.
Given, G. C, 127.
Gizolmo, L., 483.
Gladden, W., 297.
Gladwin, F. B., 445.
Glaisyor, A. R., 477.
Oliisser, K., 575.
Glenn, P. A., 162, 254.
Glenny, A. T., 579.
Glotfelter, C. W., 798.
Glover, G. H., 576.
Glover, J. W., 190.
Gloyer, W. 0., 249, 653.
Gobert, 365.
Gockel, A., 614.
GodWlle, P., 876.
Goddard, H. N., 597.
Godet, C, 43.
Goetseh, E., 765.
Giihlert, V., 492.
Goldbeck, A. T., 787.
Goldberger, J., 258, 259,

764.
Goldenweiser, E. A., 593.
Golding, J., 218, 807.
Goldman, E. A., 827, 850.
Goldoni, E., 270.
Goldschmidt, H., 873.
Goll, H. L., 793.
Gonzales, A., 299.
Good, E. S., 185, 665.
Goodale, H. D.. 870.
Goodman, A. L., 122, 322,

511, 616.
Goodman, F. L., 637.
Goodspeed, T. H., 1,'?6, 225.
Good.<spced, W. D., 533.
Goodwin, W. H., 851.
Gookln. R. T., 808.
Goot, P. van der, 758.
Gordon, A., 496.

Gordon, W. U., 278.
Gorlni, C, 76, 766.
Gortner, R. A., 30.
Goss, W. F. M., 715.
Goss, W. L., 832.
Gossard, 0., 199.
Gott, E. J., 567, 680.
Gottfried, A., 761.
Gottschalk, A. L. M., 440.
Gough, L. H., 227.
Gougler, F. A., 97.
Gouln, A., 372.
Gould, R. A., 716.
Gourley, J. E., 833.
Gowdey, C. C, 453, 549.
Grabc, G. H., 497.
Graber, L. F., 431.
Grafe. E., 762.
Grafe, V., 427.
Graham, J., 591.
Graham, R., 274, 583, 680,

681, 781.
Graham, W. A., 288.
Gramlich, H. J., 567.
Grant, W., 885.
Grantham, A. B., 138.
Gratz, 0., 76.
Graiib, E., 681.
Graves, A. H., 546.
Graves, H. S., 307, 640.
Graves, S. S., 202, 412.
Gray, C. E.. 576.
Gray, D. T., 2, 498.
Gray, G. P., 232.
Gray, H. L., 689.
Gray, R. A. H.. 654.
Grayblli, H. W., 479.
Green, E. E.. 552.
Green, R. P., 899.
Green. W. J., 5.30.
Greene, E. P., 767.
Greene, J. II.. 96.
Greenwald, I., 613.
Gregory. C. T., 739.
Gregory, R. P., 226, 732,

822.
Grelg-Smlth, R., 218, 409.
Grelseuegger, J. K., 38.
Greve, L.. 769.
Gr^ville, D.. 614.
Griffin, E. G., 803.
Griffin, F. L., 97, 296.
Griffith, D., 293.
Griffith, F., 782.
Grlgorieff, P., 806.
Grimes, E. J., 120, 322.
Grindley. H. S., 412.
Grinnell, J., 547.
Grlsdalo, F. S., 98.
Grlssom, .T. G., 488.
Grohmann, 510.
Groom, P., 849.
Grossenbacher, J. G., 442.
Groth, B. H. A.. 135, 146.
Grove, W. E., 895.
Grover. N. C, 884.

Grunsky, C. E., 682.
Guareschi, I., 804.
Gu^guen, M. F. P. V., 100.
Guercio, G. del, 251.
Guggenheim, M., 777, 778.
Cugoni, C, 74.
Gulgnard, L., 525.
Guilbert, G., 614.
Guilford, W. S., 268.
Gulllaume, 575.
Gullliermond, A., 524, 627.
Guinn, F. B., 152.
Guiteras, J., 754.
Gilldenpfennig, H., 468.
Gunter, E., 321.
Gunter, H., 321.
Gurney, E., 700.
Gurney, W. B., 833, 851.
Gussow, H. T., 247, 300.
Grthrie, C. P., 661.
Guthrie, F. B., 227, 517.
Guttenberg. A. von, 347.
Gvozdenovl(?, F., 847.
Gyfirffts, J., 519, 820.

Haase. C, 82.
Ilnberlandt, G., 561.
Hackleman, J. C, 695.
Iladley, C. H., jr.. 451.
Hadley. F. B.. 679, 794.
Hadllngton. .T.. 192.
lladwen, S., 881.
Ilaecker, V., 370, 468.
riaempel, 0., 58.
Hagan, A. E., 386.
Haggard, M. J.. 798.
HUgglund, E., 608.
II.Tglund. E., 574.
Halgh, W. D., 712.
Haines, II. H., 837.
Hale, P. n., 689.
Hall, A. D., 22, 100, 731.
Hall, A. S., 686.
Hall, E. C, 120, 322.
Hall, F. H., 344, 473, 657,

674.
Hall, I. C, 186.
Hall, L. D., 300, 399.
Hall, M., 615.
Hall, M. C, 280, 552, 783.
Haller, C, 2Sfi.
Hallman, E. T., 777.
Hallsted, A. L., 338.
Hainan, E. T., 298.
Halpin, J. G.. 481, 873.
HalskI, T., 570.
Halsted, B. D., 134, 144.
Hamburger, H. J., 503.
Hamilton, G. E. II. B., 57.
Hammer, B. W., 77, 78, 776.
Hancher, K. G.. 96.
Hancock, W. J., 599.
Haney, J. W., 530.
Haney, L. H., 488.
Hatin, J. von, 13.
Hannah. A., 208.

INDEX OF NAMES.

909

Hannon, B. E., 861.

Hansen, E., 639.

Hansen, J., 565.

Hansen, P., 888.

Hanson, C. E., 789.

Hanson, P., 616.

Hansson, H., 575.

Hansson, N., 4GS.

Hanzawa, J., 539.

Haralson, C, 637.

Harbord, G., 231.

Harcourt, G. A., 98.

Harcourt, R., 365.

Hard, H. A., 322.

Harden, A., 318.

Harding, A. R., 570.

Harding, F. W., 264.

Harding, S. T., 281.

Harding, T. S., 313, 408.

Harding, V. J., 505.

Hardison, R. B., 124, 212,
321, 418.

Hardman, R. C, 889.

Hardy, A. D., 626.

Hargreaves, E., 452.

Haring, C. M., 185, 274, 278.

Harned, R. W., 555, 757.

Harpending, H. C, 600.

Harper, J. D., 599.

Harrington, C, 380.
Harrington, T. P., 88.5.
Harris, F. S., 125. 598, 695.
Harris, J. A., 30, 379.
Harrison, F., 799.
Harrison, T. J., 98.
Hart, E., 328.
Hart, E. B., 72, 221, 261,

400, 501.
Hart, H. M., 800.
Hart, W. R., 394.
Harter, L. L., 444, 646.
Hartley, P., 501.
Hartman, F. T., 752.
Hartung, W. J., 646.
Hartwcll, B. L., 499, 699.
Hartzell, F. Z., 65.
Harvey, B. T., 629.
Harvey, E. M., 243, 626.
Haselhoff, E., 19, 26, 27.
Haseman, L., 62, 754, 758.
Haskell. C. G., 282.
Haskell, S. B., 600.
Haskins, C. N., 414.
Haskins, H. D., 558, 624.
Haslam, T. P., 273, 280, 386.
Hasselbalch, K. A., 861.
Hasselbrlng, H., 426, 522.
Hastings, C. S., 413.
Hastings, E. G., 76.
Hatai, S., 263.
Hatch, W. H., 8.
Hatfield W. D. 520.
Hatt, W. K., 87, 485.
Haupt, W., 314, 328, 609,

813.
HaTner, H. H., 187.

Hawes, A. F., 837.

Hawk, P. B., 659, 663, 763,

862, 863.
Hawker, H. W., 210, 213,

717.
Hawkins, L. A., 351, 426,

521, 522.
Hawkins, L. S., 395.
Ha.v, R. D., 838.
Ha.yden, C. C, 470, 670.
Hayden, C. J., 739.
Hayduck, F., 801.
Hayes, H. K., 431.
Hayes, J. B., 873.
Haynes, W., 370.
Hays, M. E., 97.
Hays, W. M., 14.
Hazen, A., 415.
Head, A. F.. 810.
Headden, W. P., 339.
Headlee, T. J., 64, 158, 160.
Heald, F. D., 56, 545, 644,

647.
Heald, F. E., 395.
Kealey, M. M., 599.
Healy, D. J., 185, 567, 581,

582, 680.
Healy, L. H., 699.
Heard, H. C, 495.
Hearn, W. E., 321.
Heath, L. J., 808.
Hecke, L., 51.
Heckel, E., 434.
Hector, J. M., 352.
Hedgcock, G. G., 242, 354,

448.
Hedrick, U. P., 42, 234.
Hegnauer, L., 98.
Heide, von der, 165.
Heide, R. von der, 376.
Heldenreich, E. L., 685.
Heijne, K., 345.
Heimburger, L., 762.
Heinrich, C. 553.
Heinze, B., 662.
Heise, G. W., 389.
Heist, G. D., 682, 779.
Helblg, 537.
Helder, G. K., 495.
Heller, L. L., 73.
Hellesen, E., 462.
Helmreich, J. A., 493.
Helten, W. M. van, 344.
Helyar, J. P., 832.
Henderson, G. S., 227.
Hendrick, J., 22, 298, 566,

621.
Hendricks, W. R., 97.
Hendricks, F., 576.
Hendrix, B. M., 71.
Hendrisson, W. S., 408.
Henkemeyer, A., 531.
Henny, D. C, 388.
Henry, A. J., 84, 509, 614.
Henry, G., 890.
Henry, 6. H., 890.

Henry, G. J., 483.
Henry, W. A., 261.
Henshaw, F. F., 284, 884.
Herke, S., 820.
Herman, V. R., 831.
Hermann, H. A. van, 437,

833.
Hcrms, W. B., 850.
Heron, K. A., 387, 388, 890.
Herrera, D. A., 835.
Herrick, G. W., 63, 357,

651. 755, 756.
Herrick, M. T., 894.
Herrick, W. W., 478.
Hershberger, J. P., 199.
Hesler, R. S., 322.
Hess, E., 575.
Hess, R., 167.
Heubner, W., 10.
Heiikels, H.. 629.
Hewes, L. I., 190.
Hewitt, C. G., 400.
Heyward, R., 898.
Hibbard, B. H., 792, 892.
Hibliard, P. L., 133.
Hibbard, R. P., 732, 827.
Hibshman, E. K., 141, 142.
Hicken, C, 306.
Hicks, W. B., 425.
Higglns, A. L., 321.
Higgins, B. B., 747.
Higgins, L., 885.
Hightower, G. B., 322.
Hildebrandt, F. M., 817.
Hilgard, E. W., 301, 499.
Hill, C, 391.
Hill, C. J., 76.
Hill, D. H., 496.
Hill, G. F., 581.
Hill, G. R., jr., 695.
Hill. R. G., 41.
Hill, R. L., 506.
Hill, R. R., 868.
Hilliard, C. M., 382.
Hillman, F. H., 832.
Hills, F. B., 797.
Hills, J. L., 96, 332, 337,

.371, 596.
Hiltner, L., 51, 518, 850.
Hilton, G., 185.
Himmelberger, L. R., 583,

679, 680, 681, 777.
Hindhede, M., 760.
Hindle, E., 276.
Hinds, W. E., 65, 163, 458.
Hinton, M. A. C, 57.
Hintze, K., 464.
Hirsch, P., 578.
Hiscox, G. D., 287.
Hitchcock, A. S., 226.
Hoagland, D. R., 328.
Hoare, E. W., 876.
Hobday, F., 576.
Hobson, A., 792.
Hoering, P., 618.
Hoffman, M. H., 793.

910

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

Hoffmann, J. F., 807.
Hoffmann, M., 622, 664, 821.
Hofmeister, F., 4.59.
Hogue, M. J., 858.
Holborow, A. G., 3.5, 72.
Holbrook, F. M., 269.
Hole, R. S., 347. .547.
HoUancI, E. O., 97.
HoUand, L. B., 535.
Holland, R. E., .396.
Holland, W. J., 552.
Holle, H., 825.
Holle, W., 331.
Hollister, N., 850.
Holmes, A., 710.
Holmes, A. D., 10, ."164.
Holmes, J. A., 716.
Holmes, J. S., 642.
Holmes, L. C, 120, 322.
Holmes, R., 341.
Holt, L. E., 461.
Holtz, H. F., 39.
Homer, A., 505.
Honcamp, F., 72, 100, 371.
Honda, K., 414.
Hoobler, B. R., 68.
Hood, J. D., 61, 62, 255,

356, 550.
Hooker, H. D., jr., 223.
Hooper, C. H., 341.
Hooper, J., 895.
Hooper, J. J., 472, 670.
Hopkins, A. D., 361.
Hopkins, C. G., 15, 22, 806.
Hopkins, F. G., 167.
Hopkins, G. S., 188.
Hopkins, S. H.. 380.
Hopkinson, J., 320.
Hornby, H. E., 275.
Home, A. S., 449, 452.
Home, W. T., 53.
Horowitz, B., 33.
Horta, P. de F. 1'., 576.
Horton, A. H., 199.
Horton, R. E., 615.
Horton, T., 790.
Hoskins, H. P., 386.
Hosseus, C. K., 742.
HOstermann, G., 233, 234,

727.
Hotchkiss, L. J., 685.
Hotchkiss, W. O., 86.
Hotson, J. W., 648, 693.
Hottes, A. C, 237.
Houser, J. S., 551.
Houser, T., 444.
Howard, A., 35, 36, 37, 39,

514.
Howard, C. D., 205.
Howard, G. L. C, 35, 36, 37,

39, 514.
Howard, J. T., 467.
Howard, L. O., 449, 453, 755,

756, 854.
Howell, A. H., 850.
Howell, W. I., 344, 542.

Howes, E. A., 98.
Hoy, B., 436.
Hoyt, J. C, 786.
Hubbard, E. L., 535.
Hubbard, P., 318, 684, 685.
Huber, H. F., 144.
Hubert, E. E., 448, 649.
Hubert, H., 208.
Hudson, C. S., 313, 408.
Hudson, E. W., 495.
Hudson, M. O., 489.
Huebner, G. G., 595.
Huels, F. W., 786.
Huenink, U. L., 67.
Hughes, D. A., 876.
Hulbert, R., 661.
Hulett, G. A., 410.
Hulton, F., 578.
Humbert, E. P., 600.
Humbert, J. G., 444, 642.
Hume, A. N., 230, 735.
Hummel, W. G., 394.
Humphrey, C. J., 56.
Humphrey, H. N., 485.
Humphrey, J. R., 896.
Humphreys, W. J., 118, 615.
Humphries, A. E., 227.
Hundertmark, R. E., 774,

777, ~S0.
Hungerford, H. B., 66.
Hunt, B. W., 900.
Hunt, C. L., 861.
Hunt, G. M., 153.
Hunt, H. A., 118.
Hunt, T. F., 128, 791.
Hunter, J. M., 295.
Hunter, W. D., 554.
Hunzlker, O. F., 774.
Uurd. C, 497.
Hurd, W. D., 699.
Hurley, J. C, 732.
Hurst, L. A., 119, 120, 321,

322.
Husmann, 6. C, 834, 835.
Hutchinson, A. N., 205.
Hutchin.-:on, C. M., 711.
Hutchinson, H. B., 218, 221.
Hutchison, R. H., 654.
Ilutton, F. Z., 122.
Hutton, J. A., 227.
Hutton, J. G., 735.
Hutyra, F., 575.
Hyslop, J. A., 556.

lachevskll. A., 842.
lachevskli, G., 846.
lakushkln, I. V., 329, 330.
Ibos, J., 847.
Iddlngs, E. J., 767.
Ince, J. W., 37, 39.
Ingalls, R., 894.
Ippolito, G. d", 331.
Irving, W., 45.
Isaachsen, H.. 873.
Isham, R. M., 811.
Isherwood, J. P., 580.

Ishlda, M., 656.
Ishiwara, T., 277.
Isles, T. V. y, 344.
Israelsen, O. W., 282, 696.
Issoglio, G., 113.
I^ens, E. M., 87.
Ives, F. W., 487, 598.
Ivins, L. S., 92.
Ivy, R. H., 275.

Jaccard, P., 536.
Jackson, C. M., 705.
Jackson, F. H., jr., 684, 890.
J.:ckson, H. H. T., 158.
Jackson, H. S., 199, 352,

840.
Jackson, H. W., 175, 178,

179.
Jackson, J. Q., 263.
Jacobs, F. S., 498.
Jacobson, C. A., 185, 710.
Jaczcwski. A., 842.
Jaczewski, G., 846.
Jaffa, A. S., 462.
Jahnke, E. W., 97.
Jakouchkine, I., 805.
James, E. A., 890.
James, M. C, 793.
Jameson, A. P., 458.
Jank. J. K., 166.
Janney, N. W., 366, 507.
Jardlm de Vllhena, E., 391.
Jaj-dine, J. T., 566.
Jarvis, E., 556.
Jeffreys, H., 614.
Jeffries, R. R., 637.
Jenkins, C, 97.
Jenkins, E. H., 520.
Jenkins, W. C, 414.
Jennings, A. H., 554.
Jennings, H., 321, 322, 616.
Jennings, H. S., 500, 764.
Jensen, L., 244.
Jensen, L. P., 535.
Jensen, O., 76, 77.
Jimenez, F. W., 834.
Jiminez, R. M., 306.
Jol)blns-Pomeroy, A. W., 756.
Joblinp. J. W., 674.
Jodidi, S. L., 409, 712.
Joest, E., 82.
Johns, C. O., 11.
Johnson, A. K., 67, 256,

366, 061.
Johnson, A. N.. 300.
Johnson, D. S., 430.
Johnson, H. V., 334.
Johnson, H. W., 96. 112.
Johnson, J. M.. 408.
Johnson, O. R., 303.
Johnson, P. M., 736.
Johnson, R. S., 569.
Johnson, S., 800.
Johnson, W. T., jr., 165.
Johnston, E. S., 817.
Johnston, J. A., 662.

INDEX OF NAMES.

911

Johnston, J. R., 439, 847.

Johnston, T. U., 543, 549.

Jollcs, A., 808.

Jolly, N. W., 239.

Joly, A., 777.

Joly, G., 576.

Jone, H., 612.

Jones, C. B., 467, 668.

Jones, C. H., 332, 371.

Jones, C. P., 624.

Jones, .C. R., 651.

Jones, C. S., 267.

Jones, E. M., 122, 322, 511.

Jones, G. B., 211, 213, 322,

617.
Jones, G. R., 600.
Jones, H. D., 873.
Jones, J., 438.
Jones, J. M., 265.
Jones, L. R., 444, 542.
Jones, O. L., 466.
Jones, R., 784.
Jones, R. C, 473.
Jones, S. A., 454, 896.
Jones, S. C, 122, 322.
Jones, T. H., 752.
Jones, V. R., 97.
Jones, W. J., jr., 263.
Jong, A. W. K. de, 537.
Jon J, D. A. de, 575.
Jong, D. J. de, 410.
Jordan, F. W., 413,
Jordan, S. M., 97.
Jordan, W. H., 400.
Jordi, E., 51.
Jorgensen, I., 731.
Joseph, 510.
Joyce, A. V., 795.
Judd, C. S., 837.
.Tudd, R. C, 509.
Jull, M. A., 377, 470.
Jumelle, H., 533, 829, 838.
Junge, 747.
Jungelson, A., 31.
Jurney, R. C, 212, 418.

Kadel, B. C, 509.
Kadocsa, G., 857.
Kahn, M., 780.
Kaiser, K., 423.
KalMus, J., 152, 650.
Kalkus, J. W., 782.
Kallert, B., 879.
Kaluzhskii, A. A., 424.
Kamerling, Z., 898.
Kappeller, G., 761.
Kappen, H., 25.
Karper, R. E., 798.
Kasatkin, D. N., 112.
Kasim, 413.
Kastle, J. e., 185, 620, 680,

694, 8<ri.
Katz, J. R., 858, 859.
Katz, K., 880.
Kaupp, B. F., 80, 185, 269,

682, 871, 881.

Kayser, E., 77.
Kazakov, A. V., 220, 329.
Kcane, C, 275.
Keane, C. A., 711.
Kearney, T. H., 529.
Keatinge, G. F., 690.
Keeble, F., 732.
Keefer, F. R., 369.
Keegan, P. Q., 522.
Keeler, R F.., 199.
Keffer, C. A., 635.
Keilin, D., 557.
Keiser, 588.
Keitt, G. W., 538.
Keitt, T. E., 519.
Kelkar, N. V., 239.
Kellaway, H. J., 238.
Kellerman, M., 43.
Kelley, C. F., 45.
Kellogg, D. C, 436.
Kellogg, E. H., 10, 19, 20,

27, 409, 712.
Kellogg, J. W., 72.
Kellogg, V. L., 274.
Kelly, E., 874.
Kelly, F. L., 572.
Kompstor, H. L., 377, 391.
Keuety, W. H., 640.
Keppeler, G., 589.
Ker, D. R. E., 51.
Kerbert, H. J., 239.
Kerkhoven, A. R. W., 249.
Kern, F. D., 300.
Kerr, E. W., 487.
Kerr, J. A., 321.
Kerr, J. M., 682.
Kerr, R. R., 269.
Kerr, W. H., 896.
Kershaw, J. B. C, 15.
Keuchenius, P. B., 740.
Kezer, A., 527, 630.

Khvol'son, E. A., 207.
Kiernan, J. A., 185.

Kiese, 750.

Kiesselbach, T. A., 665.

Kile, O. M., 586.

Kilgore, B. W., 2, 426, 434,
727.

Kilmer, F. B., 236.

Kimball, D. D., 70.

Kimball, 11. H., 117, 413,
415, 614.

Kimball, J. H., 413.

King, C. J., 519.

King, C. M., 832.

King, H. D., 564.

King, L. T., 238.

King, W. B., 583.

King, W. v., 358.

Kingsbury, J. T., 497.

Kinloch, J. P., 356.

Kinman, C. F., 736.

Kinney, W. M., 685.

Kinsley, A. T., 477.

Kirk, N. M., 418.

Klrkland, B. P., 441.
Kirkpatrick, W. F., 770.
Kirkwood, J. E., 539.
Kisskalt, K., 876.
Kltt, T., 386.
Klebahn, H., 49.
Kleinschmidt, E., 494.
Klotz, O., 615.
Knab, F., 64, 65, 359, 362,

453, 553, 554, 556, 857.
Knapp, B., 688.
Knapp, H. B., 833.
Knapp, I, N., 884.
Knight, G. W., 612.
Knight, H. G., 615.
Knight, H. H., 255, 657.
Knobel, E. W., 123, 616.
Knorr, F., 228, 231.
Knowles, A. D., 583.
Knowles, N. S., 794, 861.
Knuth, P., 478, 575.
Kobayashi, H., 858.
Kober. P. A., 202, 409, 412.
Kobert, 466.
Kobzarenko, 275.
Koch, A., 326.

Koch, G. P., 20, 422.

Kocher, A. E., 213, 322.

Kochorgin, S., 328.

Kochetkov, V. P., 112, 220,
331.

Kock, G., 8.34.

Kolb, F. W., 119, 210, 321.

Kolhorster, W., 615.

Kolls, A. C, 370.

Kolmer, J. A., 682, 779, 877.

Kolthoff, I. M., 410.

Konig, J., 626, 687.

Koning, C. J., 12, 113.

Konstannsoff, S. W., 459.

Kooper, W. D., 875.

Koopman, I., 662.

Kopeloff, N., 217, 499, 513.

Koppen, v., 118.

Korinek, C. J., 383.

Korstian, C. F., 641.

Kossel, 804.

Kosutany, T., 99.

Kotinsky, J., 357.

Kowalski, M. J., 56.

Krak, J. H. B., 98.

Kranieh, 677.

Kratzmann, E., 525.

Kraus, E. J., 341, 497, 635.

Krauss, E. E., 685.

Krauss, R. B., 504, 580.

Kraybill, H. R., 142.

Kreban, M., 333.

Kremers, R. E., 237, 345.

Kressmann, F. W., 839.

Krivobokov, P. I., 329.

Krongold, S., 876.

Kruger, E., 319.

Krumwiede, C jr., 473.

Krupp, L. A., 589.

Krupskl, A., 780.

912

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Krusekopf, H. H., 122. 322.
Kiihl, H., 459, 660.
Kuhlman, A. K., 617.
Kuhr. C. A. H. von W., jr.,

217.
Kulp, W. L., 183.
Killlimoff, C. J., 560.
Kumagai, Y., 43.
Kunerth, W., 488.
Kurdiumov, N. V., 363, 449.
Kuster, 564.
Kuster, E., 49.
Kuttner, O., 370, 466.
Kuyper, J., 627, 628.
Kuzirlan, S. B., 610.
Kyokwai, H., 348.
Kyropoulos, S., 815.

Laag. A. M. W. ter, 848.

Laake, E. W., 554.

Laan, A. van der, 279.

La Bach, J. O., 166.

Laby, E. P., 344.

Lacour, H., 6S7.

Lacrois, J. V., 477.

Ladd, E. F., 67, 256, 366.

496, 661, 759.
Ladd, M., 258.
I^dd. N. M., 650.
Laln^, E., 512.
Lallm, A., 873.
Lalln, L. M., 413.
Lamb, G. N., 347, 536.
Lamb, T. H., 227.
Lamb, W. A., 884.
Lamborn, W. A., 851.
Lamon, H. M., 196.
:.amp<5, A. E., 581.
Lamson. G. H., Jr.. 655.
Lan, 344.

Landes, S. W., 794.
Landis, W. S., 28.
Lane, C. H., 293, 697, 799.
Lanfear, V.. 4S9.
Lanfranchl. A.. 385, 576.
r^ng, F., 518.
Lang, R.. 811.
Lang, R. M., 763.
Langer, G. A.. 8.35.
La^gsteln, L., 460.
Langworthy. C. F., 364, 369.
Langworthy, H. V., 732.
I^nham, T. D., 895.
Lantz, C. W., 348.
Lantz, D. E.. 751.
Lapham, J. E., 321.
Laplume, 376.
I>armelll{*re, J., 544.
La-rlson, G. K., 284.
Larsson. N., 431.
Ijithrop, E. C, 327.
Latimer, W. J., 124, 321,

322, 418.
Laubert, R., 750.
Irtiuder. A., 270, 299.
Lanrgaard, O., 85.

Lavlalle, P., 164.
Lawrence, G., 98.
Lawrence, H., 626.
Lawrence, J. V., 30.
Laws, H. E., 186.
Lazenby. W. R., 731.
Lrake, A. H.. 291.
Leather, J. W., 014, 818.
Lebedeva, A. A., 849.
Lebeciantzev, A. N., 410.
Lebour, M. V., -.jS.
Lechmere, E., 750.
Leclalnche, E., 575, 781.
Le Clair, C. A., 420, 695.
Lee. A. R.. 569.
Lee, E.. 100.
Lee, F. S., 70.
Lee. L. L., 616.
Leech, G. E., 184.
Leer, L., 595.
Lees, A. H., 253.
Leeuwen, J. F. H. L. van,

880.
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, J. van,

549.
Leeuwen-Reljnvaan, W. van.

549.
Lcffmann, H.. 609, 611.
Lefroy, H. M., 449.
Leggctt. H. A. D., 97.
Leiby, R. W., 357, 755.
Leigh ty. C. E., 230.
Lemolne, A., 660.
Lenard, P.. 414.
Lende-NJaa, J., 518.
Leng, C. W.. 556.
Leonard, M. D., 356. 451,

657.
Leonard, W. E., 289, 488.
Leonclni. G.. 623.
Leplae, 516.
Lei)lae, E., 491, 718.
Lesne, P., 549. 851.
Leveqiie, P. F.. 569.
Lewin, K. R.. 800.
Lewis, A. D., 482.
Lewis, A. G., 600.
Lewis, C. D., 809.
Lewis, C. I., 638. 639.
Lewis, D. E., 900.
Lewis. E. J., 199.
Lewis, H. G., 119, 212, 322,

615, SIO.
Lewis, H. R., 176.
Lewis, I. M., 640.
Lewis, .T. IL. 578.
Lewis. N. P., 390.
Lewis, P. A., 580.
Lewis, R. G., 48.
Lewis. W. S., 372.
Lewkowitsch, J., 507.
Lh^rltier, A., 480.
Llautard, A. F.. 876.
Llbhy, H. C, 97.
Llchtonfelt. 658.
Lt<§naux, 576.

LlgniSres, J., 576.
Lima, A. E., 300.
Linch, C, 185, 187.
Lindabury, R. V., 799.
Llndemann, E. A., 82.
r.indomuth, .T. R., 28.
Linden, (Countess) von, 879.
Lindet, 256.
Lindet, L., 714.
Lindner, 763.
Lindner, M., 748.
Lindner, P., 711.
Lindsey, J. B., 467, 667,

671.
Linklater, W. A., 294, 494.
Llnnanlemi, W. M., 553.
Lint, H. C, 155, 217, 513.
Linton, J., 566.
I.lpman, C. B., 218, 219,

235, 499, 621.
Lipman. J. G., 45, 127, 129.
130. 132. 138. 140. 499,
621, 622, 632.

,lpp, C. C, 185.

-ippincott. W. A., 179.

.1st. G. M.. 548, 651.

Jster, A. B., 199.

>ittle. A. D., 839.

-ittle, C. C. 466.

-ittlewood. W.. 275.
Ivlngston. A. E.. 476, 864.

.Ivlngston. B. E.. 34. 521,

721.
Livingston. C. P., OS.

-Ivingston, E. B.. 603.

.ivlngston. G.. 598.

.!oyd, F. E., 429.

-loyd, .1. H., 495.
Lloyd, J. W., 532.
loyd. L. L.. 11.
loyd. O. G., 193. 792.

-loyd. S. J.. 118.

.loyd. W. E.. 377. 513.

.loyd-Jones. O., 466.
ob. W.. 803.
ochhead. W.. 250.

.o.ko. S. B.. 641.

ockott. W. T.. 888.

ockhart. A., 292.

-ocy, W. A.. 263.

oeb. J..730.

oebcr. G. W.. 88.

oevenhart. A. S.. 370.

-oew. O.. 766.

oe\\T. A.. 165.
iimpr. W., 777, 778.

oft, n. L. S., 470.

ohman. C, 489.

.ithnis, 77.

.iihnis. F.. 409.

.ong, C. >L. 07.

ontr. D. D., l-:o. 211. 321,
417.

.ong, I:. R., 34, 430, 730.

ong, J. n.. SO.-.
Long, W. H., 354, 441, 448.

INDEX OF NAMES.

913

Long, W. S., 311.
Longstreth, T. M., 413.
Losee, J. R., .577.
Lothe, H., 481, 675.
Loughlin, G. F., 221.
Loughridge, R. H., 324.
Lounsbuiy, C, 119, 215, 322,

617, 717.
Lounsbury, F. C, 270.
Low, T. C, 29.
Lowary, R. C, 2S6.
Lowenstein, A., 312.
LOwenstcin, E., 580.
Lubimenko, V., 33.
Lubs, H. A., 136.
Lucas, J. E., 873.
Lucas, p. S., 497.
Lucks, R.. 467.
Ludwick, E. E., 390.
Ludwig, C. A., 539.
Lugt, C. S., 743.
Liihning, A., 769.
LukScs, A., 575.
Lumla, C, 219.
Lumsden, L. L., 88.
Lund, A. v., 874, 875.
Lundegirdh, H., 626.
Lundgren, L., 46.
Lunge, G., 711.
Lurie, A., 900.
Luschka, 392.
Lushington, A. W., 837,
Lushlngton, P. M., 837.
Lusk, G., 67.
Liistner, G., 748.
Lutts, F. M., 896.
Lye, O. G., 885.
Lyell, G., 453.
Lyle, W. G., 112.
Lyman, G. R., 645.
Lyman, H., 508, 614.
Lynch, R. I., 152.
Lynde, H. M., 585, 885.
Lyne, R. N., 697.
Lyon, G, J., 84.
Lyon, T. L., 321, 499.

Maass, C., 576.
McAdie, A., 319, 509, 715.
Macallum, A. B., 561.
Macnllum, A. F., 890.
McBride, V. R., 95, 294.
McCall, A. G., 496, 793, 817.
McCall, J., 100.
McCall, J. S. J., 227.
McCall, M. A., 798.
McLarthy, C. D., 837.
McCarthy, F. N., 312.
MacCaughey, V., 345, 537.
McClellan, W. H., 851.
McClelland, C. K., 138, 139,

174.
McClendon, J. F., 167, 525.
M.Clintock, .7. A., 244, 245.
McColIoch, J. W., 63, 66,

363, 529.

McCollum, B. v., b67, 368,

400.
McConnel, J. W.. 227.
MsConnell, C. M., 895.
McConncll, W. R., 254, 656.
McCool, M. M., 419. 721.
McCord, C. P.. 675.
McCready, S. B., 98, 196.
McCulloch, L, 858.
McDaniel, A. B., 484. 889.
MacDonald, G. B., 153, 743,

838.
Macdonald, J. R., 566.
McDonald, M. C, 97.
McDonnell, H. B., 566.
MacDougal, D. T., 33, 430.
. cDougall, R. S., 652.
MacDowell, C. H., 29.
MacDowell, R. F., 88.
McEachran, J. F., 581.
McEwen, G. F., 615.
MFadyean, J., 575.
McFarland, J. H., 345.
Macfarlane, J. J., 43.
Macfarlane, W., 296, 348.
McGeorge, W. T., 421,
McGill, A., 460.
MGowan, J. P., 383.
McGowan, S., 167.
McGregor, H. H., 558.
McGulre, P. F., 473.
McHargue, J. S., 503, 683,

802.
McHatton, T. H., 435, 436.
Machens, A., 265.
Mclndoo, N. E., 254, 758.
Maclntire, W. H., 28, 128,

131, 132.
Mack, W. B., 188, 189.
McKay, A. W., 534.
McKay, M. B., 497, 845.
McKee, J. M., 321.
McKee, R., 139. 827.
Mackenna, J., 262.
McKenzie, H. E., 538, 838.
McKenzIe, R. T., 261,
McKerral, A. C, 227.
McKibben, J. A., 699.
Mackinnon, E., 247, 845, 846.
Mackintosh, J., 269, 299.
Macklin, T., 381.
McLachlan, A., 434.
McLean, F. C, 507.
McLean, H. C, 127, 129,

130, 132, 140, 621, 622,

632.
McLean, J. A., 96.
MacLean, R. M., 505.
McLendon, C. A., 497.
McLendon, W. E., 321.
MacLennan, K., 221.
MacLeod, N. J., 792.
McMillan, P. R., 787.
Macmlllan, H. F., 741.
MacMillan, H. R., 238.
McMullen, G. B., 240.

McMulIen, G. W., 240.
McNeal, D., 615.
MacNeal, W. J., 488.
McNutt, J. C, 96.
McOmie, A. M., 396.
Macoun, W. T., 40, 439.
MacPberson, D., 299.
McRae, W., 643.
McVean, J. D., 296, 590.
McWhorter, J. W., 900.
Madison, H. M., 265.
Magarschak, B., 572.
Maggie, C, 580.
Magnus, W., 56, 249, 557.
Magoon, C. A., 790.
Maiden, J. H., 742.
Maillard, L. C, 708.
Mainland, J., 588.
Maltlaud, T. D., 545.
Makln, C. H., 73.
Malby, R. A., 45.
Malde, 0. G., 851.
Maiden, W. J., 299.
Malllson, H., 709, 710.
Malloch, J. R.. 654.
Mally, F. W.. 437.
Malony, E. A., 586.
Malpeaux, L., 24, 38, 873.
Malte, M. O., 34.
Malthouse, G. T., 844.
Mameli, B., 825.
Mandeville, L., 690.
Maney, T. J., 234.
Mangano, G., 227.
Mangham, S., 729.
Mangum, A. W., 321.
Manicardi, C, 427.
Mann, C. J., 322.
Mann, W. M., 556.
Manning, D. F., 117, 614.
Manning, W. H., 639.
Manns, T. B\, 156.
Manoiloff, E. O., 459.
Mansfield, G. R., 220.
Marcarelli, B., 435, 531, 810.
Marchal, P., 551, 851.
Marchand, R. W., 498.
Marcls, A., 81.
Marcolongo, I., 333.
Marcovitch, S., 450.
Marden, J. W., 66, 803.
Mare Norrls, F. de la, 255.
Marek, J., 782.
Marescalchi, A., 234.
Maris, P. V., 296.
Markarlan, H., 584.
Markham, B. A., 860.
Markle, D. L., 488.
Marsden, E., 839.
Marshall, C. J., 185.
Marshall, E. S., 727.
Marshall, F. R., 305, 372.

566.
Marshall, J. D., 493.
Marshall, J. T. W., 112.
Marshall, R. B., 84, 284.

914

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Martin, 348.

Martin, G., 801.

Martin, G. W., 146, 157.

Martin, J. G., 338.

Martin, J. N., 824.

Martin, K., 710.

Martin, L. H., 149.

Martin, W. B. M., 880.

Martiuy, B., 589.

Marvin, C. F., 414.

Mason, D. T., 441.

M^son, P. C, 278.

Mason, S. C, 43.

Masoni, G., 720.

Massee, G., 100, 543, 743.

Matheson, R., 363, 656, 756.

Matlaews, A. P., 607.

Matliews, J. W., 789.

Matliewson, G. H., 891.

Matson, G. C, 424.

Matsui, J., 877.

Mattliewa, A. U. H., 289.

Mattoon, W. R., 46, 346.

Maurer, J., 614.

Maury, S. W., 257.

Mausberg, A., 517.

Maxon, E. T., 123, 213, 718.

Maxson, A. C, 357.
Maxwell, L. A. I., 270, 862.
Mayes, W., 838.
Maynadier, G. B.. 321, C17.
Maynard, S. T., 439.
Mayn6, R., 851.
Mayo, N. S., 292.
Mazd. P., 525, 627.
Mead, E., 690.
Meelfer, R. A., 890.
Meekinj,', E., 739.
Meinocke, E. P., 849.
Melander, A. L., 400, 551.
Melchers, L. E., 349, 042.
Moldruin, R., 201, 202.
Mellius, I. E., 154, 155, 246,

396.
Mellana, E., 9.
Mellauby, .1., 257.
Mello Geraldes. C. de, 227.
Melvin, A. D., 273, 306, 575.
Mena, J. C. y, 307.
Mendel, G., 500.
Mendel, L. B., 502, 762, 862.
Mendenhall, B. W., 460.
Mendonca, II. J. M. de, 391.
Meugel, C. W., 885.
Menzies, A. W. C, 312.
Mercer, L., 743.
Merillat, L. A., 576, 876.
Merrill, G. B., 753.
Merrill, J. 11., 452, 758.
Merrill, J. L., 318, 509.
Merrill, L. A., 695.
Merrill, M. C, 825, 826.
Mertz, W. M., 36.
Messner, IT., 575.
Metealf, C. L.. 361.
Metcalf, H., 354.

Metealf, L., 886.
Metcalf, M. L., 395.
Metcalf, R., 91.
Mettam, A. E., 575.
Metzger, A. H., 347.
Metzger, J. E., 793.
Meurs, G. J. van, 113.
Meyer, A. H., 211, 212, 322,

617, 717.
Meyer, D., 725, 767.
Meyer, F. N., 336, 527.
Meyer, G. P., 862.
Meyer, K. F., 273, 276, 278,

384, 385, 479, 575, 782.
Meyer, L. F., 4G0.
Mezzadroll, 0., 37, 38.
Mlchaud, B., 890.
Michaud, G., 414, 817.
Middlebrookc, W. J., 233.
Middleton, M. S., 438.
Middleton, T. n., 90, 298.
Miog, W., 709, 710.
Miossner, 575.
.Mk'ssner, EI., 576.
Milam, A. B., 661.
Miiburn, T., 794.
Millar, C. E., 10.
Millar, W. N., 641.
Miller, A. W.. 185.
Miller, C, 144.
Miller, C. E., 295.
Miller, E. A., 292.
Miller, F. A., 18.
Miller, II. C. 483.
Miller, J. A., 70.
Miller, M. F., 326, 516.
Miller. R. C, 558.
Miller, R. F., 174.
Miller. I!. .T., 6.''>9.
Miller, R. W., 295.
Miller, T. S., .595.
Miller, W., 536.
Miller, W. E.. 380.
.Milllken, F. B., 158.
Milne, A. S.. 777.
Milne, D., 531.
Milner (Viscount). 100,
Milner, R. D., 369.
Milroy, T. H., 260, 380, 611.
Minear. S. A., 73.
Miraflores, .T, C, 436.
Mitchell, A. P., 677.
Mitchell, C. W., 381.
Mitchell, H. n., 557.
Mitchell. O. W. H.. 256.
Mitchell, R. V., 178.
M'-tsrherlich. E. A., 499.
Mitzmain. M. B., 359, 856.
Mix, A. ,T., 199.
Mlyako, I., 242.
Miyake, K., 31.
MofTatt, A. A., 26.
Mohlcr. .T. R., 184, 185, 273,

385, 677.
Mohhnan, F. W., 591.
Moifrzhetskil, S. A., 341, 652.

Mol^r, T., 627.
Molisch, H., 31.
Molliard, M., 218.
Molz, E., 65.
Montague, P. D., 55.
Monteiro de Mendonca, H.

J., 391.
Montgomery, C. W.. 520.
Montgomery, J. A., 66.
Montgomery, R. E., 576.
Monticelll, F., 63.
Moody, F. B., 741, 742.
Mooers, C. A., 323, 499.
Mooij, W. C, jr., 12, 113.
Moomaw, C. W., 149.
Mooney, C. N., 124, 211,

321, 717, 810.
Moore, B., 306, 537. C41.
Moore, .7. C, 344, 841.
Moore, P., 769.
Moore, R. A., 431.
Moore, V. A., 184, 1S5, 274,

383.
Moore, W. H., 799.
Moormann, 751.
Moraczewskl, W. von, 562.
Mordberg, L. K., 572.
More, C. T., 737.
Morean (Mmc.l F.. 526.
Morgan, D. T., 595.
Morg.nn, G. T.. 822.
Morgan. H. A., 895.
Morgan, J. D., 97.
Morgan, T. FI., 500.
Morgen, 565.
Morgen. A., 366, 766.
Morley, C, 657.
Morpurgo, G., 659.
.Morrill, A. W., 232.
Mr>rrison, F. B., 261, 100.
Morri.son. .T. D., 230.
Morrison, T. M.. 211, 321.
Morse, F. W., 622.
-dorse, W. J., 436.
Moseley, :i. S., 669.
Mosler. .T. 0.. 15.
Mosiman, 298.
Mosseri, V. M., 227.
Moussu, 365.
Monssu, O., 575.
Mowry. n. H., 587.
Moznette, G. F., 357. 497,

695.
Muckleston. n. B.. 86.
dulford, F. U. 345.
Mt)ller, F.. 22.
Miiller, G., 750.
MOller, M., 277.
Miiller, R.. 459.
Mf'ller-Thurgau, IT.. 352.
Mulraj, S37.
Aiulsow, F. W.. 440.
Mumford, H. W.. 30.->. 398.
Miinch, 514.
Muncie, .T. II., 746.
Muneratl, O., 37, 38.

INDEX OF NAMES.

915

Munger, T. T., 440.
Muun, M. T., 199.
Muuus, E. N., 413.
Munro, R. W., 34.
Munsell, W. A., 275.
Miintz, A., 512.
Mnrphey, H. S., 195.
Murphy, D. W., 86.
Murschauser, H., 260.
Musback, F. L., 617.
Mu.sselman, H. H., 498.
Musso, L. A., 623.
Mtitchler, A. .T., 556.
Muttelet, C. F., 205.
Muttkowskl, R. A., 651.
Myer, D. S., 496, 541.
Myers, C. E., 146, 636.
Myers, M. A., 793.

Nachtsheim, H., 629.
Nachtweh, A., 788. S91,
Nagal, I., 824.
Nagasaki, S., 807.
Nakamiira, A., 118.
Nathusius, von, 100.
Nattino, J. P. y, 630.
Nausle, E. B., 488.
Naumann, A., 749.
Neal, W. J., 268.
Needham, J. G., 692.
Neger, F. W., 523, 744.
Nfegre, L., 480.
Neidig, R. E., 797.
Neilson, J. A., 98.
Nellls, J. C, 153.
Nelson, B. P., 798.
Nelson, C. J. N., 897,
Nelson, E. C, 489.
Nelson, F. O., 885.
Nelson, J., 798.
Nelson, J. A., 362.
Nelson, J. M., 408, 710, 803.
Nelson, J. W., 120, 214, 322,

617.
Nelson, R. A., 557.
Nelson, V. E., 261.
Nelson, W. L., 892.
Ncsbitt, C. T., 764.
Neumann, M. P., 660.
Nevermann, L., 575, 781.
Newell, F. H., 482.
Newell, W., 400, 449.
Newman, C. C, 634.
Nicholls, W. D., 571.
Nichols, E. S., 614.
Nicholson, J. F., 198.
Nlcolet, T. W., 198.
Nicoll, W'., 576.
Nida, W. L., 196.
Nieherle, 575.
Niemann, A., 763.
Nighbert, E. M., 184.
Niklewski, Z., 893.
Nikolitch, M., 85.
Nilges, H., 206.
Nlven, C. P., 233.

Njaa, .1. L., 518.
Noel-Paton, P., 227.
Noer, O. J., 215, 322.
Nohara, S., 823.
Nolan, T. J., 709, 710.
Noll, C. P., 124, 128, 139,

143.
Nollau, E. H., 96, 871.
Norcross, C. A., 899.
Nurgaard, V. A., 477.
Norrls, P. de la M., 255.
Northrup, J. H., 710.
Norton, .T. B., 41.
Nostitz, A. von, 215.
Nothmann-Zuckerkandl, H.,

333.
Novell!, N., 36, 61, 72, 460.
Novouspenskii, S. P., 846.
Nowak, C. A., 318.
Nowell, W., 249, 455, 545,

746, 843.
Noyes, H. A., 513.
Nunnick, P. C, 490.
Nuttall, G. H. P., 276, 857.
Nuttall, W. H., 449.
Nutter, J. W., 581.
Nystedt, S., 575.
Nystrom, A. B., 269, 774,

777, 789.

Oberstein, O., 454.

ObiPdoff, S., 234.

Oesper, R. E., 801.

Oetken, P., 164.

O'Gara, P. J., 349, 644, 845,

846.
Okada, S., 463.
Okey, C. W., 283, 585.
Olaru, D., 31.
Olds, R. E., 797.
Oley, W. W., 97, 296.
OUver, E. W., 777.
Olney, R., 487.
Olson, O., 142.
Olt, A., 576, 766.
O'Neal, A. M., jr., 210, 321,

717.
Onor, R., 227.
Orahood, C. H., 322.
Orfleld, M. N., 594.
Ornum, J. L. van, 885.
Orshanskaia, V., 840.
Orton, C. R., 154, 247, 046.
Orton, W. A., .300.
Osborne, T. B., 562, 577,

762, 862.
Oskamp, J., 217.
Osman, E. G., 393.
Osmun. A. V., 542.
Ossat, G. de A. d", 221, 786.
Osterhout, W. J. V., 34, 429,

730.
Ostertag, R„ 77.
Ostortag, vwn, 575.
Osterwalder, A., 226, 351,

352, 353, 354.

Ostrander, J. E., 118, 414,

714.
Ostwald, W., 365, 460, 801.
Oswald, A., 803.
Oswald, S., 24.
Otis, S., 499.
Owen, E. J., 146.
Owen, I. L., 137.
Ozias, R. E., 312.

Packard, W. E., 450.

Padalka, V., 758.

Paddock, P. B., 451, 452,

657.
Pado, L., 473.
Page, L. W., 390, 788,
Page, R. W., 344.
Page, V. W., 287.
Pagliery, J. C, 431.
Paige, B. H., 387, 600.
Paige, J. B., 275.
Paillot, A., 851.
Palmer, A. H., 114, 118.
Palmer, C. S., 796.
F aimer, G. T., 70.
Palmer, R. C, 48.
Palmer, T. S., 157.
Pammel, L. H., S32, 838.
Pariganiban, E. H., 718.
Panisset, 575.
Pantanelli, E., 323, 650.
Parachimonas, N., 227.
Paraschtschuck, S., 76.
Parker, G. L., 884.
Parker, J. R., 255.
Parker, S. R., 295.
Parks, T. H., 695.
Parreiras Horta, P. de F.,

576.
Parrish, E. M., 396.
Parrott, P. J., 61, 62, 64,

400, 456, 653, 657.
Parsons, S., 439.
Parsons, T. S., 629.
Passy, P., 533.
Patch, E. M., 161, 550.
pater, B., 43, 44.
Paterson, A. G., 409.
Paton, F. N., 227.
Patrick, A. L., 617.
Patrick, G. E., 800.
Patten, A. J., 436.
Patterson, A. J., 692.
Patterson, C. T., 280, 869.
I'atton, C. A., 118.
I'aul, C. H., 889.
Paulian, D. E., 276, 879.
Paulsen, P., 740.
Peacock, R. H., 510.
Peacock, W. M., 695.
Pearce, E. K., 654.
Pearce, R. M., 779.
Pearl, R., 72, 74, 470, 481,

500, 563, 564, 569, 608,

796, 829.
Pearson, J., 890.

916

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.

Tearson, R. S., 240.

r-<5e-Laby, E., 344.

reiser, K., 672.

Peklo, J., 845.

Pellew, C, 41.

Peltret, 261.

