¥h^' ' fvu^ 1 •^ .^*^*v*^X ■'^' ri i >. J sfc.;.,-^ >:/*<*?■ , ■j*^»l ■wI^J^/t' *« -JH^/-- •'x^ -*r- ) / U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD VOLUME XXXVI JANUARY- JUNE, 1917 NBW YOkK BOTANICAL OAI{i>fi«, WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 /?/7 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaiis. Weather Bureau — C'. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton WMtney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology— L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering— L. W. Page, Director. Bureau of Markets— C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; 3. V. Duggar.' Cancbrako Station: UniorUoun; ¥. R. Curtis.' Tuskegee Station: Triskajee Institute; G. W. Carver.' Alaska— Si/fco.- C. C. (ieorgeson.* Arizona— Tucson; R. H. Forbes.' Arkansas— i''ayrt Iowa— ^m«; C. F. Curtlss.' Kansas— A/anAo^/an.- W. M. J.-udine.' Kentucky— 7,fiin<7/on.- A. M. Peter.* LOUISUNA— State Station: Baion Rouge; \ Sugar Station: Audubon Park New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun; j Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods.' Maryland— College Park: H. J. Patterson.' Massachi'SETts- Amhrt-*<.- W. P. Brooks.' Michigan— /:a.?/ Lansing: R. R. Shaw.i Minnesota— rnipn-.«7y Farm, St. Paul: R, Thatcher.' Mi^'^fvfxpn— Agricultural College; F,. R. l.loyd.' P MV. R. Dodson.i W. Missouri- College Station: Columbia; ¥. ]i. Mumford.' Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans.' Montana— jBojfwan.- F. B. Linfield.' Nebraska- Linco/n.- E. A. Burnett.' Nevada— fieno; S. B. Dotcn.' New Hampshire— Z)«r/inw; J. c. Kendall.' New Jersey— iVei/i Brunsuick: 3. G. Lipman.' New Mexico— S/ole CoUege; Fabian Garcia.' New York— State Station: Geneva: W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Station: Ithaca: A. R. Mann.' North Carouna— College Station: West Raleigh.y, ,„ State Station: Raleigh; P' ^ • J^UPo^f •' North Dakota— .4^icu«ura/ College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.' Oklahoma— SriT/Mo/o-.- W. L. Carlyle.' Oregon— ConyiWw.- A. B. Cordley.' Pennsixvania— State CoUege: R. L. Watts.' State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby.' Porto Rico— Mapague?; D. W. Jlay.> Rhode Isl.kvv— Kingston: B. I.. Hartwell.' South Carolina- Cfcmjon CoUege: U. W. Barre.' Sotrrn Dakota— Brooking*.- J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— A'noxiiWf.- H. A. Morgan.' Tf:x\s— College Station: B. Youngblood.' I'TAH— io^an.- F. S. Harris.' Vermont— Bitr/zn^oTi.- J. L. Hills.' Virginia- Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.' Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.' Washington— PuUman.' Geo. Severance.* West Virginia— .Vor^an/OH-n.- J. 1,. Coulter.' WiscoN.siN— Madison: H. I.. Rus.sell.> Wyoming— Z,aromiV.- H. G. Knight.' ' Director. II ' Agronomist in charge. ' Animal husbandman in charge. ♦ Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Th. D., (JhieJ, Ojjice vf Experiment Stations. Aesistaut Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Ohemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizeras _ \-.,„, °"^ I.R. W. Trullinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology] ^■,' ' ' -.,• 1 1 r, /J- I- SCHULTE. l"ield Cropss. „ _ ' U. D. LUCKETT. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. ,, J J ,r ,, ^ .,. fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. loods and Human Nutntions., t t IH. Li. Lang. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farmingj., - ' ,,. . ,, ,. ■ fW. A. Hooker. Veterinary Medicines ,, ,, twt •' IL. H. Nollau. Kural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education^,' mo LM. T. Spethmann. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI. EDITORIAL NOTES. , Page. The New York meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1 The adjustment of science to practice 2 Qualities and organization of research and experiment 5 Coordination in scientific effort 7 The training of investigators 101 Graduate students as research assistanta 103 Physics in agricultural investigation 106 A decade under the Adams Act 301 The agricultural appropriation act, 1917-18 401 ,— The experiment stations and the war 601 ^The coordination of science and practice in agriculture 604 j^The Federal Aid Vocational Education Act 701 IV EXPERIMENT STATION BECOKD. [Vol. 36 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Alabama College Station: Page. BuUetin 191, June, 1916 212 Bulletin 192, November, 1916 563 Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1916 693 Alabama Tuskegee Station: Bulletin 32, 1916 562 Bulletin 33, 1917 593 Alaska Stations: Circular 1 (revised Feb. 8, 1917) 791 Report, 1915 418, 429, 435, 436, 437, 442, 448, 457, 469, 494, 497 Arizona Station: Bulletin 77, June 1, 1916 341 Arkansas Station: Bulletin 123, May, 1916 39 Bulletin 123 (technical edition), May, 1916 640 Bulletin 126, 1916 675 Bulletin 127, March, 1916 687 Bulletin 128. June, 1916 768 California Station: Bulletin 270. Aiipust. 1010 234 Bulletin 271 , September. 1916 369 Bulletin 272, October, 1916 326 B\illotin 273, November, 1916 584 Bulletin 274 . December, 1916 536 Bulletin 275, December, 1916 538 Bulletin 27(i. .lune. 1917 743 Circular 1.>1. July, 1916 89 Circular l.>^, September, 19l'ashbum . . 779 Farmers' Bulletin 782, The Use of a Diary for Farm Accoimts, E. H. Thomson . . 593 Farmers' Bulletin 783, Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1916, D. E. Lantz 455 Farmers' Bulletin 784, Anthrax or Charbon, H. J. Washburn 779 Farmers' Bulletin 785, Seed-flax Production, C. H. Clark 736 Farmers' Bulletin 786, Fall-sown Grains in Maryland and Virginia, T. R. Stanton 735 Farmers' Bulletin 787, Sea Island Cotton, W. A. Orton 530 Farmers' Bulletin 789, Mushroom Pests and How to Control Them, C. H. Popenoe 853 Farmers' Bulletin 790, Contagious Abortion of Cattle, A. Eichhom and G. M. Potter 883 Farmers' Bulletin 791, Turkey Raising, A. S. Weiant 871 Farmers' Bulletin 792, How the Federal Farm Loan Act Benefits the Farmer, C. W. Thompson 894 List of Workers in Agriculture and Home Economics in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 794 Program of Work of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1917 396 Report on Agricultural Experiment Stations and Cooperative Agricultural Extension Work in the United States, 1915 794 Office of the Secretary: Circular 63, State Highway Mileage and Expenditures for the Calendar Year 1915 90 Circular 66, Suggestions for the Manufacture and Marketing of Creamery Butter in the South, R. C. Potts and W. TMiite 275 Circular 67, Measuring Hay in Ricks or Stacks, H. B. McClure and W. J. Spillman 227 Circular 68, Improved Apparatus for Use in Making Acidity Determinations of Com, H. J. Besley and G. H. Baston 414 XVI EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 3t> Office of the Secretary — Continued. Page. Circular 69, Forest Fires in the United States in 1915, J. G. Peters 448 Circular 70, Rules and Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United States Grain Standards Act of August 11, 1916, D. F. Houston. 442 Circular 71, Winter Egg Production, A. R. Lee 669 Circular 72, Width of Wagon Tires Recommended for Loads of Varying Magnitudes on Earth and Gravel Roads, E. B. McCormick 787 Office op the Solicitor: A Brief Statutory History of the United States Department of Agriculture, F. G. Caffey..'. 598 Bureau op Animal Industry: Special Report on Diseases of Cattle (revised edition, 19l6j- 881 Special Report on Diseases of Horse (revised edition, 1916) 884 The Cause of the "Spewing Sickness " of Sheep, (L D. Marsh 680 Bureau op Biological Survey: Document 105, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska on the Alaska Game Law, 1916, J. F. A. Strong 653 Bureau op Crop Estimates: Monthly Crop Report, Volume 2 — No. 9, September, 1916 92 No. 10, October, 1916 193 No. 11, November, 1916 392 No. 12, December, 1916 689 Monthly Crop Report, Volume 3 — No. 1, January, 1917 689 No. 2, Februarj', 1917 894 Forest Service: Instructions for the Scaling and Measurement of National Forest Timber (revised July, 1916 ) 644 Tree Distribution under the Kinkaid Act, 1911 143 Bureau op Plant Industry: Recipes for the Preparation of the Dasheen 761 Work of Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, 1915, B. Aune 131, 143, 169, 171 Work of Huntley Experiment Farm, 19 J 5, D. Hansen. 132, 140, 154, 171, 173, 186 Work of Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, 1915, F. Knorr 132, 170 Work of Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm, 1015, F. B. Headley. . . 133, 137, 186 Work of Yuma Experiment Farm, 1915, R. E. Blair 133, 137 Bureau op Soils: Field Operations, 1913 (Fifteenth Report) 210 Field Operations, 1914 — Reconnoissance Soil Survey in California, San Francisco Bay Region, L. C. Holmes and J. W. Nelson 721 Soil Survey in California, Ukiah Area, E. B. Watson and R. L. Pendle- ton 420 Soil Survey in Montana, Bitterroot Valley Area, E. C. Eckmann and G. L. Harrington 620 Soil Survey in North Dakota, Dickey County, T. M. Bushnell et al. . . 421 Soil Survey in North Dakota, Lamoure County, A. C. Anderson et al . . 722 Soil Survey in Washington, Franklin County, C. Van Duyne, J. H. Agee, and F. W. Ashton 621 Reconnoissance Soil Survey in Wisconsin, North Part of North Central Wisconsin, W. J. Geib et al 20 1917J CONTENTS. XVII Bureau of Soils — Continued. Field Operations, 1915 — Page. Soil Survey in Alabama, Clay County, A. E. Taylor et al 511 Soil Survey in Arkansas, Jefferson County, B. W. Tillman et al 20 Soil Siu-vey in Arkansas, Yell County, E. B. Deeter and C. Lounsbury . 618 Soil Survey in Florida, Franklin County, C. N. Mooney and A. L. Patrick 1 14 Soil Survey in Georgia, Washington County, R. A. Winston et al 420 Soil Survey in Georgia, Wilkes County, D. D. Long 420 Soil Survey in Indiana, Grant County, L. A. Hurst et al 721 Soil Survey in Indiana, Starke County, E. J. Grimes, W. Barrett, and T. M. Bushnell 721 Soil Survey in Indiana, WTiite County, T. M. Bushnell and C. P. Emi. 812 Soil Survey in Iowa, Sioux County, E. H. Smies and W. C. Bean 721 Soil Survey in Mississippi, Coahoma County, F. Z. Hutton et al 420 Soil Survey in Mississippi, Grenada County, W. E. Tharp and J. B. Hogan 619 Soil Survey in Missouri, Newton County, A. T. Sweet, E. S. Vanatta, and E. W. Knobel 812 Soil Survey in Missouri, Ripley County, F. Z. Hutton and H. H. Krusekopf 721 Soil Survey in North Carolina, Alleghany County, R. T. A. Burke and H. D. Lambert 813 Soil Survey in Pennsylvania, Cambria County, B. B. Derrick, A. L. Patrick, and D. C. Wimer 722 Soil Survey in South Carolina, Dorchester County, W. J. Latimer, J. M. Snyder, and C. Van Duyne 620 Soil Survey in South Carolina, Hampton County, M. W. Beck and A. L. Goodman 813 Soil Survey in Texas, Smith County, L. R. Shoenmann et al 621 Insecticide and Fungicide Board: Service and Regulatory Announcement 13, 39 States Relations Service: Federal Legislation, Regulations, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations, revised to August 15, 1916 598 Syllabus 19, Illustrated Lectiu-e on How to Make Good Farm Butter, J. H. McClain 95 Syllabus 20, Illustrated Lecture on the Production of Alfalfa East of the Ninety-fifth Meridian, H. L. Westover and 11. B. Hendrick 95 Syllabus 21, Illustrated Lecture on Corn Production, C. P. Hartley and H. B. Hendrick 95 Syllabus 22, Illustrated Lecture on Cattle-tick Eradication 95 Syllabus 23, Illustrated Lecture on Orchard Management, H. M. Con- nolly and E. J. Glasson 95 Weather Bureau: Bulletin 42, Weather Forecasting, with Introductory Note on Atmos- pherics (second edition), G. S. Bliss 811 National Weather and Crop Bulletin 31, 1916 510 National Weather and Crop Bulletin 32, 1916 509 U. S. Monthly Weather Review — Volume 44 — • Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1916 18, 19 Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1916 418, 419, 431, 455 4050°— 17 2 XVin EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. LVol. 36 Weather Bureau — Continued. U. S. Monthly Weather Review — Continued. Voliune 44 — Continued. Page. Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1916 717, 718 Supplement 3 419 Supplement 4 718 Climatological Data — Volume 3 — ■ Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1916 207 Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1916 719 Report, 1916 615 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS.' Acree, S. F., On the Constituents of Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 502 Aldrich, J. M., More Light on Myiopha-sia 256 Allard, II. A., Some Northern Georgia Acridiidee 252 Allard, H. A., The Mosaic Disease of Tomatoes and Petunias 647 Ashe, W. W., Notes on Pomacese of Upper South Carolina 140 Atkinson, A., and Donaldson, N. C, Dry Farm Grain Tests in Montana 227 Bailey, H. S., and Wilson, C. P., The Composition of Soimd and Frozen Lemons wiih. Special Reference to the Effect of Slow Thawing on Frozen Lemons 416 Baker, A. C, A Review of the Pterocommini 253 Baker, A. C, The Synopsis of the Genus Calaphis 357 Baker, A. C, The Identity of Eriosoma qticrci 551 Ball, C. R., and Piper, C. V., Contributions to Agronomic Terminology, II-IV^ 827 Banks, N., Neuropteroid Insects of the Philippine Islands 656 Banks, N., Synopses of Zodion and Myopa, with Notes on Other Conopidte 255 Barber, II. S., A New Species of Weevil Injuring Orchids 360 Barber, H. S., A Review of North American Tortoi.^c Beetles 257 Bateman, E., Relation between the Toxicity and Volatility of Creosote Oils.. 711 Bensel, G. E., Control of the Variegated Cutworm in Ventura County, Cal. ... 56 BenBon, O. II., School Credit for Boys' and Girls' Club Work and Extension Activities 293 Benson, O. II., and Betts, G. H., Agriculture 394 Bctts, H. deW., Notes on Forest Cover and Snow Retention in Colorado 143 Bishopp, F. C, A Method of Keeping Alcoholic Specimens 252 Blair, W. R., Slope and Valley Air Temperature 718 Bohn, R. M., The lodin Content of Food Materials 561 Boviug, A., Generic Synopsis of Coccinellid Larva? in Unit-ed States National Museum 658 Boycc, J. S., Spore Variation in Ncopcckia couheri 651 Bradley, II., Service Tests of Treated and Untreated Fence Posts 244 Brand, C. J., The Market Problem and How Can Farmers' Institutes Help to Solve It 195 Breazeale, J. F., The Use of Commercial Fertilizers 743 Briggs, L. J., Jensen, C. A., and McLane, J. W., The Mulch Basin System 842 Burgess, A. F., The Work Carried on in the United States against the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths 456 Busck, A., Descriptions of New North American Microlepidoptera 254 1 Printed in .soientiUc and techni(-al publications outside the Department. 1917J CONTENTS. XIX Page. Carrier, L., and Bort, Katherine S., The History of Kentucky Blue Grass and White Clover 529 Chapin, R. M., and Schaffer, J. M., Extending the Usefulness of a Shaking Machine 413 Childs, O. W., Proposed Motor-truck Loads for Highway Bridges 489 Clark, W. M., and Lubs, H. A., Determination of Hydrogen-ion Concentration of Culture Media Ill Cole, F. R., A New Species of Exoprosopa 552 Collins, G. N., and Kempton, J. H., A Field Auxanometer 226 Collins, G. N., and Kempton, J. H., A Hybrid between Tripsacum and Euch- Ijena 27 Collins, G. N., and Kempton, J. H., Patrogenesis in a Cross between Tripsacum and Euchlsena 28 Cook, 0. F., Agriculture and Native Vegetation in Peru 27 Cook, O. F., Eugenics and Agriculture 92 Cook, O. F., Morphology and Evolution of Leaves 729 Craighead, F. C, Determination of Abdominal and Thoracic Areas of Cerara- bycid Larvae as Based on a Study of the Muscles 258 Crawford, J. C, Some American Hymenoptera 261 Crawford, J. C., Some New American Hymenoptera 556 Crawley, H., The Sexual Evolution of Sarcoct/stis mum 557 Creswell, Mary E., Girls' and Boys' Club Work: A Manual for Rural Teachers. 294 Creswell, Mary E., Home Demonstrations 195 Creswell, Mary E. , The Home Demonstration Work 896 Cron, A. B., Triple-seeded Spikelets in Sf)rghum 532 Cushman, R. A. , The Native Food Plants of the Apple Red Bugs 356 Dale, J. K., Preparation of Bromoacetylglucose and Certain Other Bromoacetyl Sugars 313 Darrow, G. M., Southern Strawberries 241 Davidson, W. M., Economic Syrphidse in California 56 Doolittle, S. P., A New Infectious Mosiac Disease of Cucumber* 349 Dorset, M. , Hog Cholera Investigations 675 Dove, W. E., Some Notes Concerning Overwintering of the House Fly at Dallas, Tex 553 DuBois, C, The Mountain Communities and the Forest Service 242 Dyar, H. G., Mosquitoes at San Diego, Cal 552 Dyar, H. G., New Aedes from the Mountains of California 552 Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F., Eggs and Oviposition in Certain Species of Mansonia 552 Eichhorn, A., Summary of Investigations on Immunization against Anthrax. . 675 Eichhorn, A., and Gallagher, B., Spontaneous Amebic Dysentery in Monkeys. 576 Eichhorn, A., and Potter, G. M., The Present Status of the Abortion Question. . 882 Emery, W. 0., and Palkin, S., Researches on Organic Periodids, II 313 Fink, D. E., Injmy to Peanuts by the Twelve-Spotted Cucumber Beetle 57 Fox, H., Orthoptera and Orthopteran Habitats in the Vicinity of Lafayette, Ind 252 Frothingham, E. H., Selling Woodlot Products on Michigan Fanns 45 Gilbert, W. W., Cucumber Mosaic Disease 349 Gile, P. L., Chlorosis of Pineapples Induced by Manganese and Carbonate of Lime 546 Gile, P. L., and Carrero, J. 0., A Plan for Testing Efficiencies of Fertilizers 121 Girault, A. A., A New Genus of Lelapine Chalcid Flies from the United States. . 260 Girault, A. A., A New Genus of Omphaline Eulaphid Chalcis Flies from Mary- land 557 XX EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. «(! Page. Girault, A. A., A New Genus of Pteromalid Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from North America 260 Girault, A. A., A New Genus of Tetrastichini (Chalcidoid Hjonenoptera) 556 Girault, A. A., A Remarkable New Genus of Encyrtidse from the West Indies. . 556 Girault, A. A., Descriptions of and Observations on Some Chalcidoid Hymenop- tera 60,260,557 Girault, A. A., Descriptions of Eleven New Species of Chalcid Flies 260 Girault, A. A. , Descriptions of Miscellaneous Chalcid Flies 556 Girault, A. A., Descriptions of Various Chalcidoid Hymenoptera, with Obser- vations, I-II 555 Girault, A. A., New Chalcid Flies from Maryland 556 Girault, A. A., New Miscellaneous Chalcidoid Hymenoptera 259 Girault, A. A., The North American Species of Dibrachys with a Note on Uriella 556 Girault, A. A., The Occurrence of Neoderostenus Girault in North America 556 Girault, A. A., The Occurrence of the Genus Achrysocharelloidea in North America 657 Girault, A. A., Two New Genera of North American Entedoninae (Chalcid Flies) 859 Goldbeck, A. T., and Smith, E. B., An Apparatus for Determiuing Soil Pres- sures 684 Goldbeck, A. T., and Smith, E. B., Tests of Large Reinforced Concrete Slabs. . 788 Hall, L. D. [Marketing of Live Stock] 593 Hall, M. C, A New and Economically Important Tapeworm, Multiceps gaigeri. . 354 Hall, M. C, American Records of Dioctophyme renale 885 Hall, M. C, Nematode Parasites of Manmials of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, and Hyracoidea 753 Heinrich, C, The Taxonomic Value of Some Larval Characters in the Lepidop- tera 254 Helphenstine, R. K., and Betts, H. S., Quantity of Wood Preservatives Con- sumed and Amount of Wood Treated by \\"ood-preserving Plants in the United States in 1915 46 Hood, J. D., A New Plectrothrips from Jamaica 550 Hood, J. D., A Synopsis of the Genus Oxjlhrips 550 Hood, J. D., Descriptions of New Thysanoptera 253 Hood, S. C, Relative Oil Yield of Florida Oranges 207 Howard, L. O., A Curious Formation of a Fungus Occiu-ring on a Fly 360 Howard, L. O., Lacnosterna Larvae as a Possible Food Supply 57 Hubbard, P., Laboratory Manual of Bitiuninous Materials 586 Hubbard, P., and Jackson, F. IL, The Specific Gravity of Nonhomogeneous Aggregates 683 Hudson, C. S., Numerical Relations among the Rotary Powers of the Com- pound Sugars 12 Hudson, C. S., and Dale, J. K., Isomeric Pentacetates of Glucoeamin and of Chondrosamin 202 Hudson, C. S., and Sayre, R., Rotary Powers of Derivatives of Maltose, Cellose, and Lactose 202 Hudson, C. S., and Yanovsky, E., Isomeric Alpha and Beta Hexacetates of a- GluGoheptose 12 Hutchins, W. A., Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruits in California. . . 89 Hutchison, R. H., Notes on the Larvae of Euxesta notata 359 Hutyra, F., and Marok, J., edited by Mohler, J. R., and Eirhhorn, A., Special Pathology and Therapeutii-s of the Diseases of Domestic Animals 477 1917] CONTENTS. XXT Hyslop, J. A., Pristocera armifera Parasitic on Limonius agonis 360 Hyslop, J. A., Triphleps insidiosus as the Probable Transmitter of Corn-ear Rot 55 James, E. W. , Road Maintenance and Its Significance 285 Jardine, J. T., Grazing Resources of the National Forests 242 Jennings, A. H., Mosquitoes and Man 552 Jodidi, S. L., Applicability of Paper Pulp Filter to Separation of Solids from Liquids Ill Johnson, M. O., Manganese as Cause of Depression of Assimilation of Iron by Pineapple 538 Jones, H. M., A Method of Anaerobic Plating Permitting Observation of Growth. 379 Jones, T. H., Notes on Anasa andresii, an Enemy of Ciicurbits 55 Kellerman, K. F., Cooperation in the Investigation and Control of Plant Dis- eases 540 Kelly, E., Report of the Committee on Dairy and Milk Inspectors 774 Kelly, E., Common Sense in Dairy Inspection 474 Kelser, R. A., The Preparation of Culture Media from Wliole Blood 676 Kerr, R. H., An Improved Method for the Detection of Arachidic Acid 414 King, W. v.. The Effect of Cold upon Malaria Parasites in the Mosquito Host . . . 858 Knab, F., A New Mosquito from the Eastern United States 359 Knab, F., Critical Notes on Syrphidae 553 Knab, F., Egg Disposal in Dermatobia hominis 359 Knab, F., Further Notes on Syrphidae 553 Knab, F. , Mycetobia and the Classification of the Diptera 255 Knab, F., The Earliest Name of the Yellow Fever Mosquito 552 Knab, F., What is Tabanus mexicanus? 553 Knapp, B., Education through Farm Demonstration 896 Knapp, B., How Can We Help the Boys ? 195 Korstain, C. F., Evaporation and Soil Moisture in Relation to Plant Succession.. 144 Kress, O., The Use of Bark for Paper Specialties 417 Kress, O., and McNaughton, G. C, A Numerical Expression for Color as Given by the Ives Tint Photometer 207 Lamb, G. N., Farm Woodlot Timber: Its Uses and Principal Markets 745 Lamb, W. H., Moreh Oak, a New Name for Quercus vwrehus 243 Lane, C. H., Development of Special Agricultural Schools in the United States : 895 Lane, C. H., High-school Extension in Agriculture 293 Lang, H. L., and Walton, jr., C. F., Cleaning Silver by Contact with Aluminum. 865 Larsen, J. A., Silvical Notes on Western Larch 144 Lathrop, E, C, Protein Decomposition in Soils 25 Leighty, C. E., Carman's Wheat-rye Hybrids 739 Leonard, L. T., Variations in Nodule Formation 527 Long, W. H., Five Undescribed Species of Ravenelia 145 Loomis, N. E., and Acree, S. F., Effect of Pressure on Potential of Hydrogen Electrode 503 Lubs, H. A., and Acree, S. F., The Sulphonphthalein Series of Indicators 711 Lubs, H. A., and Clark, W. M., A Note on the Sulphone-phthaleins as Indica- tors for the Colorimetric Determination of Hydrogen-ion Concentration Ill McAtee, W. L., Key to the Nearctic Species of Paracalocoris (Heteroptera; Miridae) 654 McConnell, W. R., Notes on the Biology of Paraphelinus spedosissimus 258 McCrory, S. H., Suggestions for Organization and Financing of Drainage Proj- ects 187 XXII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fVoI. 36 McDonnell, C. C, and Smith, C. M., The Arsenates of Lead, 1 313 McDonnell, C. C, and Smith, C. M., The Arsenates of Lead, II 501 McDonnell, C. C, and Smith, C. M., The Preparation and Properties of Lead- chlor Arsenate, Artificial Mimetite 412 McGregor, E. A., Bucculatrix thurberiella, a Pest of Cotton in the Imperial Valley 56 McGregor, E. A., Descriptions of Seven New Species of Red Spiders 660 McGregor, E. A., The Citrus Mite Named and Described for the First Time 261 McGregor, E. A., The Privet Mite in the South 859 Mclndoo, N. E., Reflex "Bleeding" of the Coccinellid Beetle, Epilachna borealis 58 McKee, R., Alfalfa Crown Wart in the Western United States 543 McKee, R., The Effect of Clipping on the Root Development of Alfalfa 832 Mattoon, W. R., Slash Pine, an Important Second-growth Tree 144 Mattoon, W. R., Some Characteristics of Slash Pine 345 Maxon, E. T., and Cone,W. R., Soil Survey of Clinton County, N. Y 511 Meinecke, E. P., Peridermium harknessii and Cronartiuin quercuum 454 Meinecke, E. P., The Vanilla Plantations of Tahiti and Moorea 445 Mell, C. D., The Greenheart of Commerce 745 Merritt, E., and Hatch, K. L., Economic Factors which Influence Rural Edu- cation in Wisconsin 592 Meyer, A. H., et al., Soil Survey of Jefferson County, Wis 723 Middleton, W., Notes on Dianthidium arizonicum 360 Mohler, J. R. , Shipping Fever of Horses 85 Munger, T. T., Productive Capacity of Douglaa Fir Lands, Western Oregon and Washington 243 Nelson, E. W., The Larger North American Mammals 354 Noyes, D. K., Comparative Test of Klaussner and Poorest Service Standard Hypsometers 144 O'Brien, W. J., and lindemuth, J. R., The Fertilizer Value of City Waste— I, The Composition of Garbage 728 Palkin, S., The Separation of Lithium from the Other Alkali Metals 505 Palmer, R. C, and Boehmer, H. R., Studies on the Extraction of Roednfrom Wood, 1 207 Parker, H. L., Feeding Habita of Sinea disbenia 253 Parker, H. L., Rearing of Wintliemia quadripuslulala from Rhynchophorus Larva 255 Patterson, Flora W., and Charles, Vera K., The Occurrence of Bamboo Smutiu America G53 Pennington, W. E. , Notes on Rhogas termitiaUs 60 Phelps, I. K., and Palmer, H. E., Identification of Lactic Acid in Biological Products 808 Phillips, E. F., Outdoor Wintering 158 Phillips, E. F., Professor Gossard 's Theory on Fire Blight Transmission 59 PhilUps, E. F., Temperature and Humidity in the Hive in Winter 659 Pierce, W. D., Notes on the Habits of a Dangerous Genus of Weevils 58 Piper, S. E., and Sans, E. R., Rabies Eradication in Nevada 880 Pittier, H., Prelimiuary Revision of the Genus Inga 32 Popenoe, W., Tropical Pomology. — A New l-'ield for Horticulturists 742 Pritchard, F. J., Change of Sex in Hemp 736 Pritchard, F. J., The Use of Checks and Repeated Plantings in Varietal Testa. . 527 Pritchard, F. J., and Longley, L. E., Experiments in Transplanting Sugar Beets 533 I 1917] CONTENTS. XXIH Page. Qiiaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C, White Flies of the Subfamily Aleyrodinae (Aleyrodidse) 755 Rabak, F., The Effect of Curing on the Aromatic Constituents of Vanilla Beans. 416 Ransom, B. H., Occurrence in United States of Certain Nematodes of Rumi- nants r 577 Reed, E. O., A Method for Determining the Strength of Paper when Wei 509 Robertson, F. E., and Gilbert, C. W., A Study of 108 Milking Machines in Jefferson County, N. Y 774 Rockwood, L. P., Sporotrichum globuli/erum, a Natural Enemy of the Alfalfa Weevil 58 Rohwer, S. A. , A New Bee of the Genus Dianthidium 258 Rohwer, S. A., Notes on the Psammocharidae, with a New Species 551 Ross, W. H., et al., The Use of the Cottrell Precipitator in Treating Phosphate Rock 805 Russell, G. A. , Volatile Oil of Euthamia caroliniana 206 Safford, W. E., Desmopsis, a New Genus of Annonaceae 433 Safford, W. E., Identity of Cohoba, the Narcotic Snuff of Ancient Haiti 734 Safford, W. E., Proposed Clasaincation of the Genus Rollinia, with Descrip- tions of Several New Species 433 Safford, W. E., RolUniopsis, a New Genus of Annonaceae from Brazil 220 Salant, W., and Bengis, R., Physiological and Pharmacological Studies on Coal Tar Colors, 1 262 Salant, W., and Li^^ng8ton, A. E., Experiments with Oil of Chenopodium and Cardiac Stimulants 576 Salant, W., and Wise, L. E., The Action of Sodium Citrate and Its Decomposi- tion in the Body 467 Scales, F. M. , A Method for the Determination of Nitric Nitrogen 504 Schoenmann, L. R., and Taylor, A. E., et al., Reconnoissance Soil Survey of Northeastern Wisconsin 723 Schorger, A. W., Chemistry as an .Vid in the Identification of Species 144 Schroeder, E. C, and Cotton, W. E., Practically Significant Facts about Abor- tion Disease 883 Schroeder, E. C, and Cotton, W. E., Some Facts about Abortion Disease 881 Schroeder, J. , The SolubiUty of Leucite in Sulphurous Acid 414 Schroeder, J. P. , The Availability of Nitrogen in Garbage Tankage 325 Scott, L. B. , Varietal Standardization 537 Shamel, A. D., Bud Variation in Lemons 537 Shamel, A. D., Citrus Observations in Brazil 241 Shamel, A. D., Some Recent Operations and Experiments with Bud Variations. 141 Shamel, A. D., The Relation of Humidity to the Ripening and Storage of Fruits 741 Shannon, R. C, Notes on Some Genera of S>Tphidae with Descriptions of New Species 255 Shannon, R. C, Two New North American Diptera 553 Shaw, H. B., Self, Close, and Cross Fertilization of Beets 522 Shear, C. L., Grape Anthracnose in America 545 Siegler, E. H., A Codling Moth Trap 858 Skinner, J. J., The Effect of Vanilhn and Salicylic Aldehyde in Culture Solution 731 Skinner, J. J., and Beattie, J. H., Action of Carbon Black and Similar Mate- rials in Soils 214 Skinner, J. J., and Noll, C. F., Field Tests of Fertilizer Action on Soil Alde- hydes 424 XXIV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Page. Skinner, W. W., and Baughman, W. F., Removal of Bariiun from Brines Used in Manufacture of Salt 809 Sleight, R, B. , Convenient Form of Hook Gage 783 Sleight, R. B., Irrigation Field Laboratory at Denver, Colo 583 Smith, D. F., Tumors in Plants 46 Smith, H. E., New Tachinidae from North America 255 Smith, W. B., Estimation of Sugar in Meat Products, Particularly Extracts. . . 506 Spaulding, P. , [The White Pine Blister Rust Situation] 548 Stedman, J. M. , Demonstration Work in Farmer 's Institutes 195 Stedman, J. M., Farmers' Institute Work in the United States in 1914-15 194 Stockberger, W. W., Relative Precision of Formulas for Calculating Normal Plat Fields 827 Sullivan, M. X., Lignoceric Acid from Rotten Oak Wood 502 Swingle, W^. T., Pleiospermium, a New Genus Related to Citrus, from India, Ceylon, and Java 433 Swingle, W. T., Severinia buxifolia, a Citrus Relative to Southern China 241 Taylor, A. E., Schoenmann, L. R., and Thompson C, et al., Reconnoissance Soil Survey of North Part of North-central Wisconsin 723 Taylor, A. E. et al.. Soil Survey of Columbia County, Wisconsin 723 Taylor, W. A., and Acree, S. F., Electrical Conductivity of Solutions at Dif- ferent Frequencies, V-VII 503 Teesdale, C. H., Report of Committee on Wood Block Paving 46 Teesdale, C. H., Treated Wood Block for Factory Flooring and Miscellaneous Uses 46 Townsend, C. H. T., Descriptions of Two New Tachinids 255 Townsend, C. H. T., Lithohypoderma, a New Fossil Genus of Oestrids 553 Townsend, C. H. T., Miscellaneous Muscoid Notes and Descriptions 554 Townsend, C. H. T., Muscoid Flies from the Southern United States 554 Townsend, C. H. T., Note on Afyioph-asia senea 256 Townsend, C. H. T., On Australian Muscoidea, with Description of New Forms. 554 Townsend, C. H. T., Some New North American Muscoid Forms 554 True, A. C, The Change of Stress from Subject Matter to the Individual 393 True, R. H., and Bartlett, H. H., Exchange of Ions between Roots of Lupinus alhus and Culture Solutions Containing Three Nutrient Salts 128 True, R. H., and Stockberger, W. W., Physiological Observations on Alkaloids, Latex, and Oxidases in Papaver somniferum 127 Van Fleet, W., Hybrids and Other New Chestnuts for Blight Districts 045 Viereck, H. L., One New Genus and Five New Species of Ichneumon Flies. . 259 Vrooman, C, Advantages of Closer Cooperation between Bureau of Animal Industry and State Officials in the Control of Contagious and Infections Diseases 675 Walton, W. R., The Tachinid Genus Arg>Tophylax 359 Ward, A. R., Bacterium pyogenes Associated with Multiple Arthritis in a Hog. . 280 Webb, J. L., and Hutchison, R. H., The Bionomics of Pollenia rudis in Amer- ica 359 Weed, C. M., and Dearborn, N., Birds in Their Relations to Man 152 Weir, J. R., Keithia thujiiia, Cause of Serious Leaf Disease of Western Red Cedar 652 Weir, J. R., Phaddium infestans on Western Conifers 752 Weir, J. R., Pinm pondcrosa and P. jeffreyi, Hosts for Razoumofshja americana. . 753 Weir, J, R., and Hubert, E. E., Successful Inoculations of Larix occidentalis and L. europea 651 Weir, W. W., Preliminary Report on Kearney Vineyard Experimental Drain. . 584 3917] CONTENTS. XXV Page. Wells, S. D., Effects of Moisture Introduced into the Digester in Cooking Soda Pulp 17 Wessling, Hannah L., The Determination and Distribution of Moisture in Bread 506 Whitney, M., Bureau of Soils, U.S. Department of Agriculture 323 Williams, O. E., ^Miy Gelatin is Required and Its Effect on Quality [of Ice Cream] 875 WilUams, R. R., and Seidell, A., The Chemical Nature of the '" Vitamins," II. . 314 Winslow, C. P., and XewUn, J. A., Discussion on Woods Suitable for Crossties. . 46 Winslow, C. P., and Teesdale, C. H., DurabiKty Records of Crossties 46 Winslow, C. P., et al., Report of Committee on Service Tests of Crossties 46 Wise, L. E., Elimination of Malates after Subcutaneous Injection of Sodium Malate 408 Woglum, R. S., A Handy Field and Laboratory Binocular Magnifier 97 Woglum, R. S., Reducing the Cost of Commercial Spraying 55 Woolsey, jr., T. S., Forest Service Silviculture Plans 143 Wright, R. C, Growing Plants in Large Containers under Control Conditions. . 524 Wynne, S. W., National Forest Organization 346 Zon, R., Forest Problems and Economic Development in Soiith America 143 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 JANUARY, 1917 No. 1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Buheau— C. F, Marvin, Chief. BuKEAu OP Animal Industry— A. D. Melvln, Chief. Bureau op Plant Industry— W. A, Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau op Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry- C. L. Aleberg, Chief. Bureau op Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief. Oppicb op Public Roads and Rural Engineering— L. W. Page, Director. Oppiob op Markets and Rural Organization— C. J. Brand, Chief, States Relations Service— A, C. True, Director. Office op Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabaka— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.' Canebrake Station: Uniontoum; L. H. Moore.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegte Institute: G. W, Carver." Alaska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.' Aebona— TuMon: G. F. Freeman.' AkkjlSSA&— Fayetteville: M. Nelson.' Cautornia— flfrkeJ CoLORAPO— Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette.! CONNECnCTXT- State Station: JVcw Haven;\ Storrs Station: Storrs: j^- H. Jenktns.i Delaware— JVetoork.- H. Hayward.' ¥u)Ka>JL—Gai7i€sville: P. H. Rolfs." OtotiQix—ExpeTiment: H. P. Stuckey.' QXJAM— Island of Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.' Ha WAD— Federal Station: Honolulu: J. U. Westgate.' Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Ag«e.> Idaho— Jl/b*cotc.' J. S. Jones.' Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.* Indiana— Lo Fayette: X. Goss." loyrK—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.J Kansas— Jrfonftoffan.- W. M. Jardine.> Kentucky— Z,«zin^on.- A. M. Peter.* ,LOCT3LANA— State Station: Baton Rouge: \ Sugar Station: Audu>)on Park,] New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun: ] Maine— OroTW.- C. D. Woods." Maryland— Oo//e^e Pork.- H. J. Patterson." MxaaAcnvSETia— Amherst: W. P. Brooks." Michigan— £o«t Lansing: R. S. Shaw." MmKESOTA— t/nurftam.- J. C. Kendall." New Jersey— iV«o Brunswick; J. G. Lipman." New Mexico— S. W. May.* Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.' Rhode Isllsi>— Kingston: B, L. Hartwell.' SoTTTH Carolina— CteTTMon College; Socth Dakota— Brooki»v».- J. W, Wilson.' Tennessee— ^noiri/J*.- H. A. Morgan." Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood." XJTAM-Logan: F. S. Harris." V* eemont— BurWn^ojk- J, L. Hills." ViRGINU— Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, Jr." Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washington— PuHirwji.- 1. D. Cardifl." West Virginia— .Wbrjwnftwn; J, L. Conlter." Wisconsin— Jfod won.- H. L. Russell." Wyoming— ioromfo.- H. G. Knight.' 1 Director. * Agronomist In charge. • Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight. EDITOBIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology. Soils, and Fertilizers {S^'w." TrtSjngeb. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology l^" ^' ^l^^' ^^' ^' Field crops {J: KI^kS^. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Foods and Human Nutrition {g; ^- L^//™^^'' ^^' ^- ^- ^c Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming {^; Sf^af^^. Veterinary Medicine {g;-^^;^^^™- Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Meeritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 1. Editorial notes: _ Page. The New York meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1 The adjustment of science to practice 2 Qualities and organization of research and experiment 5 Coordination in scientific effort 7 Recent work in agricultural science 12 Notes 98 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — ^agrotechny. Studies in the physical chemistry of essential oils 12 Numerical relations among the rotatory powers of the compound sugars, Hudson. 12 Isomeric alpha and beta hexacetates of a-glucoheptose, Hudson and Yanovsky . 12 o-crotonic acid, a soil constituent, Walters and Wise 12 Biochemical changes in cotton seed in storage. Rather 12 Experiments upon the amylase of As'pcrgilln.s oryzx, Sherman and Tanberg 13 Enzyms of the blood in the albumin and globulin fractions of the serum, Satta. . 13 A nonspattering wash bottle, Clapp 13 Researches on quinazolins, XXXlII, Bogert and Scatchard 13 Kjeldahl modification for nitro substitution compounds. Cope 14 Apparatus for Kjeldahl determinations, Randall .,,.,.,.,.... 14 II CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Sodium sulphate in Gunning modifications for determining nitrogen, Latshaw. . 14 A modification of McCrudden's method for calcium, Winter 14 A table for values of carbon in carbon dioxid, Loomis . 15 Rapid method for accurate determination of total carbon in soils, Salter 15 The reducing action of distillates from certain carbohydrates, Atkinson 15 The rate of ammonia distillation from water, Bruckmiller 15 Melting-point determination of fats and waxes, Golodetz 15 Detection of pigments in oleomargarine and butter. Palmer and Thrun 16 Estimation of polysulphids and thiosulphate in lime-sulphur solutions, Averitt. 16 Sulphur fungicides, Gray - 16 Methods of preparation and relative value of Bordeaux mixtm-es, Butler 16 The sterilization of fruit and vegetables for the home 17 The sterilization of fruit and vegetables for the market 17 The recovery of potash from alunite, Waggaman and Cullen 17 Hemp hurds as paper-making material, Dewey and Merrill 17 Effects of moisture introduced into the digester in cooking soda pulp, Wells 17 METEOROLOGY. Department of meteorologj', Chm-ch, jr 17 A method of forecasting the maximum summer level in Lake Tahoe, Alciatore 18 The persistence of wet and dry weather, Newnham 18 Monthly Weather Review 19 The fertilizing value of rain and snow, Shutt 19 Meteorological ob8er\'ations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Sims 19 SOILS — FERTILIZERS . Soil survey of Jefferson County, Ark., Tillman et al 20 Kankakee County soils, Hopkins et al 20 Reconnoissance soil sur^'ey of part of north-central Wisconsin, Geib et al 20 Studies on soils, I, Rice 21 Studies on soil colloids. I, Flocculation of soil colloidal solutions, Wolkoff 21 Bacterial numbers in soils at different depths and seasons, Waksman 21 Some factors that influence nitrate formation in acid soils, Fred and Graul. ... 22 Studies in sulfofication, Brown and Johnson 22 Some effects of litter on the fermentation of manure, Tottingham 23 Fertilizer experiments, Shutt 24 Protein decomposition in soils, Lathrop 25 Potash salts, 1915, Phalen 26 Oxidation of sulphur as increasing availability of phosphates, Lipman et al 26 The influence of liming on the productiveness of certain soils, Shutt 26 Fertilizing materials, Shutt 27 AQRICTJLTURAL BOTANY. Agriculture and native vegetation in Peru, Cook 27 Vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climate, Shreve 27 Characters of plants grown in salt water and heredity, Lesage 27 Dissimilarity in inheritance from different parts of plant, Bateson and Pellew. . 27 A hydrid between Tripsacum and Euchlasna, Collins and Kempton 27 Patrogenesis in cross of Tripsacum and Euchlsena, Collins and Kempton 28 Influence of temperature on the growth of the root of Pisum sativum, Leitch. . 28 Theinfluence of temperature variations on the respiration of plants, Blanc. . . 28 The decrease of penneability produced by anesthetics, Osternout 29 Swelling and germination of seeds, Traube and Marasawa 29 The influence of oxygenated water on geiinination, Demoussy 29 Studies on water transfer in plants, Jost 29 Studies on the decomposition of cellulose in soils, McBeth 30 The primary sugar of photosynthesis, Dixon and Mason — 30 The biochemical function of magnesium in plants, Bernardini 30 The influence of various salts on the gro'n'th of soy beans, Shive 31 Studies in the nutritive relations of cultivated plants, Hiltner et al 31 Diastase activity and invertase activity of bacteria, Koch 31 Quantitative media for the estimation of bacteria in soils. Cook 31 A method for the renewal of plant nutrients in sand cultiu-es, McCall 31 Preliminary revision of the genus Inga, Pittier 32 1917] CONTENTS. HI FIELD CROPS. Page. [Field crops work at the Canada stations and farms in_1914], Crisdale 32 [Work witn field crops at Canada experimental farms in 1914], Graham et al. . . 33 Summary report of state cooperative experiment farms, 1915 33 Cereal experiments at the Akron tield station, Akron, Colo., McMurdo 33 Cereal experiments at the Judith Basin substation, Mont., Donaldson 33 A pasture survey in southeastern Ohio, Havrthorne and Montgomery 34 Irrigation experiment with clover, sugar beets, potatoes, and wheat, Knight... 35 Varieties of cereal and forage crops and their improvement, Knight 36 The cultural value and identification of Spanish alfalfa, Gentner 36 Composition of the maize plant, Ince 36 Spacing experiment with Egyptian cotton, 1912, Balls and Holton 36 Sowing-date experiment with Egyptian cotton, 1913, Balls and Holton 37 Early and midseason potatoes at Wisley, 1915 37 Sugar beets for factory purposes, Shutt 37 Sudan grass in Kansas, Thompson 38 The time to seed wheat in Kansas, Call, Salmon, and Cunningham 38 Liming the wheat crop, Thorne 38 Seed analyses made during 1912-1915, Jagger and Stoddard 39 HORTICULTURE. Report from the division of horticulture for 1915, Macoun et al 39 [State insecticide and fungicide laws] 39 The relation of fruit growing to soil fertihty , Thompson 39 [The effect of site on blossom development and frost injury], Church, jr 40 Orchard rejuvenation in southeastern Ohio, Ballon 40 Variation of internal structure of apple varieties, Kraus 41 Pruning peach trees at different heights previous to planting, Blake 41 A financial statement of the experiment station peach orchard, McCue 42 Report of cranberry substation for 1915, Franklin 43 FORESTRY. Report of director of forestry of PhiUppine Islands for 1915, Sherfesee 44 Report on state nurseries and plantations, Brodrick et al 44 Report of the chief forest fire warden for the year 1915, Wirt 44 Grass and woodland fires in Texas, Foster 44 Importance of soil aeration in forestry, Hole 44 A preliminai-y study on the culture of exotic forest species in Italy, Pa van 45 Notes on acacia, with description of new species, I, Maiden 45 Notes on Eucalyptus, with descriptions of new species, IV, Maiden 45 Eucalyptus australiana n. sp. and its essential oil. Baker and Smith 45 Notes on the tapping of Para rubber. Freeman 45 A new steam tree feller, Scrimgeour 45 Selling woodlot products on Michigan farms, Frothingham 45 Forest products of Canada, 1915. — Pulpwood 45 Proceedings of meeting of American Wood Preservers' Association, Angier. 45 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Pathological plant anatomy, Kiister 46 Tumors in plants. Smith 46 How to identify infectious plant diseases, Ashby 46 Report of the division of botany, Giissow 46 Notes on plant diseases of Connecticut, CUnton 47 Report on plant protection, Schaffnit and Liistem 47 Administration report of the government mycologist for 1914-15, McRae 47 Septoria on barley, Johnson 48 Occurrence of yellow leaf rust of wheat in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, O'Gara 48 Cordyceps clavicipitis n. sp. , parasitic on ergot, Ortegren 48 Califomian thistle rust, Cockayne 48 The dry rot disease of maize caused by Diplodia zese, van der Bijl 48 Powdery scab of potato, Clinton 48 Seed and soil disinfectants for Rhizoctonia disease, Morse and Shapovalov 49 IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Potato spraying experiments, third report, Clinton 49 A new species of Melanconium parasitic on the tomato, Tisdale 49 Infection and resistance studies of Phytophthora infestans on tomato, Melhus. . . 49 Second progress report on disease resistance in tobacco, Johnson 50 Disinfection to overcome the root rot ( Thielavia hasicola) , Bamet 50 Fire blight investigations, Gossard and Walton 50 Longevity of Bacillus amylovorus, Hotson 50 Arsenate of lead as a fungicide for apple scab, Morse 50 Irrigation and bitter pit, Brooks and Fisher 50 Blight-resistant roots — the first step toward pear blight control, Wisker 51 Fiuther studies on plum wilt, Higgins 51 Summer sprays against American gooseberry mildew. Barker and Lees 51 t Fungus diseases of the cranberry], Franklin 51 eradication on a large scale, Nelson 52 Diseases of plants caused by nematodes, Clinton 52 Cutting out chestnut blighted timber, Stoddard and Moss 52 A Glceosporium on horse-chestnut shoots, Adams 52 Leaf fall of conifers. Neger and Fuchs 52 Tip bum in white pine, Bm-ns 52 Eradication of Cronartium ribicola from European pine plantings, Rankin 53 ENTOMOLOGY. [Report of the] department of entomology, Doten _ 53 An attempt to redefine host relationships in entomophagous insects, Smith 53 Sprays and spraying. Paddock 53 Cost of dusting and spraying a New York apple orchard, Crosby 53 [Work with cranberry insects in 1915], Franklin 54 Gonepteryx rhamni and Castrda iherapon in New Jersey, Weiss 54 Grasshopper control, Merrill 55 Notes on Anasa andredi, an enemy of cuciubits, Jones 55 Triphkps insidiosus as the probable transmitter of corn-ear rot, Hyslop 55 Some unpublished notes on Pemphigus betas, Maxson 55 Dispersion of scale insects by the wind, Quayle 55 Reducing the cost of commercial spraying, Woglum 55 The white-marked tussock moth (Henierocampa leucostiqma), Yingling 55 The New Mexico range caterpillar and its control, Wildermuth and Caffrey 55 The small pink corn worm (Batrachedra rileyi) in Mississippi, Hamed 56 Control of the variegated cutworm in Ventura County, California, Bensel 56 A coccid-feeding moth (Blastobasis) Holcocera iceryxella, Essig 56 Additional notes on use of dust sprays against corn-ear worm, McColloch 56 Bucculatri.t thurberiella, a pest of cotton in the Imperial Valley, McGregor 56 Economic Syrphidse in California, Da\-idson 56 Dispersion of Musca domeslica under city conditions in Montana, Parker 56 Some observations on the breeding habits of the common house fly, Evans 57 Sarcophagidse of New England: Genus Sarcophaga, Parker 57 Notes on Pegomya hyoscyami, Cory 57 The colimibine leaf miner, Cory 57 Injury to peanuts by the twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, Fink 57 Lachnostema larvae as a poasible food supply, Howard _. 57 Note on predacious habits of Dineutes toward Anopheles larvae, Derivaux 57 The eggplant tortoise beetle, Jones 57 The fruit-tree leaf Syneta,, spraying data, and biological notes, Moznette 58 Reflex "bleedinfr" of the coccinellid beetle, Epilachna borealis, Mclndoo 58 Notes on the habits of a dangerous genus of weevils, Pierce 58 Sporotrichum glohulifcrum, a natural enemy of the alfalfa weevil, Rockwood — 58 Report from the division of bees for 1915, Sladen et al 58 Detection of arsenic in bees, Holland 59 Professor Gossard 's theory on fire bUght transmission, Phillips 59 The chrysanthemum gall fly, Diarthronomyia hypogxa, Essig 59 A new species of Isosoma attacking wheat in Utahj Doane ^ 59 Descriptions of and obsen,'ationa on some chalcidoid Hymenoptera, Girault. . . 60 An egg parasite of the army worm {Ileliophila unipuncta), Flint 60 Notes on Rhogas terminalis, Pennington 60 Breeding fruit fly parasites in the Hawaiian Islands, Bridwell 60 Municipal control of the Argentine ant, De Ong 60 1917] CONTENTS. y FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Page. The vegetarian diet in the light of our present knowledge, McCoUum et al 60 The distribution in plants of the fat-soluble A, McCollum et al 61 Relation of fat-soluble A and water-soluble B to milk, McCollum et al 62 Studies on experimental scuny in guinea pigs, Jackson and Moore 62 The salicylic acid reaction of beans. Brill 63 Canned sea urchin, Shutt 63 1,001 tests of foods, beverages, and toilet accessories, Wiley and Pierce 63 [South Dakota food and drug law]. 63 Report of the dairy and food commissioner for the year 1914, Purcell 63 Annual report of the dairy and food commissioner of Virginia, Purcell 63 Storage, handling, and sale of food in Pliiladelphia, Lit 63 Food inspection service in Philadelphia 64 A photographic method for measuring the surface area of the body, Benedict- . 64 Relationship between body surface and heat production, Benedict 64 Effects of exposure to cold on infection of respiratory tract. Miller and Noble . . 64 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The relative value of field roots, Shutt 65 Fodders and feeding stuffs, Shutt 65 Beef cattle, Archibald et al 65 Sheep, Archibald et al 66 Swine, Archibald et al 68 Horses, Archibald et al 69 Mule production in the South and methods of management, Gayle and Lloyd. 70 Report from poultry division for year ended March 31, 1915, Elford et al 70 Studies on physiology of reproduction in domestic fowl, XV, Pearl and Curtis. . 73 The Shoup oat sprouter, Shoup 75 D.VIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Dairy cattle, Archibald et al 75 Cow records pay 77 Studies on the creaming ability of milk. Hammer 77 The creamery and testers' license law. Report for 191G, Hunziker and Ogle. . 78 Effects of binders on melting and hardness of ice cream, Holdaway and Reynolds 78 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the commissioner of animal industry for 1914, Walker 79 Report of the commissioner of animal industry for 1915, Howard 79 [Report of the] department of veterinary science and bacteriology, Mack 79 A study of soy bean hayj Wliittier 79 Analyses and nitrogen distribution of a number of antisera, Banzhaf et al 80 The intrapalpebral mallein test, Goodall 80 Cell proliferativechanges in diagnosis of rabies, Hardenbergh and Underbill . . 80 Experimental epidemiology in tuberculosis, Distaso 81 Producing antigen for complement fixation in tuberculosis, Miller and Zinseer. 81 Fate of mammalian tuberculosis bacillus in chickens, Van Es and Schalk 81 Bovine tuberculosis, Haring 81 Temperature records in healthy and tuberculous bovines, Jones and Woodhead 82 The diastase in the saliva of the ox. Palmer 82 A simple method of obtaining serum for the agglutination test, Bevan 82 Immature fetus as standard for measuring prevalence of abortion, Williams 82 The outlook for the control of cattle abortion, Williams 82 Lymphangitis in cattle caused by an acid-alcoholic-fast organism, Traum 82 The liver fluke disease, its treatment and control, Marek 83 Investigation into "louping-ill" or "trembling," M'Gowan 83 Additional notes on pathological lesions of pigs fed rice meal, Had wen 83 Occurrence of petechial hemorrhages in hog cholera, Hoskins 83 Observations on 2,800 pigs inoculated with hog-cholera virus, Hoskins 84 The attenuation of hog-cholera virus, Healy and Gott 84 The pathology and epidemology of swine fever, M'Gowan 85 Paralysis of pigs, Wehrbein 85 Parasites of nogs, Stouder and Simonsen 85 Shipping fever of horses, Mohler 85 VI CONTENTS. [Vol.36 Pag.e. A new disease in duckUngs, Elford 85 The transmission of filaria by Chrysopa, Kleine 86 New host for Fasciola magna and distnbution of F. he-patica in Canada, Had wen . 86 Occurrence of Dioctothyme renale in United States and Canada, Riley 86 RURAL ENGINEERING. Rural engineering and the war of 1914-1916, Ringelmann 86 Surface water supply of south Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, 1914. 86 Surface water supply of Snake River basin, 1914 86 Well waters from farm homesteads, Shutt 86 Flow of water into wells: Approximate theory, Werenskiold 87 Experience with wood pipes in New Hampshire, Dudley 87 Influence of the algae in water purification, Dienert and Gizolme 87 Waterworks handbook, compiled by Flinn, Weston, and Bogert 87 Methods and cost of making a snow survey for irrigation system, Cummings 87 Subirrigation, Spencer and Berry 88 Cost of pumping for irrigation. Waller 88 Cost of structures of the second unit of the Dodson north canal, Bechtel 89 Irrigation of Thanh-Hoa, Peytavin 89 Irrigation practice in growing small fruits in California, Hutchins 89 Utilization of small waterfalls for drainage and irrigation, Rostovtsev 89 Tile drainage, Leidigh and Gee 89 Ditching and digging pole holes with dynamite, Knight 89 Land clearing, Moore 89 Major results of stump removal investigation, Livingston 89 State highway mileage and expenditures for the calendar year 1915 90 Proceedings of thirteenth convention of American Road Builders' Association. 90 Unit stresses for timber: Manufacturers' table 91 New dairy cattle bams, Archibald 91 The homemade stave eilo, Price 91 Pit silos and how to make them, Paschall 91 RURAL ECONOMICS. Can the farmer realize higher prices for his crops by holding them? Pope 91 Marketing farm produce by parcel post and express, Hibbard and Hobson 91 Values of grain and similar products based on dry-matter content, Boemer 92 Monthly crop report 92 Statistical tables relating to wheat, Shirras 92 Farmers' cooperative corporations, Cance and Jefferson 92 Eugenics and agriculture. Cook 92 Community centers, Phelan 92 The church and country life, edited by Vogt 92 Country life questions and answers 93 Bibliography on country life, the farm, and the small town 93 Rural progress in Mis.souri, Nelson 93 Statistical report of the California State Board of Agriculture, 1915 93 [Agricultural resources of Rhode Island] 93 The agricultural situation in the Philippine Islands, Edwards 93 The farm prize competitions, Orwin 93 Agricultural statistics of Galicia and Bukowina, 1914 93 [Agriculture in the Commonwealth of Australia], Knibbs 93 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. A state system of agricultural education, Butterfield 93 County training schools in Alabama, Sibley 94 Decline and fall of a state system of boys' and girls' clubs. Main 94 School gardening a fundamental factor in education, Harvey 94 Report on the work of the Direction of Agriculture for 1913 95 Production of alfalfa east of the ninety-fifth meridian, Westover and Hendrick. 95 Illustrated lecture on com production. Hartley and Hendrick 95 The North Carolina com bulletin, Balcomb 95 Illustrated lecture on orchard management, Connolly and Glasson 95 Illustrated lecture on how to make good farm butter, McClain 95 Dairying project, Norcross and Scott 95 1917] CONTENTS. Vll Pase. Illustrated lecture on cattle-tick eradication 95 Manual training for the rural schools, Roehl 96 Correspondence courses for teachers. Course III, Home economics 96 Home economics : Its opportunities and obligations, Bevier 96 Interdependence of forest conservation and forestry education. Tourney 96 MISCELLANEOUS. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1915 97 Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1915 97 Report of the Canada Experimental Farms, 1915 97 Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station 97 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 97 A handy field and laboratory binocular magnifier, Woglum 97 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Arkansas Station: Bui. 123, May, 1916 39 California Station: Circ. 154, July, 1916 89 Circ. 155, Sept., 1916 81 Connecticut State Station: An. Rpt. 1915, pt. 6 39, 47, 48, 49, 52, 97 Delaware Station: Bui. 112, May, 1916 79 Bui. 113, June, 1916 42 Illinois Station: Soil Rpt. 13, June, 1916 20 Indiana Station: Circ. 55, June, 1916 78 Iowa Station: Research Bui. 31, Jan., 1916. . 77 Kansas Station: Bui. 212, Mar., 1916 38 Bui. 213, July, 1916 38 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 168, May, 1916 43, 51, 54 Met. Buls. 333-334, Sept.-Oct., 1916 19 Mississippi Station: Bui. 176, Apr., 1916 70 Nevada Station: An. Rpt. 1915. 17, 35, 36, 40, 53, 79, 97 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 293, Feb. 1, 1916 41 New Mexico Station: Bui. 102, Apr., 1916 55 North Carolina Station: Circ. 33 77 North Dakota Station: Bui. 117, July, 1916 36 Ohio Station: Bui. 301, July, 1916 40 Mo. Bui., vol. 1, No. 9, Sept., 1916 34,38,50,55,97 Oregon Station: Bui. 135, June, 1916 41 Texas Station: Bui. 187, Mar., 1916 53 Bui. 188, Apr., 1916 89 Virginia Station: Bui. 211, June, 1916 78 Washington Station: Popular Bui. 104, Aug., 1916.. 88 West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol. 4, No. 6, Sept., 1916 75, 97 vm U. S. Department of Agriculture. Page. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 6, No. 25, Sept. 18, 1916 12,73 Bui. 374, The Intrinsic Values of Grain, Cottonseed, Flour, and Similar Products, Based on the Diy-matter Content, E. G. Boer- ner 92 Bui. 398, Cereal Experiments at the Judith Basin Substation, Mocca- sin, Mont., N. C. Donaldson 33 Bui. 402, Cereal Experiments at the Akron Field Station, Akron, Colo., G. A. McMurdo 33 Bui. 404, Hemp Hurds as Paper- making Material, L. H. Dewey and J. L. Merrill 17 Bui. 415, The Recovery of Potash from Alunite, W. H. Waggaman and J. A. Cullen 17 Bui. 422, The E^plant Tortoifle Beetle, T. H. Jones 57 Bui. 443, The New Mexico Range Caterpillar and Its Control, V. L. Wildermuth and D. J. Caffrey... 55 Office of the Secretary: Circ. 63, State Highway Mile- age and Expenditures for the Calendar Year 1915 90 Bureau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 2, No. 9, Sept., 1916 92 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1914 — Reconnoissance Soil Sur- vey of North Part of North Central Wiscon- sin, W. J. Geib et al.... 20 Field Operations, 1915 — Soil Survey of Jefferson County, Ark., B. W. Tillman et al 20 Insecticide and Fungicide Board : Service and Regulatory An- nouncement 13 39 States Relations Service: Syllabus 19, Illustrated Lec- ture on How to Make Good Farm Butter, J . H . McClain . 95 [Vol. 36, 1917] LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. IX U. S. Depoartment of Agriculture — Contd. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd States Relations Service — Contd. Page, Syllabus 20, Illustrated Lec- ture on the Production of Alfalfa East of the Ninety- fifth Meridian, H. L. West- over and H. B. Hendrick. . . 95 Syllabus 21, Illustrated Lec- on Com Production, C. P. Hartley and H. B. Hen- drick 95 Syllabus 22, Illustrated Lec- on Cattle- tick Eradication. 95 Syllabus 23, Illustrated Lec- ture on Orchard Manage- ment, H. M. Conolly and E. J. Glasson 95 Weather Bureau: Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 44, Nos. 7-8, July-Aug., 1916... 18, 19 Scientific Contributions: ^ Numerical Relations Among the Rotatory Powers of the Compound Sugars, C. S. Hudson 12 Isomeric Alpha and Beta Hexacetates of a-Glucohep- tose, C. S. Hudson and E. Yanovsky 12 Effects of ^Moisture Introduced into the Digester in Cooking Soda Pulp, S. D. Wells 17 Protein Decomposition in Soils. E. C. Lathrop 25 Agricultiu-e and Native Vege- tation in Peru, 0. F. Cook.. 27 A Hybrid Between Tripsacum and Euchlsena, G. N. Col- lins and J. H. Kempton 27 Patrogenesis in a Cross Be- tween Tripsacum and Euch- Isena, G.N. Collins and J. H. Kempton 28 Preliminary Revision of the Genus Inga, H. Pittier 32 Selling Woodlot Products on Michigan Farms, E. H. Frothingham 45 Treated Wood Block for Fac- tor Flooring and Miscella- neous Uses, C. H. Teesdale. 46 Report of Committee on Wood Block Paving, C. H. Tees- dale 46 Discussion on Woods Suitable for Cross-ties, C. P. Winslow and J. A. Newlin 46 Report of Committee on Ser\^- ice Tests of Cross- ties, C. P. Winslow et al 46 Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Durability Records of Cross- ties, C. P. Winslow and C. H. Teesdale 46 Quantity of Wood Preserva- tives Consmned and Amount of Wood Treated by Wood- preserving Plants in the United States in 1915, R. K. Helphenstine and H. S. Betts 46 Tumors in Plants, E. F. Smith . 46 Notes on Anasa a^adresii, an Enemy of Cucurbits, T. H. Jones 55 Triphleps insidiosus as the ProbableTransmitter of Corn- ear Rot, J. A. Hyslop 55 Reducing the Cost of Commer- cial Spraying. R. S. Wogliun. 55 Control of the Variegated Cut- worm in Ventura County, Cal., G. E. Bensel 56 Bucculatrix thurberiella, a Pest of Cotton in the Imperial Valley, E. A. McGregor 56 Economic SjTphidffi in Califor- nia, W. M. Davidson 56 Injury to Peanuts by the Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle, D. E. Fink 57 Lacnosterna Larvae as aPossible Food Supply, L. 0. Howard. 57 Reflex "Bleeding" of the Coc- cinellid Beetle, Epilachna borealis, N. E. Mclndoo 58 Notes on the Habits of a Dan- gerous Genus of Weevils, W.D.Pierce 58 Sporotrichum globuliferum, a Natural Enem v of the Alfalfa Weevil , L . P . Rockwood 58 Professor Gossard's Theory on Fire Blight Transmission, E.F. PhilUps 59 Descriptions of and Observa- tions on Some Chalcidoid Hymenoptera, A. A. Gi- rault 60 Notes on Rhogas terminalis, W.E.Pennington 60 Shipping Fever of Horses, J. R. Mohler _ 85 Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruits in California, W. A. Hutchins 89 Eugenics and Agricultiu-e , 0 . F . Cook 92 A Handy Field and Labora- tory Binocular Magnifier, R. S. Woglum 97 1 Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. January, 1917. No. 1. The annual meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science is one of the great scientific events of the year. It is a vast clearinghouse for ideas and results in science, and for the testing and molding of views. It presents the largest forum in this country for healthy, tempered but searching criticism in science, with- out which science becomes self-complacent, lax, and unexacting in its requirements. Beyond this, such a meeting of men associated with the various branches of science has a remarkably broadening influence. One gets neAv insight, suggestion, and inspiration from such a contact of minds, such a presentation of evidence, such a weighing and testing of results and of views. The individual finds anew that his branch of science or his specialty has relations beyond the narrow limits in which he has been considering it, and that there is not only an in- terest in following this broader relation, but a danger unless he does that he may specialize too closely in his thinking and view his sub- ject out of focus. Hence it seems worth while for the man of science to foregather from time to time with his colleagues in the annual convocation, worth the time and worth the money outlay. This is not so much to listen to papers which might be read or to present a report which might be published, but to keep his mind from narrowing, to main- tain a contact with science which is well nigh impossible otherwise, and an association which contributes so much to the zeal and the satis- faction of a scientific career. It brings him definitely into member- ship in that great fraternity of workers in the broad field of science — some for its own sake, some for its relations to human welfare, all having the common purpose to advance knowledge and understand- ing. It was the belief in such advantages that led thousands of men and women to journey long distances, many from the South and the West, to attend the New York meeting. The relation to agriculture of considerable parts of the programs of various sections and affiliated societies seems increasingly greater with each succeeding meeting. Perhaps it is because our interest is broadening. Perhaps it is because the investigation in agriculture 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 is leading more and more deeply into the realm of the sciences. And undoubtedly it is because interest in these problems is becoming more widespread, for the problems of agriculture are now attracting the attention of very many men and women identified with nonagricul- tural institutions. The biological chemists, the various botanical organizations, the entomologists, the zoologists, the geneticists, the ecologists, all had papers of immediate import to agricultural in- vestigation. Indeed, there were so many of these contributions and discussions that the difficulty was to hear more than a small part and to make a selection. The Section of Agriculture confined its program to a single ses- sion, in order to avoid conflict with the programs of other agricul- tural organizations meeting during the week. The session was pre- sided over by Dr. W. H. Jordan, of the New York State Experiment Station. Unfortunately the retiring vice president, Dean E. Daven- port of Illinois, was unable to reach the meeting owing to delayed railroad transportation, and his address accordingly had to be omitted. The program consisted of a symposium on The Adjust- ment of Science to Practice in Agriculture, participated in by Dr. H. J. Wheeler of Boston, Dr. J. G. Lipman of New Jersey, Dr. G. F. Warren of Cornell University, and Director B. Yoimgblood of the Texas Station. Taken as a whole, this discussion was a frank acknowledgment of the present limitations of our agricultural knowledge, especially the full understanding of it, and some of the difficulties in its applica- tion in successful farming. It was a somewhat critical analysis of experimental methods, and it sounded a caution against premature generalization from laboratory results to the farm. The more we study and learn, the clearer it becomes that science may not always be applied equally and imiformly under existing local, economic, and other conditions, and that safe teaching requires consideration of many things. The keynote of the discussion was the conduct of broader and more searching inquiries and greater caution in their in- terpretation. As Dr. Jordan stated, the stations have been and are still putting too much time on mere variables that have no broad sig- nificance, and too little time on broad fundamentals. He called at- tention to the fallacy and unwisdom of attempting to state results in terms of dollars and cents, since these have no real permanent or scientific significance. In considering some factors lying between scientific results and the farm. Dr. Wheeler grouped these factors under the heads of political, economic, and technical. Holding that agriculture needs to be stimulated by political action^ so as to provide not only favorable but 191 7 J EDITORIAL. 3 stable conditions for the industry, he maintained that a depressed condition of agriculture is generally unfavorable to the application of science. The encouragement of private ownership of land, adjust- ment of the size of tjie farm to the farmer's capacity, and the estab- lishment of industries like beet sugar and potato drying, which dis- tribute and give employment to the farm laborer, all make for general conditions under which science can be effectively and profitably applied. Education is another great factor in making science ap- plicable. Illustrations were cited from Germany to show how such favorable conditions have been a means for developing agriculture upon a high plane and placing it upon a broad scientific basis. On the technical side emphasis was laid on the importance of the true interpretation of science in practice. This has not always fol- lowed from investigation, as was shown by numerous illustrations. It results from a broad generalization from laboratory experiments under artificial conditions to terms of general practice. Attention was called to some of the factors which may upset the laboratory results and conclusions when they come to be applied, such as soil type, climatic conditions, the inducing of disease, etc. The present receptive condition of the farmers and their readiness to adopt sug- gestions make it doubly important that our teaching should be sound. Considering the subject of the limitations of science to progress in agriculture, Dr. Lipman, while recognizir.g that in a strict sense there are no limitations in science as long as we keep within natural laws, pointed to certain human limitations in the development of science and in its successful application in practice. He advocated with much force the adequate preparation of men for research in agricul- ture as essential if the present limitation is to be removed. Lack of vision was cited as a most frequent deficiency; the outlook needs to be broader as our problems become more difficult and complex. The greatest present limitation of science in agriculture was con- sidered to be its effective application. The man power is the real measure of efficiency in production, rather than the acre yield, and the increase in this efficiency rests upon the spread of education. To raise the scale of production there must be a higher level of educa- tion among the mass of farmers, to bring up those below the average and to raise the average up to the better ones. Economic conditions constitute another type of limitation in determining the extent to which scientific knowledge can be applied in practice, as do also lack of working capital, location remote from market or from transporta- tion facilities, and the lack of cooperation among producers. The latter was regarded as an especially serious limitation, because single-handed the American farmer is frequently not able to fuUy 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 utilize the findings of science as would be possible in applying these to broader areas. The relation of economic factors was further discussed by Dr. Warren, who held that in applying science to industry no method is scientific which fails to count the cost. The farmer must take ac- count of this before he is warranted in making radical changes, but it is not always done in making practical deductions from scientific findings. He contended that agriculture is not the inefficient art that it has often been represented to be, and that while it can be improved the chances for improvement are less than in most other industries. In a region of settled farming, radical changes in the type of farm- ing are justified only after careful study of all the factors involved. Transportation affects the application of science, for it should in large measure determine the tj'pe of farming. Sugar can be shipped long distances; hence New York can not afford to grow its own sugar, although the climate and soil are favorable and there was a vigorous effort to establish the industry. Risk was cited as an important factor in tending to hold down the intensity of farm practice. Whenever one factor of cost is changed it is probable that others will be changed also. For example, with better cows the cost is increased and the net advantage may be smaller than is indicated by the difference between feed cost and value of product. Other examples of diminishing returns were cited to show the dangers in making practical application of scientific results without weighing carefully all the economic and practical considerations. The effect of regional conditions as determining the type of agri- cultural inquiry was considered by Professor Youngblood, who used for illustration the State of Texas. The variation within the State in rainfall is from fifty-five inches in the east to about eight inches in the extreme west, in elevation from sea level to approxi- mately five thousand feet, in topography from flat to rough, in tem- perature from semitropical to strictly temperate, and the soils of different localities are derived from various phases of at least ten geological periods. Beyond these physical differences the general character of agriculture, the distance from market, and the intel- lectual status of the people all have to be taken into account in adjusting the agi'icultural inquiry to the needs. Without omitting the fundamentals, account must be taken of the practically useful and applicable information in laying out the station's work. Since the object of the station is service, both present and future, " we should endeavor to educate the people up to the point of appreciating all investigation, however simple or technical, by asvsisting them to appreciate the possible value of the results which may ultimately be obtained." 1917] EDITORIAL. 5 The speaker thus made clear in how large a degree regional con- ditions affect the type and the grade of experimental work. His plan is to develop at the central station a strong scientific basis on which to rest the experiments dealing with special local problems. He expressed his conviction that even under the new and often transitional conditions in his State, technical studies may be of the greatest practical value and may be made popular with the people. This series of papers represented much thoughtful study. It is difficult to give an adequate idea of them in so brief a review. They are worthy of publication in full, for they put into succinct, cogent form a series of considerations which are fundamental to safe prog- ress at the present time. The old questions as to what research is, how investigation should be organized, how men should be trained for it, how coordination or correlation can be brought about, came to the surface again, es- pecially in the meetings of the Society for Horticultural Science and the Society of American Foresters. These matters can not be too fully discussed. We are not at the end in our understanding of them or in providing measures for their accomplishment. The Society for Horticultural Science last year appointed a com- mittee on research and experimentation, which reported at the New York meeting through Dr. L. H. Bailey, its chairman. The report was divided into three parts, namely, a definition of terms, by Dr. W. L. Howard, of California; the laying out of an experiment, by Dr. H. J. Webber, of the California Citrus Experiment Station ; and the training of the investigator, by the chairman. Dr. Howard's paper gave an admirably clear and intelligent view of the different classes of experimental effort. These are charac- terized by their ultimate purpose quite as much as by their method. In explaining his meaning he compared the discoveries of the In- dians, which meant little to them beyond supplying their own im- mediate wants, to those of the early explorers of this country, to whom the finding or exploring of a river was a means to an end, who " sought outlets, gateways, to their own or other countries, which might be an aid to settlement and commerce." Again he explained that a man may take a walk without the in- tention of going anywhere in particular and get benefit from it, or he may set out for some definite place or to search for some rare or elusive object. The first instance was likened to a simple experiment, while the latter was described as more in the nature of research. "A simple experiment may be performed and actually answer the ques- tion and may stop there. Also, in answering the question another question may be raised which may require another experiment or 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 test. This in turn may be similarly tested and decided, when others may arise, and so on; but all such tests remain in the category of experiments. During the course of the experiments, however, the experimenter may come to the conclusion that there is some hidden reason at the bottom of all his tests which may explain why he has been getting certain results — something that will clear up the whole situation." Applying this to pollination studies. Dr. Howard traced the imag- inary progress of successive tests and experiments showing that certain varieties are self-sterile and that others are good pollinizers for these varieties, and that certain varieties are intersterile while a certain few are safe pollinators for many — all facts of practical value but giving no clew to why a certain variety is fertile or self-sterile. This may lead the experimenter to theorize as to the possible reason and the series of experiments to approach the stage of investigation. " When a definite program has been mapped out which has for its object the finding out of the cause or causes which underlie self- fertility or self-sterility in general, or for the particular fruit in question, with a logically arranged set of experiments for pursuing the inquiry, the problem develops at once into a genuine piece of research." This explanation characterizes the different grades of inquiry with unusual clearness. It explains at once the quality and method of the inquiry when it reaches the research stage, and it makes it clear why an experimenter can not embark upon a piece of research until he has a purpose which lies beyond the accumulation of facts and a theory or hypothesis which guides him in elaborating a plan. It also makes clear the importance of the project outline, and the reason- ableness of the requirement. For clearly the title alone does not dis- close the nature of the effort; it only tells what the contemplated work is about and what field it lies in. A statement of the object and the plan of procedure is the only basis for a fair and intelligent judgment of the undertaking, for it enables a determination of whether the effort is to consist in a series of tests, the gathering of unrelated facts, the making of observations on phenomena, or whether it contemplates a study of phenomena in their relations to one another. Hence the project outline is an administrative neces- sity. It furnishes evidence of deliberation and forethought. It is not an attempt to anticipate results but a deliberate effort to devise a promising means of getting them for a specific purpose. And it is not fixed or stereotyped ; the project soon becomes sterile unless the plan grows with the progress of the study. As Dr. Howard well stated : " Experiments are nece-ssary steps in carrying on research work, but it is also clear that research is much 1917] EDITORIAL. 