Pemberton, C. E., 59, 554,

655, 758.
Perez, G. S., 491.
Pergande, T., 700.
Perkins, A. J., 25, 26.
Perkins, E. T., 885.
Perkins, S. C, 810.
Perkins, S. O., 124, 321,

418.
Perrot, E., 742.
Petch, T., 47, 57, 236, 649,

849.
Peter, A., 77.
Peter, A. M., 122, 683.
Peters, O. S., 416.
Peters, W. H., 267.
I'etersen, W., 674.
Peterson, E. G., 497.
Peterson, W., 812.
Petherbridge, F. R., 846.
Pethybridge, G. H., 350, 443.
Petrie, J. M., 729.
Pettersson, O., 14.
Pettlt, R. H., 436.
Pfanstiel, R., 496.
Pfeiffer, T., 331, 334, 724.
Pfeller, W., 81, 276, 781.
Phalen, W. C, 28, 29.
Phelps, E. B., 70.
Philips, A. G., 376, 569, 789.
Phillips. E. F., 158, 362.
Phillips, J. C, 564.
Phillpotts, E., 345.
Philo, E. W., 528.
Plcard, F., 851.
Plcli^, G. C, 239.
Pickard, A. E., 292.
Plckel, J. M., 203, 263, 504.
Pickens, E. M., 386.
Pickering, S. U., 199.
Pickering, W. 11., 413.
Plepmeler, B. H., 484.
Pierce, C. C. 850.
Pierce, W. D., 361, 363,852.
Pleters, A. J.. 824.
Pletsch, W., 54.
Plnchot, G., 297.
Plnkerton, T. C, 29.
Pinnell, W. R., 166.
Pinner, L., 719.
Plot Bey, J. B., 576.
Piper, C. v., 139, 336, 436.
Plrle. E. E., 293.
xlttler, H., 827.
Pittman, D. W., 696.
Pltz, W., 625.
Plahn-Appiani, H., 223,
Platsance, G. P., 504.
Plasschaert, E. K., 239.
Platnikoff, v., 251.
Piatt. C. B.. 885.
Platzmann, J„ 404.

Plowman, C. F., 856.
Plummer, J. K., 512.
Poirault, G., Sol.
Pokschischewsky, N., 781.
Politis, I., 825.
Pomeroy, A. W. J., 756.
Pomeroy, C. S., 740.
Ponomarer, A., 83.
Ponscarme, L. J., 569.
Pontius, R. L., 681.
Pool, V. W., 845.
Poole, J. H. J., 619.
Popenoe, C. H., 854.
I'openoe, F. O., 835.
Popowa, N. S., 564.
Popp, M., 314.
Poppe, 576.
Porcher, C, 575.
Porchet, F., 234.
Porter, A. E., 579.
Porter, L., 258.
Posey, G. B., 351.
Post, C. B., 617.
PotmfSll, R.. 11.
Potter, A. A., 444.
Potter, A. F., 305.
Potter. D., 118, 43 4, 714.
Potter, E. L., 373.
Potter, R. S., 112, 499, 515,

811.
Poulsen, v., 258.
Powell, A. R., 325.
Powell, O., 890.
Powell, G. n.. 835.
Power, W. M., 576.
Pranke, E. J., 28, 29.
Pratt. B. B., 534.
Pratt, II. C, 254.
Pratt, J. n., 885.
Preckel. F., 807.
Pregl, F., 577.
Prianishnikov, D. N., 330.
Price, J. C. C, 833.
Prleu, O. L.. 678.
PrlUeux, E., 100.
Prince, F. S., 531.
Prlnson Oeerllgs, H. C, 508.
Pritchard, F. P., 685.
Prltchard, L. B., 419.
Pritzker, J., 776.
Prochaska, M., 693.
Profelt, W. J., 566.
Prultt. A. H., 477.
Puccl, C. 864.
Pugliese, A., 225, 459.
Pulg y Nattlno, J., 630.
Pulling, n. E., 721.
Purrlngton, C. O., 699.
Purves, J. M., 743.
Purvis, J. E., 272.
Putnam, G. E., 489.

Qualntance, A. L., 64.
Quantz, E., 389.
Quayle, H. J., 255.
Quinn, E. J., 120. 322.
Qulros, E. L., 306.
Qulsenberry, T. B., 280, 500.

Rabak,, F., 808.
Rabat^, E., 544, 748.
Rabinovltch, D. M., 135.
Raeblger, H., 80.
Rafn, J., 440.
Ragsdale, A. C, 98.
Ragsdale, E., 600.
Railliet, A., 576, 780.
Ram Ayyar, C. S., 711.
Rambaud, B., 391.
Ramirez, R. de C. y, 879.
Ramsbottom, J., 254.
Ramsbottom, J. K., 354.
Ramsey, G. B., 600.
Ramsey, H. J., 235, 534,
Ramsey, R. R., 331, 332.
Ranck, E. M., 676.
Rand, F. V., 244.
Randlett, G. W.. 793.
Range, F. H., 323.
Rangel, E., 52.
Ransom, B. H., 185, 274,

276, 306, 680, 783.
Rant. A., 749.
Ranwez, F., 745.
Rapaics, R., 53.
Rasmussen, F., 472, 699.
Rassow, B., 327.
Rather, .T. B., 13.
Rfitz, S. von, 575.
Rau, P., 65.
Rautmann, 565.
Ravaz, L.. 234, 543, 544.
Rawl. B. H., .^05.
Rawson, H. E.. 237.
Raylelrh (Lord), 414.
Reader, G., 615.
Readey, J. C, 493.
Records, E.. 189.
Reddlck, D., 248, 738.
Redfleld, H. \V.. 284.
R.ed, C. A.. 740.
Reed, G. B., 32, 524.
Reed, H. S., 32, 54.
Reed, O. E., 472.
Keed. T. C, 496.
Reed. W. G., 117, 414.
Reed, W. v., 851.
Reek, W. R., 98.
Recker, H., 494.
Reepen, H. von B., 362.
Rees, C. C, 348.
Rees, U. L., 95. 445, 494.
Reevr, C. S., 318.
Reeves, T. B., 264.
Regan, W. M.. 396.
Regnault, J., S64.
Rcgn^r, G., 575.
Rehder, A.. 435.
Rehfuss, M. E., 663, 862.
Relchel. J., 184, 273, 387.
Relchert, E. T., 111.
Reld, H. W., 616.
Reld. W. n.. 275.
Reijnst. A. E., 835.
Reljnvaan, J. van li., 549.
Reljnvaan, W. van L., 549.
ReiDking, O. A., 530.

INDEX OF NAMES.

917

Reltmair, O., 622.

Remmclts, H., 575.

Remscbel. C, 482.

Remy, T., 24, 499.

Reppln, H., 803.

Rettie, T., 675.

Reuss, 321.

Reuss, H., 536.

Rew, R. H., 89, 298.

Reymond, R. du B., 261.

Reynolds, J. B., 98.

Reynolds, M. H., 188.

Rhea, L. J., 480.

Rhodes, E. L., 396.

Rial, W. P., S49.

Rice, B. E., 885.

Rice, C. W., 600.

Rice, J. E., 7T0.

Rice, T. D., 209, 321, 322,

510.
Richards, E. H., 423.
Richardson, C, 391.
Richardson, C. H., 158, 160,
358.

Richardson, M. W., 380.

Riche, J. A., 67.

Richelet, J. A., 565.

Richmond, E. A., 456.

Ricks, J. R., 227.

Rideal, E. K., 208.

Riedel, A., 365, 460.

Rietz, H. L., 73.

Rigg, G. B., 429, 623, 715.

Riggs, W. M., 2.

Rigotard, L., 835.

Rigotard, M., 65, 835.

Rincklehen, P., 672.

Ringer, A. I., 462.

Riolle, Y. T., 41, 532.

Rippon, C, 651.

Ritch, W. T., 566.

Ritman, G. I., 324.

Ritzema Bos, J., 63.

Roadhouse, C. L., 880.

Robb, B. B., 885.

Robb, N. S., 322, 734.

Robbins, W. J., 495.

Robbins, W. W., 539, 576.

Robert, J. C. 35, 37.

Robert, T., 730.

Roberts, E., 73.

Roberts, G., 620.

Roberts, G. A., 79.

Roberts, W., 891.

Robertson, R. A., 29, 729.

Robertson, R. D., 282.

Robinson, E., 552.

Robinson, E. A., 47.

Robinson, G. W., 323, 513.

Robinson, W., 649.

Robinson, W. O., 806.

Robison, W. L., 199.

Rockie, W. A., 717.
Rockwell, W. L., 284.
Rodes, W., 822.
Rodzianko, V. N., 251.
Roecke, A., 80.
Eoepke, W., 855.

Rogers, A. G. L., 840.
Rogers, C. E., 496.
Rogers, C. G., 46.
Rogers, F. F., 391.
Rogers, J. M., 446.
Rogers, J. T., 645.
Rogers, L. A., 473. 474, 672,
Rogers, R. F., 213, 322.
Rohde, C, 347.
Rohland, P., 18, 515, 816.
ROhmann, F., 675.
Rohrer, C. J., 686.
Rohwer, S. A., 362, 364, 456,

557, 857.
Roig, J. T., 436.
Rolf, B., 413.
Rolfs, F. M., 199, 248.
Rolfs, P. H., 833.
Rolle, J., 671.
Romberg, G. von, 16.
Rommel, G. M., 305, 474.
Rommel, W., 322.
Roo, de, 576.
Root, R. R., 45, 198.
Rorer, J. B., 50, 51, 854.
Rosa, G. F. de la, 689.
Rosanoff, M. A., 806.
Rose, C. M., 510.
Rose, D. H., 30, 136.
Rose, R. C, 243.
Rose, R. E., 762, 767.
Rosenbaum, J., 245, 350,

746.
Rosenberg, J., 272.
Rosenbusch, F., 580.
Rosenfeld, A. H., 586.
Rosengren, F. L., 589.
Rosenthal, H., 505.
Rosenthaler, L., 312.
Ross, H. E., 571.
Ross, R. M., 837, 848.
Ross, W. G., 321.
Rossi, G., 499.
Rossi, H. J., 797.
Rostrup, S., 755.
Roth, P., 369.
Rothera, A. C. H., 270.
Rotky, K., 877.
Roubaud, E., 555.
Rouchelmann, N., 32.
Routly, H. T., 890.
Rous, E., 851.
Rovetta, R., 737.
Rowe, P., 488.
Roy, W. R., 391.
R6zsa, M., 414,
Rucker, W. C, 355.
Rudovsky, J., 575.
Ruediger, E. H., 876.
Ruehle, G. L. A., 183.
Ruggles, A. G., 448, 853.
Rub, H. O., 558.
Ruble, J., 658.
Rumbold, C, 546.
Rummell, L. L., 199.
Rump, E., 626.
Runge, J., 489.

Ruprecht, R. W., 622.

Rusby, H. H., 822.

Rush, J. E., 722.

Russell, E. J., 199, 321, 326,

327, 423, 499, 514, 716.
Russell, G. A., 407, 502, 711.
Ruston. A. G., 299, 620.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 57, 744.
Rutherford, A., 652.

Sacharov, N., 63, 65, 251.
Sackett, C. C, 600.
Sackett, W. G., 811.
Safford, W. E., 336.
Safro, V. I., 61.
Sahasrabuddhe, D. L., 525.
Saillard, fi., 13.
Salant, W., 381, 476.
Saleeby, N. M., 367.
Salkowski, E., 459.
Salmon, C, 137.
Salmon, E. S., 49, 241.
Salter, R. M., 98.
Salvadores, A. Z., 533.
Samson, G. R., 373.
Sanders, G. E., 255.
Sanders, T. W., 45.
Sands, W. N., 227, 631.
Sandsten, E. P.. 493.
Sandstrom, J. W., 614.
Sapiro, S. T., 746.
Sar, M. E., 809.
Sarasln, M., 306.
Sardy, J. B., 28, 29.
Sargant, E., 134.
Sargeant, J. W., 47.
Sasscer, E. R., 251.
Sato, M., 503, 574.
Sato, S.. 92.
Saunders, E. R., 822.
Saunders, P. T., 478.

Sauvage, E., 535.

Savage, E. S., 379, 400, 565,
670.

Savage, W. G., 895.

Savastano, L., 856.

Savelier, F., 83.

Savelll, M., 63, 456.

Saville, T., 787.

Sawidowitsch, W., 662.

Sawyer, W. A., 69.

Sayre, R., 502.

Scales, F. M., 136, 611,
623.

Scammell, H. B., 756.

Scarborough, R. J., 212.

Scassellati-Sforzolini, G., 152,
227.

Schaefer, H., 238.

Schanz, M., 227.

Schaumann, H., 462.

Scheel, V., 258.

Scheffler, F., 81, 276.

Schellenberger, H. C, 135.

Scheppelman, W., 496.

Scheringa, K., 113.

Schem, K., 185.

Scheyer, G., 781.

918

EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

Schiemann, E., 824.

Schlatter. F. P., 97, 834.

Schlegel, M., 82.

Schlenvo.irt, J. H., 474.

Schlich, W.. 74.3.

Schllck, W. J., 885.

Schmid. F., 117.

Schmidt, A.. 227.

Schmidt, C. C, 793, 897.

Schmidt, C. L. A., 803, 804

Schmidt. H., 274.

Schmidt, J., 264.

Schmidt, O., 26.

Schmidt. P., 390.

Schmidt, P. J., 83.

Schmidt. R., 832.

Schmiedeknecht, O.. 657.

Schneider, A., 713.

Schneider, C, 819.

Schneider, H., 33.

Schneidewind, W., 326.

Schne.ver, J., 613.

Schnider, A., 292.

SchniJrer, J., 576, 677.

Schoenc, W. J., 61.

Schoenmann, L. R.. 213, 617.

Schoevers, T. A. C. 63.

Schofleld, F. W., 83. 696.

Scholl, A., 263.

Schorger, A. W.. 502, 607.

Schoth, H. A., 695.

Schottellu.s, M., 164.

Schreber, K., 118.

Schreiner, 594.

Schreiner, J. F.. 857.

Schreiner, O., 20, 31, 499.

Schreuder, P. .T. Tan der.
268.

SchrJJder, D., 65.
Schroeder, E. C. 581.

Schroeder, H., 31.
Schroeder, J., 15.

Schultz, 650.
Schulzc, B., 37, 327.
Schulze, P., 865.
Schumacher, 1. C, 783.
Schumann, C. L., 607.
Schuster, F.. 494.
Schutto, W. M., 683.
Schiitz, W., 876.
Schwanpart, E., 553.
Sctwappach, 837.
Scoates, D., 892.
Scofleld. C. S., 529.
Scofield, F. A., 94.
Scotland, D. W.. 512.
Scott, E., 213, 322.
Scott, E. W., 60.
Scott. J. M., 831.
Scott, J. W., 384, 489, 658.
Scott, R. W., Jr., 434.
rcott. W. M., 61, 250.
Scott, W. W., 203.
Scovoll, M. A.. 694,
Scovllle, G. P., 791.
Searle, G. 0., 52.
Seaver, F. .T., 56.
Secrest, E., 639.

Seel, E., 365.

Seeley, D. A., 714.

Seelhorst, C. von, 17.

S^gTiin, P., 878.

Seibold, E., 80.

Seidenberg, A.. 206.

Selby, A. D., 444.

Selecter, I., 313.

Sell, E. S., 94.

''ell, R. A., 656.

Sellards, E. H.. 28, 29, 724,

821.
Semichon, K, 50, 243, 653.
Sen. S. K., 756.
Sennl. L., 440.
Serbinov, I. L.. 846.
Sergent, E.. 480. 854.
Setchell, W. A., 32.
Severln. H. C, 360.
Severln, H. H. P., 360.
TeversoD. B. O.. 171, 174,

175.
Sewell, M. C, 295.
Seyboth. R., 118.
Seyderhelm, R., 280.
Seymour. E. L. D., 635.
Seymour. H. C., 296.
SforzoUnl. G. S.. 152.
Shafer, G. D., 252.
Shamel. A. D., 43, 639, 833.
Shannon, R. C , 358. 554.
Shantz. H. L.. 226, 306, 522.
Sliapovalov, M., 496.
Sharpies, A., 448.
Sharpies. P. P., 684.
Shattuck. C. P., S91.
Shaw, A. M., 811.
Shaw, C. F., 321.
Shaw, F. C, 900.
Shaw, F. J. F., 49.
Shaw, R. n., 713.
Shaw. T. W. A., 10.
Shaw, VT. N., 319, 413.
Shear, C. L., 42, 300, 448.

539, 848.
Sheather, A. L., 575.
Shedd. C. G.. 499.
Shedd, O. M., 428.
Shelton. L., 238.
Sherabel, S., 842.
Shepard. E. H., 438.
Shepherd, F. R., 539.
Shepp.ird, E. P., 899.
Sherbakoff, C. D., 540.
Sherm.qn, F., jr.. 251. 548.
Sherman, W. A.. 149. 340.
Shemdal, A. E.. 501.
Sherwln, C. P., 763, 863.
Sherwln. W. E., 885.
Sherwood, C. M., 285, 286.
Shinier, C. W., 212. 810.
Shipley, A. E., 251.
Shisbkln, K., 361.
Shive. J. W., 333.
Shoesmith, V. M., 723, 736.
Sholl, L. H.. 341.
Shoop, C. F., 485.

Shoup (Mrs.), O. R., 494,
669. 694, 770, 796.

Show, S. B., 441.

Shreder, R., 337.

Shreve, E. B., 728.

Shrewsbury, H. S., 262.

Shrock, M. S., 497.

Shtcherbakov, T., 454.

Shufeldt, R. W.. 751.

Shull, C. A., 32.

Shull. G. H., 500.

Shulov, I., 135.

Shvetsov, K. N.. 330.

Sicard. L., 711.

Sichmann, 0., 805.

Siefert, 5.37.

Siegfried, M., 803.

Slegler, E. A., 497.

Siegler, E. H., 60.

Slevers, A. F., 237.

Sigmond. A. A. F. de, 49©.

Slier. J. F., 488.

Sllva Barrios, F. A., 572.

Slmmermacher, W., 331, 334.

Simpson, G. C, 413.

Simpson. G. M.. 569.

Simpson. S., 227, 848.

Sims, C. E., S7, 685.

Sinclair, J. F., 859.

Slrks, M. J., 823.

Slsson, S., 480.

Sltensk.f, F., 491.

Slttlg. 782.

Skinner, J. J., 20, 31, 815.

Skinner, L. T., 322, 511. 717.

Sladen, F. W. L., 556.
Slater, M. E., 412.
Slocum, R. R., 268.
Small. J., 727.
Small. J. H.. 885.
Small. W.. 540, S48.
Sraalley, B. E., 600.
Smles, E. H.. 211, 212. 322.

717.
Smith, A. Z., 600.
Smith, C. A., 659.
Smith. C. D.. 306.
Smith. C. O.. 545, 749.
Smith. C. W., 211.
Smith, E., 437. 438, 637.
Smith. E. F.. 49, .300, 442.
Smith, E. H., 240, 353. 648.
Smith. F. A. C, 600.
Smith. F. H., 440.
Smith. G., 52.
Smith, G. H., 278, 674.
Smith. G. P. D., 247. 541,
644, 745, 843, 845, 846,
848.
Smith, H., 490.
Smith, n. C. 210, 321.
Smith, II. E., 64. 159.
Smith, H. H., 491.
Smith, H. S., 64, 361, 431.
Smith, H. W.. 693.
Smith. J.. 319.
Smith. J. L., 675.

INDEX OF NAMES.

919

Smith, J. W., 118, 308, 416,

601, 603.
Smith, K., 640.
Smith, L. B., 657.
Smith, O. H., 199.
Smith, P. H., 467.
Smith, P. T., 640.
Smith, R. A., sr., 236.
Smith, R. E., 349, 645.
Smith, R. G., 218, 499.
Smith, R. O., 695.
Smith, T., 478, 498, 581.
Smith, T. O., 168, 521.
Smith, W. G., 299, 322.
Smith, W. v., 582.
Smith, W. W., 195.
Smithwick, H. W., 151.
Smoiaic, J., 648.
Smyth, E. G., 752.
SneU, J. F., 807.
Snowden, J. H., 895.
Snyder, F. B., 798.
Snyder, J. M., 119, 210, 418.
Snyder, R. S., 112, 499, 515,

811.
Snyder, T. E., 754.
Sobbe, O. von, 317, 612.
Soderbaum, H. G., 724, 726.
Sodcrstrom, G. F., 67.
Sohier, W. D., 890.
Soliolowsky, A., 873.
Solano, R., 299.
Somerville, W., 298.
Somes, M. P., 361.
Sommerfeld, K.. 767.
Sommerville, D., 762.
Sorauer, P., 499, 747.
Sorgius, H., 238.
Soi-nay, P. de, 816.
Soule, 28.

Soule, A. M., 29, 307.
Soule, A. M. G., 40, 76.
Sousa e Faro, J. D. C. de,

391.
Southworth, W., 498.
Spafiford, R. R., 211, 212.
Spafford, W. J., 25.
Spann, W. M., 211, 322.
Spencer, W. H., 862.
Spiegelberg, R., 83.
Spillman, W. J., 194, 494,

592, 792.
Spinks, G. T., 846.
Spiro, K., 311.
Spoehr, H. A., 30.
Spoor, J. A., 799.
Spowers, A. A., 890.
Spragg, F. A., 735.
Sprague, C. B., 737.
Sprecher, A., 639.
Spring, F. G., 838.
Squadrini, G., 372.
Squire, S. L., 890.
Stack, J. P., 322.
Stadler, H., 10.
Stahel, G., 847.
Stahl, C. L., 487.

Stahl, .T. L., 95, 294, 494,

694, 790.
Stakman, E. C, 244, 300.
Staley, L. E., 642.
Stallings, R. E., 566.
Standfuss, R., 82.
Stanfleld, R., 84.
Stange, C. H., 82, 387.
Stanton, T. R., 733.
Stapleton, M. F., 569.
St.ipp, G, M.. 861.
Soenbock, H., 261, 570.
Steeves, R. P., 93.
Steffen, M. R., 478.
Steidtmann, E., 86.
Stein, M. F., 390.
Stelner, A. M., 489.
Steinkoenig, L. A., 323.
Steinmetz, C. P., 28.
S:elzenmuller, G. V., 833.
Stemple, F. W., 598.
Stepanofif, 807.
Stern, L., 663.
Sterrett. W. D., 346, 641,

839.
Stevens, E. A., 390, 484.
Stevens, E. H., 123, 510, 718.
Stevens, H. E., 447.
Steven.s, H. P., 227.
Stevens, H. W., 880.
Stevens, N. E., 848.
Stevenson, W. H., 722.
Stevenson, W. L., 287.
Stewart, C. L., 392,
Stewart, G., 598.
Stewart, H. C, 799.
Stewart, H. W., 396.
Stewart, J. P., 148, 149,

154, 160.
Stewart, J. S., 691.
Stewart, J. T., 618, 885.
Stewart, M. M., 149.
Stewart, M. N., 413.
Stewart, R., 812.
Stewart, R. L., 600.
Stewart, V. B., 300, 647,

648, 747.
Stietzel, F., 660.
Stiles, C. F., 96.
Stiles, C. W., 88.
Stiles, W., 731.
Stockdale, F. A., 227, 434,

843.
Stocking, W. A., 874.
Stockman, S., 382, 575.
Stok, J. P. van der, 614.
Stoklasa, J., 760.
Stone, A. L., 143, 832.
Stone, R. L., 877.
Stone, R. P., 382.
Stone, R. W., 329.
Stone, W. E., 697.
Stookey, E. B., 95, 294, 418,

494, 694, 736, 796.
Storey, F. B., 884.
Stormer, C, 413.

Stort, C. G. J. A. van G.,

893.
Story, G. F., 96.
Stout, A. B., 335.
Stover, A. J., 66.
Stoward. F., 654.
Straczewski, H., 168.
Strahorn, A. T., 322.
Stranak, F., 349.
Strauss, H., 531, 579.
Strauss, O., 164.
Street, J. P., 311, 458, 520.
Street, P. W., 767.
Strickland, E. H., 250, 358.
Strose, A., 576.
Stroud, J. F., 615.
Strowd, W. H., 134.
Stuart, A. T., 218.
Stubblefleld, B. M., 695.
Stuckey, H. P., 151.
Studhalter, R. A., 56, 448.

545, 853.
Stuessy, S., 659.
Stupart, R. F., 208.
Stutzer, A., 200, 314, 328,

565, 609, 813.
Snarez, J. L., 306.
Suckow, E., 576.
Sudworth, G. B., 742.
Sugiura, K., 112.
Sullivan, J. E., 600.
Sullivan, K. C, 97.
Sumner, F. B., 370.
Surface, F. M., 481, 829.
Siirlng, R., 13.
Suschkina-Popowa, N., 564.
Sutton, L. F., 637.
Sutton, M. H. F., 223, 821.
Svoboda, H., 762.
Swain, E. H. F., 743.
Swaine, J. M., 250, 857.
Swanger, D. G., 199.
Swann, W. F. G., 414.
Swanson, A. A., 410.
Swanson, C. O., 516.
Sweet, A. T., 321, 322, 417,

511.
Sweet,, G., 582.
Swenk, M. H., 57.
Swezey, O. H., 548, 554, 556.
Swingle, L., 495.
Swingle, W. T., 235, 529.
Sydenstricker, E., 259.
Symeonldes, P., 339.
Symes, W. L., 476.
Szartorisz, B., 35.
Szpilman, J., 575.

Taber, L. J., 895.
Tachau, L. L., 257.
Tacke, 327.
Tacke, B., 564.
Tadokoro, T., 312.
Takle, J. V.. 672.
Talbot, A. N., 685.
Talbot, C, 890.
Talbot, F. B., 861.

920

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Talman, C. F., 615,
Tammes, T., 629.
Tanner, P. A., 487.
Tarasov, P. K., 314.
Tarchetti, A., 686.
Tarman, G. C, 595.
Tartar, H. V., 548.
Taubenhaus, J. J., 156, 242,

396, 747.
Taudevin, C. H., 44.
Tavares, J. S., 856.
Tavei-ne, N. J. A., 407.
Taylor, A. E., 322, 418. 510,

578, 617.
Taylor, B., 686.
Taylor, E. P., 695.
Taylor, F. R., 568.
Taylor, F. W., 531.
Taylor, G. I., 117, 118.
Taylor, H. C, 288.
Taylor, H. V., 497.
Taylor, K., 383.
Taylor, M. G. D., 471.
Taylor, O. M., 42.
Taylor, W. J.. 275.
Teele, R. P., 784.
Teeter, T. A. H., 887.
Tebon, L. R., 747.
Tempany, H. A., 227.
Tempsky, L. von, 837.
Ten Troock, K., 498.
Ter Laap. A. M. W., 848.
Terada, T., 117.
Tenoine, E. F., 257. 258.
Terry, .T. R., 470.
Teutem, E. van. 859.
Thallmayer, 891.
Tharp, W. E., 120, 211, 322,

510.
Thatcher, R. W., 201, 633.
Thaysen, A. C, 572.
Theller, A., 576.
Theobald, F. V., 249, 551,

651.
Thorn, C, 51.
Thorn, C. C, 39.
Thomas, B. A., 275.
Thomas, C. M., 485.
Thomas, E. M., 257.
Thomas, H. H., 535.
Thomas, J. F., 96.
Thomas, M. C, 199.
Thomas, (Mrs.) T., 45.
Thomas, W., 133, 821.
Thompson, A. L., 771.
Thompson, A. R., 495.
Thompson, C. C, 617.
Thompson, G. W., 98.
Thompson, J. G., 892.
Thompson, R. B., 600.
Thompson, S. E.. 685.
Thompson, T. G., .508.
Thompson, W. C, 176, 377.
Thompson, W. H., 298.
Thompson, W. O., 298. .397.
Thompson, W. R., 553, 557,

751.
Thompson, W. S., 594.

Thornber, H., 436, 437, 637.
Tbornber, J. J., 236,
Thorndike, E. L., 70.
Thorne, C. E., 499, 520, 621,

896.
Thornton, E. W., 661.
Thornton, T., 227, 844.
Throckmorton, R. I., 322,

820.
Thurgau, H. M., 352.
Thurston, L. A., 837.
Tbysell, J. C, 798.
Tiemann. H. D., 152.
Tlleston, W., 563.
Tilley, F. W., 781.
Tillman, B. W., 123.
Tillotson, C. R.. 839.
Tlllson, G. W.. 890.
Timmls. R. S.. 268.
Timpe, n., 662.
Tingle, A., 804.
Tingle, J. B.. 804.
Tinker, F., 626.
Tltchmarsh, C. C, 345, 833,

836.
Tltze, 576.
Toan, L. A., 248.
Tobler, F., 164.
Todd. .1. A., 227.
Tokugawa, Y., 628.
Tolskll, A. P., 537, 640.
Tomhave, W. H., 171.
Tommasina, C, 391.
Tompson. H. F., 635.
Topi, M.. 63.
Tornello. F. C. 834.
Torosslan, C, 382.
Torrance, F., 184.
Tottlngham. W. E.. 221.
Toumey. J. W.. 152. 308.
Tower, D. G.. 455.
Towne. W. .T.. 685.
Townsend, C. H. T., 65, 253,

355, .^58, 360, 554, 555,

655, 7.^6, 855, 858.
Traaen, A. E., 226.
Trabut. 36.
Trabut. L., 354.
Trafton, G. H., 692.
TragArdh, I., 855.
Traum, J., 271, 274.
Trego, E. A., 787.
Treherne, R. C, 58.
Trelcase, F. J., 685.
'iretiakov, S. S. F., 230.
Tripp, E. H., 423.
Trist. M. E.. 682, 779.
Tristan. J. F., 414, 817.
Troeck, K. ten, 498.
Troitskll, N. N., 358, 361.
Trolle, R. af, 574.
Tropea, C, 227.
Troup, R. S., 346, 347, 839,
Trowbridge, P. F., 505,
Troxcll, E. L., 264.
True, A. C, 307. 699.
True, G. H.. 262. 270.
True, R. H., 224. 504.

Truelle, A., 233, 834.
Trullinger, R. W., 286, 790.
Truog, E., 419, 504, 617.
Trusov, A., 516, 619.
Tryon, H., 543, 549.
Tschaplowitz, 416.
Tschermak, A. von, 569.
T'^uji, K., 762.
Tubeuf, C. von, 750.
Tulaikoff, N., 499.
TiUalkov, N., 618.
Tinstall, A. S., 8.35.
Tr.rley, A. M., 661.
Turner, W. F., 96, 754.
Turnor, C, 594.
Tuttle, H. F., 124.
Twitchell, G. M., 438.
Tyler, E. E., 758.

Uchida. S.. 802.
Udall, D. H., 280.
l-dden. J. A., 26.
rdriski. G., 576.
Lglow, W. A.. 660.
Uhler, W. D., 391.
Ullrich. F. T.. 692.
Ulrich, 767.
Umeda, N., 763.
Underbill, F. P., 71.
T^pson, F. W., Ill, 325.
Upton. H. E.. .590.
Urblna, V. V., 196.
Urich, F. W., 754, 853, 854,
Uspenskli, N. A„ 330.
Utt, C. A. A., 113, 206.

Vail. T. N., 799.
Valle. C. S.. 344.
Valentine. E., 473.
Valleau, W. D.. 444.
Valine. H., 575.
Van Alstlne, E., 15.
Vanatta, E. S.. 123, 322,

616.
Van Dam, W., 570, 574.
Van den Eeckhout, A., 576.
Van der Goot, P., 758.
Van der Laan, A.. 279.
Van der Schrcuder, P. J.,

268.
Van der Stok, J. P., 614.
Van Deusen, M. C, 92.
Van Uoorn, W. T. C. 352.
Van Duyne, C, 213, 214,

322, 510.
Van Es, L., 185.
Van Fleet, W., 151,
Van Genderen Stort, C. G. J.

A., 893.
Van Helten, W. M.. 344.
Van Hermann, II. A.. 437.

833.
Van Leeuwen, J. F. H. L.,

880.
Van Leeuwen-Reljnvaan. .1.,

549.
Van Leeuwen-RelJnv.Tan, W.,

549.

INDEX OF NAMES.

921

Van Meurs, G. J., 113.

Van Norman, H. E., 181, 182,

183.
Van Ornum, J. L., 885.
Van Rljn, J. J. L., 273.
Van Scoyoc, H. S., 890.
Vansell, G. H., 96.
Van Sl.vke, D. D., 505, 507,

577. 608.
Van Slyke, L. L., 461, 671,

70S, 802.
Van Teutem, E., 859.
Van Wisselingh, C, 627, 825.
Vaplon, W. E., 569.
Varjjas, L. E. M., 528, 529.
Vassiliev, E. M., 360.
Vaughn, E. C, 829.
Vaughan, V. C, 71.
Vayssifere, P., 851.
Veatch, J. O., 321, 822.
Vedder, E. B , 474.
Vega y Loyo, F., 300.
Veglia, F., 576.
Veldee, M. V., 272.
Vennerholm, J., 576.
Verge. G., 544.
Vermeulen, H. A., 576.
Vermorel, V., 249, 540, T45,

843.
Verschaffelt, E., 429, 859.
Verteull, J. de, 831, 832.
Vezin, 851.

Vickers, H. A., 638, 639.
Vickery, R. A., 453.
Viehoever, A., 11.
Viereck, H. L., 363.
Vilhena, E. J. de, 391.
VUIard, V., 234.
Villchur, M. V., 577.
Villfele, A. de, 665.
Vinall, H. N., 140, 827.
Vincent, C. C, 42, 738, 747.
Vinograd-Villchur, M., 577.
Vista y Isles, T., 344.
Voelcker, J. A., 199, 423.
Vogel, J., 517.
Vogel von Falckenstein, K.,

16.
Vogllno, P., 456. 654.
Vogt, P. L., 895.
Voigt, A., 386.
Volk, W., 165.
Vollertsen, J. J., 312.
Voltz, W., 471, 565.
Voorhees, J. F., 308.
Voorhees, J. H., 150, 197.
Vormfelde, K., 788.
VotoCek, E., 11.
Vries, H. J. F. de, 713.
Vries, J. J. O. de, 590, 671.
Vries, M. S. de, 628.
Vries, O. de, 634.
Vrooman, C, 791.
Vuillet, A., 851.
Vult6 H. T., 458.
VUrtlieim, A., 623.
Vysotskii, G., 536.

Wadsworth, J. W., 799.
Waggaman, W. H., 9, 328,

610.
Wagner, P., 631.
Wakefield, E. M., 546.
Wakeford, J. P., 488.
Wakeman, A. J., 562, 862.
Walcott, A. M., 462.
Waldron, L. R., 798.
Waldron, R. A., 157.
Waldrop, C. S., 119, 121,

321, 322.
Walker, A. C, 786.
Walker, B. P., 785.
Walker, E. D., 485.
Walker, E. L., 879.
Walker, E. M., 651.
Walker, F. P., 670.
Walker, H. B., 785.
Walker, H. P., 149.
Walker, J. T. A., 274.
Walker, L. S., 624.
Walker, R. M., 797.
Wall, S., 575.
Wallace, H., 499.
Wallace, H. W., 28.
Wallace, R., 372.
Waller, A. G., 97, 295, 496.
Walling, W. A. B., 359.
Walpole, 712.
Walpole, G. S., 579.
Walters, E. H., 325.
Walton, G. P., 608.
Walton, J. H., 422.
Walton, L. B., 370.
Walton, W. R., 360, 554.
Wapler, 743.
Ward, A. R., 274, 399.
Ward, M., 861.
Ward, R. DeC, 14, 413.
Ward. S. H., 184, 185.
Wardlaw, H. S. H., 271, 409.
Ware, J. W., 95, 796.
Waring, C. H., 259.
Warmbold, 100.
Warner, D. E., 770.
Warner, L. A., 273.
Warren, A., 549, 550.
Warren, G. F., 665.
Warren, W. H., 152.
Waterhouse, G. A., 453.
Waters, H. J., 305, 307, 397,

400.
Watkins, M. L., 599.
Watkins, W. I., 123, 511.
Watson, E. A., 186.
Watson, E. B., 322.
Watson, E. J., 496.
Watson, E. L., 891.
Watson, H. W. A., 839.
Watson, J. R., 358, 400.
Watson, M. E., 364.
Watson, W., 741.
Watt, A., 320.
Watt, R. D., 518.

Watts, F., 491, 651.
Watts, R. L., 340.
Waugh, F. A., 198.
Way, C, 184.
Waynick, D. D., 499.
Wayson, N. E., 355.
Weaver, E. R., 714.
Weaver, L. A., 769.
Weber, W., 24.
Webster, F. M., 200, 400,

653.
Webster, R. L., 357, 758.
Wedderburn, A., 13.
Weeks, C. R., 495.
Weeks, J. R., 614.
Weevers, T., 526.
Wehmer, C, 547.
Wehrbein, H., 385.
Wehrle, 576.
Wehrwein, G. S., 488.
Weichel, 163.
Weldman, F. D., 364.
Weigmann, 687.
Weil, R., 778.
Weill, J., 257.
Weinberg, M., 878.
Welnzlrl, J., 272.
Weir, J. R., 546, 547, 642,

649.
Weir, W., 516.
Weis, F., 814.
Weiss, A., 690.
Weiss, H. B., 355, 658.
Weiss, J. E., 494.
Weitknecht, R. H., 640.
Welch, H., 174.
Weld, L. D. H., 392, 893.
Weldon, G. P., 357, 451,

526.
Weldon. W. F. R., 864.
\\elker, W. H., 411.
Wellington, J. W., 36, 40,

41, 42.
Wells, A. E., 716.
Wells, C. A., 169.
Wells, H. G., 577.
Wells, J. M., 885.
Wells, S. D., 714.
Welton, F. A.. 631.
Wengler, F., 510.
Wentworth, E. N., 400, 564.
Werner, H. O., 836.
Werner, J. C, 395.
W^erth, A. J., 436.
Wessels, P. H., 426.
Wesson, D., 28.
West, F. L., 613.
West, H. H., 392.
West, R. M., 611, 798.
Wester, P. J., 635, 639.
Westerdijk, J., 48.
Westley, R., 96.
Westmattelmann, 869.
Weston, A. D., 89, 688.
Wetmore, A., 849, 850.
Weyland, H., 257, 472.

922

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Wheeler, C. S., 895.
Wheeler, G. A., 258.
Wheeler, R. N., 487.
Wheeler, W., 96.
Wheeler, W. M., 556.
Wheelock, C. E., 890.
Wheldale, M., 335.
Wherry, W. B., 355.
Whipkey, W. W., 687.
Whipple, O. B., 736.
Whltcher, G. H., 793.
White, E. v., 289.
White, F. M., 499.
White, G. C, 98.
White, G. R., 777.
White, H. C, 139.
White, J. W., 131.
White, W. R., 125.
\ hlte-Haney, J., 530.
Whiting, .J. D., 854.
Wtltmarsh, P. L., 477.
Whitmarsh, R. D., 59.
Whitney, D. D., 766.
Whitney, H. B., 885.
Whitney, M.. 321.
Whltslt, J. E., 599.
Whitson, A. R., 617.
Whlttaker, H. A., 185.
Wlbberley, T., 299.
Wlckson, E. J., 114, 391.
Wlck8teed, H. K., 240.
Widtsoe, J. A., 497.
Wicgert, B., 80.
Wig, R. J., 584, 685.
Wiggins, E. R., 891.
Wlgglesworth. A., 227.
Wight, A., 480.
Wild. L. J., 617.
Wiley, H. W., 658.
Wiley, R. C, 624.
Wllkle, S. J., 729.
Wllkins, F. S.. 96.
Wilkln.s, E. K., 127, 129,

130, 132, 140, 296, 621,

622, 632.
\N^Ikius, (Mrs.) R., 4'J2.
Wilkinson, A. E., 41, 232,

342.
W'lkinson, J. B., 322.
Wilkinson, W. E., 210, 321.
Willaman, J. J., 798.
Willard, J. T., 624.
Wille, F., 242.
Willots, D. G., 259.
Williams, A. D., 684, 685,

086.
Williams, C. B., 62, 434,

450.
Williams, C. €S., 830, 831,

S05.
Williams, G. M., 584.
Williams, n. S., 440.
Williams, R. R., 367, 662.
Williams, W. L., 184, 386,

576.
Williamson, C. G., 332, 371.

Williamson, E. H., jr., 191.
Willis, F. B., 297.
Willis, L. G., 127.
Willis, R. L., 639.
Wills, J. G., 184, 185, 187.
Willson, C. A., 867.
Willstatter, R., 709, 710.
Wilson, A., 722.
Wilson, C. S., 600.
Wilson, D. W., 763.
Wilson, H. F., 251, 356, 548.
Wilson, H. M., 222.
Wilson, J., 689.
Wilson, James, 499, 799.
Wilson, R. N., 400.
Wilson, W., 298.
Windisch, K., 262.
Wing, J. E., 99.
Wing, L. W., Jr., 396.
Winkler, L. W., 111.
Winkler, V., 98.
Winn. A. F., 449.
Winslow, E. A., 257.
Winslow, C. E. A., 70, 192.
Winslow, R. M., 437.
Winston, J. R.. 52, 53, 695.
Winston, R. A., 321.
Winters, R. Y., 831.
Wise, F. B., 435, 559.
Wisker, A. L., 739.
Wissellngh. C. van. 627, 825.
Withers, W. A., 381.
WIthycombe, J., 373.
Withycombe, R., 208, 22S,

231, 265.
Wod.sedalek, J. B., 568.
Wohack, F., 506.
Wohltmann, F., 195. 394.
Woker, G., 312.
Wolbach, 8. B., 880.
Wolcott, G. N., 552, 752.
Wold, I. K., 873.
Wolda, G., 650.
Wolf, F. A., 198, 645.
Wolfe, T. K., 529.
Wolfer, A., 117.
Wolff, A., 687.
Wolff, J., 32.
WoU, F. W., 76, 192.
Woliak. K., 82.
Wolzogen KUhr, C. A. U.

von, Jr., 217.
Wood, E. W., 498.
Wood, L. S., 743.
Wood, P. O., 322, 617, 809.
Wood, R. C, 95.
Wood, T. B., 199, 298.
Woodard, C. S., 97, 396.
Woodhouse. E. J., 250.
Woodman, A. G., 610, 808.
Woods, C. D., 699.
Woods, W. C, 456, 851.
Woodward, C. R., 499.
Woodward, R. S.. 706.
Woodward, S. M., 283.
Woodward, T. E., 671.

Woodworth, C. W., 652, 751.
Wooldridge, G. H., 576.
Woolley, P. G., 580.
Woolley, V. J., 257.
Woolman, H. M., 644.
Working, D. W., 494.
Works, G. A., 395, 698.
Wormald, H., 49, 53, 55,

244.
Worst, J. H., 496.
Wright, A. M., 256, 506.
Wright, B. B., 661.
Wright, H. J., 238.
Wright, H. K., 680.
Wright, R. P., 670.
Wright, W. J., 150.
Wrlghtson, W. D., 358.
Wurth, T., 344.
Wussow. A. F. D., 315.
Wyatt, W. W., 118.
Wyssmann, E., 681.

Yaklmoff, L., 187.
Yarnell, D. L.. 189, 583.
Yeaw, F. L., .39, 340.
Yorko. W., 187.
Yoschida, S., 568.
Yothers. W. W., 60, 250,

255. 535.
Young, A. A., 615.
Young, C. 0., 410.
Young, F. D., 414. •
Young, H. D., 191. 365, 502.
Young, H. G., 322.
Young. H. J., 293.
Young. W. J., 777.
Young, W. S., 669.
Youngblood, B., 454, 467,

687.
Yuasa, H., 66, 363.

Zncher, F., 658.
Zailer. V., 624.
Zalonskll, R. G., 207, 715.
Zapparoll, T. V.. 37, 38.
Zoldel. A. v., 355.
Zeller, H.. 168.
Zennock, L., 879.
Zhavoronkova, I., 844.
Zieglcr. E. A., 642.
Zietzsohmann, C, 876.
ZImmermann, E., 811.
Zlngle. M.. S3.
Zinnsmelstor, C. E.. 245.
Zolla. D., 326. 331.
Zollinger, E. H., 709.
Zon, R., 306.
Zook. L. L., 433.
Zubkovsky, E. V. Z., 361,

454.
Znckerkandl. H. N.. 333.
Zuntz, N., 376.
Zur Horst, A., 869.
Zvierezomb Zubkovsky, E.

v., 361, 454.
Zwlck, 575.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Note. — The abbreviations " Ala. College," " Conn. State," " Mass.," etc., after entries
refer to the publications of the respective state experiment stations ; "Alaska," " Gnam,"
" Hawaii," and " P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaslsa, Guam, Hawaii, and
Porto Rico ; " Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada ; and " U.S.D.A." to
those of this Department.

Page.
Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.)
Abbella —

auriscutellum n.sp., description- 550

sub/lava, notes 66

Abderhalden reaction, studies 577, 674

Abortin, therapeutic value 82

Abortion —

contagious, in cattle 581

contagious, in cattle, Wash 782

contagious, in cattle, diagnosis- 880

contagious, papers on 184, 575

contagious, review of investi-
gations 386

contagious, vaccine for 184

in Great Britain 382

infectious, in mares and jcnnetS- 185
Acacia pi/cnantha seeds, nitro'j;en in- 729
Acanthomyoits inierjectus, remedies- 62

Acarina, monograph, U.S.D.A 45S

Acetic acid, effect on milk fat 507

Acet.vlene, detection 714

Acid —

accumulation and destruction in

large succulents 730

excretion as affected by water

drinking 763

phosphate. (See Superphos-
phate.)

Acidity, determination in potatoes 807

Acidosis —

in omnivora and herbivora.

Wis 261

studies 462, 763

Acids —

alkaline reaction in soils 720

amino. (See Amino acids.)

and salts, antagonism between- 429

as affected by humus acid 324

effect on growth of rice 31

effect on permeability 429

fatty, of food, passage into

milk 472

fatty, variations during inani-
tion and feeding experiments- 258
free fatty, effect on flash and
fire points of animal fats and

oils 312

Aconts calamus, oils of 407

Acridity in plants 731

50633°— 16 4

Page.

Acrocystis batatas, studies, Del 156

Actinomyces —

chromogenus as affected by cold,

U.S.D.A 538

sp. in Norway 226

Actinomycosis, bovine, notes 782

Adia genitalis, notes 449

Adoretus tenuimaculatus in Hawaii- 59

Adults and infants, digestion in 167

^cidium callistephi n.sp., descrip-
tion 242

Aeoloplus bruneri, remedies, U.S.D.A- 159

.\ero-e!ectric plant, construction 191

JEschynoniene americana, culture,

P.R 736

Afforestation. (See Forestation.)

African coast fever, notes 879

Agar-agar, use in food products 167

Agave rigida sisilana, culture in

Sicily 227

Aggregata eberthi, chromosome cycle- 458

Agrarian problem in Mexico 489

Agricultural —

associations in Bavaria 301, 392

associations in United States 290

chemistry. (See Chemistry.)

clul)s in Massachusetts 394

college at Uckfleld, England,

closing 498

colleges. organization lists,

U.S.D.A 94

colleges, short courses in 297

(See also Alabama, etc.)

commerce, text-Dook 595

cooperation in Europe 91

cooperation in India 894

cooperation in Saskatchewan 91

cooperation, papers on 288, 391

credit banks, papers on 391

credit in Europe 91

credit in North Carolina, N.C 792

credit in Oregon 289

credit in Portuguese colonies 391

credit in Saskatchewan 289

credit in United States 90

credit in Washington 91

credit in Western States 690

credit legislation in United

States 489

923

924

EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOKD.

Agricultural — Continued. Page.

credit societies in India 893

credit, treatise 595, 894

credit unions In North Carolina. 496

education, cultural value 897

education In Canada 696

education in Cuba 307

education in England and Wales. 394

education In New England 596

education In Ontario 196

education In United States and

Canada, treatise 291

education, papers on 307

(See also Agricultural in-
Btructlon.)

exhibits, preparation 493

experiment stations. (See Ex-
periment stations.)

extension work, biisls for 104

extension work, functions of 699

extension work in New Jersey,

N.J 197

extension work, suggestions for. 292
high schools, courses and equip-
ment for 793

high schools In North Dakota ._ 897
implement shed, construction,

Tex 687

implements, tests 88

Institute at Oberslebenbrunn 492

institute of Santiago 196

Institute of University of Halle. 394
Instruction —

dangers to 896

for Interned soldiers 498

home projects In 93

home projects In, U.S.D.A. 899

in Canada 98,491,691

In Ceylon 697

In Chile 196. 491

In Dutch East Indies 492

In elementary schools 39."i.

597, 599, 794, S09

in high schools 395,

692, 793, 897, 898

In Latin America 290

In Maryland 793

in New Hampshire 793

In New Mexico 793

In Ontario 196,597,897

In rural schools 92, 693

In secondary schools In

Maine 693

1b Sweden 492, 597

secondary, conference on. 697. 799

Investigations v. experience 101

Journals, new 499

labor in Southwestern States 90

labor In western India 690

laborers in Ireland 289, 895

lands, reorganization In Ba-
varia 594

legislation In Great Britain,

treatise 289

legislation, international 91

libraries, cooperation among 494

Agricultural — Continued. Page.
machinery, calculating interest

on, U.S.D.A 194

machinery, paper on 299

machinery, selection and care,

Oreg 789

machinery, service and cost,

U.S.D.A 587

machinery, testa 588

meteorology. (Sec Meteorology.)
opportunities for educated

women 492

organization in Europe 91

organization in Netherlands 893

Organization Society, report 194

production in Denmark 491

production In United States 393

products, demand for 892

products, foreign trade In,

U.S.D.A 194

products, freight rates on 392

products, Imports Into Germany. 195

products, marketing 490, 792

products, marketing, N.C 792

products, marketing, U.S.D.A.. 792
products, marketing by parcel

post 392, 600

products, marketing In North

Carolina 288

products, marketing, treatise 893

products, prices in England and

Wales 491

products, prices In India 195

research in England and Wales. 394

research In I'ruguay 308

schools, district, in Georgia 691

schools In Belgian Kongo 491

schools. Intermediate, In Aus- 491

tria 491

schools, political economy In 693

small holdings In Italy 391

social week in Chile 293

statistics, errors in. Ohio 896

statistics In British Empire 596

statistics in Canada 490

statistics in Denmark 792

statistics In England and Wales. 491

statistics In France 291,691

statistics in Hungary 596

statistics in India 92,491

statistics in Italy 898

statistics in Queensland 792

statistics In United Kingdom 792

statistics, international 91, 290. 490

tenancy in Iowa. Iowa lO.I, 792

tenancy in Southwestern States. 90

tenancy in Texas 289, 488

tenancy In United States 489

tenants, housing conditions 488

wages In western India 690

warehouses In Bavaria 691

Agriculture—

at American Association for the

Advancement of Science 396

at British Association for the

Advancement of Science 298

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

925

Agriculture— Continued. Page.
at Pan-American Scientiflc Con-
gross 304

colonial, in Italy 491

Department of. {See United
States Department of Agricul-
ture.)
elementary, course in__ 93, 94, 292, 395

elementary, text-book 19G,

493, 598, 599, 793

experience v. investigations in — 101

graduate school 300, C99

history of 689

in Chile 491

in Chosen, Korea 792

in Connecticut 289

in Germany 689

in India, handbook 95

in Japan 92

in Netherlands 194

in North Carolina 288

in Norway 92

In Pacific Coast States 391

in Scotland and Ireland as af-
fected by European war 298

In Spain 689

in Uganda 291

in United States 791

in upper Wisconsin, Wis 431

in Uruguay 92, 394

intensive, in tropical Amei-ica — 306

laboratory manual 94

meterology in 606

relation to climate, U.S.D.A 114

treatise 689

tropical, tectmical education in_ 491

yearbook 494

Agrilus —

hastulifer, life history and con-
trol 361

viridis fagl In New Jersey 355

AgrioUmax agrestis, feeding habits-- 458

Agriotes (Elater) segetis, notes " 757

Agronomy, text-book 598

Agrotis ypsilon. (See Cutworm,
black.)

Air-
alveolar, sampling 369

bacteria in 208

currents, ascending, formula for

adiabatic changes in 207

measurement of humidity 416

methods of bacterial analysis,

N.y.State 183

pressure over Europe 14

rate of flow in soils, Mich 216

temperature, relation to soil

temperature 15

upper, study by means of tele-
scopes, U.S.D.A 614

(See also Atmosphere.)
Alabama College —

notes 198, 495

Station, notes 198, 495

Station, report 693

Albumin — Page.

humiflcatlon 516

milk in infant feeding 258

use in food products 167

Alcohol —

Injurious effect on plant cells — 333

psychological effects 663

Alcoholic fermentation, chemistry 711

Aldoses, determination 11

Alebra alhostriella, notes 752

Aleyrodes —

dtri. (See White fly.)

spp., notes 60

vaporariorum. (See White fly,
greenhouse.)

Alfalfa-
analyses, N.H 169

analyses, Wyo 467, 667

as a cause of sterility In dairy

cattle, Cal 269

breeding experiments. Can 34

cost of production, N.J 137

crown gall, notes 241

culture 528

culture, Colo 630

culture, Del 138

culture, Ga 139

culture, N.Y. State 35

culture experiments. Can 34

culture experiments. Miss 227

culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 228, 229

culture in rows, Wash 735

culture in Wisconsin, Wis 431

culture under dry farming,

Idaho 734

culture under irrigation, Colo-- 528

effect on milk and butter 570

feeding value, Tenn 867

fertilizer experiments, Del 138

green, fertilizing value, Cal 219

growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

hay, analyses 164

hay, analyses, Wyo 469

hay, effect on milk flow, U.S.D.A- 570

hay, grades of 528

hay V. green alfalfa for cows,

N.J 180

inoculation 528

irrigation, Cal 282

irrigation experiments, N.Mex 785

laccase, studies 225

looper in Montana 255

meal, analyses 72, 371, 566, 767

meal, analyses, Ind 263

meal, analyses, Kans 169

meal, analyses. Mass 467

meal, analyses, N.H 169

meal, analyses, N.J 665

meal, analyses, Tex 467

meal, analyses, Vt 371

meal, analyses, Wyo 469

meal, fertilizing value, N.J 129

moisture content and shrinkage,

U.S.D.A 828

926

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Alfalfa — Continued. Page.

pasture for pigs, N.J 173

pasturing in Arizona, U.S.D.A 169

root-stock development. Wash 735

seed, germination tests. Pa 143

seed oil, chemistry of 710

seed production in relation to

moisture, Iowa 824

seeding experiments, U.S.D.A__ 229

stem rot, studies, Ky 541

tea, analyses, Wyo 469

transpiration in 522

varieties, Cal 227

varieties, Wyo 630

AlgiE, marine, distribution 32

Alimentary intoxications, notes 575

Alizarin oil, insecticidal value 359

Alkali —

determination In soils 609

effect on concrete drain tile 87

effect on growth of rice 31

effect on permeability 429

salts, effect on germination and

growth of crops, U.S.D.A 125

soils or lands. {See Soils, al-
kali.)

Alkaline-earth metals, separation 409

Alkaloids, detection in water 410

Allantoln, use against berl-berl 367

Alligator pears. (See Avocados.)
Allobracon (Diachasma) piloaipes

n.g. and n.sp., notes 455

Allyl alcohol, Insecticidal and lar-

vicidal value 359

Almond hulls as a feeding stuff. Cal- 262
Alnarp .\grlcultural and Dairy In-
stitute 692

Aloin, insecticidal value 359

Alternaria — •

pnna-T on ginseng, U.S.D.A 245

solani as affected b" cold, U.S.

D.A 63h

Althwa rosea, coloring matter of 710

Althaeln, studies 710

Alum, effect on action of chlorln 885

Alumina, determination In mineral

phosphates 112

Aluminum —

alloys for canteens and cooking

utensils 257

effect on permeability 34

salts, effect on plants 525

Alunite as a source of potash 328, 821

Alveolar air, sampling 369

Amaranthus, transpiration in 522

Amarantus retroflexus, analyses, N.

Dak 39

Ambhjomma variefjatum, notes 851

Ambrosia triflda, analyses, N.Dak__ 39
American —

Association of Agricultural Col-
lege Editors 790

Farm Management Association- 792
Milking Shorthorn Breeders' As-
sociation 269

American— Continued. Page.
Society of Agricultural Engi-
neers 498

Society of Animal Production. 400, 570
Amersibia prionoxysti n.sp., descrip-
tion 456

Ametastegia glabrata, notes 557

Amino acids —

as affected by bromin 803

determination in feeding stuffs. 412

determination in soils 811

determination in soils, Iowa 811

determination in urine 808

in soils 515

In wool 202

Amlns from organ extracts and body

fluids 777, 778

Ammonia —

adsorption by soils 719

as a by-product of sugar in-
dustry 318

as a fumigant for mill insects,

Mich 253

determination 111, 503

determination In soils 314

determination in urine 508

excretion as affected by water

drinking 763

fixation by cell albumin 30

oxidation in plants 627

Ammoniacal ."^alts, adding to diet 762

Ammoniflcation In soils —

studies. Pa 127

studies. U.S.D.A 619

.\mmonium —

carbonate, effect on germination

and growth of crops. l^S.D.A_ 125
chlorid, effect on ferric and alu-
minum hydroxids during igni-
tion 205

bydroxld, use in extraction of

rosin 412

nitrate, fertilizing valne 518

nitrate, fertilizing value. N.J--_ 130
salt, peculiar plant physiological

action of 724

sulphate, application 24

sulphate, effect on composition

of meadow hay 620

sulphate, fertilizing value 24,

25. 518. 520. 622, 820

sulphate, fertilizing value, Cal 219

sulphate, fertilizing value. N.J 129

sulphate, fertilizing value. Pa_ 128. 131

sulphate for arid soils 621

sulphate, history and manufac-
ture 423

sulphate, injurious to plants 135

sulphate, long - continued use.

Mass 622

sulphate, long-continued use. Pa_ 131

sulphate, nitrification. Pa 127

sulphate, production from peat_ 822
sulphate, production from sew-
age -_ 424

Amphimixis in Spirogyra inflata 370

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

927

Amylase — Page,
activity, determination In pres-
ence of alkaloids 713

of potatoes, pathological alter-
ations in 428

Amylopsin, notes 257

Anagyrella corvina n.g. and n.sp.,

description 857

Anapbylatoxin, nature 674

Anaphylaxis —

clu'onic, kidney lesions in 878

studies 778

Anaplasma ' marginale, culture in

vitro 576

Anastrepha —

serpentina, notes 856

sylvicola n.sp., description 554

Anax Junius, food habits 549

Anemia, pernicious, in horses_ 274, 280, 681

Anemometer, Robinson, U.S.D.A 118

Anesthetics in veterinary surgery 576

Angora goats. (See Goats, Angora.)
Animal —

breeding, anatomy and physiol-
ogy in 195

breeding, bibliography 370

breeding, effect of popular sire in 370

chemistry, progress in 311

disease investigations of Rocke-
feller Institute 498

diseases, control in United States 399

diseases, diagnosis 81

diseases in Austria 674

diseases In British Guiana 777

diseases in Burma 275

diseases in California 275

diseases in Egypt 275

diseases in Great Britain 382

diseases in Maine 777

diseases in United Provinces 777

diseases, spread through gar-
bage 274

diseases, transmission by dogs_ 280

diseases, treatise 383

(See also specific diseases.)
fats. (See Fat.)
husbandry instruction in high

schools 195

products, exports, U.S.D.A 194

products in United States 393

Animals —

domestic, sea-transport regula-
tions 575

domestic, variability in 370

exercise with for rural schools,

U.S.D.A 292

feeding under germ-free condi-
tions 564

fur bearing, laws relating to,

U.S.D.A 751

growth of 305

Importation into Brazil 372

Injurious in Colorado 651

injurious to sugar beets 350

meat-producing, lymphatic

giands 876

Animals — Continued. Page.

of South India, treatise 549

organisms in digestive tract of_ 564

pure-bred, registration in Brazil. 372

small, respiratory chamber for_ 370

tuberculous, inspection 575

velocity of transmission of ex-
citation in 29

wild, diseases of 576

(See also Live stock, Cattle,
Sheep, etc.)

Aniseed oil, Insecticidal and lar-

vicidal value 359

Anomala aenea, notes 454

Anopheles punctipennis —

breeding 358

transmission of malaria by 358

Anthocyan pigments —

investigations 223

review of literature 335

Anthocyanin, electric charge of 525

Anthocyanins, preparation 710

Anthocyans —

isolation 710

studies 709

Anth onomiis —

grandis. (See Cotton-boll
weevil.)

pomorum in Russia 857

quadrigibbus. (See Apple cur-

culio.)
signatus. (See Strawberry wee-
vil.)

Anthrax —

bacillus, capsule formation 877

bacillus, staining 781

diagnosis 81, 676, 781

immunization 185, 879

immunization, U.S.D.A 579

in Great Britain 382

notes 575, 879

Anthrax fulvohirta, notes 556

Antibodies, fate In precipitin reac-
tion 877

Anticarsia gemmatilis, studies 358

Antigens —

and antibodies, coexistence In

the body 779

detection and concentration 579

excretion 579

Antiketogenesis, theory of 462

Antimony, detection In water 410

Antioxidase of tomato plants 33

Antiseptics, bactericidal properties 675

Ants —

Argentine, notes, N.J 158

destruction by dynamite. Pa 125

In Haiti 556

in Hawaii 59

pavement, as a cold-frame and

greenhouse pest, Va.Truck 657

white. (See Termites.)

yellow field, notes 752

Apanteles —

militaris, biology, U.S.D.A 455

n.spp., descriptions 456

928

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Page.

Apechoneura, studies 75«

Aphelencliua —

armerodia, notes S41

ritsemabosi, notes 249

Aphidldae Infesting sagebrush In

Oregon 357

Aphids —

control by lady beetles, Va.

Truck 555

of Oregon 356

relation to fire blight 452

Aphis —

hrassicw. (See Cabbage aphis.)
gossypii. (See Cotton aphis.)
pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.)

pseudobra.ssicw, studies, Tex 452

rumicis (papaveris), remedies 755

Aphis, woolly —

as a pear pest 357

identity, D.S.D.A 854

investigations 62

mouth parts and suction mecha-
nism in, U.S.D.A 653

of elm BJid Juneberry, Me ICl

Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-
mouth disease.)

Apiary inspection in Colorado 651

Apiculture. (See Beekeeping.)

Apis melUfera. (See Bees.)

Aplanobactcr rdthayi. notes 349

Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk
fever.)

Apple —

anthracnose, notes 642

anthracnose or black spot, notes,

Wash 95

aphids and red bugs, notes, Pa_ 160

aphis, remedies, N.J 147

aphis, studies, U.S.D.A 754

aphis, woolly, and elm cluster

louse, Identity 357

bark, healthy and diseased, oxi-
dation in 136

bitter-rot fungus, utilization of

pentoses by 351

blight, notes 64S

blister disease, notes 543

brown rot, notes 241

bud disease, notes 49

canker, studies. Mich 744

canker, transmission by tree

crickets 65."

collar blight, studies, Pa 247

collar rot, studies. Pa 154, 156

curculio, remedies, N.,T 147

diseases in New South Wales 247

diseases In Pennsylvania 646

diseases, treatment, N.Y. Cor-
nell 747

flea weevil, notes 254

fruit spot, notes 842,846

leaf dry spot, notes 842

leaf -hopper, black, biology 451

Apple — Continued. Page,

leaf spot or black canker, notes_ 54
maggot attacking blueberries,

Me 852

mildew, treatment 352

pomace, fertilizing value, Cal 219

red bug, false, notes, N.J 158

red bug, lined, notes 752

red bugs, ovlposition 255

red bugs, studies, N.T.Cornell-- 754

root rot, notes 49

rust, studies. Pa 154, 157

rust, studies, Va ." 54

rust, studies. Wis 444

scab, notes 846

scab, treatment 843

scab, treatment, Idaho 747

seeds, analyses, U.S.D.A 201

stems, variations In, N.J 144

sucker, studies 451

tree tent caterpillar, notes. N.J_ 158

trees, wood decay in, Cal 53

.Apples-
breeding experiments 40

breeding experiments, Idaho 738

breeding experiments, S.C 634

breeding in Idaho 42

calyx cup of, studies 64

elder, analyses and classification- 233

cost of production 233, 438

cost of production. Dreg 638

culture 833

cultiire experiments. Pa 148

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 217

culture In Northwest, Greg 638

dried, microbiology 460

du-^ting and spraying experi-
ments, N.Y.Cornell 738

dwarf V. standard, N.Y. State 344

fertilizer experiments 833

fertilizer experiments. Pa 148, 149

grading and handling, U.S.D.A- 149
hardiness In relation to struc-
ture and composition. Iowa 342

harvesting 438

Jonathan spot rot of, N.J 157

keeping qualities, S.C 634

marketing and distribution,

U.S.D.A 149

mulching experiments 833

parthenocarpy in 226

picking and handling 437

pollination 233, 341

propagation and shipping ex-
periments 637

protection against rabbits 250

pruning at planting 342

ripening process, U.S.D.A 201

spraying experiments, N.J 146

summer pruning. Utah 533

summer v. winter pruning,

Idaho 738

tillage V. sod mulch. Pa 148

treati.^e 342

varieties. N.Y.State 42

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

929

Apricot — Page.

Coryneum fruit spot, notes 352

gummosis and sour sap, notes — 54

Monllia blight, studies 351

Apricots —

cost of precooling 637

dried, microbiology 460

pollination experiments 233

Aqueous extracts, evaporation appa-
ratus 608

Arabls disease, notes 750

Arboriculture, bibliography 435

Archips —

argyronpila, pupal Instar 357

anjyrospila, remedies, N.Y.Cor-
nell 755

cerasivorana, notes 752

Architas analis, parasitic on army

■worm 251

Arctostaphylog columbiana n.sp., de-
scription 336

Areca catechu, culture in North Ka-

nara 239

Areca palm —

collar rot, notes 50

koleroga disease, notes 55, 644

Arginase, determination in animal

organism 804

Argyresthia —

alternaiella, notes 450

atmoricUa, notes 553

illuminatcUa, notes 855

Arion circumscripUts, feeding habits_ 458
Arizona —

Station, notes 198, 396, 495

University, notes 396, 495

Armillaria —

mellea, notes 644

sp. on oaks, Cal 241

Army —

biscuit, recipes 256

worm, biology, TJ.S.D.A 455

worm, fall, studies, Ala. College- 163

worm, notes 453, 752

worm, notes, N.J 158

worm, notes, OMo 494

worm, parasites of 251

Arsenic —

cumulative action in dipping 186

detection In water 410

fixation in surface soils, U.S.

D.A 421

sniphid, larvicldal value 359

Arsenical spray injury, prevention,

Pa 154

Arsenical s —

insectlcidal value, TJ.S.D.A 60

toxicity and use 851

Arsenlous oxid as an alkalimetric

standard 312

Artesian wells, decrease of flow 483

Arthritis, pyemic, in foals 83

Ascarie auis, description 280

Ascoohi/ta — • Page.

cardiaccB n.sp., description 843

clematidina, studies, N.Y. State. 249
coloruta as affected by cold,

U.S.D.A 538

A8comycetes sp. on betel vine 50

Ash-
characteristics and manage-
ment, U.S.D.A 346

determination in plant sub-
stances 202

Ashes —

analyses 425

as a source of potash 327, 425

as fertilizer, Ohio 494

(See also Wood ashes.)
Asparagus —

fertilizer experiments, Mass 294

fly, notes 851

Aspartic acid, effect on action of alco-
hol on plant cells 333

Aspergillus spp. affecting coffee

grains 545

Asphalt, penetration tests, U.S.D.A. 685
Asphaltum as a dressing for fruit

tree wounds. Pa 154

Aspidiotus —

perniciosus. (See San Jos6
scale.)

tsuga in New Jersey 355

Association —

of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Sta-
tions 798

of Official Agricultural Chem-
ists 501

of Official Seed Analysts 832

of Southern Agricultural Work-
ers 1

Aster black neck or wilt disease 649

Astycus immunls, notes 652

Athysanus n. sp., description 255

Atmometers, porous cup, construc-
tion and use 34

Atmosphere —

circulation and temperature,

U.S.D.A 614

eddy motion in, U.S.D.A 117

penetrating radiation in, U.S.

D.A 614

Atmospheric —

circulation and radiation, treat-
ise 414

noises, U.S.D.A 117

pollution, investigations 716

pressure. {See Barometric pres-
sure.)
temperature. (See Tempera-
ture.)

Atropin, detection in water 410

Aujeszky's disease in mules in Flor-
ida 275

Aulacaspis pentagona, parasites of__ 456

Auroras, notes, U.S.D.A 413, 614

Autographa gamma calif ornica in

Montana 255

930

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

Page.
Autoparasltism In Cassatha melan-

tha 626

Auximones, bacterial test for 325

Avocado bark beetle in Hawaii 59

Avocados —

culture in Philippines 635

varieties 835

Azotobacter —

activity In relation to soli con-
dition 813

fixation of nitrogen by 422

in Danish forest soils 814

nitrogen release by 627

Bacillus —

abortus, detection in milk, U.S.

D.A 679

amylovorus, leaf invasions by,

Wash 647

amylovorus, notes 247, 648, 747

amylovorus, relation to aphids- 452
amylovorus, relation to apple

collar rot, Pa 157

amylovorus, studies. Pa 247

apiovorus n.sp., notes 244

auratitinus n.sp., description,

Iowa 78

hronchisepticus, lesions produced

by 4S0

iulfiaricus, tests of strains 574

chauvwui affecting hogs 479

coagulnns n.sp., description,

Iowa 78

coli, determination in Ice cream,

U.S.D.A 165

coli, Endo medium as a test for,

Ky 167

coli, hydrogen ion concentration. 524
coll, importance in judgment of

water 389

coli on coconut palm 241

coli, relation to coconut palm

bud rot 442

lymphnnoiticus, notes 478

manfjifcrw n.sp., description 447

tnelotiis as affected by cold, U.S.

D.A 538

paratypliosus B, food poisoning

by 563

paratjiphosus B in pigeons 83

pertussis, lesions produced by 480

sporoQcnes as an indicator of

manurial pollution in milk 272

synxunthus in milk, Iowa 78

typhosus, viability in ice cream_ 256
Bacteria —

as affected by cold, U.S.D.A 538

changes in the animal body 877

colon-aerogcnes, differentiation. 136

detection in water 284, 285, 286

determination in cream . 612

determination in ice cream,

U.S.D.A 165

determination in milk 271,612

effect on sewage 501

gas-producing, detection, Mich 732

Bacteria — Continued. Page.

in milk, soils, water, etc. (See

Milk, Soils, Water, etc.)
nodule, as affected by manganese. 31
paratypbosus-enteritldis, as a

cause of flsh poisoning 459

pathogenic, in candy 365

relation to beet blight 350

Bacteriology —

of cream ripening 672

of ice cream, U.S.D.A 165

treatise 876

Bacterium —

beticolum, inoculation experi-
ments with 845

lachrymans n.sp., description,

U.S.D.A 443

malvacearum, notes, S.C 643

mori, notes 649

pjMTii, investigations, N.T.Cor-
nell 248

putlorum, detection In fowls.

Mass 189, 275

pullorum infection in chicks.

Mass 387

pullorum infection in chicks,

treatment. N.C 881

pullorum infection in fowls, ag-
glutination test for 784

solanaccarum on peanuts, N.C 52

tularense, lesions produced by.. 580

tutncfacicnsj notes 247, 249. 844

Bagasse as a fuel for sugar refineries. 487

Bagworm, notes, U.S.D.A 756

Bake ovens, electric, notes 460

Bakeries, inspection in Indiana 861

Bakery products, fermentation losses. 660

Bfikhar, analyses and preparation 711

Baking, temperatures reached in 69

Bamboo —

borer, notes 754

culture experiments. U.S.D.A 232

Bamboos of Andes region of South

.\merica 742

Banana —

disease in Barbados 841

disease in Cuba 847

diseases in Jamaica 348

meal, analyses 256

root disease, studies, U.S.D.A 50

Bananas —

and banana flour, composition. 460
as a host of Mediterranean fruit

fly, U.S.D.A 655

dried, studies 256

Banleng and zebu, zoological rela-
tionship 466

Barium —

detection In water 410

sulphur, insecticidal value 61

Bark —

beetle, notes 857

louse, oyster-shell. (See Oys-
ter-shell scale.)
louse, scurfy. (See Scurfy
scale.)

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

931

Barley— Page.

analyses, Wyo 667

and wheat, hybrid between 339

chop, analyses, Kans 169

composition as affected by fer-
tilization and soil prepara-
tion 230

culture, Ga 138

culture, S.C 694

culture experiments, Oreg 228

culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 137, 228

culture under irrigation, Colo- 528

effect on milk and butter 570

effect on milk secretion, Cal — 269

feeding value, Tenn 867

fertilizer experiments 517,

518, 622, 724, 820

fertilizer experiments. Mass 622

fertilizer experiments, N.J 132

fertilizer experiments, Wyo 630

flour, analyses 164

germination as affected by sil-
ver nitrate 31

growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

meal, analyses, Wyo 469

prices and shrinkage, 111 337

rusts in Canada 51

seed coats, permeability 626

seed, migration of reserve ma-
terial to 35, 729

straw, composition and digesti-
bility 565

varieties, Cal 227

varieties, Ga 138

varieties, Idaho 734, 735

varieties, U.S.D.A 229, 733

varieties, Wyo 629

water requirements. Wash 720

yields in relation to rainfall 319

Barnyard grass, analyses, N.Dak 39

Barnyard manure —

analyses 517

application 517

as a nutrient for soil bacteria — 327

effect on composition of cereals 230

fertilizing value 621

fertilizing value, Cal 219

fertilizing value, Mich 723

fertilizing value, N.Mex 735

fertilizing value. Pa 128

fertilizing value, Wyo 630

for arid soils 621

storage experiments 517

Barometric pressure —

at Washington, D.C., U.S.D.A— 117
of western and equatorial

Africa 208

relation to temperature, hu-
midity, and latitude, U.S.D.A. 413
Bartonella bacilliformis, asexual

cycle 858

Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Bassus —

coleophorm n.sp., description 456

earinoides, parasitic on hud

moth - 250

Page.

Beach fog and fracto-cumulus,

U.S.D.A 118

Bean —

anthracnose, relation to tem-
perature 541

anthracnose, treatment, Mich — 746
aphis, control by lady beetles,

Va.Truck 555

bacteriosis, studies, Mich 746

blight, treatment, Mich 746

leaf beetle on cowpeas 254

meal, effect on milk and butter. 570
straw, composition and digesti-
bility 565

weevil, Mexican, notes 857

weevil, notes 754

Beans —

as affected by pod position, N.J_ 134

as food 164

Bengal or Mauritius, as a cover

crop, P.R 736

bonavist, lablab, or hyacinth,

U.S.D.A 430

fertilizer experiments 27

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

Inheritance in, N.J 146

inheritance of habit in 41

jack, as a cover crop, P.R 736

limitation studies, N.J 146

Lyon, as a cover crop, P.R 736

Lyon, hybridization experi-
ments, U.S.D.A 431

seed, treatment with iron sul-
phate 528

sword, as a cover crop, P.R 736

translocation of mineral con-
stituents, U.S.D.A 427

variety resistant to anthracnose 644
velvet. (See Velvet beans.)

water requirements, Wash 720

yield as affected by sulphur 726

Beech bark caterpillar, notes 63

Beef —

adulteration with horse meat — 113

fat, digestibility, U.S.D.A 364

scrap, analyses 263, 566

scrap, analyses, N.H 169

scrap, analyses, N.J 665

Beekeeping —

handbook 362, 556, 657

in Philippines 635

notes. Mo 758

notes. Wash 95

Bees —

and their diseases, notes 656

collection of pollen by 556

embryology, treatise 362

notes. Wash 796

olfactory sense 758

queen, rearing and shipping 556

treatise 362

wintering, U.S.D.A 158, 454

Beet —

bUght, studies 349

leaf-hopper, relation to sugar

beet curly top 646

932

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Beet — Continued. Page.

palp, dried, analyses 72,

263, 371, 566, 767

pulp dried, analyses, Ind 263

pulp, dried, analyses. Mass 467

pulp, dried analyses, N.H 160

pulp, dried, analyses, N.J 665

pulp, dried, analyses, Tex 467

pulp, dried, analyses, Vt 371

pulp, moistened, for cows.

Wash 773

seeds, growing In Canada 635

tops, analyses and feeding

value 664

Beetles —

injurious In Porto Rico 753

respiratory activity in sun-
light 30

Beets —

culture experiments, U.S.D.A_- 22S

effect on milk 671

effect on soil moisture 17

fertilizer experiments 431, 517, 622

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

field or fodder. (See Mangels.)

for dairy cattle 873

invertase in 524

sugar. (See Sugar beets.)

sulphur as a fertilizer for 331

V. silage for milk production,

Ohio 670

yields in relation to rainfall 310

Beggar-weed hay, ground, analyses- 767

Begonia flowers, abnormal, studies.- 225

Belladonna—

as affected by composition of

soils 18

selection for alkaloid content,

U.S.D.A 237

Beriberi —

and cotton-seed meal poisoning

In pigs, U.S.D.A 474

in Brazil 462

infantile, treatment 662

notes 662

review of investigations 462

treatment with constituents of

rice polishlngs 367

Bermuda —

grass, culture experiments.

Miss 227

hay, grades of 528

Berries, cover crops for. Wash 294

BeschUlseuche. (See Dourine.)

Betel-nut palm, culture In North

Kanara 239

Beverages —

analyses 762

analyses. N.Dak 67

nonalcoholic carbonated, exam-
ination, Ky 160

Bibliography of —

abortion. Infectious, in cattle-. 880
agricultural associations In

Posen and West Prussia 8^

Bibliography of — Continued. Page,
alkali salts, effect on crops,

U.S.D.A 126

animal breeding 370

animals, feeding under germ-free

conditions 564

anthrax 781

antibodies, fate In precipitin re-
action 878

aphis, woolly 654

apple rust, Va ."4

arboriculture 4.'i.")

army worm, U.S.D.A 455

bacillus of Preisz-Nocard 186

Bacterium prunt, N.Y.Cornell 248

bees 362

berl-beri 462

buffalo gnats, U.S.D.A 756

cactus diseases 543

carotln-xanthophyll group In

Chrysomelldip 865

castration In rabbits 865

celery heart rot 244

cheese, soft, N.T.Cornell 184

chemistry 407

Chermes 551

cinchona mopo seed bed disease. 749

coccacesB 477

coconut pests 740

com culture, Vt 337

country life 635

daffodils 741

diet of Swiss workingmen 601

Dlplodla 242

dipping 186

diseases. Insect-borne, In Pan

America 754

Doliohos lablab, U.S.D.A 437

duodenal regurgitation 863

dwarf plants 336

egg production in hens, U.S.D.A- 470

ethylene, effect on plants 626

exosmosis from plant roots 827

farming 635

fermentation, alcoholic 318

fertilizers 426

flower color 335

flower gardening 238

flowers, anomalous 823

frost, U.S.D.A 414

fruit fly, Mediterranean 856

fungi 49

ga dening 635

gas, illuminating, effect on

roots 243

gonadectomy in rats 264

grape culture, Iowa 234

guinea pigs, genetic studies 466

hellotroplsm as affected by

salts 333

heredity 370

heredity In plants 527

heredity of doubleness In Mat-

thlola and Petunia 237

heredity of habits '.i beans 41

home fornUblng and decoration 293

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

933

Bibliography of — Continued. Page.

lioneybees, embryology 362

humus formation 515

hydrotropism in roots 224

insects as carriers of chestnut

blight 448

irrigation in California 682

land grants in United States-- 594

landscape gardening 439

landscape gardening. 111. 536

leaf miners 553

leaves, senile changes in, N.Y.

Cornell 222

medicinal plants 23G

meteorology and seismology,

U.S.D.A 117,413,014

Microlepidoptera 85o

milk bacteria '^"6

milk, fermented, U.S.D.A 4T4

milk from different quarters

of udder 270

milk, nutritive value 164

mulberry blight 649

mulberry scale and its natural

enemies 456

mutation in plants 629

Nematodirus fllicolHs 188

oak Oldium 650

Onchocerciasis in cattle 582

Opiinae 454

ornithology of Porto Rico, U.S.

D.A 850

Paspalum poisoning in cattle,

Miss 676

pea aphis, U.S.D.A 62

pea thrips 451

pellagra 260

permeability of plant tissue 732

phosphate deposits in Florida— 425

physiology 658, 777

plant chlorosis, Conn.State 53

plant diseases, 111 S48

plum brown rot, U.S.D.A 445

pollination in Compositae 727

potato late blight. Wis 246

potato tuber rots, U.S.D.A 246

prairie dogs, Nebr 58

puerperal diseases in cattle 386

putrefaction of meat, etc 164

radishes 53-

reproduction in relation to vege-
tative vigor in plants 824

Rhizoctonia 841

rotation of crops, Vt 337

Sarcocyatis tei.ella 384

seeds, delayed germination in — 31

sexuality in Uredineae 526

silos and silage 665

silver leaf disease 648

soil fungi of Norway 226

soil protozoa, U.S.D.A 21

soils and manures 717

soils of San Lnls Province,

Argentina 512

Borghum loose kernel smut 444

Bibliography of — Continued. Page.
spermatozoa, duration after fe-
cundation 864

sporotrichosis 385

sterility in mules 569

strawberry culture, N.Y. State — 42

sugar in plant tissues 729

sulphur compounds in plant nu-
trition, U.S.D.A 221

teak, annual ring formation in- 839

Trametes pint 547

transpiration in plants 335

trichiniasis 478

tuberculosis, bovine 679

tuberculosis in chickens 880

variability and amphimixis 370

water-culture experiments 826

water requirements of plants — 522

water supply in Italy 786

wilting in plants 825

wine making in France 690

wood disinfection 781

zoology, Canadian 651

Bile, secretion 463

Biliary fever. (See Piroplasmosis.)

Biochemistry, treatise 607

Biographical sketch of —

Hilgard, E.W 301

Scovell, M.A., Ky 694

Biology, treatise 263

Biosteres —

rhagoletis n.sp., description 456

sp., parasitic on bud moth 250

Blotite potash, solubility 328

Bipalium kewense in Kentucky 458

Bird houses and nesting boxes, con-
struction 650

Birds —

attracting 238. 650

attracting, U.S.D.A 849

feeding habits 650

of lower Colorado Valley 547

of Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 849

Biscuits, army, recipes 256

Bistort hirtarius, studies 63

Bituminous road materials, methods

of examination, U.S.D.A 318

Black tongue in dogs 275, 682

Blackberries —

culture, N.T.State 42

fertilizer experiments. Mass 294

Blackberry anthracnose, treatment.

Wash 445

Blackhead —

in turkeys 275

In turkeys, Ky 583

Blackleaf 40, insecticldal value, N.J_ 147
Blackleg —

atypical, in United States 276

in hogs 479

in hogs in Pennsylvania 276

Blackwood, Bombay, notes 240

Blast furnace gas dust, composition. 623
Bleaching powder —

disinfection of water by 885

use against fly larvae, N.J .- 160

934

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Blepharocorys equi n.sp., notes 783

Blepharoptera aerrata, hibernation-- 254

Blight, Insect carriers of 648

Bloat in cattle, treatment, Ky 581

Blood-
changes in due to method of

slaughter 372

dried. (See Dried blood.)

examination In glanders 81

fat, studies 562, 563

feeding value 865

meal, analyses, Tex 467

meal, fertilizing value 24

of slaughtered animals as hu-
man food 450

serum, action on cane sugar 675

sugar as affected by diet 562

Blossoms, pollinated, protection 40

Blowflies, remedies 359

Blue grass —

palatabillty, Ohio S65

seed, harvesting and curing, Ky_ 830
seed, viability and germinabil-

ity, Ky 630, 829

Blueberries —

culture, U.S.D.A 534

Insects affecting, Me 851

Body surface, measurement in man- 68
Boiler laws in United States and

Canada 58S

Boilers, steam, repairing 890

Boll weevil. (See Cotton-lx)ll weevil.)
Bomb calorimeter, adiabatic device

for, Pa 16S

BombidiE, notes 362

Bone —

cracked, analyses, Vt 371

meal, analyses, Ind 263

meal, analyses. Mass 467

meal, analyses, N..T 665

meal, analyses, Vt 371

meal, steamed, fertilizing value 519
meal, steamed, fertilizing value,

Cal 219

meal, steamed, for arid soils 621

Bones, use as human food 659

Books on —

agricultural commerce 595

agricultural credit 595, 894

agricultural draveing and de-
sign 487.598

agricultural education in United

States and Canada 291

agricultural politics In Great

Britain 289

agricultural products, market-
ing 893

agriculture 689

agriculture, elementary 93,

196, 395, 493, 598

agriculture in India 95

agronomy 598

apples 342

atmospheric circulation and ra-
diation 414

Books on — Continued. Page.

bacteriology 876

bees 362, 556, 657

biochemistry 607

biology and its makers 203

Biirbank, Luther 440

butterflies 552

butterflies of Australia 453

carbon bisulphid as an insecti-
cide 249

carnations 44

castration of animals 477

catalysis 312

cattle 467

cattle diseases 477, 478

cereals 598

chemical analysis 711

chemistry 407. 599

chemistry, colloid 801

chemistry, household 458

chemistry, organic 801

chemistry, physiological 563. 607

chemistry, technical 801

cooking 395, 794

corn 529

cotton statistics 595,691

country girls 290

daffodils 741

dairying 670

Diptera 654

diseases of wild animals 576

drug analysis 713

engines, gas. gasoline, and oil 287

entomology, medical and veteri-
nary 850

exercise in education and medi-
cine 261

farm and school problems for

high schools and normals 793

farm crops, feeding of 326

farming 635, 796

feeds and feeding 261,565

fermentation, alcoholic 318

fcrtillzt-rs 28. 29

flax culture in Argentina 434

flora of northwest coast of

United States 336

floriculture 53.5, 836

food analysis 506. 610, 713

forage crops 598

fruit culture 533

fur 570

gardening .39. 63.^ 836

gardening, ornamental 238. 345, 535

gardening, vegetable 340,345,833

gardens, mountain 45

genetics 563

goats 270

grape berry moths 553

ground-levels in democracy 790

highway engineering 586

home economics 293, 794

home economics Instruction la

France 899

home grounds 238

honeybee, embryology — 362

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

935

Books on — Continued. Page.

horso diseases 477, 794

horses 268, 668, 794, 869

house flies 855

househoid wastes, disposal 790

houselseeping conditions among

"Pennsylvania Germans" 257

hygiene and sanitation, military 369

ice cream and ices 860

Ichneumonidae of Great Britain- 657

immunology 275

infant feeding and metabolism- 460

insects 651

insects injurious to man in war 251

insects of South India 549

irrigation and settlement in

America 482

irrigation in United States 784

Irrigation practice and engineer-
ing 481,482

land grants in United States 594

land registration, Torrens sys-
tem 489

land surveying 485

landscape gardening 45, 439

live stock 565, 866

live stock diseases 278,383

lymphatic glands in meat-pro-
ducing animals 876

mammals of Great Britain 57

marketing 595, 893

meteorology 13

milk and its products 380, 611

milk, laboratory guide 571

mosquitoes of North America 453

mushrooms 532, 761

mutation in plants 629

nature study 599

nutrition 658

oil seeds and feeding cakes 565

oils, fats, and waxes 507

orchids 741

organic compounds 312

peat and peat moors 618

peat litter 624

physiology 777

pigs 268

plant diseases 49, 794

plant growth and soil condi-
tions 321

plant histology 727

plant nutrition 135,326

plants, alimentary and medic-
inal 533

plants, climbing 741

plants, house and window 238, 836

population, Malthusian theory- 594

poultry 269, 377, 470

poultry diseases 280, 481, 881

protein and humin substances-. 708
public health legislation in

United States 661

pumps, centrifugal 482

rhubarb culture 2?2

river regulation 885

roses 45

Books on — Continued. Page,

rubber and resin yielding plants- 838

rural Denmark and its schools-- 196

rural education 292

rural housing 895

rural sociology 790

saxifrages or rockfoils 45

sewerage 886

shrubs 845

sku'tk culture 269

soil colloids 515

soil physics 293

soils 321, 716, 793

spices 166

spruce, growth and yield in

high mountains 347

sugar manufacture 508

sweet corn 41

sweet peas 238

textile plants 829

timber 537

tomatoes 737

veterinary dissection 480

veterinary pathology 477

veterinary posology and thera-
peutics 777

water examination 609

water, irrigation 481. 482

water purification plants 390

water supply 83

weather 413

wheat 293

wine making in France 690

wounds and their treatment 876

yeast and alcoholic fermenta-
tion 711

Boophilus annulatus. (See Cattle
ticks.)

Borax —

larvicidal value 359

use against fly larvae, N.J 160

Bordeaux mixture —

analyses, Mich 436

analyses, N.J 639

composition 540

copper content 748

fungicidal value, N.J 147

preparation and analyses 711

preparation and use 643

Borers of Java 656

Boric acid, insecticidal value 359

Boron —

effect on plant growth 428

effect on plant growth, U.S.D.A- 625

Botany — -

and phytopathology, relation-
ship 48

of southern Patagonia 306

yearbook 494

Botryodlplodia, nonvalidity of

genus 242

Botryodiplodia —

sp. on oaks 448

theobromm, notes 849

Botrytis dnerea. (See Grape gray
rot)

936

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Bottle, coUocting, description 751

Bottling works, inspection In In-
diana 861

Bouillon cubes, analyses 761

Box-leaf midge, notes 752

Boxwood leal miner in California 64

Boys' —

club work in Massachusetts 394

club work In Nevada * 8!)9

clubs, organizing . 793

field-crop competitions 493

Brachyopa n.sp., notes 554

" Bracken sickness " in cattle 383

Bran —

analyses 371, 663

analyses, N.H 168

as human food 460

digestibiUty 760

(See also Wheat, Rye, etc.)

Braxy In lambs 383

Bread —

analyses 460

as affected by wrapping, Ky 761

chang«s in during baking and

staling 859

composition and nutritive value. 760

containing sugar, spoiling 600

determination of flour content- 113
digestibility as affected by

phosphates 600

food value of different types — 459

leavening agent from chick-pea- 560

making, lessons in 693

meal, analyses, N.J 665

poisonous, notes 660

porous, from starch 460

staling of 858, 859

use of sugar beets in 660

war, digestibility 660

Breakfast foods. (Bee Cereal
foods.)

Breed, detinitlon 466

Breeding —

experiments, recording types of

mating in 72

numerical results of diverse

systems 764

(See aUn Animal breeding and
Plant breeding.)

Brewers' grains, dried —

analyses 72, 371, 566

analyses, Ind 263

analyses. Mass 467

analyses, N.H 109

analyses, N.J 665

analyses, Vt 371

Brewery —

waste products, preservation — 767

waste, utilization 262

yeasts, composition and digesti-
bility 165

Brick pavements, construction 586

Bridges —

steel and concrete highway,

specifications 685

trail, construction, U.S.D.A 191

Page.
Brine from fermentation of pickles,

analyses, Mich 714

British —

Cotton Growing Association,

work of 227

Meterological Office, work of 319

Bromates, determination 712

Brombenzene vapor, larvlcidal value- 359
Brome grass —

culture experiments, Wyo 630

palatabllity, Ohio 865

Bromln, effect on proteins and amino

acids 803

Bromoacetyliylose, notes 408

Bromus fruit and leaves, anatomy of 35

Brooder stoves, tests, N.J 178

Broom com —

culture, Colo 630

cuture experiments, U.S.D.A 229

Brown-tall moth, notes 250, 752

Bruchtis —

chinensia. (See Cowpea weevil.)

lirnhatut, notes 857

obtectug. {See Bean- weevil.)
pisorum. (See Pea- weevil.)

guadrimaculaius, notes 754

Brucln, detection in water _ 410

Bruophi/llum calycinum, Inhibition of

regeneration or growth In 730

Buckwheat^ —

bran, analyses, Ind 263

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments, N.J 130

middlings, analyses 72

middlings, analyses, Ind 263

middlings, analyses, N.J 665

offal, analyses, N.J 665

screenings, analyses and feeding

value 663

rarletlos, Wyo 630

Buffalo gnats, studies. U.S.D.A 756

Bulbar paralysis, Infectious, in mules

In Florida 275

Bumblebees, collection of pollen by- 556

liupahis piniarius, life history 251

Burbnnk, Luther, life and work of-- 440
Burgundy mixture —

as a substitute for Bordeaux

mixture 843

copper content 748

preparation and ase 643

Butter —

adulteration, detection 13

as affected by feeding stuffs- 471. 570

bacteria In 672

composition and characteristics- 380

digestibility. U.S.D..\ 364

fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.)

fishy flavor In 473

flora as affected by salt, Mich. "76

making, investigations, Cal 209

making on the farm. Wash 777

making, overrun In 672

making, studies, Pa 78

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

937

Butter — Continued. Page,

production as affected by ces-

trum, Ky 670

production, relation to escutch-
eon, Ky 670

Swedish "Rune" brand 572

Butterflies —

manual 552

of Australia, monograph 453

Buttermilk —

artificial, manufacture 474

for chicks, N.C 881

manufacture, Ind 775

preparation and use, U.S.D.A_- 474

Buzzards, relation to hog cholera 275

Cabbage-
analyses and feeding value — 664
aphis, control by lady beetles,

Va.Truck 555

aphis, endoparasltes of. Wash — 753

aphis, notes, N.Y.State 62

black rot, notes 644

club root, notes 241, 842

culture experiments. Pa 636

fertilizer experiments, Ala. Col-
lege 833

fertilizer experiments, 111 532

seed, growing in Canada 635

seed, raising and harvesting 232

stem rot, notes 241

varieties, Ala.College 833

varieties, Pa 146

yellows, control. Wis 542

Cacao —

budding and grafting experi-
ments 740

butter, digestion and absorp-
tion 257

diseases in Grenada 841

diseases in Jamaica 349

diseases in Uganda 540

fertilizer experiments 344, 438

green manure crops for 344

industry in West Indies 438

insects "affecting 349, 549, 652, 851

leaf disease, no*es 56

moth parasites, rearing and

liberating 855

spraying experiments 50

trees, grafted, yield data 438

witches' broom, Investigations-- 848

Caccecia piceana, notes 855

Cactus —

accumulation and destruction of

acid in 730

desiccation and starvation ex-
periments 430

destruction in Australia 530

diseases In Queensland 543

distribution 430

giant, flowers of 430

growth and colloid hydratatlon. 34

Insects affecting 549

narcotic, studies 336

Cdotna dubium n.sp., description 539

Caffeln In Java tea 166

Page.
Calandra oryza. {Bee Rlce-weevll. )

Calcimeter, description, Ky 503

Calcium —

arsenate, Insectlcidal value 250

arsenate, insectlcidal value, U.S.

D.A 60

carbonate, determination in

limestones, Ky 503

carbonate, effect on development

of Digitalis purpurea 135

carbonate, effect on protein con-
tent of soy bean, N.J 141

carbonate, effect on soil phos-
phates, Tex 421

carbonate, effect on strawber-
ries. Pa 150

chlorid, effect on germination

and growth of crops, U.S.D.A- 125
cyajiamid as a retarder of de-
nitrification 219

cyanamid, fertilizing action in

relation to soils 820

cyanamid, fertilizing value 22, 24,

25, 431, 51S, 622, 820

cyanamid, fertilizing value, Cal_ 219

cyanamid, fertilizing value, N.J_ 130

cyanamid. manufacture 622

cyanamid, storing 724

determination 712

determination in urine and

feces 508

effect on concrete sand 787

effect on lupines 724

nitrate, fertilizing value 518,622

nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 130

phosphate, effect on composition

of milk 270

salts as a factor in onset of

labor 184

salts, effect on canned foods 67

sulphate. (See Gypsum.)
Calf meals, preparation and analy-
sis. Mass 667

California —

Station, report 294

University, notes 295, 600

Callas, phyllody of corolla in, N.J 143

Callicratides rama, notes 652

Calliephialtes thurberice n.sp., de-
scription 363

Calliphora erythrocephala, hiberna-
tion 254

Calorimeter, bomb, adlabatic device

for, Pa 168

Calves —

care and management, Ohio 471

dairy, raising. Mass 667

feeding experiments 868

feeding experiments, Cal 265

feeding experiments, Ind 774

feeding experiments, Mass 667

feeding experiments, N.J 180

feeding experiments. Wash 773

food requirements, Ind 775

triplet, notes 767

938

EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

Page.
Campanula medium, Sclerotinia dis-
ease of 354

Campers, handbook for, U.S.D.A 46

Campoplex variabilis n.sp., descrip-
tion 363

Campsomeris doraata, notes 455

Canadian experimental farms, notes_ 498

Canavali obtusifolia, culture, P.R 736

Canavalia enaiformis, fertilizing

value 34

Candy manufacture, sanitary as-
pects 365

Cane —

borers, notes, Mo.Fruit 361

sugar as affected by blood

serum 675

sugar In milk as affected by

heat 164

sugar sirup, analyses 660

sugar, synthesis 803

Canestriniida;, new genus 66

Canned foods, mineral content 67

Canneries, inspection In Indiana 861

Canning —

industry in New York 40

notes 714

Cantaloups. (See lluskmelons.)
Caoutchouc. (Sre Rubber.)

Capnodium bra^ilicnue, treatment 640

Carabaos, origin and development 506

Carboliydrate —

Indigestion, notes 563

transformations in sweet pota-
toes, U.S.D.A 522

Car'iohydrates —

as a substitute for fat for In-
fants 462

effect on protein metabolism 762, 763

effect on secretion of urine In

infants 763

of pine wood 60.S

relation to humus 515

substitution by fat in protein-
free diet 168

Ca' on —

bisulphid, Insccticidal value 249, 851

bisulphid, insecticldal value,

Mich 252

black, effect on action of soil or-
ganic compounds. Tex 126

dioxld, determination 504, 610

dioxld. determination in waters

and effluents 410

dioxid, formation from humus

preparations 19

dioxid, formation In presence of

carbohydrates, N..T 127

dioxid tension in alveolar air 369

tetrachlorid, Insecticldal value,

Mich 253

Carnation wilt, notes 242

Carnations, treatise 44

Sarncfjiea (/ifianira. accumulation and

destruction of acid in — .—..___ 730

Page.

Carotin-xanthophyll group In Chrys-

omelidae 865

Carotlnoids —

In insects 865

in plants 627

Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling
moth.)

Carpophilus (Scarabwtis) hemipterus,

notes 454

Carrot seeds, growing in Canada 635

Carrots-
culture experiments. Can 34

effect on milk and butter 570

Carum pctroselinum as a host of eel-
worm 349

Casein — ■

heated, nutritive value 369

of goat's milk, composition, N.Y.

State 708

spray, preparation and use 745

Cassava —

die-back, treatment 841

diseases In Trinidad and Tobago 51

flour for dairy cattle 873

insects affecting 754

leaf and stem disease, notes 843

pulp, analyses C65

spraying experiments .''lO

stem borer, notes 65

Cassia chamwrrv<ta, culture, P.R 736

Cassia oil, constituents of 501

Cassytha milantha, autoparasitism_ 626

Castor bean poisoning, studies 466

Castration —

effect on Internal secretion

glands of rabbits 864

of animals, treatise 477

Catalase, rOle in plant respiration,

Md 523

Catalpa :phlnx, notes, U.S.D.A 755

Catalysis, treatise 312

Catarrh —

Infectious, In horses, treatment- 881

infectious intestinal. In cattle 575

laryngo-tracheal. In horses 480

Catha edulis, culture In Egypt 232

Cattle-
Africander, notes 707

blood, changes In due to method

of slaughter 372

breeding and management, trea-
tise 4(i7

breeding, maintenance In win-
ter. Pa 171

Central-German red, notes 2ti4

dairy breeds, history and devel-
opment 472

dairy, cost of raising, Ohio 470

development of limbs 5ri4

digestion experiments with 372

dipping, U.S.D.A 470

diseases, nattire and treatment. 383

diseases, treatise . - 278, 477, 478

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

939

Cattle — Continued. Page.
fattening in relation to feed and

environment 305

feeding experiments 566

feeding experiments, Ariz 170

feeding experiments, Pa 171

feeding experiments, Wyo 467

feeding in south Texas 205

feeding, profits and losses in 867

fitting for the show ring 73

gestation period, determination 565

growing, nutritive ratios for 372

industi-y in Bengal 767

Inspection for interstate ship-
ment 185

milking Shorthorn, association

in America 269

Dontuberculous, advance regis-
tration for 184

poisoning by yellow Jasmine,

N.C 80

pure bred, handling 185

raising in Italian Somallland 227

rations for 72,372

Shorthorn, in Argentina 264

ticks, eradication 275,679

ticks, notes 851

ticks, remedies, U.S.D.A 479

{See also Ticks.)

tuberculin reacting, breeding 575

(See also Cows, Calves, etc.)