7 deeper than experimentation. Experimental tests of various kinds are necessary and perfectly justifiable, and always will be, and more experimental work should be encouraged, but experiments as such should not be confused in their meaning and objects with the scope and ultimate aims of research." As Dr. Bailey explained in commenting on this paper, the char- acterization of research lies in its intent. Facts alone do not make re- search— they make tables. Dollars and cents are not the terms of research ; its interpretation lies in its own language. Application is not necessarily a part of research ; the object is to discover and ex- press the truth. It does not depend on the size of the undertaking or the money spent upon it. Because it is an attitude and a spirit it can not be definitely defined. But Dr. Howard's excellent paper will help much in defining its qualities and distinctions. In discussing the method of laying out an experiment. Dr. Webber divided the investigations of an experiment station into two classes, individual and institutional problems, ^. e., (1) problems of limited nature which can best be handled by an individual investigator, and (2) those which because of their breadth and time requirement con- cern the whole institution and involve several departments. The leader of an individual problem, it was urged, should be given the greatest possible scope of freedom in planning and executing his work; his success will depend upon his individual initiative and originality. The case with the institutional problem is different. Here many persons are concerned and there is need of harmonious action. As an illustration of this class, a fertilizer experiment with orchard fruits was cited, " if it is correctly planned and manned," because it is expensive in time and funds and concerns a number of depart- ments of the station. Eegarding the essentials of such a study. Dr. Webber said: "A fertilizer, irrigation, or cultivation experiment, if it is to have its highest value and yield the greatest number of useful lessons, must be studied by chemists, soil physicists, plant physiologists, soil bacteriologists, pathologists, and crop experts. Experiments that cost so much should be used to the maximum ex- tent. Very few experiments of this kind now under way are being so studied. This, I believe, is in large measure due to a failure to recognize what should be individual and what institutional experi- ments." This is an important statement and develops a point often over- looked. Many of our field experiments continue to be studied from too narrow a point of view because they are conducted as individual studies. Advantage is not taken of the opportimity afforded to study 72628°— 17 2 8 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 other phenomena and relationships beyond those the author of the experiment has in mind. Hence the most is not made of these ex- pensive undertakings, important by-products are overlooked, and at the same time the experiments themselves are weakened because they do not include a complete study of the exact conditions and the changes brought about, both in the environment and in the plant response. Dr. Webber's ideas on the method of organizing institutional ex- periments are interesting because the subject is so fundamental in accomplishing these broader aims. He considered two plans: (1) Through a committee comprised of men representing all the branches of science concerned in the experiment, and (2) by a strong team captain. The committee plan is more common but its danger " lies in the possibility that the plan finally adopted may be a result of compi'omise that will be a hodgepodge, that after all may be emascu- lated of its most vital points. The most valuable series of experi- ments in the history of science are usually those planned to solve certain points." Here again a vital matter is touched upon, for it frequently hap- pens, as indicated, that in such composite investigations each partici- pant works out the part of the problem he is particularly interested in from his own point of view, and the main question which the investigation set out to solve is advanced but little because there is no common aim, no unit}', no one to keep the effort focused on a definite point and to marshal the data to bear upon it. Such a plan is a distinct weakness in the study of " institutional " problems. The direction of such problems is an institutional matter. These con- siderations led Dr. Webber to favor the individual leader — " a strong, virile investigator with originality, vision, and training of the right kind," who would be charged with the sole responsibility of planning the experiments, getting all the help possible from the various de- partments, and would center the effort on the solution of certain fundamental questions, giving it definiteness and freedom from compromise. In commenting on this paper Dr. Bailey, while fully recognizing the importance of individuality in research, pointed to the danger of such a division of institutional problems as to result in diffusion of responsibility, inequality of enterprise, and lack of coordination. In investigation of institutional problems, he held for such coordina- tion of all parts as will give it responsibility, cohesion, and system. Speaking of the training of the investigator. Dr. Bailey held that the research man should be a student in all that the name implies. The investigator in horticulture should have a grounding in chemis- try, physics, and physiology, for the grasp they give on methods and 1917] EDITORIAL. 9 approach. And he should have training in systematic botany, not alone for its knowledge of plants but for its key system, for the drill in comparing things that are actually comparable. His training should also give him a contemplative, reflective habit of thought ; and he should always continue to be a student. Unless he continues to acquire much of his preparation as he goes, his research spirit has got its growth. The investigator must prepare himself for each sepa- rate piece of work. In addition to this training in the sciences, emphasis was laid on the need for much study of English, to give familiarity with words and terms in order to make sharp discriminations and comparisons, and to enable clear expression of thought and deduction. This is an all too frequent lack at present. Science is exact, in expression as well as in essence. No worker has a right to be understood except in the terms of his own language. Good training in logic was also advocated, in the weighing of evidence, because ability in that line is one of the prime essentials of the investigator. In conclusion. Dr. Bailey suggested a small standing committee on research, one member of which might preferably be chosen from outside the field of horticultural science, to whom questions might be referred for judgment and suggestion, rather than for censorship or approval. This seems a good idea, which might perhaps be extended, as it has been in other organizations, to include the sugges- tion by the committee of profitable lines of work, the organization of cooperative undertakings, or provision for some measure of coordina- tion of experiments in horticulture. This might lead to attacking common problems in a more harmonious way or on a plan which would prevent unnecessary duplication, complex subjects being di- vided into different phases to be carried on by individuals or groups. The society did not go that far, but the suggestion was made for an indexing and publication of the lines of investigation in progress in horticulture, possibly in the proceedings of the society, which met with approval. A similar need for information as to what is going on was voiced in a meeting of the Society of American Foresters. This meeting de- veloped much interest in forest investigation, and brought out not only the need of professional foresters and teachers for investigation as a basis in their work, but the readiness for it by industrial con- cerns and large lumber producers. The experimental and research work in progress in the Forest Service was described in an interesting paper by Mr. E. H. Clapp of that Service, who explained the extent to which wood producers are found to be lacking in knowledge of the real fundamentals of their business. Practical men are now realizing the lack of depend- 10 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 able information and are ready to make use of the teachings of in- vestigation. The special demand at the present time is in the field of forest products, but to those engaged in investigation the field now appears much larger than it did at the beginning, and they realize that demands will be upon them long before they can be ready to meet them. While the Forest Service is the largest center for investigation, experimental work is going on incidentally in many other places, but, as was pointed out, there is no cooperation or correlation, and no means of knowing what others are doing. The advantage of the periodical publication of projects was emphasized, and the correlation of the forest investigations of the country was advocated. Such a correlation, it was explained, would be wholly voluntary and brought about by suggestion ; but some provision for it was deemed especially desirable in these early stages of investigation, before the plans be- came so crystallized and fixed that changes can not well be made. The proposal for coordination brought forward some doubt as to its desirability or feasibility, and an expression of the difficulty of cooperation or coordination in research similar to that advanced when cooperation in agricultural investigation has been under con- sideration. It is noteworthy in these discussions, however, that the term "research" is used in a generic sense to include the various grades of experimental inquiry^ while those who have advocated a larger measure of coordination and cooperation have not applied the argument to research in its more strict sense. There seems to be quite widespread objection to any proposal which aims to bring experimenters together or harmonize the plans for their experiments. Is it because our investigation in agriculture and forestry is so much younger than that in the. sciences, and lacks backgi'ound to give confidence in the attempt of men to cooperate with one another? Or is it purely academic, in the belief that even the simpler forms of experimentation should not be related for fear they will be stereotyped or possibly centralized, but should be left wholly to the independent worker ? Suggestion has been a powerful influence with the rank and file of experimenters in the past. Very much of our experimental work in agriculture has followed the lead of the few, but not in a manner to contribute in the largest measure to confirmation or to progress. The same feeling does not seem to prevail in the older sciences; the astronomers have long worked under a common agreement which rests upon a division of the field, the chemists have cooperated in the study and development of methods, the botanists have encouraged the development of special lines by groups of workers, and the geog- raphers have had an effective international agreement relative to map I I 1817] EDITOKIAL. 11 making. Eecently the ecologists have embarked upon a large pro- gram of cooperation on climatology in relation to plants and animals. This latter enterprise has been developed in the Ecological Society of America, established a year ago, through a climatological com- mittee. Cooperative studies in special lines are being participated in by a considerable number of workers. One subcommittee has to do with soil temperature as an environmental factor of special interest to entomologists and pathologists, to foresters, to crop specialists, and a wide range of workers. This subcommittee has organized soil temperature studies, to be carried on cooperatively in accordance with a relatively simple plan, and has met with ready response from investigators, who have been willing to put funds into the work and adhere to a plan which would make their results comparable. The undertaking recognizes that there must be leader- ship and plan, with provision for assembling the data, but it also recognizes that the plan should be a simple one, should not attack too large a question at any one time, and should allow the maximum individual liberty consistent with comparative data. The effort is especially interesting because of the faith it shows and the response there has been to it. Cooperation or coordination can not be forced and it can not thrive unless there is a spirit and attitude on the part of the indi- viduals and the institutions, which recognizes the limitations of the individual and the fact that in many things science and the common good can best be promoted by a closer union of effort. At present there seems to be widespread interest in some means of giving fairly prompt publicity to the lines of investigation in prog- ress, in order that investigators may know what experiments and researches are being conducted in the lines they are especially inter- ested in, and where this work is going on. This is an encouraging sign. It offers a means of approach. The provision of information regarding lines of work and specific undertakings would furnish a means by which investigators who desired could draw closer together, and by which unnecessary duplication could be avoided and the results of separate experiments made to supplement one another more definitely. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— A6R0TECHNY. Studies in the physical chemistry of essential oils (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic- toria, n. ser., 27 (1915), No. 2, pp. 149-163, figs. 2). — Two papers are presented. I. The physical properties of mixtures of two terpene substances in relation to those of the constituents, R. B. Drew and E. I. Rosenblum (pp. 149-155). — The results of the study show that simple mixtures of two terpene compounds follow the " mixture law " quite closely. Any divergencies are eliminated by the use of certain formulas. For such mixtures the proportions of the con- stituents can be calculated from the properties of the mixture, provided none of the constituents are unstable. In such cases the deductions are unreliable. II. The physical constants of some terpenes and oxygenated derivatives thereof, and their variation with temperature, E. I. Rosenblum (pp. 155-163). — The influence of temperature change on the density, refractive index, and rota- tion of a number of terpenes and allied substances has been investigated, and the results are submitted in tabular and graphical form. Some numerical relations among the rotatory powers of the compound sugars, C. S. Hudson {Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 8, pp. 1566-1515). The isomeric alpha and beta hexacetates of a-glucoheptose, C. S. Hudson and E. Yanovsky {Jovr. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 8, pp. 1575-1577). a-Crotonic acid, a soil constituent, E. H. Walters and L. E. Wise (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 6 (1916), No. 25, pp. 1043-10Jt6, pi. i).— The authors have isolated a-crotonic acid from a Susquehanna fine .sandy loam found in a field near Marshall, Tex. The soil was of such a nature as to present op- timum conditions for the formation and accumulation of organic acids. The acid was isolated from an alkaline extract obtained by treating the soil with an aqueous 2 per cent sodium hydroxid solution for 24 hours at room tem- perature. The extract thus obtained was slightly acidified with sulphuric acid and filtered. The acid filtrate was extracted with ether, the ether extract evaporated to about 2(X) cc, and aldehydes and similar substances removed by treatment with sodium bisulphite. The bisulphite solution was extracted sev- eral times with fresh ether, the ether extracts combined, and slowly evaporated to a brown sirup in a small crystallizing dish. The dish was then covered with a watch glass containing ether and maintained at a low temperature on a steam bath. A white crystalline solid gradually sublimed on the watch glass. The sublimed substance was dried between filter paper, recrystallized from pe- troleum ether, further purified by subliming several times at a low tempera- ture, and finally dried over anhydrous calcium chlorid. Physical and chemical tests identified the material as a-crotonic acid. It is suggested that the acid is possibly formed in soils " during the destruc- tion of cellulose, from /3-hydroxy acids of the aliphatic series, or by the hy- drolysis of allyl cyanid, which is found in the essential oils from certain plants." Biochemical changes in cotton seed in storage, J. B. Rather (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 7, pp. 60^-607, figs. 2).— This material has been essentially noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 412). 12 [Vol. 36, 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 13 Experiments upon the amylase of Aspergilltis oryzee, H. C. Sheeman and A. P. Tanbeeg {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 8, pp. 1638-1645).— From the study reported, the object of which was to purify the amylase as far as practicable and to compare its nature and properties with those of the pan- creatic and malt amylases, it was found that the amylase of A. oryzce exerts its maximum activity in a very slightly acid medium. Acid phosphate accelerates the action, while alkaline phosphate retards it. "Addition of neutral electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium chlorids, to commercial taka-diastase has no measurable effect upon the saccharogenic power, but does increase the amylo- clastic action." The best preparations were obtained by extracting with water, precipitating with ammonium sulphate, dialyzing, and finally precipitating fractionally with alcohol. Such preparations are about thirty times as active as the com- mercial material from which they are prepared, but are not so active as the purified pancreatic amylase. " The purified material resembled the preparations of pancreatic and malt amylases in most of its chemical properties. It gave typical protein reactions when submitted to the Millon, xanthoproteic, tryptophan, and biuret tests. Heated in water solution it underwent coagulation, and the coagulum and filtrate both showed the biuret reaction, the color being considerably pinker in the case of the filtrate than with either the coagulum or the original material. That its nitrogen content was lower than that of the best preparations of pan- creatic and malt amylases may be due either to a difference in the chemical nature of the enzym Itself or to the presence of other substances which the methods of purification thus far developed do not wholly remove." Researches on the enzyms of the blood in the albumin and globulin frac- tions of the serum, G. Satta {Arch. Ital. Biol., 64 {1915), No. 1, pp. 118-122).— It is shown, by separating the blood serum into its albumin and globulin frac- tions, that the tributyrinase, amylase, and glycyltyrosinase of the blood serum exist exclusively in the albumin fraction. A nonspattering wash bottle, F. C. Clapp {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 8, pp. 1502, 1508, fig. i).— The author, at the Minnesota Experiment Station, describes a wash bottle so constructed as to obviate spattering at the tip of the nozzle. The principle of raising the water table of the wash bottle slightly above the level of the tip of the nozzle has been adopted in its con- struction. " Back action " is thus avoided and the nozzle tube is kept perma- nently full of water. Researches on quinazolins. — XXXIII, A new and sensitive indicator for acidimetry and alkalimetry, and for the determination of hydrogen-ion con- centrations between the limits of 6 and 8 on the Sorensen scale, M. T. Bogebt and G. Scatchabd {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 8, pp. 1606-1615).— The authors describe the preparation and use of a dinitrobenzoylene urea, the monosodium salt of which is a very sensitive indicator for hydrogen-ion concen- trations between the limits of 6 and 8 on the Sorensen scale, changing from colorless to greenish yellow. It resembles p-nitrophenol more closely than any of the other well-known indicators. The chief disadvantage of its use is its yellow color, which renders it unsuitable for work by artificial light. The indi- cator is but slightly affected by neutral salts and proteins, and not at all by chloroform or toluene. Its color fades very slightly in about a week, but is unaffected by nitrous acid. It can be used in either cold or boiling solutions. A sharp end point is obtained with ammonium hydroxid and hydrochloric acid, but it is unsuitable for use in titrating carbonates. The opinion is expressed that in the preparation of neutral ammonium citrate for fertilizer or soil analysis it should prove superior to rosolic acid. 14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vul. 36 Kjeldahl modification for determination of nitrogen in nitro substitution compounds, W. C. Cope {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 592, 593). — The following procedui'e is described: About 0.5 gm. of the nitro substitution compound is accurately weighed and placed in a 500-cc. long-necked Kjeldahl digestion flask. Thirty cc. of sulphuric acid containing 2 gm. of salicylic acid is then added, and the niti'o compound dissolved by rotating the flask or heating over a steam bath if necessary. After cooling, 2 gm. of zinc dust in small proportions at a time is added, the flask being continually rotated and cooled to prevent heating above room tempera- ture. After all the zinc has been added the flask is rotated at 10 or 15 minute intervals for about 1.5 to 2 hours, and then allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. The flask is then gently heated over a small flame until the evolution of fumes has ceased, brought to boiling, and the boiling continued for from 1.5 to 2 hours, slightly cooled, 1 gm. of yellow 'mercuric oxid added, and boiled for 1.5 hours longer. After cooling, 7.5 gm. potassium sulphate and 10 cc. more of sulphuric acid are added and the mixture again boiled for 1.5 to 2 hours. If the solution is clear and practically colorless the digestion is com- plete. If not, 1 gm. more potassium sulphate should be added and boiling con- tinued for some time. The distillation is then carried on and the determination completed as is usual for all modifications of the method. In order to prevent low results, cooling during the addition of the zinc for reduction and the long standing before heating the acid solution have been found to be absolutely necessary. Apparatus for Kjeldahl determinations, W. W. Randall {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcin., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 6S9. 640. fig. 1). — In the apparatus described the acid fumes are carried off from the digestion flasks through properly fitted calcium chlorid tubes which are connected with a larger tube through which the fumes pass Into a large absorption flask. The apparatus is a modification of that described by Sy (E. S. R., 28, p. 311). Sodium sulphate as a substitute for potassium sulphate in the Gunning' modifications for determining nitrogen, W. L. Latsuaw {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chan., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 586, 587). — On account of the present high price of potassium sulphate an endeavor was made to find a suitable substitute The results of a series of determinations on materials ranging in nitrogen con- tent from 0.039 to 14.95 per cent, using sodium sulphate in place of potassium sulphate, are reported in tabular form, and clearly indicate that sodium sulphate can be used in place of potassium sulphate for determining nitrogen in a variety of substances. A modification of McCrudden's method for calcium, for the estimation of calcium and strontium in the presence of phosphoric acid and a small amount of iron, O. B. Winteb {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 60S, 60.'f). — The author, at the Michigan Experiment Station, has modified McCrud- den's method (E. S. R., 23, p. 9) for the determination of calcium and stron- tium, as follows: The solution containing the calcium or strontium or both is diluted to about 200 cc, a few drops of alizarin added, and then ammonium hydroxld until the solution Is faintly alkaline. Dilute hydrochloric acid is then added to faint acidity. To this solution 10 cc. of half-normal hydrochloric acid and 10 cc. of 2.5 per cent oxalic acid are added and the mixture boiled until the precipitate becomes coarsely granulated. Saturated ammonium oxalate solution Is then added, a few drops at a time, with constant stirring, until about twice the amount necessary to precipitate all the calcium and strontium has been added. The solution is cooled, 8 cc. of 20 per cent sodium acetate and about 15 cc. of 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 15 95 per cent alcohol added, with constant stirring, and allowed to stand from 4 to 18 hours. The precipitate is then filtered and washed a few times with 1 per cent ammonium oxalate solution, several times with 1 per cent of am- monium oxalate containing 20 per cent by volume of alcohol, and, finally, a few times with water containing 20 per cent by volume of alcohol. The precipitate is burned to the oxid, dissolved in nitric acid, dehydrated, the calcium nitrate separated from the strontium nitrate by means of absolute alcohol and ether, and each element then determined in the u.sual manner. Analytical data submitted show the accuracy of the modified procedui*e. A table for values of carbon in carbon dioxid, H. Loomis {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 8 (1916), No. 7, p. 637). — A table corrected for aqueous vapor, ranging from 700 to 718 mm. pressure, and from a temperature of 10 to 30° C, is submitted. A rapid method for the accurate determination of total carbon in soils, R. M. Saltek (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 8 (1916), No. 7, pp. 637-639, fig. 1). — A method which has been successfully used at the West Virginia Experi- ment Station, and which depends on the direct combustion of the soil in a cur- rent of oxygen, drying the gases by phosphorus pentoiid, and subsequently ab- sorbing the carbon dioxid in soda-lime, is described in detail. It is an adapta- tion with modifications of the method described by Fleming ^ for the rapid de- termination of carbon in iron and steel. The reducing- action of distillates from certain carbohydrates on distilla- tion with steam and from alkaline solution, J. P. Atkinson (Collected Studies Bur. Lab. Dept. Health N. Y. City, 8 (191^-15), pp. 227-229).— In the examina- tion of a sample of water extraordinarily high figures for free ammonia with Nessler's reagent were obtained. On further examination the water was found to contain a reducing sugar. Subsequent experiments with saccharose, lactose, glucose, levulose, maltose, mannose, dextrin, soluble starch, and filter paper showed that these substances may have an influence on the depth of color in ammonia readings, especially in the examination of surface waters which are likely to be contaminated Avith organic matter. The rate of ammonia distillation from water, F. W. Bbuckmillee {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chern., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 602, 603).— From a study of the rate of ammonia distillation the author concludes that suflicient information upon which to base a judgment as to the pollution of a water can be obtained, in ordinary routine water analysis, by nesslerizing three 50-cc. portions of the distillate for free ammonia, and four 50-cc. portions for albuminoid ammonia. Melting-point determination of fats and waxes, L. Golouetz {Chem. Ztg., JiO (1916), No. 31-32, p. 228, fig. i).— An apparatus in which a small, closely fitting glass tube about 3.5 cm. long and sealed at one end is placed over the end of the thermometer in melting-point determinations is described. In making a determination the sample (about 0.2 gm.) is placed in this small rube, gently heated, the thermometer rapidly inserted, and placed in a small vial fitted with a suitable stopper. The mercury column is then closely observed and the point at which the first faint turbidity is noticed taken as the melting point. The advantages claimed for the method are constancy in the results of the determinations ; the accuracy of the temperature readings, as the whole apparatus can be conveniently placed on a level with the eye; the facts that only small amounts of material are required, and that these can be used for other determinations if necessary ; repeated determinations with the same sample ; the rapidity of the procedure ; and the simplicity of the apparatus. » Iron Age, 93 (1914), No. 1, pp. 64-66. 16 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 The detection of natural and artificial pigments in oleomargarine and butter, L. S. Palmer and W. E. Thrun (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 614-618). — Because of the oleomargarine laws of many States it has been found necessary to detect the presence of carotin (the natural yellow pigment of animal fat) in this product. The authors have shown Cor- nelison's test (E. S. R., 20, p. 910) to be A^Tongly quoted by Leach (E. S. R., 29, p. 204). The relation between Martin's test^ for artificial pigments in fat and Moore's test^ for carotin added artificially to fat, as given in Leach's Food Inspection and Analysis, is shown to be confused, and the true relation is pointed out. Moore's test for carotin in fat or oleomargarine is specific not alone for carotin added artifically but is also for the carotin natural to animal fats. In this test carotin is not dissolved out of the fat, but is merely decolorized by the ferric chlorid added. The reaction involved is a reduction of the iron and the simultaneous oxidation of the carotin. The possibility of determining whether carotin has been added to butter fat or oleomargarine is discussed. Separation and estimation of polysulphids and thiosulphate in lime-sul- phur solutions, S. D. Averitt (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 7, pp. 623-621). — The author, at the Kentucky Experiment Station, submits an- alytical data obtained from a comparative study of the direct iodin titration procedure of Harris (E. S. R., 25, p. 414), the method described by Thompson and Whittier (E. S. R., 32, p. 410), and two modified procedures, both of which are similar to the method of Harris, excepting that in the one tenth-normal hydrochloric acid is used instead of iodin for the monosulphur equivalent titra- tion and in the other no attention is paid to the monosulphur equivalent titra- tion. " The experiments described and data presented in this paper afford new proof that calcium polysulphid in solution can be quantitatively decomposed by iodin solutions and thus eliminated from a solution containing thiosulphate, preparatory to the accurate determination of the latter." The same result may be accomplished by means of dilute hydrochloric acid and elimination of the hydrogen sulphid formed by boiling. Sodium nitro- prussid can be used as an internal indicator to show the end point of the dis- appearance of the sulphid in the titration with iodin. The accuracy of the iodin-titration method of Harris is confirmed. A rapid and accurate procedure for weighing the precipitated sulphur in the iodin and hydrochloric-acid titrations of a lime-sulphur solution is proposed. Sulphur fungicides, G. P. Gray (OU. Rpt. Sess. Internat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 160-17 Jf). — The author discusses the subject under the following topics: Source of the world's supply of sulphur, refining methods, kinds of sulphur, use of dry sulphur, soluble compounds of sulphur, decomposition of sulphlds and thiosulphates after application to the foliage, the home preparation of some sulphur fungicides, commercial preparations of the alkali polysulphids, and the compatibility of the sulphur fungicides. Methods of preparation and relative value of Bordeaux mixtures, O. Butleb (Off. Rpt. Scss. Internat. Cong. Yit., 1915. pp. 151-160). — This is a general re- view of the subject, with some special reference to use on the grapevine. Some experimental data on the effect of temperature, strength in cupric sulphate, and ratio of CuSO* to CaO on the rate of deterioration of Bordeaux mixtures ; the relative toxicity of neutral and alkaline Bordeaux mixtures to the spores of Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara viticola; the effect of the method of mixing on the adhesiveness of Bordeaux mixture; and the relative rate of 1 Analyst, 12 (1887), p. 70. * Analyst, 11 (1886), pp. 163, 164. 1917] METEOROLOGY. 17 settlement at the end of two hours of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 1 : 1 prepared in various ways are also submitted. The sterilization of fruit and vegetables for the home {Cent. Committee Nat. Patriot. Organs. [Pttbs.], No. 4, (1916), pp. 22, figs. 7).— This pamphlet briefly discusses the types of containers best suited for various fruits and vege- tables, selection and preparation of materials for canning, various methods of sterilization, and general notes on defects often observed in the canned products. The sterilization of fruit and vegetables for the market {Cent. Committee Nat. Patriot. Organs. [Pubs.], No. 5 {1916), pp. 15). — This pamphlet describes very briefly the stages in the production of canned goods for the market. The various processes of sterilization are indicated and time-tables for sterilization included. The recovery of potash from alunite, W. H. Waggaman and J. A. Cullen {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 415 {1916), pp. 14, fig. 1). — The geological occurrence and origin of alunite, the location, extent, and accessibility of the Utah alunites, the production of alum, and earlier methods for the production of potash from the mineral are briefly discussed. Experimental data obtained in igniting 11 samples of alunite from the unde- veloped but readily accessible area north of Marysvale, Utah, at different tem- peratures and subsequently leaching the residues with water are given. A temperature between 750 and 800° C. was found to be the best for the com- plete extraction of potash with the minimum amount of water. Above 800° a fixation of potash took place, especially in samples containing much silica. In determining the influence of the fineness of the material on the subsequent extraction of potash it was shown that nothing was gained by grinding the material finer than will pass a 60-mesh sieve. In connection with the economic considerations of the industry it is suggested that it would prove more economical to ship the mineral East, taking advan- tage of the lower freight rates on raw material, than to manufacture the fin- ished products near the mines, since practically all the finished products have their market in the East. Hemp hurds as paper-making material, L. H. Dewey and J. L. Mekeill {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 404 {1916), pp. 25, figs. .$).— This bulletin is divided into two parts, the production and handling of hemp hurds and the manufacture of paper from hemp hurds. By proper treatment of the hemp hurds a paper stock was obtained from which a finished product that could be classetl, according to official tests, as a number one machine-finished printing paper was produced. The bulletin itself is printed on some of this paper. Data relative to the cooking of the hemp hurds and to the official tests of the finished product are submitted in tabular form. Industrial and economic aspects of the possibilities of the industry are also discussed. The effects of moisture introduced into the digester in the cooking of soda pulp, S. D. Wells {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem,., 8 {1916), No. 7, pp. 601, 602, figs. 4). METEOROLOGY. Department of meteorology, J. E. Chxjbch, Jk. (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 46-56). — The work of this department of the station on forecasting frost from mountain tops, relation of mountains and forests to the conservation of snow, and the temperature survey and relation of topography to the occurrence of frost is summarized. An annotated list of meteorological publications issued during the year is given and the importance of permanently maintaining a department of meteorology in the station is discussed. 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Analyzing the records at the summit of Mount Rose and at base stations of approximately 30 cold waves occurring during four years, It was found that five-sixths were felt both on the mountain and in the valley, but only one-third of these occurred sufficiently early on the mountain to give adequate warnings below (E. S. R., 35, p. 505). From the snow studies the general conclusion is reached that " forests are a direct protection to the snow, those trees being most effective which allow the snow to reach the ground and yet protect it from the sun and wind. Fir trees have been found much superior to pine as conservers of snow, and forests with glades more satisfactory than continuous forests. Windbreaks on the lips of canyons and on exposed slopes are indispensable for holding the snow." The method of making estimates of stream flow based on the results of snow surveys is described. Investigations on the relation of topography to tlie occurrence of frost in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 27, p. 240) furnished data which " confirm earlier conclusions that, with elevation above the valley floor, there is a decrease both in the number of frosts and in the number of hours of orchard heating required, the decrease in the number of frosts with increase in elevation of 250 ft. in the Truckee Meadows having been found to be from 14 to 5 and in duration of freezing temperatures from at least 40 hours to 16. Also, except in abnormal years or in the coldest places, an average of two heatings each season will save the fruit. Moreover, it seems probable that at 28° F. or higher, except when the fruit is setting, no heating will be necessary to assure a moderate crop. ... A simple rule has been devised for forecast- ing the probable maximum intensity of frost, namely, to subtract from the maximum temperature of the day on which the forecast is made the fall in temperature that normally occurs during the night when the weather is clear. Id the spring at Reno this fall in temperature is 30 to 32°. Therefore, with a maximum temperature of 65° the minimum temperature should not be lower than 33°." The studies on the effect of site and blossom development and frost injury are abstracted on page 40. A method of forecasting the maximum summer level in Lake Tahoe from one to fo\ir months in advance, H. F. Alciatore (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 (1916), No. 7, pp. 407-409). — A proposed method which has been tested for two successive seasons with satisfactory results xs based upon the inches of snow (melted) falling monthly from December to April at nine stations in the Truckee-Tahoe watershed (519 square miles). Tables are given showing the average cumulative snowfall of these months at the nine stations during six seasons and the average cumulative changes in the level of the lake from Decem- ber to July, 1910-1915. The average change in level is found to be proportional within certain limits to the average snowfall. Knowing the variation of the actual snowfall from the average, it is easy to calculate the probable change In lake level. " The results obtained in 1915, a season of light snowfall, and those for 1916, a season of heavy snowfall, indicate that the proposed method is practical, and that the estimates based on snowfall records for four stations are of practically the same degree of accuracy as those based on a larger number of records." The persistence of wet and dry weather, E. V. Newnham (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London], 42 (1916), No. 179, pp. 15S-162, figs. S; abs. in U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 (1916), No. 7, p. 593). — Analyzing the rainfall records of sev- eral British stations by modern statistical methods, the author reaches the conclusion " that during a long spell of wet weather there are no grounds for 1917] METEOROLOGY. 19 expecting finer conditions merely because the unsettled weather has lasted go long; and similarly that during fine weather the chances of continued drought become greater the longer the fine weather lasts, at any rate for spells of a length commonly met with. What happens when the length of the spell reaches a quite abnormal value must remain doubtful, but it seems reasonable to sup- pose the probability reaches a constant value." Monthly Weather Review {JJ. S. Mo. Weather Rev., U {1916), Nos. 7, pp. S81-Jf29, pis. 8, figs. 4; 8, pp. IfSl-JfOS, pis. 29, figs. 18).— In addition to weather forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for July and August, f916; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather of the months ; solar and sljy radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during July and August, 1916 ; condensed climatological summaries ; and the usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles : No. 7. — Initial Investigations in the Upper Air of Australia, by G. Taylor (abs.) ; Classification of the Hydrometeors, by G. Hellmann ; The Variability of Temperature, by A. Angot ; Weather Forecasting in the United States ; The Persistence of Wet and Dry Weather, by E. V. Newnham (abs.) (see p. 18) ; New South Wales Rainfall (illus.), by D. J. Mares; "Act of God" defined; Hurricane of July 5, 1916, at Pensacola, Fla., by W. P. Reed, jr. ; Hurricane of July 5-6, 1916, at Mobile, Ala., by A. Ashenberger; The Tropical Hurricane of July 5, 1916, in Louisiana, by I. M. Cline ; South Carolina Hurricane of July 13-14, 1916 (illus.), by J. H. Scott; A Method of Forecasting the Maximum Summer Level in Lalje Tahoe from One to Four Months in Advance, by H. F. Alciatore (see p. 18) ; and Annual Rise in the Columbia River, by F, D. Young (abs.). No. 8. — High Haze over the Southwestern United States during July to September, 1916, by H. H. Kimball ; Atmospheric Refraction at Mount Hamilton, Cal. (illus.) ; On the Abnormal Propagation of Sound Waves in the Atmosphere (illus.), by S. Fujiwhara (abs.); Auroras Observed during August, 1916; Distribution of Precipitation in China during the Typhoons of the Summer of 1911 (illus.), by Co-Ching Chu ; Radiation Equilibrium and Atmospheric Radia- tion, by R. Emden (abs.) ; A Tornado in Utah, by A. W. Stevens; The Govern- ment Safety-first Train, 1916 (illus.), by R. H. Finch; Graphical Method of Showing the Daily Weather, by E. T. Quayle (abs.) ; Tower Cloud at San Juan. P. R., by F. E. Hartwell ; Extensions of U. S. Weather Bureau Service ; and The North Carolina Earthqualce of August 26, 1916, by R. H. Finch. The fertilizing' value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 160-162). — The data for the eighth year of this investigation (E. S. R., 33, p. 716), are reported. These are taken to indicate that "the amount of soluble nitrogen compounds that may serve as food for crops as furnished annually by the rain and snow is not large and can not be regarded as an important factor in adding to the soil's store of nitrogen. . . . Since this nitrogen is furnished in an immediately available form, chiefly during the growing season, the precipitation does act as a fertilizing agent of some value." Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostbandeb and J. S. Sims {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. SS3, SS4 {1916), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during September and October, 1916, are presented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. (Vol.36 SOILS— FERTILIZEItS. Soil survey of Jefferson County, Arkansas, B. W. Tillman, R. R. Bubn, W. B. Cobb, C. Lounsbury, and G. G. Strickland {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. SO, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Arkansas Experiment Station and issued Septem- ber 25, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 561,920 acres in southeast- central Arkansas, which comprises two general divisions, " an upland plain in the western part of the county and a lower river flood plain. The upland is prevailingly level, with small undulating to gently rolling areas. The lowland, or river bottom, section is a nearly level plain bordering the Arkansas River, with narrow extensions reaching into the upland along the smaller streams." '• The drainage of much of the forested upland is deficient, owing to the level topogi'aphy." The soils are classed as upland or sedimentary soils and lowland alluvial soils. Twenty-two soil types of 10 series are mapped, of which the Portland clay and very fine sandy loam and the Caddo silt loam cover 17.8, 16.9, and 13.7 per cent of the area, respectively. Kankakee County Soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett (Illinois Sta. Soil Rpt. IS (1916), pp. 12, pis. 2, figs. 10).— This is the thirteenth of the Illinois county soil reports. Kankakee County is located in eastern Illinois and has been covered completely by the Illinoisan and the early Wisconsin glaciations. The soils of the county are divided into upland prairie soils rich in organic matter, upland timber soils, terrace soils, late swamp and bottom land soils, and miscellaneous soil types. The brown silt loam prairie soils cover 35.74 per cent of the area, the brown sandy loam terrace soils 31.63 per cent, and the brown sandy loam prairie soils 13.12 per cent. " The variation among the different types of soil in Kankakee County with respect to their content of important plant food elements is very marked. The deep peat contains in the plowed soil of an acre thirty times as much nitrogen as the dune sand, and about five times as much nitrogen but only one-fifth as much potassium as the brown silt loam. The total supply of phosphorus in the surface soil varies from 560 lbs. per acre on the upland and 720 lbs. on the terrace, in the yellow- grny sandy loams, to 2,200 lbs. in the black clay loam terrace. The magnesium and calcium vary from about 3,000 or 4,000 lbs. in the lighter terrace soils to 15,(X)0 or 20,000 lbs. in some other types. Some types contain an abundance of limestone, while others are practically neutral or slightly acid, and still others, such as the brown-gray silt loam on tight clay and the yellow-gray sandy loam (both terrace soils) and all upland timber soils, are distinctly acid in the surface, more strongly acid in the subsurface, and sometimes devoid of limestone even in the subsoil. More than 90 per cent of the soils of the county contain no limestone in the surface or subsurface to a depth of 20 in." B/econnoissance soil survey of north part of north-central Wisconsin, W. J. Getb, a. E. Taylor, L. R. Schoenmann, C. C. Thompson, T. J. Dunnewald, W. C. Boardman, C. B. Post, and A. R. Albert (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 76, pis. 6, figs. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History survey and issued September 15, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 2,828,160 acres in north-central Wisconsin, the topographic features of which are charac- teristic of a glacial region. The surface varies from level to rolling and hilly. Including peat and rough stony land, 25 soil types of 9 series are mapped of which peat covers 20.4, Gloucester sandy loam 15.9, Spencer silt loam 15.1, and Gloucester fine sandy loam 13.9 per cent of the area. I 1917J SOILS FERTILIZERS. 21 Studies on soils, I, F. E. Rice (Jovr. Phys. Chem., 20 (1916), No. S, pp. 214-227, flg. 1; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 11. p. 1568; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 110 (1916), No. 64S, I, p. 360). — Laboratory experiments conducted at the New York State College of Agriculture with a number of soils collected from various parts of New York are reported. The results are taken to indicate that " when so-called ' acid ' soils are shaken with salt solutions, part of the cation of the salt is adsorbed and an equivalent (luantity of bases from the soil is given up to the solution. The extracts, thus obtained, show gi*eater acidity than that of the salt solutions themselves. This can be accounted for by the fact that one of the bases present is aluminum, which does not securely hold its share of the acid, but through hydrolysis hydrated aluminum oxid is formed along with equivalent quantities of free acid. The former being slightly ionized, possibly in a colloidal condition, and the latter more or less strongly ionized, the resultant solution is quite acid. " Acid soils rarely contain water-soluble acid ; but one case of mineral soil and one of muck soil was found that did yield an acid to water. Basic soils (as distinguished from 'acid' soils) gave up to salt solutions more base than is adsorbed. But as they are also found to give up to water quantities of base sufficient to produce solutions of alkaline reaction, this should not be considered entirely a phenomenon of basic exchange, but of simple solution of the excess of base." Studies on soil colloids, I, Flocculation of soil colloidal solutions, M. I. WoLKOFF (Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 6, pp. 585-601, figs. 5).— Experiments con- ducted at the Michigan Agricultural College to study the behavior of brick yard clay, silt loam soil, muck, peaty muck, and kaolin with respect to different electrolytes, in order better to understand the phenomenon of flocculation in the soil, are reported. Sixty-seven acid, salt, and alkali solutions were used in fifth-normal strength. It was found that " besides the fact that the flocculating efficiency of different electrolytes with the same colloidal solution is different, the results show that the efficiency of the same electrolyte with the solutions from different soils varies considerably, depending largely upon the chemical composition of the soils. Schulze's valency law does not hold true with the soil colloidal solu- tions studied. Humic materials hinder the coagulating power of the electrolytes. It takes a greater amoiint of electrolyte for a flocculation of a more concen- trated soil colloidal solution than that for a less concentrated one. In the floc- culation of the soil colloidal solutions by the electrolyte, the reaction obeys, within the experimental error, the law of mass action." Bacterial numbers in soils at different depths and in different seasons of the year, S. A. Waksman (Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 4, pp. 363-380, figs. 6).— A brief review of the work of others bearing on the subject is followed by a report of experiments conducted at Rutgers College on the bacterial numbers in loam and clay loam soils. It was found that " the greatest number of bacteria were at a depth of 1 in. in the soils that are under shade all the year round. Garden soil gave on the average the largest numbers 4 in. from the surface. There was a regular decrease in numbers of organisms from a depth of 1 in. . . . down to a depth of 30 in. The greatest decrease in numbers between any two consecutive depths of sampling occurred between the first and the fourth, or the fourth and the eighth inches. The meadow soil gave the largest bacterial counts at a depth of 1 in. of all the soils. . . . The forest soil, though showing a high carbon and nitrogen content, gave the lowest bacterial counts. . . . " The numbers of bacteria in the soils studied were not governed either by the moisture content of the different soils or the nitrogen and carbon contents. 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 There was a gradual decrease in the lime requirement of the soils from the surface down to a depth of 30 in., except in the meadow soil. There was also a more or less gradual decrease in the nitrogen and carbon content of the different soils from the surface down to a depth of 30 in, . . , " Frozen soil, though showing a high bacterial content, did not give the largest bacterial numbers through the year. . . . The time of maximum bacterial numbers during the year varied with the different soils throughout the year ; no two soils showed their maximum bacterial content at the time of any one sampling." A list of 30 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Some factors that influence nitrate formation in acid soils, E. B. Peed and E. J. Graui, (Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 4, pp. S17S38, pi. i ) .—Experiments con- ducted at the Wisconsin Experiment Station with neutral gilt loam, acid sand, acid silt loam, and acid peat soils are reported. " The following phases of nitrification were investigated: (1) A study of the occurrence of nitrate- forming bacteria in acid soils and their relation to the organisms commonly found in neutral soils, (2) a comparison of nitrification of organic and inorganic substances in acid and neutral soils, and (3) a comparison of the effect of calcium carbonate on ammonification and nitrification of organic substances. . . . " It was found that the formation of ammonia from casein takes place so rapidly in acid soils that for several weeks after the nitrogenous substance is added the production of nitrates is not limited by lack of ammonia. The forma- tion of nitrates in acid sand and acid peat takes place very slowly. In acid silt loam or the neutral silt loam nitrification takes place much more rapidly. The feeble nitrifying power of the sand and peat, as shown by inoculating these soils with an active culture of the nitrifying bacteria, is largely due to the condition of the soil. Apparently the nitrifying flora of silt loam when transferred to a neutral soU is as active in the formation of nitrates as the flora from silt loam. " In the case of the acid soils it seems that the nature of the compound to be nitrified plays an important part. For example, in acid soils organic nitrogen nitrifies much more rapidly than nitrogen from ammonium sulphate. In non- acid soils the reverse is true — ammonium sulphate nitrifies more rapidly. This is true regardless of the source of the nitrifying bacteria. " It seems that acid soils do not possess a strain of nitrifying bacteria espe- cially resistant to soil acidity. In the presence of organic nitrogenous sub- stances, as casein and gelatin, calcium carbonate did not permanently increase the accumulation of nitrates. For a short interval, one or two weeks, calcium carbonate stimulates nitrate formation ; later the reverse is true and there is a decided decrease in the treated series. Apparently the reduction of nitrates is largely due to bacteria. It has been found that in the treated soil there is an enormous multiplication of the nitrate-assimilating bacteria. When stored under conditions that prevent leaching, all of the soils showed a gain in nitrate nitrogen. It seems that in silt loam nitrification increases soil acidity, and thus it becomes necessary to add a basic substance in order to keep the process going. . . . " Considering the data as a whole, it seems that under laboratory conditions the beneficial effect of calcium carbonate on plant growth must be accounted for by some processes other than the direct effect on nitrification." Studies in sulfofication, P. E. Brown and H. W. Johnson (Soil Set., 1 (1916), No. Jf, pp. S39S62). — Further experiments conducted at the Iowa Ex- periment Station along the lines of those previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 19), which were planned " to throw some light upon the problem of the relative I 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 23 effects of gj'psuiu, acid phosphate, rock phosphate, alone and with gypsum, and moDocalcium phospliate on sulfoflcation, on ammonification, and on the yields of oats in pots in the greenhouse," are reported. The soil used was a loam, high in organic matter and having a basic reaction. It was found that " the sulphate content of the soil varied only slightly from one sampling to the next. There were no sudden or striking changes in the amount of sulphates present in the soil kept fallow in the greenhouse. The sulphate content of soils in the field is subject to the same influences as the nitrate content, but the effects are probably much less pronounced. " Calcium sulphate, monocalcium phosphate, acid phosphate, rock phosphate, and rock phosphate plus gypsum increased the sulfofying power of the soil. The sulphate alone and phosphates alone had greater effects than combinations of the two materials, as in acid phosphate. All the materials used increased the ammonifying power of the soil, but the differences between the effects of the various substances were not pronounced. The rock phosphate had less effect, however, than the other materials. " The sulfoflcation tests and ammonification tests did not always run parallel, although very similar effects of the materials used on the two processes were noted. The phosphorus fertilizers, except monocalcium phosphate, increased the yield of oats, the acid phosphate to a greater extent than the rock phosphate. The sulphate had no effect on the crop yield. . . . " The crop yields, sulfoflcation, and ammoniflcation results were not always parallel. In general it appeared that on this soil increases in sulfoflcation were not necessarily parallel with increases in yields. The ammoniflcation results were not conclusive, but indicate that materials supplying plant food constitueuts which are lacking in the soil may be of double value because of increases in the production of other plant food constituents in an available form." Further experiments with a heavy black woodland soil, a typical river bank sand in sod, two humus soils, and a river terrace cornfleld soil are also reported, the purpose of which was to ascertain whether the 10-day incubation period allowed the greatest differentiation between the sulfofying powers of soils from different sources and under varying treatments. " Shorter periods of incuba- tion were eliminated . . . and the tests were carried out at 7, 10, 12, and 14 day periods." The effects of gypsum, calcium carbonate, and magnesium car- bonate on sulfoflcation were also studied. It was found that " in the use of the free-sulphui'-fresh-soil method for testing the sulfofying power of soils the incubation period should be 14 days at room temperature to give the most conclusive results. Ten days' incubation gave the relative sulfofying powers of soils quite accurately, but the differences were much more distinctive for the longer period. " Calcium sulphate in ordinary applications had no detrimental effect on sulfoflcation, but very large applications might decrease the rate of oxidation of sulphur. Calcium carbonate in ordinary applications on acid soils increased sulfoflcation considerably and even in excessive amounts affected sulphur oxida- tion favorably. Magnesium carbonate in small amounts increased sulfoflcation, but in large amounts depressed it even below that in the same soil with its acidity unneutralized. Magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate in combina- tion exerted a beneflcial influence on sulfoflcation when used in small amounts. Larger applications, however, depressed the oxidation of sulphur. The effects of the combined material were less than those of the calcium carbonate alone." Some effects of litter on the fermentation of manure, W. E. Tottingham (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 6, pp. 511-515, figs. 4). — Experi- ments conducted at the Wisconsin Experiment Station on the chemical changes 72628°— 17 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. f Vol. 36 in a fermenting mixture of manure and shavings, as compared with straw- littered manure and unlittered manure, are reported. A basal manure prepared by mixing one part by weight of fresh horse manure with two parts fresh cow manure and litters prepared by sifting finely cut oat straw, oak shavings, and Georgia pine shavings to uniform size, were used. Twenty-five lbs. of manure were mixed with 2 lbs. of litter. It was found that " the loss of total organic matter during 12 weeks of fer- mentation ranged from 33 to 51 per cent. It was most rapid and greatest in the straw-littered manure, where bacteria were most numerous." The water-soluble organic matter, ranging from 10 to 13 per cent of the total organic matter in the fresh manures, decreased continuously during 12 weeks of fermentation with the loss of from 60 to 80 per cent of the original amount, the loss being most rapid during the first two weeks. Humus ranging from 11.8 to 15.5 per cent of the total organic matter in the fresh manures decreased continuously, but more gradually than the water-soluble organic matter, during 12 weeks from 26 to 35 per cent. The losses from the littered manures were nearly equal and about one-third greater than from the control manure. The water-soluble ash, ranging from 37.5 to 40.9 per cent of the total ash in the fresh manures, decreased gradually in all of the manures during 12 weeks of fermentation. The decrease ranged from 14 to 30 per cent of the amount originally soluble, being less in the straw-littered manure than in the other lots. " The total nitrogen increased in all the manures until the fourth week of fermentation, the gains ranging from 8 per cent of the original amount in the control manure to 20 per cent in the straw-littered manure. More or less rapid loss of nitrogen occurred from the fourth to the eighth week of fermentation. After twelve weeks a net loss of nitrogen obtained in all of the manures. This net loss ranged from 3 to 13 per cent of the original amount of nitrogen, being less in the straw-littered manure than in the other manures. " The water-soluble nitrogen decreased rapidly in all of the manures during the first four weeks. It suffered greater loss than any other constituent inves- tigated, its curve being quite similar to that of the total organic matter. This constituent formed from 41.4 to 48.4 per cent of the total nitrogen at the begin- ning of the investigation. Losses of the water-soluble nitrogen ranged from 77 to 90 per cent of the original amounts and were somewhat greater in the shavings-littered manures than in the other lots. " Humus nitrogen formed from 46.8 to 56.8 per cent of the total nitrogen in the fresh manures. Losses of this constituent ranged from 2 to 10 per cent of the original amounts, being greatest in the control manure. The fluctuation was similar in all of the manures, the humus nitrogen decreasing 10 to 20 per cent during the first four to eight weeks of fermentation and then gradually in- creasing. " Ammoniacal nitrogen formed only 0.7 to 1.2 per cent of the total nitrogen at the beginning of the experiment. It rose to a maximum value in the control and shavings-littered manures during the first two weeks of fermentation, thereafter rapidly decreasing to about the original value after four weeks. In the straw-littered manure, on the other hand, the maximum production of ammonia was attained and passed gradually at about the fourth week. Am- moniacal nitrogen reached its greatest value in the control manure. In all cases, however, its values, ranging from 0.5 to 6.6 per cent of the total nitrogen, were too low to allow the placing of great importance on its fluctuations." Fertilizer experiments, F. T. Shtjtt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 95-110). — A number of different fertilizer experiments begun in 1913 at Fred- 1017] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 25 ericton, N. B., and Kentville, N. S., and in 1914 at Agassiz, B. C, are reported, from which the following conclusions are drawn : "A judicious and rational use of fertilizers may in a very large number of instances, be depended upon to yield a profit. Injudiciously applied a mone- tary loss may result. With certain crops, especially potatoes and roots, the yield may be largely increased by fertilizers, frequently doubled. The proft obtained, over and above the cost of fertilizer, should always be calculated, and not merely the increa.«;e in yield noted. ... In general, it is advisable to use a complete fertilizer. . . . " Fertilizers give increases in crop yields on many types of soil ; even those soils which are considered fairly rich frequently yield increases, though these increases may not in all cases show a profit after deducting the cost of the fertilizer. Large dressings of fertilizer do not necessarily mean large increases in yield or large net profits. In experiments with potatoes, the profitable application has seldom exceeded 400 lbs. per acre. . . . " The manipulation of fertilizer formulas to meet the specific requirements of certain crops, as frequently practiced and advertised by fertilizer manufac- turers is of little significance." Protein decomposition in soils, E. C. Lathrop (Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 6, pp. 509-632). — Experiments to determine the changes taking place in dried blood in a fine sandy loam soil are reported. " The anunonification of the dried l)lood in the soil during the first SG days was very rapid, after which time the amount of anunonia produced and the late of ammonification decreased markedly until the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment the rate of transformation of hydrolyzable nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen in the soil was but about 10 per cent of the rate observed after the decomposition had been proceeding for 18 days. During the 240 days of the experiment 79 per cent or more of the nitrogen of the dried blood proteins was converted into ammonia nitrogen. " The ammonia produced during the decomposition of the dried blood was derived from (1) the hydrolytic cleavage of the proteins of the dried blood, as evidenced by the rapid vanishing of the amid compounds from the soil during the first five days of the experiment; and (2) from the decomposition by the micro-organisms of the products resulting from the hydrolytic cleavage of the proteins. . . . With the exception of the amid compounds, lysin .seems to have disnppo;ireeas, beans, flax, and buck- wheat at the experiment stations, substations, and farms in Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. The results obtained are presented in tables with brief comments. Similar work in the same localities with forage crops included tests of corn for grain and silage, peas and oats for forage, timothy and clover for hay and for seed, grass and clover mixtures, vetches, orchard grass, western rye grass, red fescue, redtop, awnless brome grass, and other grasses, annual hay crops including different kinds of millet, alfalfa, sainfoin, clovers, turnips, mangolds, carrots, and sugar beets. Results of variety and culture tests with tobacco and of observations on seed bed management conducted in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec are reported in tabular form and described, and notes are given on the harvesting and curing and on the different varieties entering into the trials. The work on seed bed management has been noted from anotlior source (E. S. R., 35, p. 233). In a fertilizer experiment the maximum yields of l,r)37 lbs. each per acre were obtained on plats receiving 250 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 180 lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 100 lbs. of superphosphate; and 250 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 150 lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 80 lbs. of supei'phosphate per acre. It is concluded that nitrogen and potash are the important elements and that only a comparatively small quantity of phosphoric acid is required on the soils under test. The nicotine content of the different varieties of tobacco under experiment, as determined at the tobacco station at Farnham, Quebec, is reported in a table, together with the results of soil analyses for the different plats on which the tobacco was grown. The tobacco station at Harrow, Ontario, tested rye, hairy vetch, and clover as cover crops in connection with tobacco culture, and studied the use of fertilizers and the value of soil disinfection in seed bed management. A combination of nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and super- phosphate mixed in equal proportions by weight and applied at the rate of 0.1 of a lb. per square foot gave excellent results as a plant-bed fertilizer. Sowing Burley beds on the same area for more than one or two years was found unsatisfactory unless the soil had been changed or sterilized. A cold bed with glass covering gave plants about ten days earlier than a cold bed with cotton covering. A test carried on at Walkerville, Ontario, gave no conclusive evidence in favor of the use of acid phosphate as a means of controlling root rot. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 33 A report on the status of the tobacco industry in the different tobacco pro- ducing sections of Ontario is presented. [Work with field crops at the Canada experimental farms in 1914], W. L. Graham et ax. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 171-349, 355, pis. 9). — A summary of the results here reported has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 830). Summary report of state experiment farms and cooperative experiment farms, 1915, {Cheyenne, Wyo.: State Bd. Farm Comrs., 1915, pp. 70, pi. 1). — Notes are given on the cultivation of tlax and cereal and forage crops at Archer, Jireh, and Sheridan with only the natural rainfall, and at Lyman, Eden, and Torrington with irrigation. Cereal experiments at the Akron field station, Akron, Colorado, G. A. Mc- MuRDO {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. J,02 {1916), pp. 3>,, figs, ii).— This bulletin de- scribes the topography, soil, and climate of the district in v.hich the field station is located and presents in tabular form with discussions the results of tests with 17 varieties and strains of winter wheat, 44 of spring wheat, 16 of oats, and 19 of barley, conducted from 1908 to 1915, inclusive. Rye, emmer, liax, proso, and grain sorghums were also tested but on a smaller scale. Winter wheat gave better results than spring wheat and the durum wheats produced higher average yields than the common spring wheats. Crimean win- ter wheat produced the highest average yield, 22 bu. per acre, of any winter wheat tested during the eight years and Kharkof ranked second with 21.6 bu. The highest average yield of any .spring wheat obtained in the eight years, 22.4 bu. per acre, was produced by Pelissier, a durum wheat, followed by Velvet Don with an average yield of 21.5 bu. and Arnautka with 21.1 bu. Ghirka spring •wheat, of the Fife group, yielded 18.6 bu. Tests in seeding winter wheat at different rates were not satisfactory but it is believed that 3 pk. per acre is the best rate. Date-of-seeding tests indicated that the period from September 15 to October 15 is the best for sowing winter wheat. Tests with spring wheat indi- cated that sowing from 3 to 4 pk. per acre is likely to give the best yields. The best varieties of oats tested for the eight years were Kherson, an early variety, with an average yield per acre of 44.7 bu. and Colorado No. 37, a mid- season variety, with a yield of 43.9 bu. The late varieties yielded much less than the early or midseason sorts. A comparison of different rates of seeding of Kherson oats indicated that the best yields are obtained by sowing 4 pk. per acre. The best varieties of barley compared during the 8-year period were Hann- chen, giving an average yield of 38.7 bu., and Coast, yielding 38 bu. The 2- I'owed group of barleys gave higher average yields than the 6-rowed group. Winter rye proved inferior in value to wheat. Winter emmer was not hardy and gave an 8-year average yield of 14.2 bu., while White spring emmer aver- aged 30.3 bu. per acre. Flax did not compete successfully with weeds, and most varieties of grain sorghums failed to mature. The 5-year average yield of Manchu Brown kaoliang was 15.4 bu. per acre, and the average yield of proso for the same period was 23.1 bu. Proso seemed to be valuable mainly as a catch crop. Cereal experiments at the Judith Basin substation, Moccasin, Montana, N, C. Donaldson {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 398 {1916), pp. 41, figs. J7).— This bul- letin is a report on experiments with cereals conducted cooperatively since 1908 by the Office of Cereal Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture and the Montana Experiment Station. In addition to the tabulated results of experiments with wheat, oats, barley, and flax and their discussion, descriptions are given of the Judith Basin, mainly with reference to topography 34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol.38 and climate, and of the substation located there. The altitude of the locality is given as 4,300 ft. The annual average precipitation at Moccasin from 1898 to 1915, inclusive, was 16.66 in., and the average seasonal rainfall from April to July, inclusive, for the same years, 9.41. The leading varieties of the different cereals grown in the experiments are compared in the following table: Annual and average yields and average farm value of the leading variety of each of the cereals groion at the Judith Basin substation. Crop and variety. Yield per acre. 1910. 1911. 1913. 1914. 1915. Aver- Acre value of crop Lbs. Kharko f winter wheat I 2, 880 Pelissier spring wheat i 630 Sixty-day oat 1,056 White Smvma barley I 590 Xepal barley I 984 Russian tla.x I Lbs. 2,478 1,698 2,278 2,490 1,800 1,070 Lbs. 1,866 1,920 2,409 3,360 2,220 930 Lbs. 1,470 1,590 1,88S 2,400 1,542 728 Lbs. 2,964 2,530 2,998 3,854 2,508 1,232 Lbs. 2,331 1,673 2,126 2,540 1,810 1,002 $31.08 21.58 23.70 28.42 18.24 27.09 The results of the experiments were in favor of sowlug winter wheat at the rate of 3 pk. per acre and of the period from August 10 to September 10 as the best time for sowing. The highest yields of spring wheats were obtained from varieties of durum wheat, of which Pelissier was the best producer. Mar- quis was the leading variety of the common spring wheats. With reference to the time of sowing, the best results were obtained from sowing all spring wheat, oats, and barley as early in the spring as soil and climatic conditions permitted. Sowing flax between April 15 and May 1 is considered as being probably most satisfactory. The quantity of seed per acre recommended for spring wheat and small-kernelod, early varieties of oats, such as Sixty-Day, is 4 pk. ; for hulled varieties of barley 5 pk. ; naked varieties of barley 4 pk. ; and flax 20 to 25 lbs. Sixty-Day oats averaged about 16 bu. per acre more than later maturing varieties. Emmer and spelt did not give so good yields as barley and oats, and proso millet did not prove promising. Early varieties of brown kaoliang and broom corn did not mature seed. A pasture survey in southeastern Ohio, H. W. Hawthorne and C. W. Mont- QOMEBY {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 9, pp. 282-2SS, figs. 2).— This article deals with a survey of the pasture conditions in eastern and southeastern Ohio, made in 1913 in cooperation with the Oflice of Farm Management of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Information was gathered through correspondence and conferences with a number of farmers. The pastures were designated as rotation pastures and permanent pastures. The prevalent rotation was corn, oats, and wheat, with the wheat sown to red clover and timothy, and maintained as pa.sture from one to nine years, during which fertility was kept up chiefly through the use of commercial fertilizers on the preceding crop. Most of the permanent pastures were not seeded for that special purpose, although in some cases mixtures of timothy, orchard grass, blue grass, and clovers were used. Fertility was maintained in a few instances by top-dressing with commercial fertilizers or manure. One farm reported the clipping of the stubble each year after harvesting, which resulted in thickening the sod and increasing the carrying capacity of the fields. 1917 J FIELD CROPS. 