Cauliflower —

club root, notes 241

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

leaf spot or ring spot, notes 542

Cavy, crossing experiments 464

Cecidomyia destructor. (See Hes-
sian fly.)

Cedar, incense, oils of 607

Cedarwood oil, larvicldal value 359

Cedestis gysselinella, notes 855

Celery —

blight, distribution 49

disease, description, Mich 744

heart rot, studies 244

leaf spot, studies 350

seeds, growing in Canada 635

Cell membranes, chemistry and struc-
ture 626

Cellulose —

destruction by fungi 136

for laying hens. Pa 179

waste liquors as a source of

potash 328

Oelosia empress as a host of eelworm_ 349

Cement-
asphalt, penetration tests, U.S.

D.A 685

fume as a source of potash 328

use in farm structures 787

vats, coatings for, Cal 287

Gentrosema —

phimeri, fertilizing value 34

pubescens,. culture, P.R 736

Cephaleuros virescens, notes 55, 249, 744

50633°— 16 5

Oepholosvorium — Page.
lefroyi, association with green-
house white fly 452

sacchari, notes 49

Oephalothecium roseum as affected

by cold, U.S.D.A 538

Cephcnomyia —

abdoniinaUs n.sp., description 64

pratti n.sp., description 554

Oephus ocoidentalis, studies 250

Cerambycld larvse, Henriksen's re-
view 361

Ceratitis capitata —

control oy poisoned bait 360

control in Hawaii 758

notes 856

Ceratoma trifurcata. (See Bean

leaf-l>eetle.)
Oeratomia catalpw. (See Catalpa
sphinx.)

Ceratopogoninse, new, from Peru 563

Cercospora —

heticola, studies, U.S.D.A 845

personata, studies, U.S.D.A 645

sp. on pistachio 843

spp. on pigeon peas 52

Cereal —

diseases In Russia 842

diseases, treatment 541

" drunk bread " disease, notes- 842

foods, analyses, N.Dak 661

leaf beetle, life histoi^y and

control 857

mildew in France 243

rust fungi, teleutospore forma-
tion 745

rusts in Canada 51

Cereals-
culture experiments. Wash 736

hybridization experiments, Oreg_ 228

insects affecting 651

laboratory manual 598

statistics, international 290

varieties. Wash 736

(See also Grain and specific
kinds. )

Cerium, effect on permeability 34

Cestodes, avian, new species 281

Chaetodiplodia, nonvalldity of genus_ 242
ClKBtomidium barbatum n.sp., de-
scription 226

Chcetopsis wnea, notes 360

Chagas disease in Argentina, studies. 580

Chalcis hammari n.sp., description- 6^

Chalk, effect on soil fertility 221

Chamwcrista diphylla, culture, P.R- 736
Cliammcyparis ohtusa wood, essen-
tial oil of 802

Charbon. (See Anthrax.)
Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.)

Chayote, notes 835

Cheese —

composition and characteristics- 380
curing. (See Cheese, ripening.)

Bdara, composition and control- 273

Gouda, composition and control- 273

940

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

Cheese — Continued. Page.

Grana, manufacture 572

KOnigsberg, analyses 572

making experiments 875

making, high v. low testing

milk for 473

manufacture 573

manufacture in South America. 572
moisture content, law regulat-
ing 273

Naitofu. manufacture and com-
position 574

paraffining 474, 574

Parmigiano, manufacture 474

ripening 573

ripening, lactic acid bacteria ln_ 76

soft, manufacture, N.Y.Cornell- 184

Swiss, ripening 574

whey, paraffining 474

Chemical analysis, treatise 711

Chemistry —

agricultural, progress in 311

animal, progress In 311

colloid, handbook 801

household, text-book 458

International catalogue 407

organic, treatise 801

physiological, progress In 167

physiological, text-book 563, 607

technical, treatise 801

text-book 599

treatise 407

yearbook 494

Chenopodium album, analyses, N.

Dak 39

Chenopodium oil —

effect on circulation and res-
piration 476

effect on intestinal contrac-
tility 381

Chermes spp., biology 854

Chermes, stadles and bibliography — 551

Cherries —

cover crops for, Oreg 231

dried, microbiology 460

handling and shipping, U.S.

D.A 534

picking and handling 4.37

pollination 233, 341

standard package for 438

Cherry —

bacterial canker, notes 351

blight, notes 648

blister disease, notes 643

brown rot, notes 241

by-products, utilization, U.S.

D.A 808

leaf beetle, life history, U.S.

D.A 756

leaf diseases, treatment, N.Y.

Cornell 747

aawfly leaf miner, studies, N.Y.

State 657

sawtly leaf miner, studies, U.S.

D.A 456

worm, xxg\j nest, notes 762

Chestnut — Page.

bark disease In Vermont 848

bark disease on freshly fallen

nuts 546

bark disease threatening Pacific

States 354

blight, control by injection of

chemicals 546

blight, dissemination by in-
sects 448, 853

blight fungus, notes, N.C 49

blight, life history and mor-
phology, Pa 157

blight parasite and other chest-
nut fungi in Japan 848

blight, studies 545

blight, studies. Pa 154

seeds, reserve material In 427

Chicken —

mites, destruction 682

pox, complement fixation in 877

pox. Immunization, Cal 274, 784

pox, secondary invader 481

Chickens —

grit for 377

poisoning with rose chafer 655

testis, interstitial cells in 264

(See al«o Fowls, Poultry, etc.)

Chicks-
feeding experiments, Ky 871

feeding experiments, N.C 872

feeding experiments, N.J 176

mortality in, N.C 881

Chicory, studies 427

Children-
diet and care of 861

food requirements, U.S.D.A 861

nutrition of 561

sugar in diet of 164

{Sec also School children.)

Children's gardens. (See School gar-
dens.)

Chllies. (See Pepper.)

Chilo infuscatellus, notes 758

Chilocorus bipustulataa. Introduc-
tion into California 361

Chilosia sp., notes 358

Chinch bug, new egg parasite of 66

Chionaspis —

furfura. (See Scurfy scale.)

pinifolia, notes 752

Chironomldse of Illinois 654

Chloral hydrate —

toxicity toward plants 526

vapor, larvlcidal value 359

Chlorates, determination 712

Chlorld of lime, purification of water. 83

Chlorlds —

determination In body fluids 507

determination in cheese 807

excretion as nfforted by water

drinking 7«3

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

941

Chlorin — Page,

determination In vegetable

matter 410

disinfecting value as affected by

alum 885

disinfection of water by 885

Chlofochroa uhleri, notes 752

Chlorophyll —

function of 30

role in higher plants 525

Chloropisca notata, hibernation 254

Chlorosis of plants —

notes 525

studies, Conn.State 52

Chlorotettix n.spp., descriptions 255

Cholesterin — ■

synthesis of 168

variations during inanition and

feeding experiments 258

Chondriosomes in epidermal cells of

Iris germanica 524

Chop feed, analyses 663

Chorizagrotis sp.. poisoned bait for_ 358
Chortophila trichodactyla attacking

cucumbers 454

Chromogens, vegetable, oxidation and

reduction in 32

Chromoleucites, pigments of 33

Chromosomes, function in heredity — 527
Chrysanthemum frutescens as a host

of eelworm 349

Chrysanthemum midge, notes 251

Chrysanthemums —

evolution 237

varieties, U.S.D.A 232

Chrysoinphalus—

dictyospermi pinnulifera, reme-
dies 552

flcus (aonidum). (See Florida
red scale.)
Chrysomyia macellaria. (See Screw-
worm. )

ChrysophlycUs endoMotica, notes 241

Churches, country, conference on 297

Churns, tests 590

Cicada, periodical —

life history and bionomics. Mo 754

notes 752

Cicer ariePinum, acid secretion of 525

Cicuta spp., chemistry and toxicol-
ogy, Nev 185

Cider press pulp, studies 256

Cimex, studies 857

Cinchona —

industry In Netherlands East

India 2.39

mopo seed bed disease 749

Cintractia sorgM vulgaris, inocula-
tion on Guinea com 644

Cirrospilus ovisugosus n.sp., descrip-
tion 363

Cirrus bands and the aurora, U.S.

D^ 117

Cltricola scale, notes 255

Cltriculture, summer practice conrse- 292

Citrus — Page.

butterfly, notes 851

canker, investigations, Fla 447

canker, notes 649, 848

diseases in Isle of Fines 446

diseases, studies, Cal 446

fruit stain, notes 354

fruits, cover crops for 344

fruits, cover crops for, P.R 736

fruits, culture in Philippines 635

fruits, handling and shipping,

U.S.D.A 235

fruits, improvement by bud se-
lection 740

fruits, insects affecting 60, 349, 652

fruits, insects affecting, Cal 449

fruits, methods and cost of dis-
tributing 835

fruits, mulching experiments 740

fruits, new genus from Austra-
lia 235

(See also Oranges, Lemons,
etc.)

gummosis, description 353

mealy bug, remedies 255

mealy bug, studies, Cal 162

mildew, notes 649

mottled leaf, notes 353

nursery stock diseases, Cal 240

pollen, long-distance shipment of 43
powdery mildew in southern

California 447

seedlings as affected by irriga-
tion water, Cal 235

white fly. (See White fly.)

withertip, notes 354

Cladosporium —

citri, notes 446

fulvum, notes 841

Cla^terosporium putrefaciens, notes- 350

Claviceps —

paspali, toxicity. Miss 676

purpurea, notes 845

Clay, colloidal, notes 816

Clematis stem rot and leaf spot,

studies, N.Y.State 249

Clemson College, notes 199

Climate —

and cropping systems, correla-
tion 603

changes in 14

effect on crop systems and farm

operations 308

effect on pecans, Ga 151

effect on soil temperature 319

of Canada 208

of Egypt 413

of Hertfordshire 320

of Pennsylvania in 1682,

U.S.D.A 414

of State College, Pa 115

relation to agriculture in Cali-
fornia, U.S.D.A 114

relation to soil formation 514

(See also Meteorology.)

942

EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

Cllnuitlc sabdlrlslonB — Page.

of United States 14

of United States, U.S.D.A 413

Climatologlcal data. (See Meteoro-
logical observations.)

Climatology of Quebec 715

(See also Meteorology.)

CUtoria cajanifolia, fertilizing value. 34

Clonorchia siTiensis, life history and

morphology 858

Clothing problem in United States

Navy 167

Cloud, aurelia alto-cumolns, U.S.D.A- 615

Clover —

as affected by sulphur 540

as affected by sulphur, U.S.D.A- 625

bitter, as a green manure, Cal — 36

bloat, treatment, Ky 581

bur, culture. Ga 138

bur, notes, U.S.D.A 139

crimson, culture, Ga 138

crimson, culture experiments,

Miss 227

crimson, inoculation experi-
ments, Ga 138

crimson, liming experiments,

N.J 132

culture experiments. Wash 736

cut, analyses, Mass 467

cut, analyses, N.EI 169

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments 517

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

hay, analyses 164

Insects affecting 251

liming experiments. Pa 133

meal for pigs 860

Mexican, analyses 767

red, anthracnose of, Pa 155

red, breeding experiments, Can. 34

red, culture experiments, Can-_ 34

red, fertilizer experiments, Mass_ 622

red, liming experiments 725

red. liming experiments. Pa 133

seed, germination tests. Pa 143

Bour, as a cover crop for citrus- 344

stem rot, studies, Ky 541

sweet. (See Sweet clover.)

varieties, Wash 736

Club work in Indiana 599

Clysia (Cochylis) amhiffuella, mono-
graph 553

Coal-
ash from Iron industry, fertiliz-
ing value 725

tar as a coating for concrete 889

Coat color. (See Color.)

Coccaceae, bibliography and classifi-
cation 477

Coccidse —

of «reat Britain 552

of New York 752

of Philippines 552

of west Africa 851

Coccidla, chromosome cycle 458

Cocdnellldae, apbld feeding, studies. 656

Page.

Coccohaoillus acridiorum, inoculation

of locusts with 854

Coccophagus n.spp., descriptions 557

Cocous —

citricola, notes 255

fiesperidum. (See Scale, soft.)

Cochliomyia (Chrysomyia) maceV-

laria, notes 756

Cochylis ambiguella —

biology and remedies 654

monograph 553

remedies 63

Cochylis moth —

destruction by heat 653

notes 851

Cockerels, feminized 870

Cocoa, imports into United States 43

Coconut —

bud rot, notes 50, 643

cake, analyses 263

cake, effect on milk and butter_ 570

disease In New Caledonia 55

disease In New Hebrides 56

diseases, notes 241,348,442,740

meal, analyses, N.J 665

oil, digestion and absorption 257

palm leaf roller in Hawaii 69

palms, abnormalities of 236

Coconuts — ■

cover crops for, P.R 738

culture 439

fertilizer experiments 344

insects affecting 349,652,740,853

ripening, chemical changes in__ 344

spraying experiments 50

Cod liver meal, composition and

feeding value 873

Codling moth-
egg parasites In Turkestan 358

life history 251

remedies 64

remedies, N.J 147

remedies, N.Mex 738

remedies. Orcg 231

tachinid parasites of 652

Coffea amara, studies 344

Coffee —

as affected by storage 661

botanical studies 535

diseases, notes 640, 545, 744

grains, changes in due to Asper-
gillus 545

green manure crops for 344

hybrids, notes 344

Imports into United States 43

insects affecting 349, 549

layering 344

leaf disease In Uganda 848

making devices, efficiency 166

Mautsaka, studies 344

nematodes affecting 55

pulp, analyses and fertilizing

value 726

useful and harmful constituents. 166

wlthertlp, notes 68

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

943

Page.

Colchlcin, detectioH In water 410

Cold-
effect on plants 223

effect on trichinae, U.S.D.A 680

frames, construction, Wash 494

frames, construction and man-
agement, N. T. State 40

frames, construction and man-
agement, Wash 737

storage, effect on fruit fly, U.S.

D.A ' 554

storage of vegetables and fruits 637
{See also Temperature, low.)

Coleophora n.spp., descriptions 553

Coleoptera —

of West Indies 556

olfactory sense 254

Coletis hybridus, polarity 626

Colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.)
CoUctotrichum —

ayavcs, notes 442

cajani, notes 52

cradwichii, notes 349

falcatum, notes 49

glaosporioides, effect on citrns

fruits 354

gloeosporioides, notes 446, 644, 750

glaosporioides, notes, Gal 241

incarnatum , notes 540

lindemuthianum as affected by

cold, U.S.D.A 538

lindemutliiaiium, notes 645

lycopersici on tomatoes 53

n.sp. on Schinus molle 242

nigrum, notes 442

sp. on snapdragon 841

spp. as affected by temperature- 542
Colletotrichum and ©loeosporium on

chili, identity 50

Colloids —

handbook 801

importance in soils 816

of clay, notes 816

of soils, treatise 516

Collyria calcitrator, development 363

Color Inheritance —

in guinea pigs 464

in rabbits 370, 466

Colorimeter —

Duboscq, converting into nephe-

lometer 503

observations, source of error ln_ 805
Coloring matters, photodynamically
active, effect on plant cells and

tissues 223

Colts, draft, developing, Pa 175

Conmndra umbellata, parasitism,

U.S.D.A 242

Commercial organizations In United

States 290

Complement fixation, Bonspeciflc,

studies 779

Compositse, pollen-presentation mech-
anism in 727

Conchita peluda, culture, P.R 736

Concrete — Page,

aggregates for 87, 485, 685

as a protection for wood-stave

pipe 890

coating with tar 889

drain tile as affected by alkali. 87, 584

drain tile, construction 685

fence posts, consti-uction 487, 685

flat slabs, design 685

for sanitary farm improve-
ments 273

grain elevators, design 685

highway bridges, specifications- 685
reinforced, siirinkage and time

effects in 787

resistance to wear 484

strength as affected by temper-
ature 889

tests of strength 685

use on farms 485

viaduct, construction 86

Conifer diseases in Italy 539

Coniferae, oils of 607

Coniferous seedlings, root rot of 546

Conifers, western, destructive dis-
tillation 509

Coniophora cerebella, studies 547

Coniothecium chomatosporum, notes_ 543
Ooniothyrium — -

fuckeUi, notes 55

fuckelU, relation to apple

canker 653

n.spp., descriptions 242

Connecticut —

College, notes 96

State Station, food and drug

reports, index 458

State Station, report 95

Conserves for the army 365

Contarinia piirivora, notes 752

Cookery for campers, U.S.D.A 46

Cooking — -

book 794

by electricity In cafeteria 861

text-book 395

utensils, aluminum alloys for 257

Copper — -

carbonate, fungicidal value 745

carbonate, insecticldal and

larvlcidal value 359

detection 112

detection in water 410

determination 611

methods of analysis 13

sprays, fungicidal value 243, 643

sprays, hot, insecticldal action- 243
tube, crushing by lightning,

U.S.D.A 118

Copperas. (See Iron sulphate.)
Copra, composition and nutritive

value 565

Co-prinus micaceus, transmission by

tree crickets 653

Ooquillettina plankU n.g. and n.sp.,

description 360

Corchorus oUtoriua, cttlture in Egypt 232

944

EXPEEIMENT STATION ILECOBD.

Corn— Page.

analyses 630

analyses, Wyo 667

and cob, ground, analyses 767

and cob meal, analyses, N.J 665

beetle, notes 754

bran, analyses 72, 767

bran, analyses, Ind 263

bran, analyses, Kans 169

bran, analyses, N.J 665

bran, analyses, Tex 467

breeding experiments, N.J 144

chop, analyses 263

chop, analyses, Kans 169

chop, analyses, Tex 467

cockle, effect on baking quality

of wheat, U.S.D.A 558

cost of production, N.J 137

cracked, analyses, N.J 665

crossing experiments 529

crossing experiments, Nebr 228

culture, Colo 630

culture, Kans 529

culture, S.C 694

culture, U.S.D.A 529

culture, Vt 337

culture experiments 431, 434

culture experiments, Can 34

culture experiments, N.Mex 735

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 228

culture In South Africa 227

dry rot, notes li42

ear worm, notes 02

ear worm, notes, Ariz 232

ear worm, remedies 63

ears, soft, ensiling 371

effect on composition of fol-
lowing wheat crop 230

effect on milk and butter 570

feed meal, analyses 72

feeding value, Tenn 807

fertilizer experiments 35,

431,434, 529, 621, 622

fertilizer experiments, Mass 294

fertilizer experiments. Mich 723

fertilizer experiments, Pa 128, 131

fertilizer experiment!, Tex 421

flea-beetle, notes, Ariz 232

for silage, cost of production.

N.J 137

for silage, varieties, Pa 139

germ, effect on milk and but-
ter 570

germ meal, analyses, Ind 203

gluten feed, analyses 72

gluten feed, analyses, Ind 263 •

gluten meal, analyses 72, 371

growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

Improvement in Uruguay 630

inbreeding experiments. Nebr 228

Inheritance in, Conn. State 431

inheritance of alterations In 31

insects affecting 851

Insects affecting, Kans 529

irrigation experiments. Wash 721

Com — Continued. Page.

leaf blight, notes {544

liming experiments, Ohio 520

liming experiments, Pa 132, 133

lye hulling for hominy 66

meal, analyses, Mass 467

meal, analyses, N.J 665

meal, analyses, Vt 371

meal, analyses, Wyo 469, 668

notes, Vt 337

pollination studies, Ariz 233

popability, N.J 145

prices and shrinkage. 111 337

rusts in Canada 51

seed, germination tests, Ohio 830

seed, germination tests. Pa 139

seed, selecting, curing, and

testing, N.Dak 35

seed, storing. Pa 139

silage. (See Silage.)

silk beetle, notes 555

storage, Kans 529

sucrose from 113

sugar content as affected by

detasseling 434

translocation of mineral con-
stituents, U.S.D..\ 427

treatise 529

tropical varieties 306

varieties 431, 434

varieties, Cal 227

varieties, N.Mex 735

varieties. Pa 139

varieties, U.S.D.A 229, 433

viability and vigor as affected by

position on cob. N.J 134

viability tests. N.J 145

water requirements, Nebr 228

water requirements. Wash 720

yield as affected by sulphur 720

yields, Nebr 228

Corncob, ground —

analyses 767

analyses, N.J 665

effect on soil phosphates, Tex_- 421

Cornell University, notes 198, 695, 900

Cornstalk bfctle, notes 757

Corpus luteum substance, effect on —

egg production and growth 668

growth and sexual development- 766
Corrosive sublimate, poisoning of

live stock by, N.Dak 279

Corticium —

salmonicolor, notes 448. 849

spp. on rubber 744

vagum, notes 840

Cotton —

American, introduction into

Sind 227

angular leaf spot, notes, S.C 643

anthracnose, treatment, S.C 643

aphis, notes 549

Arizona-Egyptian, handling and

marketing. U.S.D.A 338

boll weevil, Arizona wild, bi-
ology, U.S.D.A 656

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

945

Cotton — Continued. Page,
boll weevil, chain drag for,

Ala. College 65

boll weevil, control, Ala. College. 163
boll weevil, hibernating in cot-
ton seed. Miss 857

boll weevil, pink, notes 227

culture, S.C 694

culture in Egypt 227

culture in Eritrea 227

culture in German colonies 227

culture in Greece 227

culture in Italian Somaliland— 227

culture in Jubaland 227

culture in Nigeria 227

culture in Portuguese colonies- 227

culture in Russian Turkestan — 227

culture in Uganda 227

culture, labor cost in 227

culture under irrigation, U.S.

D.A 229

disease in island of Nevis 542

distance experiments. Miss 830

Durango, culture in Imperial

Valley, U.S.D.A 434

Egyptian, culture in Southwest,

U.S.D.A 529

Egyptian, heredity in 227

exports, U.S.D.A 194

feeding habits, Ga 139

fertilizer experiments 35, 337

fertilizer experiments, Ga 139

fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A- 512
growth as affected by fertilizers

and soil humidity 337

improvement by selection 227

industry of Leeward Islands 227

insects affecting- 349, 539, 549, 652, 851

leaf diseases in St. Kitts 539

leaves, formation of ascidia in- 429
lessons for rural schools, U.S.

D.A 293

marketing association, by-laws- 288
Sea Island, culture in West In-
dies 227

Sea Island, improvement by se-
lection 631

shedding 227, 844

shedding, S.C 643

spacing experiments, U.S.D.A — 229

spraying for boll weevil, Miss-_ 880
stalk cutter, description, Ala.

College 163

trade, manual 595, 691

varieties 831

varieties, Miss 830

wilt and root knot, notes, S.C — 643

wilt, notes 50

worm, notes 62

Cotton-seed —

cake, analyses, Kans 169

cake, analyses, Tex 467

cake, effect on milk and butter- 570
cake f. cold-pressed cotton-seed

cake for cattle, Ariz 170

cold-pressed, analyses, Ind 263

Cotton-seed — Continued. Page.

cold-pressed, analyses, Kans 160

cold-pressed, analyses, Tex 467

flour, use in bread making 762

fumigating with carbon bisul-

phid 458

hulls, analyses, Ind 263

internal disease of 645

meal, ammoniflcation. Pa 127

meal, analyses 72,

263, 371, 426, 566, 727, 767

meal, analyses, Ind 263

meal, analyses, Kans 169

meal, analyses, Mass 467

meal, analyses, N.H 169

meal, analyses, N.J 665

meal, analyses, Tex 467

meal, analyses, Vt 371

meal, digestibility in mixed ra-
tions, Ga 169

meal, effect on breeding proper-
ties of heifers, Ind 775

meal, effect on cows 279

meal, fertilizing value, Cal 219

meal, fertilizing value, N.J 129

meal for arid soils 621

meal, oxidation in soils, Tex 420

meal poisoning in pigs, U.S.D.A- 474

meal, toxicity 476

meal, toxicity, N.C 79

meal, toxicity, U.S.D.A 381

oil, hydrogenated, digestibility- 659

oil, hydrogenated, properties 9

oil, hydrogenation 10

oil soap as a substitute for

whale oil soap 250

pressure in warehouses 687

Cottonwood borer beetle parasite 66

Cottony cushion-scale in France 850

Coumarin—

effect on plant growth, Tex 126

effect on wheat plants 325

Country —

girls, treatise 290

homes, electric light and power

for 488

homes, sewage disposal in 88

homes, water supply and sewage

disposal for 286, 790

life, conference on 297

life week at Ohio State Univer-
sity 895

County experiment farm law, Ohio — 294

Cover crops —

for apple orchards. Pa 148

for berries, Wash 294

for citrus fruits 344

for Porto Rico, P.R 736

notes. Mass 138

Cow-
champion dairy 269,472

testing associations in New

Hampshire 472

Cowpea —

weevil, notes 754

wilt and root knot, notes, S.C — 643

946

EXPEBIMEHT STATION BECOBD.

Cowpeas — Page.

as a cover crop, P.R 736

as a green manare, U.S.D.A 230

as affected by pod poaltton, N.J_ 134

culture, Colo 630

culture, S.C 694

culture experiments, Miss 227

eflfect on soil, U.S.D.A 420

feeding value, Tenn 867

varieties, Miss 228

Cowpox, complement fixation in 877

Cows —

care and management, Ohio 471

conformation and milk yield 379

cost of feeding by breeds, N.J_- 181

cost of keeping 472

cost of raising. Mass 671

cost of ral-slng, Ohio 470

dairy, rules for testing, Mass 182

factors affecting growth and

dairy qualities. Mo 378

feeding, Wash 269, 694

feeding experiments 471,

663, 670, 671, 873

feeding experiments, Cal 269

feeding experiments, Ky 670

feeding experiments, Mich 773

feeding experiments, N..T 180

feeding experiments, N.Mex 774

feeding experiments, Ohio 670

feeding experiments, Pa 181, 182

feeding experiments. Wash 773

feeding standards for 670

hi^h-prodncing, notes 472

large i'. small for milk produc-
tion, Wash 773

official tests, rules for, Cal 76

open shed v. regular stabling

for. Pa 181, 182

records. (See Dairy herd rec-
ords.)

BoUIng crops v. silage for 671

Crab apple blight, notes CIS

Cr ambus —

hortcllus, notes 7.">G

lutcolellus, notes 752

Cranberries —

culture in Wisconsin 42

fertilizer experiments 834

fertilizer experiments, Pa 150

Cranberry —

bogs, temperature conditions in. 715

fruit worm, notes 851

glrdler, notes 7.'56

leaf miner notes 851

tip worm, notes 851

Cream —

contests, U.S.D.A 874

cooling 572

examination, Me 76

handHng, I'a. 79

methods of analysis, U.S.D.A. — 713
pasteurization costs, U.S.D.A. -_ 380
pasteuriiatlon for butter mak-
ing, Inil 775

Cream — Continued. Page.

production and inspection In

New England 380

ripened, bacteria in 672

separators, description 891

separators, operation 891

separators, tests 590

Creamery —

experimental, at Grove City,

Pennsylvania 498

refuse, disposal 89

Creatin —

determination in muscle and

other organs 507

origin 507

Creatinin, orlg^in 507

Creosote —

examination 508

Insecticidal and larvicidal value 359

Cresol emulsions, tests 780

Crimson clover. (See Clover.)

Crithidia leptocoridis, morphology

and life history 858

CramiK ra-xtanece n.sp., dosrrlption__ 456

Cronartium —

comandro" and Peridermium py-

riforme, identity 539

quercuum and Peridermium

harlcnc.itii, association 849

ribicola, parasite of 751

ribicola threatening Pacific

States 354

Crop —

growth as affected by fertilizers. 517

reports, U.S.D.A 91.

290, 392, 595. 690, 896
residues, analyses and use, S.C_ 519
rotations. (See Rotation of

crops, t
yields, relation to weather 319,416

Cropping systems and climate, cor-
relation 003

Crops —

choice of. Wash 694

Improvement, Mich 735

production in Ireland 291

water requirements 306

Cross-breeding, variations under 864

Crotalaria —

retusa. culture, P.R 736

spp., fertilizing value 34

Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.)

Cryptococcus farciminonuit, notes 480,586

Cryptotnrria japonira leaves, essen-
tial oil of 802

Crj/ptorhyncJiut —

lapathi, remedies 656

n.sp. on cassava 65

sp. affecting sugar cane 556

Cucumber —

anpular leaf spot, studies, U.S.

D.A 442

beetle, western 12-spotted, notes. 857

beetles, notes 656

worm, studies, Ky 866

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

947

Page.
Cucurbit bacterial wilt, dissemina-
tion, U.S.D.A 244

Culex 9pp. in Bahamas 553

Culicldae. (Sec Mosquitoes.)
Culture media, hydrogen ion con-
centration In 136

Cumulus over a fire, U.S.D.A 413

Cuprous oxid, determination in Feh-

ling's solution Gil

Currant —

fruit weevil attacking blueber-
ries, Me 852

leaf diseases, treatment, N.Y.

Cornell 747

mildew, notes 648

Currants, culture, N.Y. State 42

Current-meter —

gaging stations, equipment for_ 84
meter, use in irrigation canals,

U.S.D.A 281

Cuscuta spp., seed germination, Pa 155

Cuterebra cimiculi, reproductive and

host habits 358

Cutworm, black, notes 250

Cutworms —

in Hawaii 59

injurious to tobacco 453

notes 251, 360

poisoned bait for 358

Cyanid —

effect on locust borer and locust

tree 757

fumigation, effect on bud for-
mation, N.J 143

Cyanids, detection In water 410

Cyanin, studies 709

Cyanophyceffi, distribution in soils 513

Cylas formicarius, notes 65

CylindrospoHum pomi as affected

by cold, U.S.D.A 538

Cyllene robinw, remedies 757

Gynomys ludomciantts, control, Nebr_ 57

Cypress, southern, U.S.D.A 46

Cystoptis —

Candidas, notes 750

impomace pandurana, studies,

Del 156

Cytospora spp. on plums 648

Daffodils, treatise 741

Dahlia, phyllody of corolla in, N.,T 143

Dalkons, culture 41

Dairy —

appliances and utensils, Ky 571

bacteriology at Berne Congress- 76

barns, construction, \7ash 789

barns, plans 487

by-products, pasteurization, N.Y.

State 673

experimental work In Pennsyl-
vania 498

farm, small, developing, Wash- 494

herd records 269, 472

herd records, N.J 181

herd records. Pa 182

herd records. Wash 774

Dairy — Continued. Page.

laboratory guide 571

products, inspection and distri-
bution in New England 380

products, standardization and

branding 381

sewage, purification 590, 687

Dairying —

function in agriculture 305

treatise 670

Daliergia latifolia, notes 240

Dasychira pudibu7ida, notes 63

Dasyphara pratorum, hibernation 254

Date palms, transplanting experi-
ments, U.S.D.A 231

Dates of Egypt and Sudan, U.S.D.A. 43

Davainea n.spp. in fowls 281

Delaware —

College, notes 295, 797

Station, notes 797

Delphas saccharivora, notes 753

Dt'lphinin, stTidies 709

Deltocephalus n.spp., descriptions 255

Dematophora necatrix on apple and

gooseberry 49

Demodex folUculorum, remedies, Cal 275
Dendrocalamus strictus, culture ex-
periments, U.S.D.A 232

DendroUmus pini, metamorphosis 361

Denitrification in soils 423

Department of agriculture. (See
United States Department of Agri-
culture.)

Dermatitis Ln horses, Cal 274

Dermatobia, reproductive and host

habits 358

Desmodium —

adscendens, culture, P.R 736

incanum, culture, P.R 736

Desmometopa, commensalism in 359

Dew, measurement 510

Dewberries —

culture, N.Y. State 42

phyllody of corolla in, N.J 143

Dexiidas, new, in South America 65

Dextrin —

determination in food products- 205

products, examination 11

use in food products 167

Dextrose —

determination 611

effect on carbon dioxid produc-
tion, N.J 127

Dhauri, notes 239

Diabetes, studies 462

Diatrotica^—

soror, notes 656, 837

trivittata, notes 656

Diachasma —

pilosipes, notes 455

tryoni, notes 556

Diamesa mendot<e n.sp., life history- 651

Diamond-back moth, remedies 654

Diaphania nitidalis. (See Pickle
worm.)

948

EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD.

Diaporthe — Page.

amhigua, notes — 543

iatatatis, studies, Del 15G

parasitica, life history and

morphology, Pa 157

Diaprepes abbreviatus, notes 753

Diarrhea —

bacillary white, in chicks.

Mass 189, 275, 387

in chicks, treatment, N.C 881

in infants, relation to heat 462

Diaapis pentaoona — ■

control in Italy 851

parasites of 456

Diastrophus fragaricB n.sp., descrip-
tion 362

Diatrwa —

saccharalis. (See Sugar cane
borer.)

atriatalis, notes 758

8triatali8, parasites of 656

Dioranomyia foliocuniculator n.sp.,

description 554

Dictf/ocaulua filaria, studies, Cal 274

Didonerut minutus, notes 754

Didymella applanata, notes 55

(Dielis) Cainpsomeris dorsata, notes- 455
Diet—

during growth, essential fac-
tors in 368

effect on hlood sugar 562

effect on growth of the brain 662

effect on nitrogen and chlorln

content of perspiration 662

effect on secretion of urine in

Infants 7C."

for an orphanage 4G2

mineral constituents of 56.'?

of southern wage-earners' fami-
lies 259

of Swiss worklngraen 661

relation to pellagra 258. 259, 764

(See also Food.)
Digestion experiments —

with adults and infants 167

with men 650

with steers, Ga 169

with young cattle 372

Digitalis as affected by composition

of soils 18

Digitalis purpurea, assimilation of

mineral salts by 135

Dihydroxystearic add —

effect on plants 325

effect on plants, Tex 126

Dlmethylauilln, insectlcidal and lar-

vlcidal vahie 359

Diori/ctria achiitseella, notes 855

Diphtheria —

bacilli In birds 83

toxin, concentration and purifi-
cation 579

Diphtheroid bacillus in horses and

calves 186

Diplocj/xtiJi achnrideri. chromosome

cycle 458

Diplodia — Pae*.

maydis, notes i:42

natalensis, notes 446

palmicola, notes 242

pinea, notes 242

sp., notes 247

sp. on limes 750

tubericola, studies, Del 156

Diplodiella, nonvalidlty of genus 242

Dipping —

theory and practice 186

#ats, construction, U.S.D.A 479

Diprion (Lophyrus) simile In Con-
necticut 363

Diptera —

of West Indies 65

photographic atlas 654

Disaccharids, enzymatic synthesis 803

Diseases —

air-borne, relation to ventila-
tion 192

insect-borne. In Pan America 754

of animals. (See Animal dis-
eases.)
of plants, (gee Plant diseases.)

Disinfectants —

baclerlcidal properties 675

tests 780

Dissosteira longipennis, notes, 159
U.S.D.A 159

Dlstlllors' grains, dried —

analyses 72. 263. 566, 767

analyses. Ind 263

analyses, Mass 467

analyses, N.H 169

analyses. N..T 665

analysps, Vt 371

for hogs. Ky 665

Distillery slop for hogs, Ky 666

Ditches, machines for cleaning,

U.S.D.A 189

Diuresis —

pituitary factor In 75

relation to milk flow, U.S.D.A-- 570

Dodders, clover, germination of seed.

Pa 155

Dog diseases, etiology and vaccina-
tion 575

Dogs —

as carriers of parasites and dis-
ease 280

Intestinal parasitism, comple-
ment fixation in <J82

Dolichos lahlah —

culture and characteristics,

U.S.D.A 436

culture in Egypt 232

Dolomite, fertilizing value. Pa 133

Domestic art or science. (See Home
economics.)

Dothiorclla —

greparia on walnuts, Cal 447

sp. on walnuts 56. 353

Dourlne —

in horses, diagnosis 186, 385

in Northwest 185

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

949

Page.

Dragonflies, food habits 549, 550

Drainage —

ditches, machinery for, U.S.

D.A 189,583

ditches, opening with dynamite.

Pa 125

effect on yield of sugar cane 586

In Iowa 885

In Italy 786

In North Carolina 885

in North Carolina, N.C 585

of alkali soils. Cal 283

of irrigated lands 86, 483

pumping, cost of 585

tile. (See Tile.)

use of pumps in, U.S. D.A 283

Drawing, agricultural, text-book 487, 598

Dredges, use in land drainage, U.S.

D.A 189

Dried blood —

ammonification. Pa 127

analyses, Ind 263

availability, N.J 130

fertilizing value 520

fertilizing value, Cal 219

fertilizing value, N.J 129

fertilizing value. Pa 128, 131

Dried-fruit beetle, notes 454

Drosophila ampelophila. {See Po-
mace fly.)

Droughts in Union of South Africa- 818

Drugs — ■

bacteriological examination 713

Inspection in Connecticut, Conn.

State 458

inspection in Florida 762

Inspection in Indiana 861

inspection in Kentucky, Ky 761

inspection in North Dakota, N.

Dak 366

misbranding, U.S. D.A 661

Dry farming investigations in United

States 34

Dryinidse, life histories 557

Duck house, description, N.J 177

Ducks —

care and management 377

care and management, U.S.D.A_ 569

destruction of mosquito larvse 856

Duodenal regurgitation, effects of 862

Durum wheat. (See Wheat, durum.)

Dust —

fall in English towns and cities- 15

from blast furnace gas, analyses- 623

prevention, notes 484, 890

Duty of water. {See Water, duty.)

Dynamite —

effect on soil, Pa 125

for heavy clay soils, Kans 819

in soil preparation for alfalfa.

Miss 228

use in rubher culture 47

Dyomyx, notes 855

D]/8cedestis faHnatella, notes 855

Page.
Dysentery, chronic bacterial. (See

Johne's disease.)
Earth, internal structure, U.S.D.A. — 614
Earthquakes in United States, U.S.

D.A 615

East coast fever. (See African

coast fever.)
Eccoptogaster (Scolytus) rugulosxis

affecting loquats 361

Echinocactiis tcislizcni, accumulation

and destruction of acid in 730

Echinochasmus pcrfoliatus in pigs 480

Echinochloa crus-galli, analyses,

N.Dak 39

Echinorliynchus gigas, description 280

Eclampsia, puerperal. (See Milk
fever. )

Ectoparasites injurious to man 251

Edestin, refractive indexes 803

Education —

agricultural. (See Agricultural
education.)

value to the farmer. Mo 393

vocational, cultural value 897

vocational, in Illinois 598

Egg-
laying contest in British Colum-
bia 470

laying contest In Missouri 869

production as affected by pitui-
tary substance 75

production, feeding for. Mo 377

production, illustrated lecture,

U.S.D.A 196

production, improvement by se-
lection 870

production in hens. Pa 176

production in hens, studies 869

production, inheritance in hens_ 74, 564
production of different poultry

breeds 569

production of February-hatched

pullets 377

production, winter cycle in, U.S.

D.A 470

Eggplants —

crossing experiments, N.J 146

limitation studies, N.J 146

varieties, N.J 146

Eggs —

color xenia and telegony in 569

composition 569

hatchability, N.J 178

improving quality of, Kans 179

incubation experiments, Pa 179

marketing cooperatively, N.J. — 178

meaning of size 770

preservation 470

seasonable variation in quality- 669
weight in relation to rations,

Pa 179

Elaioplasts in monocotyledons and

dicotyledons ^ — 825

Elaphidion villosum, notes 752

Elater segestis, notes 757

950

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Pagre.

Elder, marsh, analyses, N.Dak 39

Electric —

bake ovens, notes 460

currents, effect on transmission
of excitation in plants and

animals 29

light and power in country

homes 488

niagaras, use in hail protection. 208

pumping for irrigation 86

Electricity —

of atmospheric precipitation,

U.S.D.A 413

use in agriculture 87, 287, 686

use in cafeteria cooking 861

waterfall, U.S.D.A 414

wind power plant for 191

Electroculture experiments 727

Electrolytes —

exosmosis from plant tissue 731

measuring conductivity, Mich__ 732
Elephants, domestication In Belgian

Kongo 376

Eleutheroda dytiscoides in Hawaii 59

Elevators, cooperative, In Minnesota,

Minn 392

Elm —

cluster louse and woolly apple

aphis, identity 3.'J7

leaf beetle, notes 7-')-

Bmmer —

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 137

c\ilture under irrigation, Colo 52.*?

varieties, U.S.D.A 733

Empria spp., studies, Iowa 758

Empufta muiic<r, destruction of flies. 254

Enchrnopa binolata, life history 356

Endothla —

parofiitica, effect of continuous

desiccation on 56

parasitica in Japan 848

parasitica, persistence of pycno-

epores 546

para.fitica threatening Pacific

States 351

parasitica, transmission by in-
sects 853

radicalia on Pasania sp. In

Japan 848

Enemas, nutrient, absorption and

utilization 258

Engines —

antlfreezing solutions for 891

gas, construction and operation. 487

gas, gasoline, and oil, treatise 287

gas, operation and efficiency 891

gasoline, installing 891

Internal combustion, adjusting. 788
traction and portable, uniform

boiler laws for 588

Enln, studies 709

Enologlcal Investigations, Cal 207

Enteritis —

chronic. (See Johne's disease.)

In sliecp „..- 275

Page.

Enterohepatltis, Infectious. (Bee
Blackhead.)

Entomological —

laboratories, new, in Canada 296

Society of America 400

Society of British Columbia 651

Entomology —

economic, progress in 449

medical and veterinary, treatise. 850

Entomosporium maculatum, notes 846

Enzym action, studies 111

Enzyms —

chemistry of 502

of apples, U.S.D.A 201

of plants, studies 428, 731

oxidase, notes 711

production and activity of 32

(Bee also Ferments.)

Eosinophilia. notes 276

Eosinophils, investigations 878, 879

Ephcdrus (Eatit'OJi* n.sp., description. 363

Ephestia —

cahifitella, notes 754

kuchniella. {See Mediterranean
flour moth.)

Bpiblema tedella, notes 855

Epicampes macroura as a paper-mak-
ing material, U.S.D.A 318

Epidinncarsi-a pscudococci n.sp., de-
scription 456

Epinephrin in fetal pituitary and su-
prarenal glands 675

Epinotia —

fasciolana, studies. Me 852

nanana, notes 855

Epithelioma, contagious. In chickens,

Nov 189

Spitrur —

curumerit, notes, N J 158

funnila. remedies 361

Eranni* tiliaria. (Bee Lime-tree
winter moth.)

Ergot —

of Equlda? !568

of wild rice, studies 444

Eriophye* quadrisetua, notes 450

Eriopus floridentia, notes, N.J 168

Erioaoma —

puri, identity. U.S.D.A 854

(Echizoneura) lanipera, notes.

Me 161

Bryaiphe —

pramini-a, notes 644, 845

polyponi. notes 52

Erythrocytes of Australian verte-
brates 577

Escutcheon, relation to milk and

butter production. Ky 670

Essential oils. (See Oils, essential.)

Esters, volatile, determination in

citrus oils and extracts 410

Ether extract of feeding stuffs 13

Ethyl acetate vapor, larvlcldal value. 359

Ethylent", iCfeit on plant metabolism. 626

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

951

Page.

158
453
438

742

232
359

453

653
851
656

360
363

523

EucactophaguB ffraphipterus, notes,
N.J

Eucallipterus flavus, notes

EucaljT)ts, culture In Dominica

Eucalyptus —

n.spp., descriptions

rudis, culture experiments, U.S.

D.A

Eucalyptus oil, larvicidal value

Euceraphis gillettei n.sp., descrip-
tion

Eudemis moth —

destruction by heat

notes

Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi, notes

EumarschaUa gennadii n.subg. and

n.sp., notes

Eumicrosoma beneflca, life history —
Euonymus japonica, respiration in-
vestigations

Eupelminus swezeyi n.sp., descrip-
tion 66

Euproctis —

chrysorrhaea. {See Brown -tail
moth.)

sp. affecting tea 652

Eurytoma funiperinus n.sp., descrip-
tion •*50

Euttetix —

n.sp., description 255

tenella. (See Beet leaf-hopper.)
Euthrips —

occidentalis, studies 450

pyri. (See Pear thrips.)
Eutypa —

codtUvora, notes 442

orumpens, notes 841

Etixesta notata, notes 360

Euxoa ochrogaster, poisoned l»ait for 358
Evaporation —

from irrigation reservoirs and

canals 387

stations, InstaUation and opera-
tion, U.S.D.A 509

Bvetria —

Intoliana in New Jersey 355

iuoliana, notes 752

resinella, notes 855

Evolution, mutation factor in 629

Excavating machinery, investiga-
tions, U.S.D.A 189

Excitation in plants and animals — 29

Exenterus diprioni n.sp., description 456
Exercise tn education and medicine,

treatise 261

Exochomus quadripustulatus, intro-
duction Into California 361

Ezorista ccesar n.sp., description 855

Experiment —

Station at Yawnghwe, Burma — 696
station work as a basis for agri-
cultural extension and demon-
stration 104

Experiment — Continued. Page.

station work, coordination 2

stations as a field for research

workers "^01

stations, functions of 699

stations, organization lists,

U.S.D.A 94

stations, work and expenditures,

U.S.D.A 493

{See also Alabama, etc.)
Extension work. (See Agricultural
colleges and Agricultural exten-
sion work.)

Extractives, value In nutrition 258

Fannia canicularis, hibernation 254

Farcy. (See Glanders.)
Farm —

animal.s. (See Live stock and

Animals.)
buildings, drawing and design. 598

buildings, plans 892

crops, feeding of, treatise 326

equipment, calculating interest

on, U.S.D.A 194

laborers. (See Agricultural
laborers.)

leases in Iowa, Iowa 193, 792

machinery. (See Agricultural

machinery.)
management in Chemung

County, New York 791

management in Chester County,

Pennsylvania, U.S.D.A 592

management svirvey. Mo 393

management survey data, use,

U.S.D.A 895

mechanics school in Argentina- 99
products. (See Agricultural
products.)

structures, designs 487

tenancy. (See A^icultural
tenancy.)
Farmers —

attitude toward science 401

elevators in Minnesota, Minn 392

institutes in Ontario 94

National Congress of United

States 596

small, In Italy 391

value of education to. Mo 393

winter school for, Wash 494

Farming —

as a business, Wash 95

in Canada 490

In United Kingdom in time of

war 89

In Willamette Valley 490

manual 6.35, 796

safe, U.S.D.A 688

systems 90

systems, production efficiency — 298
tenant, in Yazoo-Mississlppl

Delta, U.S.D.A 593

(See also Agriculture.)

952

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

Farms — Page.

cost of fencing, U.S.D.A 4S5

demonstration or illustration, in

Canada 490

electricity on 87

for sale in Connecticut 289

planting 789

scJiool, care and management 394

sewage disposal on 88

size of in Texas 488

water power for 84, 185, 286, 586

Farmstead, arrangement and adorn-
ment, N. Dak 83«

Fasting, studies 863

Fat-
animal and plant, differentiation 13

animal, digestibility, U.S.D.A__ 364
animal, effect of free fatty

acids on 312

as a substitute for carbohy-
drates for Infants 462

determination 505

determination in cheese 206

determination in ice cream 113

determination in milk 506

determination in milk and

cream, U.S.D.A 713

determination in milk and other

fluids 206

determination of quality in

cream 714

digestion and absorption 257

effect on protein metabolism- 762, 763

extraction, new apparatus for — 313

extractor, description S04

heat of bromination 803

metabolism, relation to blood

fat 563

technology and analysis, treatise. 507

Fatty acids. (See Acids.)

Feeding standards —

agreement in 670

discrepancies In 379

for young cattle 372

Feeding stuffs —

analyses 72. 371, 664, 767

effect on milk and butter 570

effect on milk fat globules 570

ether-soluble constituents of !.'>

Inspection and analyses, Ind 263

Inspection and analyses, Kans 169

Inspection and analyses, N.H 168

Inspection and analyses, N.J 665

Inspection and analyses, Vt 371

Inspection in Florida 767

Inspection in Georgia 5G6

Inspection in Maine, Me 371

inspection in Maryland 566

Inspection In Massachusetts,

Mass 467

Inspection in North Carolina 263

Inspection in Ohio 371, 566

Inspection in Pennsylvania 72

Inspection in Texas, Tex 467

law in Kansas, Kans 169

law in Texas, Tex 467

Feeding stuffs — Continued. Page.

medicinal, inspection, Kans 169

pentosans of, Tex 168

sugar-containing, notes 565

valuation 379, 670

water-soluble nitrogen of 72, 501

(See also specific kinds.)

Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.)

Feeds and feeding, manual 261, 565

Feldspar —

as a source of potash 27, 328

deposits in Georgia 328

ground, as a fertilizer 328

Fence posts —

concrete, construction 487, 685

preservation, Iowa 153, 743

Fences, construction 487

Fencing, cost data, U.S.D.A 485

Ferment action, studies 674

Fermentation —

alcoholic, monograph 318

in wineries, Cal 207

Ferments —

carbohydrate, of pancreatic

juice 257

defensive, studies 578,579

digestive, adaptation to diet 662

protective, formation 578

relation to digestion and other

life processes 563

spedflc, for tjphold-coll group. 278
(See also Enzyms.)

Fern —

caterpillar, Florida, notes, N.J. 158
prothallia, nutrition and devel-
opment of sexual organs In 824

Fertilizer —

exporiments In Switzerland 22

experiments, systematic scheme

for 218

(See also special crops.)

law in Pennsylvania 626

plats, bacteriology of. Pa 127

requirements of soils. (See
SoUs.)

adtuatlon In Germany 327

situation in Great Britain 621

Fertilizers — •

analy.ses 332, 426, 625. 727

application 327

as nutrient for soil bacteria 327

bibliography 426

catalytic, use 623

effect on action of soil organic

compounds, Tex 126

effect on composition of meadow

hay 620

effect on composition of me-
dicinal plants 18

effect on composition of soy

beans, N.J 632

effect on crop growth 517

effect on development of cotton. 337

effect on pear blight 647

effect on protein content of soy

beans, N.J 140

rNDEX OF SUBJECTS.

953

Fertilizers — Coijtinued. Page.

effect on soil fertility 517

fish, composition 28

freight rates on 392

handbook 29

home mixing 426

inspection and analyses, Cal 133

Inspection and analyses, Conn.

State 520

Inspection and analyses, Kans_ 624
inspection and analyses, Ky — 521, S22

inspection and analyses, Mass_ 624

inspection and analyses. Me 726

inspection and analyses, N.H — 521

inspection and analyses, N.J__ 625
inspection and analyses, N.Y.

State 521

Inspection and analyses, R.I — 426

inspection and analyses, S.C 521

Inspection and analyses, Tex — 134

Inspection and analyses, Vt 332

inspection and analyses, Wis 134

inspection in Canada 625

inspection in Louisiana 332

Inspection in Maryland 426

inspection In North Carolina- 426, 727

inspection in Ohio 727

inspection in Pennsylvania 625

international movement 426

long-continued use, Pa 128

mixing with seed 517

nature and use 326

nitrogenous. {See Nitrogenous

fertilizers.)
phosphatlc. (See Phosphates.)
potash. (See Potash.)

processed, nitrogen in 327

purchasing in Netherlands 893

residual effects 25

residual value, determination — 22

utilization by crops 327

yearbook 28

(See also specific materials.)
Peterita—

chop, analyses, Tex 467

culture experiments, Wyo 630

use in bread making 67

Fiber —

crops, culture experiments,

Oreg 228

crude. {See Cellulose.)

Industry in British East Africa. 227

Industry in Mauritius 227,434

plants, culture in German

colonies 227

Fibers —

commercial valuation 227

of Dutch East Indies 227

tropical, paper-making value 227

Field-
crop competitions for boys and

girls 493

crops, cost of production, N.J — 137

crops, feeding of, treatise 326

crops, water requirements, Nebr. 228

{See aUo special crops.)
peas. (Bee Peas.)

Field experiments — Page.

accuracy in, U.S.D.A 827

correcting for soil differences,

U.S.D.A 829

use of parallel plats in 634

Figs —

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 231

Smyrna, culture in California — 534

Filaria —

in horses, transmission by stable

flies 359

In Philippines 879

Filariasis, etiology 477

Filbert bacterial disease, notes 351

Filter, Berkefeld, usefulness 390

Filters —

deep percolating, efficiency 888

mechanical, tests 483

Fir —

balsam, of Rocky Mountains,

U.S.D.A 742

Douglas, growth data 440

Douglas, volume tables 641

waste, destructive distillation — 153
waste, use in tannin-extract in-
dustry 508

Fire blight in Wyoming 747

Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.)

Fish —

fertilizers, composition 28

guano, fertilizing value, Cal 219

laws of Pennsylvania 650

meal adulteration, detection 467

meal, analyses 263

meal, analyses. Mass 467

poison, action of digestive fer-
ments on 459

poisoning, studies 459

ponds, notes 569

putrefaction of 163

scrap, analyses, N.H 169

scrap, fertilizing value 28

waste, analyses 28

Flasks, suction, check value for 608

Flax —

cross-breeding experiments 629

culture experiments, U.S.

D.A 137, 228, 229

culture for seed In Argentina — 434

cvdture in British East Africa- 35

culture under irrigation, Colo — 528

fertilizer experiments 330

straw, paper and fiber-board

from U.S.D.A 509

succotash, analyses and feeding

value 663

varieties, Wyo 630

Flea beetles injurious to mustard 65

Fleas —

notes, U.SJJ.A 159

relation to plague-like disease

of rodents 355

Flies—

as carriers of infection 254

control on college farm, N.J 160

destruction . ■ ■■ 856

954

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Files — Continued. Page,
destruction by bacterial cul-
tures 264

house. (See House fly.)

hystrlcUne, of Peru 65

hystridine, with white maggots. 65

Injurious to man 251

muscold, notes 65

relation to myiasis in man and

animals 359

spallanzaniine, of Andes 65

white. (See White fly.)

Floods of Nile 413

Flora of Northwest Coast of United

States, treatise 336

Floriculture, manual 836

Florida red scale, notes 60

Flour-
analyses 164,760

baking strength 803

beetle, notes 754

determination of strength and

baking qualities 610

feeding, analyses, NJ 665

fermentation losses In 660

from western Canada, baking

qualities 365

low grade, analyses 72

milling and baking tests,

U.S.D.A 558

red dog, analyses 263, .371

red dog, analyses, Ind 263

red dog, analyses. Mass 467

red dog, analyses. N.H 108

red dog, analyses, Vt 371

unbolted, detection In bread 113

Flower —

color, Mendelian factors for 335

colorntion. review of investiga-
tions 824

pigments, review of literature 335

Flowers —

color and structure In relation

to sunlight 237

of sulphur, mixing with Ume 51

pelorla in 823

pressing 237

treatise 535

variations In coloring matter 710

Fluorin, effect on vegetation 624

Fodder —

crops In India 262

Inorganic, preparation 72

Insects affecting 651

Pog—

beach and fracto-cumulus, U.S.

D^ 118

hi Manchester, England, U.S.

D.A 414

Fofties —

funiperinu« in British East Af-
rica 646

lucidiu, notes 50

aemitoftwi In tropical America- 442

tettiitostus, notes 57, 744

Food — Page.

anaylses, N.Dak <;7

analysis, treatise 506, 610

bacteriological examination 713

cereal. {See Cereal foods.)

chemistry, progress in 1914 658

composition and cost in Spain 255

composition and energy value. _ 561

definitions and standards 661

effect on heat production in

man 68

examination 762

inspection in Connecticut, Conn.

State 458

Inspection in Florida 762

Inspection in Indiana 861

Inspection in Kentucky, Ky 761

Inspection in North Carolina 661

Inspection In North Dakota, N.

Dak 67, 256, 366, 661

poisoning epidemic. Investiga-
tions 563

products, thickeners used In 167

protection from contamination. 790

recipes 794

review of Investigations 762

stored, Lqsects affecting 651

supply of Germany 791

supply of United Kingdom In

time of war 89

supply of United States Navy 167

supply, relation to population 594

use (luring war 561

vegetable, course In, U.S.D.A 899

{See also Diet.)
Foot-and-mouth disease —

control 781

In Germany 781

in Great Britain 382

In Ireland 186

in man 383

In United States 383

outbreak In 1914, Mich 777

studies 273,575,677.879

Forage —

crop mixtures, tests. Wash 735

crops, culture. Wyo 630

crops, culture experiments. Can. 34

crops, culture experiments, Oreg- 228
crops, culture experiments.

Wash 736

crops, fertilizer experiments 22

crops, field tests, accuracy In,

U.S.D.A 827

crops for Colorado plains, Colo. 630

crops for pigs, N.J 172

crops. Improvement 34

crops in Union of South Africa. 241

crops, laboratory manual 598

crops, varieties. Wash 736

(gee also .vpecial crops.)
moisture content and shrinkage,

U.SJD.A 827

poisoning due to Claviceps pa»-

paii, MJss 676

poisoning In horses and moles 681

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

955

Forest — Paee.

administration. (See Forestry.)
assessment and survey in New

South Wales 743

ecology, notes 441

fire legislation In United

States 441

fires in North Carolina 642

fires in Vermont 837

fires in Washington 837

fires, light burning as a protec-
tion against 441

tires, protection against 238

Investigations in Dehra Dun 743

laws in North Carolina 642

laws in Pennsylvania 152, 650

mapping, instruments for 641

preserve of New York 347

products, foreign trade in, U.S.

D.A 194

products of Canada 48, 348

protection in California 538

protection, trend and practice — 642
seeds. (See Tree seeds.)

succession, studies 537

survey in Sumatra 237

taxation in New Jersey 642

tent-caterpillar, notes 752

trees. (See Trees.)
types, meteorological factors ln_ 640
working plans, history and de-
velopment 641

Forestation of school lands in Ne-
braska 347

Forestry —

cooperation in 238

in Canada 2.38, 641

in Dutch East Indies 239, 743

in England 743

in Europe, breeding and selec-
tion work in 536

In Hawaii 837

in India 46, 239, 441, 837, 838

in Japan 348

in Java 348

In Latin America 306

in New South Wales 838

in Nyasaland 743

in Philippines 306

in Prussia 348

in Quebec 239

in Queensland 239

in Russia, steppe region 536

in Saxony 743

in South Australia 743

in United States 46, 152

in Vermont 837

instruction in United States 308

yearbook 494

Forests —

as affected by light burning 441

brush disposal In 441

effect on temperature of air

current, U.S.D.A 413

Insects affecting 251

50633°— 16 6

Forests — Continued. Page.

National, handbook for campers,

U.S.D.A 46

National, in United States, U.S.

D.A 46

National, laws applicable to,

U.S.D.A 837

National, telephone construction

in, U.S.D.A 191

National, trail construction in,
U.S.D.A 190

National, working plans 441

northern hardwood, U.S.D.A 152

of Alaska 640

of Anne Arundel County, Mary-
land 440

of British Columbia 641

of Preanger, Java 239

of Smoky River Valley and
Grande-Prairie country, Can-
ada 538

of United States 46

planting in New York 152

soil types for 640

utilization with portable mills- 642

windfall damage in 640

Formaldehyde, effect on animal or-
ganism 459

Formalin. (Bee Formaldehyde.)
Fossil ruminant from Rock Creek,

Texas 264

Foul brood law in Texas, Tex 454, 657

Fowl, putrefaction of 163

Fowls —

fecundity in 870

feeding experiments. Pa 178

killing loss in. Pa 179

relation to tuberculosis in pigs_ 277

reproduction in 668

secondary sexual characters ln_ 870

summer sickness of, N.J 178

White Leghorn, barring factor

in, N.J 177

(See also Poultry.)

Fox diseases, notes 784

Foxes, silver, raising in eastern

North America, U.S.D.A 180

Fracto-cumulus and beach fog, U.S.

D.A 118

Franklinothrips tenuicornis n.sp., de-
scription 62

Freezing —

effect on composition of oranges

and lemons 365

germicidal effect 382

Freight rates on agricultural prod-
ucts 392

Frit fly —

attacking com 454

injurious to summer - sown

crops 360,449

Frogs as affected by low tempera-
ture 7.51

Frontina apectabiUs n.sp., descrip-
tion 855

956

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Frost — Page,
in United States, bibliography,

U.S.D.A 414

protection against 319, 341, 509

relation to temperature inver-
sions 715

o-J- Fructose pentacetate, notes 408

Fruit—

at Agronomic Experiment Sta-
tion, Santiago de las Vegas,

Cuba 437

auctions in New York 400

bud sports in 740

by-products, manufacture, Cal_ 207

canning 714

citrus. (See Citrus fruits.)

culture pxppiiraents, S.C G35

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 231

culture In Lucknow 232

culture in South Carolina 233

culture, relation to low tem-
perature 737

culture, relation to tempera-
ture variations, Utah 61.1

culture, treatise 533

dried, microbiology 460

fertilizers for 436

flies In Brazil 856

fly, Mediterranean, ns affected

by cold storage, U.S.D.A 554

fly, Moditerranean, control 360

fly, Moditerranean, control In

Hawaii 758

fly, Mediterranean, dissemina-
tion by bananas, U.S.D.A 655

fly, Mediterranean, notes 856

fly parasites In Hawaii 59, 556

new, at Minnesota Fruit Breed-
ing Farm 637

new or noteworthy In Philip-
pines 639

orchard, acclimatization, U.S.

D.A 231

orchard, blooming dates, N..T__ 144
orchard, bridge grafting. U.S.

D.A 833

orchard, culture experiments 833

orchard, culture in South Aus-
tralia 341

orchard, fertilizer experiments. S33

orchard, Insects affecting 251, 651

orchard, varieties. U.S.D.A 231

parthenocarpy in 226

picking and baniliing 437

pollination 233,341

propagation 533

pruning 533,833

self-sterlllty In 341

small, acclimatization, U.S.D.A. 231
small, culture in Rrltish Colum-
bia 43S

small, insects affecting 651

small, varieties, U.S.D.A 231

stone, bacterial disease of,

N.Y.Cornell 248

tree borers, notes. Mo. Fruit 361

Fruit — Continued. Page.

tree gummosis, notes 846

tree leaf-roller, pupal Instar 357

tree leaf-roller, remedies 63, 552

tree, leaf-roller, remedies, N.Y.

Cornell 755

tree leaves. Insects affecting 549

tree wounds, aspbaltum as a

dressing for, I'a 154

trees as affected by dynamiting,

Fa 125

trees, top-grafting 437

trees, wood decay In, Cal 53

tropical and semitropical,

manual 438

tropical, culture in Philippines- 635

varieties, S.C 635

varieties. U.S.D.A 231

varieties for British Columbia. 437

varieties for Georgia 436

varieties for Illinois 42

varieties for New Jersey, N.J_ 144

varieties for West Virginia 637

varieties for western Washing-

tion. Wash 796

Fuel, saving In house heating 789

Fulgorldap, hymenopterous parasites. 557

Fumniio citri, notes 446

Fumigating room, gas-tight door for,

Cal 60

Fumigation —

leakage meter, calibration, Cal. 751

of households. Ark 653

Fungi —

aa affected by aluminum 536

as affected by cold, U.S.D.A 538

biological studies 49

cellulose destroying 136

Isolating single-spore strains 538

polymorphism In 32

wood-decaying, treatment. Cal. 240
wood-destroying. In orchard

trees, Cal 53

Fungicides —

analyses. Mich 436

analyses. N.J 6.39

Inspection, Me 40

preparation and use 643

preparation and use. Colo 539

preparation and use, Mich 436

preparation and use, N.Y.

Cornell 739

standard r. nonstandard, Cal.. 232

Fur —

bearing animals, laws relating

to, U.S.D.A 751

buyers' guide 570

Furmra pioantca, varieties grown in

Mauritius -— 434

Furniture. Insects affecting 651

Fuaavium —

ronplutinatxd, studies. Wis 542

enihe^rens on tomatoes 53

eumariii n.sp., description,

U.S. DA 246

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

957

Fusarium — Continued. Page.

lycopersici, tomatoes resistant

to 646

niveum on watermelon, N.C 53

sp. as affected by cold, U.S.D.A. 538

sp. on bananas 841

sp. on raspberry roots 55

sp. on sesame 50

spp. on potatoes, U.S.D.A 246

spp. on sweet potatoes, Del 156

Fusarium, pathological species 840

Fusel oil, insectlcidal and larvicidal

value 359

Fusicladium —

dendriticum. (See Apple scab.)

pirinum, notes 846

Galerucella —

caiHcolHs, life history, U.S.D.A- 756

decora, notes, Me 853

luteola, notes 752

Gall midges of New York 752

Galls, insect — •

formation 557

of Java 549

Game —

as a reservoir of human try-
panosomiasis 187

laws for 1915, U.S.D.A 157

laws of Pennsylvania 650

putrefaction of 163

Gandul as a cover crop, P.R 736

Gangrene, gaseous, treatment 383

Garbage —

disposal, Wash 790

household, feeding stuffs from_ 466

sittings, analyses. Conn. State 521

tankage, fertilizing value, Cal 219

Garden plants, new, at Kew 40

Gardening —

manual 39, 635, 836

market, in New York 40

ornamental, bibliography 238

ornamental, treatise 238, 345, 535

vegetable, treatise 340, 345, 833

Gardens —

home, suggestions for 635

mountain, treatise 45

school. (See School gardens.)

Garlic, wild, destruction, Ind 736

Gas, illuminating, effect on roots 243

Gas-phlegmon, specific, in hogs 479

Gaseous —

exchange, determination in man_ 260

metabolism of gymnasts 261

Gases, dissolved, determination in

waters and effluents 410

Gasoline, insectlcidal value, Mich 252

Gastric —

juice, secretion in man 463

residuum, properties of 663

Gastritis, parasitic in sheep 275

Gastro-intestinal studies 659, 862

Geese, ancestry 569

Gelatin —

roller waste, analyses, Conn.

State 521

use iH food products 167

Page.

Oelechia gossypiella, notes 227

Genetics, modes of research in,

treatise 563

Genioceriis spp., notes 450

Geography, manual 599

Geometridse, nomenclature 651

Oeomyces n.g. and n.spp., descrip-
tions 226

Georgia-
College, notes 600

Station, notes 295, 900

Germ plasm —

as a stereochemlc system 111

experimental modification 33

Ginseng —

diseases, notes, Mich 244

phytophthora disease, studies,

N.Y.Cornell 746

root rot. studies, U.S.D.A 245

Sclerotinia affecting, U.S.D.A __ 350

Gipsy moth —

notes 752

parasites of 652

Girls-
club work in Massachusetts 394

club work in Nevada 899

clubs, organizing 793

country, life of 290

field-crop competitions 493

Gladioli, evolution 237

Glanders —

control in Hawaii 477

control in New York 782

diagnosis 81,

185, 276, 576, 677, 781, 782

extermination 677

in Connecticut 274

in Great Britain 382

papers on 576

prophylaxis 782

Gliadin —

proteoses, physiological action 71

separation from nongliadin pro-
teins 610

Olceosporium —

alhorubrum, notes 540

caulivorum on red clover. Pa 155

fructigenum, notes 247

lagenarium, notes 843

lunatum, notes 543

mangiferw, notes 442

manihotis, notes 843

sp. on apples 644

sp. on bananas 841

sp. on cassava 841

sp. on coconuts 242

sp. on tomatoes 841

spp. as affected by temperature. 541

Gloeosporlum and Colletotrichum on

chili, identity 50

Glomerella as affected by tempera-
ture 541

Olomerella —

cingulata, notes 247

cingulata, utilization of pento-
ses by 351

958

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Olomerella — Continued. Page.
rufomaeulane as affected by

cold, U.S.D.A 538

rufomaculans, notes 646

Glucosamin hydrochlorid, prepara-
tion 803

Glucose —

formation from human pro-
teins 366

sirup, analyses 660

Glue factory refuse, analyses, Conn.

State 521

Gluten —

feed, analyses 566

feed, analyses, Mass 467

feed, analyses, N.H 169

feed, analyses, N.J 665

feed, analyses, Vt 371

meal, fertilizing value 520

wheat, colloidal swelling 111

Glycerin —

determination in wine 506

effect on alcoholic determina-
tion of beverages, N.Dak 661

germicidal power 876

Glycln, effect on action of alcohol

on plant cells 333

Glycocoll, effect on plant growth 31

Onamptodon nepticula n.sp., de-
scription 456

CHiomonia —

rubi, notes 55

veneta, notes 56

Goat —

diseases, nature and treat-
ment 383

manure, fertilizing value, Cal__ 219
Goats —

ancestry 372

Angora, care and management- 380
breeding and management in

Germany 265

care and management 270

milch, care and management 380

milch, records 270

milch, records, Cal 270

Oodetia gracilis n.sp., description 336

Gonadectomy, effect on growth of

rats 263

Oonatoceruf ovicenatus n.sp., notes. 657
Oongylonema scutatutn —

in Argentina 478

life history 783

Cloniompia unifasciata, parasitic on

army worm 251

Goose fat, digestion and .absorption- 257
Gooseberries, varieties resistant to

mildew 834

Gooseberry —

mildew, notes 640

mildew, studies 241

mildew, treatment 352,

747, 834, 843,846

root rot, notes _ — 49

Gophers, pocket — Page.

notes 651

revision, U.S.D.A 449

Gossypol, studies, U.S.D.A 381

Grafting, bridge, notes, U.S.D.A 833

Grain —

and grain products, exports,

U.S.D.A 194

aphis, spring, remedies, U.S.D.A 653

beetles, saw-toothed, notes 754

binders, tractor, operation 891

driers, tests 88

elevator accounting, U.S.D.A 896

elevators, concrete, design 685

elevators in Minnesota, Minn.- 392

farming in corn belt, U.S.D.A 791

freight rates on 392

germinated, determination of

proteolytic strength 318

mixed, r. cotton-seed cake for

cattle, .4.riz 170

mixture for cows, Pa 181

prices and shrinkage. 111 336

proteins of, differentiation 577

screenings, composition and use_ 663
small, culture for hay and pas-
ture, Colo 630

smut. Inoculation on Guinea

corn 644

sprouted, as a poultry food.

Wash 294

stored. Insects affecting 549, 754

winter, culture. S.Dak 2.30

yield in relation to meteorology. 208
(See also Cereals and special

crops.)

Gram, acid secretion of 525

Grape —

berry moths, treatise 553

black rot, description 543

bug, banded, notes 752

chlorosis, notes 221,749

chlorosis, treatment 544

culture, relation to meteorology. 234
diseases, hot water treatment. 50, 543

diseases, studies 445

diseases, treatment 748

downy mildew, studies.. 352, 543, 544
downy mildew, treatment. 544, 748, 847

gray rot, notes 847

juice, changes in 43

leaf-hopper, notes, N.J 158

leaves, spray injury 353

mildew, notes 749

mildew, treatment 841, 842

Oldlum or powdery mildew,

notes, Cal 544

Oldlum. relation to weather 54S

phylloxera, remedies 249

powdery mildew, hibernation.. 847

root worm, notes, N.Y. State 65

seed, wild, oil of 501

Grapefruit (Bee Pomelos.)

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

959

Grapes — Page.

Bordeaux Injury to 748

coloring matter of 709

culture experiments 221

culture in France 234

culture in Italy 235

culture in Soutb Australia 341

culture in South Carolina 233

determining affinity of stock

and scion 42

direct bearers in France 234, 344

French-American and American

hybrids 834

green, in ripe bunches 234

improvement in Minnesota 637

inheritance in, N.Y.State 234

liming experiments 221

Muscadine, notes, U.S.D.A 834

pruning, Iowa 234

ripening studies 43

Rotundifolia, propagation, S.C_ 635
Vinifera, winter treatment, N.

Mex 737

Grapevine —

moths, biology and remedies 654

sap, composition, U.S.D.A 428

Grapevines —

analyses 767

resistance to hot water 843

OraphoUtha —

schistaceana, notes 656, 758

spp. injurious to fir and spruce- 855

Grass —

culture, Wyo 630

culture experiments, Can 34

culture experiments, Oreg 228

culture experiments, Wash 736

culture in north Wales 323

diseases, treatment 541

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments 25, 423

fertilizer experiments. Pa 128

fresh, composition and digesti-
bility 371

hybridization experiments, Oreg_ 228

improvement 34

Insects affecting 651

land, basic slag for 298

liming experiments. Pa 132

new or noteworthy, in U. S. Na-
tional Herbarium 226

palatability, Ohio 865

pasture, culture experiments,

U.S.D.A 228

rusts, studies, Ind 744

seedlings, comparative anatomy_ 134

sickness in lambs 383

varieties. Wash 736

webworms, notes 752

(See also specific kinds.)

Grasshoppers —

and their control, U.S.D.A 158

control in Imperial Valley, Cal_ 450

control In New York 61

destruction 653

In Colorado 651

Grasshoppers — Continued. Paee.

notes 752

outbreak in New Mexico, U.S.

D.A 159

(See also Locusts.)

Gravels of New Hampshire and Ver-
mont 787

Gravitation and related phenomena 494

Grazing —

lands of Scotland 299

on public lands 305

Green-
bug. (See Grain aphis, spring.)

fruit worm, notes 752

manure as nutrient for soil bac-
teria 327

manure crops of Java 344

manure, decomposition as af-
fected by manure, N..T 129

manure for arid soils 621

manuring, notes. Mass 138

oil, insecticidal value 359

Greenheart, durability tests 56

Greenhouses —

heating by hot water 88

insect pests of, Ohio 59

Gregarine parasites, new, descrip-
tion 364

Gregarines, chromosome cycle 458

Orindclia oregana wilkesiana n.sp.,

description 336

Grit, value in poultry feeding 377

Grocery stores, inspection in In-
diana 861

Ground-levels in democracy, book 796

Groundnuts. (See Peanuts. )

Growth —

as affected by pituitary feeding- 765

diet essentials for 368

resumption after stunting 562, 862

studies 561

Oryllotalpa —

gryllotalpa in New Jersey 653

vulgaris, rites 61

Guanidin nitrate, fertilizing value 25

Guinea pigs —

genetic studies 464

immunization with tubercle

bacilli 82

Gullet worm of sheep and cattle,

life history 783

Gulls, North American, distribution

and migration, U.S.D.A 158

Gum —

arable, use in food products 167

desert, culture experiments,

U.S.D.A 232

tragacanth, use in food prod-
ucts 167

Gymnasts, gaseous metabolism of 261

Chjmno sporangium —

jumperirvirginiana, studies, Va_ 54

korewnse, studies, U.S.D.A 840

macropus, studies. Pa 157

spp. on apples. Wis 444

tubulatum on junipers 546

960

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Pace.

Gymnosporanglum, new Asiatic, In

Oregon 352

Gypsum —

decomposition in soils 217

eflfect on protein content of soy

beans, N.J 141

effect on soil micro-organisms,

U.S.D.A 625

fertilizing value 725

fertilizing value. Pa 133

industry In United States 221

Hablchuela —

cimarrona, culture, P.R 736

parada, culture, P.R 736

Hwrnatobia serrata. (See Horn-
fly.)

Hcemogamasus sanguineus n.sp., de-
scription 66

HcemoproteuH columba, sporogony — 855

Hail-
formation, theories 208

in Maryland, U.S.D.A 413

protection, electric niagaras 208

Halogens, determination In organic

compounds 806

Halos —

notes, U.S.D.A 614

observations, U.S.D.A 413

relation to weatber 207

Hardwo<jil —

distillation, temperature con-
trol in 48

forests, northern, U.S.D.A 152

Harlequin cabbage bug, notes, Tex-_ 451

Hartigiclla laricis, notes 849

Hatch, W. II., memorial to 8

Haustorla, purpose of 627

Hawaii Federal Station, notes 495

Hawthorn sawfly leaf miner —

studies, N.Y. State 6r)7

studies, U.S.D.A 4.^0

Hay-
as human food 256

cured in various ways, digesti-
bility 371

effect on milk and butter 570

fall-sown. Wash 95

fertilizer experiments 22

fertilizer experiments. Mass 294

fertilizer experiments. Pa 131

floor, analyses 164

grades of 528

mixed, cost of production, N.J_ 137

native, analyses, Wyo 467

(See alfo Alfalfa, Clover, Timo-
thy, etc.)

"Head grit" in lambs 383

Health certificates, interstate recog-
nition of 185

Heat-
effect on cane sugar dissolved

in milk 164

effect on nutritive value of milk

and Its products 368

effect on soils 722

Heat — Continued. Page.

insecticidal value, Mich 253

relation to summer diarrhea of

infants 462

solar, seasonal variations in 415

use against insects 50, 653

(See also Temperature.)

Heifers —

care and management, Ohio 471

cost of raising. Mass C71

cost of raising, Ohio 470

HeliophUa —

spp. in southern Texas 453

un-ipuncta. (See Army worm.)

neliothrips sp. affecting tea 652

Heliotropism as affected by salts 333

Helminthosporium —

sacchari, notes 49

sp. on com 844

turcicum, studies 844

Uemerohius pacificu*, notes 357

nemilcia rastatrix —

notes 540, 744, 848

treatment 545

Hemlptera in Florida 550

Hemispherical scale, notes 652

Hemlock seedlings, root rot of 546

Hemorrhagic septicemia. (Sec Sep-
ticemia.)

Hemp- —

culture experiments, U.S.D.A-. 229
Queensland, culture in the

South 35

seed cake, effect on milk and

butter 471

seed for chicks, Ky 871

Hen-
crowing 268

manure, use, Ohio 404

Hendersonia —

ruM, notes 55, 241

garrhari, notes 49

Hens — ■

artlfirl.ll light for. Wash 669,770

feeding experiments. Cal 268

feeding experiments, N..T 177

feeding experiments. Pa 175.179

individual characteristics, Pa__ 175

range r. confinement for 669

winter egg production in, U.S.

D.A 470

Herbs, phloem and bark diseases of_ 442

Heredity —

and mutation as cell phenomena. 823

bibliography 370

chromosome theory 527

in beans. velvet-Lyon, U.S.D.A. 431

in corn. Conn. State 431

In corn and pepper, N.J 144

in cotton 227

in fowls, N.J 177

in garden plant*. N.J l4fe

in grapes, N.Y.State 234

in guinea pigs 464

In Oenothera 732

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

961

Heredity — Continued. Page.

in Oxalis 823

in plants, studies 822

in rabbits 370,466,864

in sheep 864

in tomatoes 42

in tomatoes, N.J 146

in wheat 531

in white mice 3T0

of alterations in corn 31

of color in rabbits 370

of defects in horses 576

of doubleness in Matthiola and

Petunia 237

of egg production in hens 74

of fertility in swine 400

of flower size in Nlcotiana 225

of habit in beans 41

of heterostylism in PrimiUa

acaulis 226

of milk production 671

of sex 564

of spotting in mice 466

of triplet births in cattle and

sheep 767

of twinning in sheep, U.S.D.A — 73

of wool production In sheep 74

relation to mitochondria 629

rOle of cross-fertilization and

self-fertilization in 629

Heringia dodecella, notes 855

Heritiera minor, notes 240

Herpotrichia nigra, notes 56

Hessian fly, studies 250

Heterocordylus malinus —

oviposition 255

studies, N.Y.Cornell 754

Eeterodera —

radicicola, new hosts of 349

radieicola, notes 841

radicicola on coffee 55

schachtii in California 453

Heterosporiuni graoile, studies 354

Hevea hrasiliensis. (See Rubber,
Para.)

Hibiscus oculiroseus, dwarf sport 335

Hibiscus, ornamental, breeding ex-
periments, N.J 146

Hickory

bark beetle, notes, N.J 158

top-working with pecans, Ga — 151

Hides, disinfection 781

Highway —

bridges and structures, paper

on 484

engineering, treatise 586

statistics and data, uniformity. 484

work, equipment for 484

{See Roads.)

Hilgard, E. W., biographical sketch- 301

Hlnokl wood, essential oil of 802

Hippodamia convergens, life history

and habits, Va.Truck 555

Hog cholera — Page.

auto-infection in 279

cell inclusions in 679

complement flxation in 582

control in Germany 185

control in Iowa 387

control in Minnesota 188

control in Tennessee 777

control In United States. 185, 273, 280
cures and specifics, so-called,

Iowa 82

diagnosis, Mich 777

dissemination 275

filterable organism in 680

immunization 184, 575

in Germany 575

in Great Britain 382

in Imperial Valley, Cal 274

notes 188

prevention, Ky 680

relation to parasites 280

remedies, tests, Ind 783

review of investigations 386

secondary invaders 479

serum as affected by heat, Ind_ 783

serum immune bodies of, Mich. 777

serum production 185, 273

serum production, virulent salt

solution in

serum, refinement 387

serum, separation of antibody

fractions

serum, standardization 280

serum, vacuum method of draw-
ing

studies

virus, action of Kreso on

virus, fixed

Hogs. (See Pigs.)

Holanusornyia pulchripennia n.g. and

n.sp., description 857

Homalomma ptervnidew n.sp., de-
scription 456

Home economics — ■

extension work in New Jersey,

N.J 197

instruction, cultural value 897

Instruction in elementary

schools 395

instruction In France 899

instruction in high schools 395

instruction in Indiana 395

instruction in New Mexico 793

instruction in Ontario 897

text-book 293, 395, 599, 794

Home —

furnishing and decoration, out-
line 293

grounds, arrangement, N.Y.Cor-
nell 741

grounds, laying out 238

science. (See Home economics.)
Hominy —

feed, analyses 72, 371, 566

feed, analyses, Ind 263

feed, analyses, Kans 169

680

479

386

82

583

184

962

EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.

Hominy — Continued. Page.

feed, analyses, N.J 665

feed, analyses, Tex 467

feed, analyses, Vt 371

hulling corn for 66

meal, analyses 566

meal, analyses, Ind 263

meal, analyses, Mass 467

meal, analyses, N.H 160

meal, analyses, N.J 665

Honey, imports and exports, U.S.D.A_ 454

Honeybees. (Bee Bees.)

Hoplandrothripa affinis n.sp., notes. 255

Hoplothrips corticia, notes 550

Hops —

insects affecting 651

resins of 502,711

spent, as a feeding stuff 263

Horistonotut uhlerii, habits and

anatomy 550

Horn fly —

notes 753

parasites in Hawaii 59

Hornblll. plant, peculiarity in growth

of tall feathers 850

Hornet, European, notes 752

Horse —

Carnot, notes 869

chestnut leaf diseases, treat-
ment, N.Y. Cornell 747

diseases, nature and treatment. 383

diseases, treatise 278,477,794

labor, cost of 568

meat, detection in canned beef — 113

seal), notes 576

Horse-radish, cnltnre. Wash 95

Horses —

as affected by smoke from lead

works 278

breeding and training, treatise. 869

breeding in South Africa 268

care and management, treatise- 268
changes In form due to fatten-
ing, Pa 174

dissection, guide 480

dissection of cranial nerves and

blood vessels 188

feeding experiments 769, 869

feeding experiments, Ohio 865

feeding experiments, Pa 175

gestation period, determination. 565

Inheritance of defects in 576

inspection and disinfection for

interstate shipment 185

race, treatise 869

treatise 608, 794

Horticultural —

experimental work in Denmark. 696

Gardens at Lucknow. report 232

instruction in Ontario 196

opportunities for educated

women _. 492

Page.
Horticulture, summer practice

course in 292

Hotbeds —

construction, Wash 494

construction and management,

N.Y.State 40

construction and management,

Wash 737

Hotels, inspection in Indiana 861

Hottest region in United States,

U.S.D.A 118

House fly —

hibernation « 254

manual 855

preovlposition period, U.S.D.A. 654
relation to plague-like disease

of rodents 355

Household —

accounting, course in 94

budgets, blanks for 257

conveniences, notes 789

exhibits at fairs 94

management, teaching 92

wastes, disposal, treatise 790

Housekeeping conditions among

" Pennsylvania Germans " 257

Houses, heating 789

Humic —

acid, behavior toward anions 324

bodies, formation from organic

substances 516

Humicola n.g. and n.spp., descrip-
tions 226

Humidity —

atmospheric, measurement 416

effect on human body 464

relation to greenhouse culture

of roses, N.J 44

Humln substances, treatise 708

Ilumus —

determination In soils 806

formation from sugar 515

formation from vegetable com-
pounds 516,619

formation in soils 811

in California soils 324

of arid soils, nitrogen content,

U.S.D.A 719

of loess soils of Nebraska 806

silicate, fertilizing value 19

Hurricane —

Pacific, of September, 1916,

U.S.D.A 413

tropical. In Louisiana, U.S.D.A. 413
Hurricanes —

effect on upper air current,

U.S.D.A 413

In Jamaica. U.S.D.A 615

Hyahimma (Fgyptium, relation to

Mediterranean coast fever 384

Hydraulic rams, construction and

operation 885

Eydriomena spp. in Vancouver

Island 651

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

963

Hydrocyanic acid — Fa^.

determination ] 1

gas, fumigation witli. Ark 653

gas, generation by portable ma-
chines, Cal 191

gas, insecticidal value, Mich 252

gas, use against household in-
sects, U.S.D.A 854

in Ortiithoptis spp 525

Hydro-electric development In Cali-
fornia 682

Hydrogen —

electrode, description 712, 804

peroxid, detection in milli 507

Hydrotropism in lupine roots 223

w-Hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde, pro-
duction from carbohydrates 11

Hygiene and sanitation, military,

text-book 369

Hygrometer, chemical, description 208

Hylotrupes jimiperi n.sp., descrip-
tion 254

HymenochCBte noxia, notes 442,

540, 744, 849
Hymenoptera —

parasitic, habits 363

vespoid and sphecoid, in Guate-
mala 857

Hypericum perforatum, chemistry

and anatomy of 522

Hypochlorite, applying automatically

to sewage 390

Hypochlorous acid, antiseptic ac-
tion 675

Hypochnus solani and Bhisoctonia

aolam, identity 443

Hypocotyl, elongation, N.J 134

Hypoderma lineatum and H. iovis,

biology 881

Eypomyces rubi, studies 352

Eyponomeuta malinellus, remedies-- 355
Hypostena —

sp. parasitic on sugar cane

borer 753

tortricis, notes 556

Hypsometric map of Russia, U.S.

D.A 118

Ice —

cream and Ices, manufacture,

treatise 860

cream, bacteriology, U.S.D.A 165

cream, manufacture. Wis 859

cream, relation to typhoid fever

epidemics 256

for the farm 892

houses, construction 892

Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony

cushion-scale.)
Ichneumon flies, North American,

revision 454

Ichneumon Iwtus, I. canadensis, and

/. funestus, identity 657

Ichneumonldse —

of Great Britain, treatise 657

plmpllne, studies 758

Idaein, studies 709

Idaho — Page.

Station, notes 797

Station, report 795

University, notes 495

Idiocerus —

gemmisimulans n..sp., descrip-
tion 567

macuUpennis, notes 752

provanchcri, biology 451

Illinois University and Station,

notes 96, 797

Immunity, studies 674

Immunology, treatise 275

Inbreeding —

measurement. Me 564

variations under 864

Incubators, temperature for, Cal 268

India rubber. {See Rubber.)

Indiana Station, report 795

Indican —

detection in urine 808

urinary, elimination during

fasting 863

Indigo, culture in Bihar 35,36

Industrial education —

in high schools of Minnesota 195

In New Mexico 793

Infant —

feeding and metabolism, trea-
tise 460

metabolism and nutrition,

studies 461

Infants —

and adults, digestion in 167

diet and care 861

feeding 258,662

metabolism experiments 462

newborn, physiology of 861

protein requirement 68

raw milk for 659

soy bean gruel for 859

stomachs, acidity of 167

summer diarrhea In relation to

heat 462

Influenza, equine —

pectoral form 681

prevention 184

Infra-red rays —

absorption by soils 817

absorption by soils, U.S.D.A 414

Inheritance. (See Heredity.)

Insect —

parasites, introduction into

Hawaii 548

parasites, studies 751

trap for refuse box, Cal 60

traps, Illuminated, tests 851

Insecticides —

analyses, Mich 436

analyses, N.J 639

contact, mode of action, Mich 252

Inspection, Me 40

notes 449

preparation and use 643, 651

preparation and use, Colo 539, 548

pr^aration and use, Mich 436

964

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Insecticides — Continued. Page,
preparation and use, N.Y.Cor-
nell 739

standard v. nonstandard, Cal 232

tests, U.S.D.A 60

(iSee also specific forma.)
Insects —

as carriers of chestnut blight

fungus 853

carotinoids In 86.5

defense against parasites 751

destruction by contact insecti-
cides, Mich 252

destruction by dynamite, Pa 125

destruction by heat 653

destruction by hot water 50

destruction by moles 58

endoparasites of. Wash 753

exotic, protection against 851

flying, diseases transmitted by_ 576

household, remedies, U.S.D.A 854

importation into New Jersey 355

Injurious —

In Barbados 753

in Bi'Igian Kongo 851

In Bihar and Orlssa 250

in Ceylon 652

in Colorado 651

In Dutch East Indies 744

in greenhouses, Ohio 59

in Hawaii 59

in India 549

in .Tamaica 349

in Mauritius 754

in New .Jersey, N..T 158

in New South Wales G52

in Now York 752

in Nyasaland Protectorate- 549

in I'orto Ulco 752

in Quebec 250, 449

in St. Lucia 651

in St. Vincent 651

in Salglr 652

in Scotland 652

in Southern Nigeria 851

in Uganda 549

In Wye 651

manual 651

notes, Colo 54S

remedies 249, 548, 748

remedies, N.Y. Cornell 40

to apples and pears 833

to blueberries. Me S51

to cactus 549

to cassava 754

to citrus fruits 60

to citrus fruits, Cal 449

to clover 251

to coconuts 740. 853

to corn, Kans 529

to cotton 539

to forests 251

to fruit tree leaves 549

to imported nursery stock- 251

to junipers 450

to olives 535

to onions 360

Insects — Continued.

injurious — contlnned- Page.

to orchard fruits 251

to raisins, Cal 60

to shade trees in Quebec 250

to stored grain 754

to Sudan grass 449

to sugar cane 539, 753

to sunflowers 450

to tea 835

to truck crops 851

to wheat 851

of Atlin district, British Colum-
bia 651

of South India, treatise 549

poisoned bran mash for 61

relation to beet blight 350

relation to blight in fruit 648

relation to chestnut blight 448

relation to sugar beet curly top- 646
relation to sugar beet curly top,

Cal 241

resistance to hot water 843

scale. (See Scale insects.)

sucking, effect on potato foliage- 449

transmission of verruga by 355

wood-boring, remedies 652

(See algo specific iruecta.)
International —

Association of Dairy and Milk

Inspectors 473

catalogue of chemistry 407

catalogue of physiology 658

Congress of Tropical Agricul-
ture 227

Road Congress 287

Veterinary Congress 575

Interpolation as a means of approxi-
mation 796

Intestinal —

autointoxication, relation to
amins of organ extracts and

body fluids 778

pntrefartion as affected by wa-
ter drinking 763

Inulln metabolism by plants 427

Invertase —

activity. Influence of certain

substances on 803

as affected by sodium chlorld 408

distribution In beets 524

lodates, determination 712

lodin—

determination in presence of or-
ganic matter 504

in tuberculous tissue and thyroid

gland 580

titrations, source of error in 805

vapor, larvlcldal value 359

Iodoform, insectlcldal and larvlcldal

value 359

Ions, absorption by living and dead

roots 334

Iowa —

College, notes 96, 396. 495

Station, notes 96

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

965

Page.
Ipotnaa leari, leaf heteromorphy in_ 626
fps (Tomicus) radiatCB n.sp., descrip-
tion 361

Iridomyrmex humilis, notes, N.J 158

Iris —

borer, notes 752

leaf blotch, studies 354

Iris germanica, chondriosomes of 524

Iron —

arsenate, Insecticidal value, U.S.

D.A 60

compounds, solubilty in soils 720

determination in mineral phos-
phates 112

effect on concrete sand 787

effect on permeability 34

salt as a corrective for cotton-
seed meal toxicity, N.C 79

sulphate, effect on yield of

beans 52S

sulphate, use against fly larvae,

N..T 160

sulphate, use against weeds,

Oreg 228

Irrigation —

canals, concrete-lined, enlarg-
ing 388

canals, excavating with electri-
cally driven dragline scrapers- 885
canals, transmission losses in__ 387
canals, use of current meters in,

U.S.D.A 281

effect on alkali soils 16

electric pumping for 86

In America 482

In Bengal 586

In Bihar and Orissa 85

in California 682

in Dutch East Indies 884

In Italy 786

In Jaunpur District 786

in Kansas 785

In New South Wales 785

in San Luis Valley, Colo 527

in Texas, Tex 282

in United States, treatise 784

in Valais Canton, Switzerland 85

In Victoria 682

investigations, Cal 282

practice and engineering, trea-
tise 481,482

project in Oregon 85

projects In Russia 85

pumps for 482

reservoirs, evaporation and seep-
age from 387

systems, maintenance 482

water. {See Water.)

with silt-carrying water 513

Isoprene from 0-pinene 502

Itonididse of New York 752

Itoplectes conquisitor, parasitic on

bud moth : 250

Iva wantMfoUa, analyses, N.Dak 39

Page.

Ixdidaeo, biology 857

Jacks in Wisconsin, Wis 470

Jaegers, North American, distribu-
tion and migration, U.S.D.A 158

Jand forests of Punjab 46

Japanese cane. (See Sugar cane.)
Jasmine, yellow, poisoning of cattle

by, N.C 80

.Tassidae, hymenopterous parasites of- 557

Jassus seo'iiotatus attacking rye 754

Jaundice, malignant. (See I'iroplas-
mosis, canine.)

Johne's disease, notes 184, 575

Johnson grass —

culture experiments, Miss 227

eradication, Cal 227

eradication, N.Mex 735

grades of 528

Jufjlanft californica quercina, muta-
tion in 236

June beetles. (See May beetles.)

Juniper plant bug, notes 752

Junipers, insects affecting 450

Jute and its substitutes 227

Kafir corn —

analyses 865

chop, analyses, Kans 169

chop, analyses, Tex 467

culture experiments, Wyo 630

fertilizer experiments, Tex 421

from South Africa, analyses 530

use in bread making 67

Kainit, fertilizing value 22, 431

Kakothrips robustus, studies 450

Kansas —

College, notes 295, 695, 900

Station, notes 295, 495, 695, 900

Station, report 693

Kapok seed oil, hydrogenated, prop-
erties of 9

Kefir, preparation and use, U.S.D.A- 474
Kelp —

as a source of potash 821

destructive distillation 328

fertilizer, analyses, Conn. State- 521

green, fertilizing value, Cal 219

of Pacific coast, size of 623

physiological conditions in 429

Kentucky —

Station, notes 96, 496

Station, reports 694

University, notes 96, 496

Kerosene —

illuminating power 488

trap, use against Mediterranean

fruit fly 360

Klnghead —

analyses, N.Dak 39

effect on baking quality of wheat,

U.S.D.A 558

Kjeldahl distillation apparatus, de-
scription 10, 203

Koumiss, preparation and use, U.S.

D.A 474

966

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Lablab — Page.
culture and characteristics, U.S.

D.A 436

culture in Egypt 232

Laborers —

farm. (See Agricultural labor-
era.)

sleeping house for, U.S.D.A 229

Laccase, oxidizing influence on vege-
table chromogens 33

Lace-wing, brown, notes 357

Lachnosterna implicata, notes 753

Lactic acid —

bacteria, classification 76

bacteria in milk, origin 473

bacteria, use in ensiling beet

tops 767

determination in urine 613

Lactose —

determination 611

determination in milk 50G

heated, nutritive value 369

Lady beetles —

control of aphids by, Va.Truck_ 555

Introduction into California 361

life history and habits, Va.

Truck 555

Lwlaps multispinosua, notes 66

Lagaroiis n.spp., descriptions 456

Lageratrctmia pariiflora, notes 239

Lamao Experiment Station, notes 635

Lamb, composition and nutritive

value 256

Lambs —

feeding experiments 663

feeding experiments, Nebr 567

unborn, disease of 27.")

{See also Sheep.)

Lambs-quarters, analyses, N.Dak .39

Lamlnitls, paper on 576

Lamtoro as shade for coffee 535

Land —

grant colleges. (See Agrlcnl-

tural colleges.)
grants In United States, trea-
tise 594

holding systems in England 689

Irrigated, drainage 88, 483

muck. Improvement - 885

plaster. (Bee Gypsum.)

problem In Texas 488

public administration in Minne-
sota 594

public, settlement In United

States 892

registration, Torrens system 489

renting in England, Scotland,

and Ireland 689

settlement In America 482

settlement in British Empire.- 594
settlement In upper Wisconsin,

Wis 431

surveying in Queensland 890

surveying, treatise — 486

■wamp, reclamation 527

Land — Continued. Page,
tenure and conveyanoes in Mis-
souri 489

use by agricultural high schools. 394

use in common in Bavaria 690

waste, reclamation 22

Landscape gardening —

prairie spirit in. 111 536

treatise 45, 439

Lanthanum, effect on permeability 34

Laphygma frugiperda. (See Army
worm, fall.)

Larch —

leaf disease, notes 849

mistletoe, Injurions effects, U.S.

D.A 547

western, volume tables for 641

Lard —

digestibility 659

digestibility, U.S.D.A 364

Larkspur, anthocyan of 709

Larvae, rearing 651

I-.aryngo-tracheal catarrh in horses. 480

Lnsiodlplodia, uonvalidity of genns. 242

Lasindiplodia —

triftortr n.sp.. studies, Gb 748

tubericola, studies 242

La&ioptrra fructuara n.sp., descrip-
tion. Me 852

Lasaius (Acanttiomyops) interjectug,

remedies 62

Lathromeroidca neomexicanus n.sp.,

description 556

Law of minimum, notes 218

Lawns —

bibliography 238

preparation and care. Iowa 836

Ix?ad —

arsenate, analyses, Mich 436

arsenate, analyses, N.J 639

arsenate, funglcMal value, N.J. 146

arsenate, Insectlcidal value 548

arsenate, insectlcidal value. N.J. 146
arsenate, Insectlcidal value,

U.S.D.A 60

arsenate, use in agricnlture 851

detection in water 410

nitrate, effect on sugar beets 38

removal from water 390

Leaf-
miners, monograph and bibliog-
raphy 558

mold, analyses, Conn. State 521

Leaves —

as a soarce of potash 327

senile changes In, N.T.Comell-. 222

Legumes —

as food 164

cultnre experiments, Oreg 228

cnlture experiments. Wash 736

effect on composition of cereals. 230

hybridization experiments, Oreg. 228

pentosans of, Tex 168

varieties. Wash 736

wild, cnltnre experiments, P.R_ T86

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

967

Page.
Leguminous seeds, hard, gerralna-

bility 225

Lema melanopua, life tiistory and

control 857

Lemon —

cottony rot, studies, Cal 749

sum diseases, treatment, Cal 240

wither-tip, notes, Cal 241

Lemons —

frozen, composition 365, 502

jelly from, Cal 207

Lemites sepiaria, effect on green-
heart 56

Leopard motb, notes, U.S.D.A 755

Lepidoptera —

new, of Antilles 64

new, of Mexico 64, 855

of Hawaii 556

of Panama Canal Zone .855

of Tale-Dominican expedition.- 855

Lepidopterous larvse, hypopharyni 553

Lepidosaphes —

beckii. (See Purple scale.)
ulm^i. (See Oyster-shell scale.)

Leptinotaraa decemlineata. (See Po-
tato beetle, Colorado.)

Leptobyraa explanata, studies 451

Leptosph<sria —

coniothyrium, relation to apple

canker 653

herpotrichoides, studies 244

Leptothyrium caspicum n.sp., notes. 842

Lespedeza. (See Clover, Japan.)