35 An Irrigation experiment with clover, sugar beets, potatoes, and wheat, C. S. Knight {Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 2^-28). — This experiment was con- ducted in 1914 on soil varying from a sandy loam to a clay loam. In the irri- gation, of clover 6, 9, and 12 inch applications were made at various stages of wilting. The results showed that clover can not be allowed to reach the wilt- ing stages without materially decreasing the yield of hay, and that on soils such as that of the experiment applications of from 9 to 12 in. given before the plants show need of water are essential for the heaviest production. Potatoes were given 3, 6, and 9 inch applications of water before and at the time the plants showed a tendency to wilt, when all leaves wilted down once, and when all plants failed to revive at night. Where the plants were allowed to wilt to the extent where they failed to revive at night it was found impos- sible to produce a satisfactory crop. The highest yields were produced with the smallest application of water, although little difference was shown in yield where the crop received two, four, or five 3-inch applications. The highest starch content was secured with the smallest applications when the plants were never allowed to wilt, and in the three stages of wilting the highest starch content was obtained with the largest applications. An experiment similar to the one with potatoes was conducted with sugar beets with the exception that 2, 4, and 6 inch applications of water were made. Where no irrigation was given until the plants wilted down and failed to re- vive at night, an unsatisfactory crop was produced. With 2-inch applications the beets in all stages of wilting showed a higher sugar content than those re- ceiving the greater amounts of water. The purity of the sugar was greatest in the beets irrigated only after all plants had wilted down once. Wheat was given 3, 4^, and 6-inch applications of irrigation water at the five-leaf, boot, bloom, milk, and dough stages. A comparison was made of plants receiving an irrigation at each of the five stages, with plants in which an irrigation was omitted in each of the five stages, with plants in which irrigation was omitted at any two of the five stages, and with those that received the same amount of water in only two applications — one before and one after heading. Where one irrigation was omitted, the omission of the application at the five-leaf stage gave the best results, with a difference in yield of less than 3 per cent in the three highest producers. Where two irriga- tions were omitted satisfactory results were noted only where the irrigations were omitted at the five-leaf and dough stages. Four 6-inch irrigations with one application omitted at the five-leaf stage yielded 25.8 per cent more than five 6-inch applications. Omission of irrigations between the boot and milk stages greatly decreased the yield of grain. With only two irrigations the 6- and 12-inch applications proved most satisfactory. Of the results in yield 83 per cent were in favor of the 6-inch applications, the difference being greatest where two irrigations were omitted at the five-leaf and dough stages. The different depths affected the soil moisture only to a slight extent when two irrigations were omitted, but when only one irrigation was passed over an average difference of 12.3 per cent was noted in the first 3 ft. in favor of the 6-inch application. In the first 2 ft. with 6-inch applications the average soil moisture content before irrigation at the milk stage was 20 per cent less where two irrigations were omitted than where only one irrigation was omitted. The average nitrogen content of the plants for all plats at the different stages of growth is given as follows : Five-leaf 4.37 per cent, boot 2.75 per cent, bloom 2.09 per cent, milk 1.4 per cent, and dough 1.25 per cent. 36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 An investigation of varieties of cereal and forage crops and their im- provement, C. S. Knight (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1915 pp. 28-32 ) .—Notes are given on the growth and yield of varieties of alfalfa, potatoes, beets, field peas, corn, wheat, oats, barley, and millets. The cultural value and identification of Spanish alfalfa, G. Gentneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenbau u. Schuts, n. ser., 13 (1915), No. 10, pp. 136-139) .—Gora- parative tests of different kinds of alfalfa are reported, indicating that in general Spanish alfalfa grown in Germany is less productive than that grown from domestic and other seed sources. Turkestan alfalfa also ranked low in yield, standing next to the Spanish. The impurities found in the Spanish alfalfa seed, including inert material and weed seeds, are enumerated as a means of its identification. Composition of the maize plant. J. W. Ikce {North Dakota Sta. Bui. Ill {1916), pp. 3-32, figs. 7). — A study was made in 1914 and 1915 to determine the yield of mineral matter and organic constituents of the maize plant under North Dakota conditions, and to ascertain the best stage of cutting corn for silage. Analyses were made when the plants were in tassel, when the corn was in the milk, in the dough, when glazed, and when fully ripe. In 1914 the work was conducted at the main station and the substations at Dickinson, Edgeley, and Williston, while in 1915 it was pursued only at the main station. At Dick- inson and Williston, Northwestern; at Edgeley, Minnesota No. 23; and at the main station, Mercer, were the varieties grown. The climatic conditions of tlie seasons are described, the meteorological data ai-e presented by means of graphs, and the analytical results are shown in tables. The composition of the corn at the different stages was compared with similar data for corn grown in New York and Indiana. According to these figures corn grown in North Dakta does not give as high yields of protein, fat, and carbohydrates as corn grown in New York or Indiana and the increase of these substances is not so rapid. It was found that the maximum yields for North Dakota were practically reached at the glazed stage, even a loss of protein being observed when the corn was ripe, while the data for the corn grown in New York and Indiana indicated a steady increase in all the constituents up to the maximum at the time of maturity. Analyses of agricultural yield. — I. The spacing experiment with Egyptian cotton, 1912, W. L. Balls and F. S. Holton (Phil. Trans. Roy. Sac. London, Ser. B, 206 {1916), No. 327, pp. 103-180, figs. 11).— The investigations reported were entered upon to establish a statistical analysis of the yields of cotton in terms of the stages of the plant's development. The studies dealt mainly with the effects of spacing, the time of sowing, and the character of the season on Egyptian cotton grown at Giza. The numerical data recorded during the culti- vation of the crop are presented in detail in a series of tables and graphs, and include records of daily flowering and weekly boiling for the 20 different spac- ings compared and of boll weight, seed weight, and ginning outturn, together with computed statistics of yield ratios. It is concluded from the results that the yield of cotton is primarily de- pendent on the number of flowers formed. The normal extensions of the root system of an isolated cotton plant was found capable of utilizing more than 2 square meters of soil surface of soil which is more than 2 meters deep. As the plants in cultui-al practice have only 0.18 of a square meter, or less, each allowed them, most of the phenomena of field crop physiology in the fruiting season are regarded as traceable to the consequent jnterference of one root system with another. The yield per unit area of the conventional spacing prac- ticed in Egypt was determined as the maximum obtainable under the limitations in field cultivation. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 37 The sources of error in field experiments with cotton are enumerated as follows : Soil variation, especially below 1-meter depth, insufficient frequency of observation whereby accidental episodes can not be distinguished from normal sequences, fluctuation of single plants, heterogeneity of commercial varieties, and normal physiological variations from day to day. Analyses of agricultural yield. — II. The sowing-date experiment with Egyptian cotton, 1913, W. L. Balls and F. S. Holton {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. li, 206 (1915), No. 3S3, pp. 403-^,80, figs. 18).— The experiment de- scribed dealt \\Uh the yield obtained by planting Egyptian cotton at weekly intervals from Febi'uary 15 to April 11, including nine planting dates. Five plats were planted each week and each plat contained a check row of about 150 plants. Statistical records, which are appended in tabular form, were obtained for the field germination, weekly height of the main stem, daily flower- ing, and weekly ripening of bolls. It is concluded that the data derived from the work show the existence of an optimum date for planting which appears to be constant, or practically so, from year to year. It was found that plantings made before this date did not gain the corresponding average which might be expected, and that they might be even inferior. The result is explained by the assumption that some depressing factor is brought to bear on the early plantings which has less effect on later ones. This depressant factor is believed to be primarily an internal one in- duced within the plants. In this connection the authors show that internal water shortage leaves an after effect o:i the plant which can only be removed slowly by a restoration of an ample water supply. It is stated that this effect when severe may require the lapse of several weeks for its complete disappear- ance and in some instances it may never be quite overcome. "It is probable that this after effect is due to the production of toxic excreta in such cells as grow under deficient water supply. . . . The fall in the growth rate of the main stem which takes place in Egypt after midsummer would seem to be due to the same factor, reasserting itself as the sole controller of growth . . . when the plants have grown so large that their closely packed root systems are inadequate to meet the loss by transpiration. "The action of the depressant factor is essentially confined to a single group of meristematic cells. Thus the growth of the main stem may be checked but that of the younger flowering branches may continue, they having been de- veloped from areas which did not produce the toxin, because they were not growing at the time when the toxin-provoking conditions were operative." It is further concluded that the origin of this depressant factor can be attrib- uted to the temperature of the soil, which is the only factor of the environment whose seasonal fluctuations are practically uniform from year to year. Early and midseason potatoes at Wisley, 1915 {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. I^l {1915), No. 2, pp. 290-304). — Descriptions are given of 107 varieties of potatoes under trial. The varieties giving the best results were Duke of York and Mid- lothian Early varieties ; General Joffre, Old Yellow Ashleaf, Sharpe Express, Sir John Llewelyn, Stirling Castle, and Winchill Seedling, medium early varie- ties; and Arran Chief, Great Scot, Stretton No. 20, and Wolfe Secundus, mid- season varieties. Sugar beets for factory purposes, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 155-160). — The percentage of sugar and of solids in the juice of sugar beets, the coefficient of purity, the average weight per root, and the yield per acre are recorded for five varieties grown at the Dominion Experimental Farms in 1914. The average percentage of sugar in the juice of sugar beets grown on these farms from 1902 to 1914, inclusive, is also given in a table, and notes re- 38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [7ol.36 garding the soil and season at the several farms and stations for 1914 are compiled. Sudan grass in Kansas, G. E. Thompson {Kansas Sta. Bui. 212 {.1916), pp. 3-29, figs. 8). — This bulletin presents a general discussion of Sudan grass cul- ture, and reports the results of experiments relating to date and rate of seeding, yielding capacity with and without irrigation, comparative feeding value, and the usefulness of the grass for pasture. The chemical analysis of Sudan grass seed as compared with wheat, corn, oats, and Kafir corn, and the composition of Sudan gi-ass hay as compared with alfalfa and prairie hay and sorghum fodder are given in tables. The experimental work was carried on at the main station and the various substations and partly in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. The principal diseases attacking Sudan grass together with control measures are briefly described. The results indicated in general that Sudan grass is primarily a hay crop which is adapted to practically all soils of the State excepting those very wet and poorly drained, extremely alkaline, or extremely sandy. It is stated that the crop may be planted and handled in much the same manner as the ordinary sorghums and that, when planted in cultivated rows, 2 to 4 lbs. of seed per acre are needed, while when broadcasted or drilled, 15 to 35 lbs. per acre give the best i-esults. It was found that 2 to 8 cuttings for hay or one seed crop may be secured each season and that 400 lbs. of seed per acre or 2 to 4 tons of hay constitute an average crop. Comparative analyses showed that Sudan grass hay, while richer in protein than prairie hay, is not so rich as alfalfa hay. In feeding tests with dairy cows and with beef cattle and work horses and mules carried through the winter uniformly good results were secured. The results of pasture tests indicated this grass to be valuable in a limited way for grazing purposes and that it may have an important place on many farms in furnishing grazing for hogs. The time to seed wheat in Kansas, L. E. Call, S. C. Salmon, and C. O. Cunningham {Kansas Sta. Bui. 213 {1916), pp. 3-16, fig. 1). — Experiments to determine the best time to seed wheat were begun in 1911 at the station and at six places in as many counties in the main wheat-producing area of the State where the Hessian fly is likely to cause serious loss. In each test a series of plats was sown at weekly intervals for six or seven weeks, beginning the second week in September. The outcome of the tests is given in tables and is briefly discussed. It was found that in central and eastern Kansas wheat may be sown late enough to avoid most of the injury from Hessian fly and yet early enough on well-prepared ground to secure a good growth before winter. The dates given as best for seeding are as follows : Northeastern Kansas from about September 25 to October 3, southern central Kansas from about September 25 to October 7, and northern central Kansas from about September 20 to October 1. It is pointed out that as the time for seeding western Kansas depends on the rainfall, the land should be prepared early and seeded when in proper condition to insure germination and good growth. It is further stated that wheat may be sown later in rich soil on well-prepared ground than in soil that is poor or poorly prepared, as early and thorough preparation not only destroys many of the flies but enables the wheat to make a more rapid, vigorous, and resistant growth. Tests to observe the elfect of the time of seeding on the tillering of wheat showed that the rate of seeding made very little difference in the yield when the sowing was done before September 28. After this date the higher rates] of seeding gave the best yield. Liming the wheat crop, C. E. Thobne {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 5,1 pp. 277-281, figs. S). — This article presents some results obtained from experi-j 1917] HORTICULTURE. 39 nients at Wooster comparing the effects of liming upon the yields of wheat on fertilized and unfertilized and manured plats. It Is concluded that liming is of fundamental importance on this soil, and that neither manure nor other combinations of fertilizers will produce a full yield without lime. Seed analyses made during' 1912—1915, Mary H. Jagger and E. M. Stoddard (Connecticut State Stn. Rpt. 1015, i>t. 6, pp. 497-513). — The work for the period is described and notes on the samples of clover, alfalfa, and grass seeds exam- ined are given. The results of analyses of red clover seed samples secured in 1913, and including the number of noxious weed seeds and other foreign seeds other than weeds per pound, are tabulated, and germination and vitality tests with different kinds of seeds, including vegetable and tree seeds, are described. Reported data on the vitality and sprouting capacity of onion seed show that the varying number of samples of Connecticut grown seed tested from year to year, from 1894 to 1912, inclusive, and less than one year old, contained on an average 75.5 per cent of seeds capable of sprouting. A comparison of onion seed samples less than one year old witli samples more than one and less than four years old, showed a loss of vitality with tlie increasing age of the seed. Nineteen samples of Connecticut-grown onion seed separated into heavy and light seeds showed an increase in germination ranging from 2.5 to 36 per cent in favor of the heavy seed. HORTICULTURE. Report from the division of horticulture for the year ended March 31, 1915, W. T. Macoun et al. {Canada Expt. Farms lipts. 1915, pp. 581-611, 619- 673, 674-692, 69^-702, 70^-786, 71,1-71,6, 71,7-750, 751-759, 762-773, 774-786, 788- 795, 797-SOO, 803-813, 815-841, 842-846, 848-854, 855-863, pis. 12).— A detailed report on results secured in 1914 in the breeding, cultural, and variety experi- ments with fruits, vegetables, forest and ornamental trees, and herbaceous plants, conducted at the Central Farm, Ottawa, and at the various branch experimental farms and stations in Canada. A summary of the more important results has appeared pi'eviously in bulletin form (E. S. R., 33, p. 236). Analyses of sev- eral commercial brands of arsenate of lead are also included. [State insecticide and fungicide laws] (U. S. Dept. Agr., Insecticide and Fungicide Rd. Serv. and Rcguhttorij Announcement 13 (1916), pp. 101-152). — This comprises a compilation of state laws dealing with the manufacture and sale of insecticides and fungicides as amended to date. The subject matter is based upon publications and other information relating to such laws furnished to the Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board by state officials. The relation of fruit growing to soil fertility, R. C. Thompson (Arkansas Sta. Bui. 123 (1916), pp. 5-8).— In the spring of 1906 young peach and apple orchards were set out at the station, and data were collected annually for a period of nine years on the amount of plant food taken from the soil by in- dividual trees of the orchards. A total of 90 apple trees and 36 peach trees were analyzed during the experiment. The following table shows the total amount of plant food taken up by peach and apple trees for the production of wood and leaves, as well as an estimate of the amount of plant food that was returned to the soil by the dead leaves and other means during the nine years of the experiment. The data are calculated on a basis of 100 peach trees and 40 apple trees per acre. 72628°— 17 4 40 EXPEEIMEKT STATION RECORD. Losses in soil fertility per aI7J ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 days the hirds all hecame weak in the legs, ate sparingly, and gradually became comatose. They were all dead on the forty -sixth day. Pen 2 was fed wheat flour, best grade, baked, and inorganic phosphorus. The eggs were small and yolks white. Two birds died with the same symptoms as those in pen 1. Another bird recovered and laid eggs, but showed leg weakness. Pen 3 was fed ground wheat, baked in cakes. The eggs were normal, and, aside from one weakling, the birds remained healthy throughout the trial. Pen 4 was fed rice meal, baked in cakes. The eggs were small, the yolk almost white. One of the birds was attacked and eaten by her mates, having become too weak to defend herself. Her bones were very pliable. The others improved after eating their mate. Pen 5 was fed rice meal, baked, and inorganic phos- phorus. The eggs were small, the yolks very pale, but the birds stayed in good condition throughout the trial. Pen 6 was fed polished rice, boiled. The eggs were normal. The birds showed alternate periods of normal feeding and sick- ness. When feeding normally the droppings were very watery. Pen 7 was fed unpolished rice, boiled. The birds kept in good condition throughout, but the droppings were very watery. Pen 8 was fed cracked yellow corn, boiled. The eggs were very small but normal in color. The birds kept in fair condition, but the droppings were watery. Pen 9 was fed yellow corn meal, baked. The eggs were normal in size and color. One bird showed weakness in legs and trembling after 41 days, but twice made a temporary recovery. Pen 10 was fed corn meal, baked, and phosphorus. The eggs were normal and the birds kept in good condition throughout the trial. Pen 11 was fed a starvation allowance of corn, wheat, barley, oats, and peas. The eggs were normal and the birds were very hungry but were the most healthy and active of all the birds. Pen 12 received a normal quantity of corn, wheat, barley, oats, and peas. The eggs were normal and the birds kept in good condition all through the trial. The inorganic phosphorus used in the above trials consisted of equal portions, by weight, of ground phosphate rock and basic slag. This was sup- plied in very small quantities, but helped to keep the bii'ds in better condition when fed on rations normally low in this element. Even in a ration of corn meal, which is not so deficient in phosphorus as some other feeds, there was a marked difference in the condition of the birds. Boiled rice and boiled corn seemed to have about the same laxative effect on the birds. A large number of eggs were measured and weighed in order to find out what effect the extreme dimensions had upon the weight. It was found that an increase in length or width above the normal was not always accompanied by an increase in weight. It appears that the degree of tapering either at one or both ends has a greater influence on the comparative weight than either of the extreme dimensions. From records kept it is estimated that it costs 21.9 cts. to hatch and rear one duckling to three weeks of age. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — XV. Dwarf eg'gs, R. Peabl and Maynie R. Cubtis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re- search, 6 (1916), Ko. 25, pp. 977-1042, pis. 2, figs. 4).— This paper discusses (1) the different types of dwarf eggs in respect to shape and also in respect to contents; (2) the variability in respect to size and shape; (3) the interrela- tions of the variations in dimensions, shape, and size; (4) the frequency of the occurrence of dwarf eggs compared to normal eggs and of dwarf -egg producers compared to birds which do not lay dwarf eggs; (5) seasonal distribution of dwarf eggs; (6) dwarf-egg production by birds with normal and with abnormal oviducts; (7) the relation of dwarf -egg production by normal birds to the age of the bird and to the position of the egg in the clutch and litter; (S) physio- logical conditions which lead to dwarf -egg production; (9) the relation of the 74 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 production of dwarf eggs to other abnormal phenomena of reproduction wliich either occur in nature or liave been exi)erimentally produced; and (10) the contribution which the study of the physiology of dwarf-egg production makes to our knowledge of the normal physiology of egg production. The investiga- tions were made at the Maine Station from February, 1908, to February. 1916, during which time 298 dwarf eggs were known to have been produced at the poultry plant of the station. During the two years of maximum dwarf-egg production the ratio of dwarf eggs to normal eggs was 1 : 1,1.58. It was found that there were two distinct types of dwarf eggs in respect to their shape, the prolate-spheroidal type similar to the normal egg and the cylindrical type which is much longer in proportion to the breadth. Only 4.6 per cent of the eggs examined were of the cylindrical type. About two-thirds of the dwarf eggs examined contained yolk, which in the large majority of cases was not inclosed in a yolk membrane. A comparison of the mean egg size of the several groups of dwarf eggs confirmed the evi- dence obtained from a study of normal and multiple-yolked eggs (E. S. R., 31, p. J570) that the amount of yolk (or other nucleus) present in the oviduct is an important factor in determining the amount of albumin secreted in a given case. The correlations between yolk weight and egg weight and between yolk weight and albumin weight in dwarf eggs with small yolks were very high. Of the dwarf eggs collected during this investigation 70.8 per cent were laid dur- ing the five months from March 1 to July 31. The dwarf-egg production was also highest in proportion to the normal-egg production during the spring and early summer. It was found tliat the production of a dwarf egg is usually an isolated phe- nomenon ; that is, a bird usually produces only one such egg. The 2.51 dwarf eggs of known origin in these studies were laid by 200 birds. Of these 200 birds 178 produced 1 dwarf egg each, 15 produced 2 dwarf eggs each, 3 produced 3 dwarf eggs each, and 4 produced 4, 5, 8, and 17 dwarf eggs each, respectively. Most of these birds had a normal egg record, and the dwarf egg was preceded and followed by normal eggs. A study of all the egg records and the available autopsy records for birds which produced one or more dwarf eggs showed tliat in most cases the dis- turbance which caused the production of the dwarf eggs was of temporary char- acter and was not correlated with a morphological disturbance of the sex organs. The records of only 11 of the 200 birds showed evidence of a permanent disturbance of the egg-forming processes, and these 11 included all the cases where the bird produced more than three dwarf eggs, two that produced three, one that produced two, and four that produced only one dwarf egg. In these 11 cases few or no normal eggs were produced after the dwarf egg or eggs, although nesting records indicate that the ovary passed through normal re- productive cycles. Autopsies were made on five of these cases, and all of them showed some pathological condition of the oviduct which interfered with the passage of the egg, but did not entirely close the duct. Dwarf-egg production was found not to be associated with immaturity. Data on the position of the dwarf egg in the clutch and litter show that the dwarf eggs may be produced at any time during the laying period. Of 183 dwarf eggs produced by normal birds which completed the period of produc- tion during which the dwarf egg was laid, 8 were first and 11 were last eggs in their re.spective litters. "A dwarf egg may be overtaken by a normal egg and form one of the components of a compound egg similar to a double-yolked egg, except that one part is a dwarf egg. A dwarf egg, after it has received its membrane or its membi;ine and shell, may be returned up the duct and be in- cludetl in the succeeding normal egg, or it may act as the stimulus for the 1917] DAIRY FARMING -DAIRYING. 75 formation of a larger inclosing dwarf egg. Dwarf eggs are produced only when the ovary is in the absolutely active condition associated with the matur- ing of yolks. This is true whether the bird has a normal or pathological ovi- duct. When the sex organs are in this condition, a mechanical stimulation of the oviduct by an artificial yolk may result in the formation jf a complete set of egg envelopes." The Shoup oat sprouter, Mr. and Mes. G. R. Shoup (Washington Sta., West. WasJi. Sta. Mo. Bui, J, (1916), No. 6, pp. 12-20, fig. i),— In addition to notes on feeding sprouted oats and on oat sprouting devices for small flocks, directions are given for the construction and operation of an oat sprouter suitable for large flocks of laying hens. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Dairy cattle, E. S. Archibald et ax. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 39S-418, 4^6-473, pis. 8). — From experiments in feeding elevator screenings to dairy cattle it appears that ;;his material has a fair feeding value. The atti- tude of the individual cows to the screenings meal rations differed widely. Some showed little preference one for the other ; others ate only portions for a few days ; others refused it altogether, carefully cleaning up all the roughage with which the meal was fed and leaving practically all of the meal in the manger ; others, again, refused throughout the entire period all feed contain- ing screenings. With the exception, however, of certain animals that con- sistently refused the meal ration, the herd during the second week of the period, as a rule, consumed it cleanly. It would appear from these short tests that the value of screenings lies not in any palatability that it may add to a ration, and not conclusively in its power to produce, but rather in its cheapness. In experiments comparing tuinips and molasses for dairy cattle it was found that while the amouiit of roughage necessary to produce a pound of fat or milk is much lower where molasses is fed, the cost to produce, as figured on the values given, is increased when compared with the average results of the root- feeding periods, while the actual production of milk during the molasses- feeding period is slightly lower. In this experiment 254 lbs. of molasses, 5 lbs. of meal, and 6 lbs. of hay were equivalent to 1,890 lbs. of roots. It is con- cluded that while molasses may replace a part of the succulent ration, it can not wholly replace roots either from the standpoint of increased production or lessened cost. In an experiment comparing corn silage and molasses for dairy cattle it was found that 252 lbs. of molasses: was equivalent to 31 lbs. of meal, 20 lbs. of hay, and 1,039 lbs. of silage. It appeared that the replacing of 15 lbs. of silage with 4 lbs. of molasses resulted in an increase in milk production sufficient to offset the greater cost of the ration. Five lots of calves were fed with the following results : Lot 1, fed on whole milk, clover hay, and roots, made good gains at a cost of 14.15 cts. per pound of gain ; lot 2, fed on a home-mixed calf meal composed of ground oats, ground corn, and ground flax, 2:4:1, plus skim milk, clover hay, and roots, made gains costing 3.04 cts. per pound ; lot 3, fed a commercial calf meal as a water slop, plus clover hay and roots, but with no skim milk, made satisfactory gains at a cost of 2.36 cts. per pound ; lot 4, fed the same calf meal, skim milk, clover hay, and roots, made very satisfactory gains at a cost of 4.48 cts. per pound ; and lot 5, fed another commercial meal, skim milk, clover hay, and roots, made very satisfactory gains at a cost of 3.01 cts. per pound. Experiments with the milking machine showed that the cows did not ma- terially decrease in their milk flow. The quantity of strippings produced after 76 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 the milking machine was quite variable, averaging from 0.125 to 1 lb. per cow per milking. The hand-produced milk contained, as a rule, less than one-third the bacterial content of the machine-produced milk. No ill effects whatever on the cows' teats resulted from the use of the milking machine. Data are given on the cost of second-class Ayrshire heifers and first-class Guernsey heifers from birth to one year of age, also of Holstein heifers fi-om the time they were yearlings until they dropped their first calf. Four lots of calves were fed daily per head as follows: Lot 1, from 6 to 20 lbs. of whole milk, as needed; lot 2, from 10 to 20 lbs. of skim milk and a meal ration of oats, corn, and flax (all gi-ound), 2:4:1; lot 3, a calf meal and water ; lot 4, from 10 to 20 lbs. of skim milk and the calf meal. All the lots received hay and silage as required. They made average daily gains per calf of 1.91, 1.61, 0.87, and 1.6 lbs., at a cost per pound of gain of 9.32, 2.84, 12.33, and 5.42 cts., consuming per pound of gain 1.47, 1.47, 2.97, and 1.78 lbs. digestible matter for the respective lots. Experiments were conducted to determine the best quantities of gi-ain to be fed. All of the cows received the same quantity of roughage, hay, silage, and swedes. Two of them ate as much grain as they could clean up, which was about 1 lb. per 2.5 lbs. of milk; two others received 1 lb. of meal to 4 lbs. of milk ; and the last two received 1 lb. of meal per 8 lbs. of milk. The results in- dicated that the cows which had the unlimited quantities of meal gave the most profit. An experiment was tried in ensiling green alfalfa with corn. The two were not mixed, but were put in by the wagonload, in the proportion of one load of alfalfa to two of corn. The weight of the corn packed the alfalfa thoroughly, and its juices permeated it so that the alfalfa kept as well as the corn. It came out in excellent condition and was eaten with great relish by the cattle. Ten lots of cows were fed as follows : Lots 1 and 3, peas and oats as silage ; lots 2, 4, 6, and 8, peas and oats as green feed ; lot 5, timothy hay ; lot 7, turnips and straw; lot 9, prairie hay; and lot 10, corn silage. All the lots receiving in addition the ordinary grain ration. Judged from the standpoint of the cost to produce 1 lb. of butter the various fodders tested rated as follows: Peas and oats as silage ; peas and oats as green feed ; corn silage ; turnips and straw ; wild hay ; and timothy hay. Peas and oats kept well as silage. Fifteen head of cows were fed during four periods of 10 weeks each a ration composed of wheat bran, brewers' grains and oil cake, 5:5:2, and during two other periods, the same ration except that soy bean cake replaced the oil cake. They produced per cow per day 21.21 and 20.49 lbs. of milk having an average fat content of 3.17 and 3.09 per cent, consuming per pound of fat produced 10.9.") and ll.GS lbs. of feed, and costing per pound of fat produced 35 and 36 cts., respectively. It appears that the linseed oil cake gave slightly the better results. When cacao husks were fed in addition to a grain ration of brewers' grains and wheat bran, in the proportion of 2:5:5, the flow of milk decreased over 2 lbs. per day per cow, and the yield of fat was less. Although the total cost of the feed was less when the husks were fed the cost to produce a pound of milk or fat was increased. Sixteen cows fed during two periods on corn silage and during another period on clover silage in addition to an ordinary grain ration, produced during the first two periods 19.61 lbs. and during the second period, 18..53 lbs. of milk per cow per day, having a fat content of 3.33 and 3.4 per cent, respectively, and costing to produce a pound of milk 1.12 tmd 1.14 cts. From the results of the foregoing experiments it is recommended that Unseed oil meal be fed in preference to soy-bean meal, even when combined with nitrog* 19171 DAISY FARMIliTQ DAIEYING. 77 enous feeds, such as wheat bran and dried brewers' grains. If cacao-bean husks could be purchased cheaply they could be used to a limited extent to re- place higher-priced grains in a succulent ration. If clover is cut when in bloom and properly made into silage it is a valuable form of winter feed for dairy cows. Three lots of calves were fed as follows, in addition to a grain ration : Lot 1, linseed oil meal ; lot 2, a commercial calf meal ; and lot 3, skim milk. These calves made average daily gains per calf of 1.325, 1.038, and 1.39 lbs., at a cost per pound of gain of 8.23, 11.6, and 7.13 cts. Cow records pay {North Carolina Sta. Circ. SS, folio, figs. 7). — Methods of keeping dairy records are explained, and a milk and feed record sheet is given. Studies on the creaming ability of milk, B. W. Hammer {loiva Sta. Re- search Bui. 31 {1916), pp. 67-91, figs. 5). — The author found in these studies that wide variations exist in the creaming ability of various lots of milk and accordingly in the cream equivalents of 1 per cent fat. The individuality of the animal is an important factor from the standpoint of the creaming ability of milk as are also the stage of lactation of the animal and the breed. "The temperature at which milk is held influences very materially the depth of the cream layer throwTi up. low temperatures giving deeper cream layers than high temperatures. For the development of a deep cream layer on milk the milk should be held at as low a temperature as possible, although this tem- perature should be above the freezing point of milk. At ice-water temperature, in general, a deep cream layer is first formed and this gradually contracts as the milk stands. At room temperature. In general, a shallow cream layer is first formed and this increases as the milk stands. Commonly a definite cream layer is evident at room temperature earlier than at ice-water temperature. With the milk from individual animals low temperatures occasionally prevent the development of a definite cream layer. The original temperature ordinarily has little influence on the creaming ability of milk. " Continued creaming tends to decrease the creaming ability of milk, although occasionally increases are observed. Continued creaming also decreases the distinctne.ss of the cream layer. Agitation at ordinary temperatures does not necessarily decrease the creaming ability of milk and occasionally there is a slight increase. Clarification consistently causes a slight decrease in the creaming ability of milk, but this decrease is too small to be of any practical importance. Running milk through a separator and then mixing the cream and skim milk commonly causes a slight decrease in the depth of the cream layer developing on milk ; the rate of the rising of the cream is also decreased. Wide variations are, however, encountered in the effect of separation on milk. " Viscogen commonly increases the depth of the cream layer on milk and sometimes this increase is an enormous one ; wide variations are, however, evident in the effect of a certain amount of viscogen. The use of viscogen to improve the creaming ability of milk can not be considered a legitimate method of increasing the depth of the cream layer. The addition of egg white com- monly causes a slight decrease in the depth of the cream layer. "A change in temperature influences the depth of the cream layer on creamed milk. With bottles a decrease in temperature increa.'^es the depth of the cream layer and an increase in temperature decreases it. With tubes a decrease in temperature increases the cream layer but an increase in temperature f»ause9 only a slight decrease which may be due simply to continued holding. " In general, efficient pasteurization decreases the cream layer of milk. This decrease need not be a serious one If the pasteurization is properly carried out and the milk is properly held after pasteurization. 78 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 " Homogenized milk does not give a definite cream layer. " Wide variations in the effect of the various factors on the creaming ability of millj are observed and are undoubtedly due, in part at least, to differences in the milk used." The creamery and testers' license law. Report of the work for the year ended March 31, 1916, O. F. Hunziker and G. L. Ogle {Indiana Sta. Circ. 55 (1916), pp. 36, figs. 4). — This circular gives rules and regulations governing the enforcement of the Indiana creamery and testers' license law, results of inspec- tion under the law during the year, notes on the testing of cream, notes on the location, construction, equipment, and operation of cream stations, and lists of licensed testers and plants for the year. Effects of binders upon the melting and hardness of ice cream, C. W. HoLDAWAY and R. R. Reynolds {Virginia Sta. Bui. 211 {1916), pp. 19, figs. 7). — The experiment reported in this bulletin dealt with the relative value of some of the common binders and fillers from the standpoint of hardness and heat resistance of the ice cream and also the additional effect of varying percentages of fat when used with the same. Series of samples of ice cream from 8, 19, and 30 per cent creams were frozen in a gallon hand freezer and made into brick 3 by 4.5 by 4 in. The brick were packed in ice and salt and allowed to harden for 12 hours, all the brick con- taining a given percentage of fat being made from the same cream and packed in the same ice and salt. The formula for the plain or control ice cream in each series was 1 gal. of cream, 53 cc. of vanilla, and 10.5 oz. of sugar. The filler ice creams were made with each kind of cream using this basal formula and 0.4 oz. of gelatin, 1 oz. of gelatin, 0.4 oz. gum tragacanth, and 0.4 oz. of cooked starch, respectively, per gallon. At the end of the hardening period the value of each filler was determined. The apparatus used for determining the hardness of the brick is illustrated and described. The hardness was ascertained by measuring the penetration of needles of different diameters which were let fall from a constant distance (100 mm.) and upon which a known weight was acting. This work was done in a cold storage room at 0° C. The brick was then removed to a room having a temperature of 25*. Bacli brick was taken out of its mold, placed upon wooden blocks, and reduced to a standard weight of 500 gm. Weights were taken each hour for four hours to show the amount of melting. The hardness of the different kinds of 8 and 19 per cent creams ranked in the following order from hard to soft: (1) Cream containing 1 oz. of gelatin, (2) 0.4 oz. of gelatin, (3) corn starch, (4) gum tragacanth, and (5) the con- trol cream. The different 8 per cent creams ranked the same as the above in melting resistance. The hardness of the 30 per cent creams and the melting resistance of the 19 per cent and 30 per cent creams also ranked the same as the above, except that the control cream ranked fourth, and the gum tragacanth filler cream fifth. Ice cream without filler from 8 and 19 per cent creams was about equal In hardness, while that from 30 per cent cream was much softer. The melting resistance increased with the percentage of fat, especially between 8 and 19 per cent. With ice cream containing gelatin, the hardest and most heat- resistant cream was that with a medium percentage of fat and a large amount of gelatin. Gum tragacanth was found to produce a smooth, soft cream. As the percentage of fat increased with this filler, the power to resist pressure and heat decreased. Corn starch as a filler compared favorably with gelatin, but the starch cream was more granular than the gelatin cream. 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79 A few recipes ai'e given for making ice cream, together with directions for the preparation of ingredients in ice-cream making and freezing the cream. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Third annual report of the commissioner of animal industry for the year ended November 30, 1914, F. F. Walker {Ann. Rpt. Comr. Anini. Indus. [Mass.], 3 {1914), PP- 38). — This reports upon the occurrence of and control work with diseases of animals during the year. Fourth annual report of the commissioner of animal industry for the year ended November 30, 1915, L. H. Howabd {Ann. Rpt. Comr. Anim. Inaus. [Mass.], 4 {1915), pp. 62). — The usual annual report. [Report of the] department of veterinary science and bacteriology, W. B. Mack {Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 1^-19). — In inoculation experiments con- ducted with equine anemia in an effort to determine whether or not it is transmissible conflicting and inconclusive results were obtained. The thera- peutic work also gave negative results. In a flock of 22 fowls in which an outbreak of chicken cholera occurred the disease was promptly checked through the injection of killed cultures of chicken cholera bacilli. In a flock of 63 birds injected twice, eight days apart, the disease was also checked, 19 having died between the treatments. Refer- ence is made to work with contagious epithelioma in chickens, bulletins on which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 189; 35, p. 885). An acute disease of cattle, usually fatal, occurs in certain valleys close to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, extending along these mountains for a distance of about 150 miles. Investigations conducted have led to the conclusion that it is probably hemorrhagic septicemia. The outbreak of rabies in neighboring States spread into northern Nevada in April, 1915. Brief reference is made to fatty degeneration of the muscles in suckling lambs in a small band of pure-bred Hampshire sheep. A study of soy bean hay, A. C. Whittiek {Delaware Sta. Bui. 112 {1916), pp. S-18). — During the course of a feeding period of sheep and cattle in which soy-bean hay was used as a roughage much trouble was experienced in that the young animals were delivered in a weak and feeble condition which made their raising difficult, if at all possible. The trouble was abated by substituting corn fodder, hay, and silage for the soy-bean hay. This condition was deemed prob- ably due to some constituent of the soy-bean hay, and a chemical study of the material was therefore made. The regular feeding-stuff analysis reported does not differ in any respect from those usually reported, except in the percentage of nitrogen-free extract, which was somewhat higher. On analysis the ash was found to have the fol- lowing percentage composition: Silica, 2.3; sulphur (from ash), 0.23; sulphur (wet oxidation), 0.25; sulphur soluble in 2 per cent hydrochloric acid, 0.15; phosphorus (total), 0.37; phosphorus (inorganic), 0.08; calcium, 1.21; mag- nesium, 0.48 ; potassium, 2.24 ; iron, 0.14 ; and aluminum, 0.1. The various forms of carbohydrate and nitrogenous materials present were also determined. Examination of ligroin, ether, chloroform, and alcohol extracts showed vola- tile oils, glucosids, and alkaloids to be absent, thus excluding these substances as possible toxic agents of the hay. Hydrolyses of the hay were made with water, 1, 5, 10, and 25 per cent sul- phuric acid, 2 per cent sodium hydroxid, and 20 per cent hydrochloric acid, the last-named being found the best hydrolytic agent. A determination of the nitrogen distribution of the hydrolyzed material according to the Van Slyke 80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3« procedure (E. S. R., 26, p. 22) yielded the following figures: Ammonia, 7.61; melanin, 4.95; arginin, 5.81; cystin, 1.17; histidln, 8.29; lysin, 3.46; amino (in filtrate from bases), 37.3; and nonamino (in filtrate from bases), 11.17. It is indicated that the results do not show anything unfavorable in regard to the hydrolytic products of the soy-bean hay. A substance soluble in 70 to 80 per cent alcohol and water was obtained from an alcoholic extract of the hay by precipitation with basic lead acetate. It was toxic for guinea pigs when fed with the food or injected subcutaneously. An extract obtained from alfalfa hay by a similar procedure had no effect when injected subcutaneously into a medium-sized guinea pig, thus indicating the material to be specific for soy-bean hay. The material obtained from the ex- tract contained 19.35 per cent dry matter and 0.3 per cent nitrogen. A deter- mination of the nitrogen distribution of the material was made, but was only partially successful. Studies on antibodies. — I, Analyses and nitrogen distribution of a number of antisera, B. J. Banzhaf, K. SucnjKA, and K. G. Falk (Collected Studies Bur. Lab. Dept. Health N. Y. City, 8 (1914-15), pp. 2i5-222).— Analytical data on the hydrogen-ion concentration, moisture, ash, phosphorus pentoxid, and nitro- gen of the following antisera are submitted in tabular form, together with the formol titrations : Anti-diphtheria globulin, anti-tetanus globulin, anti-tetanus serum, anti-streptococcus serum, anti-gonococcus serum, anti-meningococcus serum, and normal serum. Data obtained from the analysis of normal serum, tetanus globulin, diph- theria globulin. Hartley's whole protein, euglobulln (ammonium sulphate method), and euglobulin (Panum's method) by the Van Slyke procedure (E. S. R., 26. p. 22) are also reported. No very marked differences in the composition of the different preparations were found. The only points to which attention is called are the higher values for cystin of the tetanus and diphtheria globulins. The intrapalpebral mallein test, Goodall (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 28 (1915), No. 4, pp. 281-297, figs. >}).— The results of the tests of a large num- ber of military horses in Southwest Africa, together with the post-mortem findings of a number of the animals, are reported. The Intrapalpebral test is deemed a safe and reliable method in the diagnosis of glanders and far superior to the ordinary subcutaneous procedure. The advantages claimed for it over the classical subcutaneous method are sum- marized as follows: Clinical cases give constant reactions to this method. Animals which had given double reactions to the subcutaneous test reacted to this method even during the height of the subcutaneous temperature curve. Doubtful reactors to the subcutaneous test can be retested by this method, and give reactions immediately afterward. Certain animals which have failed to react to the subcutaneous test, or which could not be tested by it on account of other dis- eases and high temperatures, can be tested by this method, and react if glan- dered. A safe diagnosis can be made on the local reaction alone. The local reaction is more delicate, and doubtful reactions are extremely rare. In ordi- nary cases temperature, local, and ophthalmic reactions can be obtained by one injection. Mules react to this test as readily as horses. The reliability of cell proliferative changes in the diagnosis of rabies, J. B. Hardenbergh and B. M. Underhill (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., ^9 (1916), No. 5, pp. 66S-668, pis. S). — Investigations made of a large number of cases of suspected rabies have led to the conclusion that Negri-like bodies may occur in smear and section preparations from brains of animals dead from other causes than rabies and also in association with Negri bodies in 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81 such preparations from rabid brains, but that true Negri bodies are only present in the central nervous tissue of animals which were suffering from rabies at the time of their death. Experimental epidemiology in tuberculosis, A. Distaso (Jour. Infect. Dis- eases, 19 (1916), No. 4, PP- 62S-6S7). — Experiments are reported from which the author concludes that guinea pigs can become infected through contact. The infectivity follows a curve which is nil at the beginning of the infection, in- creases gradually to the highest point, and is afterward no longer dangerous. " It seems that at the beginning of the process few tubercle bacilli are ex- creted, with which the new contact can easily deal and acquire a kind of resist- ance which preserves the animal when the excretion is at its acme; but, as soon as the infection goes on and the microbes swarm in the body, then massive doses are excreted. By this time the new contact is powerless to cope at once with this large quantity, and therefore the pathogenic process establishes itself, and this is made worse by the daily absorption of great quantities of virus." This condition arose between the ninth and the thirty-third day after the infection. ''After this period a puzzling condition was observed. The guinea pigs no longer contracted the disease. It was assumed that at about this time the process of the encapsulation of the lesions began. Up to this time the virus had been wandering in the organism ; after that period the organism had the power to form around the virus a wall which only let through the toxin, and perhaps a few microbes, or none, were excreted. Then the contacts could no longer be infected." Some experimental data to substantiate the fact that the channel of infection in tuberculosis in guinea pigs is chiefly through the nose are submitted. The relation of the results of the experimental study to the epidemiology of human tuberculosis is indicated. A method of producing antigen for complement fixation in tuberculosis, H. R. MiLLEB and H. Zinsser (Proc. N. T. Path. 8oc., n. ser., 16 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 28-SO). — The authors have prepared an antigen for complement fixation in tuberculosis by grinding a weighed amount of bacillary substance with salt and subsequent suspension in distilled water until isotonicity is obtained. The antigen so prepared is not anticomplementary in quantities as high as 1 cc, and has given positive fixation in quantities as low as 0.02 cc. The fate of the mammalian tuberculosis bacillus in sparrows and chickens, L. Van Es and A. F. Schalk (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 4, pp. 614- 627). — The authors at the North Dakota Experiment Station have observed that birds (common sparrows and chickens) into which mammalian tuberculosis bacilli are introduced, either by ingestion or by inoculation, die in a highly emaciated state, but are almost entirely free from any gross lesions character- istic of the disease. The birds were found to retain the organisms for long periods with their pathogenic characteristics fully preserved. It is indicated from the results that it is possible that birds may serve as Intermediary carriers and transmitters of mammalian tuberculosis. The results confirm in part similar observations made by Auclair * in pigeons. Bovine tuberculosis, C. M. Haeinq (California Sta. Circ. 155 (1916), pp. 19). — This circular discusses the subject under the general topics of suscepti- bility, symptoms, etiology, modes of infection, methods of detection (intra- dermal, ophthalmic, and subcutaneous tuberculin reactions), Indications for use and limitations of the various methods, and control and suppression of the disease. »Arch. M6d. Expt. et Anat. Path. [Paris], 1. sec, 9 (1897), No. 3, pp. 277-281. 82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Quasi-continuous temperature records in healthy and tuberculosus bovine animals, especially in relation to the tuberculin test, P. C. V. .Tones and G. S. WooDHEAD (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 28 (1915), No. 4, pp. SS7-S57, figs. 16). — The authors describe in detail a specially constructed apparatus for ob- taining continuous temperature records in bovines. The apparatus consists essentially of a modified platinum electrical resistance thermometer encased ia a silver tube with the coil connected by means of comparatively heavy flexible leads composed of a series of strands of copper wire to the Wheatstone bridge, on which the resistance (and temperature) is measured by means of the deflec- tion of a galvanometer. A .special harness for holding the thermometer in place so that the animal is free to assume any position has also been devised and is described. Normal (winter and summer), pre-tuberculin period, post-tuberculin period, and late post-tuberculin period temperatures taken in the vagina by the appa- ratus described are submitted in graphical form. The diastase in the saliva of the ox, C. C. Palmer (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 41 (1916), No. 4, pp. 483-491). — From experiments conducted at the veterinary research laboratories at the Minnesota Experiment Station it is concluded that the saliva of the ox contains a starch-splitting enzym or enzyms, the amount varying in individuals and at different times in the same individual. This enzym (or enzyms) is not a specific constituent of the saliva, but comes from the blood, which contains the same or similar enzyms in much higher concentra- tion. The enzyms are destroyed when subjected to a temperature of about 65° C. for 1 minute. The enzym (or enzyms) is deemed to be unimportant so far as digestive ability is concerned. An attempt to use pilocarpin hypodermically to stimulate salivary secretion was unsuccessful on account of the diastatic power of the pilocarpin on the starch. The procedure used in the experiments described was to irrigate the mouth with water or a dilute solution of acetic acid followed by inhalations of strong acetic acid. The blood serum used was obtained by bleeding from the jugular vein in the usual manner. A simple method of obtaining serum for the agglutination test from cattle suspected to be suffering from contagious abortion, L. E. W. Bevan (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 28 (1915), No. 4, pp. 277-280, figs. 2).— A tube for collecting blood for serological work which has been found to be superior to the usual pipettes used is described. For preserving blood samples which are to be sent some distance for exami- nation a preservative containing 3 gm. of boric acid and 0.9 gm. of sodium chlorld in 100 cc. of distilled water was found to yield satisfactory results. If it was desired to prevent coagulation the pre.servative solution described, but containing in addition 3 gm. of sodium citrate, was used. The death and expulsion of the immature fetus as a standard for measur- ing the prevalence of cattle abortion, W. L. Williams (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1916), No. 1, pp. 29-40). — A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Detroit, Mich., August 22, 1916. The outlook for the control of cattle abortion, W. L. Williams (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 49 (1916), No. 2, pp. 199-217).— A further discussion of this subject (E. S. R., 34. p. .*586). Case reports of lymphangitis in cattle caused by an acid-alcoholic-fast organism, .T. Tkatim (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 49 (1916). No. 2, pp. 254-257. pi. 1). — lleports are given of cases of lymphangitis of cattle which showed the 1917J VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 presence of acid-fast organisms that are more closely related to the streptothrix than are the mammalian tubercle bacilli. The liver fluke disease, its treatment and control, J. Mabek {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 32 (1916), Nos. 7, pp. 75-77; S, pp. 85-90, figs. 4; 9, pp. 97-101, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Amcr. Vet. Med. Assoc, 49 {1016), No. 4, pp. 534, 535). — Tests were made of a number of bactericidal and parasiticidal substances thought to be taken up by the intestine and returned in the bile, but in all cases (steers and sheep) the flukes remained alive. Successful results, however, were obtained from the use of karaala and its preparations, either kamala depuratum or kamala veuale being satisfactory. Fifteen gm. administered in two doses at 12 to 24 hour intervals to yearlings and older sheep, or divided into five doses for weak ones, were found to destroy the flukes in from three to eight days. The treatment of cattle with kamala was beneficial but not so satisfactory as in sheep. The abstract is by M. C. Hall. Investigation into "louping-ill " or " trembling," J. I'. M'Gowan {Edinr burgh: William Blackwood d Sons, 1915, pp. 51). — " Louping-ill or trembling, according to the view propounded here, is divisible into two groups, true louping-ill and pseudolouping-ill. True louping-ill (which includes staggers or stomach staggers of hill farms and arable farms) is divisible into several varieties, as mentioned in tlie text. Specially, according to the view expressed here, does it include braxy or sickness and grass sickness, which are held to be the very acute forms of the disease. The disease milk sickness in lambs is considered also to be a variety of this same disease. . . . " These diseases are considered to be essentially of the same nature, in that they are held to be caused by the same organism, Bacillus bipolaris septicus ovium. Epidemiological! y they are considered to be different, in that while braxy is usually produced by eating rapidly large quantities of succulent mate- rial covered with hoar frost, true louping-ill in most of its varieties is con- sidered to be caused chiefly by exposure to extreme degrees of temperature within a short interval. Milk sickness is considered to be in a restricted degree caused by contagion. The grass tick is held to be responsible for the produc- tion of the bulk of the cases of pseudolouping-ill. Navel-ill, with its attendant joint-ill, contributes some cases, while aggravated wool-ball, injuries, etc., add a few to the sum total included in this term. A discussion on possible means of prevention and treatment is embodied in the text." Additional notes on pathological lesions of pigs fed rice meal, S. Hadwen (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 573, 574)- — This is an amplification of the findings reported the previous year (E. S. R., 33, p. 775). The author's view that toxins are responsible for the lesions encountered, expressed la the previous report, is said to have been supported b^' subsequent examinations, although incomplete nutrition is the primary cause of the disease. He finds that as a result of malnutrition the alimentary tract does not function normally and toxic products are absorbed into the system. Four pigs which received phos- phorus in addition to rice meal and grew well furnished a striking contrast to others which received no phosphorus, the latter having developed a neuritis and lost the use of their limbs. Notes on the occurrence of petechial hemorrhages in the larynx and kid- neys in hog cholera, H. P. Hoskins {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 49 {1916), No. 4, pp. 478-483, fig. 1 ) . — " If we are to continue classifying hog cholera in the group of septicemic diseases, and accept the hemorrhagic lesions found in the kidneys, lymph nodes, intestines, bladder, lungs, etc., as a part of the pathological picture of this disease, the hemorrhages found in the mucous 84 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 lyembrane of the larynx should also be considered along with the other lesions mentioned. " Hemorrhagic laryngitis has been found in about three-fourths of a series of 500 pigs, killed subsequent to inoculation with hog-cholera virus, these hemor- rhagic lesions being in evidence most regularly in those animals killed and autopsied eight to eleven days after inoculation. In view of the fact that petechial hemorrhages in the kidneys occur in a number of diflferent patho- logical conditions, veterinarians should be cautious about basing a diagnosis on this lesion alone, even though this lesion does appear in a very large percentage of cases of hog cholera due to the filterable virus." Observations on 2,800 pigs inoculated with hog-cholera virus, H. P. HosKiNs {Jour. Amer. Yet. Med. Assoc, 49 {1916), No. 6, pp. 817-829, fig. 1).— Observations and experiments on 2,S00 pigs inoculated for the production of hog-cholera virus at the Minnesota state serum plant over a period of approxi- mately two years are reported. Of the pigs inoculated 390 (13.9 per cent) failed to succumb to the infection, and their reactions varied between wide limits, indicating all grades of sus- ceptibility and immunity to hog cholera. No pig survived a temperature higher than 107.4° F. Only 8 per cent of the pigs weighing between 40 and 50 lbs. survived the inoculation, thus indicating the greatest .susceptibility at this weight. Pigs weighing between 50 and 60 lbs. at the time of inoculation showed the greatest resistance. The resistance was found to slowly decrease, however, as the pigs became heavier. Pigs which failed to succumb reached the height of their reaction most frequently on the sixth day. Animals which died or were killed when moribund reached the height of their reaction most frequently on the seventh day. A virus was obtained (" fixed virus ") which could be depended upon to bring pigs down on the eighth day with a fair degree of regularity by frequent passages of a strain of virus through susceptible pigs an17] MISCELLANEOUS. 97 forester, and to the rapidly decreasing demand in the past four years for pi'ofessionally trained men. While more than 50 institutions have within the p:ist 15 years developed more or less work in forestry education below the grade of full professional training, it is stated that it has largely been without definite aim and poorly suited to the real needs of the country, very little of it even approaching the requirements of the ideal vocational school. In order to best conserve the purposes of forestry education in the United States the author thinks at least two-thirds of the money now expended on professional training could be better spent in the instruction of the public through the organization of institutes, field demonstrations, and similar methods that have been found so effective in agriculture, and in the organization of vocational schools for the training of young men in the art of forestry practice. It is his opinion tliat the progress made in the actual conduct of forestry operations in the woods must center in a large number with some training rather than full professional training, whose knowledge of forestry is chiefly confined to the art of forestry so far as it concerns their own locality, and who do not look for and should not expect a wage beyond which the operations justify. A bibliography of forestry education is appended. MISCELLANEOUS. Thirty-ninth Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1915 (Connecti- nit State Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 6, pp. XVI). — This contains the organization list, a report of the board of control, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1915. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1915 (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 56, figs. 5). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work of the station, departmental reports, the experimental work in which is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, lOlo. Report of the Canada Experimental Farms, 1915 {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1915, pp. 1229, pis. 97). — Volume 1 of this report contains the report of the director, including general notes, meteorological data, and synopses of the work of the various divisions, branch farms, stations and substations, and reports of the divisions of chemistry, field husbandry, and animal husbandry. Volume 2 contains reports from the divisions of horticulture, cereals, botany, bees, forage plants, poultry, and tobacco. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 9, pp. 257-288, figs. 19). — This contains several articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue ; Three Important Internal Parasites of Sheep, by D. C. Mote, an abridgment of Bulletin 280 (E. S. R., 33. p. 279) ; and the following special articles : The use of the Score Card in Potato Judging, by S. N. Green ; and Identification of Clover Teaf Tyer, by H. A. Gossard. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation ( Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui, 4 (1916), No. 6, pp. 20, figs. 2).— This number con- tains brief articles on the following subjects : Canning Vegetables by the Cold- pack Process, by T. J. Newbill ; Strawberries in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl; Seeding and Management of Grass Land, by E. B. Stookey : and The Shoup Oat Sprouter, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup (see p. 75). A handy field and laboratory binocular magnifier, R. S. Woglum (Jour. Econ. Ent., 9 (1916), No. 3, pp. 370, 371, fig. 1). NOTES. Florida ITniversity and Station. — O. W. Weaver has been appointed agri- cultural editor. Indiana Station. — D. F. Mattson has resigned as assistant in creamery in- spection to become inspector in marliet milk work at the University of Wis- consin, vice A. C. Baer, whose resignation has been previously noted. Maine Station.— William R. Rich and Walter W. Webber, assistant chemists, have resigned to accept commercial positions. Elmer R. Tobey, formerly assist- ant chemist, has been reappointed to that position. Maryland College. — Plans have been approved by the building committee for the new agricultural building, for which $175,000 was appropriated by the last legislature. A three-story and basement structure, with a front wing 200 by 68 feet, connected by an enclosed bridge with an auditorium seating about 1,000 people, and this in turn connected with a rear wing of the same dimen- sions as the front, is contemplated. The front wing is to be used for offices and classrooms and the rear wing for stock judging and exhibitions and experi- mental work. It is hoped that the structure will be ready for use next fall. Evening courses in various branches of agriculture are being offered, includ- ing special work in bee keeping, poultry raising, and fruit growing for sub- urban residents of Washington, D. C. College credit is to be given for these courses so fai as practicable, with a system of certificates showing all work completed. Massachusetts College and Station. — Rudolph W. Ruprecht, Ph. D., resigned as assistant chemist in the station December 1, 1916, to engage in commercial work. Arnold 1*. Sturtevant, Ph. D., assistant in veterinary science, resigned on the same date to accept a position in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and has been succeeded by Dr. A. C. Edwards, whose time will be divided equally between the college and station. John B. Smith has been appointed a?'Sistant chemist in the section of foods and feeding, beginning October 1, 1916, and Miss Grace B. Nutting, curator in the department of botany, be- ginning .January 1. Minnesota University. — Dr. George E. Vincent has resigned as president to become head of the Rockefeller Foundation, beginning May 15. Harvey M. Bush, farmers' club specialist in the extension department, died December 15, 1916, at the age of 33 years. The school of agriculture at Crookston is offering two scholarships at $100 each and 10 at $125 each, four of the latter scholarships being awarded as prizes to prospective students in contests in corn and potato growing, bread making, and pig raising. A special loan fund for students is also provided by a committee of citizens of Crookston. Missouri ITniversity and Station. — E. R. Spence, extension assistant in veterinary science, has resigned to become superintendent of live-stock experi- ments at the Texas Station, and has been succeeded by Dr. John S. McDaniel, previously assistant professor of veterinary science in the Michigan CoUega 98 1917] NOTES. 99 Other recent appointments include F, C. Fenton, previously extension assistant in agricultural engineering in the Iowa College, as extension assistant pro- fessor of agricultural engineering, and Mark J. Smith, previously assistant animal husbandman in the Kentucky Station, as extension instructor in animal husbandry. Montana Station.— R. A. Studhalter, research fellow in the Missouri Botanical Garden, has been appointed assistant in botany and bacteriology. Nebraska TTniversity and Station. — H. D. Landis, of Seward, has been elected to the board of regents, succeeding W. G. Whitmore. P. L. Hall has been reelected to the board. O. B. Lee has resigned as professor of animal husbandry and animal husband- man to accept a commercial position, this taking effect December 1, 1916. New Hampshire College and Station. — W. L. Doran, graduate assistant in botany at the Massachusetts College, has been appointed instructor of botany and assistant botanist. New Mexico College and Station. — F. W. Christeusen has resigned as nutrition chemist to become professor of animal nutrition at the North Dakota College, and has been succeeded by J. D. Huncorford. C. I. Depuy, of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been appointed extension secretary, vice C. P. Wilson resigned November 15, 1916, to become secretary and editor for the station. North Carolina College. — The division of home economics reports that 3,731 girls and 2,864 women, engaged in canning work in 44 counties, have filled a total of 680,551 containers at a profit of $88,383.96. Twenty-seven scholarships have also been awarded in schools and colleges and 105 girls are paying their way either wholly or in part through their canning club work. The girls have also been active in making caps and dresses during the winter months and in starting winter gardens, which are a new thing for the South. Twenty-five dairy schools have recently been held in the western part of North Carolina by members of the college staff and others are being arrangeil for. Ohio State University. — P. B. Potter has been appointed instructor in agri- cultural engineering. Oregon College and Station. — At the Third Annual Horticultural Show, held November 3 and 4, 1916, a 40 by 60 foot floor map of the United States, laid in green moss with the State boundaries marked in gray moss, was used to give a graphic representation of the pomological products of each State. Apples from 30 States were exhibited in variety groups, showing variations due to the soil and climatic conditions where grown. Competitive exhibits of fruits, grown by graduates of the college and by students now in attendance, were also shown. In the vegetable garden section, broccoli, Oregon's new $25,000 winter crop, was given special prominence, while chrysanthemums formed the main feature of the floral display. The entire show was staged in a replica of the Tudor Gardens of England. The annual winter short course began January 8 and closed February 2. One of its unique features was an apple packing school to instruct orchardists who will make their flrst commercial shipments of apples this year. A con- siderable number of new commercial orchards will come into bearing this season for which no expert packing help may be available. The First Annual Northwest Grain Convention was held at the college January 3 to 5 in connection with the farmers' and homemakers' week. The bulk handling of grain was the special subject considered, farmers, dealers, shippers, and transportation men participating in the discussion. 100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 A farm engine exhibit and demonstration was lield by the farm mechanics department during the first two weelcs of January. A. L. Lovett, acting entomologist and associate professor of entomology, has been appointed entomologist with the rank of professor. G. R. Hyslop has been appointed collaborator in charge of the seed-testing laboratory, conducted jointly by the college and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, with Miss Norma Waddell as the official seed tester. Pennsylvania College and Station. — I. D. Wilson, D. V. M., has been appointed instructor and assistant in animal husbandry, G. A. Meckstroth assistant in botany, L. P. McCann assistant in animal husbandry, and A. L. Beam instructor and assistant in dairy husbandry. Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — W. H. Matthews, a 1916 grad- uate in agriculture of the college, has been appointed assistant. loito Rico College. — A revised course of study has been authorized by the chancellor of the university. This consists of a four years' subcollegiate course which provides sufficient technical work so that the collegiate work can be completed in three years. It is thus modeled on the general plan of polytechnic institutes that admit students to the sophomore classes of colleges. It is stated that the full course now ranks with that offered by the stronger American agricultural colleges. The enrollment has reaclK J 225, a decided increase over previous years. Special opportunity is being offered students desiring to prepare themselves for work in tropical countries. The classes are conducted in English, but Spanish is usually quickly acquired as it is spoken by the students. Short courses are also being offered to rural teachers. A new science building of 10 rooms has been completed and occupied. The new dairy laboratory is also completed. Recent appointments include H. T. Cowles in horticulture, Dr. .Taime Bague in animal husbandry, and Dr. R. I. Garton in zoologj' and entomology. Utah College and Station. — Dr. E. G. Titus, professor of entomology and entomologist, has resigned to accept a position with the U. S. Department of Agriculture in connection with its sugar-beet investigations in Utah and Idaho. National Congress of Horticulture.— Following a meeting called by the Ameri- can Pomological Society, a National Congress of Horticulture was organized at Washington, D. G., in Novonihei-. 1916, to serve as a central clearing house of horticultural interests. Active membership is to consist of delegates ap- pointe Tu8kegee Station: Twiktgtt IntlUute; 0. W. Carver.' ALASKA— 5«Jko: C. C. Oeorgeson." Aebona— Tutton: G, F. Freeman.' hssJMSKS—FayeUevUle: M. Nelson.* CKUtovsu.— Berkeley: T. F, Hont.l Colorado— Jbrt CoIUm: C. P. Gillette." Connecticut— State Station: New Eaven;\^ h. Jenklns.J Storrs Station: Storrt: i Delawabe— iVewark,' H. HayTvard.*) l^WBXDK—aalneavine: P. H. Rolfs.* Ovjov-QiK—ETperimtnt-; H. P. Stuckey.* Qvkn—Itland ofOuam: A. C. Hartenbower.« Hawad— Federal Station: Eonolvlu: 3. M. Weetgate.' Sugar Planters' Station: EonolultuB.. P. Agee.* lvi.no— Motcow: 3. S. Jones.* Illinois— Frftana.- E.Davenport.* INDIAKA— 2^ Favetle: A. Ooss.i loyrx—Amu: C. F. Curtiss.* KAif&x»~ Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.* KssTVCXr— Lexington: A. M, Peter. » Louisiana— State Station: Balon Rouge: \ Sugar Station: Audubon Park.]. ^ R.Dodson. > New Orleant; J North La. Station: Calhoun: J Mainb— Orono,' C. D. Woods.* Uahtland— CtoH«y« Parle: H. J. Patterson.* Massachusetts— jlroA^rat- W. P. Brooks.* Michigan— £liw« Laming: R. 8. Shaw.* Minnesota— i7nlp«r»ftv Farm, 8t. Paul- A. F. Woods.* Mississippi— .i^ctitotrai OoOete; B. R. Lloyd.* Mbsoubi— Collage Station: Columbia: F. B. Mumford.* Fruit Station: MoufOain Qrovt; Paul Evans.* *DiieOtor, * Agronomist in Montana— Bozenwa- F. B. Llnfield.i Nebraska— £t;)co{n.' £. A. Burnett.* Nevada— iJ<7w; S. B. Doten.* Ngv Hampshibe— Durkoffk* 7. C. Kendall.* New JEBaey- JVeic Bruntwick: 3. G. Llpman.) New Mexico— Stott CoUege: Fabian Garcia.* New York— State Station: Geneva; W, H. Jordan. * Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann,' North Carolina— College Station: West RaleigK'\r, „, tr,, , Bute Station: Raleigh; r ^- ^^°^ North Dakota— il^rfcttftttraZ Q)Uege: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— TFoo»t«-.- C. E. Thome.* Oklahoma— SfiZiwoter: W, L. Carlyle.* Oregon- Cbnw«i«.' A. B. Cordley.« Pennsylvaota— StaU College: R, L. Watta.* StaU College: Institute of Animal Notrttion, H. P. Annsby.i Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez; JJ. W. May.* Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.* Rhode Isllsd— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell. * South Carolina— Ckmson CoOegei CC.Ni South DJiKorx—Brookingt: 3. W, WQsoo.i Tennessee— irnoit>-Xanim(;: H. G. Knight.* 1 obargo. I Acting dlreotor. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chkf, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry aud Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology, Soils, and FertilizersjW-^- B|AL^^^^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology! ^^ ^- I'Jyd ^' ^^" ^' -tr^- \A n ^ fJ- I- SCHULTE. Field Cropejj ^ l^ckett. Horticulture and Forestry — E. ,T. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Foods and Human Nutritionjg- F.^^^/^^orthy, Ph. D., D. So. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy FarmingjJJ- ^^""l^^^^^ Veterinary MedicinejW- A. Hook-. Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 2. Editorial notes: Page. The training of investigators 101 Graduate students as research assistants 103 Physics in agricultural investigation 106 Recent work in agricultural science 108 Notes 196 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. The physical properties of colloidal solutions, Burton 108 Influence of alcohol and glycerol on solution of casein, Robertson and Miyake. . 108 The behavior of purified proteins towards proteolytic enzyms, Frankel 108 Origin of the humin formed by the acid hydrolysis of proteins, II, Gortner 108 Formation of hematoporphyrin in ox muscle during autolysis, Hoaglund 109 Biochemical reaction of rancid fats, Vintilescu and Popescu 109 On the localization of acids and sugars in fleshy fruits, Demoussy 110 Chemistry and physiology of leaves of betel vine, II, Mann and Patwardhan. . 110 The use of the centrifuge in analytical chemistry, Nolte -.--.•-- ^^^ Applicability of paper pulp filter to separation of solids from liquids, Jodidi. . . Ill "Plate " forms of ultrafiltration apparatus, Walpole Ill A note on the sulphone-phthaleins as indicators, Lubs and Clark Ill Determination of hydrogen-ion concentration of culture media, Clark and Lubs. Ill Determination of potassium by the perchlorate method, Hager and Kern Ill The estimation of potassium in presence of other substances, Bennett Ill I n CONTENTS. [vol. 36 Page. The estimation of calcium, Cahen and Hurtley 112 A new color reaction for ' ' oxycholesterol , ' ' Rosenheim 112 Note on the detection of crude beet sugar in cane products, Pellet 112 A simple and rapid method for volatile acid in wine, Cruess and Bettoli 112 The composition of some lime-sulphur sprays, Ramsay 113 Canning and preserving with 4-H recipes, McKimmbn 113 How can vegetables be best conserved? Friedlaender and Dammer 113 The laboratory kitchen recipes for putting up fruits, Carrell 113 The canning of fruits without sugar, Heyl 113 Application of sulphurous acid and selected yeast in California wines, Cruess. . 113 Influence of composition on effervescence of champagne, Bettoli and La Belle. 113 The coloring matter of cane juices. — A preliminary report, Schneller 114 Secrets of meat curing and sausage making 114 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Principles of plant nutrition and manuring, Kleberger 114 The making of the soil, Russell 114 Agricultural soils and their composition, Puig y Nattino 114 Soil survey of Franklin County, Florida, Mooney and Patrick 114 Soil surv'ey of Jewell County, Kansas, Call et al 115 Some soils from the Kuala Pilah and Jelebu districts, Grantham 115 Critical contribution on the origin of the MediteiTanean red soils, Blanck 115 Humification of compounds contained in vegetable organic matter, Trusov 115 Measuring biological actions directly in the soil, Bouyoucos 116 Effect of grinding soil on the number of micro-organisms, Fred 116 The gases of swamp rice soils. III, Harrison and Subramania Aiyer 116 Relations between water and soil, Fischer 117 Methods for determining cohesion, especially in marsh soils. Marquis 117 Acidity and adsorption in soils, Sharp and Hoagland 117 Soil alkali studies in certain Utah soils, Harris 118 [Studies on soils] 118 The nitrifying powers of some humid and some arid soils, Lipman et al 119 Washing out of nitrate from arable soil during winter, Russell and Appleyard. . 119 Improvement of peat soils by adding mineral soils and lime, von Feilitzen 119- Manuring for higher crop production, Russell 119 Fertilizers, Voorhees 119 Soil fertility, its economic maintenance and increase, Shutt 120 Manurial values of concentrated foods in relation to cost of milk. Mackintosh. . 120 A plan for testing efTiciencies of fertilizers, Gile and Carrero 121 [Fertilizer experiments], Gaskill 121 Som'ces of nitrogen compounds in the United States, Gilbert 122 Fixation of air nitrogen and the importance of the fertilizer, Seidler ] 22 The preparation of superphosphate from phosphorites, Koblykov 122 Citrate solubility as measure for effectiveness of Thomas phosphates, Pfeiffer. . 123 Potash in the banana stalk, Ellis 123 Note on the presence of potash in banana skins, Ellis 123 The slaking and keeping of lime from east and west Gotland, von Feilitzen 323 Methods of appljing lime, Ilendrick and Smith 123 Agricultural lime licensed, inspected, and analyzed during 1915 123 Lime in 1915, Loughlin 123 Gypsum in 1915, Stone 124 Action of manganese under acid and neutral soil conditions. Skinner and Reid . 124 The American fertilizer handbook 124 Commercial fertilizers licensed, inspected, and analyzed diu^ing 1915 124 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Brackctt et al 125 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Influence of certain carbohydrates on green plants, Knudson 125 Studies on the formation and translocation of carbohydrates in plants 125 Physiological observations on Papaier somnifcruvi, True and Stockberger 12^ A substance coagulating inulin in vegetable tissues, Wolff L The constitution of anthocyanins, Willstatter IS Medium of exchange between roots, soil, and tissues in the plant, Maz(5 IT Exchange of ions between L. alhus and culture solutions. True and Bartlett ... IS The antagonistic action of salts in plants, Maschhaupt 12 1917] CONTENTS. Ill Page. Immobility of iron in the plant, Gile and Carrero 128 The poisonous influence of lithium salts on plants, Frerking 129 The orientation of primary terrestrial roots, Holman 129 Thermometric movements of tree branches at freezing, Trowbridge 129 The mechanism of movement in the leaves of Dionaea, Brown 129 Sexual variations of the inflorescences and flowers in Codi^um, Chifflot 130 Hybridization between a wild and cultivated crucifer, Trouard-Riolle 130 Recolonization of cultivated land allowed to revert, Brenchley and Adam .... 130 A text-book of general bacteriology, Jordan 130 Aspergillus nigcr group, Thorn and Currie 130 Agar agar for bacteriological use, Noyes 131 FIELD CROPS. [Field crop experiments] 131 [Work with field crops at the Belle Fourche Farm in 1915], Aune 131 [Work vath field crops on the Huntley Farm in 1915], Hansen 132 [Work with field crops on the Scottsbluff Farm in 1915], Knorr 132 [Work with field crops on the Truckec-Oarson Farm in 1915], Headley 133 [Work with field crops on the Yuma Farm in 1915], Blair 133 Cereal experiments on the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Jones 133 Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizers on oats and mustard, Hiltner 134 Anomalous endosperm development in maize and bud sports, Emerson 134 Yields of different varieties of corn in Hlinois, Biu-lison and Allyn 135 Variety tests of corn, Hutchison, Evans, Hackleman, and McDonald 135 Study of the root system of flax, Modestov 135 [The effect of freezing on flax seed], Shulov and Morozov 136 Changes in specific gravity of Dotato tubers during the rest period, Sz^ll 136 [Variety tests with potatoes], Gaskill 136 Commercial handling, grading, and marketing of potatoes, More and Borland. . 136 The possibilities of sugar beet culture in Washington, Cardiff 137 Experiments with Marquis wheat, Ball and Clark 137 HORTICULTUHE. Encyclopedia of horticulture, compiled by Pucci 137 [Horticultural investigations on Yuma Reclamation Project in 1915], Blair. . . 137 [Experiments with vegetables on the Truckee-Carson Project], Headley 137 Manual for the raising of garden seed, Dsehnfeldt 137 [Report of] the asparagus substation. Concord, Brooks 137 De Vriesian mutation in the garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, Harris 138 Marketing and distribution of western muskmelons, Scmeussner and Kitchen . 138 The melons on the market in Paris, Buisson 138 Some results of horticultural investigations] 138 Orchard trees and small fruits on Huntley Reclamation Project], Hansen 140 ^lodern propagation of tree fruits, Brown 140 Some figures on the cost of bringing orchards into bearing 140 Some improvements in the packing and transport of fruit in India, Howard. . . 140 Notes on Pomacese of upper South Carolina, Ashe 140 The pollination of the pomaceous fruits. III, Kraus and Ralston 140 The fruiting of trees in consecutive seasons, Pickering 140 Peach gro\ving in Ontario, Clement and Harris 140 The persimmon in California, Fujii 141 State bog report, Franklin 141 Is the hybrid origin of the loganberry a myth? -_ 141 Methods of reproducing grapes by long cuttings and short cuttings, Ricome 141 Some recent operations and experiments with bud variations, Shamel 141 Pruning the Washington naval orange, Hodgson 141 Report on manurial experiments 141 [Cacao experiments, 1914-15], De Vertuil 141 Cacao, van der Laat 141 [Experiments with coffee in Surinam], Van Drent 141 The cultivation and preparation of coffee for the market, Ugarte 142 New and successful method of rooting date palm offshoots, Coit 142 Colonial plants. — Perfume, tincture, and tannin plants, and tobacco, Jumelle. 142 Colonial plants. — Industrial plants, Jumelle 142 Sources of supply of hazelnuts 142 IV CONTENTS. [vol. 36 Page. Iris breeding 142 My garden, Wilder 142 My garden in spring, Bowles 142 My garden in summer, Bowles 143 My garden in autumn and winter, Bowles 143 Beautifying the riiral home, Keyser and Welch 143 FORESTRY. British forestry, Stebbing 143 Forest problems and economic development in South America, Zon 143 South American forests, Curran 143 [Trees and shrubs on the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project], Aune 143 Tree distribution under the Kinkaid Act, 1911 143 Forest Ser\dce silviculture plans, Woolsey, jr 143 Notes on forest cover and snow retention in Colorado, Belts 143 Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to plant succession, Korstian 144 Silvical notes on western larch, Larsen 144 Slash pine, an important second-growth tree, Mattoon 144 The natural root grafting of conifers, Newins 144 Chemistry as an aid in the identification of species, Schorger 144 Comparative test of Klaussner and Forest Serv ice standard hypsometers, Noyes . 144 Utilization and round-edge lumber, Fisher 145 The utilization of a tropical forest, Ahern 145 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Department of botany, Osmun 145 Five undescribed species of Ravenelia. Long 145 /(!/ji2odon?a soZani in relation to "Mopopilz" and " Vermehrungspilz," Duggar. . 145 Cereal disease resistance 145 Rye smut, Stakman and Levine 146 Determination of ustilaginous spores in flour, bran, and cereals, Bredemann 146 The quantitative determination of smut spores in bran, Bredemann 146 The Texas root rot fungus and its conidial stage, Duggar 146 Spongospora on roots of potato and 7 other new hosts, Melhus and Rosenbaum. 146 Meteorology and late blight of potatoes, Orton 146 A Fusarium tuber and stem rot of potato, Haskell 146 Crop yield, tuber color, and leaf roll of potato, Ahr et al 147 Field studies on the Rhizoctonia of the potato. Cook and Lint 147 The effect of Bordeaux mixture on the potato plant, Lutman 147 Biochemical study of root rot in sugar beets, Bodnar 147 Fruit tree diseases of southern Ontario, McCubbin 147 Temperature relations of apple rot fungi. Brooks and Cooley 147 Black root rot of apple, I'ulton and Cromwell 147 Effects of Sphxropsis malorum on composition of the apple, Culpepper et al . . . 148 Blister spot of apples. Rose 148 Flower wilt and young fruit rot of apple by Sclerotinia mali n. sp., Takahashi. . 148 Apple scald. Brooks and Cooley 148 Brown blotch of the pear, Martin — .^ 149 The parasitism of Valsa Icucostoma, Walton and Babcock 149 Investigations of leaf spot of cherries and plums in Wisconsin, Keitt 149 The Suiinam witch-broom disease of cacao, Rorer 149 Chestnut tree disease in Ard6che, Trabut 149 Influence of tannin content of host on Endothia parasitica. Cook and Wilson. . . 149 The chestnut blight and the white pine blister rust, Brooks 150 Eelworm parasite of plants, Frandsen 150 Injuries to plants kept in rooms, Sorauer 150 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Zoological record, Sharp 151 Game laws for 1916, Palmer et al 151 Second annual report of bird counts in the United States, Cooke 151 A field ornithology of the birds of eastern North America, Ma>-nard 151 Common birds of southeastern United States and agriculture, Beal et al 151 How to attract birds in northwestern United States, McAtee 151 Birds in their relations to man. Weed and Dearborn 151 ll 1917] CONTENTS. V Page. A new air-conditioning apparatus, Dean and Naboirra 152 Effects of nicotin as an insecticide, Mclndoo 152 Insects injurious to alfalfa, Dean 152 Insects attacking onions, Ballou 152 The more important greenhouse insects, Weiss 152 The animal parasites of man, Fantham, Stephens, and Theobald 152 New Jersey's insects, Weiss 152 Reports of the government entomologist, 1915 and 1916, Mason 153 Some new entomogenous fungi in St. Vincent, Nowell 153 The lesser migratoiy locust {Melanoplus atlanis), Herrick and Hadley, jr 153 The sugar-beet thrips. White 153 The bedbug, Marlatt 153 The chinch bug outbreak of 1910 to 1915, Forbes 153 The false chinch bug and measures for controlling it, Milliken 154 Are scales becoming resistant to fumigation? Quayle 154 Root louse control, Hansen 154 The gi'ape leaf-folder, Strauss 155 Tinea cloacella as a mushroom pest, Krausse 156 The destruction of fly larvce in horse manure. Cook and Hutchison 156 Response of the house fly to ammonia and otlier substances, Richardson 156 Flies and their relation to diarrhea and dysentery, Morison and Keyworth 156 [Report of the] department of entomology, Fernald 156 The soy bean stem borer, Dutt 157 Rhynchophora or wee\ ils of northeastern America, Blatchley and Leng 157 The Cottonwood borer, Milliken 157 The southern corn billbug, Metcalf 157 The banana weevil, Ballou 158 Productive bee keeping, Pellett 158 Bees and how to keep them, Sladen 158 Fifteenth report of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, compiled by Stone. . 158 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. — Laboratory investigations of the virus, Fricks . 158 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The nutritive properties of corn, Hogan 158 The nutritive value of yeast, polished rice, and white bread. Funk et al 158 Rye flour and rye bread, Braun 159 Some tests of flour made from Egyptian wheats, Hughes 159 [Inspection of shellfish] 159 Studies on growth. — III, Lard and butter fat in growth, Funk and Macallum. . 160 Studies on growth. — IV, Action of yeast fractions. Funk and Macallum 160 Isolation of a growth-producing substance from sheep pancreas, Eddy 160 Study of dietary conditions bearing on growth in rats, Funk and Poklop 161 Dietetic deficiency, Green 161 Studies in creatin metabolism, I-IV, Underbill and Baumann 161 Output of lu'inary constituents as determined by diet. Underbill and Bogert. . 162 Volume of urine in young healthy adults on constant diet, Addis and Watanabe. 163 The rate of urea excretion, I, Addis and Watanabe 163 The rate of urea excretion, II, Addis and Watanabe 163 Blood fat and sugar content of dogs given hydrazin, L^nderhill and Baumann. . 164 The toxicity of carotin, Wells and Hedenburg 164 Clinical calorimetry, XVIII, Gephart et all 164 ANIiI,\L PRODUCTION. Meat situation in United States. — V, Methods and cost of marketing, Hall et al . 164 The marketing of live stock, Gaumnitz 166 On the general theorjr of miiltiple contingency, Pearson 166 Multiple fi-equency distributions with skew regression, Isserlis 166 Probable eiTor of coefiicient of contingency Young and Pearson 166 Novel properties of partial and multiple correlation coefficients, Pearson 166 Application of "goodness of fit " tables, Pearson 166 The ' ' best " values of the constants in frequency distributions, Smith 167 Berseem as a forage plant, Piot 167 Silos and silage. Sheets 167 Pea-cannery refuse, Rosby 167 VI CONTENTS. [vol. 36 Page. Commercial feeding stuffs and registrations for 1916, Cathcart et al 167 [Animal husbandry work] 167 Inheritance of color and horns in blue-gray cattle, Lloyd-Jones and Eward. . . 168 Feeding range steers, Foster and Simpson 168 Pasturing eheep on alfalfa, Aune 169 Sheep feeding experiment 169 [Feeding experiments with lambs] 170 The use of hogs in disposing of crops, Knorr 170 [Pasturing alfalfa and com with hogs], Aune 171 [Pastuiing alfalfa and corn with hogs], Hansen 171 [Feeding experiments with pigs], Thompson 171 Effect upon work horses of alfalfa hay cut at different stages of growth 171 Growing draft colts, McCampbell 172 Philippine horses, Mackie 172 [Poultry investigations], Dougherty 172 [Poultry investigations] 173 DAIRY FABMIXQ — DAIRYING. [Dairy husbandry studies], WoU 173 Can-ying capacity [of irrigated pastures], Hansen 173 The cost of producing goat milk, Voorhies 173 The relation of the quality of proteins to milk production, Hart et al 174 Cooling hot-bottled pasteurized milk by forced air, Ayers et al 174 Grading and labeling of milk and cream 176 Butter making, Da\'is 176 Cheese making, Baiid 176 Manufacture of cheeses with definite fat content in dry substance, Windisch. . . 176 The milking machine a source of bacterial contamination of milk, Ruediger. . . 177 Ice cream, Davis 177 VETERINARY MEDICIXE. Veterinary bacteriology, Buchanan and Murray 177 Bacteriology. — General, pathological, and intestinal, Kendall 177 A text-book upon the pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, MoFarland 177 Comparative resistance of bacteria and tissues to germicides, Lambert 177 The use of sugar as a dressing in veterinary surgery, Bussano 178 Colloidal chemistry and immunology, von Ki-ogli 178 An improved method for the concentration of antitoxic sera, Homer 178 The refinement and concentration of antitoxins, Heinemann 179 Another poisonous Claviceps, Norton 179 Report of the veterinary director general for 1914, Torrance 179 Annual report of the veterinary service for the year 1914, Littlewood 180 Disinfection of tannery effluent containing anthrax spores, AVintersberger 180 The strength and composition of blackleg vaccines, Franklin and Haslam 180 The ophthalmic test for glanders, with a simplified procedure, Ferry 180 An at^'j^ical case of rinderpest in a carabao, Boynton 181 The prophylaxis of tetanus by antitoxic serum, Yaillard 181 Researches in trichinosis, Lintz 181 Complement fixation in tuberculosis, Corper 181 Studies in immunization against tuberculosis, von Ruck 182 Tuberculosis in Normandy, Freger 182 Sheep diseases. Baker 182 Shoeing and balancing the light harness horse, Clark 182 The epidemiology of pectoral influenza of the horse. Mack 182 A tri-radiate tapeworm (Anoplocephalia perfoliata) from the horse, Meggitt 183 Diseases of the dog and their treatment, Miiller and Class 183 Parasitological investigations 183 RURAL ENGINEERING. Annual report of the state engineer and surveyor of New York, 1914 183 The action of copper sulphate on the algse in drinking water. Bade 183 Chlorin treatment of water, Hilscher 183- Successful sewage disposal by broad iiTigation, Bartlett 183: 1917] CONTENTS. VII rage. Disposal of sewage from country houses, institutions, and clubs, Hansen 184 Double tank proposed for residential sewage plants. Coulter 184 Conveyance of water in open channels on the farm 184 Surface water supply of North Atlantic slope drainage basins, 1914 184 Supplement to report of state engineer and surveyor of New York, 1914 184 Oregon's opportunity in national preparedness, Lewis et al 184 Rainfall and agricultvual power use, Shaw 184 Description of water wheel at Kudarangan Agricultural School, Haley 185 A complete method for the classification of u'rigable lands, Peters 185 Official proceedings of sixth National Drainage Congress at Cairo, Illinois 186 Flood control and reclamation in California, McClatchy 186 Reclamation of the Worden tract, Hansen 186 The experiment farm drainage system, Headley v 186 Suggestions for organization and financing of drainage projects, McCrory 187 Proceedings of second Good Roads Institute, compiled by Pratt and Berry 187 [Road laws of the State of Kentucky] 187 Economic sm'veys of county highway improvement, Pennybackerand Eldridge. 187 Bituminous macadam and bituminous concrete pavements, Blanchard 188 Brick laid directly on concrete base, Edwards 188 Distribution of traffic on a rectangular system of roads analyzed, James 188 Progi'ess of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation, 1915 188 Road dust preventives: References to books and magazine articles 188 Concrete construction for rural communities, Seaton 188 Ofiicial tests of mechanical cultivation 189 Official tests of mechanical cultivation 189 Dairy barn construction, Higgins and Scoates 190 Building instructions for homemade silos, Oliver 190 Poultry houses, Peterson 190 A farmer's poultry house, Halpin and Schindler 190 A dual-purpose poultry house, HadUngton 190 RURAL ECONOMICS. Successful farm organization, Johnson 190 Farming on the cut-over lands of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, McDowell and Walker 190 Management of muck-land farms in Indiana and Michigan, Smalley 191 Cost accounts on some New York farms, Ladd 191 Cotton ginning information for farmers, Taylor et al 191 Community organization for promoting the production of swine, Starr 192 [Studies in agricultural economics], Cance 192 A survey of typical cooperative stores in the United States, Bexell et al 192 Rural clubs in Wisconsin, Galpin and Sawtelle 192 Monthly crop report 193 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education. Waters 193 Progress of elementary agricultural education in Nova Scotia, De Wolfe 193 The efficient country school, Johnson 194 Applied science as the basis of the girl's education, Severy 194 Special science for girls in the rural schools, Twiss 194 Home economics applied to life, Van Rensselaer 194 Project teaching, Randall 194 Judging the dairy cow in secondary schools. Barrows and Davis 195 Proceedings of Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by Taft 195 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of California Station, 1916 195 Report of Kansas Station, 1915 195 Twentv-eighth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1915 195 Thirty-fifth Annual Report of Ohio Station ,1916 195 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 195 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Page. An. Rpt. 1916 118, 138,170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 195 Illinois Station: Bui. 191, Aug., 1916 135 Ciic. 189, Aug. ,1916 153 Indiana Station: Circ. 54, May, 1916 192 Iowa Station: Researcli Bui. 30, Feb., 1916. 168 Kansas Station: Bui. 211, Jan., 1916 115 An. Rpt. 1915 131, 145, 152, 167, 169, 171, 172, 183, 195 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 157, Aug., 1916 114 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 78, June, 1916 159 Massachusetts Station: An. Rpt. 1915, pts. 1 and 2... 121, 136, 137, 145, 156, 173, 192, 195 Minnesota Station: Bui. 160, Aug., 1916 146 Missouri Station: Bui. 142, June, 1916 190 Bui. 143, July, 1916 135 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 291, Feb. 1,1916 149 Bui. 292, Feb. 1, 1916 156 Bui. 295, May 27, 1916 167 Bui. 296, May 31, 1916 152 New Mexico Station: Bill. 101, Mar., 1916 168 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 377, June, 1916 191 Bui. 378, Julv, 1916 153 Mem. 9, July, 1916 125 North Dakota Station: Circ. 14, Aug., 1916 190 Ohio Station: Bui. 300 (Thirty-fifth An. Rpt. 1916), June, 1916 195 Oregon Station: Bui. 138, May, 1916 140 South Carolina Station: Bui. 187, Sept., 1916 125 Utah Station: Bui. 145, Sept., 1916 118 Washington Station : Popular Bui. 105, Aua:., 1916.. 137 West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol. 4, No. 7, Oct., 1916.... 195 West Virginia Station: Bui. 157, July, 1916 167,190 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 271, Aug., 1916 192 vni U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agi'. Research, vol. 7: Page. No. 1, Oct. 2, 1916 109, 130, 148 No. 2, Oct. 9, 1916 119, 128 No. 3, Oct. 16, 1916 117, 152 Bui. 393, Economic Surveys of Cotinty Highway Improvement, J. E. Pennybacker and M. O. Eldridge 187 Bui. 394, A Survey of Typical Co- operative Stores in the United States, J. A. Bexell, H. Mac- Pherson, and W. H. Karr 192 Bui. 396, Second Annual Report of Bird Counts in the United States, with Discussion of Results, W. W.Cooke 151 Bui. 400, Experiments with Mar- quis Wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Clark 137 Bui. 401, Marketing and Distri- bution of Western Muskmelons in 1915, O. W. Schleussner and C. W. Kitchen 138 Bui. 407, Progress Reports of Ex- p(^riments in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1915 188 Bui. 408, Experiments During 1915 in the Destruction of Fly Larvae in Horse Manure, F. C. Cook and R. IT. Hutchison 156 Bui. 419, The Grape Leaf-folder, J. F. Strauss 155 Bui. 420, Cooling Hot-bottled Pas- teurized Milk by Forced Air, S. H. Ayers, J. T. Bowen, and W. T. Johnson, jr 174 Bui. 421, The Sugar-beet Thrips, W. H. ^\Tiite 153 Bui. 424, The Cottonwood Borer, F. B. Milliken 157 Bui. 425, Farming on the Cut-over Lands of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, J. C. McDowell and W. B. Walker 190 Bui. 430, Cereal Experiments on the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Archer, Wyo., J. W. Jones 133 j Bui. 434, Judging the Dairy Cow as a Subject of Instruction in Secondary Schools, H. P. Bar- rows and H. P. Davis 194 Bui. 441, The Action of Manganese Under Acid and Neutral Soil Conditions, J. J. Skinner and F.R.Reid [vol.36, 1917.] LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. IX TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con Page. 1G4 136 153 151 154 191 151 Rept. 113, Meat Situation in the United States, V, L. D. Hall, F. M. Simpson, and S. W. Doty. Farmers' Bui. 753, Commercial Handling, Grading, and Market- ing of Potatoes, C. T. More and C. R. Borland Farmers' Bui. 754, The Bedbug, C. L. Marlatt Farmers' Bui. 755, Common Birds of Southeastern United States in Relation to Agiicultm'e, F. E. L. Beal, W. L. McAtee, and E. R. Kalmbach Farmers' Bui. 760, How to Attract Birds in Northwestern United States, W. L. McAtee 151 Farmers' Bui. 761, Management of Muck-land Farms in Northern Indiana and Southern Michigan, H. R. Smalley 191 Farmers' Bui. 762, The False Chinch Bug and Measures for ControlUng It, F. B. Milliken... Farmers' Bui. 764, Cotton Ginning Information for Farmers, F. Tay- lor, D. C. Griffith, and C. E. Atkinson Farmers' Bui. 774, Game Laws for 1916, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban- croft, and F. L. Earnshaw Bmeau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop. Rpt., vol. 2, No. 10, Oct., 1916 193 Forest Ser\dce: Tree Distribution Under the Kinkaid Act, 1911 143 Bureau of Plant Industry: Work of Huntley Experiment Farm, 1915, D. Hansen 132, 140, 154, 171, 173, 186 Work of the Belle Foiirche Experiment Farm, 1915, B. Aune 131, 143, 169, 171 Work of the Scottsbluff Ex- periment Farm, 1915, F. Knorr 132,170 Work of the Yuma Experi- ment Fai-m, 1915, R. E. Blair 133,137 Work of the Truckae-Carson Experiment Farm, 1915, F. B. Headley 133,137,186 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations — Soil Survey of Franklin County, Fla., C. N. Mooney and A. L. Pat- rick Scientific Contributions: ^ Applicability of Paper Pulp Filter to Separation of Solids from Liquids, S. L. Jodidi.. 1 Printed in specific and technical 114 111 Page. Scientific Contributions — Con. A Note on the Sulphone- phthaleins as Indicators for the Colorimetric Determina- tion of Hydrogen-ion Con- centration, H. A. Lubs and W.M.Clark Ill Determination of Hydrogen- ion Concentration of Culture Media, W. M. Clark and H. A.Lubs Ill A Plan for Testing Efficiencies of Fertilizers, P. L. Gile and J. 0. Carrero 121 Physiological Observations on Alkaloids, Latex, and Oxi- dases in Papaver sornniferum, R. H. True and W. W. Stock- berger 127 Exchange of Ions Between Roots of Lupinus albus and Culture Solutions Contain- ing Three Nutrient Salts, R. H. True and H. H. Bart- lett 128 Notes on Pomacese of Upper South CaroUna, W. W. Ashe. 140 Some Recent Operations and Experiments with Bud Va- riations, A. D. Shamel 141 Forest Problems and Economic Development in South America, R. Zon 143 Forest Service Silviculture Plans, T. S. Woolsey, jr. ... 143 Notes on Forest Cover and Snow Retention in Colo- rado, H . deW. Betts 143 Evaporation and Soil Moist- ure in Relation to Plant Succession, C. F. Kor,?tian.. 144 Silvical Notes on Western Larch, J. A. Larsen 144 Slash Pine, an Important .» Second-growth Tree, W. R. Mattoon 144 Chemistry as an Aid in the Identification of Species, A. W. Schorger 144 Comparative Test of Klaussner and Forest Service Standard Hypsometers, D. K. Noyes. 144 Five Undescribed Species of Ravenelia, W. H. Long 145 Birds in Their Relations to Man, CM. Weed and N. Dearborn 152 Outdoor Wintering, E. F. Phillips 158 Suggestions for Organization and Financing of Drainage Projects, S. H. McCrory. ... 187 publications outside the department. LIST OF PUBLICATTOKS. [vol, 36, 1917] U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Scientific Contributions — Con. Farmers' Institute Work in the United States in 1914-15, J. M. Stedman 194 Demonstration Work in Farm- ers' Institutes, J. M. Sted- man 195 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Scientific Contributions — Con. How Can We Help the Boys? B. Knapp 195 The Market Problem and How CanFarmers' Institutes Help to Solve It, C. J. Brand.... 195 Home Demonstrations, Mary E. Creswell 195 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 3G. February, 1917. No. 2. The need of special training for the men who conduct the ex- perimental and research work of the experiment stations has been felt almost from the first. The early work of the stations was rela- tively simple and fewer lines of investigation were maintained. The agricultural colleges were looked to mainly to supply the necessary men and the requisite training. It soon became apparent, however, that the courses of study in agricultural colleges did not at that time supply the whole need. These courses were necessarily quite general and were intended more especially to make farmers rather than in- vestigators. They supplied a general knowledge of the theory and principles but rarely gave opportunity for contact or experience with research. From the first the stations themselves have been a large factor in training men for the special work of agricultural investigation. They have furnished not only a stimulus to special preparation, but an opportunity for acquiring experience through a sort of apprentice- ship. To some extent they have trained their own men. But as time has passed this too has been found inadequate to the needs in many lines. The work of the stations has become more technical and serious, and they need for it men already well equipped and with a broad outlook. The making of an effective research man or a constructive and original experimenter is a longer and far more difficult process than making a bachelor of arts or of science. The requirements start with the man himself, his temperament, his capacity for right thinking, his ability to receive the impression of high ideals and acquire lofty standards, and his love of truth. There must be a foundation to build upon. If a sifting process could start at this point it would save some time, expense, and disappointment, but such a sifting is only partially possible; largely the result must be worked out by experience. Whether a man is preparing for an experimental or research career he needs some hard, rigid training that will bring him up against the real meaning of science. He must learn the elements that go to make up a fact, and how to attest its value. He must get not only a broad 101 102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 foundation of information but he must acquire an attitude and a method. This is often much harder than learning facts and prin- ciples, and it is where some men prove lacking. The graduate student often feels that he needs especially a larger fund of information to make him efficient and resourceful, and sets out to get Imowledge. He needs not only this but to get understand- ing, to develop an inquiring attitude, a vision, a discriminating criticism. He needs to come directly and intimately into contact with research in its higher restricted sense, as an active participant. This teaches him its real responsibilities and its exact nature. For this purpose graduate study in some of the older exact sciences is especially advantageous, because the methods are better worked out and the requirements usually more severe. Graduate work in some of the divisions of agriculture may not necessarily convey a deep impression of the spirit and feeling of science. Whether it does or not depends somewhat upon the teacher. The tasks and problems set are often comparatively simple in their scientific aspects, al- though they may be laborious and difficult in other respects. The means of training and of securing competent persons for the work of the stations continues to be a live question. It was one of the topics before the last convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, and was discussed in two important papers in a joint meeting of the sections of college work and experiment station work. The discussion related spe- cifically to the encouragement of advanced training by offering employment to a limited number of graduate students as part-time research assistants in the station. Such an arrangement has been put into effect at a number of the stations, and especially at the New Jersey Station it has constituted a definite policy and a means of providing assistance. In discussing this plan from the standpoint of advantage to the station, Dr. J. G. Lipman. described its operation at his institution. The station was led into the plan partly from considerations of economy, feeling that it offered a means of securing cheap assistance without lessening the effectiveness and value of the research, and at the same time would stimulate advanced study. The present tendency to organize station work on the project basis has been found to favor the use of graduate students as re- search assistants. Thus research problems of considerable magnitude may be divided so as to assign different parts to assistants working under close supervision ; and " an experienced investigator may so arrange his research problems as to permit the utilization of the services of beginners in research, provided they possess the right temperament and training." While it is not the practice to place 1917] EDITORIAL. 103 untrained graduate assistants directly in charge of important phases, it is found that they may be satisfactorily assigned to many duties in connection with such projects, often of a more or less routine nature at the outset, and as they develop in ability and initiative more responsible and technical parts of the work may be turned over to them. Ultimately a phase of a project may serve as the sub- ject of a master's or doctor's thesis. Dr. Lipman recognized that the system might break down if tlie research problem were not carefully analyzed and so subdivided as to make portions of it safe to entrust to research students. Success also depends on securing young men who possess not alone adequate technical training but temperamental and other qualities funda- mental to the making of good investigators. The New Jersey Station at present regularly employs nine research assistants on a half-time basis, the remainder of the time being devoted to study. Naturally a longer time is required to secure a degree than if full time were devoted to study, but the salary paid such assistants is found to offset the time element with a considerable number of men. The problems assigned these assistants by the sta- tion are as far as possible correlated with their major studies as graduate students in the college. Since the adoption of this plan it is felt at the station that its research work has improved in quality and to some extent increased in amount, and at the same time there has been a gain to a number of young men w^ho are preparing themselves for service in agi'icul- tural investigation. An interesting turn to the discussion was given by Dr. L. E. Jones of Wisconsin, who considered the matter from the standpoint of th,e teacher and the student. He held the two most important functions of the teacher in relation to graduate students to be " aiding men wisely to choose their own profession, and properly placing within reach of the men the means of their education." He felt there were certain dangers in the research fellowship plan, owing to the effect which financial help might have on the student in reaching a choice. " We may all agree that any such help that makes possible the high training of our best types of research students is desirable. But do we not need to recognize that in this or any other financial offering which influences immature students to start upon research as a pro- fession lurks the danger of attracting the weaker more than the stronger?" While zealously searcliing for the right man, therefore, equal care should be exercised " not to tempt or bribe the unfit." Considering further the best interests of the student, Dr. Jones pointed to the advantage of a change of location, from his Alma Mater to another institution for his graduate study, especially after 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the first year or so of advanced work. Among the benefits of such a migration were mentioned " a completely changed environment, a fresh library, a different laboratory, a new set of scientific associa- tions, another departmental leader and adviser." Professor Jones recognized the very marked advance in facilities for graduate study at many of our American institutions, and ex- pressed the belief that " hereafter no American student, at least in the sciences fundamental to agriculture, need leave America in order to find the best in graduate opportunity as represented in library, laboratory, or pei*sonal leadership." But he referred to a certain I)rovincialism in this country as compared with European institu- tions, which tends to accentuate the advantage of migi^ation to an- other institution. Loyalt}'^ to Alma Mater is often responsible for a feeling that it affords advantages at least equal if not superior to those to be had elsewhere ; and this, together with the rapid gi^owth of the agricultural colleges, has frequently resulted in a kind of "inbreeding" which is not advantageous to a broad outlook and proper perspective. These things have affected the easy and natural migration of graduate students, which the aid of teachers is needed to overcome. Dr. Jones felt that " practically every candidate for the doctor's degree who is being held by an institution for three or more years of resident work should be expected to spend at least one semester at another institution, and perhaps two would be better." Until such interchange becomes as much a custom here as it is among European students, he urged that teachers and administrative officers should stimulate it by advice and requirement. "While these views are not necessarily in conflict with the plan of employing research assistants in the station with opportunity for graduate study, it was suggested that in practice the best local men Avould often be selected for such employment, which in the end would be disadvantageous to the student if continued throughout the period of graduate study. " Our agricultural professions need recruits trained in the broadest and best way, and such a method fails to meet these standards." The advantages from such intermigration of research students between different institutions are manifest — the coming into a new environment with somewhat different standards or points of view, a new laboratory routine or method of presentation, an association with men from other institutions in different parts of the country, all have a tendency to stimulate, to arouse, to develop, and to liberalize the student in his attitude toward science. So far from being an evidence of lack of application and diletantism, it is an evidence of a desire to get not only the best that is to be had in science 1917] EDITORIAL. 105 but a broader understanding of teaching and research and a wider horizon. . Perhaps it may transpire that the plan of employing graduate students as part-time research assistants may tend to promote migra- tion rather than otherwise, by affording the means which will enable it. The added expense of going to another institution might often deter students of limited means from following that course, and result either in their remaining at their home college or having to be content with a shorter period of study. With proper helpful guid- ance on the part of the teacher, therefore, the advantage which Dr. Lipman claims, to the student as well as to the institution, may be realized and the dangers which Dr. Jones has so pertinently pointed out be avoided. Evidently the stations can not depend too extensively on assistants of this type, and provision will still need to be made Avhich will meet the special requirements of the work they have in hand. The graduate students will therefore in a measure supplement the regular forces of the stations, pro\iding relatively cheap assistance in the technical features. Many of the stations have, of late especially, felt the necessity of giving attention to simulating advanced study on the part of their assistants and making some form of provision or requirement for it. It has become a well established practice at several stations to require young men entering the work to take advanced study from time to time as a prerequisite to advancement. Others, while exact- ing this requirement, have gone so far as to prohibit the taking up of graduate work at the local institution while retaining their posi- tion in the station. This may be due to a disinclination to combine station service and graduate stud}^, or to a belief that the student should go away for such study. The plan has worked out somewhat differently at different stations, but in general the present tendency is to recognize the necessity for occasional furlough to take advanced work, in order that the en- thusiasm and mental alertness of the investigator may not suffer from monotony and a stereotyped activity. Most of the endowed universities and other institutions of higher learning now give credit for research work done on recognized proj- ects at the experiment stations, some requiring only a single year's residence at the institution for a doctor's degree. Many of the younger station men are availing themselves of this opportunity, and the number is increasing from year to year. The plan has been found to work to the mutual advantage of both the station and the research workers. Several of the colleges have an arrangement for sabbatical leave, with part pay, for purposes of study. This is not 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 always recognized as a right but rather as a privilege, to be granted to workers in recognition of special merit or accomplishment. An interesting modification of this plan has been recently put into operation at the Minnesota Station. It is announced that hereafter station workers will be on the same basis as teachers in the college with respect to vacation. Of the three months' vacation thus pro- vided, it is required that one month be taken for rest and recupera- tion, while in the other two months the station men are expected to go to other institutions for advanced lectures, to observe new labora- tory methods and practices, and in general to gain information and suggestion which will bear particularly on their own special lines of work. This liberal plan gives all men on the station staff, with- out regard to age, an annual opportunity of renewing their enthu- siasm and acquiring the inspiration of new ideas which come with sojourn at another institution and intimate association with other workers. At one of the New York meetings during the holidays reference was made to the relatively small part which physics has yet played in the study of problems in agricultural science. The laws of physics are of course applied by agricultural investigators as all science may be employed so far as it comes within the range of the investigator. In this way physics is borrowed to some extent by the workers in soils, in biology, and in other branches of science, who make limited excursions into the domain of that science for such aid and sugges- tion as they may be able to appropriate. But consciously physics as a science has done far less through its exponents to serve farming or influence investigation in it than many other branches of science. Physicists have been busily engaged in working out the laws and problems of dead matter, the physical forces, the heavenly bodies, etc., but it is rare to find one who has brought his science to bear on the activities of the living organism. His special point of view and his intimate knowledge of the laws of matter have not been directed toward the problems met in agricultural science. There has been little attempt to relate research in physics to agricultural problems, and almost as little to employ it in agricultural inquiry, which has evidently escaped the physicist's notice. Rarely also has the embryo agricultural investigator been led to select physics as a subject for graduate study, or one in which to perfect himself as an aid in his search for causes and explanations. This is probably due to the fact that the subject has not been opened up in its full agricultural importance, and physicists absorbed in other lines of interest have given little attention to elaborating and pointing out its fundamental bearing at many points. The field of the physicist with a distinct agricultural outlook and interest re- mains, therefore, an undeveloped one. 1917] EDITORIAL. 107 Apropos of these thoughts it is interesting to mention an instructive lecture on The Living Plant as a Physical System, recently delivered by Dr. Lyman J. Briggs of this Department. This was a remark- able address on account of the novelty of the subject and the new outlook it presented. It was highly suggestive of the advantage of the physicist's viewpoint in approaching and in attempting to ex- plain phenomena in plant life connected with its physiological ac- tivity and its relations to its environment. Dr. Briggs dealt especially with such functions as plant transpira- tion, efficiency in the use of water by different groups of plants, drought resistance, the rise of water in the plant, the assimilation of carbon dioxid, and other processes of growth. He illustrated some of these phenomena by experiments with physical apparatus, notably the theory upon which the rise of sap in trees depends, the action of the mechanism to prevent interference through air bubbles, etc. He discussed the mechanics of these processes, and the physical measure- ment of the plant's response to differences in enviromnent. He showed how in many cases the vital activities of the plant follow quite closely established laws and principles in physics, and made it clear in how large degree the explanation of manifestations which are observed in practice and in scientific inquiry may with advantage be sought through that science. Already the quantitative methods of physics and physical chemis- try have begun to invade biological research, as Dr. Loeb recently explained. This marks a step in advance for it shows that zoologists and botanists have come to "grasp the fact that the progress of science depends upon the invention or application of such methods." So many of the processes of living as well as of dead matter rest upon physical laws and principles that there is reason to believe a much larger field is open to physics in agricultural investigation than is at present occupied. The employment of the science by specialists in it who are acquainted with agriculture and its problems would con- tribute a viewpoint and a method highly important and helpful. An intimate knowledge of it may supply a very material element of strength in the agricultural investigator. 76601°— 17 2 RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGEICTJLTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGRQTECHNY. The physical properties of colloidal solutions, E. F. Bttrton {London and New York: Longmans, Green <£■ Co., 1916, pp. VII+200, figs. 18). — This volume discusses the physics of colloidal solutions under the following topics : Prepara- tion and classification of colloidal solutions ; the ultramicroscope ; the Brownian movement; the optical properties of colloidal solutions; measurement of the sizes of ultramicroscopic particles ; motion of colloidal particles in an electric field, cataphoresis ; the coagulation of colloids ; theory of the stability of col- loids; and practical applications of the study of colloidal solutions. A bibliog- raphy of the literature cited is appended to each chapter. The influence of ethyl alcohol and glycerol upon the rate of solution of casein by sodium hydroxid, T. B. Robertson and K. Miyake (Jour. Biol. Chcin., 26 (1016), No. 1, pp. 129-lJt2, figs. 4).— The work reported has shown that both alcohol and glycerol retard the penetration of casein particles by 16/l,0()0-normal sodium hydroxid. The penetration formula (E. S. R., 35, p. 712) expresses the relationship between the quantity of casein dissolved and the time of stirring in all the glycei'ol-water mixtures studied, and in alcohol-water mixtures containing less than 4.5 or more than 7 molecules of alcohol. Further considerations on the effect of the concentration of alcohol and glycerol are also set forth. A comparative study of the behavior of purified proteins towards pro- teolytic enzyms, E. M. Frankel {-Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 {1916), No. 1, pp. 31-59, figs. 4). — The experiments reported demonstrate that in pepsin-hydrochloric- acid digestion pepsin is the effective agent, since hydrochloric acid, in the con- centrations ordinarily employed, has very little proteolytic effect. It is concluded that comparable results in proteolysis studies are to be obtained only when the substrates are in solution ; otherwise deviations of from 10 to 15 per cent may be encountered in duplicate experiments. A parallelism in the cleavage curves of 13 proteins examined was observed, the cleavage being calculated as the ratio of amino nitrogen liberated at any one time to that ob- tained on total hydrolysis of the protein with strong acid. Pepsin-hydrochloric acid was found to liberate about 20 per cent of the total amino nitrogen of a protein in less than 100 hours. Trypsin acting on such partially digested pro- teins effects a cleavage of about 70 per cent, while its action on native proteins causes a cleavage of only about 50 per cent of the peptid linkages. Erepsin fol- lowing the action of pepsin, was found to be a very effective agent in causing the disruption of the protein molecule, about 85 per cent of the protein being cleaved in the experimente reported. By the successive action of pepsin, trypsin, and erepsin from about 85 to 90 per cent of the total amino nitrogen was found to be liberated in the protein studitnl. The origin of the humin formed by the acid hydrolysis of proteins. — II, Hydrolysis in the presence of carbohydrates and of aldehydes, R. A. Gort- NER {Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 {1916), No. 1, pp. 177-204). — Continuing the work 108 II 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 109 of Gortner and Blish, previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 311), the author at the Minnesota Experiment Station lias found that the amount of ammonia nitrogen in a protein hydrolyzate is not significantly altered when hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a quantity of carbohydrate equal to three times the weight of the protein material. If the weight of carbohydrate material present greatly exceeds the amount of protein an accurate nitrogen distribution by Van Slyke's method can not be obtained. The amount of humin nitrogen is greatly increased by the presence of carbohydrate, probably because of both chemical and physical causes. Tryptophan can not be accurately estimated by hydrolyzing proteins in the presence of carbohydrates. When fibrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of fur- fural the humin nitrogen is greatly increased. This increase is deemed due not only to a chemical reaction in which certain amino acids combined with furfural, but also to adsorption or occlusion of other araiuo-acid nitrogen by the humin. When furfural is boiled with strong hydrochloric acid appi'oximately 75 per cent by weight is converted into a black insoluble mass. It is suggested that perhaps the humin, " formed from carbohydrates by boiling with hydrochloric acid, is actually formed from furfural, which is in turn formed from the corbohydrate." When fibrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of benzaldehyde the humin nitro- gen rises rapidly to a maximum of approximately double the amount produced in an ordinary hydrolysis. " The reaction here appears to be wholly chemical. The ammonia nitrogen is not significantly altered, although there is evidence that some deamination takes place." When fibrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of formaldehyde an Initial gain of humin when small amounts of formaldehyde are used is observed, but a large loss when greater quantities of the aldehyde are present. " Both tryptophan and tyrosin yield a very considerable proportion of * acid- insoluble ' humin nitrogen when boiled with hydrochloric acid in the presence of benzaldehyde. AVhen tryptophan is boiled with formaldehyde, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, a very considerable part of the nitrogen Is retained in the acid-insoluble humin. This is in decided contrast to the behavior of tryosin, where no acid-insoluble humiu is formed, but where a greater or less percentage of the nitrogen is retained in the ' acid-soluble ' humin, the amount retained depending upon the quantity of formaldehyde present. Some deamination occurs in both amino acids, when heated with either aldehyde, in the presence of hydrochloric acid." It is indicated that " when nitrogenous compounds other than proteins are present in a hydrolyzate no reliance can be placed upon the figures obtained in any of the fractions, as representing actual amino acids. Such data should not be compared with those ol)tained by the analysis of pure proteins." Formation of hematoporphyrin in ox muscle during autolysis, R. Hoag- LAND iU. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 1, pp. //MJ).— Ex- perimental data obtained in the course of a study of autolysis in ox muscles demonstrate that the striated muscular tissue of the ox contains enzyms which, under anaerobic conditions, readily reduce oxyhemoglobin to hematoporphyrin. The probability that hematoporphyrin may be a regular intermediate product in the transformation of hemoglobin into bile pigments is indicated. The autolyses studied covered periods ranging from 7 to 220 days. Biochemical reaction of rancid fats, J. Vintilescu and A. Popescu (Bui. Chim. [Bucharesfi, 17 {1915), pp. 145-150; abs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1916, I, No. 5, p. 235). — Fats which have become rancid and have been exposed to the air absorb oxygen, which can be liberated through peroxidase. The oxygen ab- 110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 sorbed is detected by the well-known guaiac reaction, and tbe degree of ran- cidity thus determined. The following test is described: To about 10 gm. of the sample irti a test tube (solid samples being slightly heated to melt them) from 4 to 5 drops of a 5 per cent aqueous blood or hemo- globin solution, 10 drops of freshly prepared tincture of guaiac, and about 10 cc. of water are added and the mixture thoroughly shaken for a few minutes. Rancid fats give a blue color reaction with this test, the strength of which increases with the degree of rancidity, A more decided reaction is obtained if, after shaking the mixture, an equal volume of 96 per cent alcohol is added. The guaiac tincture is made by dissolving 5 gm. of gum guaiac in 100 cc. of 70 per cent hot alcohol. The hemoglobin solution is made by dissolving 3 gm. of the solid in 100 cc. of water, and, after thorough agitation, letting the solution stand exposed to the air in a wide-mouthed flask. The free fatty acids present in the rancid fat on heating to 120° C. do not influence the reaction, while previous heating to 200° hinders the reaction. On the localization of acids and sugars in fleshy fruits, E. Demoussy (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 15, pp. 4^3-4^5).— Analytical data as to the juices of purple plums, under- and overripe greengages, apricots, under- and overripe peaches, under- and overripe grapes, strawberries, melons, cherries, and tomatoes are submitted. The juices were obtained by subjecting the fruits to increasing pressure. The data include the number of grams of acid (as malic) and reducing and nonreducing sugars per 100 cc. of juice. From the data a considerable variation in the acidity of the various fruits was observed. The variations in the sugar content were, however, relatively less. It is deemed probable that the cells which offer the least mechanical resist- ance and are the most permeable do not have the same composition as those which furnish the sugars. The difference in their physical structure, probably a variation in the tliickness of their walls, is accompanied by a difference in the chemical composition of their contents. There is localization, but it is not the same for all the fruits. Sometimes the most resistant cells contain the least amount of acid and reducing sugars and are rich in saccharose. Some- times the reverse is true. The composition of the fruit thus varies in different parts in spite of its apparent homogeneity and uniform distribution of water. The semipermeability of the protoplasm prevents the diffusion of soluble material. This localization of soluble material explains the peculiar fact observed in certain fruits, especially plums and apricots, of an increased acidity in the cooked fruit. By crushing the fruit cold, as acid a juice is obtained as by cooking. It is thought that this increased acidity can not be attributed to any diastatic action, fermentation, or oxidation, but to a dissociation of those cells in which the acid is localized. Studies in the chemistry and physiology of the leaves of the betel vine (Piper betle) and of the commercial bleaching of betel-vine leaves, II, H. H. Mann and V. G. Patwardhan {Mem. Dcpt. Afir. India, Chcm. Scr., Jf (1916), No. 7, pp. 281-822). — Continuing the work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 108), the authors report and discuss analytical data on the moisture, reducing and nonreducing sugars, starch, tannin, ether extract and essential oil, nitrate, and acid content of leaves picked in the morning, at noon, and at night; the varieties of betel-vine leaves, their qualities, and the essential oil in them ; and the cliemistry of the essential oil of the leaves. The commercial bleaching of the betel-vine leaf is also discussed in some detail. J 1917] AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. Ill The use of the centrifuge in analytical chemistry, O. Nolte (Landw. Vers. Stat, 87 {1915), No. 6, pp. 449-^57, pi. i).— The use of the centrifuge for sepa- rating precipitates in the determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus is discussed and the procedures used are described. The ease of manipulation and the economy of time are indicated as making its use of practical importance. Note on the applicability of the paper pulp filter to the separation of solids from liquids, S. L. .Todidi {Jour. Franldin Inst., 182 {1916), No. 1, pp. 61-67; Cliem. Engin. and Manfr., 24 {1916), No. 2, pp. 79-81). — This is a short review of the material previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 712; 3.5. pp. 204, 314). " Plate " forms of ultrafiltration apparatus, G. S. AValpole {Biochem. Jour., 10 {1916), No. 2. pp. 254-262, figs. 3). — Tlie construction and use of two patterns of an ultrafiltration apparatus, using the collodion film as previously noted (E. S. R.. 35, p. G12), is described in detail. A note on the sulphone-phthaleins as indicators for the colorimetric de- termination of hydrogen-ion concentration, H. A. Ltjbs and W. M. Clabk (Jour. Wash. Acad. ScL, 6 {1916), No. 14, pp. 481-4S3) .—This article outlines certain modifications in the methods of preparation of a number of sulphone- phtlialeins wliich were previoxisly described by the authors.^ The color changes and the approximate ranges of the various sulphone-phthaleins are given in tabular form. The colorimetric determination of the hydrogen-ion concentration of bac- teriological culture media, W. M. Clark and H. A. Lrss {Jour, ^yash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 14, pp. 4S3-489) .—ThiH is a short review of the results of the work previously reported by the authors (E. S. R., 34, pp. 136, 804; 35. p. 801). The determination of potassium in potassium salts by the perchlorate method, G. Hager and .1. Kern {Landic. Vers. Stat., 87 {1915), No. 4-5, pp. 365-380). — From an investigation of the method, using pure potassium salts, the authors found that the solubility of the potassium perchlorate in alcohol- containing perchloric acid increases with decreasing strength of the acid in the alcohol. Witli an increased amount of perchloric acid the solubility markedly decreases. The presence of contaminating salts has the same influence on the solubility. The smaller the amount of contaminating salts the more necessary does the use of alcohol of not less than 96 per cent by volume strength become. Potassium salts which contain considerable amounts of sulphate always yield low results, as the precipitated barium sulphate carries down potassium salts. This error is not only inherent in the perchlorate method but in any procedure in which the sulphates are precipitated by barium chlorid. The estimation of potassium in presence of other substances, A. H. Ben- nett {Analyst, 41 {1916), No. 483, pp. 165-168). — The author describes a pro- cedure in which the potassium is first precipitated as potassium cobaltinitrite, the precipitate dissolved in a small amount of hot dilute hydrochloric acid, filtered into an evaporating dish and evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in hot water, and the potassium then precipitated as perchlorate with perchloric acid. The method is deemed applicable for the estimation of potassium in wine lees, argols, and tartars, and in liquors of tartaric acid works, where it occurs in the presence of free tartaric acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, iron, aluminum, and organic matter. When the solution contains rather large amounts of ii'on and aluminum phosphates they will be pi'ecipitated with the iJour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 (1915), No. 18, pp. 609-617, 112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 cobaltinitrite and so interfere with tlie results. This can be avoided, however, by the addition of sodium citrate, which will keep the phosphates in solution during the cobaltinitrite precipitation. The estimation of calcium, E. Cahen and W. H. Hurtley {Biochem. Jour., 10 {1916), No. 2, pp. 308-312). — The residue after the destruction of the organic matter in certain biological materials was found to be completely soluble in sulphuric acid only after prolonged heating. By using phosphoric acid the authors succeeded in effecting complete solution after only a few minutes of heating. The method is described as follows : The organ or tissue is dried at 100° C. and incinerated in the usual way. Liquid samples are first evaporated on the water bath, dried at 120°, and then incinerated as usual. To the residue 20 cc. of phosphoric acid of specific gravity 1.2 (one volume sirupy phosphoric acid to three volumes water) are added if much calcium is present ; if only a little is present 10 cc. or even less is used. On warming the calcium dissolves completely. This liquid is diluted with 50 or 100 cc. of water, according to the amount of calcium present, and the calcium then precipitated by a solution of oxalic acid of proper strength, about five times the theoretical amount of acid being added. Pre- cipitation is rapid and the precipitate is crystalline, but a little calcium re- mains in solution. To effect complete precipitation ammonia equal in strength and voliune to the oxalic acid used is added. If magnesium is present the ammonia must be added slowly and with shaking. The precipitated solution is allowed to stand for one hour, after which it filters quickly and perfectly clear. The calcium is then determined either by a slightly modified volumetric procedure, or by the usual gravimetric procedure. Comparative experimental data indicate the accuracy of the procedure. A new color reaction for " oxy cholesterol," Mary C. Rosenheim (Biochem. Jour., 10 {VJI6), No. 2, pp. 176-182. i)L 1). — A color reaction of cholesterol with technical dimethyl sulphate is described, the spectrum of which shows two absorption bands. The reaction is not given by pure dimethyl sulphate and is deemed due to the presence of monomethyl sulpliate in the technical product. " Oxycholesterol " was found to give a purple color reaction with technical dimethyl sulphate which showed an absorption band in the yellow. A typical green reaction was obtained with oxycholesterol and pure or technical dimethyl sulphate after the addition of ferric chlorid showing a well-defined absorption band in the rod. Note on the detection of crude beet sugar in cane products, H. Pellet (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Suar. et Distill., S3 (.1916), No. 7-9, pp. 169-171).— The presence of even small amounts of crude beet sugar in cane products is un- desirable on account of the disagreeable taste and odor it imparts to the product. The taste, however, is not always a satisfactory indication of the presence of the beet products. Analytical data of the nitrogenous content of crude cane and beet sugars show a decidedly greater quantity in the beet product. It is indicated that the observations reported may serve as a means of detecting the presence of the crude beet sugar in the cane prodiicts. A simple and rapid method for the estimation of volatile acid in wine, W. v. Crukss and R. W. Bettoli [Off. Rpt. Sess. Inteniat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 263-267). — A simple method for the determination of volatile acids in wine, suitable for the ordinary wine maker, is described. It consists essentially of estimating the total acid in the untreated wine, then in the wine after driving off the acetic acid, and tluis calculating the volatile acid by difference. The improved procedure, briefly described, consists of decolorizing about a 75-cc. sample with bone black free from carbonates. The completely decolor- ized wine is then filtered and a 20-cc. sample titrated with teuth-uormal alkali 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 113 (a), using plienolplithaleiu as an indicator. Another 20-cc. portion of tlie decolorized wine is then mixed witli approximately 2 gm. of sodium chlorid in a 200-cc. Erlenmeyer flask, and the liquid is rapidly evaporated until a copious separation of sodium chlorid takes place and the wine begins to spatter. Twenty cc. of distilled water is now added and the evaporation repeated until sodium chlorid again separates. The liquid is diluted with distilled water and then titrated with tenth-normal alkali (&), using phenolphthalein as indicator. The amount of volatile acid in grams per 100 cc. is calculated from the formula (a — &)X0.03. The use of the factor 0.03 is described in detail. Comparative analytical data submitted indicate the accuracy of the method. The effect of the number of evaporations and of the sodium chlorid concen- tration is also discussed. The composition of som^e lim.e-sulphur sprays made according to recog- nized formulas, A. A. Ramsay {Jour, and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 4S (lOlJi), j)t. 2, pp. 242-252). — This article reports analytical data of a number of lime-sulphur solutions prepared according to various formulas. From these data certain deductions as to the proper method of preparation of the solutions for use under various conditions are indicated. Canning and preserving with 4-Ii recipes, Jane S. McKimmon (N. C. Agr, Ext. Serv. Circ. 11 {1916), pp. 3-SS, figs. 9). — This circular contains the regu- lations and standards to which members of the North Carolina canning clubs are expected to conform. Some things to be observed when canning, instruc- tions to agents, and canning directions, etc., are included. How can vegetables be best conserved? Thekla Priedlaender and Elisa- beth Dammer {Zent. EinkaufsgeseU. Beschrdnlct. Haftung, Flugschr. No. 4 [1915], Orig., pp. 24, fig- 1). — This pamphlet discusses methods for conserving vegetables by natural drying, forced drying, salting, pickling, and various processes of canning. Recipes and detailed procedures for the various proc- esses are described. The laboratory kitchen recipes for putting up fruits, with directions, Theodora M. Carrell {Poughkeepsie, N. Y.: Author, 1916, pp. 27). — This pamphlet briefly describes the utensils necessary for putting up fruit and dis- cusses the usual methods of canning and subsequent sterilization. Recipes and directions, which have been tested in the laboratory kitchen at Vassar College, for preparing jellies, jams, preserves and conserves, fruit juices, pickles, marmalades of citrus fruits, preserved fresh fruits, mincemeat, and tutti frutti are given. The canning of fruits without sugar, Hedwig Heyl {Zent. EinkaufsgeseU, Beschrdnkt. Haftung, Flugschr. No. 24 {1916), Orig., pp. 16). — This pamphlet outlines procedures for the canning of fruits without sugar. Recipes for pre- paring marmalades, fruit juices, pickled fruits, relishes, and products canned in vinegar are included. A note on the drying of fruits is also given. Some results of the practical application of sulphurous acid and selected yeast in the fermentation of California "Wines, 1913 and 1914, W. V. Cruess {Off. Rpt. Scss. I H tenia t. Cong. Tit., 1915, pp. 25^-263 ) .—Extended analytical data are submitted from which the following conclusions are drawn : " The quality and soundness of wines made in the ordinary commercial cellars can be raised very materially by the use of sulphur dioxid and pure yeast. Special technical knowledge is not necessary for their use and they can be applied by the average wine maker." Influence of composition on effervescence of champagne. Preliminary in- vestigations, R. W. Bettoli and J. La Belle {Off. Rpt. 8ess. Internat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 267-275, figs. 7). — The authors have studied the influence of sugar, tartaric acid, citric acid, tannin, glycerin, and extract (solids) on the 1 L36 I 114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol " sparkle " of champagne. For determining the rate of the liberation of gas a Lunge gas volumeter was used. Chemical analysis of the wines examined in- cluded the determination of alcohol, acidity (free as tartaric, volatile as acetic, and fixed as tartaric), reducing sugars, solids, sugar-free solids, and tannin. The analytical results obtained are expressed in graphical and tabular form. While the experiments described are of a preliminary nature and no definite conclusions are drawn, it is indicated that " sugar, tannin, and glycerin exert a marked I'etardative action on the effervescence, while with the tartaric and citric acids the effervescence seems to be prolonged and not hastened. The fixed acidity of the wines used in the experiments was already exceptionally high so that any effect due to acidity may not have been so noticeable as it would have otherwise been." The coloring matter of cane juices. — A preliminary report, M. A. Schnelleb {Lonmana Stas. Bui. 151 {1916), pp. 16). — The material from which the con- clusions previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 312) have been drawn is discussed in detail. In addition it is concluded that " the polyphenol content of juices could be reduced by topping cane low, using tops for planting. This would result in a distinct improvement of the color of juices." Secrets of meat curing and sausage making (Chicago: B. Heller d Co., 1916, S. ed., pp. 247, figs. ^8). — This booklet describes the slaughtering and dressing of hogs for the market; the curing of hams, shoulders, and bacon; the render- ing of lard ; and the slaughtering of animals on the farm ; and outlines many recipes for the preparation of sausages, etc. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Principles of plant nutrition and manuring, W. Klebekgeb {OrundzUge der Pflanzenemiihrnniislchre mid Dilngcrlehre. Hannover: M. and H. Schaper, 1914, pt. 1, pp. X IT +354: 1015, pt. 2, pp. IX +291, pis. 11).— The first part of this work deals mainly with soils as regards their constitution, structure, and condi- tions, also modifications thereof. The second part deals with soils as a factor in plant nutrition and as modified by plant life, the concluding chapter dealing with the classification and relative values of soils. Each of the two parts contains a bibliography. The making of the soil, E. .1. Russeli. {Trans. Highland and Agr. 80c. Scot, 5. ser., 28 {1916), pp. 1-32, figs. 13). — This article deals with the natural proc- esses and artificial proces.ses such as tillage, drainage, and fertilization involved in the formation of arable soil. Agricultural soils and their composition, J. Puic, y Nattino {Rev. Min. Indus. Uruguay. 4 {1916), No. 20, pp. 58-111, pis. 5, figs. ,'?).— This article dis- cusses and compares French, Italian, and German methods of mechanical analyses of soil and rejiorts the results of physical analyses of 74 samples of Uruguay soils. Soil survey of Franklin County, Florida, C. N. Mooney and A. L. Patrick {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 31, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey issued September 30. 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 346,240 acres in the Gulf coast region of central western Florida, the surface of which " is a flat, featureless plain, and only along the coastal borders and up the main streams is there any topographic relief. These borders apparently are higher and are well drained, while the interior of the county is llatwoods country comprising a large number of almost impenetrable bays swamps. . . . J 1917] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 115 " The soils of the county are of marine sedimentary origin and are predomi- nantly sandy. There are two general groups, the light-colored, well-drained soils and the poorly drained, or dark-colored, soils." Including shell mounds, muck, coastal beach, tidal marsh, and swamp, 13 soil types of 6 series are mapped, of which the Hyde fine sand, the Plununer fine sand, and swamp cover, respectively, 34.3, 22.6, and 10.9 per cent of the area. Soil survey of Jewell County, Kansas, L. E. Call, R. I. Throckmorton, C. O. SwANsoN, ET AL. {Kaiisos Sta. Bui. 211 {1916), pp. 36, map 1). — This re- port of a survey made in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture deals with the general characteristics and chemical composition of the soils of an area of 578,840 acres in northern Kansas. "The soils of Jewell County fall naturally into four general groups: (1) Re- sidual .soils, or those derived from the underlying rocks; (2) loessial soils, or those formed from the weathering of wind-blown deposits; (3) soils of mixed loessial and residual origin; and (4) alluvial soils, or those laid down by streams." Nineteen soil types of 7 series are mapped, of which the Colby silt loam and silty clay loam cover 52.3 and 16.9 per cent, respectively. Average chemical analyses of the different soil types are also reported, which are taken to indicate that the potassium, phosphorus, and lime contents are relatively high, although the phosphorus is more available in the soil than in the subsoil. It is pointed out that the cultivated soils have lost from one-fourth to two-fifths of the nitrogen originally present in the virgin soil. Some soils from the Kuala Pilah and Jelebu districts, J. Grantham {Agr. Bvl. Fed. Malay .States, J, {1916), No. 8, pp. 2^-2//?).— Mechanical and chemical analyses of five samples of padi soils, three samples of rubber soils, two sam- ples of jungle soils, and one sample of white soil are reported and discussed. Critical contribution on the origin of the Mediterranean red soils, E. Blanck {Lamlw. Vers. Stat.. 87 {1915), No. //-5, pp. 251-314).— This is a critical review and analysis of work bearing on the subject conducted by the author and others. The results are taken to indicate that generally, where the presence of dolo- mite has caused the absence of humus, conditions are favorable to the forma- tion of red soil, depending on the action of climatic factors which partially or wholly prevent humus accumulation. The part played in the formation of red soil by insoluble residues of limestone origin is considered of minor impor- tance, since such residue forms only a small part of the red soil and can not account for iron accumulations. The latter are attributed to the metasomatic displacement of lime and to the powers of diffusion of iron solutions added from without. Humification of compounds contained in vegetable organic matter, A. TRUsov (Trussoff) {Sclsk. Khoz. i Ltesov., 250 {1916), Mar., pp. 339-361).