Lettuce —

fertilizer experiments 520. 821

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

Leucwna glauoa as shade for coffee- 535

Leucaspis japonicaj notes 752

Leucite as a source of potash 328

Leucocytes, fixation of toxin . by 275

Lice, body, remedies 356, 854

Lichens as a food for animals and

men 164

Light, effect on plant growth 223

(See also Sunlight.)

Lightning —

crushing of copper tube by,

U.S.D.A 118

protection against 416

rods, efflcacy 416

strolses, data on 510

Ligyrus rugiceps. (See Sugar-cane
beetle.)

Llly-of-the-valley, forcing experi-
ments 835

Lime —

analyses 426, 726

cost of, Ohio 520

effect on bacterial activity of

soils 623

effect on composition of crim-
son clover, N.J 132

effect on grapes 221

effect on moor sons 18

effect on strawberries, Pa 150

Lime — Continued. Page.

fertilizing value 621

fertilizing value, N.J 132

fertilizing value, Ohio 520

fertilizing value, Pa 129

for alfalfa, Del 138

hydrated, in concrete road con-
struction 787

Importance in plant and animal

nutrition 662

Inspection law in Maryland 426

long-continued use. Pa 128, 132

magnesia ratio in soil amend-
ments 821

mixing with flowers of sulphur. 51
niter. (See Calcium nitrate.)
nitrogen. (See Calcium cyana-
mid.)

requirements of soils 221, 814

resources of Pennsylvania, Pa 133

slaked, fertilizing value 725

sterilization of water by 286

tree winter moth, notes 752

use in agriculture 27, 426

use with barnyard manue. Pa 128

washes, winter application 253

waste from acetylene gas plant,

analyses. Conn. State 521

Lime-sulphur mixture —

analyses, Mich 436

analyses, N.J 639

methods of analysis 806

self-boiled, fungicidal value, N.J. 146
Limekiln ashes, analyses. Conn.

State 521

Limes —

budding on sour orange stock 438

die-back of 750

diseases of 545

fertilizer experiments 488

gall or knot of 349

industry In West Indies 438

new species from Australia 235

Limestone —

deposits in South Carolina, S.C- 725

effect of fineness of subdivision. 821
effect of fineness of subdivision.

Pa 133

ground, analyses. Conn. State 521

ground, effect on composition of

barley, N.J 132

ground, effect on decomposition

of green manure, N.J 130

ground, fertilizing value 725

ground, fertilizing value, N.J 132

ground, notes, Wash 294, 796

methods of analysis 609

mixing with superphosphate 26

of New York, N.Y.State 725

tester, description, lU 806

Liming —

effect on nitrogen content of soy

beans, N.J 632

experiments 725

experiments, Pa 132, 133

notes. Wash 294

968

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.
Limnophora septemnotata, hiberna-
tion 254

Linseed meal —

analyses 72, 263, 371, 566

analyses, Ind 263

analyses, Kans 169

analyses. Mass 467

analyses, N.H 160

analyses, N.J 665

analyses, Vt 371

effect on milk and butter 471, 570

for skim-milk fed calves, Cal — 265
Lint, determination in cotton-seed

meal 13

Lipase of soy beans — 111

lAponysstis n.spp., descriptions 66

Liquids —

determination of reaction in — 712

surface condition, U.S.D.A 414

Lithium in soils 323

Lithocolletis gaulthcriella, notes 651

Little leaf, studies, Cal 248

Live stock —

breeding in Brazil 371

breeds of, test-lwok 866

conditions and losses In Selby

smoke zone 278

definition of " breed " 466

diseases, control in Hawaii 477

diseases in Imperial Valley, Cal_ 274

diseases, notes 383

diseases, state control 184

function In agriculture 305

Importation problems in Philip-
pines 274

in Fnitod States 393

insects affecting 651

marketing 305, 399

parasites, control 306

poisoning by sugar beets 80

poisoning on plants of sorghum

group, Okla 577

prices in India 195

production, treatise 565

remedy law of Kansas, Kans.- 169
sanitary control work In

Canada 184

sanitation, problem in 274

statistics at United States mar-
kets 291

statistics In foreign countries 490

statistics in France 691

statistics In India 595

statistics In Ireland 291

statistics In Tunis 595

statistics in United States,

U.S.D.A 690

(Bee also Animals, Cattle,
Sheep, etc.)

Liver dlstomlasis in .Japan 858

Locust —

borer, remedies 757

invasions In Jerusalem 854

Locusts — Paee.

analyses 624

control in Malay 254

fertilizing value 854

migratory, in South America 854

Log rules, limitations and correc-
tions 538

Loganberry wilt, description 55

LonchcBa wnea, notes 856

Lopholatilus chamwleonticepa, notes_ 557

Lophophora wilUo/mHi, studies 336

Lophyrus simile in Connecticut 363

Louisiana Stations, notes 496

Lucern. {See Alfalfa.)

Luc-ilia sericata, notes 554

Lumber —

accounting, notes, U.S.D.A 896

industry in Java and Madoera. 239

kiln drjing 152

resources of Texas, conserva-
tion 489

(See also Timber and Wood.)

Lumpy jaw. (See .\ctinomycosi8.)

Lunar periods, effect on climate 14

Lunches —

for school children 257, 661

for school clilldrcn, U.S.D.A 861

Lungworms —

studies 879

thread, in goats, Cal 274

Luperodes varicomis, notes 555

Lupine forage, effect on milk and

butter 570

Lupines —

absorption and secretion of

salts by 224

growth in distilled water 827

sensitiveness to calcium 724

Lupinosis in horses 583

Lychtiis dioica, chemistry and anat-
omy of 522

Lyffid-ea m-endojc —

notes 752

notes, N.J 158

ovlposltion 255

studies, N.T.Comell 754

Lygus —

invitus, oviposition 256

pratensis. {See Tarnished plant
bug.)

Lymphangitis —

epizootic, in horses 384

tn hors<^8, causative orgnnism__ 480
ulcerative, disease simulating In

horses and calves 186

Lymphatic glands In meat-producing

animals, treatise 878

Lysin, rOle in nutrition of chicks,

Ky 871

Macaroni wheat. {See Wheat, dn-
rum.)

Machinery. {See Agricultural ma-
chinery.)

M a<^odnctylus svb»pino»u9. {See
Rose chafer. >

MacronocUm onusta, notes 762

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

969

Page.

Macrophages of mammals, definition- 382

ilacrophoina tumefaciens n.sp., de-
scription 448

M acrosia(jon —

flavipennis, notes — 557

octomaculatus, notes 455

Macrosiphum —

heuchcrcB, notes 453

pisi, remedies 755

pisi, studies, U.S.D.A 62

solanifolii, studies. Me 550

Macrosporiiim sp. on tomatoes 644

Madia calces, effect on milk 570

Magnesia, effect on sugar beets 38

Magnesium —

carbonate, effect on development

of Digitalis purpurce 135

carbonate, effect on strawber-
ries. Pa 150

determination 712

glycerophosphate, use against

tetanus 782

salts, effect on canned foods 67

salts, effect on germination and

growth of crops, U.S.D.A 125

Maine —

Station, notes 496, 600

University, notes 96, 396, 600, 900

Maize. (See Com.)

Malacosoma —

americana. (See Tent caterpil-
lar.)
disstria. (See Forest tent-cat-
erpillar.)

Maladie du colt. (See Dourine.)

Malaria, transmission by Anopheles

punctipennis 358

Malic acid secretion by Gicer arie-

tinum 525

Mallow —

Jews', culture in Egypt 232

wild, coloring matter of 710

Malt-
extract, effect on growth of

rats 258

grains, analyses, N.J 665

phosphatases in 502

sprouts, analyses 72, 371

sprouts, analyses, Ind 263

sprouts, analyses. Mass 467

sprouts, analyses, N..I 665

sprouts, effect on milk 471

valuation 318

Maltose — •

determination 611

effect on action of alcohol on

plant cells 333

Malvin, studies 710

Mammals —

macrophages of 382

new, of Mexico and Arizona 850

of Great Britain, treatise 57

of lower Colorado Valley 547

Man — Page.

digestion experiments 659

Insects affecting 651

measurement of surface area 68

metabolism experiments 68

plague-like disease of brown

squirrels affecting 355

respiration experiments 260

Mandarin tree brown spot, notes 644

Manganese —

as a plant food 306

carbonate, fertilizing value 331

compounds, effect on nitrifica-
tion 623

effect on nodule bacteria of

legumes 31

effect on sugar beets 38

occurrence in wheat, U.S.D.A 339

sulphate, fertilizing value 331, 632

Mange, parasitic, in Great Britain 382

(See also Horse scab and Sheep
scab.)

Mangel —

crown gall, notes 844

leaves as a source of potash 327

Mangels — ■

culture experiments, Can 34

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 228

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments 519

V. silage for milk production,

Ohio 670

varieties 865

varieties, U.S.D.A 229

Mango —

bacterial disease, notes 242, 447

fruit disease, notes 442

Mangoes-
culture in Philippines 635

insects affecting 349

varieties 40

Mani cimarrona, culture, P.R 736

Manioc. (See Cassava.)

Manitoba Agricultural College, notes 498

Mannite, antizymotic action 815

Manual training —

in graded schools 599

in rural schools 395

Manure —

analyses and use, S.C 519

barnyard. (See Barnyard ma-
nure.)

boron-treated, use, U.S.D.A 626

effect on composition of meadow

hay 620

effect on decomposition of green

manure, N.J 129

freight rates on 392

liquid, as a source of potash 327

liquid, composition 23, 24

liquid, fertilizing value 23, 820

liquid, loss of nitrogen from 517

liquid, utilization 298

reinforcing with phosphates 621

residual value, determination 22

treatise 716

(See alto Cow, Ponltry, etc.)

970

EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

Maple — Page.

discoloration In kiln 509

leaf-hopper, notes 752

scale, false, notes 752

sirup, adulterated, detection 807

sugar, analyses 460

twig pruner, notes 752

Marasmius —

perniciosus n.sp., description 847

sacchari, notes 442, 539, 841

Margarin, detection in butter 13

Margaropus annulatm. (See Cattle
ticks. )

Market garden experimental and re-
search station In Hertfordshire 199

Marketing —

and distribution, courses in 307

associations In Posen and West

Prussia 893

car-lot distribution In 893

pamphlet 595

Marl deposits in South Carolina. S.C_ 725

Martin slag, basic, fertilizing value. 725

Martynia louifiiana seeds, composi-
tion 311

Maryland Station —

notes 695

report 95

MasiceratldfB, new In South America. 65

Massachusetts —

College, dedication of Stock-
bridge Hall 597

College, notes 96,

198, 295, 496, 600, 695

Station, notes 19S, 295

Station, report 294

Mato de la playa, culture, P.R 736

Matraca, culture, PR 736

Matthiola incana annua as a host of

eel worm 349

Matthiola, inheritance of double-

ness in 237

Mauromj/ia pulla, notes 554

May beetles —

bird enemies of, U.S.D.A 849

larvae in greenhouse soils, N.J__ 161

notes 752

notes, N.J 158

(See also White grubs.)

Mayetiola destructor. (See Hessian-
fly.)

Meadows, fertilizer experiments 620

(gee also Grass.)

Meal worm, life history 65

Mealy bugs —

in Hawaii 59

In Ohio, Ohio 69

Ontario, in California 62

Measles In live stock 185

Meat—

and blood meal for horses 869

export trade of Australia 767

horse. (See Horse meat.)

Inspection In United States 185

marketing 306

markets, Inspection In Indiana. 861

Meat — Continued. Psga.

meal, analyses 263, 371, 566

meal, analyses, Ind 263

meal, analyses, N.H 169

meal, analyses, N.J 665

meal, analyses, Tex 467

meal, detection in fish meal 467

meal for horses 769

flour, preparation and proper-
ties 163

poisoning, papers on 575

poisoning, relation to puerperal

disease of cattle 386

production in United States 397

production on high-priced lands

of middle West 398

products, water content 365

putrefaction 163

scrap, analyses 371, 767

scrap, analyses, Ind 263

scrap, analyses. Mass 467

scrap, analyses, N.H 169

scrap, analyses, Tex 467

scrap, analyses, Vt 371

scrap for laying pullets, N.J 177

tuberculous. Inspection 575

Mechanical colleges. (See Agricul-
tural colleges.)
Mediterranean —

coast fever, studies 383

flour moth In soldiers' biscuits. 251

M egalonectria pseudotrichia, notes.. 540

Megarhyssa. studies 758

Mcgilhi maculata, life history and

habits, Va.Truck 555

Helampsora lini, biology 136

Ifelanconium sacchari, notes 349

itelanogoster variegatua broomianti«,

notes 849

Melanoplus spp., remedies, U.S.D.A. 16S
Mellblose—

acetates of 408

preparation 408

MclUotua indica as a green manure,

Cal 36

ifelolnntha spp.. remedies 454

Melons, stock, culture, Colo 630

Mendelism, review of investigations. 564

Menesta albaciliella, life history 64

Mercury, detection in water 410

UeruHus —

lacriimaiu, effect on greenheart. 56

Sylvester, studies 547

Mesogramma polita, life history 358

Metabolism experiments —

with Infants 68, 462

with men 68

Metallonoidea brittanica n.subg. and

n.sp., description 857

Metamasius sericcus, notes 753

Meteorological observations —

Kans 339

Ky 615

Mass 118, 414, 714

N.J 144

N.T.State 118

IKDEX OF SUBJECTS.

971

Page.
Meteorological observatlona — Contd.

Ohio 118

Oreg 208

Pa 115, 118

U.S.D.A 117, 413, 414, 614, 615

Wyo 615

at Wlslcy 14

In Michigan 714

in Sweden 510

(/See also Climate, Rain,
Weather, etc.)
Meteorology —

agricultural, In foreign coun-
tries 504

agricultural, in Great Britain— 319

agricultural, in Russia 207

agricultural, in U.S. Weather Bu-
reau 601

agricultural, international im-
portance 207

agricultural, review of investi-
gations 714

antarctic, U.S.D.A 118

application to agriculture 606

at Pan American Scientific Con-
gress, U.S.D.A 615

effect on forest types 640

effect on plant diseases 840

In Brazil 413

In California 509

in Canada 208

in Netherlands and vicinity,

U.S.D.A 614

meaning of " fair " in, U.S.D.A- 615

papers on 308

relation to grape culture 234

relation to winter rye culture — 715

text-book 13

world bureau of 14

yearbook 494

Methacetin, periodids of 502

Methyl-
alcohol, pathological effects on

human system 662

glycocoll, effect on plant growth- 31
salicylate, insecticidal and lar-

vicidal value 359

Methylene blue —

action on abortion bacilli 679

solution, preparation 612

Mica —

as a source of potash 328

deposits in Georgia 328

Mice —

breeding experiments 864

field, destruction by snakes 751

field, dissemination and control

in Bavaria 850

grasshopper, notes 850

inheritance of spotting in 466

of Great Britain 57

white, heredity in 370

Michigam —

College, notes 96, 695, 797

Station, report .-^ 795

50633°— 16 7

Page.
Microbracon hemimenw n.sp., de-
scription 456

Microcitrus n.g. and n.spp., descrip-
tions 235

(Microdus) Bassus earinoides, para-
sitic on bud moth 250

Microlepidoptera —

injurious to fir and spruce 855

new genera and species from

Panama 855

Micro-organisms —

biochemical activity 32

in dried fruits and vegetables 460

(See also Bacteria.)

Microapira dcsulfuricans, notes 217

Middlings —

analyses 263, 371, 566

analyses, Ind 263

analyses, N.H 168

analyses, Wyo 469

(See also Wheat, Ry?, etc.)

Midges of Illinois 654

Military hygiene and sanitation,

test-book 369

Milk-
albumin, in infant feeding 258

and milk products, manual 380

artificial, preparation 558

as affected by feeding stu-ffs — 471,
570, 671

bacteria, description 776

bacteria, significance 672

blorization 875

biorizing v. pasteurizing 572

boiled, nutritive value 659

boiling 572

certified, cost of production 380

certified, improvement 271

clarification 271

coagulability and digestibility — 611

coagulation 380

composition and characteristics- 380
composition as affected by cal-
cium phosphate in rations — 270

condensed, sediment in 503

contamination, elimination 185

contests, U.S.D.A 874

cost of production 299, 380

cost of production, N.Y.Cornell- 771
cost of production in relation to

size of cows. Wash 773

deposit from In centrifuge 271

determination of degree of ho-

mogenization 612

determination of manurial pol-
lution 272

diffusible, phosphorus of 271

dried, as a substitute for whole

milk 459

evaporated, coagulation, Iowa- 78

examination, Me 76

farinaceous, definition and

analyses 365

fat as a growth stimulant for

young animals—,. ^_._^...,, 561

972

EXPEEIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

Milk — Continued. Page,
fat as a measure of value of

milk 671

fat as affected by acetic acid 507

fat globules as affected by tem-
perature 570

fat, 7-day test, reliability 472

fat, variations due to time of

milking 670

(See also Fat)

fermented, studies, U.S.D.A 474

fever, pathology 184

flow as affected by diuresis,

U.S.D.A 570

from different quarters of cow's

udder 270

from heifers and cows, fat con-
tent 472

frozen, analyses 473

germ content as affected by

stable air, X.Y. State 183, 473

goat's, composition, N.Y. State. 708
heated, loss of nutritive effici-
ency • 368

high r. low testing, for cheese

making 473

houses, construction. Wash 789

human, artificial substitute for_ 558

human, chemistry of 461

human, green color in 863

Immunized, use against typhoid

fever 272

inspection in Kentucky, Ky 775

judging 12,113

keeping quality during trans-
portation 672

methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 713

nutritive value 164

organisms, yellow, studies, Iowa 77

pail, sanitary, description, Ky_ 571

pasteurization 572

pasteurization, U.S.D.A 571

pasteurization in Denmark 874

pasteurized, microscopic test ll.*?

powder, preservation, r.S.D..\_ 474
production and Inspection in

New England 380

production as affected by oes-
trum, Ky 670

production In United Slates,

U.S.D.A 690

production, inheritance 671

production, relation to confor-
mation 379

production, relation to escutch-
eon, Ky 670

protein-free, preparation 657

protein, preparation 461

raw, for infants 659

raw, pasteurized, and boiled,

resistance to Infection 272

reaction and calcium content

as factors in coagulation 611

relation to septic sore throat__ 473

rooms, plans 487

ropiness in 76,776

sanitary control 77

Milk — Continued. Pas«.

sanitary, production 184, 776

sanitary, production, U.S.D..\ 794

secretion as affected by barley,

Cal 269

secretion ss affected by pituitrin 270
skimmed. (See Skim milk.)

slimy and ropy, studies 776

sour, for chicks, N.C SSI

sour, for chicks, N.J 176

souring, chemical changes in,

N.Y. State 802

specific gravity 317

sterilization 572

sterilized, relation to rachitis

and scurvy in infants 776

substitutes for calves, Ind 774

substitutes for calves. Mass 667

sugar, rOle in judging milk 113

supply, improvement 575, 874

supply in United States 874

supply of cities, inspection 184

valuation 671

variation in 379

Milking—

at unequal periods 379,670

methods 299

machines, tests 589

machines, tests. Pa 183

Mill feed, analyses, Wyo 668

Millet-
breeding for drought resistance,

U.S.D.A 528

culture, Colo 630

fertilizer experiments 330

fertilizer experiments. Tex 421

grain, as a feeding stuff 565

smut, treatment 50

water requirements. Wash 720

Mile maize —

chop, analyses, Kans 169

chop, analyses, Tex 467

spacing experiments. U.S.D.A 229

use in bread making 67

ilimom pudira, fertilizing value 34

Mimosa, velocity of transmission of

excitation in 29

Minrola vacrinii. {See Cranberry
fnilt-worm.)

Mineral-
resources of Texas, conserva-
tion 489

salts, rflle In plant life 135

Minerals of United States, analyses. 222

Minnesota —

Station, notes 798

University, notes 496,798

Mint—

cultlTated, degeneration 44

culture, U.S.D.A 151

Mississippi Station, notes 695

Missouri —

Poultry Experiment Station,

notes 869

Station, notes 96,198.695

University, notes 96. 198. 396, 695

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

973

Mistletoe — Pago.

composition. Cal i;62

Injurious to larch, U.S.D.A r>47

Mite, purple, notes 60

Mites, monograph, U.S.D.A 45S

Mitochontlria. role in heredity 629

ifocroi^hora neocli/ti n.sp., descrip-
tion 456

Moisture —

distribution in the atmosphere,

U.S.D.A 117

hygroscopic, determination in

soils 712

(See aUo Water.)

Molasses —

analyses 660

as a feeding stuff 565, 566

beet, inversion of 13

beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.>

feed, analyses 263, 566, 767

feed, analyses, Ind 263

feed, analyses. Mass 467

feed for dairy cattle 671

meal, analyses, N.H 169

Mole cricket —

bird enemies of, U.S.D.A 849

European, in New Jersey 653

injurious to rice 61

Moles-
American, monograph, U.S.D.A- 158
insectivorous habits 58

MoIylvHc acid, recovery 204, 60S

MonartJiropalpus huxi, notes 64, 732

.Vo/u7ia sp. on fruit trees in Oregon. 351

Moniliop»is adcrholdii, notes 749

Moniloclnrtes infiiscans —

studies, Del 156

studies, U.S.D.A 646, 747

Monoctonus secundus n.sp., descrip-
tion 363

Monosaceharids, determination. Bar-

foed's test 411

Montana College and Station, notes_ 97

Moon —

effect on weather 509

internal structure, U.S.D.A 614

Moor soils. (See Soils, moor.)

Morning glory, eradication, Oreg 228

Morphin, detection in water 410

Mortus, fungicidal value 843

Mosquito —

larvje, destruction by ducks 856

sanitation, pioneers in 453

Mosquitoes —

as winter carriers of malaria 856

breeding 358

control In Connecticnt, Conn.

State 856

control in New Jersey, N.J 160

eradication 358, 553

of New Jersey, N.J 64

of North America, monograph. _ 453

respiration of 756

Moths. (See Lepidoptera.)

Motor plows. (See Plows.)

Pnc:'.

Mowrah seed, composition and nu-
tritive value 56.">

Mucluase in yams 312

Muck—

anaylscs. Conn. State 521

analyses and use, S.C 519

Mucor —

racemosns and Empuna fnusc(F,

relationship 234

spp. on citrus 446

Miicuna sp., fertilizing value 34

Mulberry —

blight In South Africa 649

scale, control by parasites 456

white fly. notes 752

Mules —

Inspection and disinfection for

interstate shipment 185

sterility in 568

Uunjantia hi-vtrionica. (See Harle-
quin cabbage-hug.)

Muriate of potash. (See Potassium
chlorid.>

Murida? of Great Britain 57

Musca —

corrina, hibernation 254

domcstica. (See House-fly.)

Musca. misuse of generic name 253

Muscidae with bloodsucking larvte 555

ituscina spp., hibernation 254

Muscoid flies —

new genera 554, 555, 855

of Peru 655

Muscoidea —

acalyptrate genus of 65

new, from West and Southwest- 855

new, in Canada and Alaska 65

synonymical notes 360. 554

Muscovite —

potash from 425

potash, solubility 328

Mushrooms —

analyses 701

loss in blanching 250

treatise 532, 761

Muskmelons —

culture In North Carolina 41

grading, packing, and shipping,

U.S.D.A 737

marketing, U.S.D.A 340. 737

Muskrats in Boliemia 58

Mustard —

fertilizer experiments 25, 327, 820

fertilizer experiments, Tex 421

oil. insectlcidal value 359

white, as a green manure 031

white, effect on milk and but-
ter 570

wild, eradication, Oreg 228

yield as affected by sulphur 726

Mutation —

and heredity as cell phenomena. 823
in plants, treatise 629

MutiUn spp., notes 556

974

EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

Mutton — Page,

composition and nntrltlve value 256

fat, digestibility, U.S.D.A 364

fat, digestion and absorption — 257
tallow, solidifying and melting

points 201, 202

Mycetaultis n.sp., notes 361

Mycetophilld larra, dipterous para-
site of 553

Mycosphcerella brasaicicola, notes — 49, 542
Myelophilua piniperda in New Jersey 355
Myiasis In man and animals, trans-
mission by flies 359

Myiophasia, revision 360

Myriapods, migrating armies of 364

Myrtillin, studies 709

ilytilidion n.sp., on Picea 56

Myzocallis pasanicB n.sp., description 453
Myzus braggii and Rhopalosiphum

hippohws, confusion 357

JiaMs rufuscttlus, studies. Me 853

<J-Naphthol, larvicidal value 359

/J-Naphthylamin, larvicldal value 359

Narcosis, local and general 576

National —

Agricultural Society 799

Association of Cement Dsers 685

conference on church and conn-
try life 297

Dairy Council, purpose and

work of 472

Nature study —

In elementary schools 697

In Geneseo schools, Illinois 899

In New York State College of

Agriculture 692

manual 599

outlines 794. 795

training for teachers 692

Nebraska —

Forestatlon Commission, report- 347

Station, notes 798

Station, report 294

University, notes 198, 396, 798

Necrobaciliogls. umblilcal, in lambs- 188

yectandra rodiwi, durability tests- 56

Nectarines, pollination experiments- 233
Nectria —

ditissima, notes 247

rubi, studies 352

sp. on Norway maple, N.J 157

spp. on cacao 540

Nematodes —

In digestive tract, treatment 576

Injurious to coffee 55

Injurious to oranges 354

Injurious to ornamental plants_ 249
Injurious to sugar cane and

bananas, U.S.D.A 50

parasitic In sheep 275

parasitic on plants 841

treatment 780

treatment, Mich 245

Nematodirus fllicolUs, life hlstory_- 187

Neopeckia coitlteri, notes 56

Nepheline potash, Bolublllty 328

Pa?e.
Nephelometry, review of Investiga-
tions 202

Nevada —

Station, notes 396, 496, 600

University, notes 396

New Hampshire College, notes 97

New Jersey —

College, notes 97, 295, 496. 798

Stations, notes 97,295,496,798

Stations, report 197

New Mexico —

College and Station, notes 600

Station, report 705

New York —

Cornell Station, report 795

Department of Foods and Mar-
kets, work of 490

State Agricultural Society 288

State Station, guide to build-
ings and grounds 95

State Station, notes 97, 199, 600

State Station, report 197

Nickel, occurrence in hydrogenated

oils 10

NIcotlana —

factors affecting flower size ln_ 225
parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy,

and phenosphermy In 136

NIco tin-
preparations, combining with

spray mixtures, N.J 158

sulphate, use with Rnrdoaux.. 61

Niger-seed cake, effect on miik and

butter 570

Niter spots, origin In soils 811.812

p-Nltranllln, insecticldal value 359

Nitrate-
deposits in Idaho and Oregon- 220
diphosphate, fertilizing value-. 327
Norwegian. (See Calcium ni-
trate.)
of lime. (Sp< Calcium ni-
trate.)
of soda. (See Sodium nitrate.)

Nitrates-
analyses 222

determination In soils 112

determination In soils. Iowa-_ 811
formation in presence of carbo-
hydrates, N.J 127

in chernozem soils 618

titration with ferrous sulphate- 203

NItriflcation—

as affected by manganese 623

In Philippine soils 718

In plants 627

In soils 423

In soils. Pa 127

in soils, U.S.D.A 619

Nitrobenzene, insecticide! and larvJ

cidal value 359

Nitrogen —

aliphatic amino, determination- 608

nmlnoacid. determination 506

aminoacid. In soils 61J5

amino, determination 679

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

975

Nitrogen — Continued. Page,

ammonia, determination Id

urine 613

atmospheric, utilization by rad-
ishes 218

availability in mineral and or-
ganic compounds, N.J 621

cycle in nature 423

determination 10, 504

determination in vegetable mat-
ter 410

determination in waters and ef-
fluents 410

fixation in soils 422, 423

fixation in soils, U.S.D.A 619

free amino, in proteins of ox

and horse serum 501

in humus of arid soils, U.S.D.A_ 719

in processed fertilizers 327

in seeds of Acacia pycnantha 729

lime. (See Calcium cyanamld.)

long-continued use. Pa 128

loss in cultivated soils 516

nitric, in chernozem soils 618

transformation in moor soils 18

water-insoluble, in fertilizers.

Mass 625

water-soluble, in feeding stufifs_ 72, 501

Nitrogenous fertilizers —

availability, Cal 219

comparison— 24, 25, Sf 518,622,820

comparison, N.J 129, 621, 622

for arid soils 621

for cranberries, N.J 150

for meadow soils 22

history and manufacture 423

manufacture 622

use in arid regions, Cal 219

Nitrous acid, occurrence in plant sap- 627

Nonelectrolytes, effect on action of

alcohol on plant cells 333

North Carolina —

College and Station, notes 296, 496

Station, report 95

North Dalcota —

College, notes 496

Station bulletins, index, N.Dak_ 796

Station, notes 798

Novius cardmalis, notes 851

Nummularia discreta —

effect on apple bark 136

notes 247, 646

transmission by tree crickets 653

Nursery —

experimental and research sta-
tion in Hertfordshire 199

inspection in Colorado 651

inspection in Hawaii 59

Inspection in New Jersey, N.J 153

inspection law in Florida 232

inspection law in Texas 737

stock, die-back disease of 353, 646

stock, insects affecting 251

stock laws in United States and

Canada 40

Stock leaf diseases, treatment,

N.Y.CorneU 747

Page.

Nutmeg thread blight, notes 841

Nutrition —

animal. (See Animal nutri-
tion.)

effect on growth of the brain __ 662
effect on sexual development of

plants 824

Laboratory of Carnegie Insti-
tution, report 764

plant. (See Plant nutrition,)

review of investigations 7)2

summary and digest of data 255

treatise 658

value of extractives in 258

(See also Digestion, Metabol-
ism, etc.)
Nuts-
culture experiments, U.S.D^ 231

varieties, U.S.D.A 231

varieties for Georgia 436

Nymphwa alba, chemistry and an-
atomy of 522

yymphula depunctalis, notes 250

Oak-
honeycomb heart rot, studies,

U.S.D.A 448

Oldium, studies 650

reddish or brown heartwood of,

studies 849

twig pruner, notes 752

Oaks —

histological variations in 440

red, culture and value, Ohio 639

scarlet, disease of 448

Oat-
diet, exclusive, injurious effects. 366
grass, tall, moisture content

and shrinkage, U.S.D.A 828

grass, tall, palatability, Ohio 865

hulls, analyses, N.J 665

rusts in Canada 51

smut, ti'eatment, Ind 744

straw, analyses 164

straw, composition and digesti-
bility 565

Oats-

add poisoning due to 766

analyses 630

analyses, Wyo 668

and peas, cost of production,

N.J 137

composition as affected by fer-
tilization and soil prepara-
tion 230

culture, Ga 138

culture, S.C 694

culture experiments, Ohio 631

culture experiments, Oreg 228

culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 137. 228

culture under irrigation, Colo — 528

effect on milk and butter 570

effect on soil moisture 17

feeding value, Tenn 867

fertilizer experiments 22,24,327,

330, 423, 517, 518, 622, 726, 820

fertilizer experiments. Mass — 294

976

EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOED.

Oats — Continued. Page.

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

fertilizer experiments, Pa 128, 131

fertilizer experiments, Wyo 030

ground, analyses. Mass 467

gi-ound, analyses, Tex 4G7

growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

liming experiments. Pa 132, 133

new, moisture content, U.S.D.A- 92

of Algeria 3G

prices and shrinkage. 111 337

protein content following black

fallow 230

transpiration in 522

varieties, Cal 227

varieties, Ga 138

varieties, Idaho 735

varieties, Ohio 631

varieties, Oreg 228

varieties, U.S.D.A 220,733

varieties, Wyo 029

water requirements. Wash 720

yield as affected by sulphur 720

yields, Nebr 228

yields in relation to r.ilnfall 319

Oceanic —

circulation and temperatures,

U.S.D.A 015

noises, U.S.D.A 117

Ocnei'ostoma piniariella, notes 855

Odonaspis ruthw n.sp., description 357

Odontoplosaum criaputn, culture 741

Oedipoda nebracensis, notes, U.S.

DJl 159

CEnophthira pilleHana, notes 03

CEnothera —

breeding experiments 732

Inheritance of characters In 823

mutation In 629

seeds, germination 135

(Enothera rubricalyx, origin and be-
havior 220

Q'strum, effect on milk and butter

production, Ky 670

Ohio-
State University, notes— 199, 206, 406

Station, notes 199, 290, 005

Station, report 404

Otdium —

tingitanium n.sp., description-. 447

tiickeri, treatment 748, 841

Oil-
Chinese wood, polymerization 607

globules, elaboration In Iris

germanica 524

of cassia, constituents of 501

of Chenopodium, effect on circu-
lation and respiration 476

of Chenopodium, effect on In-
testinal contractility 381

of cloves, larvlcldal value 359

seeds and feeding cakes,

treatise 665

Oils — Page.
animal, effect of free fatty

acids on 312

determination of saponification

value 410

essential, determination 808

heat of bromination 803

hydro^enated, digestibility 659

hydrogenated, properties 9

of coniferse 607

technology and analysis,

treatise 507

Oklahoma —

College, notes 97

Station, notes 296

Oleander poisoning in horses 780

Oleic acid and cotton-seed oil,

hydrogenation of 10

Olethreute^ (OraphoUtha) achia-

taceana, notes 758

Oligosita sanguinea claripea n.sp.,

description 556

Ollgotrophlarlfe of New York 752

Olive—

diseases and insect pests 535

forests In Punjab 535

knot, studies, Cal 241

oU, homogenized, for infants 258

pomace for pigs 74

Olives-
culture 535

sizing. Cal 740

Omiodes blackbumi In Hawaii 59

Omtnatoihrips n.g. and n.spp., de-
scriptions 61

Omorgus n.spp., descriptions 363

Onchocerca —

gibsoni, notes 581, 582

spp., studies 582

Onchocerca larvae, migration through

capsule of worm nodule 576

Onchocerciasis In cattle 581, 582

Onion —

maggot. life history and

remedies 300

maggot, notes 252

thrlps, notes 360,652

Onions —

Bermuda. culture in south

Texas 437

culture, N.Y.State 41

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

Insects affecting 360

respiratory activities In sun-
light 30

storage experiments 637

varieties. U.S.D.A 232

Oospora gcabies. (See Potato
scab. )

Ophiobolus irraminis, notes 845

Ophlonlnse, generic corrections 362

Oplina>, North American, revision.. 454

Optus —

{Biosterea) sp., parasitic on

bud moth 26C

humilis, notes 556

n.spp., descriptions 454

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

977

Page.
Opuntia fraits, personation and

multiplication of 430

Orange —

black spot, notes 644

scaly bark, treatment, Cal 240

wlther-tlp, notes, Cal 241

Oranges —

acidity in relation to maturity,

Cal 235

bright V. russet fruit of 535

frozen, composition 365, 502

jelly from, Cal 207

mautrity in, Cal 235

navel, bud mutations in 43

navel, improvement by bud se-
lection and top-working 63D

navel, origin and development — 43

nematodes affecting 354

total solids and acidity, N. Dak_ 661
Orchard —

grass, moisture content and

shrinkage, U.S.D.A 828

heating devices, tests 747

inspection. (Sec Nursery in-
spection.)
Orchards —

cover crop experiments. N.Mex_ 437

protection against frost 341

renovation. Can 341

Orchestes canus, notes 254

Orchid leaf spot, notes 442

Orchids, treatise 741

Oregon —

College, notes 97, 199, 296, 497

Eastern Substation, report 294

Station, notes 199, 497, 695

Organic —

compounds, determination, trea-
tise 312

compounds, humifleation 516

compounds of soils, eflfect on

plant growth, Tex 126

matter, loss in cultivated soils. 516

matter, oxidation in soils, Tex_ 420

Organisms, fat containing, culture 763

Oroyia duhia, biology 251

Origanum oil, insecticidal value 359

Ornamental plants, shrubs, or trees.

(See Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.)
Ornithopus spp., hydrocyanic acid

in 525

Orthoclase potash, solubility 328

Orthoptera of Yale-Dominican ex-
pedition 854

Oryzomya n.spp., descriptions 850

Ostriches, breeding and care 873

Ottorhynchus sulcatus, notes 65

Ovarian —

extract feeding, effect on growth

and sexual development 766

tissue, transplanting in chicks_ S70
Ovules, abortiveness in relation to

pod position, N.J 134

Oxalic acid —

larvicidal value 350

secretion by Gicer arietinum 525

Page.

Oxalis, genetlcal studies 823

Oxidase enzyms, notes 711

Oxidases —

distribution in plants 32

rOle in plant respiration 524

r61e in plant respiration, Md 523

Oxidation processes in animal or-
ganism 663

Oxygen —

density, U.S.D.A 414

determination in waters and

effluents 410

Oyster-shell scale —

as affected by low temperature- 357
notes, N.J 158

Oysters —

packing, shipping, and sale, Ky_ 761
propacation, N.J 180

Pachybrachys, North American, re-
vision 361

Pachypappa reaumuri, notes 551

Pachytylus sp., control in Malay 254

Packinghouse products. (See Ani-
mal products.)

Paddy. (See Rice.)

Paints, branding, tests, Wyo 668

Palindia, notes 855

Palm-
kernel cake, analyses 263

kernel cake for cattle 566

kernels, composition and nutri-
tive value 565

nut cake as a feeding stuff 298

nut cake, effect on milk 471, 570

Pan American —

Road Congress 390,484

Scientific Congress 303

Pancreas —

ferments of 257

r61e in digestion and absorption

of fat 257

Pancreatic juice, nature and prop-
erties 257

Pfindetnis ribeana, notes 855

Panicularia occidentalis n.sp., de-
scription 336

Puntala flavescens, food habits 549

Papaya disease in Barbados 249

Papayas, culture in Philippines 635

Paper pulp filter, use in quantita-
tive analysis 712

Papilio demoleus, notes 851

Para rubber. (See Rubber.)

Paracalocoria —

colon, oviposition 255

scrupeus, notes 752

Paraleptomastix nbnormis —

in California 451

n.sp., description 456

Paraleurocerus Mcoloripes n.g. and

n.sp., description 857

Parasites —

Intestinal, detection 682

Intestinal, toxins of 879

(See also Animal parasites. In-
sect parasites, etc.)

978

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Parasitism and Eoslnophllia 276

Paratimia conicola n.g. and n.sp.,

description 254

Parcel post —

marlieting by 392, 690, 792

marljeting by, U.S.D.A 792

Paresis, parturient. (See Milk

fever.)
Paris green —

analyses, Mich 436

analyses. N.J 639

scald of tobacco plants by 351

Parkinsonia microphylla, transpira-
tion in 728

Parthenocarpy —

in fruits 226

in Xicotiana 136

Parthenogenesis —

in Nicotiana 136

in plants 727

in tomatoes 233

Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or

paresis. (See Milk fever.)

Paspaliim poisoning in cattle, Miss- 676

Passalora hevecB, notes 442

Passion fruit brown spot, notes 644

Piisteurization, rc^sumf-, N.Y.State.- 674

Pn.sture mixtures, notes. Wash 95

Pavements, economy of types 484

Pea—

aphis, control by lady beetles,

Va.Truck 555

aphis, studies, U.S.D.A 62

forage, effect on milk and but-
ter 570

bay, analyses, Wyo 469

straw, composition and digesti-
bility 565

thrips. studies 450

weevil, leaf-eating, biology 65

Peach —

borer, studies, N.J 101

leaf curl, notes, N.J 144

leaf curl, treatment, N.Y.Cor-
nell 248

leaf glands, taxonomic value

and structure, N.Y.Cornell.- 739
nursery stock die-back and

gumming 046

package law In New Jersey,

N.J 639

pollen, viability, N.J 144

scab, treatment, N.J 146

scale, West Indian, control by

parasites 456

trees, injuries to by poultry,

N.J 144

Peaches —

cost of precooling 637

cost of production o44, 739

culture experiments, N.J 144

culture in Egypt 2.".2

June drop of, N.J 144

packing and shipping, N.J 039

picking and handling 437, 739

Peaches — Continued. Page.

pollination experiments 233

spraying experiments, N.J 146

supply and distribution in 1914,

U.S.D.A 149

varieties, N.Mex 737

varieties for Pennsylvania, Pa_ 149

Peanut —

bacterial disease, studies, N.C_ 52

cake, analyses 72

cake, effect on milk and butter. 570

cake, feeding value 371

disease, notes 744

leaf rust, treatment 746

leaf spot, studies, U.S.D..\ 645

meal, analyses 263

meal, analyses, Mass 467

meal, analyses, N.J 665

meal, analyses, Tex 467

tikka disease, notes 50

vines, ground, analyses 767

Peanuts —

composition and nutritive

I value 565

culture, Colo 630

culture and recipes, Ala.Tuske-

gee 859

Insects affecting 851

Pear —

blight, notes 351,647,648,739

blight, studies, Wash 647

blister disease, notes 543

diseases In New Jersey, N.J 147

dl.seases in New South Wales 247

fruit spots, notes 846

midge, notes 752

Monllla blight, studies 351

psylla, notes 752

psylla, notes, N.J 158

psylla, remedies, N.J 147

scab, notes 846

sucker, notes 451

thrips, notes 752

I'ears —

Bartlett, keeping qualities,

N.Mex 738

blight resistant, from China 55

elder, propagation 834

culture 833

parthenocarpy in 226

pollination 233,341

preserved, valuation 256

seedless, notes 234

spraying experiments, N.J 147

Peas —

analyses, Wyo 400

as affected by pod position,

N.J 134

as an orchard cover crop.

N.Mex 437

canning. Improvement in Wis-
consin 341

culture, Colo 630

culture under irrigation, Colo 528

effect on soil moisture 17

fertilizer experiments 24,518,822

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

979

Peas — Continued. Page,

field, as a forage crop, D.S.D.A- 140
field, culture under dry farming,

Idaho T34

field, rate of seeding test,

Idaho 734

field, varieties, Idaho T35

field, varieties, Oreg 228

garden, varieties 833

growth as affected by alUali

salts, D.S.D.A 125

rogues in 41

water requirements. Wash 720

Peat-
analyses, Conn. State 521

and peat moors, utilization 618

as a fertilizer or fertilizer filler- 332

Industry, notes 822

lands or soils. (See Soils,
peat.)

litter as a manure absorbent 517

litter, treatise 624

machinery, tests 589

production in United States 332

resources of Wisconsin 786

Pecans —

culture, Ga 151

culture, U.S.D.A 740

storage, Ga 151

top-working on hickory, Ga 151

varieties, Ga 151

Pectins, use in food products 167

Perjomya cepeiormn. {See Onion
maggot.)

I'elnrgonin, studies 709

Pelargonium —

canker, notes 56

scarlet, coloring matter of 709

Pellagra —

cause 764

prevention 259, 764

relation to diet 258, 259, 764

review of investigations 463

Peloria in flowers 823

Penicillium —

expansum on plums, U.S.D.A 445

luteum purpurogenum group 51

spp. on citrus 446

Pennsylvania —

College, notes 497

Station, notes 497, 900

Station, report 197

Pentarthron minutum (Tricho-
gramma pretiosa), parasitic on

bud moth 250

Pentosans in feeding stuffs, Tex 168

Pentoses, utilization by OlomereUa

(Angulata 351

Peonin, studies 710

Peony, coloring matter of 710

Pepper —

breeding experiments, N.J 144

fruit disease, notes 442

Peppermint, culture, U.S.D.A 151

Pepsin as a substitute for rennet 574

Page.
Peptone, eflfect on action of alcohol

on plant cells 333

Peptones — -

in soils 325

synthesis by means of enzyms- 708

Perennials, varieties for Illinois 45

Per id ermiu m —

ftlamcntoaum on yellow pine

seedlings, U.S.D.A 649

harknessH and Cronartium

qucrcuum, association 849

pyriforme and Cronartium

comandrw., identity 539

pyriforme, new hosts, tJ.S.D.A- 354

pyriforme, notes, D.S.D..4i 242

strain, studies 750

Periodates, determination 712

Periodids, organic, studies 502

Permeability as affected by trivalent

and tetravalent cations 34

Perocid, fungicidal value 847

Peronospora wrborescens, notes 50

Peronosporacea), perennial mycelium

in, U.S.D..A. 154

Persimmons, notes, U.S.D.A 43

Pestalozzia palmarum, notes 56, 241, 442

Petunias —

double seeding, notes 44

inhrt"itance of doubleness in 237

Peyote, narcotic, studies 336

Pezoporua (Schcnkia) tenthredi-

narum n.sp., description 456

Phalaris bulbosa, culture experi-
ments 631

Phaonia signata, hibernation 254

Phaseolus —

adenanthus, culture, P.R 736

semierectus, culture, P.R 736

Pheasants —

care and management 5tjy

crossbreeding experiments 564

Phenacetin, periodids of_^ 502

Phenacoccua accricola, notes 752

Phenodomus destruens, studies, Del_ 156
Phenological observations, import-
ance 536

Phenospermy in Nicotiana 136

Phlepsius n.sp., description 255

Phlox —

as a host of eelworm 349

varieties 836

Phoma —

betce, notes 350

betas, studies, U.S.D.A 156

brassiccB, notes 241

cajani, notes 52

citricurpa, notes 644

mali, notes 543,646

I'homopsis mali, notes 247

Phonolite potash, solubility 328

Phorbia —

cepetorum. (See Onion mag-
got.)

niuscaria, hibernation 254

980

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Phoridse, synonymic catalogue 654

Phormia reyhia, notes 554

Phorocera claripennis, parasitic on

army worm 251

Phosphatases in malt 502

Phosphate —

Belgian, fertilizing value 51.8

deposits in Florida 424, 821

deposits in Montana 329

deposits In Tennessee 724

excretion as affected by water

drinking 76;?

in New Zealand 519

natural, fertilizing value 330

Norwegian, fertilizing value 518

of lime. (See Calcium phos-
phate.)

Palmaer's, fertilizing value 330

rock, action of sulphurous acid

on 220

rock, as affected by grinding,

sifting, and roasting 220

rock, dissolved. (See Super-
phosphate.)

rock, origin and preparation 724

rock, use as a fertilizer, U.S.

D.A 328

Thomas, fertilizing value 431

Wolter's, fertilizing value 330

Phosphates —

analyses 222

comparison 327, 330, .331, 518

670
518
150
329
112
421
220

effect on milk production

effect on root development

for cranberries, N.J

manufacture, U.S. D.A

methods of analysis

soil, availability, Tex

solution by mineral acids

(See aJsn Superphosphate.)
Phosphntlc slag —

extratlon with citric acid

fertilizing value

35, 208, 330.518,510

red coloration in 820

Phosphoric acid —

determination 314, 400, 805

determination in cJilclum phos-
phate

extraction from natural phos-
phates

In starch

long-continued use. Pa

manufacture, U.S. D.A

reverted, assimilation by plants-
Phosphorite, Kasan, fertilizing value-
Phosphorites from SenglleT

Phosphorus —

determination 409, 805

determination In presence of

sulpluiric acid 112

determination in soil extracts 10

determination in soils 806

diffusible, in cow's milk 271

331
22,

410

329
710
128
329
331
330
329

Page.
315

613
805

202

628
524

454

49

52

540

Phosphorus — Continued.

inorganic, determination, Ohlo_
lipoid and acid-soluble, deter-
mination in serum

nutrition of plants, notes

Photometric analysis, review of in-
vestigations

Phototropism —

as affected by temperature

studies

Phthorimaa operculella. (See Po-
tato-tuber worm.)

Phyllopcrtha hortuoUi, notes

Phyllosticta —

brass ic<e, Mycosphasrella stage

cajani, notes

ramicola, notes

soHtaria, notes 247,646

sp., notes 247

sp., on r\ibber 744

Phylloxera —

spp., notes 453

vastatrix. (See Grape-phyl-
loxera.)

Physiology —

International catalogue 658

treatise 777

Phy.iodcniha sp. on corn, S.C

Phycokermea picetr, notes

PhytaltM Ktnitfii, parasites of

I'hytin, determination

Phytomyza aquifoUi in New Jersey.

I'hytopathologicai culture sujiply
laboratory, need of

Phytopathology and botany, rela-
tionship

Phytoph thora —

cactorum studies, N.Y.Cornell_-

faberi, notes 349, 540, 744, 849

infisttins. (See Potato late
blight. )

n«nnivonj arecw. notes

omniiora as affected by cold,

U.S.D.A

Omni vara, notes

parasitica on coconuts

sp. on castor beans

sp. on coconuts

IMckle worm, studies, Ky

Picric acid, insecticidal and larvl-
cldal value

Pig—

disease, nature and treatment

diseases, notes, Mont

diseases, treatise

farm, plans, Greg

houses, construction

houses, construction, Kj-

Pigeon —

disease, studies

grass, analyses, X.Dak

pea diseases, descriptions

peas, as a cover crop, P.R

Pigeons, lIa!moproteus iufcctlon In.

643
752
455
10
355

539

48

746

538
644
349
50
60
855

359

383
174

278
267
590
680

83

39

52

730

85S

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

981

Pigments — Page.

anthocyan, investigations 223

antliocyan, review of literature- 335

of chromoleucites, studies 33

plant, production 223

plant, review of investigations- 33
Pigs—

ante-mortem inspection 280

as affected by cotton-seed meal,

N.C 79

as affected by vegetable diet- 400

bacterial flora of buccal cavity- 279

care and management, Ky 680

cost of production, Oreg 374

determination of race 769

development of limbs 564

feeding experiments 74,

376, 468, 663, 769, 869

feeding experiments, Cal 265

feeding experiments, Idaho 767

feeding experiments, Kans 665

feeding experiments, Ky 665, 666

feeding experiments, Mo 769

feeding experiments, N.J 172

feeding experiments, N.Mex 768

feeding experiments, Ohio 567, 668

feeding experiments, Oreg 265, 373

feeding experiments, Tex 4G9

feeding experiments, Wyo 4G9

following cotton-seed meal-fed

steers, Tex 866

forage crops for, N.J 172

garbage tankage or " stick "

for, N.J 173

Inheritance of fertility in 400

internal parasites of, Ky 680

Judging 94

malnutrition In, Ky 567

mineral mixture for, N.J 173

pigment specks in 766

profits and losses in 869

raising In Montana, Mont 174

raising in North Dakota, N.