— Experiments, especially with dry maple leaves, to determine the amount of humus formed during the decomposition of vegetable residues in surface soil are reported. It was found that the content of water-soluble humus in decomposing organic matter varied, amounting to 1.93 per cent in maple leaves gathered soon after their fall. The plant residues contributed more actively to humus formation and the content of humus soluble in ammonia was larger during the earlier stages of decomposition. The relations between the amounts of humus soluble in water and in ammonia varied with different vegetable mate- rials and periods of decomposition. Frequent drying of the leaves during decomposition decreased the humus content. During decomposition there was no increase in humus content after eight days, and after 156 days no water- soluble humus was found. 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. IVol. 3fi Measuring biological actions by the freezing-point method directly in the soil, G. J. BouYoucos {Science, n. ser., 44 {1916}, No. 1124, PP- 65, 66). — Ex- periments conducted at the Michigan Experiment Station on the influence of the decomposition of dried blood, cottonseed meal, and animal tankage in soils on the concentration of the soil solution as indicated by depression in the freez- ing point are reported. The fertilizers were added at the rates of 0.5 and 1 gm. per 800 gm. of soil. It was found that " the decomposition of these nitrogeneous materials increased tlie depression, and hence the concentration, of the soil solution markedly, and the magnitude of the increase seems to vary with the nature of the material and quantity employed. In some other experiments the amounts of these nitrogenous materials were used, not in equivalent weight but in equivalent nitrogen content, and the freezing-point depression was measured at various intervals. The results show that dried blood reached its maximum decomposition first, followed by animal tankage and cottonseed meal, respec- tively. . . . " It appears that the freezing-point method may be used to great advantage in making comparative studies of tlie decomposibility of various organic sub- stances in the same kind of soil, or the decomposing power of different classes of soil on the same organic substance, or of the same soil differently treated, etc." Effect of grinding soil on the number of micro-organisms, E. B. Fred {Science, n. set:, 44 {1916), No. 1130. pp. 282, 285).— Tests with silt loam, clay, sand, silt clay loam, sandy loam, medium sand, loam, muck, and garden soils to determine the influence of grinding on the number of micro-organisms showed that " grinding greatly reduced the number of bacteria except in silt loam. Apparently the greatest injury caused by grinding for one hour is noted in the case of sandy soils. When the soils were ground for 8 or 24 hours, there was an enormous decrease in the bacterial flora. . . . After 24 hours of grinding the soil was rendered almest free of bacteria. . . . " Dilution counts on various culture solutions adapted to protozoa showed that the unground soils contained protozoa in dilutions greater than 1 to 10.000, while in many cases tlie ground soil failed to show any growth of protozoa. The garden soil contained protozoa in the first dilution, 1 gm. in 10 cc. of the medium. When ground for 24 hours this same soil did not show the presence of protozoa. " From the results, it seems fair to conclude that grinding soil in a ball mill injures the soil micro-organisms. If this process is continued for several hours, the soil will be partially sterilized." The gases of swamp rice soils. — III, A hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from these soils, W. H. Harrison and P. A. Subramania Aiyer {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Chem. Ser., 4 {1916), No. 4, pp. 135-148, fig. i).— Continuing work previously noted (E. S, R., 33, p. 216), further studies were made on the bac- teria in the film on the surface of swamp-rice soils, which had previously shown the ability to oxidize hydrogen. Cultivation of a crude cixlture in Kaserer's medium (E, S. R., 18, p. 1028) under autotropic conditions and incubation in an atmosphere consisting of a mixture of carbon dioxid, methan, oxygen, and hydrogen yielded a culture composed of a mixture of two species of bacteria, one nonmotile and the other smaller. Further cultivation of the mixed culture in the medium to which organic matter was added led to the conclusion that the particular bacterium which was able to oxidize hydrogen was unable to exist in pure culture under autotropic conditions. " The mixed culture was plated out on mineral agar, to which 0.1 per cent sodium asparaginate had been added, and incubated in 1917] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 117 an atmosphere of oxygen and hydrogen. Colonies developed of which a large number proved to possess the pov^^er of oxidizing hydrogen in the presence of soluble nitrogenous organic matter and which were found to consist of the larger nonmotile bacterium previously referred to." The characteristics of the bacterium are described in detail, together with the experimental details of the work. Relations between water and soil, H. Fischer {Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 5 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 517-576, fig. 1; abs. m Chem. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 10, p. 1391). — Analyses of a number of soils, especially swamp soils, and soil waters which had undergone different natural changes and fertility k'eatments are reported and discussed with special reference to the judgment o£ the value of the* soils. It is concluded that in judging the productiveness of a soil it is necessary, not only to analyze the soil and soil water and to conduct plat and pot tests and fertilizer experiments, but also to classify the soil with reference to regional and climatic conditions and thereby compare the results of natural and artificial changes. Comparative tests of methods for determining cohesion, with special reference to marsh soils, C. Makquis (Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 5 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 381-516, figs. U; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 10, p. 13S1).—A com- parison of methods of measuring cohesion in soils with different moisture and lime contents, including experiments on the draft of plows under varying soil conditions, is reported. It was found that moisture content was the most important factor determining the variation in cohesion values, and minimum cohesion was observed in each soil at a moisture content corresponding to its character. Acidity and adsorption in soils as measured by the hydrogen electrode, L. T. Sharp and D. R. Hoagland (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 3, pp. 123-145, fig. 1). — Experiments conducted at the California Ex- periment Station with silty clay loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, gravelly loam, clay adobe, silty loam, and peat soils on the relation between soil reaction and the concentration of the hydrogen ion in soil suspensions and extracts are reported, together with the progress results of experiments on the influence of varying proportions of soil to water, grinding the soil, heating it at various temperatures, and of the addition of salts on the H-ion concentration. " Con- sideration has also been given to the relation of HCO-^ CO-^ and CO2 to soil reaction as measured by the electrometric method. Experimental data have likewise been secured with respect to the lime requirement of soils and the so- called ' adsorption of bases.' " A hydrogen electrode apparatus for determin- ing small differences in potential was used to measure hydrogen-ion concentra- tions in soil suspensions. Hydrogen electrode measurements gave direct evidence that soil acidity is due to the presence of an excess of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. " The hydrogen-ion concentration of different soil suspensions was found to vary within wide limits, from a condition of high acidty to one of high alkalinity. Soils containing calcium in equilibrium with HCO-3 and CO2 have a very slightly alkaline reaction." With one exception, grinding did not materially alter the hydrogen-ion con- centration of the soil suspensions. Varying the proportion of soil to water produced only slight fluctuations in hydrogen-ion concentration in soil sus- pensions. " The intensity of acidity decreases when the soils are heated at high tem- peratures. The insufliciency of the data concerning heating at 140° C. does not admit of positive conclusions, though there is indication that the H-ion con- centration may be slightly increased by this treatment. . . . 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 " The addition of sodium cliloi-id, potassium clilorid, and barium chloi-id to certain soil suspensions was found to increase the hydrogen-ion concentration." There was found to be apparently a simultaneous removal of positive and negative ions from solutions of various hydrates by soils. A list of 35 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Soil alkali studies: Quantities of alkali salts which, prohibit the growth of crops in certain Utah soils, F. S. Harris (Utah Sta. Bui. 145 {1916}, pp. 21, figs. 16). — In an extension to field conditions of studies previously reported (E. S. R., 34, p. 125), determinations of the total soluble salts, including chlorids, carbonates, and sulphates, to a depth of 4 ft. in soils from seven counties in Utah were made. The crops growing on the soils were wheat in five cases and oats and alfalfa one each. " Samples were taken from typical alkali spots, from parts of the same field producing good crops, and from places surrounding the bare spots where only about a half crop was produced." The results are reported graphically. It was found that the highest concentration and the location of salts varied considerably, occurring in some soils in the surface foot and in others at depths of 2, 3, and 4 ft. The total soluble salts in the parts of the fields producing the best crops varied from 2.440 parts per million in Salt Lake County to 10,852 parts per million in Millard County, with an average of 5.089 for all seven counties. The parts of the field where the yield had been reduced to about half what it was in the better places varied in total soluble salts from 2,956 parts per million in Carbon County to 18.325 parts per million in Millard County, with an average of 9.2G3 parts per million for all the counties. The total salts varied in tlie bare places from 0,938 parts per million in Salt Lake County to 30,148 parts per million in Cache County, with an average of 14,397 parts per million. There was considerable variation in the chlorids and carbonates, but very much more in the sulphates, the latter running as low as 543 parts per million in Boxelder County and as high as 23,027 in Cache County. The toxic limits for total salts were considerably lower in the eastern coun- ties. " No crops grew where there were 14,397 parts per million of salts. . . . As an average of the three counties where sulphates were low, no crops were produced with a concentration of 10.709 parts per million of salts, while there was only half a crop with 6,455 parts per million." [Studies on soils] {Calif ornia Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 59, 60). — In studies by W. P. Kelley on the effect of sodium nitrate on soils, it was found that the con- tinued use of this material resulted (1) in a well-defined deterioration in the physical properties of the soils, (2) in a rapid loss of soil calcium, and (3) in an unusually high content of soluble sodium in proportion to other bases in the water extracts from such soils. It was concluded that sodium nitrate reacts with calcium carbonate in soils to form small amounts of sodium carbonate. Studies of nitrification in California soils are said to show the favorable in- fluence of manure and leguminous cover crops and only a slight effect of inor- ganic fertilizers on nitrification. Leguminous cover crops are said to undergo much more rapid nitrification than barley or manure. The results of a com- parative study of the nitrification of leguminous cover crops are taken to indi- cate that Mclilotus indica, purple vetch, common vetch, and bur clover each contain about the same amounts of nitrogen and likewise undergo rapid nitrifi- cation. Canada field peas and Windsor beans, on the other hand, were some- what inferior in this respect. The results of studies on the movement of nitrates in soils are taken to indi- cate that nitrates are naturally formed in cultivated zones to the greatest ex- tent and that where cover crops and manure are plowed down the porosity of 1917] SOILS — FERTILIZEKS. 119 the soil permits more uniform diffusion and movement of nitrates into the sub- strata. Comparison of the nitrifying' powers of some humid, and some arid soils, C. B. LiPMAN, P. S. BuKGESs, and M. A. Klein {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 2, pp. 47-82).— Studies conducted at the California Ex- periment Station on the nitrifying powers under incubator conditions of about 40 humid and 150 arid soils, of which at least one sample was obtained from each State in the Union, are reported. " The soil was used as a medium, and the forms of nitrogen employed were soil nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia plus soil nitrogen, dried blood plus soil nitrogen, and cottonseed meal plus soil nitrogen." It was found that the nitrifying powers of soils of the arid region are no more intense than those of the humid i-egion. It is considered possible that " the data [for soil nitrogen and dried-blood nitrogen] justify the further con- clusion that the nitrifying powers of humid soils are greater than those of arid soils. . . . Arid soils nitrify the nitrogen of sulphate of ammonia and cottonseed meal with much greater vigor than do the humid soils. A reversal of efficiency is manifest between the two groups of soils as regards sulphate of ammonia and cottonseed meal on the one hand and dried blood and soil nitro- gen on the other." The washing out of nitrate from arable soil during the past winter, E. J. Russell and A. Applet akd (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londmi], 23 (1916), No. 1, pp. 22-27, figs. 2). — Studies of the soils of several experimental fields after an unusually wet winter showed that the high winter rainfall caused a deflocculation of clay and a depletion of the stock of soil nitrates. Experiments on the improvement of peat soils by adding mineral soils and lime, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska MosskuUiirfor. Tidskr., 29 (1915), No. 6, pp. 462-466). — In experiments at Flahult it was found that the addition of a mixture of sand and loam to swamp soil increased the yield of hay. When sand alone was used better results were obtained with oats, timothy, and pas- ture grass when the sand was spread on the surface than when it was plowed into the soil. Turnips and flax responded best to liming on these soils and red clover and barley least. Manuring for higher crop production, E. J. Russell (Cambridge, Eng.: Univ. Press, 1916, pp. [17] +69, p?«. 2, figs. 14). — This is a popular book for English farmers on manures and soil management, which is intended especially to meet emergency conditions due to the European war. It is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1, the improvement of the soil, deals with cultivation, liming, green manuring, and catch cropping. Chapter 2, the manure heap, deals with the storage, conservation, use, and time of application of manure and liquid manure. Chapter 3, artificial manures, deals with the composition and use of the well-known nitrogenous, phosphatic. and potassic fertilizers. Chapters 4 and 5 deal in turn with the practical manuring of arable land with reference to different common crops and the manuring of grass land. Fertilizers, E. B. A'oorhees (Neio York: The Maemillan Co., 1916, rev. ed., pp. XV-\-365, pis. 16, figs. 6). — This is a revised edition of this book by J. H. A'oorhees (E. S. R., 10, p. 942). The revision consists of the rearrangement of certain parts, the Incorporation of considerable new matter, and the bring- ing up to date of old matter. A chapter on manures is included ; the subject of lime is more fully treated ; and more attention is given to the utilization of various by-products and waste products as fertilizers as well as to recently discovered phosphates and phosphate preparation, air nitrogen compounds, and 120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 American sources of potash. Much new matter regarding the fertilizing of truck and market garden crops and other special crops has been added. Soil fertility, its economic maintenance and increase, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 21, 2. ser., (1916), pp. IS). — This is an address to farmers' institute workers in which the fundamental principles in the economic mainte- nance and increase of soil fertility are enumerated and discussed. Special at- tention is drawn to the importance of the conservation and use of farm ma- nure and of fertilizers as a supplement to manure. Analyses of various kinds of manure are given as follows: Approximate average composition of manure (fresh) from various animals. Kind of animal. Relative proportions of solid ex- crement, liquid excrement, and bedding in manure. Pounds per ton. Nitrogen. Phos- phoric acid. Potash. Solid excrement 1,200 300 500 Per cent. 0.55 1.35 .50 Per cent. 0.30 Trace. .15 Per cent. 0.40 Liquid excrement (urine) 1.25 .60 Total mixture 2,000 .60 .22 .58 Solid excrement Cow 1,260 540 200 .40 1.00 .50 .20 Trace. .15 .10 Liquid excrement (urine) Bedding material 1.35 .60 Total mixture 2,000 .57 .14 .49 Solid excrement Pig 990 660 350 .55 .40 .50 .50 .10 .15 .40 Liquid excrement (urine) .45 .60 Total mixture 2,000 .49 .30 .45 Solid excrement 1,206 594 200 .75 .35 .50 .50 .05 .15 .45 Liquid excrement (urine) 2.10 Bedding material .60 Total mixture 2,000 .90 .33 .95 Sol id and liquid excrement Bedding material Poultry 1,900 100 1.00 .50 .80 .15 .40 .60 Total mixture 2,000 .97 .77 .41 Analyses of seaweeds collected on the Atlantic seaboard are also reported as in the following table : Analyses of seaicccds collected on the Atlantic seaboard. Water. Organic matter. Ash. Nitrogen. Phosgioric p„t,3j, Percent. 63.49 88.29 75.14 79.42 88.30 Per cent. 27.93 7.61 19.30 15.15 7.15 Per cent. 8.53 4.10 5.56 5.43 4.55 Per cent. 0.468 .182 .273 .928 .251 Per cent. 0.108 .037 .070 .068 .134 Per cent. 2.025 .615 .619 .619 1.546 Manurial values of concentrated foods in relation to cost of food in the production of milk, J. Mackintosh (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 (1916), No. 3, pp. 209-22/f). — Studies of the values of the manurial residues, conducted as a part of an investigation lasting two years into the cost of feetl in the produc- tion of milk on 39 farms, are reported. The total weight of feed used during the two years was 1,795 tons, and included decorticated cotton cake and meal, Egyptian cotton cake, compound 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 121 dairy cake and meal, linseed cake, dried grains, soy-bean cake and meal, and oats. The first year the net manurial value for all the farms equaled 0.33d. (0.66 ct.) per gallon of milk produced. In the second year the net manurial value was 0.36d. (0.72 ct.) per gallon of milk produced. The range of net manurial values per gallon of milk was from zero to 0.83d (1.66 cts.). "A comparison of the results from the groups of farms shows that the meth- ods of management of the liquid and solid manure is one cause of variation in the results from the individual farms, but at least two other factors must be taken into account. These are (1) the quantity of cakes and meals used, and (2) the variation in manurial value of individual cakes and meals." A plan for testing' efficiencies of fertilizers, P. L. Gile and J. O. Cakrero (Jour. Amer. Soc. Ayron., 8 {1916), No. 4, pp. 247-255, fig. i).— In a further contribution to the subject (E. S. R., 81, p. 28), " it is proposed that tests of the efficiencies of different fertilizers furnishing the same element shall include applications of three to five different quantities of the standard fertilizer, and that from the data of the tests so planned the efficiencies be calculated on the basis of the relative quantities of the different fertilizers required to produce the same increased yields. It is pointed out that the usual method of conduct- ing such tests and the usual method of calculating efficiencies may be subject to some error, as they are based on an assumption concerning the law of mini- mum, namely, that the curve of increased growth with increasing amounts of the fertilizer in minimum will be a straight line. This assumption is some- times false, as the curve may take a variety of forms. . . . " [The pi'oposed method J being based on no assumption concerning the law of minimum, an accurate comparison is possible irrespective of how the yield in- creases with increasing amounts of the fertilizer in minimum. The form of the curve, plotted from the increased yields produced by increasing amounts of the standard fertilizer, shows when a calculation of relative efficiencies is allow- able, and gives some idea of the accuracy of the comparison. As the proposed method involves the idea of always comparing yields of approximately equal magnitudes, an analysis of the crop and determination of dry matter ai'e not so important as in the old method. This principle of the propo.setl method is of particular value for vegetative tests in pots where large and small yields are subject to somewhat different conditions in respect to ratio between soil and root volume and total amount of mineral matter supplied in the water." [Fertilizer experiments], E. F. Gasklll {Mnssachusctts Sta. Rpt. 1915, pf. 1, pp. 37a-44(f).- — The results of the twenty-sixth year of an experiment with clover and grass on the relative value of barnyard manure, sodium nitrate, am- monium sulphate, and dried blood as sources of nitrogen are reported, together with a summary of the whole period. " On the basis of 100 for nitrate of soda, the relative standing of the different nitrogen plats and no-nitrogen plats, as measured by total yield during the season, was as follows : Dried blood, 102.46 ; no nitrogen, 99.61; sulphate of ammonia, 99.48; and manure, 99.1; [and] for the 26 years, nitrate of soda, 100 ; manure, 76.47 ; dried blood, 75.83 ; and sulphate of ammonia, 57.93. Considering the relative standing of the different nitrogen fertilizers on the basis of yields per aci*e with a mixed crop of clover and grass there is very little difference between the different materials, and the no-nitrogen plats gave yields about as large as those receiving nitrogen." Experiments with asparagus, blackberries, raspberries, currants, rhubarb, potatoes, mangels, and alfalfa on the relative value of potassium sulphate and chlorid as sources of potash gave, except in the case of asparagus, results in agreement with those of previous years. " Considering the different crops grown during the 23 years of the experiment, the muriate has proved the better s!^ 122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. source of potash for the following: Asparagus (11 years), currants (4 years), mangels (2 years), sugar beets (1 year), corn, ensilage (1 year), corn stover (7 years), sweet-corn stover (1 year), squashes (3 years), carrots (2 years), onions (2 years), celery (1 year), oat hay (1 year), and vetch and oats (2 years). The sulphate has proved the better source of potash for the following crops: Asparagus (1 year), blackberries (10 years), raspberries (10 years), strawberries (11 years), rhubarb (12 years), potatoes (12 years), corn, grain (7 years), sweet corn, ears (1 year), cabbages (10 years), soy beans (4 years), alfalfa (4 years), crimson clover (1 year), common red and alsike clover (1 year), and mammoth red clover (1 year)." The results in the twenty-sixth year of a comparative test of two fertilizer mixtures, one high in potash and low in phosphoric acid and the other high in phosphoric acid and low in potash, showed that for the mixture rich in phos- phoric acid the yield of crib-dried corn was 46 bu. and the yield of stover 5,420 lbs. per acre, and for the mixture rich in potash, 35.1 bu. of corn and 5,060 lbs. of stover per acre. The results of the eighth year of a comparison of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate as a top-dressing for permanent mowings were " in favor of th^ nitrate of soda for the first crop, with very little difference between the two for the second crop, and the no-nitrogen plat producing more rowen than either the nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia plats. . . . These results . . . indicate in a striking way that beneficial results are obtained by top-dressing with sul- phate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, and that the results are immediate but not lasting." The results of an experiment to study the relative value of different sources of lime on the basis of equal applications of combined calcium and magnesium oxids are briefly noted, medium green soy beans being grown for seed. The fol- lowing comparative yields per acre are reported : With hydrated lime, 31.2 bu. of seed and 2.484 lbs. of straw ; with marl, 30 bu. of seed and 2,435 lbs. of straw ; with ground limestone, 30.02 bu. of seed and 2.359 lbs. of straw ; with no lime, 28.86 bu. of seed and 2,273 lbs. of straw ; and with limoid, 35.25 bu. of seed and 3,209 lbs. of straw. Other general data are also included on the effect of the continued use of fertilizers containing single plant food elements and of different combinations of plant food elements on different crops, and the relative value of different ferti- lizer rotations for top-dressings of grass land. Sources of nitrogen compounds in the United States, C. G. Gilbert {t<))uthsn. Inst. Pnb. 2^21 (1916), pp. 12). — This paper discusses the nitrogen situation in the United States and briefly describes the arc method, the cyan- cmid and Haber processes, and the by-product ammonia method of obtaining nitrogen compounds. The cyanamid process and the by-product coking opera- tion are thought to offer the greatest possibilities in the United States for meeting the agricKiltural and other requirements for nitrogen. Fixation of air nitrogen and the importance of the resulting fertilizer to agriculture, L. Seidler (Fiihlinp's Landir. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 21-22, pp. 5^3- 5.56). — A number of processes for the fixation of air nitrogen are described and discussed. The preparation of superphosphate from phosphorites from Saratov and Perme, N. P. Koblykov {Trudy Kom. Moskov. Selsk. KJioz. Inst. IzslQd. Fos- foritov., Ser. II, 5 {1915), pp. 16-22). — Experiments with the two types of phos- phorite are reported which show that the Perme phosphorite yielded a product containing 16.2 per cent water-soluble phosphoric acid and the Saratov phos phorite from 11.7 to 11.8 per cent. J 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 123 Citrate solubility as a measure for the effectiveness of different Thomas phosphates, T, Pfeiffek (Fuhling's Landw. Zig., 65 (1916), No. S-Jf, pp. 81-92, fig. 1). — The author reviews and analyzes the results of several experiments with a number of different Thomas phosphates, and shows that in the ma- jority of cases a definite relation existed between the citrate solubility of the Thomas phosphates and their effectiveness. In one case this assumed the form of a mathematical expression ; that is, the effective value of the different Thomas phosphates represented a logarithmic function of their content of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid. Potash in the banana stalk, R. H. Ellis {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 {1916) , No. 8, pp. 456, 457). — Analyses of banana stalks indicated that a ton of banana stalks yielded 188 lbs. of dry matter containing 13.7 per cent potash. It is noted that the dried banana stalks contain about two-thirds as much potash as the dried kelp of the American Pacific coast. Similar results obtained by A. J. Hanley at Leeds University are also noted. Note on the presence of potash in banana skins, R. H. Ellis {Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., S5 {1916), No. 9, p. 521). — An examination of banana skins showed a total potash content of 1.05 per cent, the dry matter containing 9.03 per cent of potash. See also the above note. A few experiments in the slacking and keeping' of lime from east and west Gotland, H. von Feilitzen {Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 30 {1916), No. 2, pp. 170-216, pis. 4, figs. 15). — This is a report of experiments on various methods of slaking lime. It is pointed out that lime must be slaked in small quantities, using known amounts of water. The fineness of slaked lime was found to depend on the manner and degree of slaking, from 70 to 80 per cent of particles of a size less than 0.2 mm. being obtained from well-slaked lime. The finer lime powder was found to contain more hydrate and less carbonate and silicate than the coarser powder. Instructions on storing burned lime are also included. Methods of applying lime, J. Hendrick and J. M Smith {Trans. Highland and Agr. Scot., 5. scr., 28 {1916), pp. 145-157). — Instructions regarding the application of shell lime, lime compost, ground lime, calcium carbonate, shell sand, and marl are given. Official report on agricultural lime licensed, inspected, and analyzed during the year 1915 {Columbus, Ohio: Bd. Agr., 1916, pp. 53, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives general information on the purchasing and use of agricultural lime, and reports the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 58 samples of agricul- tural limes collected for inspection in Ohio during 1915. A list of agricultural lime manufacturers and dealers in Ohio and the text of the Ohio agricultural lime law are also given. Lime in 1915, G. F. Loughlin (17. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1915, pt. 2, pp. 245-264)- — This report, issued August 19, 1916, deals with the production, use, imports, and exports of lime in the United States during 1915. " The lime manufactured and sold in the United States in 1915 amounted to 3,589,699 short tons, valued at $14,336,756. This was an increase of 208,771 tens, or 6 per cent, in quantity, and of $1,067,818, or about 9 per cent, in value compared with sales in 1914. . . . The five leading States in 1915 were, accord- ing to quantity of lime sold, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin ; according to value, Maine ranked third and Wisconsin sixth. . . . "The quantity of lime for fertilizer in 1915 decreased about 5 per cent in quantity from the figure of 1914, but was considerably higher than in any other preceding year ; the value in 1915, however, was 1 per cent greater than that of 1914, and was the greatest yet attained. The average price per ton increased 76601°— 17 3 124 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 18 cts. over that of 1914. . . , Lime for fertilizer was sold in 1915 in 29 of the 43 lime-producing States, and represented about one-sixth of the total quantity and one-seventh of the total value of lime sold. Pennsylvania was the leading State, with sales valued at nearly $1,000,000. . . . Besides burned lime, there were also sold for fertilizer in 1915 810,399 short tons of pulverized limestone, valued at $893,530. Gypsum in 1915, R. W. Stone {U. S. Geol. Survey, Reprint from Mineral Re- sources of the United States, Calendar Year 1915, pt. 2, pp. 151-159). — This re- port deals with the production and use of gypsum in the United States during 1915, and states that " although the output of gypsum mined decreased in 1915, the decrease was only a little more than 1 per cent and the decrease in value of products marketed was only about 4 per cent. . . . The quantity mined ex- ceeded that of all previous years except three, 1912, 1913, and 1914. . . . There was also an unusual increase in the quantity sold as land plaster." The action of manganese under acid and neutral soil conditions, J. J. Skinnee and F. R. Reid {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. Ul (.1916), pp. 12, figs. 3).— A six years' field test of manganese sulphate used at the rate of 50 lbs. per acre on an acid silty loam soil is reported. It was found that the effect of the manganese sulphate each year was not beneficial to wheat, rye, corn, cowpeas, or potatoes. The soil required from 1.780 to about 2,750 lbs. of calcium carbonate per acre to neutralize the first 6 in. It is also deficient in organic matter, of poor physical condition, and has a poor oxidizing power. The processes of oxidation were retarded by manganese in most cases of acid conditions in the soil. Studies on the same plats kept neutralized with lime for the three years fol- lowing the experiment with the soil in an acid condition indicated that additions of manganese increased the yields of wheat, rye. timothy, beans, corn, and cow- peas, while no difference was produced in the potato crop. The oxidative power of the neutralized soil was also increased by manganese. " These results on the behavior of manganese as a so-called catalytic fer- tilizer when acting under acid or neutral soil conditions show that no profitable return is to be expected in soils of a persistent acid tendency until such soils are limed." The American fertilizer handbook {Philadelphia: Ware Bros. Co., 1916, 9. ed., pp. [398], figs. 2). — This handbook contains the usual data and information relating to the fertilizer industry (E. S. R., 34, p. 29). Among the more im- portant special articles included are the following : Fertilizers : What They Are — How to Apply Them, by H. G. Bell ; The Sulphuric Acid Industry : Conditions in the Trade — New Construction — Brief Review of Recent Literature and Recent Patents — Statistics for the United States, by A. N. Fairlie; Possible Sources of Potash in America, by F. K. Cameron; Potash Salts, 1914, by W. C. Phalen; Preventable Losses in Fertilizer Plants, by S. J. Martenet; Sulphur and Pyrite in 1914, by W. C. Phalen; The Cyanamid Industry— World Status, by E. J. Pranke; The Production of Phosphate Rock in 1914, by W. C. Phalen; The Cottonseed Oil Industry ; An Interesting and Unusual Year — Conditions Have Necessitated Many Changes in Milling ^Methods — The Future of the In- dustry, by T. C. Law ; The Products and Composition of Cotton Seed, by T. C. Law ; and The Western Animal Ammoniate Market : An Unprecedented Advance of Prices for Blood and Tankage During the Fall of 1915 — The Demand for Animal Ammoniates Greater than the Production — Monthly Re- view from May 1, 1915, to April 30, 1916, by J. H. Schmaltz. Official report on commercial fertilizers licensed, inspected, and analyzed during the year 1915 {Columbus, Ohio: Bd. Agr., 1916, pp. 221). — This bullelin gives general information regarding the manufacture, selection, purchase, and 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 125 use of commercial fertilizers in Ohio, and reports the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 565 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Ohio during 1915. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, R. N. Bkackett et al. {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 187 (1916), pp. 68). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 1.593 samples of fertilizers and fertiliz- ing materials collected for inspection in South Carolina during 1915 and 1916 with the usual explanatory notes. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Influence of certain carbohydrates on green plants, L. Knitdson (New TorJc Cornell Sta. Mem. 9 {1916), pp. 5-75, figs. 11). — Experiments are described in which a number of plants were cultivated in nutrient media to which various forms of sugar were added, the plants being grown in plugged test tubes, cylin- ders, or flasliS. Corn (Zea mays) was found able to absorb through its roots and to assimi- late certain sugars, which resulted in increased growth of the plant. The sugars in the order of their beneficial effect on the plants when grown in the light were glucose and fructose, saccharose, and maltose. In tlie dark, glucose gave the most beneficial results. With Canada field peas {Pisnm sativum), growth was found to respond marliedly to the presence of sugars, the order of their beneficial influence being saccharose, glucose, maltose, and lactose. Timothy was found to utilize glucose and saccharose, but not lactose when grown in the light. With this plant grown in the dark, all the sugars seem to be utilized. Experiments with radish confirm earlier investigations, glucose, saccharose, maltose, and lactose being utilized. Vetch {Vicia villosa) grown in the dark utilized the various disaccharids. W^hen grown in the light, the order of the favorable influence of the different sugars was saccharose, glucose, maltose, and lactose. Cabbage grown in the presence of maltose showed increased growth, and the same was true for sweet clover with increased concentrations of glucose or saccharose and for crimson clover with maltose. Vetch plants showed increased growth with increase in concentration of sugars, and these plants were found to absorb glucose from an extremely weak solution. Certain forms of sugars were found toxic in various degrees, and antagonistic actions were observed between different forms of sugars. In connection with the experiments with vetch, the respiration of the plants was determined. It was found that saccharose and glucose were much alike in their effect, while maltose produced a lessened evolution of carbon dioxid. An extensive bibliography is given. Studies on the formation and translocation of carbohydrates in plants (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England], 7 (1916), No. 3, pp. 255-384, figs. 18; abs. in Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 59 (1916), No. 1526, p. 172).— This report in three parts, as indi- cated below, of work done at Rothamsted Experimental Station, had for its object to throw light on the fundamental problems of carbohydrate formation, transfer, storage, transformation, and utilization. Credit for furnishing a complete account of work done as late as 1893 is given to Brown and Morris (E. S. R., 4, p. 984; 5, pp. 127, 344). I. The carbohydrates of the mangold leaf, W. A. Davis, A, J. Daish, and G. C. Saicyer (pp. 2.55-326). — This section deals with a study of the formation and translocation of the sugars in the mangold under actual conditions of growth. Starch is said to be absent from the leaf after very early stages of growth of the root. During all hours and at all stages, maltose is absent from 126 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 leaf, midribs, and stalk. Saccharose exceeds hexoses somewhat in the very young leaves, the reverse being true later in the season. In the midribs and stalk, saccharose remains practically constant throughout the season, being greatly exceeded by the hexoses, which show great diurnal and seasonal varia- tion. During the daytime, the curve of the proportion of saccharose follows the curve of the temperature, while the rise of the cun^e of hexoses exceeds that of the curve of the temperature. The facts are thought to support the view that saccharose is the primary sugar formed under the influence of chlorophyll in the leaf mesophyll. Before trans- location, it is transformed into hexoses in the veins, midribs, and stalks, the proportion of hexoses increasing as the material approaches the root which it enters as hexose. It is there reconverted into saccharose, in which form it can not leave the root until reconverted for use in the second season's growth. It is considered improbable that the synthesis of hexoses to saccharose is effected by invertase through a process of reversible zymo-hydrolysis, as in- vertase is entirely absent from the root. Pentoses, which form only a small proportion of the total sugars in the tissues, are thought to be formed from hexoses and to be the precursors of the pentosans. II. The dcxtrose-lcvulose ratio in the mangold, W. A. Davis (pp. 327-351). — In this work, it is said to have been found that in the extracts of mangold leaves and stalks optically active impurities are always present which are not precipitated by basic lead acetate and which hence vitiate the estimation of dextrose and levulose. These substances are possibly acid amids or amino- acids which form soluble lead salts, and occur much more abundantly in the midribs and in the stalks than in the leaves. When the ratio of dextrose to levulose is greater than unity (the value to be expected if they are formed into saccharose by inversion), it is thought that the apparent dextrose present is increased by the presence of a dextrorotatory impurity, possibly glutamin. When the ratio is less than unity, as at certain times of day, a levorotatory impurity is thought to predominate. In midribs and stalks, and especially near the bases of the latter, the dextrose appears (probably on account of the im- purity above mentioned) to exceed largely the levulose. Apparent fluctuations in the ratio of dextrose to levulose are thought to be due to fluctuations in the optically active impurities rather than in these sugars themselves. These apparent fluctuations show some diurnal regularity. The presence of at least two optically active substances at different hours is thought to be indicated. It is provisionally held that the dextrose and levulose exist in the leaves and stalks as invert sugar, and travel in nearly or exactly equal proportions to the root, where retransformation into saccharose occurs. Wliich of these siigars is the better adapted to tissue formation or to respiration is not considered as settled by studies thus far reported. III. The carbohydrates of the leaf and leaf stalks of the potato. The mechanism of the degradation of starch in the leaf, W. A. Davis and G. C. t^awycr (pp. 852-384). — It is stated that in potato leaf the increase of sac- charose, the principal sugar present when the tubers begin to develop, goes on uniformly from sunrise to 2 p. m., following approximately the temperature curve, but showing a steady decline during the rest of the 24 hours. Hexoses appear in the leaves in very small amounts, generally less than 1 per cent of their total dry weight. Fluctuations in their amount are explained by their conversion into starch or the reverse change. Hexoses begin to in- crease in the leaf as soon as saccharose has reached its maximum at 2 p. m., presumably owing to hydrolysis of the saccharose to invert sugar. Dextrin, appearing at the same hour, increases regularly to 6 p. m., when true starch 1917] AGRlCtTLTURAL BOTANY. 127 also reaches a maximum. Both of these then fall rapidly to a minimum of about 0.2 per cent just after midnight, the starch apparently changing directly to dextrose, which shows a corresponding increase in the leaf. In the stalks, reducing sugars predominate greatly over saccharose. As in the case of the mangold, it is probable that cane sugar is the first sugar formed in the leaf and that it is hydrolyzed by invertase in the veins, mid- ribs, and stalks for the purpose of translocation. As in the mangold, the determination of the true proportions of dextrose and levulose is prevented by the presence of soluble, optically active substances. Maltose is invariably absent from the leaf of the potato plant and the leaves of other plants which form much starch in the leaf. The degradation of starch in the leaves is thought to be effected by a mixture of euzyms simi- lar to the enzyms of Aspergillus orysw. Maltose is always present in relative excess so that starch is degraded completely to dextrose, the series of changes being starch,— » dextrins,—» maltose,— > dextrose. Physiological observations on alkaloids, latex, and oxidases in Papaver somniferum, R. H. True and W. W. Stockbekgek (Amcr. Jour. Bot., 3 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-11). — Presenting the results of work done during 1902 to 190.5, but afterwards interrupted, the authors state that in the case of P. somni- ferum the oxidase reaction is most active in the upper parts of the plant, especially in the floral structures, capsules, and actively growing parts. In this respect it parallels the distribution of the latex, which in itself is most active. The peroxidase reaction shows less variation in intensity in the dif- ferent regions. Oxidase seems to be inactivated during the course of its action, as has been notetl also in case of Irish potato. This appears to indicate that the oxidase reaction is not caused by a catalyzing agent. Intensity of oxidase reaction roughly paralleled the alkaloid content except in the root, where the latter was relatively the higher. Alkaloids seem not to exist as such in the poppy, but to appear as products of the oxidase action on the constituents present in the latex reacting in the presence of oxygen. Alkaloids of Atropa belladonna differ from those of the poppy in that thoy are found in structures dried out of contact with free oxygen and appear to exist ready formed in the plant. A substance coag'ulating inulin and accompanying it in vegetable tissues, J. Wolff (Cotnpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 162 {1916), No. U, pp. 514-516).— The author claims to have found in roots of Cichorium intybus and in tuber- cles of Dahlia variabilis a substance which coagulates very actively the juices extracted from these plants and precipitates inulin from the solutions. For this agent the name inulo-coagulase is proposed. After 1 hour of coagulation, the precipitated inulin represented 35 per cent, and after 18 hours 75 per cent of the total quantity. The constitution of anthocyanins, R. Willstatteb [Ber. Detif. Pharm. GeselL, 25 (1915), No. 8, pp. Ii38-U9 ; abs. in Rev. G&n. Sei., 27 (1916), No. 7, p. 199). — Summarizing in this address the results of work recently done by himself and his collaborators, the author states that of about 20 anthocyanins thus far studied, 6 were obtained from fruits, the rest from flowers. The anthocyanins appertain to the oxonium salts. In all cases, these substances were found as glucosids and, by treatment, gave for each case a sugar and a coloring matter. These coloring matters have been termed anthocyanidins. Several are designated as to their origin and are discussed. Chemically, they are said to resemble closely the anthocyanins, which are widely distributed in nature. w\ 128 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 Studies on the medium of exchange between roots and soil and among tissues in the plant, P. MAzfi (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 29 {1915), No. 12, pp. 601- 632; 30 (1916), No. 3, pp. 117-140, figs. 3). — Having continued studies previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 221), the autlior states that the mechanism of absorp- tion of nutritive substances from natural or artificial solutions does not in- clude osmosis, the factors apparently operative in the introduction of nutri- tive substances into circulation being the motility of protoplasm and molecular attraction. The exchanges are possible when the nutritive medium contains all the material necessary to the plant in definite concentration. Incomplete solutions and distilled water introduced directly into the vascular bundles behave as toxic agents. Plasmolysis should be regarded as a phenomenon of coagula-. tion. Osmotic action does not occur between living cells and external media. Absorption of sap is regulated by the chemical activity of the plant. Such phenomena as sap pressure,, bleeding, and loss of turgescence are expressions of variation in the pressure within the plant, resulting from want of equilibrium between absorption and transpiration. Phototropic orientation in the stems is due to inequalities of pressure caused by unilateral illumination. Circulation of elaborated sap is assured by the turgescence in assimilating cells, which is periodic, as is sap movement. It is claimed, in brief, that exchanges between plant and medium and among plant tissues are brought about by the play of mechanical factors, among which the njotility of protoplasm predominates by reason of the part it plays in the control of permeability. The exchange of ions between the roots of Lupinus albus and culture solutions containing three nutrient salts, II. H. True and H. H. Baktlett {Amcr. Jour. Dot., 3 {1916), No. 2, pp. 1^-57, figs. 3). — In continuance of pre- vious accounts of work with L. albus (E. S. R., 34, p. 224), the authors report studies dealing primarily with mixtures of three salts. Two groups of experi- ments are reported, one employing the nitrates of potassium, calcium, and mag- nesium, the other employing monopotassium phosphate, calcium nitrate, and magnesium sulphate, each experiment including 36 cultures, each with a con- centration of 140 NX 10"^. It is stated that in general seedlings of L. aJbus absorb more salts from mix- tures of potassium, calcium, and magnesium nitrates than from equally concen- trated solutions containing one or two of these salts. The solutions of the three nitrates found most favorable to absorption were much inferior to cor- responding solutions in which the three anions, H2PO4-, NO3-, and S04=. were present. The roots absorbed about 50 per cent of the salts from the best solutions of the mixed nitrates and 85 per cent from those of the three anions. In solutions of the mixed nitrates, as in those of the other compounds named, the best absorption occurs when no single ion is greatly in excess, although within a very wide range of variation in proportion the roots absorb with almost equal efficiency. The antagonistic action of salts in plants, J. G. IMaschhaupt {Vcrslag. Landbouick. Onderzoek. Rijkslandbouivprocfstat. [Netlierlnnds], No. 19 {1916), pp. 1-60, pis. 5, fig. 1). — This is largely a critical discussion of findings and views on the antagonism of salts in nutritive media, listing over 60 contribu- tions on the subject. Immobility of iron in the plant, P. L. Gile and J. O. Carrero {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, It {1916), No. 2, pp. 83-81).— Ka a result of experi- ments at the Porto Rico Experiment Station with rice grown in nutrient solu- tions, the authors have concluded that iron is not transferred from leaf to leaf under conditions where the plant is insufficiently supplied with iron. It ia 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 129 not claimed that the nontranslocation of iron is a general rule, but the authors' observations on rice and pineapples indicate that iron, after once being trans- ported to the leaves, becomes immobile. The poisonous influence of lithium salts on plants, H. Frebking {Flora [Jena], n. scr., 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. U9-453).— It is stated that lithium, like magnesium, is poisonous to organisms requiring calcium, but not to calcium- free algae and fungi. The poisonous influence of lithium is more pronounced than that of magnesium. While the influence of magnesium can be annulled by the employment of calcium salts, that of lithium is only retarded in this way. The orientation of primary terrestrial roots with particular reference to the medium in which they are grown, R. M. Holman {Amer. Jour. Bot., S {1916), No. 6, pp. 274-318, figs. 7). — An account is given of a study, principally as relating to the vetch, lupine, and pea, which gave concordant results as re- gards the behavior of the root tip in relation to the media employed. It is stated that differences in the amount of water in the media did not affect the behavior of the roots in this regard. Changes of geotonus due to their stay in air were not shown to affect root direction. The failure of the roots in air to reach the vertical appears to be due to the absence of mechanical resistance to the advance of the root tip in this medium. Secondary curvature of the roots in earth, sand, sawdust, sphagnum, or other such media, is com- plete, because resistance in these media causes passive depression of the root and prevents complete flattening of the tip curvature. Thigmotropism is not a factor in the difference in the behavior of roots in air and in earth or other nonfluid media. Resistance in the medium influences not only secondary but primary curvature, that is, curvature directly following the placing of the root in a position of stimulation. The thermometric movements of tree branches at freezing temperatures, C. C. Trowbridge {Bui. Torrcy Bot. Club, 43 {1916), No. 1, pp. 29-66, figi. 19).— Summarizing observations which are considered to have made some advance in the study of the influence of temperature on branch movement, the author states that depression of the branches of Tilia europwa begins at or just above 32° F. and continues at least as far as 0°, the lovrest point at which observations were made. The atmospheric humidity has a negligible influence in this re- spect. Below 32° there is a stiffening of the branch, offering resistance to the depression. The width of longitudinal frost cracks, after they become estab- lished, corresponds somewhat to the temperature below 32°. There are indica- tions that the bending is closely related to the process that produces the frost cracks. Platanus orie7italis and Paulotniia tomentosa show scarcely a trace of the thermometric movement exhibited by the linden. The mechanism, of movement and the duration of the effect of stimula- tion in the leaves of Dionaea, W. H. Brown {Amer. Jour. Bot., 3 {1916), No. 2, pp. 68-90, fig. 1). — It is stated that leaf closure in Dionsea is due largely to an increase on the ventral or convex side of the leaf in cell size, corresponding to a stretching of the cell walls which is soon rendered permanent by growth, and that leaf opening is due to the slow enlargement, likewise corresponding to growth, of cells on the dorsal or concave surface. Stimulation of the leaf is followed by a great acceleration of growth, and apparently immedi- ately by a decrease in osmotic pressure of the dorsal cells resulting in the passage of water from these to those of the ventral region. Starch is de- posited abundantly in the dorsal cells soon after closure occurs. Leaves killed in boiling water just after closure open again if transferred through alcohol to xylene and close again when returned to water. 130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The mechanism of movement in Dionsea leaves sliows many points of apparent similarity to that of geotropic curvatures. At 21° C, two mechanical stimuli are usually necessary to produce closure, an increase in the time interval re- quiring increase in the repetitions of the stimuli. Sexual variations of the inflorescences and flowers in cultivated Codiseum, J. Chifflot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'\, 162 (1916), No. U, pp. 508- 511). — Summing up the results of his observations, the author cites that Codiseum, which is normally monoecious under cultivation, has shown the formation of female flowers from the second generation on male inflorescences, the formation of male flowers from the second generation on female inflores- cences, and the formation of inflorescences which were bisexual from the first and of flowers which were hermaphrodite from the first. Hybridization between a wild crucifer and a cultivated crucifer with tuberous roots, Mlle. Trouabd-Riolle (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 162 (1916), No. H, pp. 511-513). — It is stated that crossing the wild plant, Raphanus raphanistrum, with the cultivated species, R. sativiis, gave in the first and in the second generation the same product which was obtained from the reciprocal cross. The plants of the first generation were more or less intermediate be- tween the parents. Those of the second generation segregated, about two- thirds or more being tuberous-rooted, while some reverted to the wild type and some showed a mixture of characters. In some cases seeds of the same pod differed greatly. Crossing the wild plant with a hybrid obtained from varieties of cultivated plants gave in the second generation the wild parent, the original hybrid, and intermediate forms suggesting the ancestry of the hybrid parent. It is thought that hybridization may prove to be an excellent means of ac- complishing the tuberization of the wild forms. Eiccolonization of cultivated land allowed to revert to natural conditions, Winifred E. Brenchley and Helen Adam (Jour. Ecology, 3 (1915), No. Jf, pp. 193-210, ^figs. 2). — This is a study carried on for several years of two wilder- ness areas left in 1882 with a standing wheat crop, which was permitted to seed itself but which had almost completely died out after four years. The changes which took place during each year and during successive years are dis- cussed in connection with drainage and other factors. A text-book of general bacteriology, E. O. Jordan (Philadelphia and Lon- don: ^y. B. Saunders Co., 1916, 5. ed., rev., pp. 669, pi. 1, figs. i77).— This is the fifth edition of the general text-book by this author, previous editions of which have been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 371). The present edition has been revised and considerable additions made to certain chapters, particularly those relating to disinfection and the testing of disinfectants, and a new chapter on typhus fever has been inserted. Aspergillus niger group, C. Thom and J. N. Currie (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-15). — The recent discovery by the writers that certain species of Penicillium are able to form oxalic acid led to a study of the black form species of Aspergillus. About 20 strains or species were ex- amined, and all were found to possess in some degree the ability to form oxalic acid when grown in Czapek's solution. Culture experiments with 10 strains led the authors to the conclusion that there are many strains or varieties of black Aspergillus which differ markedly in the production of oxalic acid. Comparative studies of the colonics did not correlate the differences in acid production with the morphology of the organisms. The members of this group were found to grow under a wide range of cultural conditions and to exhibit distinct differences, this fact being considered to harmonize with the conclu- sion of Schiemann that A. niger is an unstable or mutating group comparable with (Enothera (E. S. R., 28, p. 430). Il 1917] FIELD CROPS. 131 The colony characters and the morphology of this group are described, after which alphabetical lists of the species, with citations of publications, are given of all the forms which have been described as black or brown. Agar agar for bacteriological use, H. A. Noyes {Science, n. ser., 44 (1916), No. 1144y PP- 757, 798). — The author claims that the increased acidity due to autoclaving and to titration made in hot solutions can be made the basis of selecting agar agar for laboratory use. FIELD CEOPS. [Field crop experiments] (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 13, 14, 22, 23, 48, 44). — Experiments on the effect of seed bed preparation on the yields of wheat (E. S. R., 34, p. 632) showed that the highest yield in 1914 was obtained where the seed bed was double disked in July and plowed deep in August. Over 940 tests of varieties and head selections of small grain were made, together with rate- and date-of-seeding tests. An improved strain of wheat de- veloped at the station outyielded both Turkey and all local varieties of wheat. Sweet sorghums produced 11.67 tons more silage and 4.57 tons more dry stover than Kafir corn. Sudan grass planted in 7- and 10-inch drills produced three cuttings, with a total of 8.25 tons of field-cured hay per acre. The development of drought-resistant strains of corn has been continued with 32 third-generation strains segregated from Hybrid 58. The ratio of the weight of leaves and stems to the weight of the root system of milo maize, Kafir corn, and corn was found to be 9.6, 10.9, and 9.6, respectively. At the Colby substation, 11 varieties of sorghums and 10 varieties of corn were tested. Honey sorghums gave the best returns in forage. The home-grown varieties of corn proved superior to varieties adapted to eastern Kansas. At the Tribune substation variety tests with sorglmms indicate that Dwarf Milo is the highest producer for that section. Experiments with planting corn 84 in. apart instead of 42 in., with the idea of approaching summer fallow con- ditions but still procuring some return from the soil, gave uniformly higher yields of corn than the closer planting. The home-grown and western-grown varieties gave higher yields than eastern or central Kansas corn. [Work with field crops at the Belle Fourche reclamation project experi- ment farm in 1915], B. Aune (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 1-11, 15-25, figs. 3). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 829), a summary of climatic and general agricultural conditions is given. In the crop rotation experiments with irrigated field crops, after four years' observations the following indications are noted : Alfalfa shows no marked increase in the yield of the following crops, grains following cultivated crops have given better net returns than when following alfalfa and grain, the appli- cation of manure has shown a marked increase in the yield of beets and potatoes but not of grains, beets following grain crops give poor results, and early spring seeding of grains has given higher yields and better quality than late spring seeding. Three pasture grass mixtures for irrigated lands are being tested. Fall irrigation of annual crops was followed by a decrease of yield. Experiments with alfalfa have been quite extensive, including investigations as to the proper time and method of seeding and the rate of seeding. Late summer seeding and the use of flax as a nurse crop gave good results. About 10 lbs. of good seed per acre was found to be ample. A number of grain variety tests were conducted by J. H. Martin. Turkey gave the highest yield of any winter wheat variety, and Kubanka of the spring 1^2 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol, 86 wheat sorts. White Russian oats gave the highest yield for the oats, and Chevalier II the highest yield for the barleys. Spring emmer yielded at the rate of 58 bu. per acre. The Russian varieties of flax, C. I. Nos. 3 and 19, gave the highest yield of seed. In variety tests with potatoes the late varieties gave decidedly better results than the early varieties. The variety of corn deemed safest to plant is Northwestern Dent. The most desirable distances for corn seem to be 10, 14, and 17 in. apart in the row. In an experiment undertaken to determine the best time for breaking dry- land sod, early breaking, April to July, gave the best results for thie crop following, with no consistent results after the first year. [Work with field crops on the Huntley reclamation project experiment farm in 1915], D. Hansen {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 1-9, 11-14, 18-21, figs. 3). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 429), this bulletin gives a brief outline of the work being con- ducted on the Huntley reclamation project, including climatic and general agricultural conditions. The studies on this project are chiefly with irrigated crops. The results of four years' experiments with various crop rotations are reported, the crops used being alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, oats, wheat, corn, and flax. The ex- periments include continuous cropping, and two, three, four, and six year rotations. In studies with alfalfa to determine the time of harvesting and shrinkage no consistent increase was found from delaying the cutting of the first crop, although the total yield was slightly higher. There was a slight decrease in the amount of shrinkage in the first crop as the growing period was increased, but only a slight variation in the second crop. The average shrinkage on the project during three years has averaged about 76 per cent of the green weight. Some experiments were made in establishing irrigated pastures, a number of grasses being planted separately and in combinations with and without a nurse crop. All the grasses except Kentucky bluegrass gave good results, although further observations are deemed necessary before drawing definite conclusions. Variety tests included wheat, potatoes, and corn. A preliminary report is given on studies of the losses undergone by sugar beets in the silo. [Work with field crops on the ScottsblufE reclamation project experiment farm in 1915], F. Knour (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Scotts- bluff Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 1-11-13-22, figs. 5). — This continues previous work (E. S. R., 34, p. 228), and contains a brief discussion of the various projects under way in 1915, with data on weather and crop conditions. A number of experiments have been undertaken with pasture grasses both when seeded alone and in mixtures. The most promising of the grasses tried are tall oat grass, smooth brome grass, orchard grass, and meadow fescue. In experiments conducted with crop rotations binder irrigated conditions, reported by J. A. Holden, the results to date indicate that there is a decided gain when beets and potatoes follow alfalfa. The yields of both beets and potatoes have also been materially increased by the use of manure. Seeding alfalfa in the fall, after the removal of a small grain crop, has been found feasible. Variety tests with oats and corn were badly damaged by hail, and no defi- nite conclusions could be drawn. Beloturka yielded highest of the spring wheats and Hannchen of the barleys. Of the stock beets tested Giant Red mangels gave the highest 3-year average yield. The potato studies included variety tests, seed-stock tests, and irrigation and tillage experiments. In the variety tests No. 4452 and Pearl gave the J 1917] FIELD CROPS. 133 highest yields. The seed-stock tests showed immature seed to be distinctly superior for planting. The irrigation and tillage experiments indicated that through a series of years very little difference in yield is to be expected as a result of different methods of irrigation or ditching. Experiments with sugar beets indicated that deep plowing and deep cultiva- tion are not beneficial to the sugar beet, while they are a source of added expense. [Work with field crops on the Truckee-Carson reclamation project experi- ment farm in 1915], F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Truckee-Carson Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 1-10, fig. 1). — This publication continues previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 728), giving in addition to a report on experi- ments in progress a brief summary of weather conditions, a temperature survey of the project, and a statement as to agricultural conditions. In pasturing hogs on alfalfa, a net gain of $44.04 per acre was realized. Ex- periments have been conducted with corn, but acclimatized varieties have not yet been developed. In variety tests with wheat Little Club and Dicklow have given the highest yields. A number of varieties of barley were tested, with the Coast variety proving far superior to all others. Golden tankard mangels have given larger yields than the long red mangel. [Work with field crops on the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in 1915], R. E. Blair {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Ywna Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 1-15, figs. 2). — This continues previous work (E. S. R., 34, p. 229), including meteorological data and a discussion of the general agricultural conditions. In work with Durango cotton, it was again found that any check in growth occasioned by drought after the heavy setting of fruit begins is directly reflected in both the yields and the quality of the fiber. A number of varieties of alfalfa were tested but have not been grown a suflicient length of time to give definite results. This was also true of a number of experiments relating to the treat- ment of alfalfa seed production. Of the 374 strains and varieties of grain sorghums tested, none were found superior to varieties already being grown. Sudan grass has proved to be of value when planted on depleted alfalfa fields or when the hay mixture resulting from such a crop is desired. Sudan grass also furnishes satisfactory pasture when properly irrigated. A number of miscellaneous forage crops were tested out, among them being forage sorghums, several varieties of millet, flax, and broom corn. Alfalfa showed an increased yield of approximately 2 tons per acre of air-dry hay following a green manure crop. Cereal experiments on the Cheyenne Experiment Farm, Archer, Wyoming, J. W. Jones {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. ^30 (1916), pp. 40, figs. 12).— This bulletin reports a number of cooperative experiments conducted on the Cheyenne Experi- ment Farm, Archer, Wyo., since 1912. The results are not given as final but as an indication of what might be expected under similar dry-farming condi- tions. A detailed description of the territory is given, including a compre- hensive discussion of the climatic conditions. The plan of the experiment in- cludes variety tests, rate-of-seeding tests, and date-of-seeding tests. The following varieties of the principal grain crops are regarded as the most promising for the district : Ghirka and Kharkof winter wheat ; Kubanka, Erivan, and Marquis spring wheat ; Kherson, Sixty-Day, and Swedish Select oats ; White Smyrna and Hanuchen spring barley ; and Montana Common and Select Russian flax. Neither v/inter nor spring emmer has proved of value. Foxtail and proso millets have given only low yields, and buckwheat does not appear promising. Grain sorghums and corn are deemed promising forage crops for roughage or silage, but apparently have little or no value as forage crops. 134 EXPERIMENT StATIOl? RECORD. f Vol. 36 Rate of seeding tests for wheat have not been conclusive. Kherson oats sown at the rate of 6 bu. per acre has yielded better than at lower rates, while Svanhals barley has yielded better at 2 and 3 pk. per acre than at higher rates. For flax, 15 lbs. per acre has given the highest average yields. Early sowing of winter wheat during the first half of September, has given tlie highest average yields, and the middle of April for spring common wlieat and oats. Svanhals barley has yielded best when sown from the middle to the latter part of April, and flax about June 1. The effect of difEerent nitrogenous fertilizers, especially guanidin nitrate, on oats and mustard, L. Hiltner (Prakt. Bl. Pflansenbau u. Schutz, n. ser., IS (1915), No. 11-12, pp. 14I-I55, fig. 1). — A series of pot experiments were con- ducted in 1913, 1914, and 1915 with lime nitrate, ammonium sulphate, guanidin nitrate, and urea nitrate as fertilizers for oats and mustard. The results of other investigators in experiments with guanidin nitrate are compared with the data I'eported in tables and discussed at some length. In the work described guanidin nitrate in 1913 had an injurious effect on the growth of oats but gave a marked increase in the yield of mustard. The average total results with oats and mustard for 1913 and 1914 were in favor of guanidin nitrate as compared with the other nitrogenous substances. It was furtlier observed that lime nitrate gave a large increase in yield the first year, showing little or no residual effect the second year, while ammonium sulphate did not become active until the second year and guanidin nitrate and urea nitrate gave a much more evenly distributed eifect, as indicated by the yields for the two years. The residual effect of the guanidin nitrate in 1914 appeared to be a little above the initial effect of the application in 1913. The results also showed that where mustard and oats were grown together in the same pot, the mustard was capable of using the nitrogen of the guanidin nitrate, while the oats were not. In experiments carried on in 1915 it was shown that oats grown mixed with mustard did not make use to the fullest advantage of the nitrogen supplied by the four different forms, while wlien grown alone they made good use of the supply of nitrogen from all sources except the guanidin nitrate. In view of these results the relation between the growth of wild mustai'd and oats in the open field is considered. Anomalous endosperm development in m.aize and the problem of bud sports, R. A. Emerson (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Vererhungslehre, H (1915), No. 5, pp. 241-259, fig. 1). — Two anomalous seeds of maize from a cross between colorless parents, one homozygous starchy and the other sugary, are described. One seed, starchy throughout, was about half colorless and half colored purple, while the other, colored purple throughout, presented an endo- sperm part starchy and part sugary. A description is also given of a third anomalous seed from a cross between colorless seeded and heterozygous, colored-seeded parents, the seed being wholly colored, but half purple and half red. These seeds are regarded as inexplicable on the hypothesis that the second male nucleus and the fused polar nuclei may each independently develop a part of the endosperm, or on the alternative hypothesis that the second male nucleus may finite with one polar nucleus to produce part of the endosperm, the other polar nucleus developing independently to pi'oduce the other part. The seeds are considered explainable on the basis of the hypothesis that subse- quent to normal endosperm fertilization there occurs a vegetative segregation of genetic parentage. It is believed to have been shown that if such a segre- gation occurs it is not a typical Mendelian segregation, as in neither of the three cases all the independently inherited genetic factors present in a hetero- zygous condition could have been involved. It is suggested that such seeds 1917] FIELD CROPS. 135 may also be regarded as due to a change in genetic constitution rather than to a segregation of genetic factors. A fourth anomalous maize seed with a small part colored and waxy and the remainder white and horny, which was described by Collins, is regarded as being explainable on the basis of either of the four hypotheses. It is con- sidered of special interest in connection with the segregation and mutation hypotheses because, as is stated, at least two factors instead of a single one are concerned. The relation of such somatic segregations and mutations in the endosperm of maize to bud sports is considered. Reasons are given for the belief that in certain cases the production of self-color as a bud sport in variegated plants is to be regarded as a somatic mutation rather than as a somatic segregation. The importance of a genetic analysis of material in which bud sports occur, particularly the recessive bud sports, in order to determine whether the factors concerned are in a heterozygous or homozygous condition is pointed out. Eighteen citations to literature on the subject are appended. Yields of different varieties of com in Illinois, W. L. Bublison and O. M. Allyn {HUrwis Sta. Bui. 191 {1916), pp. //08--|24).— This bulletin reports re- sults of variety tests of corn in Illinois. The highest yielding varieties for the northern, central, and southern sections of Illinois, respectively, were Western Plowman, Reid Yellow Dent, and Funk Ninety Day. A brief history of some of the varieties tested is included in the report. Variety tests of corn, C. B. Hutchison, A. R. Evans, J. C. Hackleman, and E. M. McDonald (Missouri Sta. Bui. 143 (1916), pp. 56, figs. i5).— This bulletin reports the results of variety tests of corn for the 10-year period from 1905- 1914, and is supplementary to Bulletin 87 (E. S. R., 23, p. 436). A number of varieties of corn have been tested at the station and from them the more promis- ing varieties chosen for further testing in cooperative experiments throughout the State. The history and description of 12 varieties of corn is given, together with illustrations of each variety. The tests were conducted on seven distinct soil areas, which are described in detail and designated as follows: (1) Black prairie, (2) rolling prairie, (3) level prairie, (4) gray prairie, (5) Ozark border, (6) Ozark uplands, and (7) Missouri lowlands. The variety tests at Columbia for the 10-year period showed as the leading varieties of white corn Commercial White, Boone County White, Johnson County White, and St. Charles White. The leading varieties of yellow corn were Reid Yellow Dent, Leaming, Gartner, and St. Charles Yellow. The lead- ing varieties for each soil area named above were as follows: (1) and (2), Commercial White and Reid Yellow Dent, (3), (4), and (5), Commercial White and Boone County White, (6), Commercial White and St. Charles White, and (7), Commercial White and Boone County White, except in south- east Missouri, where St. Charles stood first and Boone County White second, and in north Missouri, where Commercial White stood first and St. Charles White second. Study of the root system of flax, A. P. Modestov (Trudy Opytn. Sta. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst., No. 1 (1915), pp. 67-8^, figs. 11).— The study of the root systems of a number of pure lines showed that long-stemmed flax as compared with other varieties appeared to have a weaker root system and a more limited root penetration. Of the different soils used in the studies peat stood first and sandy soil second in suitability for root development. A better root growth was developed by means of water culture than in clay or clay soil. With 30 per cent of moisture in the soil, the lowest moisture content in the experiment, the aerial portions of the plants developed best and the roots least, while with 136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tVol.36 90 per cent, the greatest amount of moisture used, tlie aerial portions showed the smallest and the roots the largest growth. Under field conditions, the flax being drilled, the roots were found to extend into the soil to a depth of about 20 cm. (7.4 in.) when the plants had from 10 to 12 leaves, of 52 cm. when in bloom, and of 65 cm. when the blossoming period had ended. Deep planting of the seed affected root development adversely. [The effect of freezing on flax seed], I. Shulov and V. Mokozov (Trudy Opytn. Sta. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst, No. 1 (1915), pp. 42-66, figs. 16).— Air-dry seed of flax exposed for one month to a temperature never above — 2° R. (27.5° F.) showed no signs of deterioration, while similar seed moistened until swelled suffered a reduced germination through freezing. The results of pot experiments indicated the value of a high moisture content in sandy soil during the early growth of flax. Chang'es in specific gravity in their bearing on the starch and dry matter content of potato tubers during the rest period, L. Szell (Kisdrlet. Kozlem., 18 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 1020^1029).— Tubers of RIchter-Imperator and Up-to- date were stored in a cellar and in a pit out-of-doors. The lot stored in the cellar was examined every two weelvs with reference to specific gravity and starch and dry matter content, while the other lot was so examined only at the beginning and close of the storage period. The specific gravity and relative starch and dry matter value increased in general during the rest period in both varieties of the cellar-stored lot, but decreased in the tubers stored in the out-door pit. Tlie increase in specific gravity followed no definite regularity, which is regarded as due in the first place to such factors as condition of health, respiration, sprouting stage, moisture, temperatiire, etc., and in the second place to the sources of error in determining specific gravity such as size, shape, degree of maturity, hollowness, of tubers, skin structure, depth of buds, adhesiveness of water to the surface of the tubers, inaccuracies in the method employed, etc., all of which are of irregular influence. Richter-Imperator exhibited a marked tendency to rot, and showed a much greater difirerence between maximum and minimum specific gravity during the rest period than did Up-to-date. The author does not believe that the methods of determining the specific gravity of potato tubers now employed on farms give reliable results. [Variety tests with potatoes], E. F. Gaskill {Massachusetts Sta. Ept. 1915, pt. 1, pp. JfJta, 45a). — The yields of seven early and eleven late varieties of potatoes are reported. Among the early varieties Early Surprise led with a yield of 314.8 bu. per acre, being followed by Trust Buster with 2S9.7 bu. Both of these varieties ranked among the five best yielders in all of the three preceding years. The largest yield of the late varieties, 374.5 bu. per acre, was secured from Farmer, with Quick Crop ranking next with 371.3 bu. The late varieties averaged the higher in yield. Commercial handling, grading, and marketing of potatoes, C. T. Moke and C. R. Borland (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 753 (1916), pp. 40, pi. 1, figs. 18). — This deals with the problems of handling and marketing potato crops, and is meant to be of special interest to commercial growers and shippers. The methods employed in handling the southern early or " new " potatoes and the northern late potatoes are discussed in detail. The use of machine potato diggers and the machine sizing of potatoes are discussed, and the necessity for the establishment and maintenance of definite standards is pointed out. Co- operative marketing oi'ganizations are recommended as a means of securing a standardization of the product. Growers are urged to study market conditions and to give careful attention to shipping details. Middlemen ai-e urged to buy potatoes strictly on their merits, thus encouraging careful grading. 1917] HORTICULTUEE. 137 The possibilities of sugar beet culture in Washington, I. D. Cardiff ( Wash- ington Sta. Popular Bui. 105 (1916), pp. 3-8).— This bulletin is a brief discus- sion of the sugar beet in Washing:ton, based on studies previously reported (E. S. R., 6, p. 543 ; 7, p. 762 ; 9, p. 240 ; 10, p. 545). Experiments in the Yakima Valley are cited showing that beets can be produced in Washington which test from 15.5 to 17.6 per cent of sugar in the juice and 16.7 per cent in the beet, with an average purity of 85.2 per cent. The value of the sugar beet as a soil cleansing crop is pointed out, together with its adaptability to alkali condi- tions. Experiments with Marquis wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Olaek {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 40O {1916), pp. 40, figs. iO).— This bulletin gives a brief history and description of Marquis wheat, and reports the results of experiments in 13 different States, representing a wide range in soil and climatic conditions, and grouped as follows: (1) The northern Prairie States, or subhumid section; (2) the northern Great Plains States, or semiarid section; (3) the Basin and Coast, or arid areas; and (4) the irrigated districts of the northern Rocky Mountain region and Great Basin areas. The experiments in each section are discussed in detail and the comparative yields tabulated and discussed. In the northern Prairie States the facts were brought out that where hard red winter wheats of the Crimean group can be grown they outyield any spring wheat varieties, but that Marquis wheat outyields all other spring wheat varie- ties in that section. The results in the northern Great Plains area show that where winter wheat can be grown it outyields any spring wheat. Among the spring wheats tested the durums outyielded all other groups, although Marquis was superior to all the common .spring wheats. In the Basin and Coast areas Marquis wheat did not prove a high yielder, and can not be recommended for any district west of the Rocky Mountains. Under irrigation Marquis has not proved to be a good yielder except in limited experiments east of the Rockies. It is reported as being a first-class milling wheat. HORTICULTURE. Encyclopedia of horticulture, compiled by A. Pucci (Encyclopedia Orticola. Turin: II Giardimiggio [1910-1916], vols. 1-4, pp. 1684, figs. 2007).— A com- piled work comprising a complete illustrated dictionary of all the ornamental, flowering, and economic plants, cultivated or adapted for culture in the gar- dens of Italy, including also directions for culture, methods of propagation, uses, and illustrated descriptions of all garden equipment, tools, and accessories. [Horticultural investigations on the Yuma Reclamation Project in 1915], R. E. Blaib (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Yuma Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 15-27, figs. 5). — A progress report, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 34, p. 281) on cultural and variety tests of orchard and small fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, including cultural suggestions and recommendations as to varieties based upon experiments conducted on the project. [Experiments with vegetables on the Truckee-Carson Reclamation Proj- ect], F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Truckee-Carson Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 10-12) .—Contmuiug previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 735), the results are given of variety tests of tomatoes and onions and a fertilizer test with onions. Manual for the raising of garden seed, L. D^hnfeldt {Vejledning i Have- froavl. Odense: Paul Sondergaards, 1916, pp. 8^).— A treatise on vegetable growing with special reference to seed production. [Report of] the asparagus substation, Concord, W. P. Brooks (Massachu- setts Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. iea-22a).— Investigations leading to the breeding 138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 of a rust-proof asparagus that have been conducted for several years by J. B. Norton (E. S. R., 26, p. 44) indicate that a number of strains of asparagus have been developed which possess both excellent commercial characteristics and in very high degree the capacity to resist attacks of rust. Roots and seeds of these strains are being teste}, pp. 430-433). — A review of some literature on the subject. Silvical notes on western larch, J. A. Laesen (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 (1916), No. 4, pp. 434-440). — Notes on the growth performance of western larch in mixed stands and its adaptation to different sites and soils. Slash pine, an important second-growth tree, W. R. Mattoon (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 (1916), No. ^, pp. 405-416, fig. 1). — An account of the slash pine (Pinns caribcea) with reference to its present range of distribution, fac- tors of local distribution, important silvicultural characteristics, value of lum- ber, and production of turpentine. The natural root grafting of conifers, H. S. Nkwins (Proc. Soc. Amer. For- esters, 11 (1916), No. 4, pp. 394-404, figs. 6).— Studies conducted by the author relative to the natural root grafting of conifers led to the conclusion that this phenomenon is common only between trees having an affinity for each other, and is due moreover to pressure exerted by two or more opposing roots in combination with a number of physical factors. The phenomenon of the " growing stump " as observed among conifers is most common with Douglas fir and is the result of conjunctive symbiosis which is made possible by the natural root graft of the stump with a living tree. Chemistry as an aid in the identification of species, A. W. Schokgee (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 (1916), No. 1, pp. 33-39). — The author cites authorities to show that although the oil from the same species may differ in quantity in different localities, the quality remains identical. The results are also given of an examination of the volatile oils from a number of western species of pine, with particular reference to distinguishing between Jeffrey pine, western yellow pine, and "cross variety " western yellow pine, which species are usually hard to distinguish between in the field. " The data obtained by chemical analyses have shown that ' cross variety ' western yellow pine should be referred to Piniis ponderosa and that there is no relation between ' cross variety ' pine and P. jeffreyi. There are also indi- cations of the occurrence in California of typical specimens of P. ponderosa scopuloriim. The oils from P. ponderosa and P. ponderosa scopulorum are distinctly different and justify the separation into two forms. Oils from west- ern yellow pine from Arizona and Colorado agi'ee closely, while oils examined from the State of Washington agree with the typical oils from P. ponderosa of California, showing that the defined difference in geographical distribution of the species and its variety is supported by a difference in the composition of the oils." Comparative test of the Klaussner and Forest Service standard hyp- someters, D. K. Noyes (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 11 (1916), No. 4' PP- -i^~- 424). — The test here noted was conducted on a number of permanent sample plats established by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture in California. The results in general showed that the Klaussner hypsometer is only from 60 to 80 per cent as fast as the Forest Service hypsometer, depending on the size 1917] DISEASES OP PLANTS. 145 of the timber encountered. Nevertheless, because of other advantages here dis- cussed the Klaussner hypsometer was adopted for work on the project. Utilization and round-edge lumber, R. T, Fishek (Proc. Soe. Amer. For- esters, 11 {1916), No. 4, pp. 386-393) .—An account of the close utilization of saw timber in the woodlot region of central New England. The utilization of a tropical forest, G. P. Ahern (Proc. Soc. Amcr. For- esters, 11 (1916), No. 1, pp. 17-26). — A paper on this subject delivered before the Society of American Foresters, December 16, 1915. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Department of botany, A. V. Osmun (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 62a-64a). — A brief account is given of investigations of plant diseases during the year covered by this administrative report. The mosaic disease of sweet peas, ring spot of cauliflower caused by Mijcos- phcerella hrassiccecola, and a leaf spot of digitalis due to an undetermined species of Colletotrichum are reported as not having been previously observed in the State. Notes are also given on the silver scurf, late blight, and Rhizoc- tonia disease of potatoes, together with reports of diseases of a number of other economic plants. The damage done by the late blight is said to have been es- pecially heavy, but it was noticed that those fields repeatedly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture showed little loss. Some culture experiments on the production of powdery scab of potato were conducted in which plantings of infected tubers were made on the station plats and on soil from these plats sent to Maine. No evidence of the powdery scab was obtained from the station plantings, but the disease did develop on the soil sent to Maine. The results are thought to indicate that climate plays an im- portant part in the distribution of this disease. Heavy losses to tobacco growers in the Connecticut Valley were reported as resulting from some obscure troubles which are not yet determined but which are believed to be related in some way to the nutrition of the plants. The white pine blister rust is said to occur in 8 of the 14 counties of the State, and it has assumed serious proportions in western Massachusetts. Investiga- tions of certain phases of the life history of the fungus with a view to obtain- ing control have been inaugurated. Five undescribed species of Ravenelia, W. H. Long (Bot. Gas., 61 (1916), No. 5, pp. lfn-Jf2Jt). — The author describes as new species R. roemeriance on Acacia roemcriana at San Marcos, Tex.; R. morongice on Morongia tmcinata at Austin, Tex. ; R. thomberiana on A. constricta paucispina at El Paso, Tex. ; R. reticulata; on Calliandra reticulata at Divide, Ariz. ; and R. annulata on Lysiloma latisiliqua at Miami, Fla. -^ Rhizoctonia solani in relation tc tbe " Mopopilz " and the "Vermehrungs- pilz," B. M. DUGGAB (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 3 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-10).— The author considers it safe to conclude that the seed bed fungus common in Germany and France is identical with the damping-off fungus which has been studied in this country since 1892, some contributions regarding which are discussed. Evidence is offered in favor of the view that this fungus is identical with that which causes the mopo disease of cinchona ascribed by Rant to Moniliopsis aderholdii (E. S. R., 34, p. 749) and herein asserted to be the same^ as R. solani. Cereal disease resistance (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. i5).— Attention is called to a method devised by this station to secure under field conditions the infec- tion of various cereals. 146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 3G In connection with studies of disease resistance, a variety of emmer has been found wliich is not subject to rust attack, while anotlier was only slightly at- tacked. A number of Fi and F2 generations of wheat hybrids are being tested for resistance to rust (Puccinia graminis tritici). Observations made on 119 varieties of winter wheat showed infection vrith leaf rust (P. rubigo-vera tritici) varying from 5 to 90 per cent. Histological studies are said to be in progress to determine the cause of immunity to smut in milo maize and of susceptibility to this smut in other sorghums. Studies are being conducted on the life habits of the smut on maize and on the varietal resistance due to environmental conditions or to specific characteristics in the host. Rye smut, E. C. Stakman and M. N. Levine {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 160 {1916), pp. 3-19, figs. 6). — A disease of rye variously known as stem smut, stalk smut, and stripe smut, due to the fungus Vrocystis occulta, is described. The disease is said to cause serious losses in Minnesota, in some localities from 5 to 40 per cent of the plants in the field being infected. The spores are said to live over in the seed or soil, and seed treatment with formaldehyde and planting in clean soil are recommended as control measures. Rotation of crops is advised in order that the fungus may be eliminated from the soil. The determination of ustilaginous spores in flour, bran, and cereals, G. Bredemann {Landw. Vers. Stat., 87 {1915), No. 4-5, pp. 2^1-250) .—The author reports further analytical data obtained by the method previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 408) and concludes that it yields truer and more reliable, not only relative but positive, results than the procedure described by Groh (E. S. R,. 27, p. 310). The quantitative determination of smut spores in bran, G. Bredemann {Arch. Chem. u. Mikros., 8 {1915), No. Jt, pp. 87-95). — Tests described are con- sidered to prove the reliability of methods for spore estimation employed by the author (E. S. R., 26, p. 408). The Texas root rot fung'us and its conidial stage, B. M. Duggae {Ann. Missouri Bot. Oard., 3 {1916), No. 1, pp. 11-23, figs. 5). — Having made a study of the cotton root rot which is common in many portions of Texas, the author describes the causal organism, which, with some modifications of form and habit, attacks also an unknown but probably large number of native plants in that State, under the new combination PhymatotricMmi omnivorum, i-etaining the specific name applied thereto by Shear (E. S. R., 19, p. 446). Spong'ospora on the roots of the potato and on seven other new hosts, I. E. Melhits and J. Rosenbaum {Abs. in Fhytopathologg, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 108). — This fungus, which is commonly considered to infect the tubers, the authors found in greenhouse experiments to involve all the underground parts of the plants. Later, this condition was found to prevail in the field also. The authors' investigations have shown that Spongospora, in addition to infecting the potato, attacks the tomato and six species of Solanum, Sf. commer- soni, 8. ciliatum, 8. marginatum, 8. mammosum, 8. hwmotocladum, and S. tvarscewiezii. Meteorology and late blight of potatoes, C. R. Orton {Abs. in Phyto- pathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 107). — From a study of the meteorological condi- tions in connection with the late blight of potatoes at the Pennsylvania Experi- ment Station, the author claims that precipitation alone has little if any bear- ing on the problem. Atmospheric temperatures alone or when correlated with precipitation do not appear to have much relation to the outbreak of disease. Humidity and soil temperature are believed to bear directly upon the subject. A Fusarium tuber and stem rot of potato, R. J. Haskell {Abs. in Phyto- pathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. 106, 107). — The author reports having isolated from the fibrovascular bundles of potato tubers a Fusarium which produces a 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS, X47 very virulent stem and tuber rot. The organism appears to be related to, if not identical with, F. eumartii. Crop yield, tuber color, and leaf roll of potato in relation to soil and fertilizer, J. Ahr, O. Mayr, and Wokle {FiUiUng's Lanclw. Ztg., 64 U9i5), No. 17-lS, pp. 425-452, figs. 3). — Giving details and discussion of several series of experiments dealing mainly with nutritive materials as affecting potato cul- ture, the authors state, in reply to the statements of Schander (E. S. R., 33, p. 433), that apparently without reference to the degree of maturity or the kind of fertilizer, the dark colored tubers of the variety Wohltmann showed in one year under the influence of given soil conditions a lighter color of skin and a corresponding alteration in the growth of the plant, its resistance to disease, and its productivity. Apparently, there is no connection between the appearance of leaf roll and the coloration of the potato, the latter appearing to depend principally upon the physical properties of the soil, which the ex- periments show to be the preponderating influence in potato production. Field studies on the Rhizoctonia of the potato, M. T. Cook and H. C. Lint {Ahs. in PhytopathoJogy, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 106). — Rhizoctonia diseases of po- tatoes are said to have been severe in New Jersey in 1915, the attack of the fungus causing poor germination, brown stem, curly leaf, dwarfing, aerial potatoes, and little potatoes, with resultant poor stands, reduced yields, and, in some cases, complete loss of the crop. The results obtained from seed treatment were variable, but corrosive sublimate proved much better than formaldehyde for the prevention of these troubles. The effect of Bordeaux mixture on the potato plant, B. F. Lutman {Ahs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 10'8). — Basing his conclusions on seven years' investigations in this country and one in Germany, the author believes that the beneficial effects of Bordeaux mixture can be ascribed to the prevention of the early appearance of tipburn and of the greater part of flea beetle injury. Of these two effects the former is considered the more important, as tipburn advances much more slowly on sprayed than on unsprayed plants. The cause of this retardation is thought to be some sort of chemical union between the chlorophyll and the copper compounds. Sprayed plants unaffected by tipburn are not found to produce more starch per plant than unsprayed ones. Biochemical study of root rot in sugar beets, J. Bodnab {Ztschr. Pflanzerv- krank., 25 {1915), No. 6, pp. 321-325). — The substance of this report has been noted i)reviously from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 52). Fruit tree diseases of southern Ontario, W. A. McCubbin {Canada Expt. Farms But. 24, 2. ser. {1915), pp. 77, figs. 70).— Popular accounts are given of the diseases of fruit trees known to occur in Ontario. The fungi causing these diseases are described and suggestions given for control measures. Temperature relations of apple rot fungi, C. Bkooks and J. S. Cooley {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. iii ) .—According to the authors, apples with natural infections of bitter rot and black rot were stored at various temperatures. The development of bitter rot was slow at 15, rapid at 25, and slow at 30° C. It was completely inhibited at 0, 5, and 10°, but developed rapidly when the apples were removed to a temperature of 25°. Black rot developed rapidly at 25°, but it had made little progress at 10° at the end of ten days. After two months' storage, there was considerable development even at 0°. The temperature relations for growth of a number of other fungi occurring on stored apples are also reported upon. Black root rot of apple, H. R. Fulton and R. O. Cromwell {Abs. in Phyto- pathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 110).— A form of root rot is briefly described, as it has been observed as serious in a number of places in Pennsylvania and 148 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 North Carolina. Pure cultures of the fungus have been made, but the fruiting bodies have not been discovered. The disease is readily produced by introduc- ing the mycelium into bark wounds in the roots, and it is said to develop quite rapidly. The fungus differs in many respects from those ordinarily recognized as root-destroying forms. Its identity has not been determined. Some effects of the black rot fungus, Sphseropsis m.alorum, upon the chemical composition of the apple, C. W. Culpepper, A. C. Foster, and J. S. Caldwell {U. S. Bept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 1, pp. 17-40). — A report is given of an investigation, conducted mainly at the Alabama Experi- ment Station, to determine the changes in the chemical composition of apples attacked by the black rot organism. Comparisons were made of sound, mature Red Astrachan apples with fruit of the same variety in two stages of decay. A slight loss of water and a considerable reduction in the amount of total solids were found in the completely decayed fruit. There was also a marked reduction, concurrent with the progress of the disease, in the amount of the constituents removed by successive extractions of the pulp with alcohol, ether, and water. A decrease, followed by an increase, was noticed in the absolute, as well as in the relative, amounts of the lipoid constituents extracted by alcohol or ether and precipitated from water emulsion by chloroform. The nitrogen extracted by alcohol, water, and ether steadily decreased with the progress of the disease, as did also the ammonia. The protein nitrogen increased steadily with the progress of the disease, but there was a small decrease in the total nitrogen due to the complete decomposition of some of the nitrogenous constituents with the escape of ammonia. Phosphorus in both lipoid and insoluble fractions was materially decreased in the half-decayed fruit. In the completely decayed fruit there was a further reduction in the lipoid phosphorus, an increase in soluble phosphorus, and a very large increase in insoluble or protein phosphorus. A steady transfer of mineral elements from the insoluble to the soluble frac- tion was observed. A rapid decrease took place in the content of reducing sugars, disaccharids, and lipoid sugars as the disease proceeded. Of these carbohydrates, the disaccharids were least completely utilized. Starch was not attacked by the fungus, its amount remaining unchanged throughout the progress of the decay. There was a progressive decrease in the acid content of the fruits, and with the advance of the disease a large increase in the alcohol content occurred. Blister spot of apples, D. H. Rose {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 110). — The author reports upon a disease of apples observed in the summer of 1915, which, it is believed, has not yet been described. The disease is characterized by the appearance of nearly circular, sometimes irregularly lobed, shallow blisters varying in color from light brown to black and in diameter from 1 to 5 mm. The organism has been isolated, and inocula- tions made by needle punctures have resulted in typical blister spots in about two weeks on Early Melon, Ishewold, Yellow Newton, and Jonathan. On the flower wilt and young fruit rot of the apple tree caused by Sclero- tinia mail n. sp., Y. Takahashi {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 29 {1915), No. 343, pp. 217-223). — In this paper the author has described the conidial and ascosporous stages of the fungus causing flower wilt and fruit rot of the apple, the mor- phological characters of which are said to resemble closely those of S. Tcusanoi, but which gave negative results on inoculation into cherry trees. The fungus is considered a new species and has received the name S. mali. Apple scald, C. Brooks and J. S. Cooley {Ahs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. 110, 111). — Experiments are reported upon which are said to indicate 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149 that humidity is more important than carbon dioxid in the amount of scald in apples in storage. The results obtained from the investigations are said to suggest the importance of a relatively low temperature and an open pack for the prevention of scald. Brown blotch of the pear, G. W. Maktin {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. Ill, 112). — A brown blotch of the pear which is said to cause a serious disfigurement of the fruit is reported as having been present in the orchards of New Jersey for a number of years. This pear disease seems to have been con- fused with russeting, which is characteristic of many varieties of pears, and had not been recognized as a pathological condition. It is said to be due to a fungus which is identical with one described under the name Macrosporium sydoicianum as causing a similar disease in Italy. It is claimed that the disease may be readily controlled by two late spray- ings. The parasitism of Valsa leucostom.a, R. C. Walton and D. C. Babcock {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. 112, 113). — Inoculations with this fungus resulted in 100 per cent infection on the trunks and larger branches of peach trees, cankers being formed in about a month's time. No infections were se- cured where mycelium was placed over lenticels without wounds. Inocula- tions of both green and ripe peach fruit gave 94 per cent infection, while plum fruit inoculated gave 97 per cent. Inoculations made in tips of peach branches gave 85 per cent infection, while all checks remained free from disease. A preliminary report on investigations of leaf spot of cherries and plums in Wisconsin, G. W. Keitt {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 112). — While engaged in a study of diseases of cherry and plum at Sturgeon Bay, Wis., the author found that the most serious leaf injury is due to CyUnclrospo- rium spp. A study was also made of Coccomyces hiemalis which causes leaf spot of sour cherry. This disease, it is claimed, was quite satisfactorily controlled on sour cherry trees which received their first application of spray when about three-fourths of the petals had fallen. Field observations indicate that early spring infections could be greatly reduced by plowing under or otherwise dis- posing of leaves about the bases of trees. The Surinam witch-broom disease of cacao, J. B. Roeek {Bui. Dept. Ayr. Trinidad and Tobago, 15 {1916), No. 1, p. 5). — This is a discussion of the article by Stahel already noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 847). Chestnut tree disease in Ardeche, L. Tbabut {Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 2 {1916), No. 15, pp. 462, 463). — Reporting observations made in 1915 on the progress of the chestnut-tree disease in Ardeche, the author recommends the substitution of the cork oak, some varieties of which are resistant to cold, and of Quercus ballota, some varieties of which furnish edible acorns. The influence of the tannin content of the host plant on Endothia para- sitica and related species, M. T. Cook and G. W. Wilson {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 291 {1916), pp. 3-47).— A report is given of an investigation carried on cooperatively by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the New Jersey Experiment Station, in which the effect of tannin on the growth of the chestnut blight fungus {E. parasitica) and related species was studied. Commercial tannin preparations and some special extracts from chestnut bark were used in the experiments on cultures of E. parasitica, E. radicalis, and E. radicalis mississippiensis from different sources. The results obtained with commercial tannin were not always comparable among themselves nor with those obtained when the specially prepared ex- tracts were used. In almost every instance, without regard to the form of 150 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol.36 tannin, a content of 0.8 per cent or more caused a retardation of germination, frequently followed by an abnormal stimulation of the growth of aerial mycelium. The species of Endothia and to some extent the strains of the same species showed considerable variations in their response to tannin. In the course of the investigations it was found that tannin was utilized by E. parasitica, the fungus being able to remove as much as 2 per cent from the substratum. The specially prepared extracts of pure tannin were either stimulating or only slightly toxic when combined with coloring matter or other substances associated with tannins. The chestnut blig'ht and the white pine blight rust, A. B. Brooks (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 12 {1915), pp. 21, figs. 9). — This bulletin gives a general account of the chestnut disease due to Endotliia parasitica and a very brief discussion of the blister rust of 5-leaved pines, the causal fungus of which has for its alternate host currant or gooseberry. Eelworm parasites of plants, P. Frandsen {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 5 {1916), No. 2, pp. 60-63, fig. i).— This is an address made before the State Fruit Growers' Convention, Palo Alto, Cal., 1915, giving the collected informa- tion and results of recent experience regarding nematodes. Particular refer- ence is made to Heterodcra radicicola, which is increasing in importance in the Western States, about 500 species of plants, including the majority of truck garden crops, alfalfa, clovers, some grains, a number of fruit trees, and many weeds, now being known to be susceptible to this parasite. The young nematodes, as a rule, enter through the tip of the rootlet, but they also pass into the young potato tubers through the lenticels, several enter- ing frequently at the same point. They are distributed by such means as seed potatoes and transplanted seedlings, irrigation being one of the most important agencies. Soil thoroughly dried on tools or carried befoi'e the wind apparently does not convey infection. Eggs and larvae are apparently com- pletely destroyed in the stomach of animals fed upon infected plants. They resist freezing temperatures for a limited time only, the long, cold winters of the Northern States keeping them down in these localities. Character and consistency of soil are thought to play a part also in frost resistance. At least three months' time will be required to eradicate eelworms by flooding with water, but drying for a few minutes will kill eggs or larvre, either on glass slides or on roots and tubers. There is also very little resistance to heat. In 23 hours, infested potatoes were free from live parasites, yet unimpaired as to germinability. It is thought probable that seed potatoes are safe after 24 hours' exposure to a temperature of 40° C. (104° F.). One per cent copper sulphate, acting for two days on the nematodes, had no effect. Formalin is also ineffective. Remedies suggested include the use of uninfested soil and seed, summer fallowing of infested ground, deep plowing with consequent exposure of the soil to the sun's rays in hot, dry weather, and a system of rotation employing nonsusceptible crops, a number of which are mentioned. A marked infection is said to have been obtained in an exiieriment with corn and oats, which have been previously considered as immune. Injuries to plants kept in rooms, P. Sorauer {Ztschr. Pftanzenkrank., 25 {1915), No. 6, pp. S25-335). — Observations on several house plants as detailed are considered to show that though injury from burning gas is theoretically possible, this cause is practically inoperative and is easily avoided entirely by ventilation. The injury which may be observed in case of several plants is probably due to the elevation of temperature and the drying of the atmosphere by the means employed to warm the air of the room. 1917] EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 151 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Zoological record, D. Shaep (Zool. Rec, 51 (1914), PP- VI -\- [913]). This continuation of the catalogue previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 450) records the literature of 1914 and includes entries for earlier years that were received too late for inclusion in the previous volume. Game laws for 1916. — A summary of the provisions relating to seasons, export, sale, limits, and licenses, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Banckoft, and F. L. Earnshaw (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 11 4 (1916), pp. 64, figs. //).— This bulletin containing the seventeenth annual summary of the game laws of the United States and Canada has been prepared on the same general plan as those issued each year since 1902 (E. S. R., 34, p. 157). It includes the procla- mation of the President and the amended regulations for the protection of migratory birds, approved August 21, 1916, and the treaty with Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds in the United States and Canada, ratified August 29, 1916. Second annual report of bird counts in the United States, with discussion of results, W. W. Cooke (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 396 (1916), pp. 20, fig. 1).—A second count of the birds of the United States, here reported, is said to cor- roborate the general results obtained by the preliminary work of 1914, pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 648). The counts made in the Northeastern States during 1915 confirm those of the previous year and are said to indicate with reasonable assurance that one pair per acre is the average bird population in that part of the northeastern United States actually devoted to agriculture. " An average of the returns of counts shows that, on farms where counts were made in that part of the Plains region east of the one-hundredth merid- ian and in the whole of the Southern States, for the part of the farm sur- rounding the fai*m home there is almost exactly the same density of bird population — for the former 125 and for the latter 131 pairs of nesting birds to each 100 acres — but the counts so far received do not furnish a sufficient basis for estimating the birds on the remainder of the farm. The data re- ceived tend to indicate that the western part of the Plains, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific slope contain a smaller number of birds per acre than the Eastern States, but as yet no numerical statement may be attempted. . . . "A bird population of 70 pairs of native birds of 31 species on 8 acres, at Olney, 111. ; 135 pairs of 24 species on 5 acres, at Wild Acres, Md. ; 193 pairs of 62 species on 44 acres, at Indianapolis, Ind. ; and 189 pairs of 40 species on 23 acres, at Chevy Chase, Md., a half acre of which showed 20 pairs of 14 dif- ferent species ; all indicate how largely birds will respond to food, shelter, and protection." A field ornitholog-y of the birds of eastern North America, C. J. IMaynakd (West Newton, Mass.: Author, 1916. pp. 550, pi. 1, figs. 424).— A. popular hand- book for field use. Common birds of southeastern United States in relation to agriculture, F. E. L. Beal, W. L. McAtee, and E. R. Kalmbach (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 155 (1916), pp. 39, figs. 20).— This deals with the food habits and economic importance of 23 species of birds that commonly occur in the southeastern United States. How to attract birds in northwestern United States, W. L. McAtee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 160 (1916), pp. 11, figs. 11).— This is the second of a series of publications (E. S. R., 32, p. 347) in which the means of attracting and providing food supplies for wild birds about homesteads in the North- western States are especially described. 152 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol. 36 Birds in their relations to man, C. M, Weed and N. Dearborn {Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1916, 2. ed., rev., pp. VIII+390, pis. 18, figs. 103). — A revised edition of tlie work previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 228). A new air-conditioning apparatus, G. A. Dean and R. K. Nabours {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 46-54, figs. 4)- — Previously noted in part from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 855). Effects of nicotin as an insecticide, N. E. McIndoo {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 3, pp. 89-121, pis. 3).— The studies here reported in detail have been summarized by the author as follows ; " Nicotin spray solutions do not pass into the tracheae, nor do they penetrate the integuments of insects. The fumes from nicotin used as a fumigant, the vapors from nicotin spray solutions, and tlie odoriferous particles from evaporated nicotin spray solutions or from powdered tobacco pass into the tracheae and are widely distributed to all the tissues. " Regardless of how it is applied, whenever nicotin kills insects, as well as all other animals, it kills by paralysis, which in insects travels along the ventral nerve cord from the abdomen to the brain. The writer does not know just how nicotin paralyzes the nervous system, but he does know that it prevents the nerve cells from functioning, and that in regard to the simplest animals its presence around the cells causes the same structural changes resulting in death as observed when other animals of the same kind are deprived of oxygen. In such cases it seems to kill physically rather than chemically, but the evidence presented does not conclusively prove this view. In the higher animals it may kill by interfering witli oxidation in the cells ; whether this is accomplished physically or chemically the writer does not know, but concluding from the prop- erties of nicotin he is inclined to attribute more to its physical effects than to its chemical effects." A bibliography of 25 titles is included. Insects injurious to alfalfa, G. A. Dean {Kans. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 5 {1916), pp. 36, figs. 40). — Summarized accounts are given of the more important insect enemies of alfalfa, including methods of control. Insects attacking onions, H. A. Ballou {Agr. Neivs [Barbados], 15 {1916), Nos. 366, p. 154, fio- 1>' 367, pp. 170, 171). — A brief account of the insect enemies of onions in the West Indies, of which the onion thrips ranks first in importance. The more important greenhouse insects, H. B. Weiss {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 296 {1916), pp. 3-42, figs. 33). — This bulletin gives summarized accounts of the more important insect pests occurring in greenhouses, including control meas- ures. The animal parasites of man, H. B. Fantham, J. W. W. Stephens, and F. V. Theobald {New York: William Wood d Co., 1916, pp. XXXII+900, figs. 423). — This work is partly adapted from the fourth edition of Braun's Die Tierischen Parasiten des Menschen, the English or third edition of which has been noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1011). Following an account of parasites in general the protozoa are taken up in the first section (pp. 25-210) and in an appendix (pp. 733-752) by H. B. Fantham; the worms in the second section (pp. 211-482) and in an appendix (pp. 753-755) by J. W. W. Stepliens; and the arthropods in the third section (pp. 483-616) by F. V. Theobald. A supplement containing clinical and thera- peutical notes on the protozoa, worms, and arthropods (pp. 617-732) ; a bibliog- raphy (pp. 756-835) ; and an index (pp. 836-900) are also included. New Jersey's insects, H. B. Weiss {Sci. Mo., 3 {1916), No. 4, pp. 385-388).— It is stated that of the insects listed from New Jersey, namely, 10,530, only 1.76 per cent are really destructive. 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 153 Reports of the government entomologist, 1915 and 1916, C. Mason {Nyasa- land Dept. Agr. Arm. Rpts. 1915, pp. 36-49; 1916, pp. 19-22) .—These reports record the occurrence of the more important insect pests of the years and the control measures applicable. Some new entomogenous fungi in St. Vincent, W. Nowelt, (Agr. Neics [Barbados], 15 (1916), No. 363, p. 110). — Reference is made to a new species of Cordyceps that attacks the larvae of Cryptorhynchus corticalis, a species of Isarla on the larva of a root weevil, an undetermined fungus on the larvae and adults of the cacao thrips (Heliothrips rubrocincta) , and undetermined forms on the West Indian peach and purple scales. The lesser migratory locust (Melanoplus atlanis), G. W. Hekrick and C. H. Hadlet, Jr. (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 378 (1916), pp. 5-45, pis. 6, figs. 17).— The lesser migratory locust, a native species widely distributed in the United States and Canada, has at times been a most destructive pest. In 1893 and 1894 it caused considerable injury to crops in the western counties of New York State, and during the past three years certain sandy sections of Clinton, Warren, Saratoga, Fulton, and to a less extent other counties, were subjected to an ex- ceedingly severe outbreak. Rye, oats, and corn are said to have suffered the most, probably because they are the chief crops in the infested localities. Oviposition commences about the middle of July and continues until cool weather sets in. The young nymphs, which hatch out in the spring, undergo five molts before reaching maturity in June, there normally being but one generation a year in New York State. Control measures consist of fall and spring plowing of the breeding places to a depth of 6 or more inches, the use of the so-called Kansas poison bait, the hopperdozer, and spraying with arsenicals. Brief notes are presented on related forms in New York, including the red- legged grasshopper (M. femur-rubrum) , the two-stripped grasshopper (M. hivit- tatus), the clear-winged locust (Camnula pcUuckla) the Carolina locust (Dis- sostcira Carolina), and the green-striped grasshopper (Chortophaga viridi- fasciata). A bibliographical list of 34 titles is included. The sugar-beet thrips, W. H. White (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 421 (1916), pp. 12, pis. 2, figs. 8). — A report of studies at Washington, D. C, of the sugar-beet thrips (Heliothrips femoralis), which is widely distributed in Europe and the United States, occurring principally in greenhouses. It has been taken outof- doors on sugar beets and sugar cane and has a large number of food plants. At an average mean temperature of 73° F. the eggs required from 12 to 14 days for development and the four nymphal stages required 4, 8, 1, and 5 days, re- spectively. It was found that a spray, consisting of nicotin sulphate 6 oz., fish-oil soap 4 lbs., and water 50 gal., destroyed all the adults and 95 per cent of the nymphs. Technical descriptions are given of its several stages and a bibliography of 18 titles is included. The bedbug, C. L. Mablatt (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 754 (1916), pp. 12, figs. 4). — This replaces the publication previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 874). The chinch bug outbreak of 1910 to 1915, S. A. Forbes (Illinois Sta. Circ. 189 (1916), pp. 3-59, figs. i3).— This is a report of studies made during an out- break of the chinch bug, the first beginnings of which were seen in Illinois in the fall of 1909 and continued with growing intensity and gradually widening area until the spring of 1915, when it collapsed. "A careful computation of losses resulting, based upon a comparison of crop yields and crop conditions in 17 infested and 17 uninfested counties, shows 154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 30 that the yield of corn, wheat, and oats in these infested counties was dimin- ished by chinch bug infestation in the year 1914 as follows: Corn, $5,015,874; wheat, $1,356,039; oats, $41,071— a total of $6,442,984. . . . "An analysis of the weather and other conditions for several years in the region where the chinch bug outbreak began, points to a conclusion that the immediate cause of its beginning was unusually hot midsummer weather, with no excessive rainfall, occurring in a region in w^hich the food plants occu- pied a relatively large area, with winter wheat in especially large ratio. . . . The outbreak was brought to a conclusion in the spring and early summer of 1915 by heavy beating and flooding rains coming at times when the young bugs were hatching rapidly from the egg. " The principal measures for the control of a chinch bug outbreak are the burning out of the insects in their winter quarters and their destruction at harvest time by means of impassable barriers and lines of post-hole traps placed beside infested fields of wheat. Although winter burning on a large scale proved impracticable in Illinois owing to wet and snovry winters, small scale field experiments with this operation, under conditions locally and tem- porarily favorable, destroyed from 50 to 75 per cent of the chinch bugs under the harborage burned over." Experiments made with a view to finding a better material than coal tar for making barriers against the escape of chinch bugs at wheat harvest re- sulted in the selection of a petroleum product, a residue of distillation, con- taining 70 per cent of asphaltic materials and known as road oil No. 7. While a perfect substance for the purpose this material, however, has the disad- vantage that it is not on the market and must be made solely for this special use. A farmer's chance experiment made in 1912 showed that crude creosote was almost as effective as coal tar or road oils, and it had the advantage that it could always be obtained without delay in any desired quantity from near-by sources of supply, and so was the substance principally used during the last year or two of the outbreak. Experiments showed that creosote differed from coal tar and the road oils in the cause of its effectiveness, the latter being im- passable because they were thick and sticky, while the creosote repelled the insects by odorous vapors given off. " Field experiments with practical operations, especially in 1910, 1911, and 1912, showed that an effective barrier could be made and maintained at an ex- pense for labor and materials varying from $1.50 to $2 per day per mile, the difference depending mainly upon the character of the season." The false chinch bug and measures for controlling it, F. B. Milliken (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 762 {1916), pp. 4, figs. 2). — A severe outbreak of the false chinch bug (Nysius ericce [angiiHtatnsI) during May and June, 1916, especially in Kansas and Colorado, led to the preparation of this information regarding control measures. Are scales becoming resistant to fumigation? H. J. Qitayle (Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 3 {1916), No. 8, pp. 333, 33Jt, 558).— The author discusses fumigation experiments with fruit from different sections showing apparently that the red scale in the Corona district is more resistant than in Orange County. Root louse control, D. Hansen {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bnr. Plant Indus., Work nuntleij Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 16-18). — Experimental control work with the sugar beet root louse {Pemphigus hetw), accounts of which by Parker have been previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 357), was carried on In cooperation with the Montana Experiment Station. Due to an unusually heavy rainfall in June and July the soil on all the plats was thoroughly moist most of the time during the migration period and 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155 the amount of iujurious infestation on all the plats was comparatively small. As a result tests made of several methods of irrigation failed to give conclu- sive results. It is believed, however, that the results obtained in 1914 and 1915 indicate that control by irrigation will be effective only in years when the precipitation is not above normal. In tests of plats of land, three of which had been in oats the previous year and six in beetss, the infestation of the beets which followed the oats was 70.3 per cent and the percentage injuriously infested 4.7, while of those which followed beets only 28.9 per cent were infested in any degree and only 0.73 per cent injuriously infested. These observations support the theory that the root louse usually does not hibernate in old beet fields. The grape leaf -folder, J. F. Stbaxjss (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 419 {1916), pp. 16, pis. 4, figs. 6). — The author reports studies of the life history and habits of Dcsmia ftmeralis made in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, during the course of two years. The injury which it causes, principally to the foliage of the grape, has fre- quently been described since 1885. The larvje of the first brood have also been observed to eat the blossoms and young fruit. As soon as it is large enough the larva folds the leaf, exposing the undersurface, and within the protection of this fold skeletonizes the upper surface. Later in the season the skeletonized leaf dries up and exposes the fruit to the rays of the sun, which in case of a severe attack renders the fruit unmerchantable. The pest occurs in all regions of the United States where wild or cultivated grapes grow, and extends into a considerable portion of Canada, but it has not as yet, with occasional exceptions, assumed the proportions of a pest of much economic importance outside of the Central States between the latitudes of 35 and 40°. It has been collected on the fox grape {Vitis labrusca), southern fox grape (F. rotundifolia), V. cordifolia, the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissns quinquefolia) , and two varieties of redbud {Cercis canadensis and C. chinensis). At Washington, D. C, the greatest number of moths issued during the early part of May, but adults have been obtained the latter part of April, through May, and most of June. The eggs are usually deposited singly on the under- side of the leaf, along the midrib or other veins, or in the angles formed by the branching of the veins, and have also been found scattered over the grape canes. The eggs hatch in from 8 to 10 days. The larva, which molts six times, feeds almost continuously during the first three or four days between molts, being especially active at night. In the latitude of Washington, there are two generations each year. The majority of the first brood larvae pupate during July, the average length of time passed in the larval stage being about 4 weeks. The larvte of the second brood begin to pupate in September and by the middle of October few, if any, are to be found in the leaves in the latitude of Washington. The full-growii larvse leave their shelters and drop to the ground, where they transform among fallen leaves, trash, etc., and in the case of the second brood, pass the winter as pupse. Seven hymenopterous and 3 dipterous parasites are recorded as having been reared by the author from the grape leaf-folder, of which notes are given on Apanteles canarsicc, Meteorus dimidiatus, Pardianlomella ibseni, Eabrobracon johannseni, and Exorista pyste. As regards control measures it is stated that vineyards regularly sprayed with arsenicals for the control of the grape rootworm, grape-berry moth, etc., will be practically free from injury by the grape leaf-folder. Where it has been troublesome in previous years, it is recommended that the vines be 76601°— 17 5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 sprayed with arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 lbs. of the paste or 1 lb. of the powdered article to 50 gal. of water, shortly after the blossoms have fallen. A bibliography of 26 titles is included. Tinea cloacella as a mushroom pest, A. Krausse (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdio., 48 {1916), No. 2, pp. 73-78, figs. 12). — This reports morphological and biological studies of T. cloacella, which was found to develop in an edible mushroom, Boletus erlulis. Experiments during 1915 in the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure, F. C. Cook and R. H. Hutchison (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 408 (1916), pp. 20). ~ This bulletin reports the results of investigations carried on during 1915 in continuation of those of 1913 and 1914, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 455). During the fly season the larvicidal action of infusions of 18 plant materials was. tested, none of which, with the exception of hellebore, was sufficiently economical and effective to be classed as a practical larvicide. Summarizing the results of the three seasons' work, it is stated that borax, used at the rate of § lb. to 10 gal. of water and sprinkled over 8 bu. of manure, is the least expensive and the most effective larvicide. It is pointed out that caution should be used, however, in treating manure to be used for agricul- tural purposes because of the injurious action on plant growth of excessive ap- plications of borax. Powdered hellebore, used at the rate of 0.5 lb. to 10 gal. of water on 8 bu. of manure, is an effective larvicide and without action on plant growth. The indications are that calcium cyanamid, acid phosphate, and kainit mixtures can be used as effective larvicides if 0.5 lb. of calcium cyanamid is present in the mixture per bushel of manure treated. The response of the house fly (Musca domestica) to ammonia and other substances, C. H. Richardson (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 292 {1916), pp. S-19). — The studies here reported, preliminary accounts of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 160; 35, p. 466), have led to the following conclusions: House flies are attracted to fermenting organic substances largely by the odor of ammonia, a product of this fermentation. Ammonia attracts a pre- ponderance of females. Flies can be induced to oviposit upon certain substances near which ammonia is volatilized. Flies lay their eggs by preference in organic substances which are capable of furnishing food for their larva and they have some power which enables them to detect such substances. Butyric and valerianic acids augment the oviposition response of the house fly to ammoniated cotton. Flies and their relation to epidemic diarrhea and dysentery in Poona, J. MoRisoN and W. D. Keyworth {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 3 {1916), No. 4. pp. 619-627, figs. 3). — "The evidence indicates that flies, in spite of their num- ber, do not contribute appreciably, if at all, to the mortality in the native city of Poona, or to the annual epidemic of gastro-intestinal disease in Poona can- tonment." [Report of the] department of entomology, H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Rpf. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 65ar-68a). — This brief report of the work of the year deals particularly with the strawberry crown girdler {Otiorrhynchus ovatus), which in the spring of 1915 appeared in enormous numbers in a forest nursery and caused an estimated loss of over $15,000. Examinations made of beds of 2-year-old white pines, the tops of which were turning brown, showed that the larvse had girdled the stems and roots at from 1 to 3 in. below the surface of the ground. In addition to white pine, the red pine, Scotch pine, Juniperus vlrgmiana, blue, Douglas, and Norway spruce, and even sugar maple seedlings of the 2-leaf age were attacked, and in many cases severely injured. When first examined, on Mny 15, the larvae were nearly mature and most of them pupated within two weeks thereafter. The beetles were appearing by the mid.- 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157 die of June and were at their maximum abundance about July 7. The evidence would indicate that in this infestation at least some portion of the larval feetl- ing took place in the fall and was resumed in the spring, and that the adult period of life extended over several months. Examinations of beds that had been stripped of plants and cultivated every two or three days as recommended showed numerous dead pup^. but indicated that some larvae at least pupated lower than a harrow would reach. This led to the recommendation that plowing be done once or twice in order to reach the more deeply-placed pupfe. Later when the beetles emerged trapping methods were resorted to with considerable success, weed piles placed between the beds having proved more effective than the use of boards or burlap. The use of re- pellants was recommended and it is advised that beds cleared of plants be not reset until the adult beetles disappear. The soy bean stem borer, H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], S (1915), No. 1, pp. 52-56, figs. 3).— With the introduction of the soy bean on an experimental scale at Sabour a cerambycid beetle of the genus Nupserha has appeared and become a source of serious damage. An account is given of its life history and habits, togetlier with recommendations as to the prevention of injury, and remedial measures. Rhynchophora or weevils of northeastern America, W, S. Blatchlet and C. W. Leng {Indimiapolis: The Nature Publishing Co., 1916, pp. 682, figs. 155). — This volume, following the plan adopted in the senior author's Coleoptera or Beetles of Indiana (E. S. R., 24, p. 259), furnishes keys to the families, sub- families, tribes, genera, and species of Rhynchophora. A total of 1,084 species are described as occurring in the United States and Canada, east of the Missis- sippi River. The description of each species is followed by notes on its distri- bution, food, habits, etc., so far as known. The classification used is mainly that of LeConte and Horn, modified where necessary by recent studies. A bibliography of the principal works to which reference has been made in the text, and an index to the plants mentioned, to the families, subfamilies, tribes, and genera, and to the new genera, species, and varieties, are included. The Cottonwood borer, F. B. Milliken (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 424 (1916), pp. 7, pi. 1, figs. 3). — This is a report of studies of Plectrodera scalator in Cot- tonwood (Populus deltoides) and willow (Salix alba) made at Garden City, Kans., in 1913. The eggs are deposited in the trunks of cottonwoods at or a little below the surface of the ground, principally during July and August. Tlie young larvae cut the bark and prevent the sap flow and the large larvae tunnel the wood, thus weakening the resistance of the trees to the wind. The adults emerge from about the middle of June to the first of August of the second summer following emergence from the eggs. It is pointed out that oviposition in shade trees may be prevented by screen- ing the bases and directions are given for the preparation of such screens. " The young larvae can be removed before they injure the trees severely if the remedial work is done during the first two weeks of September, but removal of the large larvae from deep tunnels often injures the trees more than would the larvae if allowed to remain and complete their development." The southern com billbug, Z. P. Metcalf (N. C. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 19 (1916), pp. 21, figs. iS).— This is a summarized account of a pest that is a very destructive enemy of corn in the eastern part of North Carolina. Reports of studies made of this insect by Smith in North Carolina (E. S. R., 29. p. 56), Kelly in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma (E. S. R., 25, p. 159), and Hayes in southern Kansas (E. S. R., 35, p. 760) have been previously noted. 158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The banana weevil, H. A. Ballou {Agr. News [Barbados}, 15 {1916), No. S64, p. 123). — It is reported that the banana weevil {Sphenophorus [Costno- polites] sordidus) has appeared in some numbers in certain districts of Jamaica. Productive beekeeping, F. C. Pellett {Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lip- pincott Co., 1916, pp. XIV +30^2, pi. 1, figs. 134^).— In this volume the state apiarist of Iowa considers modern methods of production and marketing of honey. Bees and how to keep them, F. W. L. Sladen {Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 26, 2. ser. {1916), pp. 56, i)ls. 4, figs. 34). — This replaces the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 662). Fifteenth annual report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, com- piled by J. A. Stone {Ann. Rpt. III. Beekeepers' Assoc., 15 {1915), pp. Ill, pi. 1, figs. 9). — This report (E. S. R., 35, p. 467) includes a paper on Outdoor Wintering (pp. 51-58), by E. F. Phillips. Bocky Mountain spotted fever. — A report of laboratory investigations of the virus, L. D. Fricks {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. -S.], 31 {1916), No. 9, pp. 516- 521, fig. 1). — A report of studies of the causative organism of the disease, which is transmitted by Dermacentor venustus. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The nutritive properties of corn, A. G. Hogan {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 193-208). — Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) are reported in an attempt to determine the nature of the deficiency of an exclu- sive diet of maize. The problems studied include the adequacy of the inorganic constituents, the adequacy of maize proteins, and the presence of gi-owth acces- sories. The results of the work are summarized by the author as follows : " The evidence indicates that when corn is fed to rats as the sole dietary the mineral constituents are the first limiting factor, and then the protein. In the case of swine these findings are apparently reversed. Protein is here the first limiting factor, and then the mineral element. The data also indicate that the corn proteins are less eflScient for growth than casein. The addition of lysin and tryptophane to maize did not increase its efficiency for growth. The addi- tion of some of the adequate proteins (egg white) seemed of only slight benefit. In view of these facts it seems possible that one of the limiting factors in corn as a food for growing rats is one or more of the growth accessories. " Young rats on a corn diet grow more rapidly when the grain is supple- mented with casein than when supplemented with egg white. This observa- tion assumes added significance since food mixtures containing protein-free milk, butter, and egg white are more efficient for growth than mixtures of corn and egg white, even though the protein of the corn mixture furnishes a relatively higher percentage of calories than does the protein of the more effi- cient diet. "Autoclaved corn mixtures failed to maintain body weight, and ultimate failure resulted, " Since swine grow rapidly on a mixture of corn and egg white, it is believed that corn contains sufficient of the growth accessories for normal growth in swine." The nutritive value of yeast, polished rice, and white bread, as determined by experiments on man, C. Funk, W. G. Lyle, D. McCaskey et al. {Jaur. Biol. Chem., 21 {1916), No 1, pp. 173-191).— In the investigation here reported four normal men were given a diet of yeast, white rice, and bread. 1917] POODS — HUMAN" KUTEITION. X59 It was found in the experiments where yeast was taken for nearly two weeks that it was insufficiently utilized, the nitrogen content of the feces being high, and in some instances undigested yeast was detected in the feces. The autliors state tliat yeast, on account of its high purin content, " causes a distinct rise of uric acid in the blood, and for this reason can not be used to the exclusion of all other food." The experiments with vitamin-free food, in the form of white rice and white bread, confirmed the results of other investigators who found that to obtain the positive nitrogen balance more white bread is required than whole wheat bread or potatoes. This positive balance occurred in spite of the low nitrogen content of the feces and indicated good resorption. The experiments were not of sufficient duration to determine whether the low value of the vitamin-free food was due solely to the absence of vitamins. As a result of the investigations the authors conclude as follows : "Yeast can not very well be recommended as a sole protein source, as a large part of the yeast nitrogen apparently has no food value. It is badly assimilated and occasions a rise of uric acid figures in the blood. The amount of nitrogen which would be fully adequate in the form of potatoes was proved to be insufficient with yeast. This also applies to . . . [the] experiment with white bread and white rice. . . . [The authors] were unable in . . . [their] experiment to get a positive nitrogen balance by the addition of vitamin." In the authors' opinion the investigation does not warrant the verdict that yeast possesses no value in dietetics. There are a number of complex factors which must be taken into consideration, such as problems of personal idiosyn- crasy as to the taste and methods of administration of the yeast and questions of amino acid synthesis after the yeast protein and purin bases have entered the organism. There is need of further research to determine how far anaerobic yeast can be made of any supplementary metabolism value when consumed in conjunction with other foods to remedy dietetic deficiencies. Rye flour and rye bread, E. Beaun (Northwest. Miller, 108 {1916), No. 8, pp. 513, 51 Jf, figs. 7). — The author discusses the difference in treatments neces- sary for rye and wheat flour sponge, and describes methods for making Rus- sian black bread, German black bread, Pomeranian barley bread ("gerstel brot " ) , and pumpernickel. Some tests of flour made from Egyptian wheats, P. Hugkes (Min. Agr. Egypt, Tech. and Sci. Serv. Bui. 10 (1916), pp. 1-9, figs. 5).— The "strength" of various Egyptian wheats was estimated by noting the size of the loaf as determined by the measurement of the gas evolved on fermenting flours with yeast. The strength and nitrogen content of Indian wheat was found practically the same whether grown in India or Egypt. Red grains seemed to have a greater strength and greater nitrogen content than white grains, perhaps due to the time of harvesting. The addition of mineral manures to the soil increased the amount of fermentable material by nearly 30 per cent, although the nitro- gen content remained practically unchanged. No actual baking experiments were made. [Inspection of shellfish] (Maine Sta. Off. Imp., 78 (1916), pp. 4^-52).— Data are given regarding the examination of samples of clams, scallops, and oysters, purchased in the fall and winter of 1915 and 1916. The effect upon the nutri- tive value of soaking or floating shellfish in fresh water is discussed, standards are given regarding the sale of shellfish, and a statement as to administration made by A. M. G. Soule. 160 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOBO. [Vol. 36 Studies on growth. — III, The comparative value of lard and butter fat in growth, C. Funk and A. B. Macallum (Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 51-62, figs. 2). — The experiments reported in this paper were carried out to determine the relative value of lai'd and butter fat as the fat fraction of the artificial diets studied in previous work in this series (E. S. R., 34, p. 561). If laboratory animals (rats) wei"e maintained on a diet containing dried, powdered yeast and lard as the fat component, they grew normally for from 60 to 90 days but eventually displayed scorbutic symptoms. This condition terminated fatally if the diet was not changed. By substituting moist yeast or autolyzed yeast for the dried preparation the rats could be maintained upon the diet for a longer period. Similar results were obtained by adding to the drinking water orange juice (which has neither growth-promoting nor main- taining properties unless supplemented by yeast). The diets in which butter partially or wholly replaced lard had a slight superiority over those containing lard alone. This superiority was more than could be explained by the antiscorbutic properties of the butter. Even in this case the existing deficiencies were not entirely corrected, since many rats de- clined on the diet. Rats which failed on lard did not always recover on a diet containing butter. It appeared possible also that yeast, on account of its high content in purins, and perhaps other constituents, was not an ideal addition to the diet in experiments of long duration, even in spite of its marked growth-promoting power. " The impaired nutritive value of heated casein does not seem to be due to destruction of amino acids but to destruction of vitamins." Studies on growth. — IV, The action of yeast fractions on the growth of rats, C. Funk and A. B. Macallum {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 63-70, figs. 2). — Attempts were made to separate out a physiologically active fraction from yeast, which would stimulate the growth of young laboratory animals (rats). This was suggested by the close relationship existing between the beri-beri and growth problems. The authors state that the same experi- mental difficulties encountered in the investigation of the beri-beri vitamin were encountered in this study, and that the problems of neither beri-beri nor growth will be solved until more adequate methods for the isolation of the vitamin are available. " The fractionation of j'east with phosphotungstic acid shows that the growth- promoting substance is carried down with the precipitate, and a large part of its activity is lost during the fractionation." The isolation of a growth-producing substance from sheep pancreas, W. H. Eddy {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 113-126, figs. 9).— In attempting to establish the presence of a vitamin in the water-soluble portion of the alco- holic extract of sheep pancreas, feeding experiments were made with laboratory animals (rats). The following solutions were used: A filtered water-soluble portion of the alcoholic extract of pancreas ; Lloyd's reagent after shaking with the water-soluble portion of the alcoholic extract; the filtrate from the water-soluble portion after treatment with Lloyd's reagent ; and the phospho- tungstic precipitate of the water-soluble portion after the removal of phospho- tungstic acid with amyl alcohol. The results of these experiments seemed to prove that the water-soluble poi'tion of the alcoholic extract of pancreas contains a substance capable of inducing marked increase in growth. This substance, which is neither a pro- tein nor a fatty substance, is removed from the extract without loss of power by treatment with I>loyd's reagent, and is also precipitated by phosphotungstic acid. Amino nitrogen determinations made on the different solutions used 19171 Foofis — Human Ntii^BitiON. 161 indicated that the growth stimulation is something other than amlno-acid stimulus. The study of certain dietary conditions bearing on the problem of growth in rats, C. Funk and J. Poklop {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. l-lJf, fiys. 4). — This paper presents data obtained in observation of several hundred laboratory animals (rats), regarding the influence exerted by various sub- stances, which bring about a better condition of the laboratory animals not only from the standpoint of nutrition but from the standpoint of correcting deficiencies in diet. The results obtained are summarized as follows : " By an addition of milk or yeast to the normal diet, the growth of rats can be accelerated. Oats in dry state or subjected to germination proved to be an inadequate diet for young rats. Yeast can not substitute the casein in the diet and this very likely because of its toxic properties. Young rats grow less when milk instead of yeast is used in the diet, and they do not gi"ow at all on orange juice as addition. Using Lloyd's reagent for precipitation of the growth- promoting substance from autolyzed yeast, it was found that by this process the separation seems to be not complete ; furthermore, the yeast loses some of its original value as a stimulant to growth." Dietetic deficiency, H. H. Green {So. African Jour. Sci., 12 {1916), No. 8, pp. 289-308). — A summary and digest of data regarding the relation of so-called vitamins to the following deficiency diseases : Beri-beri, scurvy, pellagra, rickets, and osteomalacia, and lamziekte and other deficiency diseases of cattle. Studies in creatin metabolism. — I-IV, F. P. Undeehill and E. J. Baumann {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 21 {1916), No. 1, pp. 127-139, Ul-146, 147-150, 151-160).— Four papers are presented. I. Possible interrelations beticeen acidosis and creatin elimituition. — In the experiments here reported laboratory animals (rabbits) were fed upon diets containing an adequate carbohydrate supply, but of such a nature that one diet would yield ash of pronounced acidity, another a distinctly basic ash, and a third type of diet consisting of a mixture of the two. The acid-producing foods were whole oats and cracked corn, and the base-producing food was fresh carrots. It was found that upon a diet of oats and corn furnishing an adequate sup- ply of carbohydrate creatin appeared promptly in the urine of the animal. This phenomenon was associated with marked acidosis as measured by the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine. Oats and corn were found to be pro- nounced acid-producing foods, but if a base-producing food, such as carrots, was fed to rabbits with creatinuria this symptom disappeared, as the urine became alkaline. " The protein per se is without special significance in the phenomenon under discussion; for upon a diet consisting of oats, corn, and carrots creatin fails to appear in the urine, and the reaction of the latter remains alkaline. Equally significant is the further fact that the ingestion of hydrochloric acid with the mixed diet causes the appearance in the urine of significant quantities of cre- atin. Simultaneously, the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine is markedly increased. "The conclusion seems justified that there is an interrelationship between acidosis and creatin elimination. Creatin in the urine may prove to be an index of a condition of acidosis in the organism." II. The influence of alkali upon creatin elimination during inanition. — Data are reported regarding the influence of starvation upon the hydrogen ion con- centration in the urine of laboratory animals (rabbits), and also the influence 162 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 of the administration of alkali upon creatin elimination during inanition. Tlie results of the experiments are summarized as follows : "Administration of alkali during the earlier days of starvation may gi-eatly diminish or completely abolish the creatinuria of that condition. Later in the period of inanition introduction of alkali may not show as marked an influence upon the existing creatinuria. The results of these experiments lend support to the hypothesis that there exists a relationship between acidosis and creatin elimination." III. The infltience of alkali upon the creatinuria of phlorizin glycosuria. — The effect was studied of the administration of relatively large quantities of sodium bicarbonate upon the creatinuria in the case of phlorizinized dogs. The results obtained showed that " the administration of relatively large quantities of sodium bicarbonate is without appreciable influence upon the elimination of creatin during phlorizin glycosuria." This is true whether or not the animal is in a state of complete phlorizination. The authors conclude that more than one factor may govern the mechanism leading to creatinuria. IV. The relationship of creatinuria to carbohydrate metabolism and acido- sis.— The experiments reported in this paper were for the purpose of deter- mining whether creatin may be excreted in the urine, under circumstances where carbohydrate depletion prevails, without an accompanying acidosis. A study was made of the creatinuria induced by hydrazin in the case of the dog as an example of such carbohydrate deficiency. The results of the experi- ments are summarized as follows : " The subcutaneous administration of hydrazin to dogs induces a marked creatinuria which in general closely parallels the period of hypoglycemia provoked. These observations corrobate the results of previous investigations. " During the period of hypoglycemia and most marked creatinuria the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine is greatly depressed — even to the point of marked alkalinity. The alkalinity is probably due to the presence of carbonates. " The relationship of hypoglycemia and alkalosis again emphasizes the significance of acid-base equilibrium in the regiilation of the blood sugar content. " The results here presented make it evident that creatin elimination in the urine may be induced by at least two different sets of conditions: (1) Creatin may appear in the urine in states of acidosis where carbohydrate deficiency is not involved, and (2) creatinuria may be present during carbohydrate deficiency even in the absence of acidosis." Alterations in the output of certain urinary constituents as determined by changes in the character of the diet, F. P. Undebhill and L. J. Bogebt (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1916), A'o. 1, pp. 161-168).— In view of the facts noted in the above investigation — that changes in the characteer of the diet may result in the appearance or the disappearance of creatin in the urine — experi- ments were carried out to determine whether these changes in the diet would result in changes in the output of other urinary constituents, consideration being given to the differences in intake of various components of the diet. It was found that "upon a diet of corn and oats the output of phosphorus in the urine of rabbits is far in excess of the intake of this element in the food. Since the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine is very high under these circumstances, the great excess of phosphoric acid in the urine may be regarded as a method of regulating acid-base equilibrium in the body of the rabbit. "Ammonia excretion is variable under changing conditions of diet, and although it appears that this base may function as a neutralizing agent at 1917] FOODS — HITMAK NUTRITION. 163 times further experiments are necessary before tlie laws of ammonia excretion in tlie rabbit can be formulated. Calcium elimination is too variable to justify inferences being drawn under the experimental conditions. " The results obtained indicate that the creatinuria observed upon a grain diet can not be explained upon the hypothesis of food insufficiency." The volume of urine in young healthy adults on a constant diet, T. Addis and C. K. Watanabe {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. 267-272) .—In connection with the above investigation a large amount of data was obtained regarding the volume of urine of subjects on a constant water intake, which are summarized as follows : "The volume of urine in normal individuals on a constant diet with the same water intake is extremely variable for any single day or part of a day. The average volume of the last three days of the diet, when the water intake was 2,070 cc. varied in 20 individuals from 1,013 to 1,712 cc. for a 24-hour period, from 684 to 1,195 cc. for the first 12 hours of the day, and from 501 to 7S8 cc. for the first 8 hours of the day. The percentage of the 24-hour volume excreted during the 12 hours of the night did not exceed 47 per cent in any subject. . . . "An increase of 1,000 cc. a day in the water intake more than doubled the volume of urine but did not appreciably increase the rate of urea excretion. "An increase in the rate of urea excretion induced by the ingestion of urea, the water intake remaining constant, was accompanied by a considerable in- crease in the volume of urine." The rate of urea excretion. — I, A criticism of Ambard and Weill's laws of urea excretion, T. Addis and C. K. Watanabe {Jour. Biol. Chem., 24 {1916), No. 3, pp. 203-220). — From a study of the relationship between the concentration of urea in the blood and the rate of urea excretion, when the concentration of urea in the urine is the same, and the relationship between the concentra- tion of urea in the urine and the rate of urea excretion, when the concentra- tion of urea in the blood is the same, the authors concluded as follows : " The rate of urea excretion in man varies under physiological conditions in a manner which can not be explained by the concentrations of urea in the blood and urine. There is a tendency for an increased rate of urea excretion to exist with higher blood urea concentration in cases in which the urine concentration is the same, and for an increased rate of urea excretion to be accompanied by a lowering of the urea concentration in the urine in cases in which the blood concentration is the same. This relationship, however, is one which is frequently obscured, even in individuals under the same con- ditions as regards nitrogen and water intake. Other factors than urea con- centration are important in determining the rate of urea excretion by the normal kidney." The rate of urea excretion. — II, The rate of excretion of administered urea in young healthy adults on a constant diet, T. Addis and C. K. Watanabe {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 249-266).— A study was made of the rate of excretion of urea administered to young, healthy adults who were on a constant diet, the aim being to obtain detailed information regarding the range of variation in the function of a normal kidney under normal conditions. In 39 experiments no evidence of variability in kidney action was obtained in the work of excreting performed urea added to a constant diet. From this it is concluded that a normal kidney under constant conditions possesses a high degree of constancy of function. " The rate of excretion of the administered urea during successive periods ot the 24 hours showed that the repetition of large doses of urea did not elicit the condition which has been described as * kidney fatigue.' 164 EXPERlMENl' S'TATION EECOKD. [Vol.36 A fraction of the urea which was administered remained in the body after 24 hours. This urea was not retained because of any failure on the part of the Icidneys to eliminate it, for the amount retained was no larger when 40 than when 20 gm. of urea were taken." Tlie interrelations of blood fat and blood sugar content of dogs under the influence of hydrazin, F. P. Underhill and E. J. Baumann {Jour. Biol. Cheni., 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. 169-172) .—The object of this investigation was to determine the relation of the fat content to the sugar content of the blood in the case of laboratory animals (dogs) under the influence of hydrazin, which results in a low blood sugar content and the loss of glycogen from both the liver and muscles, and induces a so-called " fatty " liver. The experiments showed that during the first days of fasting there was a tendency for the blood fat to decrease. This period was followed by one in which there was an increase of fat content up to approximately the initial value. During the interval of inanition studied there appeared to be little or no relation between the blood fat and blood sugar content. " In hydrazin poisoning blood fat is markedly increased, the maximum being coincident with the condition of hypoglycemia characteristic of hydrazin. Blood fat returns to the fasting value as the sugar of the blood regains the normal." The toxicity of carotin, H. G. Wells and O. P. Hedenburg {Jour. Biol, Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 213-216).— The authors describe the method of preparation from fresh carrots of the pigment carotin used in the experiments reported, in which the toxicity of carotin was determined in the case of labora- tory animals (guinea pigs) given intraperitoneal and intradermic injections of the substance dissolved in olive oil. The doses of carotin injected were much larger than the amounts which can be obtained from any food, the larger doses being as much as that contained in 200 kg. of flour. " These experiments indicate that even in relatively very large doses carotin, whether in its natural state or saturated with chlorin, is almost entirely devoid of toxicity. Such large amounts as 20 mg. injected intradermically cause only a local edema and inflammation, but no necrosis." Clinical calorimetry. — XVIII, The number of places of significant figures in the data of metabolism, experiments, F. C. Gephart, E. F. DuBois, and G. LusK {Joiir. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 1, pp. 2 17-223) .—Three factors are discussed as influencing the number of places of significant figures in the data. These are the accuracy of the analytical results, the possible errors in the methods of calculation, and the significance of the findings. It is concluded that the analytical error in metabolism work is seldom much less than 1 per cent and that a variation of 1 per cent in the results of an experiment would not change its significance or affect its interpretation. " For these reasons, it seems unnecessary to publish more than three signifi- cant figures in tlie tables of data and in some cases it is not worth while to publish more than two. In order to avoid the accumulated rejection error it is advisable to retain four figures wherever possible in the calculations and reject the fourth digit only in the final result." A table is given showing the number of places of significant figures adopted as standards in the publication of metabolism data. For earlier work in this series see E. S. R., 35, p. 369. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Meat situation in the United States.— V, Methods and cost of marketing live stock and meats, L. D. Hall, F. M. Simpson, and S. W. Doty (f^ 8. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 113 {1916), pp. 98, pis. 20).— lu this fifth report of this series (E. S. 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 165 R., 35, p. 666) only those phases of the marketing of live stock and meats which bear most directly upon the economic aspects of the meat situation are con- sidered. The report sets forth the results of studies recently conducted by the Office of Markets and Rural Organization, supplemented by data from other sources. The objects in view in the investigations were to define and differentiate the principal methods by which live stock is marketed in the United States; to show the present relative importance of the several methods in the country at large and in the different States and agricultural regions ; to analyze the more prominent items of cost involved in the various stages of the marketing of live stock and distribution of meats, with special reference to the reduction of cost through improvements in marketing methods and facilities; and to com- pare the margins or relative returns realized by each of the important classes of interests that participate in the movement of meat products from producers to consumers. The kinds of meat animals considered in the report are cattle, hogs, and sheep. " Three general methods of marketing are open to producers of meat animals : First, through the large public stockyards and packing centers; second ,by means of local butchers and packers ; and third, in the form of farm-prepared meats. . . . Estimates show that about one-half of the beef cattle, two-thirds of the hogs, and four-fifths of the sheep and lambs marketed pass through the large central markets ; one-third of the beef cattle, one-twelfth of the hogs, and one-eighth of the sheep and lambs are sold for local slaughter; one-tenth of the beef cattle, one-third of the hogs, and one-twentieth of the sheep and lambs are slaughtered on farms and ranges. . . . " In the United States relatively more sheep are shipped in carload lots by owners than any other class of live stock ; cattle follow second, hogs third, and calves fourth. More hogs are marketed by local dealer-shippers than other classes of live stock, and calves, cattle, and sheep follow in the order named. . . . " Cooperative live-stock shipping associations bring greater net returns to the farmer because of the reduction of marketing expenses and the realization of actual market prices. These associations also have educational features which are of importance to any community having live stock to market in small lots. , . . " Direct marketing will remain an important factor in those parts of the country remote from centralized markets. . . . "Average freight rates on live stock for the years 1911-1913 were 10 cts. per hundredweight for eastern or official territory, 11.9 cts. for southern territory, and 14.9 cts. for western territory. Replies to inquiries show that train service is satisfactory in a majority of cases. The total claims for live stock loss and damage in transit on 27 railroads amounted to $1,245,477.81 during the fiscal year 1913-14. . . . *' The largest single factor in the marketing of meat animals in the United States is the system of centralized live-stock markets. These markets not only are a medium through which live stock is sold for slaughter, but a large pro- portion of stocker and feeder cattle also passes through them. The terminal charge at most centralized markets is $2 per car. Yardage is 25 cts. a head on cattle, 10 cts. on calves, 8 cts. on hogs, and 5 cts. on sheep at a majority of the markets. Commission charges are 60 cts. per head on cattle, 25 cts. on calves, 20 cts. on hogs, and 10 cts. on sheep at most markets. " Wholesale slaughtering and meat packing constitute the chief outlet for market stock suitable for slaughter. The most extensive development of meat 166 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 packing is found at Chicago and Missouri River points. . . . Public abattoirs have been established in 22 cities in 13 States. Seven of these establishments are owned and operated by the city, while the remaining 15 are owned privately and operated under city inspection. Local packing houses are distributed mainly in the more important live-stock producing States and in sections remote from live-stock markets and packing-house centers. Cooperative packing houses recently have been promoted in a number of communities in six States, . . . "The marketing of farm-prepared meats, although comparatively limited in relation to the industry as a whole, is practiced more or less in almost all parts of the country. The curing of meat at ice plants is a recent development in local marketing in the South. . . . The parcel-post method of marketing meat is limited in comparison with the other methods, yet the amount thus marketed is considerable as a sum total. " The correlation between average live-stock and meat prices is closer than generally is understood. Daily fluctuations in live-stock quotations frequently are large and abrupt and constitute one of the most adverse features of live- stock market conditions. Meat prices from day to day tend to follow general averages of previous years more closely. The results of investigations of the marketing of 9 lots of cattle through centralized markets show that from 54 to 85 per cent of the gross returns was received by the stockmen, from 2 to 5 per cent was absorbed by marketing expenses, 2 to 9 per cent was received gross by packers, and 8 to 33 per cent by retailers. The retailers' gross margin, as shown from the results of marketing locally five shipments of cattle, varied from 15 to 38 per cent of the gross returns. From 62 to 84 per cent of the gross returns on these cattle was received by the owner." The marketing of live stock, D. A. Gaumnitz (South St. Paul, Minn.: W. M. Camphell Commission Co., 1916, pp. J^2). — This treats of methods of marketing live stock, preparing animals for shipment, loading, feeding in transit, and other related topics. On the g'eneral theory of multiple contingency with special reference to partial contingency, K. Pearson (Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 145-158). — A mathematical discussion of the theories of multiple and partial contingency, in which a large number of formulas are set forth. On certain probable errors and correlation coefficients of multiple fre- quency distributions with skew regression, L. Isserlis (Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 185-190). — Formulas are given for use in the systematic investigation of statistical constants of multiple correlation and of their probable errors in cases in which skew regression is involved. On the probable error of a coefficient of contingency without approxima- tion, A. W. Young and K. Pearson (Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 215-230).— In this paper the authors consider the variation of (p^ on the hypothesis of Pearson * but without approximation. On some novel properties of partial and multiple correlation coefficients in a universe of manifold characteristics, K. Pearson (Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 231-238). — The object of this paper, which is of interest to statis- ticians and biometricians, is to show by direct determinantal analysis certain relations known and unknown between the higher multiple and partial corre- lation coefficients. On the application of " goodness of fit " tables to test regression curves and theoretical curves used to describe observational or experimental data, K. Pearson (Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 239-261, fig. i).— This is a discus- sion of the " goodness of fit " and its application in statistics and physics. » Biometrika, 10 (1914), p. 570. 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167 On the " best " values of the constants in frequency distributions, Kir- STiNE Smith {Biometrika, 11 (1916), No. 3, pp. 262-276, figs. 2). — This is a comparison of the methods of moments and least squares in determining the values of constants in frequency distributions. It is concluded that if the definition of the " best " is made somewhat arbitrary the use of the method of moments is justified. Berseem as a forage plant, J. B. Piot (Bui. Union Agr. Egypte, 14 {1916), No. m, pp. H-22, fig. 1). — Successful experiments are reported in feeding ber- seem, or Egj'ptian clover, to cattle in Egj-pt, resulting in material gains. Silos and silage, E. W. Sheets (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 157 (1916), pp. 313, figs. 4). — Notes are given on the advantages of silage, the essential fea- tures of a good silo, dimensions of silo to build, and tj'pes of silos in the State. Unpublished experiments at the station have shown that in wintering steers wheat straw and cottonseed meal are superior to timothy hay as supplements to silage. The cost of producing silage in different parts of the State was found to vary from $23.43 to $35.60 per acre while the yields varied from 10 to 10.3 tons per acre. The cost of producing timothy or mixed hay varied from $7.04 to $8.35 per acre, and the yields from 1.2 to 1.3 tons per acre. It is stated that the greatest value of silage is that it reduces to one-third the crop land necessary to feed or winter a given number of animals. Pea-cannery refuse, M. Rosby (Country Gent., SI (1916), No. 30, p. 1403, fig. 1). — A general discussion of the feeding value of pea-cannery refuse. The vines may be preserved either by stacking or by ensiling. It is stated that pea-vine silage is superior in some ways to corn silage, being higher in protein content and but slightly lower in carbohydrate content. Excellent results have been secured in feeding this silage to sheep, a rapid growth and fine quality of mutton being claimed. Commercial feeding stuffs and registrations for 1916, C. S. Cathcakt ET AL. (Xcw Jersey Stas. Bid. 295 (1916), pp. 95). — Tabulated results are given of analyses of 1,102 samples of feeding stuffs inspected during 1915, including alfalfa meal, blood meal, brewers' dried grains, buckwheat feed, buckwheat mid- dlings, buckwheat offal, coconut meal, copra cake meal, cottonseed meal, corn bran, corn meal, gluten feed, gluten meal, corn and cob meal, distillers' grains, dried beet pulp, feeding flour, fish scrap, hominy meal and feed, linseed meal, malt sprouts, meat scrap, oat hulls, peanut meal, rye bran, rye feed, rye mid- dlings, screenings, wheat bran, wheat feed, wheat middlings, and mixed and proprietary feeds. A list of manufacturers who have registered feeding stuffs for sale during 1916 is included. [Animal husbandry work] (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 34-38). — At the Fort Hays substation during the winter of 1914-15 100 high-grade yearling heifers were wintered in four different lots to determine the comparative value of Sudan hay, Kafir corn stover, damaged alfalfa, and sorghum butts. The ani- mals had access to wheat straw at all times. All of the feeds proved to be satisfactory roughages when fed in connection with a small amount of linseed meal. The cost of wintering for 120 days varied from an average of $6.84 to $7.53 per head for the different lots. During the same winter 64 mature beef cows were fed Kafir corn silage, Kafir corn butts, wheat straw, and alfalfa hay supplemented with linseed meal or cottonseed cake. The average cost per head for wintering these cows was $8.36 and they furnished a market for a large amount of feed which would otherwise have gone to waste. Two lots of 30 high-gi-ade Hereford heifer calves each were placed on an ex- periment in the fall of 1913. One of these lots was so fed as to produce a maxi- mum growth and the other lot was maintained in ordinary range condition. At 168 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the close of the second year's feeding there was a difference of 53 lbs. in the average weight of the heifers maintained in range condition as compared with those that had been wintered under more nearly ideal conditions. The average cost of this additional growth was $6.97 per head. The results of a feeding experiment with pigs during the winter of 1914-15 indicate that corn is slightly superior to any of the grain sorghums, its use re- sulting in more rapid gains and a higher finish. There was very little differ- ence between the value of Kafir corn, feterita, and milo maize. Kaoliang did not prove to be very palatable. The feeding of whole threshed Kafir corn re- sulted in a great waste of feed, while the feeding of Kafir corn in the head proved to be advisable where facilities for grinding it are not present on the farm. Inheritance of color and horns in blue-gray cattle, O. Lloyd-Jones and J. EvvARD (loiva Sta. Research Bui. 30 {1916), pp. 67a^l06a, figs. iO).— Data that have accumulated for 13 years at the Iowa Station on color and horn inheritance in crosses between Galloway and Shorthorn cattle are presented. Preliminary reports of progress have been reported by E. N. Wentworth (E. S. R., 28, p. 572). A detailed discussion is offered of the color and polled or horned condition as seen in the parent breeds and the offspring resulting from the crosses in these experiments, together with suggestions as to the genetic relationship as to these characters. Since 1906 when the inheritance studies reported were undertaken 24 dams as follows have been used: Four Shorthorns, 5 Fi blue-gray (from white Short- horn bull X Galloway cows), 3 Galloways, and 12 others of various generations and descriptions. The sires in use have been a blue-gray polled Fi (from white Shorthorn bull X Galloway cow), a red polled F2, and red, roan, and white Shorthorn bulls. In all, 71 calves have been produced which are included in the present work. The authors conclude that " the nature of black and red pigment in cattle as an independent allelomorphic pair of characters is clearly indicated. White ani- mals appear to be the result of pigment in a restricted condition, due to the absence of the factor E for extension. The restricted pigment may be either black or red in color. No extracted animal white with red ears has yet ap- peared. The whites with black ears, a novelty in this experiment, are similar in pattern to the Park Cattle of Britain, but it is doubtful if they can be con- sidered genetically comparable to them. "A satisfactory explanation of the genetics of roan color in cattle has not yet been made. A roan-producing factor N has been tentatively assumed to exist, but the results secured from these experimental matings agree almost equally well with the interpretation of roan as a heterozygote between white and col- ored. This would make the factor N unnecessary, for the roan condition would appear in all animals that were heterozygous for extension, that is Ee, without the aid of any other factor. " The published data on the inheritance of horns in cattle are reviewed and new data presented. The present results substantiate the allelomorphic nature of the horned and polled condition in cattle, and give no evidence that sex is in any way connected with the inheritance of these characters." A bibliography is included. Feeding range steers, L. Foster and H. H. Simpson (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 101 {1916), pp. 24, figs. iO).— This bulletin gives the results of feeding experi- ments conducted in 1909 and 1910 with range steers. In the first experiment, which lasted 91 days from January 8, 1909, a com- parison was made of the feeding values of barley, corn, and Kafir corn, each 1917] ANIMAI, PRODUCTION. 169 being supplemented with 2 lbs. cottonseed meal daily, A comparison was also made in this test of corn stover and Kafir corn stover for replacing a part of a roughage ration of alfalfa. Five lots of 5 high-grade Hereford and Shorthorn yearling range steers, averaging about 600 lbs. each in weight at the beginning of the test, were used. In the second test, which lasted 90 days from January 19, 1910, the effort was made to find the most economical method of fattening range steers under New Mexico conditions, with home- grown feeds or with those most readily available. In this test there were 4 lots of 5 high-grade Hereford and Shorthorn yearling steers, each averaging about 200 lbs. lighter per steer than those in the 1909 test. The rations compared and some of the results obtained are given in the following table : Steer feeding tests. Year. 1909 1909 1909 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910 1910 20 pounds alfalfa hay, 8 pounds barley 20 pounds alfalfa hay, 8 pounds corn 20 pounds alfalfa hay, 8 pounds Kafir corn 10 pounds alfalfa hay, 10 pounds shredded corn stover, 8 pounds Kafir com 10 pounds alfalfa hay.lOpotmds shredded Kafir com stover, 8 pounds Kafir com. Alfalfa hay, corn stover, ad lib Alfalfa hay , ad lib Alfalfa hay, ad lib. , 8 pounds corn Alfalfa hay, ad lib., 10 pounds com (last 30 days only) Average Cost of daily feed per pound of gam per head. gain. PouTids. Cents. 2.04 9.52 2.11 9.32 1.95 9.90 2.01 9.25 1.84 10.47 1.39 3.98 1.84 4.14 2.58 5.99 2.06 5.01 Profit per steer. S9.62 9.91 9.07 10.15 8.39 6.93 8.30 6.58 7.44 The corn, barley, and Kafir corn in all the rations were ground. The feeds used in the experiments were estimated at the following prices : Ground corn, Kafir corn, and barley $30 per ton ; cottonseed meal, $35 per ton ; alfalfa hay, $10 per ton; shredded corn stover and Kafir corn stover, $6 per ton. The initial value of the steers per pound was 5.9 cts, in 1909 and 7.49 cts, in 1910, and the selling value in each case 8 cts. In the 1909 experiment the steers rejected an average of 2.5 per cent of the alfalfa hay, 26.8 per cent of the corn stoA'er, and 18.9 per cent of the Kafir corn stover. Pasturing sheep on alfalfa, B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche E.rpt. Farm, 1915, p. 14, fig. 1). — Beginning August 28, 1915, 10 lambs with an average weight of 75 lbs. each were pastured for 40 days on a 1-acre field of third-crop alfalfa. The pasture was divided into two lots, which were pastured alternately. During this time the lambs made an average gain of 0.39 lb. each per day, so that, with the gains worth 7 cts. a pound, a return of $10.85 per acre was secured for 40 days' use of the alfalfa pasture. No bloating occurred. Sheep feeding experiment {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915. pp. 25, 25).— Results are given of a feeding experiment which lasted from October 30 to December 20, 1914, with 313 western range lambs to determine the comparative value (1) of com and Kafir corn as grain, (2) of alfalfa and cowpea hay as roughage, (3) of sorghum as silage or hay, and (4) of ground v. unground Kafir corn. The lambs, which averaged about 55 lbs, each, were divided into six lots and so fed as to make a maximum use of the roughage. Daily rations, in addition to 0.19 lb. of cottonseed meal per lamb which was given to all the 170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rVol. 36 lots, and some of the results of the experiment, are given in the following table : Lamb feeding experiments loith different rations. Lot. Variable portion of ration per lamb. Average daily- gain. Cost per pound of gain. Final value per pound. Average profit per lamb. 0.S9 pound corn, 1.35 pounds alfalfa hay, 1.09 pounds sorghum silage 0.9 pound corn, 1.53 pounds cowpea hay, 1.09 pounds sorghum silage 0.9 pound corn, 1.36 pounds alfalfa hay, 0.43 pound sorg- hum hay 0.9 pound corn, 1.78 pounds alfalfa hay 0.9 pound Kafir corn, 1.36 pounds alfalfa hay, 1.09 pounds sorghum silage 0.9 pound ground Kafir corn, 1.36 pounds alfalfa hay, 1.09 pounds sorghum sliage Pounds. 0.40 .35 .39 .39 .35 .36 Cents. 5.60 6.19 5.52 5.73 6.03 6.18 Cents. 8.05 8.05 8.00 7.90 7.90 8.05 $1.02 .82 .99 .86 .73 .84 In figuring the cost of gains and profits the feeding stufCs were priced as follows per ton: Shelled corn, $25; Kafir corn, $22; ground Kafir corn, $24; cottonseed meal, $26; alfalfa hay, $10; cowpeas, $8; sorghum hay, $6; and sweet sorghum silage, $4. The lambs cost 7.3 cts. per pound delivered at the station, and the final values per pound in the above table are 0.6 ct. per pound lower than market prices to cover the expense of shipping to market. [Feeding experiments with lambs] (California *S7a. Rpt. 1916, pp. 53, 55). — In a compari-son of spineless cactus and corn silage for fattening lambs, F. W. Woll found that the silage produced 17 per cent more gain with 10 per cent less feed than the cactus ration. It required about 10 days to get the lambs to eat the cactus readily. lu a test in which 125 lambs were allowed to graze upon a barley stubble field at the rate of 1 lamb per acre for a period of five weeks, R. F. Miller found that they made an average gain of 11 lbs. each, making the stubble field worth about 75 cts. per acre. The barley yielded 25 sacks per acre, and had been harvested with a combined harvester. These lambs were then separated into lots in a feed lot and fed barley and alfalfa hay as a basal ration, supplemented with cottonseed meal, coconut meal, alfalfa meal, and molasses, respectively, one lot being fed a commercial feed, alfalfa meal, and molasses alone. The coconut-meal lot made the most econom- ical gains, the cottonseed-meal lot being nest. Alfalfa meal and molasses proved to be an expensive feed at $18 per ton. In another experiment with lambs, corn silage, milo maize silage, and sweet sorghum silage as supplements to alfalfa hay and barley were compared, and one lot was fed alfalfa hay alone. In economy of gain the ration containing milo maize silage ranked first and that containing sorghum silage second. The alfalfa hay lot made only about one-half the gains that the other lots made. The use of hogs in disposing of crops, F. Knokb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., ^Yorlc Scottsbluff Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 12, 13). — Continuing pre- vious work (E. S. R., 34, p. 228), during the season of 1915 hogs were pastured on alfalfa from early spring until September, being fed a supplemental ration of 2 lbs. of corn per 100 lbs. of live weight. They made gains of 2,976 lbs. per acre of pasturage and consumed 2.53 lbs. of corn per pound of gain. Valuing the gains at 7 cts. per pound and the corn at 60 cts. per bushel, there was a net return of $132.84 per acre for the season, an equivalent of $29.54 a ton for the 1915 alfalfa hay crop. The three-year average has been $24,40 per ton. 1917] ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 171' Corn plats hogged down in 1915 produced a gain of 212 lbs. of pork, live weight, per acre, as comparetl with 1,052 lbs. in 1914, 1,008 lbs. in 1913, and 628 lbs. in 1912. The low gains in 1915 were due to the fact that the corn plats were severely damaged by hail. [Pasturing alfalfa and corn with hogs], B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., V,^ork Belle Fourche Expt. Fann, 1D15, pp. 11-14). — Continuing experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 871), one lot of fall pigs grazing on alfalfa, and also fed during the pasture season 4,787 lbs. of corn per acre of alfalfa, gave a net return per acre in 1915 of $60.32, Another lot of pigs, fed 4,970 lbs. of corn per acre of alfalfa, gave a net return of $62.97 per acre of alfalfa grazed. In these two tests it took 2.36 lbs. of corn to produce 1 lb. of gain. The corn was charged at $1.70 per 100 lbs., and a value of 7 cts. per pound was given to the pigs. In hogging down corn, one plat with an estimated yield of 40.6 bu. of corn per acre produced pork at the rate of 548 lbs. live weight per acre. Another plat with an estimated yield of 34 bu. of corn per acre produced pork at the rate of 451 lbs. live weight per acre. [Pasturing alfalfa and corn with hogs], D. Haxsf.n (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1015, pp. 9-11, fig. 1). — Continuing previous experiments (E. S. R., 33, p. 429), hogs pastured on alfalfa in 1915 gave a return of $75.88 per acre during the pasturing season, an equivalent of $10.84 per ton for the alfalfa hay crop. In this test the hogs were given a supplemental ration of 2 lbs. of corn per 100 lbs. of live weight. Corn with an estimated yield of 52.41 bu. per acre when hogged down produced 864 lbs. of pork, live weight, per acre. The hogs consumed 3.4 lbs. of corn per pound of gain and made an average daily gain per head of 2.16 lbs. [Feeding experiments with pigs], J. I. Thompson {California Sta. Rpt. 1916, p. 55). — In experiments in which wheat shorts, coconut meal, tankage, and cull lieans were fed in conjunction with alfalfa pasture, self-feeders proved superior to hand-feeding. Coconut meal was an economical supplement to barley, but produced severe scouring when fed in considerable amounts. Cooked culled beans produced cheap gains, but a soft low-dressing product. In a test in which the effects of feeding raisins to swine were studied 3 lots of 8 5-months' old pigs were fed raisins, raisins and barley, or barley alone, respectively, alfalfa meal being fed, in addition, to each lot. When constitut- ing the entire concentrated part of the ration, raisins prodiiced slow gains and considerable scouring resulted. \YIien bai-ley and raisins were fed in equal parts the raisins showed nearly the same feeding value as barley. The physiological effect upon work horses of alfalfa hay cut at diffei*eut stages of growth {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 16, It). — This is a brief report of one year's work in an investigation undertaken in 1914 to determine (1) the effect upon stand and yield when alfalfa is harvested at different stages of growth; (2) the variation in the amount of total nutrients and fertility ele- ments in the hay cut at different stages of growth; and (3) the physiological effect upon horses fed the different alfalfa hays. The largest yield was obtained from the alfalfa cut at the time of bud formation, and each successive stage gave a smaller yield. No effect on the stand was noticed this first year. The alfalfa cut in the bud stage had the largest percentage of ash and crude protein and the smallest percentage of crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract ; the first two decreased in each successive stage, and the last two increased. It also gave the largest total yield of all nutrients per acre. It had the largest percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, and all these decreased in the successive stages. The alfalfa hay 76601^—17 6 172 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. SO cured in the suu had a larger percentage of pure protein than that cured iu the shade. In feeding the different alfalfa hays to horses no material difference in physio- logical effect was noticed. Growing draft colts, C. W. McCampbell (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. o.J-€.9, fiffs. 16). — An experiment was started in January, 1913, the objects of which were to determine (1) whether the good draft colts can be grown without the use of oats, (2) the cost of developing draft colts under ordinary Kansas con- ditions, and (3) the type of colt which usually develops into the largest horse. The results of the experiment show that " the colts receiving a grain ration of 70 per cent of corn, 25 per cent of bran, and 5 per cent of oil meal made a daily growth of 1.023 lbs. during the entire period of 720 days, while the colts receiving oats made a daily growth of only 0.926 lb. Each pound of growth during the entire period made by the colts receiving corn, bran, and oil meal p. 165-185; 20, pp. 810-816; 21, pp. 829-8^^+^, pis. 1 ; abs. in Inlernat. Inst. Agr. [Rome]. Internet. Rev. Sci. and Praet. Ayr.. 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. 231-2.19).— The literatiire on the use of sugar in surgery and its physiological properties is briefly reviewed, and experiments are described in whiclx cane sugar or glucose was applied to sutured or other wounds, especially in operations on the feet. In some experi- ments solutions of glucose were injected intraperitoueally, subcutaneously, and into the joint cavities, trachea, and jugular vein. Horses and mules were used in the experiments described. The results obtairied indicate that glucose (5 to 10 per cent) injected sub- cutaneously, intraperitoueally, and into the joints is absorbed in a short time without any disturbance other than a slight rise in temperature. IMore con- centrated solutions (25 'jqv cent) at a temperature of from 29 to 30° C. may be injected into the ' . nchea or jugular vein with the double advantage of being more rapidly absorbed and easily tolerated. Amounts of from 500 to 1,000 cc. may be injected daily without any functional disturbance, and by repeating tlie injection for several days a considerable improvement in the general condi- tion of the animal is obtained. Powdered sugar applied to any wound acts as an absorbent antiseptic, and at the same time stimulates the nutrition of the tissues by the formation of a granular layer and rapid healing. When applied directly on sutured wounds it protects them from possible infection by initiat- ing rapid healing. In foot operations accompanied by more or less considerable loss of tissue, and especially in the partial or total separation of the hoof, dressings of sugar rapidly cleanse the wound and promote a rapid growth of horny tissue. The deodorizing property of sugar also makes it valuable as a dressing. The formation of pus seldom occurs, even with moderately dilute solutions. "NMien applied to a discharging or suppurating wound the discharge rapidly diminishes, and ceases with successive applications. Although successful results were obtained with bath cane sugar and glucose the author recommends the latter for various reasons. Because of its ab- sorbent, antiseptic, and healing properties, and also its low price, sugar is deemed to constitute a dressing of the first order. Colloidal chemistry and immunology, M. vox Kbogh {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), Xo. 3, pp. 452-411, flffS. i^).— This is a theoretical discussion of the relations between colloidal chemistry and immunology, from which the general conclusion is drawn that colloidal chemistry is an important factor in immu- nology, but only one of several. "As an isolated method it does not explain anything at all. but as a help to disentangle the complicated processes con- cerned it may be of immense service." An improved method for the concentration of antitoxic sera, Annie Homeb {Jour. Hyy. [Cambridge], 15 {1916), No. 3. pp. 388-400).— The following tech- nique is outlined: To the serum or plasma diluted with one-third or one-fifth its volume of water sodium chlorid is added to a concentration of from 1.5 to 2 per cent. The material is heated to a temperature of from 56 to 57° C. for 15 hours, or to from 57 to 58° for 8 hours. The heated plasma is made SO per cent of saturation with ammonium sulphate, and the mixture heated to and kept at a temperature of 61° for a few minutes. It is then cooled to from 40 to 45° and filtered, the precipitate is washed with 33 per cent of saturation with am- monium sulphate, the washings, after being filtered, are added to the main bulk of the filtrate which is then saturated 50 per cent with ammonium sul- phate, and the resulting precipitate is filtered off, pressed, and dialyzed. The pressed precipitate has a yellowish color as distinct from the bluish-green color 1917] VETERIXARY MEDICIXE. 179 of Banzhaf s product. To the residues from dialysis the necessary amounts of salt and preservative are added. The final product in bulk is of a reddish- brown color and does not exhibit even a trace of opalescence. No difficulty has been encountered in the filtration of these products through pulp or Pasteur-Chamberland filters. The addition of two or three times its bulk of 1 per cent saline does not impair the ease of its filtration. The method is claimed to be an improvement on the Gibson-Banzhaf method ^ because of a saving of time, labor, and material ; the potency of the finished product is nearly twice as gi-eat ; and the total loss of antitoxic units need not be greater than 10 per cent. The procedure is also claimed to be superior to the Banzhaf^ one-fraction process for similar reasons. The refinement and concentration of antitoxins, P. G. Heinemann (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1016), ^'o. 3, pp. 4.33-43[>}. — A modified procedure for the preparation of a refined antitoxic serum of higher concentration than could be obtained by any of the earlier methods proposed is described in detail. The serum produced was water-clear (for at least one year) and produced no trace of sediment. It readily passes through Berkefeld filters, and is easily dis- charged through a hypodermic needle. The antitoxic globulins obtained by the new method are easily soluble, and dialysis is consequently rapid. " Plasma of 100 and 200 units can be used to advantage, thus being offset the additional expense of production. Nonantitoxic proteins are eliminated in large measure and serum disease, as far as present observations go, is greatly reduced." A concentrated hog-cholera serum Avas prepared by the new method, 7 cc. of which afforded ample protection to exposure, while from 20 to 30 cc. of the original material was required. Another poisonous Claviceps, J. B. S. Noetox {ticience, n. ser., 43 {1916), 1^0. 1121, pp. 894, 895). — The report of experiments by Brown and Ranck on the poisonous action of Claviceps paspali on Paspalum. previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 676), have led the author to record observations of a similar action of Claviceps found on Paspalum Iteve in Maryland. This fungus was first observed to be very abundant and conspicuous in the summer of 1902. in the autumn of which year a sample was received from a Maryland farmer who had taken it from a field where cattle had died with symptoms of poisoning. " The Claviceps sclerotia which replace the Paspalum grains are frequent in Maryland nearly every year, though in some years almost absent and sometimes, as in 1915, unusually abundant." Report of the veterinary director general for the year ended March 31, 1914, F, ToRKAXCE {Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen. Canada, 1914, pp. 147. pis. 10).— In addi- tion to the main report of the veterinary director general (pp. S-28), the reports of veterinary inspectors, etc., are given in 23 appendixes. Of these mention should be made of the following : Report of C. H. Higgins, pathologist at the biological laboratory at Ottawa (pp. 74-81) ; Epizootic Abortion Inves- tigations.— Interim Report (pp. 82-88) and Strangles A'accine (Experimental) (pp. 89-91), by T. C. Evans; Rabies and the Specificity of Negri Bodies (pp. 02-95), by A. B. Wickware; Avian Tuberculosis, by C. H. Higgins and A. B. Wickware (pp. 96-102), previously noted (E. S. R., 35. p. 576) ; Entero-hepatitis or Blackhead in Turkeys, by C. H. Higgins, A. B. Wickware, and N. M. Guiou (pp. 103-110) ; report of the pathologist at the veterinary research laboratory at Lethbridge, Alberta, E. A. Watson, on the serum test for dourine, etc. (pp. 111-116) ; An Outbreak of Dourine in the Unity District of Saskatchewan, by W. L. Hawke (pp. 117, 118) ; report of the pathologist at the veterinary research 1 Collected Studies Research Lab. Dept. Health N. Y. City, 3 (1907), pp. 97-107. 2Loc. cit., 7 (1912-13), pp. 114-116. 180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 3G laboratory at Agassiz, British Columbia, S. Hadwen (pp. 119-136). including A Study of Hematuria in France and Other Countries, etc., notes on Ticiv Paralysis Resulting from the Bites of Dermaccufor rcnustus and on Warble Flies, etc.; ,und a Preliminary Note on the Effects of Feeding Rice Meal to Pigs, by P. H. Moore, Agassijs (pp. 137-140). Annual report of the veterinary service for the year 1914, W. Littlewooi) (Ann. Rpt. Vet. Sen:. Egupt, 1914, pp. 49, pJ. 1). — This report deals with the occurrence and work of the year with contagious diseases of animals, the work of the veterinary pathological laboratory, etc. The disinfection of tannery efSuent containing' anthrax spores, .T. Wintees- EERGES (Wiener Tierarztl. Jlonafsschr., 2 (1015), No. 8. pp. 553-379 ) .—Experi- mental data submitted show that only in isolated cases and under the most favorable conditions is a complete disinfection possible by the use of from 0.1 to 0.2 per cent chlorid of lime solution after contact from two to four days. By the use of 0.5 per cent chlorid of lime anthrax spores could be destroyed in the majority of the tests reported in three days. Such results, however, were not consistently reproducible or uniform. The disinfectant value increases with the concentration of the material used, a complete destruction of anthrax spores being obtained in three days by the use of 2 per cent clilorid of lime. It is indicated that since the conditions in practice are not so favorable as experimental conditions the use of the disinfectants of stronger concentrations and for prolonged periods of contact is the safest procedure. The addition of hydrochloric acid markedly increased the disinfectant strength of the chlorid of lime, and the procedure is deemed to be of practical value. The economical aspect in cases where a highly alkaline water is used would, however, have to be considered in the use of the acid. Formaldehyde Avas found to be more active than chlorid of lime, but the cost when used in concentrations of from 0.5 to 1 jter cent would be a disadvantage. The data obtained in the use of various lime-vat mixtures confirm earlier investigations that by their use a partial destruction of spores is possible if the period of contact is prolonged. The spent mixtures were, however, often found to contain virulent spores. The earlier observation that chlorid of lime exhibits a greater affinity for dead organic matter than for living material was confirmed. The strength and composition of blackleg vaccines, O. M. Franklin and T. P. Haslam (Jour. Infect. Diseases, ID (1916), No. S, pp. ^OS-^io).— This is a report of investigations made at the Kansas Experiment Station on the strength and composition of some of the most widely known blackleg vaccines. The results show that the powdex'-form vaccines must be given in amounts of from 20 to 150 mg. to kill a guinea pig. INIost of the commercial pellets were not fatal to guinea pigs in doses of three pellets per animal. Pellets which are too virulent produce severe vaccination losses. " The pseudoblackleg bacillus differs from Bacillus chauvm in its pathogenicity in rabbits, in the formation of a putrefactive odor, in the size and appearance of the colony in pure culture, in the gas formula, in the blackening of iron- sulphate agar, in the pathogenicity in giiinea pigs highly immune to blackleg, and in the failure of blackleg immune serum to protect guinea pigs against a lethal dose of pseudoblackleg culture or a B pellet." The ophthalmic test for glanders, with a simplified method, of procedure, N. S. Ferry (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 50 (1916), No. 1, pp. 41-46).— Tha te.sts commonly used for the diagnosis of glanders and the requirements of a most satisfactory diagnostic test are briefly reviewed. The method proposed by the author consists of preparing a desiccated mallein by precipitating the crude mallein with several volumes of absolute alcohol. 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 181 washing the precipitate with ether, and dryinjc in vacuo. The purified material thus obtained is incorporated with lactose into small tablets in such proportion that each tablet contains the exact amount of mallein for one test. The test is performed by placing the tablet directly into the .conjunctival sac at the inner canthus of the eye, where it quickly dissolves without any apparent discomfort or annoyance to the animal. The simplified procetlure described is claimed to fulfill the requirements of a most satisfactory test, as indicated by earlier investigators. An atjrpical case of rinderpest in a carabao, W. H. Boynton {PJiiUppinc Bur. Agr. Bid. 31 {191^), pp. 5, fig. 1). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 677). The prophylaxis of tetanus by antitoxic serum, Yait.lard {Presse Med. [Parish, No. >,9 (1916), pp. 393, 35^).— The author briefly discusses various ex- periences in which tetanus develope^l months after injury and treatment with antiserum. Nonmotile spores, but with apparently unlimited vitality, were found in leucocytes six months after injury. These facts demonstrate that the spores are not destroyed by the antiserum, but only by being incorporated and digested in the leucocytes. A wound infected with tetanus spores may develop tetanus long after it is apparently healed. The danger is greatest where an infected foi-eign body remains in the muscle tissue. The results of experiments under such conditions have shown it to be absolutely impossible to prevent infections with antiserum injections, the only apparent result being a delay in the onset of the disease. The application of the experimental facts observed to the disease occurring in wounded soldiers is indicated, and a few instances discussed. In conclusion it is emphasized that the biological phenomena are too complex for any prophylactic measures to be absolutely infallible. Researches in trichinosis, W. LI^-TZ (Med. Rcc. [N. Y.], 90 (1916), No. 23, pp. 987, 988). — This paper reports experiments in which pieces of muscle tissue containing numerous living trichinje were fed to albino rats. " The rats as a rule became very sick 10 to 20 mimites after feeding ; they would not move around, although they were very lively previous to feetling, their heads w^ould droop, they refused nourishment, the breathing became very rapid, and they would begin to waste away. These symptoms lasted about four days, when the rats began to recover, and in two or three days appeared apparently normal." Complement fixation in tuberculosis, H. J. Cobper (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 3, pp. 315-321, figs. 2). — The studies reported show that virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli, free from all foreign substances and suspended in sterile salt solution, undergo autolysis at incubator temperature, the autolysis reaching a maximum from the sixth to the eighth day. " During the autolysis of virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli there is a coincident liberation of anti- genic substances, which possess advantages over a suspension of living virulent tubercle bacilli as antigen for complement-fixation tests in tuberculosis." The examination of 361 cases in which both an emulsion and an autolyzate prepared from living virulent human bacilli were used as antigen indicated that the complement-fixation test is not absolute, being positive only in about 30 per cent of all the clinically definite cases of the disease, both active and inactive. Active cases give a higher percentage of positive results than inactive cases. The value of the test for tuberculosis lies in the fact that in conjunction with other findings a definitely positive reaction makes the diagnosis certain. It is of value also from a differential diagnostic standpoint in that it indicates tuberculosis when positive as against other complications. 182 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 A positive test was never obtained in the absence of a positive von Pirquet reaction. A large percentage of clinically normal individuals giving positive von Pirquet reactions, however, yielded negative fixation tests. It is deemed that " the practical absence of a reaction in nontuberculous cases makes this test, when positive, of far greater value in the diagnosis of tubercu- losis than any of the biologic tests for tuberculosis thus far discovered." Studies in immunization against tuberculosis, K. and S. Von Ruck (Nciv York: Paul B. Hoehcr, 1916, pp. Xr/+^.39).— This volume is divided into thre- general parts : Theoretical considerations ; practical immunization against tuberculosis ; and experimental studies in the immunization against tubercu- losis. Clinical and experimental data collected by the authors in their study covering a number of years are included. Tuberculosis in Normandy, Fr^ger (Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. ViL, 92 (1916), No. 8, pp. 123-132). — The prevalence and means of suppression of the disease are briefly discussed. The value of sanitary housing and stabling as prophylactic measures is strongly emphasized. Sheep diseases, E. T. Baker {Chicago: Amcr. Jour. Vet. Med., 1916, pp. 237. 2)ls. 6, figs. 66). — Following discussions of the history of the breeds (pp. 15-52). the anatomy of the sheep (pp. 53-C2), hygiene (pp. 63-74), and medicines and tlieir administration (pn. 75-83), the more important diseases, poisonous plants, predatory enemies, etc.. of sheep are briefly dealt v/ith. Shoeing and balancing' the lig'ht harness horse, J. Claimc {Buffalo, N. Y.: The Horse World Co., 1916, pp. 101. pi. 1, figs. 50).— A small handbook. The epidemiology of pectoral influenza of the horse, K. Macek C'Viener Tierdrztl. Monatssclir., 2 (1915), Ao. 12, pp. 553-567; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Yet. Med. Assoc., 49 (1916), No. 6, pp. SJ/S, 8.'f9).— The autlior first refers to the work of Gaffky and Liihrs, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 382), and then i*eports studies made of 76 of 380 horses in a large stable that were affected with pec- toral influenza (Brustseuche). His investigations led to the following conclu- sions : " The incubation stage of pectoral influenza is mucli longer than has been generally supposed. In working horses it is from three to four weeks, while in resting horses twice this period may elapse before the outbreak of visible signs of the disease. Tliis may account for outbreaks caused by bringing horses, quarantined for four weeks, into contact with healthy horses. Generally, during a four weeks' quarantine, tlie disease will make itself manifest. An infected liorse can infect another horse not alone when distinct clinical symptoms of in- fluenza are present, but also in the incubation stage, while it still appears to be in good health, and especially in the last few days preceding the outbreak of the disease. " The spread of influenza may be checked with certainty if the first cases are recognized and promptly isolated, thus preventing contact between infected and noninfected horses. The isolation stall need not be far from the others and may even be among them so long as healthy animals are not exposed by con- tact. The direct transmission of influenza from horse to horse is the principal way in which it spreads. In this connection the stall, as well as various inter- mediate carriers (i. e., attendants, dirt, straw, feed, rats, mice, sparrows, blankets, harness, pails, etc.), play an unimportant role. Apparently the causative agent of influenza soon dies outside of the body of the horse. " The spread of influenza from place to place is to be explained according to the previously made observations, i. e., tliat horses having a long incubation period transmitted the infection to other horses with which they had come in contact. 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 183 "Convalescent, symptoniatically treated horses should not be permitted to come in contact with healthy ones until four weeks after the fever has sub- sided. However, animals in which the fever subsides in 36 to 48 hours after treatment with neosalvarsan may be released eight days after its drop to normal." In most cases the author found a single infusion of 4.5 gm. of neosalvarsan to reduce the fever to normal within 24 to 36 hours. A tri-radiate tapeworm (Anoplocephala perfoliata) from the horse, F. J. Meggitt (P(irasitolo '". — Curves are given showing the carryiu,-: capacity of small earth ditches varying in area of water cross-section from 0.5 to 8 sq. ft. and in fall from 0.2.3 to 10 ft. per l,0(H)-fr. length, the capacity being expressed in miner's inches, sncond-feet. and gallons per minute. Surface water supply of North Atlantic slope drainage basins, 1914, (U. *S'. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 3S1 (1916), pp. Wo+XXXVII, pis. 2).— This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Maine, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, and New York, presents the results of measurements of flow made on the St. John, St. Croix, Machias, Union, Penobscot, St. George, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Presumpscot, Saco, INIerrlmack, Connecticut, Housatonic, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Patuxent, Potomac, and Rappahannock river basins during 1914. Lists of the stream-gaging stations and the publications of the Geological Survey relating to water resources for this region are appended. Supplement to the annual report of the state engineer and surveyor of the State of New York, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. State Enyhi. and Surceyor N. Y., Sup., 1914, pp. 367). — This report presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams in New York during 1914. Oregon's opportunity in national preparedness, .1. 11. liEWis, L. F. Hakza, G. Stuublefield, and E. J. McCal'stlanu (Off. State Engin. Oreg. Bui. 5 (1916), pp. 120, figs. 28). — Tliis bulletin presents tentative plans and estimates of cost for the construction of a number of large water-power projects in Oregon, dis- cusses possibilities for marketing some of this power, and points out direct and indirect benefits of such work, with special reference to the manufacture of nitrates, munitions of war, and fertilizers. Rainfall and agricultural power use, S. B. Shaw (Jour. Electricity, 37 (1916), No. 13, pp. 242, 243, figs. 4). — The results of studies made in the Santa Clara Valley, Cal., on the effect of the amount of rainfall and of its distribu- tion throughout the season upon the consumption of electric energy by irriga- tion plants are graphically reported. 1917] EUBAL ENGINEERING. 185 It was found that " the amount of rain falling in a certain season influ- ences the agricultural load in the succeeding mouths; thus when there is a season of heavy rainfall it is followed by a season of proportionally light irri- gation and, therefore, of poor load factor on pumping iilants, and vice versa. The time at which the rainfall occurs is also of importance. Thus, early fall rains during the mouths of September. October, and November will cause a rapid decrease in the pumping load at that time, while the late spring rains in March, April, and May will similarly delay the rise of the spring peak, both of which result in a decreased load factor and decreased total consumption. A con- centration of the precipitation during the months of December, January, and February results in less penetration and replenishment of ground water and a greater run-off. This will result in an increase in the total annual consumption and load factor." The normal average power consumption for the locality was found to be about 435 kilowatt hours per liDrsepower of plant capacity per annum. Description of water wheel at Kudai'angan Agricultural School, A. E. Haley {[Fhilipinne] Bur. I'lih. Works Quart. Bnl., 5 (1916), No. 1, pp. 22, 23, Jig. 1 ; aha. in Engin. Keirs, 76' (1016), No. 9, pp. .'f09, .'ilO, fig. 1). — A water wheel for irrigation in the Philippine Islands is describetl and diagi-ammaticaliy illustrated. "Measurements of the wheel show that it raises about 25 gal. pev minute, or 40,000 gal. per day, while operating in water flowing three miles per hour. Each bucket carries 4 gal. of water and the wheel makes a complete revolution in 70 .seconds. The water raised is suflicient to irrigate about 1.5 hectares [3,7 acres] of ground." A complete method for the classification of irrigable lands, F. H. Peteks {Proc. Anier. Soc. Civ. Etujin., 1,2 (1916), Xo. 7. pp. 1231-1251, pi. 1, figs. 7).— This paper deals with the classification by the Dominion Government of an area of about 1,037,000 acres of irrigable land developed in the Province of Alberta. The climatic, soil, and crop conditions i)f the area are described and, as governed by these, the basis of the classification is stated as follows : "Laud shall be classified as irrigable (1) if it lies at a lower elevation than the point of delivery, after allowing a reasonable grade for a farm lateral. The point of delivery shall be deemed to be a point 3 in. below the crest of the measuring weir at or within the farm boundary. Where this measuring weir is not at or within the farm boundary, the point of delivery shall be the eleva- tion of full supply level in the lateral supplying the field outlet and all meas- uring weirs shall be built in accordance with the plan of farm weirs filed with the commissioner of irrigation and dated November 1, 190S. The grade of farm laterals when a factor in land classification will be considered reasonable, (a) where the natural slope of the ground is less than 0.1 ft. in 100 ft. at a rate not less than 0.05 ft. in 100 f c. ; (b) where the natural slope of the ground is greater than 0.1 ft. in 100 ft. at a rate of not less than 0.1 ft. in 100 ft. ; and (c) where the slope of the ground is at or near the critical slope of 0.1 ft. in 100 ft. at either of the grades mentioned in clauses (a) and (b), such as good and reasonable practice demands. Extremely flat country may be irrigated by checks and flooding, and the grade of the farm lateral need not be considered in such cases, it being understood that the minister of the interior, or officers appointed by him, shall be the final judges of what constitutes ' extremely flat country.' "(2) If such land can be reached by an estimated concentrated expenditure at one or more points for embankments, flumes, etc., not in excess of $8 per acre for the land to be served and benefited through them. (8) If such land 186 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 can be served by a second or other delivery at a cost not in excess of $8 per acre for the land to be served and benefited through them. (4) When lying in a depression, if it can be drained at a cost not exceeding $8 per acre and is .suitable arable land which would be benefited by irrigation. "(5) The prices to be made use of in estimating the cost of embankments, flumes, or other structures shall be, unless otherwise ordered by the Minister of the Interior [as follows] : Earth fill or excavation, 12 cts. per cubic yard; lumber in place on any structure, $40 per 1,000 ft. board measure; and rock riprap, 50 cts. per superficial yard. "(6) In all unusual or exceptional cases, which are not covered by the preceding paragraphs, the classification will be made by officers of the depart- ment, imder the direction of the minister of the interior, in a fair and reason- able manner, and will be based on the beneficial use of water." Official proceedings of the sixth, annual meeting of the National Drainag-e Congress at Cairo, Illinois iOtf. Proc. Nat. Drainage Cong., 6 {1916), pp. 96). — These proceedings include the following special articles : Federal Legislation, by F. H. Newell ; The Relation of Drainage and Flood Control, by A. L. Webster; The Ohio Conservancy Act and State Legislation, by E. F. Bohm; Farm Drainage, by J. T. Stewart; Flood Prevention in the Miami Valley, by S. ^I. Woo(hvard ; Benefits from the Regulation of the Mis- souri River, by C. E. Jacoby ; Reclamation and Flood Control in California, by V. S. McClatchy (see bplow) ; Food Protection in Indiana, by W. K. Hatt ; Drainage Construction Problems, by "\V. A, O'Brien ; Improving the Mississippi to Aid Commerce and Drainage, by T. H. Farmer ; Relation of Land Drainage to Improvement of Rivers for Navigation, by J. L. Van Ormun ; Organization Expenses and How to Meet Them, by R. B. Oliver, jr.; Work of the Illinois Rivers and Lakes Commission, by L. K. Sherman; The Drainage Situation in Oregon, by W. L. Powers. riood control and reclamation in California, V. S. McClatchy {[Sacra- mento], Cat.: ^Statc, 1916, pp. 8, pi. 1 ; ahs. in- Off. Proc. Nat. Drainage Cong., 6 {1916), pp. 69, 70). — This pamphlet briefly describes the different flood control problems in Caiifornia, and includes a map showing the Sacramento River flood control prc».1eet. Reclamation of the Worden tract, D. Hansen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 22-2^, fig. i).— Drainage of a heavy alkali soil in which the water table stood at a depth of only 0.77 ft. lovv-ered the ground-water table to a depth of 6 ft. The experiment farm drainage system, F. B. Headley {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Truckce-Carsoii Expt. Farm, 1915, pp. 12-14). — Esti- mates of the total amounts of salts removed in the drainage water in the experimental drain on the project sliow that the largest amount of salt is removed during the irrigation season. "A total of 214 tons of alkali has been removed by this drainage system in three years, approximately 8.5 tons for each acre of the area drained. The amount of salt in the upper 3 ft. of this portion of the farm amounts to ap- proximately 9 tons per acre, or about the same amount as has been removed in three years by the drainage system. The soil of the area served by the drainage system does not show any appreciable reduction of its salt content in the upper 3 ft. It Avould appear, therefore, that the tile-drainage system draws alkali water either from sources deeper than the surface 3 ft. of soil or from an area much larger than the actual extent of the system. Beneficial results, as indicated by the improvement of crops, do not seem to have been obtained as yet from the installation of this system of drainage, although it 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 187 may have prevented a general rise of the ground water that would have been of serious consequence." Some suggestions for the organization and financing of drainage projects, S. H. McCkory (Agr. of Mass., 63 {1015), pp. 103-115).— The autlior outlines briefly some of the fundamental principles governing the organization and financing of drainage districts. " Those who may be charged with the prepa- ration of a law on drainage should make a careful, comprehensive study of the needs of the State, and of the laws of other States which have proved suc- cessful. Too much caution can not be exercised in drafting such a law so that it may be in harmony with the state and Federal constitutions and the trend of decisions on the subject." Proceedings of the second Good Roads Institute, held at the University of North Carolina, February 23-27, 1915, compiled by J. H. Pratt and Miss H. M. Berry (2V. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Econ. Paper >}3 {1916), pp. 122, figs. 7). — These proceedings contain the following special articles: Considera- tions Governing the Proper Locations of Roads, by T. F. Hickerson ; Economical Methods of Moving Rock, by W. S. Fallis; The effect of Grades Upon the Design and Location of Roads, by D. T. Brown ; Economical Methods of Mov- ing Earth in Road Construction, by N. C. Hughes, jr. ; Sand-clay, Topsoil, and Gravel Roads, by C. M. Strahan; Sand-clay and Topsoil Roads in Craven and Wayne Counties, by R. E. Snowden ; Sand-clay and Topsoil Roads in Orange County, by R. T. Brown ; Use of Bituminous Compounds in Road Construction, by F. M. Whitfield ; Specifications : A Discussion of Their Importance in Road Building, by B. S. Drane; and Road Maintenance, by W. W. Crosby. [Road laws of the State of Kentucky] {Ky. Dcpt. Fub. Roads Bui. 6 {1916), pp. 116). — This is a compilation of the laws of Kentucky relating to public roads and their management. Economic surveys of county highway improvement, J. E. Pennybacker and M. O. Eldridge {V. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 393 {1916), pp. 86, pis. 36).— This is a compilation and analysis of data obtained in eight selected counties, Spotsyl- vania, Dinwiddle, Lee, and Wise counties in Virginia, Franklin County in New York, Dallas County in Alabama, Lauderdale County in Mississippi, and Manatee County in Florida, showing comparative financial burdens and eco- nomic benefits resulting from highway improvement during the period from 1910 to 1915, inclusive. On the whole the experience of the eight counties dem- onstrated that " the beneficial effects of the road improvement justified the outlay, and that while more efficiency and economy might have been obtained in some cases, the loss was not such as to make the citizens of any of the counties feel that the move for better roads had been an unwise one." With reference to the increase in the values of farm lands it was found " that following the improvement of the main market roads the increase in the selling price of tillable farm lands served by the roads amounted to from one to three times the total cost of the improvements. The increases in values in those instances which were recorded ranged from 63 per cent to 80 per cent in Spotsylvania, from 68 to 194 in Dinwiddie, 70 to 80 in Lee, 25 to 100 in Wise, 9 to 114 in Franklin, 50 to 100 in Dallas, 25 to 50 in Lauderdale, nnd from 50 to 100 in Manatee." Considering the eight counties in the aggregate, the gross annual savings in hauling costs due to their good-roads systems amounted to a total of $627,409 for a traffic of 3,489,652 ton-miles. The average gross saving per ton-mile for the eight counties was 17.8 cts., this being indicated by an average rate of 33.5 cts. before the roads were improved, as compared with 15.7 cts. after the loads were improved. The net saving per ton-mile after de- ducting the cost of the interest and principal was 11.6 cts. 76601°— 17 7 188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 A comparison of the effect of the road improvement upon country schools showed that before the roads were improved the average school attendance was 66 pupils of each 100 enrolled, as compared with 76 after the roads were improved, showing that the good roads have been materially responsible for the education of 10 children out of each hundred. Bituminous m.acadam and bituminous concrete pavements, A. H. Blan- CHAED {Municipal Jour., J^l {1916), JSlo. l-i, pp. Jt05-^11, figs. 9). — This article summarizes the more recent opinions of authorities on the materials and methods requisite for the most successful construction and maintenance. In monolithic pavements in Vermilion County, Illinois, brick are laid directly on concrete base, H. H. Edwards {Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 14, PP- jfOO-402, figs. 7). — This article summarizes experience in which the thin layer of dry sand and cement was discarded. The brick were grouted immediately after rolling. Distribution of traffic on a rectangular system of roads analyzed, E. W. James {Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 15, pp. 439-Ul, figs. 2).— Tabular data are reported which show the relative travel on various types of roads where the development is uniform throughout a township and where it is unequal and more in accordance with ordinary experience. It is pointed out that from 80 to 85 per cent of all traffic in any large area is carried by 15 or 20 per cent of the roads and that expenditures should be governed accordingly. Progress i*eports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation, 1915 {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bnl. 407 {1916), pp. 71). — ^New experiments begun by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering during the year 1915 are de- scribed. These included experiments on bituminous macadam (penetration and mixing methods) and bituminous gravel concrete on Mount Vernon Avenue road, Alexandria County, Va. ; bituminous surface treatment on Falls Road, Montgomery County, Md. ; penetration macadam on Bradley Lane, Montgomery County, Md. ; bituminous concrete at Washington, D. C. ; oil-asphalt-coralline rock at Buena Vista, Fla, ; oil-asphalt-sand at Jupiter, Palm Beach County, Fla. ; bituminous-sand, mixing methods at West Palm Beach, Fla.; and sand- asphalt at Ocala, Fla. Supplementary reports on experiments previously reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 686) are included on oils, tar preparation, calcium chlorid-coralline rock at Lemon City, Fla. ; oil, tar, oil-asphalt-coralline rock at AYest Palm Beach, Fla. ; oil-coralline rock at Miami, Fla. ; bituminous surface treatment on Rockville Pike, Montgomery County, Md. ; tar preparation and oil-surface treatment at Washington, D. C. ; bituminous concrete, cement concrete, oil-cement concrete, vitrifiied brick, bituminous surface treatment on concrete and bituminous con- struction and surface treatment at Chevy Chase, Md. ; oil-cement concrete, oil asphalt, tar and fluxed native asphalt at Jamaica, N. Y. ; oil-asphalt-gravel at Ames, Iowa; tar and oil preparations at Knoxville, Tenn., 1910; slag, lime, waste sulphite liquor and tar at Youngstown, Ohio; sand-clay at Dodge City, Garden City, Bucklin, and Ford, Kans. ; and Kentucky rock asphalt at Bowling Green, Ky. Boad dust preventives: References to books and magazine articles {Pitts- burgh, Pa.: Carnegie Library, 1916, pp. 3.9).— A list of 361 references to books and magazine articles bearing on the subject is given. Concrete construction for rural communities, R. A. Seaton (Neio York and London: Mvaraw-HiU Book Co., 1916, pp. XI +223, pi. 1, figs. 96).— This is a semitechnical treatise on the essential features of concrete construction on farms and in rural communities. It is divided into five parts. Part 1, Mate- rials, deals with cements and limes, cement specifications and tests, and aggre- 19171 RURAL ENGINEERING. 189 pates ; part 2, Plain Concrete, deals with proportions and quantities of materials, construction of forms, and mixing and handling concrete ; part 3, Reinforced Concrete, deals with general principles and strength of reinforced concrete; part 4, Miscellaneous Matters, deals with concrete surface finishes, stucco and plaster work, waterproofing and coloring concrete, and casting in molds; and part 5, Typical Applications of Concrete, deals with sidewalks, floors, and roads ; tanks, cisterns, and silos ; and small highway bridges and culverts. Official tests of mechanical cultivation {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 29 {1916), No. 13, pp. 230-232, figs. 2). — Tests on the cultivation of very light sandy soil with a 16-horsepower and a 25-horsepower tractor are reported. The former weighed 2,800 kg. ( about 3 tons ) and had a horizontal single-cylinder motor run- ning at about 400 revolutions per minute. The latter weighed 4,700 kg. and had a horizontal two-cylinder opposed motor running at about 550 revolutions per minute. The test results are given in the following table : Mechanical cultivation tests. Type of cultivator. 3-bottom plow 4-bottom plow 12-tooth cultivator, soil plowed one week 12-tooth cultivator, soil recently plowed 12-tooth cultivator on fallow. . . iJ-disk harrow on fallow 14-disk harrow, soil recently plowed Tractor, horse- power. Depth of cultiva- tion. Centi- meters. 10.0 20.9 C.5 11.0 7.0 4.0 10.0 Width of cultiva- tion. ^^eters. 0.07 1.26 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.10 Average speed per hour. Meters. 3,276 2,736 3,348 3,348 3,348 3,348 3,276 Area cul- tivated per hour. Square meters. 2,325 2,460 4,762 4,762 4,762 5,000 4,958 Fuel consumption. Per hour. Kilo- grams. 6.66 6.72 4.43 4.84 4.02 4.06 Per hectare. Kilo- grams. 24.3 27.3 9.3 10.1 8.2 8.1 Official tests of mechanical cultivation {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 29 {1916), No. 15, pp. 262-264, figs. 2).