Dak 267

raising on North Platte recla-
mation project, U.S.D.A 267

raising, treatise 268

rape pasture for, Ga 174

resistance to hog-cholera virus

N.J 173

soiling V. pasturing, Cal 265

use of food by 400

Yorkshire, gestation period 373

Pigweed —

eradication, Oreg 228

rough, analyses, N.Dak 39

Pimpla —

Utoplectes) conquisitor, para-
sitic on bud moth 250

spp. in Europe 657

Pine-
blister rust, control In Ver-
mont 837

blister rust, studies 750

blister rust threatening Pacific

States 354

leaf scale, notes 752

Pine — Continued. Page,
moth, Zimmerman, studies, U.S.

D.A 159

oil, insecticidal value 359

rust, treatment 650

sawfly, destructive, from Eu-
rope 363

seedlings, root rot of 546

shoot moth, European, in New

Jersey 355

shoot moth, European, notes- _ 752
stands, succession by oak

stands , 537

weevil, notes, N.J 158

wood, carbohydrates of 608

Pineapples —

cover crops for, P.R 730

culture in Philippines G:'.5

Pines —

diameter growth in 536

evaporation from 537

fertilizer experiments 537

height growth as affected by

weather 640

longleaf yellow, utilization of

waste 839

shortleaf, importance and man-
agement, U.S.D.A 346

western yellow, culture in Black

Hills 640

western yellow, mill scale study 838

western yellow, volume tables. 641

yellow, windfall damage 640

Pinipestis zimmermani, studies, U.S.

D.A 159

Pioneer irrigation district, Idaho,

drainage system for 483

Pipe —

lines, metal, construction 483

wood-stave, repairing with con-
crete S90

Pipuneiilus n.spp., descriptions 857

Piroplasma annulatum, notes 384

Piroplasmosis —

canine;, treatment 276

in European cattle 82, 478, 575

parvum type, in cattle 383

Pissodcs strobi, notes, N.J 158

Pistachio leaf spotting disease, notes 843

Pituitary substance —

effect on egg production 75, 668

effect on growth 668, 765

effect on sexual development 765

Pituitrin —

effect on milk secretion 270

In fetal pituitary and supra-
renal glands 675

Pityophthorus n.spp., descriptions 361

Plague —

dissemination by rats 548

relation to rodents 355

Plants

breeding experiments in Canada 40

breeding experiments in Dahlem 727
cell membranes, chemistry and

structure 626

982

EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD.

Plant— Continued. Page,

cell substances, electric charge- 525

cells, intake of material by 333

cells, protoplasm of 33

cells, reduction and oxidation

regions in 33

cells, r61e In ascent of sap 727

chlorosis, notes 720

cultures, nutrient solutions for_ 333

disease survey, N.C 49

disease survey. Pa 154

diseases —

at Salgir Experiment Sta-
tion 842

bacterial, notes 49

bibliography, lU 348

classification and termin-
ology 642

In Astrakhan 842

in Barbados 841

in British Guiana 442

in California, Cal 240

In Colorado, Colo 539

in Dahlem 727

in Dutch East Indies 744

In Grenada 841

in Indiana, Ind 744

in Italy 539

in Mauritius 843

in New Jersey, N.J 153

In New South Wales 644

In Province of Podolsk.. _ 843

in Pusa 49

in the Tropics 48

in Trinidad and Tobago — 50

In Uganda 540

In Union of South Africa.- 241

international control 442, 840

notes, S.C 643

relation to meteorology 840

studios 743

text-book 794

treatment, N.Y.Cornell -10

treatment, Ohio 642

treatment, development in. 48

treatment with hot water-. 50
{See also different host
plants.)

enzyms, studies 428,731

food accessories, bacterial test

for 325

histology, treatise 727

Inspection. (See Nursery in-
spection.)
Introduction in North and

South America 306

lice in Hawaii 59

lice In Ohio, Ohio 69

lice, notes, N.J 158

(See also .^^pple aphis, etc.)

nutcltion, physiology of 326

nutrition, treatise 135

oxidases, disti'lbution 32

parasites and tlieir hosts, rela-
tionship 49

parasitism, physiology of 847

pathology, society of in France. 840

Plant — Continued. Page.

pathology, treatise 49

pigments, production 223

pigments, review of Investiga-
tions 33, 335

roots, exosmosls from 826

tissue, permeability 731

Plants —

acridity in 731

alimentary and medicinal,

treatise 533

as affected by aluminum 525

as affected by ethylene 626

as affected by soot, Pa 154

bud sports in 740

carotinoids in 627

climbing, treatise 741

desert, transpiration in 728

dwarf, origin 335

economic, at Agronomic Experi-
ment Station, Santiago de las

Vegas, Cuba 436

economic, at Botanic Garden In

British Guiana 40

evolution of 31

exercises with for rural schools,

U.S.D.A 292

formation of starch In 627

freezing and frost killing 223

growth, abnormal forms, N.J.- 143

growth as affected by boron 428

growth as affected by boron.

U.S.D.A 625

growth as affected by light 223

growth a.s affected by radium 223

growth In distilled water and

dilute toxic solutions 825

growth in relation to atmos-
pheric pollution 299

growth, periodicity In 29

growth, treatise 321

house and window, treatise-- 238, 836

house, culture 238,639

Imports, U.S.D.A 336. 527

Improvement through bud selec-
tion 636

industrial, conservation 306

medicinal, as affected by compo-
sition of soils 18

medicinal, culture 236

medicinal, culture experiments- 43
medicinal, fertilizer e x p e r 1-

ments 43

medicinal, of Wisconsin 315

monoecious, evolution 225

new or noteworthy, from Colom-
bia and Central America 827

nitrification In 627

of lower California 827

ornamental, culture experiments,

U.S.D.A 231

ornamental, culture in Mexico — 741

ornaniontal. description. 111 536

ornamental, for Florida 535

oruameutat for home grounds,

N.y. Cornell 741

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

983

Plants — Continued. Page,
ornamental, for latitude of St.

Louis 493

ornamental. Insects affecting 651

ornamental, native to United

States 535

ornamental, nematodes affect-
ing 249

ornamental, sports of 639

ornamental, varieties, U.S.D.A- 231

oxidative changes in 731

parthenogenesis in 727

Philippine, propagation by cut-
tings and layerage 436

physiology of heredity in 822

poisonous, of Colorado, Colo 576

poisonous, of Union of South

Africa 241

preparation and mounting 94

propagation by cuttings, Wash_ 694

resistance to hot water 843

respiration investigations 523, 524

sexual development in relation

to nutrition 824

sexual reproduction in 526

smoke injury to 744

succulent, desiccation and

starvation experiments 430

transpiring power, studies 334, 728

utilization of sulphur by 331

Tariations in 635

velocity of transmission of ex-
citation in 29

water requirements 521, 522

wilting 728

wilting, drying and retur-

gescence 825

woody, bibliography 435

woody of Oahu lowlands 345

woody, phloem and bark dis-
eases of 442

Plasmodiophora brassicce, (See

Cabbage club root.)
Plasmopa/ra viticola —

studies 352, 544

studies, Wis 246

treatment 748, 842

Plaster, land. (See Gypsum.)
Plat experiments, elimination of er-
ror in, Mich 735

Platinum, scrap, conversion into

chloroplatinic acid 804

Platyparea paecilaptera, notes 851

Platypeza of Virginia 857

Plenodomus fuscomaculans, growth
and pycnidium formation, U.S.

D.A 647

Plenodomus sp. on apples, Mich 744

Pleospora lespedezw n.sp., descrip-
tion 242

Plesiothrips, erection 356

Pleuro-pneumonla, contagious. (See
Influenza, equine.)

Plowing, deep v. ordinary. Pa 124

Plowrightia morhosa as affected by

cold. U.S.D.A 538

I'lows — Page,

draft of. Pa 125

motor, tests 686,788,891

Plum-
brown rot, notes 241

silver leaf disease, studies 648

wilt, studies, Ga 747

Plumbing for country homes 286

Plums —

Cytospora disease of 648

improvement in Minnesota 637

picking and handling 437

pollination 233.341

varieties resistant to brown rot,

U.S.D.A 444

wild goose, changes in during

ripening 802

Plutella macuUpenivis, (See Dia-
mond-back moth.)
Pneumonia, equine. (See Influenza,

equine.)

Pneumonyssus foxi n.sp., description 364

Podisma frigida in Alaska 61

Podophyllum emodi, culture 346

Podosphwra spp., notes 247

Po 'osporiella verticillata n.sp., de-
scription 644

Poisons —

detection in water 410

organic, effect on plant cells 526

Polariscope, sodium lamp for 804

Political economy instruction in agri-
cultural schools 693

Poll evil, immunization 580

Pollen, formation 525

Pollenla rudis, hibernation 254

Pollination, physiology of 628

Polychrosis hotranor—

biology and remedies 654

monograph 553

remedies 63

Polymorphism in fungi 32

Polypeptids, synthesis by means of

enzyms 708

Polyporus vaporarius, studies 547

Polysulphids, insecticidal value 61

Pomace fly attacking blueberries.

Me 852

Pomegranate disease, notes, U.S.

D.A 232

Pomelos —

bright V. russet fruit of 535

composition and culture 835

total solids and acidity, N.Dak_ 661

Potnphopoea sayi, notes 752

Pond lily aphid as a plum pest 550

Pop corn —

breeding experiments, N.J 144

rice, studies. Conn. State 431

viability tests, N.J 145

Poplar borer, remedies 656

Poppies, fertilizer experiments 820

Poppy-seed cake, effect on milk and

butter 570

Population, Malthusian theory, trea-
tise 594

984

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Page.
Populus vancouveriana n.sp., de-
scription 336

Pork fat, digestion and absorption — 257
Porofiarjrotis ortliogonia, poisoned

bait for 358

I'onicondylariae of New York 752

Porthetria dispar. (See Gipsy
moth.)

Posts, preservation, Iowa 153

Potash —

brines, evaporation 425

deposits in Texas 26

fertilizer experiments, review — 821

fertilizing value, S.C 513

fixation by soil bacteria 815

for cranberries, N..T 150

for roses, N.J 143

from copper and gold ores 425

from feldspatic rock 27

from seaweed 26

from wood and plant ashes 425

in soils, liberation, S.C 519

lakes and deposits as a source

of potash 327

long-continued use. Pa 128

of silicates, solubility 328

salts, fertilizing value 519

salts for meadow soils 22

salts, replacing with sodium

chlorld 726

{See also Potassium salts.)

sources of 327

sources of, S.C 519

sources of in America S21

substitutes for 327

supply, Ohio 494

use in agriculture 27

waste liquor lime, fertilizing

value 26

works waste products, fertiliz-
ing value 328

world's supply 724

Potassium —

acid phthalate In acldiraetry

and alkalimetry 408

adsorption by soils 817

chlorid for cranberries. N.J 150

cyanld, effect on permeability of

vegetable plasma membrase 333

determination 503

ferrocyanid, fertilizing value 27

permanganate treatment for

seed grains 844

salts, effect on germination and

growth of crops, U.S.D.A 125

(See also Potash salts.)
sulphur mixture, insectlcidal

value, U.S.D.A 60

Potato —

aphis, control by lady beetles,

Va.Truck 555

beetle, Colorado, life history,

U.S.D.A 756

beetle. Colorado, notes. Wash__ 753

beetle. Colorado, oviposition — 655

Potato — Continued. Page.

black heart, investigations 24:;

blight, infection experiments 52

blight, treatment with hot

water 50

canker, treatment 247

corky scab, notes 241

curly leaf, studies 450

diet, effects of 164

diseases, investigations 44:i

diseases, notes, Mich 744

diseases, notes, Ohio 543

flea-beetle, notes, N.J 158

flea-beetle, remedies 361

flour, use in baking 365

foliage, composition and feed-
ing value 565, 664

late blight fungus, germination

and Infection, Wis 246

late blight, hibernation of fun-
gus, U.S.D.A 155

late blight, notes 50, 843

leaf roll disejises, notes 443

moth, remedies 654

pink and green aphid, studies.

Me 550

planters, tests 88, 788

poisoning, studies 164

powdery scab, native habitat 045

powdery scab, treatment 247

refuse, effect on milk 471

Rhizoctonla disease, studies 350

rot, notes 50

scab, treatment, Ind 744

scab, treatment, N.J 156

starch, baking tests 460

tuber rots, studies. U.S.D.A-— 246

tuber worm, notes 250, 851

tuber worm remedies 654

wart disease, studies 844

I''otatoes —

amyloclastic activity 428

breeding experiments, S.C 634

culture 528

culture, N.Y.State 36

culture, Wyo 630

culture contests 493

culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 228, 229

culture in Georgia 435

culture under Irrigation, Colo 528

effect on composition of follow-
ing wheat crop 230

effect on soil moisture 17

factors affecting health, Colo 746

fertilizer experiments 24,

518,519,622,820

fertilizer experiments. Mass 294

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

Irrigation experiments, U.S.

D.A 229

irrigation experiments. Wash — 721

loss in boiling 660

marketing. Wis 2S8

marketing cooperatively 288

respiration Investigations. Md-_ 523

seed, certification in Germany.- 444

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

985

158
736

427
734

377

Potatoes — Continued. Page.

seed selection -^38

seed selection, Wash 494

seed, sprouting before planting. 530
spraying and dusting experi-
ments, N.J

thinning experiments, Mont

translocation of mineral con-
stituents, U.S.D.A

varieties, Idaho

varieties, Mass 231

yields in relation to rainfall 319

Poultry — -

appliances, description, Cal

breeding experiments, N.J 177

breeding, review of investiga-
tions -68

care and management 377, 770

care and management, Colo 569

care and management, Me 569

care and management, W.Va — 669

diseases, nature and treatment- 383

diseases, treatise 280, 481, 881

experiments, N.J 176

external parasites 470

farms, small, developing, Wash_ 294

fattening for market. Pa 178

feeding. Mo 377

feeding experiments 664

feeding experiments, Ind 376

houses, construction 192, 590, 789

houses, construction. Mo 391

houses, description, N.J 177

injurious to peach trees, N.J 144

instruction, home projects in — 395

instruction in Ireland 196

manure, use, Ohio 494

notes. Wash 494

production, Illustrated lecture,

U.S.D.A 106

raising in Wisconsin, Wis 813

rations, computing 377

selection experiments 74,564,870

sprouted grain for. Wash 294

statistics in Ireland 291

survey of a country village in

New York 669

treatise 269, 377, 470

winter management. Wash 770

(See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.)

Prwpodes vittatus, notes 753

Prairie —

berry, crossing with Solatium

nigrum, N.J

dogs, control, Nebr

Precipitation —

atmospheric, electricity of, U.S.

D.A

in British Columbia

reactions, equilibrium in

(See also Rainfall, Snowfall,
etc.)
Precipitin —

and sensitizin, relationship

reaction, notes

146
57

413
320

779

778
579

Page.
Pregnancy, diagnosis— 80, 81, 565, 577, 780
Prevtoceran tnayfleldi n.sp., descrip-
tion 264

Prickly pear. (See Cactus.)
Primula —

acaulis, inheritance of hetero-

stylism In 226

sinensis, flower pattern in 731

sinensis, heredity in 822

sinensis, variegation in 226

Privies, sanitary, description 88

Prociphilus —

bumeliw, notes 357

fraanni-dipctalcF, notes 356, 453

pi/ri, notes, U.S.D.A 854

Proctophyllodes trisetosus n.sp., de-
scription 66

Profenusa collaris, investigations,

U.S.D.A 456

Promusca, erection 253

Prosmoride^i elongatus n.g. and n.sp.,

description 363

Prosopis spicigera, in Punjab 46

Prospaltella berlesci, parasitic on

mulberry scale 456

Proteases, serum, studies 674

Proteid. (See Protein.)
Protein —

as affected by bromin 803

cleavage products. (See Amino

acids.)

derivatives, physiological action 71

extraction from wheat flour 610

formation, treatise 70^

free amino groups in 501

Hopkins-Cole reaction for 713

isolated, value in the diet 368

metabolic relation to glucose — 366
metabolism as affected by car-
bohydrate and fat 762

methods of analysis 505

milk, preparation 461

mixtures, inhibitory action on

anaphylaxis 578

of wheat flour, chemical consti-
tution 803

requirement of infants 68

storage, relation to acidosis.

Wis 261

synth:^sis by means of enzyms- 708

vegetable, biological reactions — 577

vegetable. Investigations 762

Proteoses in soils 325

Protocalliphora azurea-, studies 359

Protoplasm —

electric charge of 525

of plant cells 33

Protozoa of soils —

activity, U.S.D.A 422

counting 513

investigations, U.S.D.A 20

relation to soil bacteria 326

separation, U.S.D.A 217

986

EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD.

Provender — Page.

analyses, Mass 4U7

analyses, N.H 169

analyses, Vt 371

Prune —

blight, notes 648

Monilla blight, studies 351

rust In southern California 352

Prunes —

dried, microbiology 460

handling and shipping, U.S.

D.A 534

Pruning, notes 833

Prunus domestica, stiver leaf dis-
ease of 648

Prussic acid. (See Hydrocyanic

acid.)
Pseudanthonomtis validus, studies,

Me 852

Pseudhomalopoda prima n.g. and

n.sp., description 857

Pscudoanthrax bacilli, biology and

diagnosis 781

Paeudoirachaticha acmiaurea n.g.

and n.sp., description 363

Paeudococcita —

citfi. (See Citrus mealy bug.)

sp. from .Japan in New Jersey. 355

sp. on citrus fruits 62

sp. on sugar cane 753

spp. in Ohio, Ohio 59

spp., studies, Cal 162

Paeudomonaa —

campeatris, notes 644

citri, investlpntions, Fla 447

juglandia, studios 545

phaaeoli, studies, Mich 746

Paeudomphale n.sp., description 66

Paeudorhyaaa atcrnata n.g. and

n.sp., description 758

Pseudotuberculosis, notes 184

Paychoda cinerca, life history 651

Psylla —

mali, studies 451

pyri (pyriroJa) (See Pear
psylla.)

Psylla, remedies 253

Pteridium arjuiUnum, chemistry and

anatomy of 522

Public health legislation in United

States, manual 661

Puccinia —

arenaria, biology 242

plumarum, notes .S43

glu7}iarum, studies 349

graminia, notes 242, 845

mnlrarearum, germination of

teleutospores 744

oryzw, studies 745

phleipratcnsia, infection experi-
ments, TT.S.D.A 244

pruni-fpinosw, notes 352

spp., teleutospore formation 745

triticina, notes 845

Puerperal diseases in cattle and

their relation to meat poisoning — 386

Pullets — Page.

cost of raising 569

early-hatched, for egg produc-
tion 377

early-hatched for egg produc-
tion. Wash 95

feeding experiments, Idaho 769

feeding experiments, Ind 376

late fall hatched, for egg pro-
duction, N.J 178

management. Wash 604, 796

I'ulpwood industry in Canada 48

Pulse grains, effect on milk and but-
ter 570

Pumping, drainage, cost of 585

Pumps —

centrifugal, priming 87

centrifugal, treatise 482

for irrigation 482

use In drainage, U.S.D..\ 283

Purchasing associations In Posen

and West Prussia 893

Purdue University, notes 495

Purln bases, determination In urine

and blood 412

Purplp scale, notes 60

Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.)
Putrefaction of meat, game, and

flsh 163

Pyrallda? of Bermuda 63

Pyrcllia eriophthalma, hibernation-- 254
Pyrenochceta elodece n.sp., descrip-
tion R40

Pyrethnims. varieties 836

Pyrldln vapor, larvicidal value 359

Pyrogalllc acid, effect on action of

soli organic compounds, Tex 127

Pyrox. Insectlctdal value, N.J 147

Pythiacyatis —

citrophthora, description 353

sp. on deciduous nursery

stocic 353. 646

Pythium patmirorum, notes 643

Quark grass, eradication, Minn 339

Quail, California valley, destruction

with poisoned barley 850

Quassiln, Insecticidal value 355

Quercus n.spp. of lower California 827

Quince —

blight, notes 648

diseases, treatment with hot

water 50

Japanese, fruit of 256

Qulnin —

hydrochlorld as an antiseptic- _ 3S3
hydrochlorld, toxicity toward

plants 526

use against gaseous gangrene-- 383
Quinolin, insecticidal and larvicidal

value 359

Qulnone —

effect on plant growth. Tex 126

effect on wheat plants 325

Rabbit injuries to apple trees, pre-
vention 250

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

987

Babbits — Page,
cottontail, damage from, U.S.

D.A 751

cross-breeding experiments 370, 466

inheritance in 864

Racemization, studies 71

Radio-active —

deposit from atmosphere, U.S.

D.A 615

ores and residues, fertilizing

value 821, 822

Radio-activity of spring water 332

Radishes —

assimilation of mineral salts

by 135

Chinese, distribution of starch

in 41

fertilizer experiments 520, 821

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

historical study 532

Japanese, culture 41

utilization of free nitrogen by_ 218
Radium —

effect on germination of seed_ 626, 730

effect on plant growth 223

fertilizing value 31, 331

in water from Gulf of Mexico,

U.S.D.A 118

Raffinose, determination 313

Ragweed, great, analyses, N.Dak 39

Railway ties, preservation 240

Rain —

composition 15

gage exposure, effect, U.S.D.A_ 117
nitric and nitrous acids in,

U.S.D.A 118

nitrogen, chlorin, and sulphates

in 615

Rainfall —

at Montevideo 15

effect on composition of toma-
toes 636

effect on crop yields 319

effect on water level in wells-.. 319

In Australia, U.S.D.A 118

in Scotland 320

in Sumatra 510

in Union cf South Africa 818

in United States 415

in western Africa 208

in western and equatorial

Africa 320

observations, long-period, value_ 319
observers, instructions to,

U.S.D.A 509

relation to battles 509

relation to water supply 510

(See also Precipitation.)
Raisin industry in United States.

U.S.D.A 835

Raisins —

insects affecting, Cal 60

making, Cal 235

50633°— 16 8

Rape — Page,

cake, effect on milk and butter. 570

for pigs, Ga 174

seed cake, analyses 263

seed production and utilization- 531
susceptibility to swede mildew_ 52

tops, analyses and feeding value. 664
yield as affected by sulphur 726

Rapistrum rugosum, notes 532

Raspberries —

culture, N.Y. State 42

fertilizer experiments. Mass 294

improvement in Minnesota 637

propagation and shipping expe-
riments 637

Raspberry —

juice, studies 256

mildew, notes 749

wilt, description 55

Rations —

effect on growth and dairy

qualities of cows. Mo 378

for cattle feeding 72

mixed, digestibility, Ga 169

Rats —

as affected by gonadectomy 263

migratory habits 548

of Great Britain 57

rice, new species of 850

Razoumofskya —

laricis injurious to larch, U.S

D.A 547

tsugensis in Alaska 546

Red-
bugs, notes. Pa 160

clover. [See Clover, red.)
dog flour. (See Flour, red

dog.)
spider. (See Spider, red.)

Redtop, palatability, Ohio 865

Redwater, Rhodesian. (See African
coast fever.)

Reforestation —

and occult condensation, U.S.

D.A 614

of brush fields of northern Cali-
fornia 640

Refrigeration, notes 892

Rehmiella ultnicola n.sp., descrip-
tion 242

Rennet —

for cheese making 77

preparation from calves'

stomachs 574

substitutes for 574

Resin yielding plants, treatise 838

Resins in hops 502, 711

Respiration —

apparatus, types of 260

calorimeter for study of dis-
ease 67

calorimeter, improved, U.S.D.A. 369

experiments with men 260

experiments with newborn in-
fants 861

experiments with sweet pota-
toes, U.S.D.A 426

988

EXPERIMENT STAXiOX KECOKD.

Respiratory — Page.

activity, relation to sunlight 'iO

chamber for small animals o70

exchange. (See Gaseous ex-
change.)

Restaurants, inspection in Indiana- S61

Rhabdoblatta hrunneonxgra n.sp.,

from China 255

Rhab'locnemia sp. affecting sugar

cane 556

Rhagoletis —

juniperintts n.sp., description 450

potnoucUa. (See Apple mag-
got.)

Rhamnoso, determination in pres-
ence of other methylpentoses 11

Rhaphidophorinaj In America north

of Mexico 854

Rhipiceiihalua sitnus, notes 851

RhizoctoDia, Investigations 840

Rhizoctonia —

solani, rejection of name 443

spp. in India 50

spp. on potatoes o50

Rhizopus —

nigricans on tomatoes 53

nigricans, studies, Del 156

spp., ptiy.slologJcal studies 5:^H

Rhode Islanti Station, notes 296, iiOO

Rhodes grass, culture, S.C 694

Rhode.slan redwater. (See African
coast fever.)

Rhododendron lace bug, studies 451

Rhopalnmyia hypngcra, notes 251

Rhopalosiiihum —

hippohws and Mi/:uh hraggii,

confusion 357

nymphccw affecting plums 850

Rhubarb-
composition 255

culture, N.Y. State 41

culture, treatise 232

fertilizer experiments, Mass 204

handling and shipping 637

Rhyinchitcs —

auratus, life history 301

spp. in I^i.'^sia >^'i~

Rliynchophorous larvte secretions In

cocoon making 362

Khyssa, studies 758

Rhytisma punciatnm, notes 843

Rice —

analyses, U.S.D.A 560

artificial cross-pollination 823

as affected by acids and alkalis

and their salts 31

beer ferment, Indian, analyses. 711

bran, analyses 566, 767

bran, analyses, Tex 467

chop, analyses, Tex 4(>7

composition at various stages of

growth, U.S.D.A 435

culture, dapog method 631

culture experiments 231

culture in Rurran 227

culture in Vercelli 435

Rice — Continued. Page,

dietary deficiencies, nature of__ 307

diseases, notes 49, 744

grading, U.S.D.A 560

hulls, analyses, Tex 467

imports into United States,

U.S.D.A 435

inflorescence of 531

Insects affecting 652

Irrigation, Tex 282

meal, analyses 263

meal, eflfect on milk and butter. 570

milling, U.S.D.A 559

moth, notes 754

polish, analyses 263

polish, analyses, Ind 26.1

polish, analyses, Tex 467

pollshings extract, use against

beriberi 367

straw, digestibility 72

transplanting, Italian method. 36

use in bread making 460

varieties 36

weevil, notes 754

wild, ergot of 444

worm, notes 250

Rlcln, detection In feeding stuffs 467

Riclnus poisoning, studies 466

Ripcrxia ihe(F n.sp., notes 652

Riptoitus spp., affecting tea 652

River —

gage stations in United States,

U.S.D.A 84

measurement. (See Stream

measurement. 1
observers, instructions to, T^.S.

D.A 509

regulation, treatise 885

Road-
bonds, U.S.D.A 190

building rock, tests, U.S.D.A. 684, 890

drags, construction and use 684

laws In I'nited States 300

laws In West Virginia 684

machinery, cost of operation 484

material, blt'iminons, methods

of examination, U.S.D.A 318

materials In Minnesota 485

materials In Wisconsin 86

surveying in Queensland 890

Roads —

administration In Iowa 683

administration in Kansas 788

administration In Massachu-
setts 587

administration in New Jersey 484

administration in Ontario 890

administration In Oregon 684

administration in Pennsylvania. 587

administration, papers on 390

brick monolithic, construction.. 586
concrete and brick, mainte-
nance 484

concrete, hydrated lime for 78T

concrete, measuring wear of,

U.S.D.A 787

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

989

Roads — Continued. Page.

concrete, resistance to wear 484

concrete, specifications 685

construction 890

construction and maintenance — 287
earth and sand-clay, construc-
tion 684

economy of various types 484

grading and improvement, in-
formation for bidders 685

Improvement, economic factors

in 788

mileage and expenditures, U.S.

D.A 190

prison labor for 684

reconstructing in Southern

States 484

refined tars for 684

state management 788

superelevation of curves 86

Roaring in horses, treatment 576

Rock, road-building, tests, U.S.

DJl 684, 890

Rockfoils, treatise 45

Rocks of United States, analyses 222

Rodent —

disease, transmissible to man__ 355
plague, relation to human infec-
tion 355

Rodents-
control in Colorado 651

notes, Colo 528

Roentgen rays, effect on seeds of

Vicia faba 334

Root-
crops, culture, Wyo 630

crops, culture in Philippines 635

crops, culture in South Aus-
tralia 341

crops, culture in Sweden 431

crops, dry matter content 865

crops, insects affecting 651

growth, periodicity in 29

knot, treatment, Mich 245

maggots, notes. Wash 753

systems of plants, development- 727

tubercles, formation, Mich 727

Roots —

absorption of ions by 334

aeration experiments 334

as affected by illuminating gas- 243

hydrotropism in 223

Rosa hugonis, description 45

Rose —

beetle, Japanese, in Hawaii 59

black spot, treatment, N.J 157

buds, malformation, N.J 143

chafer, notes, N.J 158

chafer, poisonous effect on

chickens 655

leaf diseases, treatment, N.Y.

Cornell 747

leaf mildew, treatment 442

mildew, treatment 750

mildew, treatment, N.J 157

Rose — Continued. Page,

mildew, treatment with hot

water 50

thrips, remedies, N.J 161

tree crown gall, notes 442

RoselUnia —

bunodes on hibiscus 841

necatrlx on apple and goose-
berry 49

pepo or R. bunodes on limes 545

spp. on cacao 841

Roses-
coloring matter of 709

culture. Can 439

culture experiments, N.J 44

fertilizer experiments, N.J 45, 143

hardy yellow, from China 45

petalody of sepal in, N.J 143

rate of growth, N.J 143

soils for, N.J 144

testing garden at Arlington Ex-
perimental Farm 345

testing garden at Cornell Uni-
versity 345

treatise 45

Rosewood of southern India, notes- 240

Rosin, extraction from wood 412

Rotation — ■

experiments, Mich 723

of crops, Vt 337

Rotifers, sex control In 766

Roup, secondary invader 481

Royal —

Agricultural, Horticultural, and
Forestry High School at Wag-

eningen, Netherlands 898

Botanic Gardens In Perade-

niya, history 741

Rubber —

Castilla, tapping experiments 438

Ceara, culture experiments 152

culture and industry, papers on_ 838

culture in Dominica 438

culture, use of dynamite in 47

diseases, notes 57,442,540,849

fertilizer experiments 48, 838

green manure crops for 344

Hevea. (See Rubber, Para.)

Insects affecting 652, 851

Para, culture in Trinidad 47

Para, food storage and rest pe-
riod In 240

Para, reproduction in 639

Para, tapping experiments- 47, 346, 537

pink disease, studies 448

plants of Italian Somaliland 152

tapping experiments 47

yielding plants, treatise 838

Ruminant, fossil, from Rock Creek,

Texas 264

Rural —

communities, organization In

Kansas 689

credit. (See Agricultural
credit.)

990

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Rural — Continned. Page.

education, improvement 897

education, treatise 292

housing, treatise 895

migration in United States 193

organization in Ohio 895

organization in Tennessee 895

progress, conference on 699

sanitation, notes. Wash 790

schools. (See Schools, rural.)

sociology, treatise 790

Rust —

mite, notes 60

yellow, overwintering 51

Rusts of North America with

cseoma-like sori 539

(See also Grain, Wheat, etc.)

Ruta-hagas. (See Swedes.)

Rye—

as a cover crop for cherry or-
chards, Greg 231

bran, analyses, Ind 263

bran, analyses, N.J 665

bread, composition and nutritive

value 760

composition as affected by fer-
tilization and soil preparation. 230

cost of production, N.J 137

crossing experiments, Greg 228

culture, S.C 694

culture, continuous, N.J 138

culture experiments, Ga 138

culture experiments, S.Dak 230

culture experiments, TJ.S.D.A 137

culture on sandy soli 37

culture under Irrigation, Coio__ 528
effect on baking quality of

wheat, U.S.D.A 558

effect on milk and tnittcr 570

effect on soil moisture 17

fertilizer experiments 24,

327.519.622, 820

fertilizer experiments, Mass 622

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

flour, analyses 164

flour, analyses, N.Dak 67

germination as affected by

silver nitrate ."^1

grasses, palatability, Ohio 865

green, fertilizing value, N.J 129

ground, analyses, Ind 263

growth as affected by sulphur. 541

heads, fungus disease of 845

meal, analyses. Mass 467

middlings, analyses 72, 263

middling.«, analyses, Ind 263

middlings, analyses, N.J 665

prices and shrinkage. 111 337

protein content, following black

fallow 2.30

red dog flour, analyses, Ind 263

rusts In Canada 51

straw, analyses 164

straw, composition and digesti-
bility .565

transpiration in 522

Rye — Continned. Tagt.

varieties, Ga 138

varieties, U.S.D.A 733

wheat hybrids, natural 230

yield in relation to meteor-
ology 207,319,715

Saccharin —

toxicity 429

use In foods, N.Dak 256

Saccharose, determination In frozen

beets 13

Sainfoin, effect on milk and butter. 570

Saisaetia hemisph<Erica. (See Hem-
ispherical scale.)

Sal, natural reproduction 347, 839

Salicylic aldehyde —

antlzymotic action 815

effect on plant growth 20, 326

Salivary digestion, relation to

gastric digestion 862

Salmon waste, analyses 28

Salt-
determination In sea water 504

effect on butter flora, Mich 776

effect on Lnvertase 408

fertilizing value 519,726

Saltpeter —

as a source of potash 327

Chile. (See Sodium nitrate.)

use In cheese making 574

Salts-
absorption and secretion by

roots 224

absorption by cultivated solis__ 324
absorption by living and dead

roots 334

and acids, antagonism between. 429

antagonism, U.S.D.A 126

antagonism, additive effects 780

as affected by humic acid 324

effect on amylolytic ferments of

bread 660

effect on hellotropism 333

effect on reproductive process.. 768
Injurious to cotton plant in

F.gypt 227

movement in alkali soils 16

neutral, effect on action of alco-
hol on plant ceils 333

San Jos^ scale —

notes 752

notes. 111 162

notes, N.J 158

remedies 548

remedies, Ohio 551

susceptibility to sprays 551

Sanal as a green manure 37

Sands —

of New Hampshire and Ver-
mont 787

of West Virginia 686

Sanitation, military, text-book 369

Sanninoidea CJnIioaa. (See Peach
borer.)

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

991

Sap — Page.

ascent In plants, studies 727

electrical conductivity in vege-
table tissues

transfusion of

vegetable, physico - chemical

properties

Saponin, insecticidal value

Saprolegniaceae, vegetative vigor and

reprodu-ction in 824

Sarcocystis tenella —

studies

studies, Wyo

Barcophaga vericauda, notes

Sarcophagid larvse from painted

turtle

Sarcophagidae, economic relations

Saskatchewania canadensis n.g. and
n.sp., description

825
341

30
359

384

658

66

756
251

64 i

bacterial examination 760

water content 365

Saw mills, portable, forest utiliza-
tion with

Sawdust, effect on soil phosphates,

Tex

Sawflies, mating habits

Saxifrages, treatise

Say's blister beetle, notes

Scabies. (See Horse and Sheep

scab. )
Scale-
insects in Hawaii

soft, notes

Scambus evetrivorus n.sp., descrip-
tion

ScarabcBus hemdpterus, notes

Schenkia tenthredinarutn n.sp., de-
scription

Schistocerca pa/ranensis, notes

Schizoneura —

americana, studies. Me

lanipera. (See Apple aphis,
woolly.)
ScMzophyllum commune, relation to

apple collar rot. Pa

Schisotrypanum cruzi, notes 580

School —

children, nutrition of

exhibits and contests, outlines

for

gardening In Philippines

gardening in Trenton, New Jer-
sey

gardens, care during summer

vacation

gardens, notes 795

gardens, relation to class-
room work 92

lunches, preparation, U.S.D.A 861

lunches, suggestions for 257, 661

Schools —

agricultural. (See Agricultural
schools.)

elementary, agriculture in 395,

794, 899

642

421

557

45

752

59
652

456
454

456

854

161

157

561

493
795

899

93

Scliools — Continued. Page.

elementary, home economics in- 395

elementary, nature study in 794

high, agriculture in 395,

692, 793, 897, 898

high, animal husbandry in 195

high, home economics in 395

high, out-of -school work in 93

rural, agriculture in 92, 693

rural, cotton lessons for, U.S.

D.A 293

rural, exercises with plants and

animals, U.S.D.A 292

rural, in Denmark, treatise 196

rural, in Minnesota 195

rural, in Ontario 196

rural, manual training in 395

rural, organization and manage-
ment 292

secpndary, agriculture in_ 491, 693, 793

Soiara sp.. dipterous parasite of 553

Science —

and common sense, antagonism. 401

yearbook 494

Sdrpopliaga intacta, notes 758

Sclerospora macrospora in France 243

Sclerotinia —

cinerea as affected by cold, U.S.

D.A 538

oinerea in Minnesota, U.S.D.A_ 445

fruetigena, notes 241

frucUgena, transmission by tree

crickets 653

llbertiana, studies, Cal 749

opuntiarum, notes 543

panaois, notes, Mich 244

sclerotiorum, studies 443

sp. on alfalfa. S.C 643

spp. on ginseng, U.S.D.A 350

trifoliorum, relation to clover

sickness, Ky 541

Bclerotium —

hataticola, studies, Del 156

oryzat, notes 49

{Sclerotinia) opuntiarum, notes- 543

BcolytuH —

quadrispinosus, notes, N.J 158

rugulosus. {See Shot-hole

borer. )

Scovell, M. A., biographical sketch,

Ky 694

Scrapie, notes 382

Screenings —

analyses 371, 663

analyses, Kans 169

analyses, N.Dak 759

feeding value 663

ground, analyses, N.J 665

Screw worm fly, new generic name- 756

Scurfy scale, notes 752

Sea water as a source of potash 327

Seasons, limits of 14

Seaweed —

as a source of potash 26, 327

utiUzation 298

Sechium edule, notes 835

992

EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Secodella n.spp., descriptions 303

Sedge rusts, studies, Ind 744

Seeds —

as affected by pod position,

N..T 134

as affected by Roentgen rays 334

buried, germination 832

buried, vitality, Mich 732

coats of, permeability 626

delayed germination in 30

germination as affected by

radium 626, 730

hard, germinabllity 225

imports, U.S.D.A 336,527

industry in New York 40

Inspection in Maine, Me 736

Inspection in New Hampshire,

N.H 531

inspection in New Jersey, N.J — 832

inspection in Pennsylvania, Pa_ 143

Inspection In Wisconsin, Wis — 143

law in Wisconsin, Wis 143

preparation and mounting 94

proteins of, differentiation 577

purity tests, apparatus and

methods 832

sampling 832

translocation of mineral con-
stituents, U.S.D.A 427

vegetable, growing in Canada.- 635
vitality after passing through

cattle 531

weed content 832

weed, description. Wis 143

weed. In screenings 663

weed, in soil, Ind 73G

Seepage from Irrigation reservoirs

and canals 387

Seismic zones, detection, U.S.D.A — 118
Seismology at Pan American Scien-
tific Congress, T.S.D.A 615

Selection, mass, effects of 74,564

Semipermeable membranes, diffusion

through 626

Sensitizln and precipitin, relation-
ship 778

Separators. (See Cream sepa-
rators.)
Septic tanks, design and construc-
tion 887

Septicemia, hemorrhagic —

Immunization 184

in cattle in California and

Nevada 782

In cattle In New York 478

papers on 184

Septoglarum anemones n.sp., de-
scription 242

Sept or \a —

alhaginis, n.sp., notes 842

bataticola, studies, Del 156

lycopersici on tomatoes 53

perillce n.sp., description 242

petroselini upii, notes 49, 350

piricola, notes 84G

PajTu".
Serodiagnosls, use in grape propaga-
tion 42

Serum —

physiology, international cata-
logue 658

proteases, studies 674

Sesame —

cake, analyses 263

cake, effect on milk and butter. 570

cake for dairy cattle 874

meal, analyses. Mass 467

seed, composition and nutritive

value 565

wilt, notes 50

Setaria viridi^, analyses, N.Dak 39

Sewage —

as a source of ammonium sul-
phate 424

bacteriology 591

dlspo-sal 886

disposal, Wash 790

disposal by means of septic

tank 591

disposal In country homes_ 88, 286, 790
disposal in industrial and rural

communities 488

disposal in rural districts.-. 592, 887
disposal systems, small, con-
struction 887

fertilizing value 888

filters, tests 888

Irrigation 886

Irrigation in Germany 687

oxidation without filters 887

purification 390

puritloation and disposal In Ger-
many 687

purification by forced aeration- 488

sludge, analyses 222,423,624

sludge, fertilizing value. 222, 423, 624

sludge, fertilizing value, Cal 219

sludge for arid soils 621

sludge, utilization 287,332,889

treatment, Dickson centrifuge

system 423

treatment plants, residential,

construction 88

trcAtment with activated sludge- 591

Sewerage practice, treatise 886

Sewers, design and construction 886

Sewing, teaching 899

Sex-
control in rotifers 766

determination, studies 564, 864

heredity. (.Sec Heredity of
sex.)
Sexual development as affected by

pituitary feeding 765

Sheep —

blowflies, remedies 359

branding paints, tests. Wyo 668

breeding experiments, Idalio 768

breeding, maintenance rations

for. Pa 171

breeds iu New Zealand 560

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

993

Sheep — Continued. Page,
caracul, characteristics and

crossing experiments 372

Corriedale, origin and develop-
ment 566

Corriedale, record association — 869

diseases, nature and treatment- 383

dual-purpose range, breeding 566

foedluj; expoiiments T-i

feeding experiments, Pa 171

feeding experiments, Wyo 667

handling in California 868

industry of United States, New
Zealand, and Australia, U.S.

D.A 372

inheritance In 864

inheritance of twinning in,

U.S.D.A 73

Inheritance of wool production- 74

intestinal parasites of 188

maggot flies, notes 64

management on National For-
ests 868

manure, analyses, Conn. State — 521

nematodes affecting 275

on alfalfa farms in Texas 73

open range v. pasture and cor-
ral method of lambing 868

pasturage system for 566

raising in North and South

America 305

reversion in 73

scab, control in California 275

scab, control in Hawaii 477

scab in Great Britain 382

shearing sheds and yards, con-
struction 789

Shelter belts, planting in northern

Great Plains, U.S.D.A 742

Shipstuff, analyses 263, 566, 767

Shoat typhoid, studies 82

Shorea robusta, natural reproduc-
tion and improvement 347, 839

Shorts —

analyses 263, 566, 663, 767

analyses, Kans 169

use in poisoned bait for cut-
worms 358

Shot-hole borer affecting loquats 361

Shredded wheat waste, analyses,

N.J 665

Shrubs —

acclimatization, U.S.D.A 231

berry-bearing, for birds 238

bibliography 238

culture and care, N.Dak 836

for home grounds, N.Y. Cornell- 741

for Illinois 45

for latitude of St. Louis 439

new or noteworthy, from Co-
lombia and Central America- 827

of Konahuanui region 537

of Missouri River basin 838

of Oahu lowlands 345

of Pacific coast . 152

Shrubs — Continued. Page,
ornamental, blooming dates,

N.J 144

ornamental, for Florida 535

propagation 533

treatise 345

varieties, U.S.D.A 231

Shucks, ground, analyses 767

Sickness, effect on growth, of the

brain 662

8ida rhombifulUi, analyses 35

Silage —

bacteriological studies 766

beet top, inoculation with lactic-
acid bacteria 767

crops, notes, Cal 192

digestibility in mixed rations,

Ga 169

feeding, Cal 192

for sheep. Pa 171

from soft corn ears 371

notes -"65

oat and pea, analyses, Wyo — 407, (■.i;7

stacking 565

V. beets and mangels for milk

production, Ohio 670

value and use 665

Silkworms, breeding experiments 552

Silos-
concrete, construction 88, 488

construction 892

construction, Cal 192

filling, Kans 138

German types, description 565

stave, construction 488

Silt carried by streams of Alps and

Pyrenees 512

Silver-
leaf disease, studies 744

nitrate, effect on germinabillty

of wheat 31

SimMlium—

maculatum, oviposition 554

n.sp. from Texas 64

n.spp. from tropical Ameilca-- 554

spp., studies, U.S.D.A 756

Slnapis oil, insecticidal and larvi-

cidal value 359

Siphonophora j,isi, remedies 755

Sires, popular, in animal breeding 370

Sirup, analyses 660

Sisal leaf disease, notes 442

Sitona lineata, biology 65

Skim milk —

for young calves, Ind 774

pasteurization, N.Y. State 673

powder, heated, nutritive value- 369

Skin disease of cattle in Antigua 478

Skuas, North American, distribution

and migration, U.S.D.A 158

Skunk farming, notes 269, 873

Slag. (iSfee Phosphatic slag.)

Slaughterhouse offal, feeding value. 866

Slaughterhouses, construction, Ky 767

Sludge, activated, analyses and fer-
tilizing value 520

994

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Page.

Slugs, feeding habits 458

Smallpox —

complement fixation In 877

In pigs, Cal 275

Smelter fumes, effect on vegetation- 526
Smoke —

as a source of atmospheric pol-
lution 715

from lead works, effect on

horses 278

from Mt. Hood, U.S.D.A 414

injury to plants 744

pollution, plants as an index 289

Snakes, destruction of field mice 751

Snapdragon disease in Barbados 841

Snow —

determination of density 510

nitrogen, cblorin, and sulphates

in 615

surface, condensation upon and

evaporation from, U.S.D.A.- 413
survey on Cottonwood Creek,

Idaho, U.S.D.A 614

Soap solutions, analyses, N.Dak 661

Social welfare in United States 791

Sod oil, insectlcidal value 359

Soda-
cellulose, notes 714

lime, history and uses 804

Sodium —

acid phthalnte in acidimetry

and alkalimetry 408

arsenate-kerosene emulsion, in-

spctlcidal value 652

arsenite, effect on soils, U.S.

D.A 421

arsenite, killing of iiii»:liarked

trees with 485

chlorid. (Bee Salt.)

fluorld, Insectlcidal value,

Mich 252

hydrate, effect on permea-
bility 429

hypo-iodlte, neutral, action on

formaldehyde 11

lamp for polariscope 804

nitrate, availability in relation

to soils, N.J 130

nitrate, effect on composition of

meadow bay 620

nitrate, effect on protein con-
tent of soy beans, N.J 141

nitrate, fertilizing value 22,

24,25,51.8,520,622,820
nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J-_ 129

nitrate, fertilizing value. Pa. 128

nitrate, fertilizing value as af-
fected by lime, N.J 132

nitrate for cranberries, N.J 150

nitrate for early vegetables,

111 532

nitrate, history and mana-

facture 423

pyrophosphate, toxicity 476

Sodium — Continued. Page,
salts, effect on germination and

growth of crops, U.S.D.A 125

sulphur mixture, insectlcidal

vTalue, U.S.D.A 60

Soft drinks —

examination, Ky 166

use of second-hand kegs for,

N.Dak 256

Soil-
acidity, cause and detection 419

acidity, determination 609

aeration in relation to temper-

ture, Mich 216

bacteria, nonsymbiotic nitrogen-
fixing 815

bacteria, potash-fixing power-- 815
bacteria, relation to fertilizers. 326
bacteria, relation to soil fer-
tility, U.S.D.A 619

bacteria, relation to soil pro-
tozoa 326

colloids, adsorptlve power 18

colloids. Importance 816

colloids, treatise 515

condition, relation to bacterial

activity 813

erosion, notes 818, 885

erosion, prevention, Mo 326

erosion, prevention, N.C 819

fatigue, review of literature 326

fertility as affected by fertiliz-
ers 517

fertility as affected by lime and

chalk 221

fertility, determination 218

fertility, dyn.amic theory .812

fertility, improvement 528

fertility, maintenance 516,621

fertility, maintenance, Iowa 722

fertility, maintenance, Ohio 520

fertility, notes 722

fertility, notes. 111 22

fertility, relation to bacteria

U.S.D.A 019

fertility, relation to sulphur 27

fertility, relation to weeds,

N.Dak 39

fungi of Norway 226

gases, studies 514

humidity, effect on develop-
ment of cotton 337

inoculation, review 218

micro-organisms, longevity on

drying, U.S.D.A " 732

moisture as affected by crops.. 17
moisture, movement in relation

to temperature, U.S.D.A 215

moisture, relation to tempera-
ture. Pa 127

moisture, studies, Tex 816

physics, manual 293

protozoa, activity, U.S.D.A 422

protozoa, counting 513

protozoa. Investigations, U.S.

D^ 20

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

995

Soil— Continued. P«ge-
protozoa, relation to soil bac-
teria 326

protozoa, separation, C.S.D.A — 217

sampler, description - 513, 811

sanitation, notes, Ind 744

solutidn, concentration 419

solution, concentration, Mich — 721
solution, protective effect on

soil organisms, U.S.D.A 732

solutions, relative concentra-
tions 323

survey in —

Alabama, Bullock Co., U.S.

D.A 210

Alabama, Cleburne Co., U.S.

D.A 119

Alabama, Escambia Co.,

U.S.D.A 210

Alabama, Lawrence Co.,

U.S.D.A 615

Alabama, Limestone Co.,

U.S.D.A 717

Alabama, Russell Co., U.S.

D.A 119

Alaska, U.S.D.A 209

Arkansas, Columbia Co.,

U.S.D.A 717

Arkansas, Pope Co., U.S.

D.A 119

California, Sacramento Val-
ley, U.S.D.A 120

Florida, Fort Lauderdale

area, U.S.D.A 210

Florida, Hernando Co., U.S.

D.A 211

Florida, Indian River area,

U.S.D.A 211

Florida, Putnam Co., U.S.

D.A 717

Georgia, Colquit Co., U.S.

D.A 417

Georgia, Dekalb Co., U.S.

D.A 417

Georgia, Jackson Co., U.S.

D.A 417

Georgia, Stewart Co., U.S.

D.A 120

Georgia, Tatnall Co., U.S.

D.A 510

Georgia, Terrell Co., U.S.

D.A 211

Illinois, Pike Co., Ill 15

Indiana, Clinton Co., U.S.

D.A 510

Indiana, Delaware Co., U.S.

D.A 120

Indiana, Hendricks Co.,

U.S.D.A 120

Iowa, Lee Co., U.S.D.A— 809
Iowa, Pottawattamie Co.,

U.S.D.A 616

Kansas, Cherokee Co.,

Kans 809

Kansas, Montgomery Co.,

U.S.D.A 121

Soil— Continued. Page.

survey in — continued.

Kansas, Reno Co., Kans 809

Kentucky, Franklin Co.,

Ky 322

Kentucky, Graves Co., Ky_ 122
Mississippi, Clarke Co.,

U.S.D.A 511

Mississippi, Jones Co., U.S.

D.A 122

Mississippi, Wilkinson Co.,

U.S.D.A 211

Missouri, Greene Co., U.S.

D.A 122

Missouri, Grundy Co., U.S.

D.A 511

Missouri, Harrison Co.,

U.S.D.A 616

Missouri, Nodaway Co.,

U.S.D.A 128

Missouri, Perry Co., U.S.

D.A 123

Nebraska, Douglas Co.,

U.S.D.A 211

Nebraska, Nemaha Co.,

U.S.D.A 717

Nebraska, Saunders Co.,

U.S.D.A 212

Nebraska, Scotts Bluff Co.,

U.S.D.A 511

New Jersey, Freehold area,

U.S.D.A 616

New York, Oneida Co., N.Y.

Cornell 718

New York, Oneida Co.,

U.S.D.A 123

North Carolina, Bladen Co.,

U.S.D.A 418

North Carolina, Randolph

Co., U.S.D.A 124

North Carolina, Rowan Co.,

U.S.D.A 212

North Carolina, Union Co.,

U.S.D.A 810

Ohio, Paulding Co., U.S.

D.A 212

Ohio, Portage Co., U.S.D.A. 810
Ohio, Stark Co., U.S.D.A— 124
Oklahoma, Bryan Co., U.S.

D.A 617

Oklahoma, Muskogee Co.,

U.S.D.A 213

South Carolina, Chester-
field Co., U.S.D.A 418

Tennessee, Jackson Co.,

U.S.D.A 213

Texas, Jefferson Co., U.S.

D.A 213

Texas, south-central area,

U.S.D.A 213

Utah, Cache Valley area,

U.S.D.A 214

Washington, Stevens Co.,

U.S.D.A 214

West Virginia, Efbgan and

Mingo counties, U.S.D.A- 124

996

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Soil — Continued. Page.
Buryey In — Continued.

Wisconsin, Bayfield area-- 617
Wisconsin, Buffalo Co., U.S.

D.A- 215

Wisconsin, Dane Co., U.S.

D.A 418

Wisconsin, Iowa Co 617

Wisconsin, northeastern,

U.S.D.A 617

Wisconsin, Waukesha Co — 617

Wisconsin, Waushara Co 617

surveys, development and eco-
nomic value 513

surveys in United States, U.S.

D.A 321

surveys, probable error of sam-
pling in 513

temperature as a factor in

agriculture 419

temperature as affecte<l by cul-
tural methods. U.S.D.A 217

temperature, factors affecting — 514
temperature, relation to air

temperature 15

temperature, relation to cli-
mate 319

temperature, studies 818

toxins, formation 218

Soils—

absorption of ultraviolet and

infra-red rays by 817

adaptation to wheat or rye 813

adsorptive power 18, 515

aeration 334, 514

alluill. analyses 511.'

alkali, as affected by irrigation- 16

alkali, drainage. Cal 283

alkali, effect on concrete drain-
age tile 584

amino acids in 515

ammonia adsorption by 719

analyses. Ohio 810

and plants, water relation be-
tween 521

tmlmal organisms of 3<>6

arid, humus of, U.S.D.A 719

arid, nitrogenous fertilizers for. 621
arid, nitrogenous fertilizers for,

Cal 219

as affected by ammonium sul-
phate. Mass 622

as affected by arsenical sprays,

U.S.D.A 421

as affected by cowpp.ns, U.S.D..\- 420

as affected by dynamite, Knns — 819

as affected by dynamite, Pa 125

as affected by heat 722

atmosphere of 514

biochemical reduction processes

In 217

brown, of Java and Malay

Peninsula 811

chernozem, nitrate content 618

cultivated, «l>sorptlon of salts

by 324

Soils — Continued. Page.
cultivated, loss of nitrogen and

organic matter from 516

Cyanophycese in 513

decomposition of peptone and

cellulose in 813

effect on availability of ferti-
lizers, N..T 130

effect on composition of me-
dicinal plants 18

effect on pecans, Ga 151

fermentation of mannite by 813

fertilizer requirements 22, 516, 820

fertilizer requirements, Ky 620

fertilizer requirements, U.S.

D.A 512

formation and composition,

Ohio 619

formation and properties 326

humus extracted, productive-
ness 516

humus, of Java and Malay

Peninsula 811

hydrogen-ion concentration, de-
termination 504

laboratory manual 693

light, mixing with clay 819

lime requirements 814

lithium in 323

loess, of transition region of

Nebraska 806

mapping 321

methods of analysis 806

moor, liming experiments 18

niter spots In 811,812

nitrifying power 218,813

nitrogen fixation In 422

nitrogen transformation In 423

nitrogen transformation In, U.S.

D.A 619

of Belgian Kongo, analyses 718

of California, analyses 324

of Clermont and I'auldlng coun-
ties. Ohio 896

of Hudson Valley, New York 417

of Iowa, analyses 20

of Iowa, analyses and fertility,

Iowa 723

of Iowa, sulphur content 27

of Kentucky, Ky 121

of lower Rhine districts 811

of Mauritius, absorptive power. 816

of Mohawk 'alley. New York-- 718

of New Zealand, analyses 617

of North Carolina, petrography,

U.S.D.A 512

of north Wales 323

of Norway 16

of Nova Scotia, analyses 617

of Paraguay, analyses 15, 323

of Perugia, Italy 810

of Philippines, nitrification In-. 718
of San Luis Province, Argen-
tina 512

of Sierra Leone 512

of Tennessee 323

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

997

Soils — Continued. Page.

of Texas Panhandle, Tex 1-4

of Tripoli, solutions of :523

of western Washington, Wash__ 418

peat, udsorptlve power 515

peat, In Minnesota and Wis-
consin 618

peat, treatise t)18

physical processes in relation to

temperature, Mich 216

potassium adsorption by 817

productivity as affected by dry

air storage 812

productivity of different layers. 215

proteoses and peptones in 325

reaction in relation to grinding- 112

reaction of 504

relation to climate and

weather 514

sulphur oxidation in 19

sulphur treatment 540

surface area 419

treatise 321, 716, 793

tropical, black color of 217

ventilation and drainage 217

water-holding capacity, Wash__ 494

watpr-supplying power 721

white, of upper Weser River 16

Wisconsin drift, manageme-nt,

Iowa 722

Solanin —

as a potato poison 164

determination in tomatoes 255

^olanutn nigrum, crossing with

prairie berry, N.J 146

Solar —

activity and atmospheric opti-
cal phenomena, U.S.D.A 614

corona, rotation, U.S.D.A 414

eclipse at Honolulu, U.S.D.A—- 118
photosphere, spectrum and tem-
perature of, U.S.D.A 413

radiation, papers on, U.S.D.A- 413, 614

radiation, seasonal variations- _ 415

Solenopfiis —

dehilis, notes 752

geiiiinata, notes 753

SoUdago n.sp., descriptions 336

Solids, determination in milk and

other fluids 206

Solutions —

determination of mineral salt

content, Mich 732

evaporation apparatus for 608

Soot-
analyses, Conn. State 521

effect on growing plants. Pa 154

fall in English towns and cities- 15

Sore throat epidemic, relation to

milk supply 473

Sorghum —

breeding for drought resistance,

U.S.D.A 528

culture, Colo 630

culture, S.C 694

culture experiments, Miss 227

Sorghum — Continued. Page.

culture experiments, Wyo 6;i0

grain, culture experiments, U.S.

D.A 229

grain, culture under Irrigation,

U.S.D.A 229

loose kernel smut, studies 444

moisture content and shrinkage,

U.S.D.A 828

transpiration in 522

varieties, Cal 227

Sorrel, red, destruction, Tnd 736

South Carolina Station —

notes 199, 497

report f)94

South Dakota —

College, notes 97

Station, notes 97

Station, report 197

Southern States Conference on Sec-
ondary Agricultural Education 799

Sows, wintering, colony-house sys-
tem, N.J 173

Soy bean —

cake, effect on milk and butter. 570

flour, use 859

meal, anaJyses 263

meal, methods of analysis 311

oil, hydrogenated, properties 9

oil, oxidation and polymeriza-
tion 407

Soy beans — ■

analyses 37, 311

analyses, N.J 141

as affected by pod position,

N.J 134

botanical history 336

carbohydrates and enzyms of 311

cost of production, N.J 137

culture, Colo 630

culture experiments. Miss 227

culture experiments, Nebr 228

culture in Mississippi 3i

factors affecting protein con-
tent, N.J 140, 632

feeding value 37

feeding value, Tenn 867

fertilizer experiments, Mass 294

fertilizer experiments, N.J 132

lipase of 111

use in infant feeding 859

varieties. Miss 228

varieties, Nebr 228

varieties, N.J 632

yields, Nebr 228

Sphcerostilhe repens, notes 57

Spaghetti as a medium for grov/th

of typhoid fever bacillus 69

Sparganothis (CEnophthira) ptlleri-

ana, notes 63

Sparrows, dissemination of Vir-
ginia creeper by 629

Spearmint, culture, U.S.D.A 151

Spelt-
culture experiments, Ga 138

varieties, U.S.D.A 733

998

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.
Sperm oil, hydrogenated, properties. 9
Spermatozoa, duration after fe-
cundation In pullets and ducks 804

Spfiacelotheca crucnta and &. sorfjhi,

confusion 444

Sphwronema flmiriatum, studies,

Del 15G

Splujcropsi^ —

malorum as affected by cold,

U.S.D.A 538

malorum, notes 54, 247, 644

malorum, relation to apple col-
lar rot. Pa 157

malorum, transmission by tree

crickets 653

tumefaciens on limes 349

SphcBrotheca —

mora-uvcB on currants 048

mors-uvce, treatment 843

pannoaa on raspberry 740

pantiosa, treatment 412, 750

Sphai^nuin moss, temperature condi-
tions in 715

Spicaria solani, notes 443

Spices —

culture In Dutcb East Indies 345

culture In Philippines 635

bandbook ICG

Spider-
rod, effect on potato foliage 449

red, in Germany ! 658

red, in Ohio, Ohio 59

red, notes , 60

Spinach, fertilizer experiments. III 532

Spirobolue marginatum, life history 364

Spirochetes in papillomatous neo-

plasma in horses 280

Spirogi/ra —

inflata, variability in zygos-
pores 370

maxima, tannin in 825

Spondi/locladium atrovircn$, notes 443

Spongospora —

80lani, notes 241

suhterranca, native habitat 645

suhterranea, studies 443

B p 0 r 0 t hri X sch^nckii-hcurmanni,

studies 384

Sporotrichosis, investigations 384, 385

Spray injury and its prevention. Pa. 154

Spraying —

notes 548

notes, Mich 436

Spruce —

bud moth, notes 752

bud scale, notes 752

Engelmann. volume tables for 841

growth and yield in high moun-
tains , 347

of Rocky Mountains, U.S.D.A__ 742

Squirrels —

flying, new genus and races of — S50

ground, in Colorado O.'d

ground, notes, Wash 753

Stable — Page.
air as a source of bacteria in

milk. N.Y.State 183,473

fly, relation to filaria in horses. 359
fly, relation to plague-like dis-
ease of rodents 355

Stallions in Wisconsin, Wis 409

Staphylococcus vaccine, tests 580

Starch —

determination in potatoes 50G, 713

digestibility in mixed rations,

Ga 169

effect on peptic digestion 862

effect on soil phosphates, Tex 421

elaboration in Iris ijermanica 524

formation in plants G27

humificatlon 510

phosphoric acid in 710

products, examination tl

use in food products 1G7

State departments of agriculture,

functions of 699

Steers —

digestion experiments. Oa 169

feeding experiments. Kans 665

feeding experiments, Ky 665.666

feeding experiments. N.Mex 768

feeding experiments, Tenn 867

feeding experiments, Tex 866

t>tcnari:ii n.sp.. notes 357

Btenofitycha pinicolana on larches 63

Stephanodercs coffcw, notes 851

Btcpluinurus dentatus, description 280

t>it rcum —

purpurcum, notes 241

subpileatum, studies, D.S.D.A__ 448

Stictococcus dimorphua. notes 453

Stizolobium pachylobium beans, feed-
ing value 262

Stock. {See Live stock.)

Stomach, physiology of 463

StomoTj/s caUHlrana. {See Stable
fly.)

Storm —

frequency changes In United

States, U.S.D.A 118

of August 10, 1915, U.S.D.A— 118
Storms —

in Jamaica, U.S.D.A 615

terms used to designate, U.S.

D.A 118

Stramonium, as affected by compo-
sition of soils 18

Strangles —

immunization 580

in horses 185

Straw —

as human food 256

composition and digestibility 565

damaged, as a source of potash- 327

grades of 528

meal as a feed for pigs 376

meal bread for cattle 767

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

999

strawberries — Page,

culture, N.Y.State 42

culture in Mexico 834

improvement in Minnesota 6!^7

liming experiments. Fa 150

propagation and shipping ex-
periments <>37

vnrietles, Oreg 231

Strawberry —

leaf petiole gall, notes 362

slugs, studies, Iowa 758

weevil, notes, N.J 158

Stream measurement stations, equip-
ment for 84

Streets, cleaning 484

Streptococc IS lacticus —

origin in milk 473

types of 77

Streptococcus vaccine, tests 580

Strongylus paradoxus, description — 280

Strongylus, studies 879

Strychnin —

detection in water 410

sulphate, effect on quail 850

Student budgets in Smith College— 7G2
Sucrose —

acetates of 408

determination in condensed

milk 612

effect on action of alcohol on

plant cells 333

inversion of 13

Sudan grass —

analyses, Okla 577

culture, S.C 694

culture and feeding value, Ohio- 831

culture experiments, Cal 227

culture experiments, Miss 227

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 229

culture experiments, Wyo 630

Insects affecting 449

irrigation experiments, N.Mex 735

Sugar — •

as a feeding stuff 566

determination in food products- 205

determination in urine 807

for children 164

for horses 769

for infants 258

from cornstalks 113

Inversion and fermentation in

flour 660

Inversion of 13

locating in plant tissues 729

manufacture, treatise 508

maple sap, composition, U.S.

D.A 428

reducing, determination 13. 611

refinery sewage, purification 591

refinery sludge, analyses and

fertilizing value 520

residues as a source of potash- 328

waste in baking 660

{Bee also Cane sugar.)

Sugar beet — Page.

curly leaf, bacterial origin 645

curly top, notes, Cal 241

curly top, transmission by in-
sects 646

diseases, notes 350

pulp. (See Beet pulp.)

root rot, studies 82

seedlings in relation to Phoma

betcB, U.S.D.A 156

tops, analyses and feeding

value 664

tumors, formation 845

Sugar beet.s —

and their products iu bread

making 660

culture 482

culture experiments 37

culture experiments. Can 34

culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 229

culture under irrigation, Colo — 528

effect on milk 472

fertilizer experiments 24, 38, 519

growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

leaf infection with Cercospora

hetioola, U.S.D.A 845

poisoning of live stock by 80

seed infection in 747

sugar content In relation to

foliage 38

variation in sugar content 37

varieties 37

yield in relation to direction

of rows 38

Sugar cane —

beetle, notes 757

borer, relation to rainfall and

trash 552

borers, notes 556, 753, 758

culture experiments 431

culture in India 227

diseases, notes __ 49, 349, 539, 841, 843

dry disease, notes 442

fertilizer experiments 431, 831, 832

field experiments, experimental

error in 38

growth 627

Insects affecting 349, 539

.Tapanese, analyses, Fla 831

.Tapanese, culture and use, Fla_ 831
Japanese, fertilizer experiments,

Fla 831

leaf-hopper, notes 753

products, relation to pellagra — 258
root borer, bird enemies of,

U.S.D.A 849

root disease, studies, U.S.D.A — 50

root grubs, parasites of 455

sereh disease 52

stomatal structure 628

top rot, notes 628

varieties 431

Sugl leaves, essential oil of 802

Sulfoflcatlon in soils, Iowa 19

1000

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.
Sulphate of ammonia. (iSee Am-
monium sulphate.)
Sulphates —

determination in bread 20.5

determination in soils 10

effect on growth of red clover,

U.S.D.A 625

Sulphids, insecticidal value 61

Sulphur —

atomic, fungicidal value, N.J 146

compound, soluble, analyses,

Mich 4.36

compounds, fertilizing value,

U.S.D.A 221

dioxid, effect on vegetation 526

dioxid in atmosphere of Selby

smokn zone 716

dioxid injury to plants 745

dust, fungicidal value, N.J 146

effect on growth of red clover,

U.S.D.A 625

effect on plant growth Xll, 726

effect on sugar beets 3.8

fertilizing value 540

In Iowa soils 27

international movement 426

mixtures. (See Lime-sulphur
mixture.)

paste, fungicidal value, N.J 146

relation to soil f<^rtility 27

spray injury, prevention, Pa 154

Sulphuric acid, manufacture, U.S.

D.A 9

Sulphurous acid —

action on rock phosphate 220

use In wine making. Cal 207

Summers, American, classification,

U.S.D.A lis

Sun spot frequencies, U.S.D.A 117

Sundrl timber, notes 240

Sunflowor-seed cake, effect on milk

and butter 570

Sunflowers — •

insects affecting 450

marking factors In 341

speolfii- and varietal characters- 237
Sunlight-
effect on flower color 237

relation to respiratory activity. 30
Superphosphate —

double, fertilizing value 35

enriched, from precipitated

phosphate 330

fertilizing value— 22, 25, 330, 518, 519

for cranberries, N.J 150

for wheat under semiarld con-
ditions 519

manufacture 724

manufacture, U.S.D.A 329

mixing with limestone 26

Suppurative lesions in horses and

calves 186

Swamp fever —

In New York 280

InTestlgatioDs 185

Page.

Swede midge in Yorkshire 453

Swedes —

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments 431

Busceptibillty to mildew 52

varieties 865

Sweet clover —

culture, Colo 630

culture under dry farming.

Idaho 734

culture under Irrigation, Colo 528

inoculation 528

seed, germination tests, Wyo 630

Sweet corn —

breeding experiments, N.J-,. 144

culture, Ariz 232

culture, N.Y. State 41

papago, investigations, Ariz 232

pollination studies, Ariz 233

sugar content as affected by de-

tassoling 434

treatise 41

viability tests, N.J 145

Sweet peas —

as an indicator of gas In soils_ 243

treatise 238

varieties 345

Sweet potato —

diseases, studies, Del 156

scurf, .studios. U.S.D.A 646, 747

weevil, notes 65

Sweet potatoes —

carbohydrate transformations

In, U.S.D.A 522

circulation In 135

respiration experiments, U.S.

D.A 426

varieUes 431

varieties resistant to stem rot- 444

Swine —

erysipelas in Great Britain 382

plague, auto-lnffction in 279

(See also Pigs.)

Sycamore blii,'Iit, notes 56

S}/h-anuit spp., notes 754

Symphoromyla attacking man 554

Symptomatic anthrax. (Sec Black-
leg.)

Simrhi/trivm cndobioticum, studies. 844

Syntrris lihocedrii n.g. and n.sp.,

description 364

Syrphus fly, corn-feeding, life his-
tory 358

Tachlnld.T, new nocturnal species-- 360

Tttchinophfito (Hupoxtcna) sp., para-
sitic on sugar cane borer 753

Tamarlndlllo, culture, P.R 736

Tangerine —

mildew, notes 649

powdery mildew In southern

California 447

Tankage —

analyses 371, 566

analyses, Ind 263

analyses, Tei 467

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1001

Tankage — Continued. Page.

blood, analyses 'iTl

fertilizing value, N.J 129

high-grade, fertilizing valup,

Cal 219

Tannic acid —

determination in tanning ma-
terials 508

effect on action of alcohol on

plant cells 333

Tannin —

in oal< heartwood 849

in Pacific coast conifers 508

presence and significance in

plants 825

Tapioca —

flour, use in baking 365

starch, baking tests 460

Tar for roads 684

Tarnished plant bug —

false, oviposition 255

remedies 356

Tea-
Arabian, culture in Egypt 232

diseases, notes 744, 835

fertilizer experiments 236, 835

green manure crops for 344

Imports into United States 43

Insects affecting 549, 652, 835

Java, caflfein in 166

red rust, notes 55, 249

seed gardens, care and manage-
ment 835

Teachers- —

agricultural instruction for 697, 799

nature study training for 692

summer schools in Canada 597

Teak —

annual ring formation in 839

forests in Java and Madoera 239

trees and stands, measuring 839

wood, properties and utilization 440

working plans in Burma 839

Teff—

hay, analyses 435

history and culture 435

Telephone construction and mainte-
nance in National Forests, U.S.

D.A 191

Temperature —

effect on Glomerella 541

effect on human body 464

effect on milk fat globules 570

effect on phototropism 628

effect on physical processes in

soils, Mich 216

effect on strength of concrete- _ 889
effect on water movement in

soils, U.S.D.A 215

in British Columbia 320

in western and equatorial Africa 208
inversion in Grand River Valley,

Colo., U.S.D.A 614

Inversions in relation to frost 715

low, effect on frogs 751

low, effect on fruit culture in

New York 737

Temperature — Continued. Page,
low, effect on fungi and bac-
teria, U.S.D.A 538

low, effect on trichina 83

low, germicidal effect 382

low, of Southern Hemisphere,

U.S.D.A 118

of the atmosphere, U.S.D.A 614

relation to distribution of ma-
rine algse 32

variations in a mountain valley,

Utah 613

variations in France 415

Tenebrio ohscurus, life history 65

Tent caterpillar, notes 654, 752

Teuthredinidaj in Luga district of

Government of Petrograd 758

Teplirochlamis canescens, hiberna-
tion 254

Tephrosia spp., fertilizing value 34

Termites, studies, U.S.D.A 754

Terraces, construction, N.C 819

Terrestrial magnetism and solar ra-
diation, concomitant changes in,

U.S.D.A 614

Terriers, popular sires of 370

Testicular cells, interstitial, in

chickens 264

Tetanus —

toxin-antitoxin mixtures, im-
munization with 580

toxin, concentration and purifi-
cation 579

treatment 782

Tetraleyrodes moH, notes 752

Tetramorium cespitum as a pest of
cold-frame and greenhouse crops,

Va.Truck 657

Tetranychus — -

spp., notes 60

telarius in Ohio, Ohio 59

Tetrasiichus n.spp., descriptions 66

Texas —

College, notes 497

Station, notes 396, 798

Station, report 494

Textile plants, treatise 829

Thecabius populicaulis, notes 453

Theileria parva, notes 384

TheUa bimacnlata, life history 255

Thermometer exposure, uniform,

U.S.D.A 118

Thermo-osmose in soils, Mich 216

IJiielaviopsis ethaceticus, notes 841

Thistle, Canada, destruction, Ind — 736
Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic
slag.)

Thomomys, revision, U.S.D.A 449

Thorium —

content of earth's crust 619

effect on permealjility 34

Threshing-
machinery, cooperative owner-
ship 392

machines, tests 891

1002

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Thrlpa — Page.

corttcis, validity 550

tabact. {See Onion thrips.)

Ttirips —

new species, in America 61

relation to nonsetting of fruits

and seeds 355

Thrushes, feeding habits, U.S.D.A— 59

Thunderstorms —

forecasting, U.S.D.A 614

In United States, U.S.D.A— 117, 615

Thyridaria tarda, notes 540, 744

Thyridopteryx ephemerwformia. (See
Bagworm.)

Thyroid gland, lodln in 580

Thysanoptera—

anatomy and feeding habits 355

antcnnal antigeny In 356

new, in America 61, 62

Tick fever. Rhodeslan. (Bee Afri-
can coast fever.)

Ticks —

as affected by dipping 186

biology 857

diseases transmitted by 576

eradication 184, 185, 273

of Nigeria 851

of Uganda 549

(See also Cattle ticks.)

Tile, concrete —

construction 6S,%

durability In alkali soils 87, 584

Tilefish, occurrence and use 557

Tilletia —

controversa, notes S43

levis, notes 644, 845

tritici, Investigations, Wash 644

tritici, notes 644,845

Timber —

beam design, tables for 889

dry rot, notes ".M

marking for cutting 641

of Canada 239

of Eritrea 440

of New South Wales l.")2

of South America .'U)0

preservation 240

second growth, determining

profits In 641

treatise S."^?

(See also Lumber and Wood.)

Timothy-
breeding experiments. Can 34

cost of production, N.J 137

culture experiments. Can 34

liming experiments. Pa 133

moisture content and shrinkage,

U.S.D.A 828

palatabllity, Ohio 865

rust, infection experiments, U.S.

D.A 244

seed, germination tests, Pa 143

Tiphia parallela, notes 455

Titrating table, portable, descrip-
tion 812

Tobacco — Page.

breeding experiments, Pa 141

Cuban, classification 431

culture experiments, Pa 141, 142

culture in Bihar 39

cutworms affecting 453

fertilizing experiments. Pa 142

industry In Clinton County, Pa_ 142

insects afifecting 549

mosaic disease, distribution of

vims, U.S.D.A 247

mosaic or calico disease, studies.

Conn. State 82

of Paraguay 38

Phytophthora disease, notes__ 744

plants, scald by Paris green 351

products, analyses, Mich 436

seed beds, disinfection, Ohio 444

smoke, Injurious to plants 30

stems, analyses. Conn. State 521

stems and stalks, analyses and

use, S.C 519

topping experlmentis, Pa 141, 142

varieties. Pa 142

wireworm, notes 7.')7

Tomato —

black spot, notes 644

blight, notes 843

blight, treatment with hot

water 50

diseases in Barbados 841

diseases, new, notes 53

pulp, examination 12

rot, studies 53

winter blight or sprlni; disease,

studies, Pa 154

Tomatoes —

antloxidase of 33

composition as affected by rain-
fall 636

culture. N.Y. State 42

double flowers In, N.J 143

heredity and correlation of struc-
tures In. N.J 146

InhorltMuce In 42

raauuiil 737

parthenogenesis in 233, 727

seedless, production 233

selection for wilt resistance 646

varieties. Pa 146

varieties, U.S.D.A 232

Tomicut radiatw n.sp., description.. 361

Tornado —

at Pace, Fla., U.S.D.A 614

In eastern Mississippi, U.S.D.A. 615

Tornadoes In Kansas. U.S.D.A 615

Tortrix —

fumiferana, notes 752

pillerinia, destruction by boat.- 653

Toxicity, theory of 652

Toxins —

fixation by leucocytes 275

of Intestinal par.isitos 879

soil, formation 218

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1003

Page.
Toxoptera graminum, remedies, U.S.

D.A 653

Tractors —

gasoline and oil, directory and

specifications 801

harvesting, operation 891

relation of drawbar pull to

weight 589

repairing boilers of 890

tests 589

Trade winds of Atlantic anrl north-
ern European seas, U.S. D.A 118

Trails, construction in National For-
ests, U.S. D.A 190

Tramatcs pini in India 547

Transpiration —

in desert plants 72S

in plants 334

in plants as affected by en-
vironment 522

in plants, automatic registra-
tion 729

scale, automatic, description,

U.S.D.A 226

Traumatism, immunization 580

Tree —

crickets, relation to apple

canker 653

diseases, notes 448

roach in Hawaii 59

seed testing station at Evers-

walde 837

seeds, methods of testing 837

seeds, testing in Scandinavia 440

Trees —

berry-bearing, for birds 238

bibliography 23S

culture and care, N.Dak 836

culture in Lucknow 232

damage by lightning 510

diameter growth in 536

for home grounds, N.Y.Cornell- 741

for latitude of St. Louis 439

forest, insects affecting 651

forest nursery, cost accounts

for 641

forest, of Madagascar 742

girth-increment measurements _ 347

little leaf of, Cal 248

measurement of height 641

new or noteworthy, from Co-
lombia and Central America. 827
of Cambridge Botanic Garden__ 152
of Indiana, range and distribu-
tion 537

of Konahuanui region 537

of Missouri River basin 838

of Oahu lowlands 345

of Pacific coast 152

of Texas 640

ornamental, blooming dates,

N.J 144

ringbarked, killing with arsenic. 483

sap ascent in 727

50633°— 16 9

Trees — Continued. Page.
shade. acclimatization, U.S.

D.A 231

shade, insects affecting 250, 651

shade, varieties, U.S.D.A 231

street, of New York City 345

volume tables for 641, 743

Trehalose, acetates of 408

Trcmaiopygus criocampoididia n.sp.,

description 363

Trenching machinery, description,

U.S.D.A 583

jQ-Triacetylmethylxylosid, notes 408

Triholium fcrrurjineum, notes 754

Tricalcium phosphate, formation in

mixod fertilizers 26

Trichina —

biology 83

larva? in cerebrospinal fluid 881

Trichinella spiralis —

larva? as t.ffected by refrigera-
tion, U.S.D.A 680

studies 83

Trichiniasis, review of literature 478

Trichinosis in United States 276

Trichodcctes hennsi —

n.sp., description, Cal 274

notes 552

Trichoderma —

koningi, studies, Del 156

iignorum, studies 226

Trichogranima —

pretiosa, parasitic on bud moth_ 250

spp., parasitic on codling moth_ 358

Trichoseptoria fructigena on quince

and apple 54

Triphenin, perlodids of 502

Tritoxa flexa, notes 360

Trombidium holosericeum, remedies. 582

Truck crops —

culture in Georgia 436

insects affecting 851

Trypanosoma —

marocanum n.sp., description 480

rhodesicnse, relation to game 187

Trypanosoma of Vinchuca, studies 580

Trypanosomes —

filterability 880

in Russia 187

passage into milk 385

Trypanosomiasis —

in guinea pigs, treatment 276

in horses, diagnosis 385

in relation to dippin,; 186

studies 576

Tryposafrol, jffect on guinea pigs

and dogs 276

Trytophan, determination in pro-
teins 505

Tubercle bacilli —

effect of daylight and drying on_ 880

human type, in cattle 581

immunizing tests on guinea pigs_ 82
in apparently nontuberculous

animals 277

types of 575

1004

EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Tubercles, root. (See Root tuber-
cles. )

Tuberculin —

delayed reactions following in-
jection 187

test In certified dairies 880

test, Intrapalpebral, studies 385

test, notes, Cal 274

test, studies 278

use 079

Tuberculina maxima, studies 750

Tuberculosis- —

avian, diagnosis 880

avian, in pigs 277

bovine, control in Hawaii 477

bovine, immunization 185,

575, 5S1, 078

bovine, in children G78

bovine. In Illinois 185

bovine. Increasing resistance to_ 478

borlne. Intradermal test for__ 185
bovine, pbj'sical examination

and clinical diagnosis 184

bovine, spread among farm

animals, Wyo 078

diagnosis 81

immunization, Cal 274

in asses 82

in Great Britain 382

In horses 078

in pheasants •■?86

in the college herd, Ta 187

International control 575

of lymph glands In chlldren__ 077

pulmonary, diagnosis 581

studies 575

transmission by factory-Infected

candy 366

Tuberculous tissue, lodln in 580

Tubers —

edible. (See Root crops.)
translocation of mineral constit-
uents, U.S.D.A 427

Tumalo Irrigation project in Oreson 85

Tumors —

in domestic fowl. U.S.D.A 480

In man and plants, relatlon__ 249. 845

Turkeys, care and management 377

Turnip —

louse. Investigations, Tex 452

weed, notes 532

Turnips —

culture experiments. Can 34

fertilizer experiments 510, 632

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

Busceptlbility to swede mildew. 52

varieties 865

yield as affected by planting dis-
tance 527

Turpentine, larvlcldal value 359

Tylcnchulua aemipenetrans affecting

oranges -__ - 354

Tylenchus — Page.

anguatus on rice 49

devastatrix, notes 249

dipsaci and T. tritici, notes 841

aimilia, description, U.S.D.A 50

Typhlocyba comes. (See Grape leaf-
hopper.)
Typhoid—

coll group, specific ferments for_ 278
fever caused by food at public

dinner 69

fever, immunized milk for 272

fever, transmission by factory-
infected candy 366

fly. (See House fly.)

Typhus in dogs 682

Tyrosin, effect on action of alcohol

on plant cells 333

Ultra-vlolpt rays —

absorption by arable soil, U.S.

D.A 414

absorption by soils 817

effect on the eye. U.S.D.A 413

Vncinaria canina, notes 275

Uncinula —

necator, hibernation 847

spiralis, treatment 841

United States Department of .Xgri-
culture —

Bureau of Soils, field opera-
tions 321

Forest Service, exhibit at San

I'ranclsco 347

Lllirary, cooperation with other

libraries 494

Office of Markets and Rural

Orcanlzatlon, work of 194, 490

oreanlzatlon lists, U.S.D..\ 94

statutory history 796

Weather Bureau. (See Weather
Bureau.)
United States Live Stock Associa-
tion, report 184, 185. 273

Uranium, effect on sugar beets 38

Urban growth in United States 193

Urea —

adding to diet 762

fertilizing value 518

from llme-nltrogen, fertilizing

value 25

nitrate, fertilizing value 25,518

Uredlnese —

germination of tcleutospores 744

sexuality In 526

Uredo —

arachidis, treatment 746

crchidis, notes 442

Uric acid —

determination In urine and

blood 412

s.vnthesls In human body 763

Urocyslis —

tritici, notes 845

triiiri, treatment 644

violw, prevention 750

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1005

Page.

Uromi/ces alhaginia n.sp., notes 842

Urophlyctis alfalfa, notes 241

Uspuhin, fungicidal value 51

Vstilago —

reiliana. Inoculation on Guinea

corn 644

sacchari, notes 50

tritici, notes 845

Ustulina zonata on rubber 57

Utah-
College, notes 497, 695

Station, notes 695

Vaccinia, complement fixation in 877

Yahlkampfia calkensi, life history — 858

Valsa sp., notes 247

Vanduzea arquata, life history 754

Vanillin —

effect on plant growth, Tex 126

effect on wheat plants 325

Vapor tension in western and equa-
torial Africa 320

Variability and amphimixis in Spiro-

gyra inflata 370

Varicella, complement fixation in 877

Variety tests, correcting for soil dif-
ferences, U.S.D.A 829

(See also various crops, fruits,
etc.)

Variola, complement fixation in 877

Veal, immature, as food, U.S.D.A 557

Vegetable —

chromogens, oxidation and re-
duction in 32

compounds, humification 516

food product, investigations 256

foods, preparation and use, U.S.

D.A 899

protein. (See Protein.)
Baps, physico-chemical proper-
ties 30

seeds, growing In Canada 635

Vegetables —

acclimatization, U.S.D.A 231

canning 714

culture 833

culture experiments 436

culture experiments, S.C 635

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 231

culture in British Columbia 436

culture in Georgia 436

culture in New York 40

culture in Philippines 635

culture in South Australia 341

dried, microbiology 460

fertilizers and green manure

crops for, Iowa 836

fertilizer experiments. 111 532

fetrilizers for 436

fertilizers for, 111 40

importance in the dietary 40

Insects affecting 651

preserving alone and with meat 865

varieties 436

rarietles, S.C 635

varieties, U.S.D.A 231

Vegetables — Continued. Page.

varieties for Georgia 436

varieties for western Washing-
ton, Wash 796

(See also specific kinds.)
Vellosiella cajani n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 52

Velvet beans —

as a cover crop, P.R 736

hybridization experiments, U.S.

D.A 431

Ventilation-
effect on hydrogen ion concen-
tration of blood 260

poor, effect of 185

studies 70, 192, 416

Venturia —

inwqualis as affected by cold,

U.S.D.A 538

incequalis, notes 247, 843, 846

pyrina, notes 247, 846

Veratrin, detection in water 410

Vermin, body, remedies 356

Vermont University, notes 97, 900

Verruga, investigations 355, 858

Vertebrates, Australian, erythro-
cytes of 577

Vespa crabro, notes 752

Vetch —

culture experiments, Ga 138

effect on milk and butter 570

fertilizer experiments 517

hairy, as a cover crop for cherry

orchards, Oreg 231

purple, as a cover crop for

citrus 344

wild, effect on baking quality of

wheat, U.S.D.A 558

yield as affected by sulphur 726

Veterinary —

dissection, guide 480

inspection in Brazil 372

instruction in Austria 674

medicine, progress in 876

medicine, teaching 195

pathology, text-book 477

police, international, formation- 306
posology and therapeutics, hand-
book 777

work in foreign countries 578

Vinca rosea as a host of eelworm 349

Vine borers, notes, Mo. Fruit 361

Vinegar —

definition, Me 67

from maple sap skimming, anal-
yses, Mich 714

Inspection, Me 67

manufacture, Me 67

Vines —

propagation 533

sulphur as a fertilizer for 331

Vineyards, reconstitutlon in Sicily 740

(See also Grapes.)

Violet smut, prevention » 750

1006

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Virginia — Page.

College and Station, notes 497

creeper, dissemination by Eng-
lish sparrows 620

Viruses —

filterable, notes 57.'i

ultramicroscopic, notes 57.'>

Vitia riparia, seed oil of 501

Vivian experiment and demonstra-
tion farm, S.Dak 73.".

Vivlparonnisca. erection CrS-'i

Vocational eiUication —

cultural value 897

in Illinois R9S

Volcanic dust, effect on climate 415

Wages in India 195

Wagons, standardization 88

Walking, effect on metabolism 200

Walnut —

blight, notes 639

blight or bacteriosis, studios 545

melaxuma, notes 5G, ."53

melaxuma, studies, Cal 447

Walnuts — ■

breeding 6.30

culture In Arizona, Ariz 23r>

French and Asiatic varieties s;;5

grafting, Ariz 230

Qucrcina, origin 230

Washington —

College, notes 07, 000

Station, notes 600. 798

Station, report 790

Wasps of West Indies 857

Water —

absorption and secretion by liv-
ing plants 111

analyses 84

artesian, in Australia 284,483

bacteriological examination^ 284,

285, 280

conduits for 483

conservation in New South

Wales 785

determination In sirups 611

disinfection with bleaching

powder and liquid chloriu 885

distilled, effect on plants 825

distilled, toxicity 827

drinking, studies 703, .S02

duty of, Cal 282

duty of in irrigation ,S.S4

examination, treatise 609

gas tar as a coating for concrete SS9
ground, in La Salle and Mc-

Mullen counties, Texas 786

iiardness and color in relation

to health 683

hemlock, chemistry and toxico-
logy, Nev 185

hot, fungicidal and insecticldal

action 243

hot. use against insects 50

in meat products 305

irrigation, analyses 512

irrigation, economical use, Cal_ 282

Water — Continued. Page.
irrigation, from potassium

chlorid works 328

irrigation, measurement 388

irrigation, measurement, U.S.

D.A 881

irrigation of high Alps, analyses. 85
irrigation, temperature as af-
fecting citrus seedlings, Cal_ 235

irrigation, text-book 481, 482

judgment 389

level in Gangetlc plain 586

level in wells, relation to rain-
fall 319

mechanically filtered, character-
istics 483

meter, Dethridge, description,

Colo 682

mineral and potable, analyses,

Ky 683

mineral content as affecting

canned goods 67

movement In soils, U.S.D.A 215

mud-laden, use in drilling wells. 884
percolation and retention in

soils. Mich 216

percolation in soils 721

power in south-central Alaska 786

power on farms 84

powers of Yakima lUver basin. 884

purification plants, treatise 390

reduction of alkalinity due to

filtration 483

removal of lead from 390

reiiuirements of crops. Wash 720

requirements of plants.. 306.521,522

sirring, radio-activity of 332

sterilization by lime 286

sterilization by Schumann rays. 683
supply, bacteriology and chemis-
try of 84

supply for country homes. 83, 286, 790

supply for farms 185, 286, 586

supply, forecasting 308

supply, ground, developing for

private use 683

supply of Colorado River basin. 688

supply of farms in Kansas 84

supply of Hawaii 284

supply of Hudson Bay basins. 284, 683

supply of Massachusetts 683

supply of Navajo and Ilopi In-
dian reservations 284

supply of North Atlantic coast

basins 483

supply of North Pacific drain-
age basins 884

supply of Oregon 284

supply of Tennsylvauia 785

sujiply of rhillppines 389

supply of south Atlantic and

eastern Gulf of Mexico basins. 84

supply of Texas 284,489

supply of upper Mississippi

River basin 284,683

supply of Victoria 682

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1007

Water — Continued. Page.

supply of Waterbury area.

Connecticut 683

supply of western Gulf of Mex-
ico basins 380

supply profile surveys In Ore-
gon 84.284

supply profile surveys In Wash-
ington 84,284

supply, protection, Wasb 790

supply, relation to rainfall 510

supply, treatise 8.3

Watermelon —

pink spot, notes 84.3

wilt, relation to contaminated

seed, N.C 53

Watermelons, varieties, U.S.D.A 232

Waterspouts off Cape San Lucas,

U.S.D.A 614

Waxes, technology and analysis,

treatise 507

Weather —

Bureau and the physician 509

Bureau, Division of Agricul-
tural Meteorology 601

Bureau exhibit at San Fran-
cisco, U.S.D.A 413

Bureau, instructions to observ-
ers, U.S.D.A 509

Bureau terms used to desig-
nate storms, U.S.D.A 118

changes as indicated by halos — 207

effect on crop yields 415

effect on nitric and nitrous acids

In rain, U.S.D.A 118

forecasts by laymen, U.S.D.A__ 414

handbook 413

of Hertfordshire 320

of north Atlantic in August,

1914. U.S.D.A 118

of Ohio, Ohio 118

of Pennsylvania In 1682, U.S.

D.A 414

relation to moon 509

relation to soil formation 514

sayings, Arabic 413

Weed seeds. (See Seeds, weed.)
Weeds — ■

composition, N.Dak 39

destruction, Ind 730

eradication, Oreg 228

in Union of South Africa 241

relation to soil fertility, N.Dak_ 39
(See also specific plants.)
Weevil —

larvse, dung-bearing, notes 556

stalk borer, bird enemies of,

U.S.D.A 849

Weevils and weevil products, use in

food and medicine 361

Weir notches, flow of water through,

U.S.D.A 881

Weirs —

irrigation, description 388

proportional flow, tests 785

Well casings, corrosion 483

Wells — Page.

boring 683

breathing, U.S.D.A 614

drilling, use of mud-ladened

water in 884

protection, Wash 790

use in land drainage 885

West Virginia —

Station, bulletins available 197

Station, notes 98

University, notes 98

Whale oil, hydrogenated, properties. 9

Wheat —

analyses 760

and Ijixrley, hybrid between 339

and rye, hybrid between 230

bran, analyses 72, 263, 566, 767

bran, analyses, Ind 263

bran, analyses, Kans 169

bran, analyses. Mass 467

bran, analyses, N..I 605

bran, analyses, Tex 467

bran, analyses, Vt 371

bran extract, effect on growth

of rats 258

composition as affected by fer-
tilization and soil preparation. 230

culture, Ga 138

culture, S.C 694

culture, continuous, N..T 138

culture experiments, Cal 227

culture experiments, i\ans 339, 632

culture experiments, N.Mex 735

culture experiments, S.Dak 230

culture experiments, U.S.

D.A 137,228

culture experiments. Wash 39

culture in Australia 227

culture in the Tropics 227

culture under dry farming,

Idaho 734

culture under irrigation, Colo 528

density as an index of milling

value 256

diseases in New South Wales 845

darum, milling and ' baking

tests, N.Dak 67

effect on soil moisture 17

feeding, Ohio 494

feeding value, Tenn 867

fertilizer experiments 22,

25, 423, 424, 51 S, 519, 520, 622
fertilizer experiments, Kans__ 632, 809

fertilizer experiments, Mich 723

fertilizer experiments. Pa 128, 131

fertilizer experiments, Wyo 630

flag smut, treatment 644

flour. (See Flour.)

germinating, disease of 644

germination as affected by silver

nitrate 31

gluten, colloidal swelling 111

grass, western, bacterial dis-
ease of——.—————— 349

1008

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Wheat — Continued. Paee.

grass, western, Phoma disease- S46
growth as affected by alkali

salts, U.S.D.A 125

hard spring, varieties, U.S.D.A- 39

heads, fungus disease of 845

hybridization experiments, Oreg 228

inheritance in 531

insects affecting 851

kernel, development 633

liming experiments. Pa 132, 133

manganese in, U.S.D.A 339

middlings, analyses 72, 767

middlings, analyses. Mass 467

middlings, analyses, N.J 665

middlings, analyses, Vt 371

mildew, notes 24.", 644

milling and baking values, N.

Dak 759

mixed feed, analyses, Kans 169

nitrogen content as affected by

culture. Wash 735

of Algeria and Tunis 227

prices and shrinkage. 111 337

protein content, following black

fallow 230

rust, notes 843

rusts In Canada 51

screenings, analyses, N.H 168

seed bed preparation, Kans 632

seed, failure to germinate 541

seedlings, respiratory activity in

sunlight 30

shorts, analyses, Tex 467

smut, treatment 51, 844

stalk disease, studies 244

stem sawfly, western, studies-. 250
Btinking smut, investigations,

Wash 644

Btinking smut, studies 644, 845

stinking smut, treatment 843

straw, composition and diges-
tibility 565

text-book 293

transpiration in 522

valuation 256

varieties. Cal 227

varieties. Ga 138

varieties, Idaho 7.34, 735

varieties. Pa 143

varieties, U.S.D.A 229,733

varieties, Wyo 629

water requirements. Wash 720

yellow rust, studies 51, 349

yield In relation to metero-

logy 208,319

yield In relation to moisture,

Kans 338

yields, Nebr 228

Wheatstone bridge, use in biological

studies, Mich 732

Whey —

heated, nutritive value 369

pasteurlxatlon, N.Y.State 673

White— Page,
ants. (See Termites.)

fly, citrus, notes 60

fly, citrus, remedies 451

fly, greenhouse, in Ohio, Ohio- 59
fly. greenhouse, life history and

habits 452

fly, mulberry, notes 752

grubs, eradication. Ohio 494

grubs, hyperparasites of 556

grubs in greenhouse soils. N.J- 161

grubs Injurious in Porto Rico 753

grubs, notes 752

grubs, parasites of 753

(See also May beetles.)

scours in calves 275

Whooping cough, transmission by

factory-Infected candy 366

Whortleberry, coloring matter of 709

Willow borer, remedies 656

Willows, culture and use, U.S.D.A- 347

Wilting In plants, studies 728

Wind observations, working up, U.S.

D.A 614

Wine —

formation 48

making, cooperative societies in

France 690

making, yeast and sulphurous

acid In, Cal 207

Winthemia quadripustulata, para-
sitic on army worm 251

WInthrop Farm School. Rock mil.

South Carolina 597

Wire fences —

construction 487

cost daU. U.S.D.A 486

Wisconsin University and St.ntlon.

notes ns, .'?96, 798

Wistaria seed as affected by pod po-
sition, N.J 1.14

Witches' brooms, winter rest In 135

Women in horticulture and agricul-
ture 492

Women's —

clubs, outlines for 599

institutes In Canada 597

Wood —

analyses 425, 561

ashes, analyses, Conn. State 521

ashes, analyses and use, S.C 519

ashes as a corrective for cotton-
seed meal toxicity. N.C 79

destruction by fungi 547

disinfection 780

flour, nature and use 839

nutritive value .%61

of Brazil 440

oU, Chinese, polymerization 607

pipe, life of 388

preservation, importance 240

pulp Industry In Canada 48

using Industries In Indiana 153

using Industries In Kentucky.- 839

utilization, rOle of chemistry in- 538

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

1009

Wood— Contlnned. Page,

volume and Increment tables-- T43

waste, utilization 839

(See also Lumber and Timber.)

Woodlot products, marlseting 839

Woodlots —

care and Improvement, U.S.D.A- 839
survey in New York, N.Y.Cor-

neli "^1

Wool —

amino group in 202

handling and marlseting, U.S.

D.A 372

handling and marketing in

United States 265

maggots of sheep in United

States 554

marketing cooperatively 91

of wool-producing and of kemp-

producing sheep 468

production, consumption, and

prices 66«

production, inheritance 74

scouring wastes, analyses and

treatment 688

scourings as a source of potash. 328

shrinkage in weight 372

Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.)
Workingmen. (See Laborers.)
Worm —

nodules in cattle 581, 582

parasites of Queensland 576

Wormwood oil industry in Wiscon-
sin 237

Wound tissue formation, notes 249

Wounds, treatment 675, 876

Wyoming —

Station, report 694

University and Station, notes 497

Xanthium, isolation of types in 32

Xanthophyll, elaboration in Iria

germanica 524

Xenufens ruskim lusp., description. 556

Xyleborua — Page.

dispar, notes 851

imviaturua in Hawaii 59

Xylina —

antennata. (See Green fruit

worm.)

bethunei, carnivorous habits 255

Xylose, isomeric tetracetates of 408

Yams —

insects aCfecting 349

mucinase in 312

Yeast —

as a food 164

chemistry of 711

composition and disostihility 165

dried, as a feeding stuff 298

dried, effect on milk 471

use in wine making, Cal 207

waste as a feeding stuff 262

Yellow jasmine, poisoning of cat-
tle by, N.C 80

Yerba rosario, culture, P.R 736

Yoghourt —

bacillus, tests of strains 574

preparation and use, U.S.D.A 474

Yttrium, effect on permeability 34

Zacaton as a paper-maldng material,

U.S.D.A 318

Zarzabacoa, culture, P.R 736

Zebus and bantengs, zoological re-
lationship 466

Zein proteoses, physiological action. 71

Zeolite potash, solubility 328

Zeuzera pifrina. (See Leopard-
moth.)

Zinc—

arsenate, insecticidal value,

U.S.D.A 60

detection in water 410

Zodiacal light, nature, U.S.D.A 117

Zoology —

Canadian, bibliography 651

yearbook 494

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