— Tests of a 3-wheeled tractor with a 4-cylinder vertical motor rated at 20 horsepower in plowing, rolling, and harrowing on a heavy clay soil are reported. The two front wheels, 0.62 meter (24.4 in.) in diameter, are guide wheels and the rear wheel, 1.52 meters in diameter, is a driver. The total weight of the tractor is 2,800 kg. (about 3 tons). The test results are given in the following table : Mechanical cultivation tests. Cultivating apparatus. Depth of cultiva- tion. Width of cultiva- tion. Area culti- vated per hour. Fuel consumption. Per liour. Per hectare. Average speed per hour. 2-bottom plow Do 4-bottom plow 3-bottom plow Do Do Do 13-tooth cultivator 13-tootIi cultivator and roller . 48-tooth harrow on plowed soil 13-tooth cultivator on fallow soil Centime- ters. 15.7 22.7 17.5 15.0 20.4 13.0 18.0 10.0 10.0 4.5 10.0 Meters. 0.61 .58 1.00 .94 .94 .94 .88 1.56 1. 56 2.00 1.56 Square meters. 2,083 1,087 1,887 2,421 2,364 1,886 1,744 3, 333 3,225 6,900 3,186 Kilograms. 8.60 5.40 5.50 6.90 7.26 7.86 8.51 6.32 7.59 8.22 6.27 Kilograms. 41.2 49.6 29.1 28.5 30.7 40.9 49.0 18.9 23.5 11.9 19.8 \ Meters. 6,292 2,592 2,772 3,600 3,492 2,772 2,700 2,988 2,880 5,400 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. t Vol. 36 Dairy barn construction, L. A. Higgins and D. Scoates {Miss. Agr. Col. Ext. Dcpt. Bui. 2, pp. 8, figs. 7). — This bulletin points out the essential features in dairy-barn construction, and gives diagrammatic illustrations of the more im- portant details in construction. Building- instructions for homemade silos, G. L. Olia-er (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 157 (1916), pp. U-23, figs. 8).— This is a revision of Circular 8, on the construction of wooden hoop silos (E. S. R., 32, p. 888), with additional infor- mation, prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, on the building of stave and plastered silos. Poultry houses, E. J. Peterson (North Dakota Sta. Circ. H (1916), pp. i, figs. 4 ) . — The general requirements of poultry house construction to meet North Dakota conditions are outlined. A farmer's poultry house, J. G. Halpin and L. M. Schindler (Wis. Col. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 62 (1016), pp. 4, figs. 2). — Plans and a bill of materials for a poultry house to accommodate 125 hens are given. A dual-purpose poultry house, J. Hadlington (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1916), No. 9, pp. 656-659, pi. 1, figs. 2).— Plans and brief specifications for a poultry house to serve as a brooder and laying house are given. RURAL ECONOMICS. Successful farm organizations, O. R. Johnson (Missouri Sta. Bui. H2 (1916), No. 9, pp. 656-659, pi. 1, figs. 2). — Plans and brief specifications for a already noted in Bulletins 121 and 140 (E. S. R., 32, p. 791; 35, p. 692). The author, in summarizing the results of this survey, indicates that about 40 per cent of the farmers in the regions studied made less than .$200 labor income, and about 70 per cent made less than $600. The average labor income was about $1.35 per day. The most successful farmers had farms larger than 200 acres. The least successful farmers had 7 per cent more of their capital invested in real estate than did the most successful farmers. This difference in capital was chiefly invested in live stock in case of the better class of farmers. On the more successful farms the workmen handled from 60 to 100 per cent more crop acres than did the workmen on the less successful farms. The better farmers kept more live stock and a larger proportion of this stock was in productive stock and less in work stock. The less efficient farmers received from $17 to $25 per animal unit while the better farmers received from $37 to $47. Sixty-eight per cent of the best farms had more than three important sources of income. The crop yield index on the best farms was 124.8 and on the poorest farms 86.8. The farmers realizing the better incomes used one-fifth less feed for each animal unit kept, but realized four times as much in return for each $100 worth of feed used. Farming on the cut-over lands of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, J. C. McDowell and W. B. Walkeij (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 425 (1916), pp. 24, figs. 10). — Among the conclusions set forth by the authors from their study of conditions on 801 typical farms in this area and an investigation of farm en- terprises on 80 farms, were the following : With average yield and average price, potatoes furnish a satisfactory cash crop in practically all parts of the district. Large acreage, however, is not to be generally recommended on account of the danger of low prices resulting from local overproduction. Other valuable cash crops adapted to certain areas are hay, clover seed, peas, beans, hairy vetch, seed corn, oats, rye, wheat, barley, jgmall fruit, and garden vegetables. 1917] RURAL ECONOMICS. 191 As there are few large cities, the demand for truck crops is somewhat lim- ited in most parts of the district. The well-managed farms produce an abun- dance of home supplies, such as vegetables, small fruit, milk, butter, eggs, and meat. Dairying combined with cash crops is financially profitable when production per cow is high and crop yields above the average. The production of sheep or beef cattle as a major enterprise, while not common in the district, is furnish- ing satisfactory incomes on a few farms. Hog production may be profitably combined with dairying where, corn matures and on farms where rye, barley, soy beans, or Canadian field peas can be substituted for corn. On account of the opportunity to use extra labor to advantage at all seasons of the year, either in lumbering or in clearing land, seasonal distribution of farm labor has not yet become an important problem in recently settled sections. A large amount of family labor is available, much of which is not used to ad- vantage. The crop area per horse is too small for the most profitable iise of labor. Small irregular fields and numerous stumps prevent the most efficient use of farm machinery. Few farmers in this district are rapidly accumulating wealth, but, with ceremony and good management, there is an opportunity to maka a living and a little more. Management of muck-land farms in northern Indiana and southern Michi- gan, H. R. SiiALLEY (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 761 {1916), pp. 26, figs. 12). — Four distinct types of farms were found among the muck lands, namely, celery, onion, peppermint, and grain and stock farms. Among the conclusions drawn by the author were that the use of fertilizer, especially potash, on muck soils is very profitable, the yields being increased in most cases from 50 to 200 per cent. Celery and onions require an enormous amount of man labor as compared with corn, oats, and hay. Peppermint, cabbage, and potatoes occupy an inter- mediate position. The gross acre value of the intensive crops is high, but the value of these crops per day of man labor is not so high as in the case of the extensive crops. The average labor income for 28 celery farms was $394; for 23 onion farms, $1,782 ; for 10 peppermint farms, $1.519 ; for 39 grain and stock farms, $1,056; and for 7 of the more successful grain and stock farms, $1,994. The grain and stock farms provide a much better distribution of labor through- out the year than the other types and are deemed a much safer type of farm- ing, although the profits per acre may be less. Cost accounts on some New York farms, C. E. Ladd (New York Cornell Sta. Bnl. 311 (1916), pp. 111-815, figs. 3).— This bulletin gives the results ob- tained from keeping a complete set of cost accounts on 13 New York farms for 1912 and 31 for 1913. It contains a large number of statistical tables, showing the hours of labor for man and horse and the cost per hoiir and per acre. It also gives the cost per acre and per horse for equipment, the extent, value, cost, and profit of various farm crops, live stock, and the monthly distribution of labor by entei'prises and operations in connection with the individual enter- prises. Cotton ginning' information for farmers, F. Taylor, D. C. Griffith, and C. E. Atkinson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 164 (1916), pp. 2h, figs. 25).— The authors conclude that the present mechanical construction of gins makes it almost impossible for them to maintain the purity of each grower's seed on ac- count of the added expense to the ginner in bringing about such conditions as will insure the accurate separation of seed which is to be used for planting purposes from the seed of other varieties of cotton. They consider it desirable that gin manufacturers develop some device which will insure a quick and ac- 192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. tVol. 36 curate method of keeping separate the seed ginned from each wagon load of seed cotton. They also discuss the methods of keeping accounts and the ar- rangement and use of ginning machines to bring about a better marketing con- dition for the cotton. Attention is called to the careless preparation of the American bale of cotton and the seeming indifference on the part of the farmer, the buyer, and others handling the American bale which causes the farmer a considerable loss. " By concerted action the farmers should be able to secure better methods of ginning, maintain pure planting seed, and secure uniform and better handling of their cotton. This wouhl enable them to market their crops to a better advantage." Community org-anization for promoting the production of swine, C. G. Staeb (Indiana Sta. Circ. 54 (lOlG), pp. 12, figs. 2). — In addition to a brief discussion on the improving of swine production by better feeding, breeding, and management, the author discusses the control of hog cholera by community effort and points out how hog cholera is spread and how the community can be organized to control this disease. There is included a proposed plan of com- munity organization and a model constitution and by-laws. [Studies in agricultural economics] A. E. Canoe (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1915, pt. 1, pp. 69a, 70a). — There are two main types of agricultural insurance practiced in the New England States — live stock insurance, which is confined mainly to insurance on race-horse stock and exhibit stock when shipped to shows, and hail insurance of tobacco against damage by hail. Brief notes are given regarding these. A study of the methods and cost of growing and distributing onions in the Connecticut Valley indicates that the cost of production and marketing is from 36.6 to 40.6 cents per bushel. A survey of typical cooperative stores in the United States, J. A. Bexell, H. Macpheeson, and W. H. Keeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 394 (1916), pp. 32, pis. 2). — Data collected from GO stores in 10 states by the Office of Markets and Rural Organization in cooperation with the Oregon Agricultural College are reported and discussed. " The figures collected in this survey bring out the conclusion that the ma- jority of tlie cooperative stores established are unsuccessful in achieving their main object — saving on purchases to members and a reduction of the high cost of living. This conclusion is borne out by the supplementary notes collected from managers who could not apply statistics, and by notes on interviews with leaders who are acquainted with the store movement in whole sections which could not be covered in detail. But that there is one real service which the cooperative stores have performed seems to have been demonstrated again and again. Even in cases where stores have failed absolutely and gone into bank- ruptcy they have frequently been responsible for the introduction of improved business methods in the towns where they were established. They have had the effect of stimulating competition. In cases where the merchants have com- peted keenly against the cooperative store they have been compelled to adopt more efficient business methods. This has resulted in lower prices to every consumer in the locality and frequently in better prices to farmers on produce." The authors believe that the conditions necessai'y for success are good lead- ership, capable management, favorable environment, and adequate legal safe- guards, and that a lack of these generally is the cause of failure. Throughout the bulletin are included a number of statistical tables setting forth the various facts concerning the stores from which this survey was made. Rural clubs in Wisconsin, C. J. Galpin and D. AV. Sawtelle (Wisconsin »S7a. Bui. 271 (1916), pp. 5S, figs. 22).— The authors believe that living on good terms witli folks is a part of modern farming, as truly as knowing how to farm. 1917] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 193 and that the higher level of efficiency is reached in the science and art of local agriculture when families know one another well and meet frequently. A strong circulation of ideas and impulses is deemed necessary to counteract discontent and the temptation to sell out and move away from rural districts. The authors state that about one-fifth of the farmers in Wisconsin are mem- bers of or attend the meetings of various rural clubs. They have divided the rural clubs into four typical groups and describe typical instances to illustrate the types. The four types mentioned are the farmers' family club, the farm men's club, the farm women's club, and the young folks' club. Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 2 (1916), No. 10, pp. 97-108, figs. 3). — Among the data included in this report are the usual data relative to the condition of the principal crops, their estimated farm values, and the range of prices of agricultural products at important markets. Special reports are included concerning the commercial production of cabbage, cucum- bers, the monthly disposition of cotton by producers, the quantity of commercial fertilizer applied per acre of cotton, the trend of prices paid producers, wheat statistics for the world and the United States, and the estimated production of apples by States from 1890 to 191.5. A special map is also included showing the location of the township crop reporters. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, H. J. Waters (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 (1915), pp. 193-199). — The author discusses the prmcipal purpose of agricul- tural education, the tax of wastes upon the cost of living, high acre yields and low man yields, what city people and country children should be taught, and where agriculture should be taught. In his opinion city children should not be required to study the details of plant and animal production, but should be so taught that they will have an Interest In, and a general understanding of, these basic industries, so that they will realize that they are dependent upon those who till the soil, not only for their food and clothing, but also for the materials which form the basis of most of the city's industries. On the other hand, counti'y children should be taught how to produce high-acre yields without bringing upon themselves the evils of the intensive methods of other countries and of other times. The failure of early attempts to teach agi'iculture is attributed principally to the fact that the farmer himself knew more about farm practice than did the teacher. This led to the establishment of agricultural experiment stations, a deliberate attempt, for the first time in he history of education, to create, through a well coordinated system of scientific research, a body of knowledge in relation to a subject which it was deemed important to teach but abottt which so little of a definite nature was known that it could not be taught successfully. Attention is also called to another important departure from educational traditions, viz, an organized system of extension or continuation teaching through which parents as well as pupils are reached with new-found knowledge. The author concludes that " income and idealism are the principal elements out of which a stable and satisfactory rural civilization will be built. To build such a civilization is the only possible excuse we can offer for devising and maintaining a system of agricultural education." Progress of elementary agricultural education in Nova Scotia, L. A. De Wolfe (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 (1915), pp. 520-522) .—Aq- cording to this article school gardening and nature study are making about the 194 EXPERIMENI" S^TATlON RECOIlD. tVol. 36 same progress in Nova Scotia as in this country. Tlie scliool garden has not proved a success because of tlie vacation problem, but cliildren's gardens on the Iiome grounds have proved popular and school exhibitions are a prominent fea- ture of the work each autumn. More stress is laid on flower culture than on vegetable culture, as the same cultural principles belong to both and the flowers are more interesting. The teachers, who are the leaders in this work, take a special training course for two or three summers at Truro, these courses being conducted jointly by the normal and agricultural colleges and leading to a rural science diploma. Teachers receive a small additional salary grant, $25 or $50, for rural science work. The efficient country scliool, D. B. Johnson {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 {1915), pp. 682-681). — The author discusses the vital need in this country of the efficient country school, with its equipment, curriculum;, and teacher. Applied science as the basis of the girl's education, Hazel W. Seveby {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc., 53 {1915), pp. 1020, 1021).— In this article science courses to meet the general needs of all girls are classified under two heads: (1) Courses for girls who are planning a scientific or technical educa- tion, and (2) courses which make better homes because the sciences are taught in a simple but practical way. The latter are discussed, including a considera- tion of what they should consist and a few of their possibilities. Special science for girls in the rural schools, Blanche O. Twiss {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc., 53 {1915), pp. 1015-1019). — The author emphasizes the need of the teaching of sciences for both boys and girls, and of well- grounded, finely trained women of broad experience to conduct this work in rural communities. In her opinion the science work for girls in the rural schools should be chosen from the fields of chemistry, botany, physiology, and biology, including bacteriology, to be taught in close correlation with cooking and sewing. Correlation and problem exercises or projects are recommended, and some correlations are suggested. Home economics applied to life, Martha Van Rensselaeb {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc., 53 {1915), pp. 821-824). — The author discusses home economics as the medium of carrying into the home the principles of both science and art to establish high standards of living and right community and home ideals. Project teaching, J. A. Randall {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 {1915), pp. 1009-1012). — The chief object of this paper is to propose a techni- cal definition for the word "project," and to expand the idea for which the term seems to stand. Illustrations of individual and community projects are given and their relative advantages discussed. Judging the dairy cow as a subject of instruction in secondary schools, H. P. Barbows and 11. P. Davis {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 434 {1916), pp. 20, figs. 15). — This bulletin gives specific directions, including classroom disciission and field practice, for the scoring and judging of the dairy cow as a practicum in the teaching of agriculture in secondary schools. Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by L. R. Taft {Proc. Amer. Assoc. Farmers' Inst. Workers, 20' {1915), pp. 155, figs. 3). — A detailed report of the proceedings of the meeting held at the University of California, Berkeley, August 12 to 14, 1915. It includes a report of the Farmers' Institute Work in the United States in 1914-15, by J. M. Stedman, and the following papers: Address of Welcome, by T. F. Hunt; Response, by T. B. Parker; Pi*esideut's 1917] MISCELLANEOUS. 195 Annual Address, by T. B. Parker; The Farmer and Peace, by D. S. Jordan; How Can Smith-Lever Funds be Used for the Furtherance of Farmers' In- stitutes? by W. T. Clarke; The Ideal Institute Lecturer, E. C. Johnson; Mov- able Schools of Agriculture and Their Work, by G. I. Christie; The Coopera- tion of Farmers' Institutes With Other Educational Agencies, by F. S. Cooley ; Demonstration Work in Farmers' Institutes, by J. M. Stedman ; The Farmers' Responsibilities, by H. J. Waters; How Can We Help the Boys? by B. Knapp; Women's Institutes of the Province of Ontario, by G. A. Putnam; Extension Service for Women, by E. G. Peterson ; Extension Work for Rural Women, by Mamie Bunch ; Extension Work for Rural Communities, by Mary E. Sweeney ; Home Demonstration and Its Possibilities, by Gertrude McChene; Equipment for Extension Work in Home Economics, by Ava B. Milam ; Rural Work in Home Economics in Missouri, by May C. Macdonald ; How Far Should Enter- tainment be Made a Feature of Farmers' Institute Work? by A. J. Cook; The Market Problem and How Can Farmers' Institutes Help to Solve It, by C. J. Brand ; Tillage, Its Rationale and Its Dangers, by C. B. Lipman ; Shall Exten- sion Services Include the Social, Recreational, and Educational Improvement of Rural and Urban Districts? by W. D. Hurd; Organization and Methods in Home Economics, by Mrs. H. W. Calvin ; and Home Demonstrations, by Mary E. Creswell. Statistics of farmers' institutes In the United States and in Canada for 1914-15 are included. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of California Station, 1916 (Calif ornia Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 133, pi. 1, figs. 5). — This contains the organization list and a report of the di- rector on the work and publications during the year, including a list of the station projects and some data pertaining to the instruction and extension work of the college of agriculture. The experimental work recorded is for the .most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Report of Kansas Station, 1915 (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 69, figs. 21). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report of the director summarizing the work and publi- cations of the station, and two special articles. The experimental work re- corded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1915 (Massachu- setts Sta. Rpt. 1915, pts. 1-2, pp. yiII-\-72a+194, pis. 8, figs, ii).— This con- tains the organization list, reports of the director and heads of departments, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, and reprints of Bulletins 163-167, previously noted. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Thirty-fifth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1916 (Oliio Sta. Bui. 300 (1916), pp. XXIV, figs. 2). — This contains the organization list, a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and a report of the director sum- marizing the work and publications of the station during the year. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 7, pp. 16, fig. i).— This number con- tains brief articles on the following subjects : Home Canning, by T. J. Newbill ; The Value of Cow-testing Associations, by O. E. Gibson ; Dairy Farming Prob- lems, by H. L. Blanchard ; Hints on Storing and Marketing Potatoes, by J. L. Stahl ; Fall Plowing, by E. B. Stookey ; Getting Fall and Winter Eggs, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup ; and Concerning Mold on Berries, by A. Frank. NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — G. C. Starcher, associate professor of horticul- ture and associate horticulturist at the Virginia College and Station, has been appointed professor of horticulture and horticulturist, vice Ernest Walker, resigned to engage in commercial work. Georgia Station. — F. H. Smith, assistant chemist, has been appointed head of the department of chemistry beginning January 10. His work will be confined largely to animal nutrition along the lines already under way. Kansas College and Station. — Among the changes effective January 1 was the resignation of Dr. James W. Benner, instructor in veterinary medicine, to become assistant professor in the veterinary department in the Michigan Col- lege. Dr. Benner has been succeeded by Dr. J. P. Scott, who was appointed a fellow in pathology in the college last fall. Kurt Peiser, assistant in dairy bacteriology, has resigned to become milk inspector for the Board of Health at Cleveland, Ohio, and has been succeeded by J. R. McClung, assistant in chemistry in the college. Dr. Thomas P. Haslam, pathologist in the station, has resigned to engage in commercial work. Michigan College. — Dr. J. P. Hutton has resigned as assistant professor of veterinary surgery to engage in commercial work. Minnesota University. — About 1,500 farmers and farmers' wives attended the annual week's short courses in the college of agriculture. Nevada University. — Mrs, Edna C. Baker of Sparks, B. F. Curler of Elko, and F. Abel of Beno were elected to the board of regents, vice Messrs. Dodd, Hen- derson, and Pratt, effective January 1. The resignation of President A. W. Hendriek took place January 4, on demand of the board, and Robert Lewers was appointed acting president. Paul Gaston, comptroller, also resigned and was succeeded by C. H. Gorman, a former comptroller. New Jersey Stations. — At a recent meeting of the board of managers of the State Station, James Neilson was elected president of the board, George E. DeCamp, vice-president, and Irving E. Quackenboss, secretary-treasurer. J. P. Helyar was appointed State seed analyst, also continuing at the head of the station seed laboratory. Louis J. Kleinfeld, assistant chemist in the State Station, resigned December 1, 1916. The three-year international egg-laying and breeding contest, begun November 1, 1916, at Vineland, is now in full operation. The entries number 100 pens of 10 birds each, representing all of the more important breeds. Ohio Station. — C. B. Williams, agronomist, has been appointed associate director. G. K. Livaslian has been appointed assistant in the soil survey, vice A. H. Huisken resigned. Oregon College. — At the invitation of President Kerr the entire legislative assembly visited the college January 20, this being its first official visit in six years. Carl L. Kennedy, assistant professor of animal husbandry, has resigned to become county agent of Polk County, Iowa. 19G 1917] NOTES. 197 Pennsylvania College and Station. — L. F. Reese, instructor in horticulture, resigned January 1. L. D. Jesseman lias been appointed instructor in liorticul- ture, effective January 15, and Albert White, assistant in vegetable culture at the Maryland College, has been appointed superintendent of greenhouses and instructor in horticulture, effective on the same date. South Carolina College and Station, — J. N. Harper has resigned as dean of the agricultural department, director of the station, and agronomist to engage in commercial work. Tennessee University. — J. C. Pridmore, associate professor of agronomy, re- signed February 1 to engage in commercial work, and has been succeeded by R. B. Lowry. Utah College. — W. W. Henderson has been appointed professor of zoology and entomology, vice E. G. Titus whose resignation has been previously noted. Virginia Station. — K. E. Quantz, special assistant in horticulture, and R. H. Cook, superintendent of the Charlotte County substation, resigned December 31, 1916, to accept positions with the Government of Brazil. Mr. Cook has been succeeded by A. P. Moore, a 1916 graduate of the college. Dr. M. T. Smulyan, assistant entomologist for the State Crop Pest Commission, whose experimental work is affiliated with the station, also resigned December 31 to accept a position with the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. American Society of Agronomy. — The ninth annual meeting of the American Society of Agronomy was held in Washington, D. C, November 13 and 14, with the largest attendance on rec(>rd. The presidential address was given by C. R. Ball at a joint session held with the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science and the American Farm Management Association. Mr. Ball took for his subject Some Problems in Agronomy, and suggested a long list of problems along agronomic lines that are yet unsolved. Among other things, he discussed the preparation of investi- gators, and emphasized the necessity of a broad fundamental training in the sciences and languages before the student began to specialize. Cooperation among institutions in experimental work was suggested, as well as the con- ducting of group studies. In conclusion he .spoke of the evolution of procedure, the increasing refinements of methods, and the necessity of definitely outlining proposed work and keeping adequate records. Other papers presented before the .society included the following : The Carbon Dioxid Content of a Planted and Unplanted Limed and Unlimed Soil, by T, L. Lyon and J. A. Bizzell ; The I'ossible ROle of the Active Organic Matter of the Soil, by C. J. T. Doryland ; Field Crops and Bacterial Transformation of Soil Nitrogen, by K. F. Kellerman and R. C. Wright ; A Method of Determining the Volume AVeight of Soils in the Field, by C. F. Shaw ; Studies on the Relation of the Cob to Other Ear Characters in Corn, by A. E. Grantham; Composts as an Aid in Soil Building, by J, G. Lipman ; The Relation of Live Stock to the Maintenance of Organic Matter in the Soil, by E. O. Fippin ; What is Agronomy, by A. N. Hume ; The Sugar Beet as a Factor in National Preparedness, by C. O. Townsend; The Soil Mulch, by L. E. Call and M. C. Sewell ; The Effect of Inoculation on Yield and Protein Content of Alfalfa and Sweet Clover, by A. O. Arny and R. W. Thatcher; Heating Seed Rooms to Destroy Insects, by E. G. Montgomery; The Effect of Sodium Nitrate Applied at Different Stages of Growth on the Yield, Composition, and Quality of Wheat, by J. Davidson and J. A. LeClerc; and A New Device for Harvesting Grass and Grain Plots, by A. G. McCall. The committee on soil classification and mapping made several suggestions for future work. The committee on the standardization of field experiments 198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 suggested the compiling of a bibliography on the subject of field experiments. The committee on agronomic terminology reported that it is submitting a glossary of terms through the Journal of the American Society of Agronomy for the ajyproval of the society. The committee on varietal nomenclature suggested the creation of a register of varieties, along the lines followed in the herd-books, giving the history, ancestors, etc., of the variety. E. G. Montgomery, chairman of the committee, discussed some work that had been done along these lines in the classification of oats at the Cornell Station, and exhibited some mounted specimens. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President, W. M. Jardine ; Vice-Presidents, J. G. Lipman and J. A. Foord ; Secretary, C. W. War- burton ; and Treasurer, George Roberts. American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching. — The seventh annual meeting of this association was held in Washington, D. C, November 14, 1916. Two main topics were presented for discussion, the con- tent of the course in the college of agriculture for prospective high school teachers of agriculture and the high school course in agriculture. Under the first of these. Dean C. F. Curtiss discussed the relation of the sciences. He thought that the science taught ought to be applied science, which will directly connect up with the work of the farmer and the community in which the teachers will serve. As to general professional subjects, K. L. Hatch held that psychology is the basis of the professional preparation, but that whether or not there should be a course in general education is doubtful. The student's time is so taken up with technical work in agriculture that an effort should be made to reduce the professional preparation to the minimum. The course in agricultural education ought to include the principles of general methods. A certain amount of practice work should be required with real students, with real classes and conditions, and with problems teachers are going to meet. Profes- sor Hatch also discussed at length the growing demand for a course in the college known as general science or elementary science. In discussing this paper R. W. Stimson laid stress upon the importance of training college teach- ers of agriculture, if for no other reason than that the prospective teachers coming under their influence may imitate good teaching. G. A. Works took up The Content of the Methods Course for High School Teachers of Agriculture, outlining the work given in the New York State Col- lege of Agriculture. This court^e, \vhich is given three or four times a year, is open only to seniors. It runs for a term with two discussion periods and one laboratory period 2J hours in length each week. The class is limited to 50 and each laboratory section to 12 students. The laboratory and lecture work are closely correlated throughout the course, and special attention is given to the selection of material adapted to the high school pupil and to its arrange- ment in seasonal sequence. Other topics taken up are the place of the home project and the organization of study material for the recitation lesson, the laboratory, and the field trip. A visit to a near-by high school is made for the purpose of studying equipment, library, and home projects, and some work is done in chart making and bulletin collecting and cataloguing. The Relations of High School Agriculture to Agriculture as Taught in the Lang-grant College, was the title of a paper read by D. J. Crosby, in which the subject was discussed along the lines of the report of the committee on instruction in agriculture of the Association of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations (E. S. R., 35, p. 705). In a paper on How to Connect the High School Work with Practical Farm Operations, A. K. Getman suggested (1) a seasonal distribution of the topics 1917] KOTES. 199 studied, the study to coincide with the operations on tlie farm, (2) provision for field and hiboratory work, and (3) the use of tlie home project properly planned, accounted, summarized, and supervised. C. H. Lane, in a paper on The Content of High School Courses in Agricul- ture, said that it is not merely a question of what is worth teaching and study- ing, but what is best considering all local conditions, equipment, time, teacher, community interests, adaptations, etc. Thus, the determination of the content and arrangement of a course in agriculture becomes a local problem and no genenil solution can be given that will apply equally well to all localities. The following outline of work was, however, suggested : First year, practical work on how plants grow, soils and fertilizers, and field crops or fruits and vege- tables, the choice depending upon local conditions as regards available mate- rial and interest in home project work. The second year should be given to the study of live stock. After such general courses the student is prepared for more special work. In sections where horticulture is important the third year may well be spent in such specialized branches of plant production as fruit growing, practical work on soils and fertilizers, cover crops, etc., as relate to the production of fruit, or market or vegetable gardening^ and one-third of a unit on improvement of home groimds and ornamental planting. Similar specialized courses should be provided in districts where one or more field crops, dairying, or some other special phase of animal husbandry pro- dominates. In districts having broad interests in agriculture the school should be equipped to offer a number of special courses during the third and fourth years. While the subject of tools, implements, and machinery is necessarily considered in connection with crop production, the subject of farm mechanics is deemed sufficiently important to receive special attention during the fourth year. A half unit in rural economics and farm management should not pre- clude careful accounting in connection with the projects of each of the previous years nor the study of simple methods of accounting in connection therewith. The officers elected for the ensuing year are W. H. French, Michigan Agri- cultural College, president ; A. C. Monahan, U. S. Bureau of Education, vice- president ; and C. H. Lane, U. S. Department of Agriculture, secretary-treas- urer. Agricultural Education at the Fourteenth International Live Stock Exposition. — After a lapse of three years, occasioned by the foot-and-mouth disease situa- tion, the Fourteenth International Live Stock Exposition was held at Chicago in December, 1916. The agricultural colleges were again strongly in evidence, both the grand champion and the reserve champion in the bullock section coming from the University of California. A new feature of the show is to be a special exhibit each year from some one agricultural college. The institution selected to initiate this practice was the University of Illinois, which depicted in miniature its campus and buildings and likewise a model farm divided into fields supporting a profitable and soil build- ing rotation as well as much other illustrative material. A number of domestic science demonstrations were also given by the Iowa College, while the U. S. Department of Agricultui-e showed moving pictures of agricultural interest. At the students' stock-judging contest, 16 institutions were represented, three for the first time. The first place was awarded to the team from Purdue Uni- versity, second to the Iowa State College, and third to the Ohio State University. Colonization of Ex- soldiers aad Sailors in England. — An estate of 2,363 acres, near Patrington in Yorkshire, has been acquired for a land settlement colony of ex-service men. When fully developed the colony will comprise a central 200 EXPERIMENTAL STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 farm of about 200 acres and 60 small holdings of about 35 acres each. On each of these holdings, a cottage and the necessary farm buildings will be built, while the central farm will be equipped with machinery, horses, etc., which may be hired by the settlers. Applicants will receive training when necessary on the central farm until fitted to take up a holding independently. Cooperative methods are to be fol- lowed in the purchase of supplies and the disposal of produce for the entire tract. The enterprise is said to be the first of its kind in Great Britain. R. N. Dowling, organizer of agricultural education to the Lindsey County Council of Lincolnshire, has been appointed director of the colony. Miscellaneous. — Following the death of Hon. James S. Duff, Minister of Agri- culture for Ontario, the Prime Minister, Hon. W. H. Hearst, has taken charge of that department in addition to his other duties. President G. C. Creelman of the Ontario Agricultural College has also been appointed commissioner of agriculture for the Province, a new position in which he will act as chief ad- viser to the Prime Minister on matters of agricultural policy. The Kaisar-i-Hind Medal of the First Class, conferred for public services in India, was bestowed on New Year's Day upon Dr. H. H. Mann, principal of the Agricultural College of Poona and agricultural chemist to the Government of Bombay. William Marriott, assistant secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1872 to 1915, and editor of the Meteorological Record from 1881 to 1911, as well as a frequent contributor to other meteorological publications, died at Dulwich, England, December 28, 1916, at the age of 68 years. Valparaiso University, located at Valparaiso, Ind., has received a gift of 400 acres of land, valued at over $50,000, from AVilliam F. Pinney and Miss Myra Pinney for the use of its department of agriculture. J. A. McLean, formerly of the Massachusetts College, has been appointed professor of animal husbandry iu the University of British Columbia, and has entered upon his duties. Plans are under consideration for the establishment by the Board of Agri- culture and Fisheries and the Board of Development Commissioners of Great Britain of a research institute for problems relating to agricultural machinery at Cambridge University in connection wuth the existing schools of agriculture and engineering. Officers for the current year were elected by the American Phytopathological Society at its New York City meeting, December 27-30, 1916, as follows : Presi- dent, M. T. Cook of the Delaware station ; vice president, Charles Brooks, U. S. Department of Agriculture ; councilor, H. S. Jackson of the Indiana station. F. A. Stockdale, director of agriculture in Mauritius, has been appointed di- rector of agriculture in Ceylon and has been succeeded by Dr. H. A. Tempany, chemist and superintendent of agriculture in the Leeward Islands. o ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBUCATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 A I Issued March 24, 1017 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 3 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD ^bt « Isfe^^^^H 1 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scimttflr P/.'?'t((i'5. Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chi-ef. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau OP Pl^^nt Industry — W. A. Taylor. Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau op Soils— Milton "WTiitney, Chuf. Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chie^, . Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office OP Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L W. Page, Director. Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director. Office of ExI'ERIME:^fT Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Aubmn: .T. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: UTMonJoMn; L. H. Moorc.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee InstitvU; G . W. Carver. * Alaska— iSifta." C. C.Georgeson.^ Aejzona— rucson: R. E. Forbes.* ARKANaAa— i^aj/effewHe; M. Nelson, i CA.Visov.miL.— Berkeley: 1. F. Hunt.i Colorado— JPori Collins: C. P. Gillette.' Connecticut— State Station: JVcw Hat)«n;\ „ , ,, , Storrs Station: Storn; ]^- H- Jenklns.i Delaware— i^i'cwarfc.- H. Hayward.' Florida- Gain€*wZfe." P. H. Bolfs.i G'EO'RQU.—Ei/peTiment: H. P Stuckey.^ GVKH— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.^ Hawaji— Federal Station: Honolulu: J. M. Westgate.^ Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu: H. P. Agee.i Idaho— JI/05COW.' J. S. Jones.J iLLiNOia— Urbana: E. Davenport, i INDUNA— ia Fayette: A. Goss.' iovrx—Ames: C. F. Curtlss.i KANSAS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardinc.i Kevitvckt— Lexington: A. M. Peter.« Louisiana— Statb St&tion: Baton Rouge; \ Sugar Station: Audubon ParliL^^ R.Dodsofl.i New Orleans; I ' * North La. Station: CaVioun; ] Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods.i Maryland— Conc?« Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts- .4m/iers<.- W, P. Brooks.i Michigan— £(M/ LansxTig: R. S. Shaw.i Minnesota— 17n(t>er«tur7joTO.- J. C. Kendall.' New Jersey— i^€w Brumwick: J. t3. Lipman.' New Mexico- Sfaie College: Fabian Garcia.' New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Station: lihaca; A. R. Mann.* North Carolina— College Station: West EaUigh;\-Q^-^^ Kileore.' ' State Station: iJoZeJjA,- I ' ' North Dkkota.— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— Woosier: C. E . Thorne.' OKLAiioi>iA-~StillwateT: W. L. Carlyle.' Oregon— C'orwoiZis.- A. B. Cordley.' Pennsylvania— State College: R. L. Watts.' State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H. P. Armsby,' Porto Rico— Federal Station: Mayaguez; Id. "W. May.' Insular Station: Bio Piedras; W. V. Tower.' Rhode Island— F«7H?»'ott.' B. L. Hartwoll.i South Carolina— C'/fm.wnCo?fc(7e.' C. C. Now- man.3 South Dakota— Broo£f7i{75-' J- Wt Wilson' TennE-ssee— .EVjoiyj^Ze.* H. A, Morgan.i Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood.' XJTAJi—ZiOgan: F. S. Harris.' Vermont— BiirWn^ton.' J. L. Hills.' ViRGINU— Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, )r.i Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.' WASHiNGTON-^Pw/toon.- 1. D. Cardifl.' VfzarYlviQVSix—Morgantoisn: J. L. Coulter.' Wisconsin— J/adison.' H. L. Russell.' Wyoming— iaroTOk.' H. Q. Knight.' ' Director. 3 Agronomist In charge. ' Acting director. ■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor . E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight. EDITOEIAL DEPABTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^^;- H- ^JAl. ^^^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology }!' S' ^^''^^^' ^^- ^- W . hi. JsOYD. T,-..^,j r«««».JJ- I- SCHULTE. Pield Cropfejj j^ LucKETT. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. D. V. M. Foods and Human Nutrition (£ ^- Langwobthy, Ph. D., D. So. {H. L. Lang. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming j^' ^'^^^^* Veterinary Medicine ^V-^-^^^^^^- " " ' J'^^ •^ E. H. Nollau. KT-.V.' - Rural Engineering — R. W. Tkullingeb. ^ ,,_ ^ Rural Economics — E. Meeritt. Our/ Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. U, ' • . Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 3. Page. Recent work in agricultm-al science 201 Notes 295 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY. Composition of alfalfa as affected by maturity and drying, Swanson and Latshaw. 201 The chemical composition of Oscillaria prolifica, Turner 201 Barium in tobacco and other plants, Artis and Maxwell 202 Synthesis of a new tripeptid, glycocyamilglycylglycin, Clamenti 202 Isomeric pentacetates of glucosamin and of chondrosamin, Hudson and Dale.. 202 Rotatory powers of derivatives of maltose, etc., Hudson and Sa>Te 202 An automatic pipette, Lowy 202 The determination of aluminum as oxid, Blum 203 Notes on the determination of aluminum, Sidener and Petti John 203 A study of the silver arsenate test for arsenic, Curtman and Daschavsky 203 Titrametric determination of nitrites, Davisson 203 Notes on soil analysis, Gedroits 204 Alkalinity and phosphoric acid of ash of foodstuffs, Kolthoff 204 Pomace wines: Their composition and detection, Eoff, jr 205 Nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of feeding stuffs, Grindley and Eckstein . . 205 A new sensitive method for the analysis of oils, Mazzaron 205 I, Soy bean oil. II, Flax studies, Washburn. 206 The volatile oil of Calycanthus occidentalis, ScaJione 206 Volatile oil of Euthamia caroliniana, Russell 206 78786°— No. 3—17 ^1 i II CONTENTS. IVol. 36 Pag*. Kelative oil yield of Florida oranges, Hood 207 Studies on tlie extraction of rosin from wood, I, Palmer and Boelimer 207 A numerical expression for color, Kress and McNaughton 207 METEOROLOGY. The problems of agricultural meteorology, Azzi 207 CUmatological data for the United States by sections 207 Annual report of the Weather and Crop Service for 1915, Chappel 207 Meteorological record, 1915 208 The phenology of Nova Scotia, 1915, MacKay 208 [Results of meteorological and soil temperature observations], Eambaut 208 Swedish meteorological observations, 1914 208 The distribution of precipitation in north Germany, Hellmann 208 Thunder and hail in the region of Paris, Angot 208 The climate of western and equatorial Africa, Chudeau 208 Correlation of rainfall and the succeeding crops in the Punjab, Jacob 209 The cUmatic control of Australian production, Taylor 209 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The present status and future development of soil classification, Coffey 210 Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913, Whitney et al 210 [Soil analyses] 210 Water penetration in gumbo soils of Belle Fourche Project, Mathews 210 Freezing point method for acidity and lime requirement of soils, Bouyoucos. . . 210 The organic phosphorus of soil. Potter and Benton 212 The effects of certain organic compounds on plant growth, Funchess 212 Physiological balance of nutrient solutions in sand cultures, McCall 212 Comparison of field with laboratory experiments in soil biology, Koch 213 Sources of error in soil bacteriological analysis, Lint and Coleman 214 Action of carbon black and similar materials in soils. Skinner and Beattie. . . . 214 Soil fungi and their activities, Waksman 214 Azotobacter in Hawaiian soils, Burgess 215 En\dronmental factors influencing the actiAdty of soil fungi, Coleman 215 Effect of time and depth of cultivating on bacterial activity, Gainey 215 Studies on the activity of soil protozoa, Koch 216 The increase of nitrogen in fermenting manures, Tottingham 217 The action of barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers, Wagner 217 Experiments with humogen and heated peat, Gimingham 219 Absorption of the nitrogen in ammonium sulphate. Van Harreveld-Lako 219 Phosphate rock in 1915, Phalen 219 The conservation of phosphate rock in Tennessee, Phalen 220 The limestones of the Canterbury Province. Speight 220 Sodium chlorid as a fertilizer, BoUn 220 Fertilizer experiments with manganese dioxid on grain, Ricci and Barbera. . 220 How to remedy the scarcity of fertilizers, Mifege 220 Buying and using fertilizers, Salter 220 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Rolliniopsis, a new genus of Annonaceae from Brazil, Safford 220 The occurrence of bacteria in frozen soil, Harder 220 Incubation studies with soil fungi, Waksman and Cook 221 The inoculation and incubation of soil fungi, Kopeloff 221 On paii's of species. Gates - ■ ■ ■ 221 Development of the primordial leaves in teratological bean seedlings, Hajris. . 221 The dependence of mutation coefficients upon external conditions, de Vries. . . 222 The wood structure of (Enothera stenomeres and gigas, Tupper and Bartlett. ... 222 Anthocyanin markings and cell mutation, Kiister 222 The differentiation of starches of parent stock and hybrids, Reichert.^ 222 Notes on the anatomy of the young tuber of Ipomosa batatas, McCormick 223 The rest period in the tubers of Solanum tuberosum, Appleman 223 The vitality of seeds passed by cattle, Milne 223 The roots of herbaceous plants, Modestov - , 223 Stomatal structure and function in Camellia ( Thea) japonka, Heilbronn 223 The periodicity and distribution of radial growth in trees, Grossenbacher 223 1">17] CONTENTS. ni Winter foliation in beech, Weber 2^)4 The action of light on the living organism, Schanz ".'.'.'*'.'.'.*....'.. 224 The measurement of oxidation potential and its significance, Reed 224 The significance of color changes in oxidase reagents, Reed . ' ""....... 224 A comparative study of nutritive solutions, lakushkin 224 The action of saline solutions on living plants, Devaux 224 Relations between presence of magnesium and assimilation in leaves Andri 225 A labile form of albumin and its relation to living protoplasm, Loew.' 225 The organic nutriment of gi-een flowering plants, Bokorny 225 Retention of chlorophyll in yellowed and fallen autumn leaves, Richter..... '. 225 Abscission in Mirabilis jalapa, Lloyd ' 225 Abscission, Lloyd 225 Daily transpiration during the normal growth period, Briggs and Shantz ...... 225 Self- warming in flowers of night-bloonung Cereus, Leick /_] 226 Measurement of evaporation rates for short intervals, Johnston and Livingston ' '. 226 A field auxanometer, Collins and Kempton \] 226 FIELD CROPS. The influence of atmospheric electricity on crop development, Hedlund 227 [Work with field crops on the demonstration farm at Sacaton, Arizona] 227 Growing grain on southern Idaho dry farms, Aicher 227 Dry farm grain tests in Montana, Atkinson and Donaldson 227 Measuring hay in ricks or stacks, McClm-e and Spillman 227 Experiments with potatoes and root crops, Fedorov 228 Studies in Indian oil seeds. — I, Saiflower and mustard, Howard and Khan... 228 Growth of legumes as influenced by lime, Laparan y Layosa 229 Abaca fiber, Espino 229 A study of four strains of beets, Bolotov 229 Dwarf broom corns, Rothgeb 229 A study of the effects of commercial fertilizers on corn, Montellano 229 Maize grading, 1915, Walters 230 Cotton breeding report for 1914, BoUand 230 Cotton production in the United States: Crop of 1915 230 A study of cowpea cultm^e, Constantino y San Juan 230 Flax for fiber. — Its cultivation and handling, Adams 230 Napier fodder or elephant grass (Pennisetiim purpureum), Walters 230 Methods for the determination of the hull content of oats, Zade 231 A study of the production of peanuts, Consunji y Tongco 231 [Potato experiments], Whipple 231 Influence of size of seed tuber on quantity and quality of the crop, Igonin 231 The cost of potato production in Russia, Kotelnikov 232 Green-maniuing rice, Sherrard 232 Nitrogenous fertilizers for winter rye, Hasund 232 Factors influencing the protein content of soy beans, Lipman and Blair 232 Variations in sugar content of beet in relation to selection, Munerati et al 233 Influence of defoliating sugar beets on their sugar content, Munerati et al 233 Notes on the growth of sugar cane, Taluqdar 233 Chemical changes dxiring the ripening of sugar cane, Mirasol y Jison 234 Annual cropping, biennial cropping, and green manures on wheat, Madson — 234 The irrigation of wheat, Harris 234 Yellow-berry in wheat: Its cause as indicated by its composition, Headden. . . 235 Witch weed or rooi-bloem (Striga lutea) , Walters 236 The control of weeds by means of chemical substances, Gelpke 236 HORTICULTURE. Diseases and pests of garden plants, van den Broek and Schenk 236 Muck crops, Wilkinson - 236 [Report of horticultural investigations], Whipple 236 Notes on the newer varieties, Thayer 237 Do we need new vaiieties of commercial fi'uits? Wickson 237 Five years' experiments in orchard fertilization, Ballou 237 Pruning investigations, Gardner, Magnes^', and Yeager 237 Factors which influence regular bearing in an apple orchard, Gom-ley 240 Arsenate of lime in combination with soluble sulpnur for apple spray, Sanders . . 240 IV CONTENTS. IVol. 36 Page. Apple storage problem, Greene False blossom of the cultivated cranberry, Shear 240 The cranberry industry and its possibilities in Canada, Davis 240 Southern strawberries, Darrow 241 Graft stocks resistant to drought, Mallet 241 Citrus observations in Brazil, Shamel 241 Severinia buxifolia, a citrus relative native to southern China, Swingle 241 Variation in the flowers of the papaya, Kulkarni 241 Notes on the history, uses, and cultivation of the papaya, Davies 241 Excelsa coffee, Cramer 241 Investigations in the selection of the tea plant, Stuart 241 Report on certain aspects of the tea industry of Java and Sumatra, Hope 241 Notes on new plants and plants not well known, Hunt 241 Notes on novelties and plants not well known. Buck 241 The roses, Cochet-Cochet and Mottet 242 FORESTRY. The book of forestry. Moon 242 The mountain communities and the Forest Service, DuBois 242 Grazing resources of the National Forests, Jardine 242 A new method of germinating acorns for forest planting, Harshberger 242 Studies in tolerance of New England trees. — III, Discontinuous light. Burns. . 242 The Keene forest. — A preliminary report. Tourney and Hawley 243 Forests of Porto Rico and their physical and economic environment, Murphy. . 243 Productive capacity of Douglas fir lands, Oregon and Washington, Hunger. 243 Hevea tapping results, Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1915, Petch 243 Moreh oak, a new name for Quercus morehus. Lamb 243 I, Timbers of British North Borneo. II, Minor forest products, Foxworthy.. 244 Trees in medicine, Foote 244 Marketing of woodlot products, Calland 244 Service tests of treated and untreated fence posts, Bradley 244 Forest products of Canada, 1915. — Lumber, lath, and shingles 244 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Pathological quarantines in 1915, Beattie 244 Interesting finds in the phytopathological inspection service for 1915, Lyman . . 245 Growth of parasitic fungi in concentrated solutions, Hawkins 245 Culture work on the heteroecious rusts of Colorado, Bethel 245 Rusts in the Department of Sotshi, Voronikhin 245 Two wild hosts of Bacterium solanacearum, Fulton and Stanford 245 Life histories of Melanops, Shear and Beckwith 246 Morphology and developmental conditions of Sclerotinia trifoliorum, Peglion. . 246 The perfect stage of Septoria ribis. Stone 246 Occurrence of Pucdnia gluinarum in the ITnited States, Humphrey and Johnson. 246 Biologic forms of Pucdnia graminis, Stakman and Piemeisel 246 Barberry and cereal rust in Denmark, Lind 247 Puccinia on spring wheat, Litvinov 247 Further results in controlling barley diseases by seed treatment, Johnson 247 The deterioration of maize infected with Diplodia zex, van der Bijl 247 Notes on an heretofore unreported leaf disease of rice, Godfrey 247 Leaf smut of timothy, Osner 247 A newly noted Phyllosticta on alfalfa in America, Jones 248 Some root diseases of the bean, Biukholder 248 Cabbage yellows and the relation of temperatiu'e to its occurrence, Gilman 248 Foiuth progress report on Fusarium -resistant cabbage, Jones 248 Relation between storm and disease in Texas, Blodgett 248 Cucumber diseases in the Middle West, Gilbert 248 Angular leaf spot, a bacterial disease of cucumbers, Carsner 249 Steaming of soil for the control of root rot of ginseng, Brann 249 The development of Mycosphserella pinodes in pure cultiu-e, Vaughan 249 Spongospora subterranea and Phoma tuberosa on the Irish potato, Melhus et al . . 249 The potato powdery scab quarantine, Beattie 250 The blackleg disease of potatoes caused by Bneillus solanisaprus, Murphy. . . 250 Late blight and rot of potatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans. Murphy 250 Studies in the control of storage rots of the sweet potato, Taubenhaus 250 19171 CONTENTS. y Two interesting diseases on greenhouse tomatoes, Cook and Schwarze 250 Observations on fire blight in the Yakima Valley, Washington, Hotson!!!!!. 250 Black rot, leaf spot, and canker of pomaceous fruits, Hesler 250 Treatment for anthracnose 251 A wilt disease of the columbine, Taubenhaus [. 251 Sclerosis of Forsythia viridissima, Peglion \\ 251 A new disease of bamboo, Turconi ] . 251 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. A bibliography of British ornithology, Mullens and S wann 251 Notes on India earthworms, Heimburger 251 A review of applied entomology in the British Empire, Hewitt 251 How gases enter insects, Moore 251 A method of keeping alcoholic specimens, Bishopp 252 A new insectide. Smith 252 Notes on some miscellaneous economic insects found in New Jersey, Weiss 252 Report of the entomologist, Wolcott 252 Insect pests of the year, Bovell 252 Report of the economic biologist. Bodkin 252 [Reports of] division of entomology, Jepson 252 Insect and arachnid pests of 1915, Macdougal 252 Sarcosporidia, van de Wall de Kock 252 Grasshopper control in relation to cereal and forage crops, Walton 252 Some northern Georgia Acridiidse, Allard 252 Orthoptera and orthopteran habitats in vicinity of La Fayette, Indiana, Fox. . 252 Parthenogenesis in Anlhothrips verbasci, Shull 252 Descriptions of the new Thysanoptera, Hood 253 Feeding habits of Sinea diadema, Parker 253 The potato tingid (Recaredus sp.), Dutt 253 Monograph of the North American species of Orthotylus, Van Duzee 253 The Anoplxira and Mallophaga of North American mammals, Kellogg and Ferris . 253 A catalogue and host list of the Anoplura, Ferris 253 Eighty-seven generations in parthenogenetic pure line of Aphis avense, Ewing. . 253 A review of the Pterocommini, Baker 253 Aphididse on the apple in Britain and a new species from Africa, Theobald 253 Satisfactory method of rearing mealy bugs for use in parasite work, Branigan. . 253 A new fungus on the green scale, Nowell 253 The common cabbage worm {Pontia rapae), Chittenden 254 The fall army worm, or "grass worm," and its control, Walton and Luginbill. . 254 Campaign against sm-face caterpillar at Mokameh in 1913, Woodhouse and Dutt. 254 Campaign against sm-face caterpillar at Mokameh in 1914-15, Dutt 254 The taxonomic value of some larval characters in the Lepidoptera, Heinrich . . 254 The apple leaf-sewer, Leach 254 Descriptions of new North American Microlepidoptera, Busck 254 Transmission experiments with Anopheles punctipennis, Mitzmain 255 Sea water and Aedes sollicitans and A. cantator, Chidester and Patterson 255 A mosquito collecting device, Griffiths 255 Mycetobia and the classification of the Diptera, Knab 255 Notes on some genera of Syrphidae, with descriptions of new species. Shannon. 255 Synopses of Zodion and Myopa, with notes on other Conopidse, Banks 255 Description of two new tachinids, Townsend 255 A tachjnid parasite reared from an adult capsid , Leonard 255 Rearing of Winthemia quadrijnistulata from rhyncophorous larva, Parker 255 New Tachinidse from North America, Smith 255 More light on Myiophasia, Aldrich 256 Note on Myiophasia aenea, Townsend _- _ 256 Observations on the habits and parasites of common flies, Graham-Smith 256 The changes of the blowfly larva's photosensitivity with age, Patten 256 The spike-horned leaf-miner, Luginbill and Urbahna 256 Contribution to the American Siphonaptera, Jordan and Rothschild 257 A Nosema parasitic in the dog flea, Korke 257 A catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera, Schultze 257 A review of North American tortoise beetles, Barber 257 A new enemy of the black locust, Culbertson 257 Biology of Cerambyx heros, Barbey 257 VI CONTENTS. [Vol. ?.6 Page. The cane-borer beetle in Hawaii and its control, Muir and Swezey 257 Orchard bark beetles and pinhole borers, and how to control them, Brooks 258 Determination of abdominal and thoracic areas of cerambycid larvae, Craighead . 258 Scientific queen rearing, Quinn 258 The Isle of Wight bee disease, Imms 258 A new bee of the genus Dianthidium, Rohwer 258 Notes on the biology of Paraphelimis speciosissimus, McConnell 258 A few observations on the apple maggot parasite, Biosteres rhagoletis, Good 259 One new genus and five new species of ichneumon flies, Viereck 259 New miscellaneous chalcidoid Hymenoptera, Girault 259 Life history of Habrocytus medicaginis, tFrbahns 259 Description of eleven new species of chalcid flies, Girault 260 Descriptions of and observations on some chalcidoid Hymenoptera, Girault. . . 260 A new genus of pteromalid Hymenoptera from North America, Girault . . . 260 A new genus of lalapine chalcidfiies from the United States, Girault 260 The pear leaf -worm, Nougaret, Davidson, and Newcomer 260 Some American Hymenoptera, Crawford 261 The citrus mite named and described for the first time, McGregor 261 A new mite from the Hawaiian Islands, O'Gara 261 The dispersal of leaf-blister mite of cotton 261 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. On the use of certain yeast nutriments in bread making, Kohman et al 261 A cause of mustiness in bread, Wright 261 Manufacture of [soy] bean milk at Changsha [China], Johnson 262 Biochemistry of cod-liver oil. Funk 262 Studies on coal tar colors. ^I, Fat-soluble dyes, Salant and Bengis 262 [Food and dnig inspection], Ladd and Johnson 262 The food problem in wartime from the standpoint of a physician, Devoto 263 The increase in the cost of food since the outbreak of war, Wood 263 The food value of Great Britain's food supply, Thompson 263 The German food supply and its political economy, Schumacher 263 Studies on the growth of man, I-IV, Robertson 263 The use of boiled milk in infant feeding and elsewhere, Brennemann 264 The use of malt soup extract in infant feeding, Hoobler 264 The relation of diet to beri-beri, Vedder 264 The influence of flesh feeding on urinary creatinin, Bums and Orr 264 Feeding experiments with tyrosin reduced to a minimum, Totani 265 Feeding experiments with kynurenic acid, Asayama 265 Role of leucocytes in metabolism of carbohydrates, Levene and Meyer 265 The mechanism of cholesterol absorption, Mueller 265 A study of the electrolytic method of silver cleaning, Lang and Walton, jr 266 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The respiratory exchange of animals and man, Krogh 266 The growth and variability in the body weight of the albino rat. King 267 Influence of exercise on the growth of organs in the albino rat, Hatai 267 Composition and physiological activity of the pituitary body, I, II, Fenger 267 Commercial feeding 'stuffs, Jones, jr.. Fuller, Proulx, Cutler, and Roop 268 Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, Turner and Spears 268 [Animal husbandry studies] 269 Feeding for beef in Alberta, Hutton and Fairfield 270 Characteristics of sheep wool and determining its quality, von Allworden 270 The fleece of coarse-wool sheep, Kovalevsldi 270 Sorrel color in horses, McCann 270 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Milk production cost accounts: Principles and methods, Larson 271 Labor on dairy farms as influenced by milking machines, Humphrey 272 Statistical weighting for age of advanced registry cows, Holdaway 272 Liver meal for milch cows: Influence on milk and dairy products, Isaachsen. . 273 A study of factors affecting the composition of sheep's milk, Fabre 273 [Dairy industry in New Zealand], Cuddie 273 The milk supply of Paris before and during the war, Lucas 273 1917] CONTENTS. VH Page. The bacteriological examination of fresh milk, Ritchie 273 Bacterial testing versus dairy inspection, North 273 Some observations on causes of high bacterial counts in market milk. Pease 274 The experience of New York City in grading market milk, Brown 274 The pasteurization of milk from the practical viewpoint, Kilbourne 274 Milk clarifiers, Bahlman 274 Some observations on homogenized milk and cream, Baldwin 275 Condensed milk in Bermuda, Eells 275 Manufacture and marketing of creamery butter in the South, Potts and White. . 275 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the veterinary director general for 1915, Torrance 275 Report for 1914 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, McFadyean. . 275 A new model of double pipette holder and the technique, Hecker 275 Lupines as poisonous plants, Marsh, Clawson, and Marsh 276 Studies on the action of glycerin, I, Simon 276 Action of amino acids, peptids, and proteins on hemolysis, Zunc and Gyorgy. . . 276 Anaphylaxis produced by sensitization through the vagina, Hamm 277 The use of polyvalent sera, Cuvellier 277 A case of anthrax, Reinle and Archibald 277 Is Bacillus abortus pathogenic for human beings? Cooledge 277 The bull as a disseminator of contagious abortion, Hadley and Lothe 277 The causative organism of foot-and-mouth disease, Stauffacher 278 Investigation on the presence of the tubercle bacillus in milk, Charles 278 The clinical value of complement fixation in tuberculosis. Miller 278 Chemotherapy of tuberculosis. — First experimental report, Koga 278 The chemotherapy of tuberculosis.— First clinical report, Koga 279 The etiology of bovine metritis, Eggink 279 Bacterium j)yogenes associated with multiple arthritis in a hog. Ward 280 Swine erysipelas and hog cholera, Ferreira 280 Agglutinins in hog-cholera immune serum for Bacillus suipestifer, Wehrbein . . . 280 The virulent salt solution used in production of hog-cholera seriun, Robbins. . 280 Lameness of the horse, Lacroix 280 Effect of feed inoculated with Bacillus coli, Graham and Himmelberger 280 Sclerostome parasites of the horse in England, I, Boulenger 280 Histopathology of chicks with Bacterium pullorum, Gage and Martin 281 The poisonous effects of the rose chafer upon chickens, Lamson, jr 281 RURAL ENGINEERING. The flow of water in wood-stave pipe, Scobey 281 New method of deriving weir formulas. Running 282 Design of small lined canals 282 Surface water supply in Washington and upper Columbia River basin,_ 1913. . . 282 Rogue River and Willamette Valley investigations. Whistler and Lewis 282 John Day Project: Irrigation and drainage. Whistler and Lewis 283 The type of colon bacillus occurring in surface waters, Rogers 284 Running water possible for every country home, Blasingame 284 First report of the state engineer of New Mexico, French ._ 284 Annual report of state engineer and surveyor of New York, 1915, Williams 284 Third biennial report. State Road Commission 1913-14 284 [First annual report State Road Bureau West Virginia], Williams et al 284 New road laws of Oklahoma as passed by the legislature of 1915 and 1916 285 Road maintenance and its significance, James 285 The construction of roads and pavements, Agg 285 Should wider joints be provided in concrete roads laid late? Van Scoyoc. . . . 285 General specifications for concrete bridges, Watson 285 Concrete and reinforced concrete, Webb and Gibson 285 Calcium chlorid hastens seasoning of concrete 286 Tensile strength of Portland cement mortars containing lime. Fuller 286 The economical brick mortar 286 Handbook of practical smithing and forging, Moore 287 Gas-engine principles^ Whitman 287 Tractor engines, McVicker 287 A novel cooler for internal combustion engines 287 VTTT CONTENTS. fVol. 30, 1917 Page. Carburetion, Dean 288 Official teste of mechanical cultivation 288 Modern piggery buildings, Potts and Brooks 288 The construction of silos, Kuijsten 288 RUEAL ECONOMICS. The country town, Anderson 288 The social survey: A bibliography, compiled by Potter 288 Proceedings of thirty-fifth session of Farmers' National Congress 288 Value to farm families of food, fuel, and use of house. Funk 289 Losses from selling cotton in the seed, Creswell 289 The elevator movement in the Pacific Northwest, Lewis 289 Report of the Bureau of Markets, 1915 289 The Federal Farm Loan Act, Palmer 289 The farm loan primer 289 National farm loan associations 289 How farmers may form a national farm loan association 289 The North Carolina credit union, Camp 289 Report on cooperative societies in Bihar and Orissa for the year 1914-15 290 The supply of agricultural implements by cooperative societies, Burt 290 Cattle insurance societies, Chatterjee 290 Employment on land in England and Wales of discharged sailors and soldiers. . 290 Farming and food supplies in time of war, Rew 290 Our food supply, Tumor 290 [Report of the German food supplies committee] 290 Vacant public lands on July 1, 1915, and July 1, 1916 290 The acquisition of title to public lands in Alaska, compiled by Tallman 290 Vermont farms 290 Report of Bureau of Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics of Kentucky 290 [Agriculture in Hawaii] 291 Grain statistics of Canada, 1914-15, Magill, Staples, and Jones 291 [Agricultural statistics of Sao Paulo] ._ 291 Trade in agricultural products of Great Britain and Ireland, 1915, Van Rijn. .. 291 Fourth report of the board of agriculture for Scotland, Wright et al 291 [Agricultural production in Austria, 1915] 291 The recent development of German agriculture, Middleton 291 Agricultural statistics of British India, 1913-14, Shirras 291 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural and industrial education with recommendations 291 Agricultural education in New South Wales, Sedgwick 292 Agricultural education in the State of Victoria, Australia, Harrison 292 Gardening and farming in the Philippine schools, Foreman 292 The Philippine public-school system in cooperation with the home, Miller 292 Rural science and school gardening, Johns 292 High-school extension in agriculture, Lane 293 School credit for boys' and girls' club work and extension activities, Benson. . 293 How boys and girls respond to home work in a large city. Palmer 294 Girls' and boys' club work: A manual for rural teachers, Creswell 294 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of Montana Station, 1915 294 Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1915 294 Publications for free distribution 294 List of available publications 294 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Page. Bui. 191, June, 1916 212 California Station: Bui. 270, Aug., 1916 234 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Bui. 13, Ent. Ser., Sept., 1916. 257 Indiana Station: Bui. 190, Aug., 1916 268 Kentucky Station: Bui. 203, July, 1916 268 Michigan Station: Tech. Bui. 27, Mar., 1916 210 Montana Station: Bui. 110, Feb., 1916 227 Twenty - second An. Rpt., 1915 208, 231, 236, 294 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 379, Aug., 1916 250 North Dakota Station: Bui. 118, Sept., 1916 206 Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 7, Sept., 1916 262 Ohio Station: Bui. 302, Aug., 1916 244 Oregon Station: Bui. 139, Aug., 1916 237 Utah Station: Bui. 146, Sept., 1916 234 Vermont Station: Bui. 193, Feb., 1916 242 Circ. 9, Apr., 1915 294 Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. , 1915 . 294 West Virginia Station: Circ. 23, Oct., 1916 294 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 7: No. 4, Oct. 23, 1916 225, 259 No. 5, Oct. 30, 1916 245, 249 Bui. 354, Forests of Porto Rico, L. S. Murphy 243 Bui. 376, The Flow of Water in Wood-stave Pipe, F. C. Scobey. 281 Bui. 405, Lupines as Poisonous Plants, C. D. Marsh, A. B. Claw- son, and H. Marsh 276 Bui. 410, Value to Farm Families of Food, Fuel, and Use of House, W.C.Funk 289 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Bui. 423, Labor Requirements of Page. Dairy Farms as Influenced by Milking Machines, H. N. Hum- phrey 272 Bui. 432, The Spike-horned Leaf- miner, an Enemy of Grains and Grasses, P. Luginbill and T. D. Urbahns 256 Bui. 435, The Apple Leaf-sewer, B. R. Leach 254 Bui. 438, The Pear Leaf-worm, R. L. Nougaret, W. M. David- son, and E. J. Newcomer 260 Bui. 444, False Blossom of the Cul- tivated Cranberry, C. L. Shear. . 240 Bui. 447, Water Penetration in the Gumbo Soils of the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project, O. R. Mathews 210 Bui. 449, A Study of the Electro- lytic Method of Silver Cleaning, H. L. Lang and C. F. Walton, jr. 266 Farmers' Bui. 747, Grasshopper Control in Relation to Cereal and Forage Crops, W. R. Walton. ... 252 Farmers' Bui. 752, The Fall Army Worm, or "Grass Worm," and Its Control, W. R. Walton and P. Luginbill 254 Farmers' Bui. 763, Orchard Bark- beetles and Pinhole Borers, and How to Control Them, F. E. Brooks 258 Farmers' Bui. 766, The Common Cabbage Worm, F. H. Chitten- den 254 Farmers' Bui. 768, Dwarf Broom Corns, B. E. Rothgeb 229 Farmers' Bui. 769, Growing Grain on Southern Idaho Dry Farms, L.C. Aicher 227 Farmers' Bui. 775, Losses from Selling Cotton in the Seed, C. F. Creswell 289 Office of the Secretary: Circ. 66, Suggestions for the Manufacture and Marketing of Creamery Butter in the South, R. C. Potta and W. White 275 IX X LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. [Vol. 36 U. S. Departmetit of Agriculture — Contd. Office of the Secretary — Con. Pag«- Circ. 67, Measuring Hay in Ricks or Stacks, H. B. Mc- Clure and W. J. Spiliman. . . 227 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations 1913 (Fif- teenth Report) 210 Weather Bureau: Climat. Data, vol. 3, Noa. 9-10, Sept.-Oct. ,1916 207 Scientific Contributions:* Isomeric Pentacetates of Glu- cosamin and of Chondrosa- min, C. S. Hudson and J. K. Dale 202 Rotatory Powers of Derivatives of Maltose, Cellose, and Lac- tose, C. S. Hudson and R. Sayre 202 Volatile Oil of Euihamia caro- liniana, G . A . Russell 206 Relative Oil Yield of Florida Oranges, S. C. Hood 207 Studies on the Extraction of Rosin from Wood, I, R. C. Palmer and H. R. Boehmer. 207 A Numerical Expression for Color as Given by the Ives Tint Photometer, O. Kress and G. C. McNaughton 207 Action of Carbon Black and Similar Materials in Soils, J. J. Skinner and J. H. Beattie 214 Rolliniopsis, a New Genus of Annonacese from Brazil, W. E. Safford 220 A Field Auxanometer, G. N. Collins and J. H . Kempton . . 226 Dry Farm Grain Tests in Mon- tana, A. Atkinson and N. C. Donaldson 227 Southern Strawberries, G. M. Darrow 241 Citrus Observations in Brazil, A. D. Shamel 241 Severinia buzifoUa, a Citrus Relative to Southern China, W.T. Swingle 241 The Mountain Communities and the Forest Service, C. DuBois 242 Grazing Resoiu-ces of the Na- tional Forests, J. T. Jardine. 242 Productive Capacity of Doug- las Fir Lands, Western Ore- gon and Washington, T. T. Munger 243 Moreh Oak, a New Nam© for Quercus viorehus, W. H. Lamb 248 1 Printed in scientific and technical U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Scientific Contributions — Con. Page. Service Tests of Treated and Untreated Fence Posts, H. Bradley 244 A Method of Keeping Alcoholic Specimens, F. C. Bishopp. . . 252 Some Northern Georgia Acri- diidse, H. A. Allard 252 Orthoptera and Orthopteran Habitats in the Vicinity of La Fayette, Indiana, H. Fox 252 Descriptions of New Thysan- optera, J. D. Hood 253 Feeding Habits of Sinea dia- 6ema, H. L. Parker 253 A Review of the Pterocommini, A.C.Baker 253 The Taxonomic Value of Some I^arval Characters in the Lepidoptera, C. Heinrich... Descriptions of New North American Microlepidoptera, A. Busck 254 254 Mycetobia and the Classifica- tion of the Diptera, F. Knab. 255 Notes on Some Genera of Sjt- Shidse with Descriptions of ew Species, R. C. Shannon. 255 Synopses of Zodion and Myopa with Notes on Other Cono- pidse, N. Banks 255 Description of Two New Ta- chimds , C . H . T . Townsend . 255 Rearing of Winthemia quadri- pustulata from Rhyncho- phorous I^arva, H. L. Parker. 255 New Tachinidse from North America, H. E. Smith 255 More Light on Myiophasia, J. M. Aldrich 256 Note on Myiophasia aenea, C. H. T. Townsend 256 A Review of North American Tortoise Beetles, H. S. Bar- ber 257 Determination of Abdominal and Thoracic Areas of Cer- ambycid Larvae as Based on a Study of the Muscles, F. C. Craighead 258 A New Bee of the Genus Dian- thidium, S. A. Rohwer 258 Notes on the Biology of Fara- phelinus speciosissimus, W. R. McConnell 258 One New Genus and Five New Species of Ichneumon Flies, H. L. Viereck 259 N«w Miscellaneous Chalcidoid Hymenoptera A. A. Girault. 260 publications outside the Department. 1917] LIST OF PUBLICATTONS. XI U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Scientific Contributions — Con. Page. Description of Eleven New Species of Chalcid Flies, A. A. Girault 260 Descriptions of and Observa- tions on Some Chalcidoid Hymenoptera, A. A. Girault. 260 A New Geniia of Pteromalid Chalcidoid Hymenoptera from North America, A. A. Girault 260 A New Genus of Lelapine Chalcid Flies from the United States, A. A. Girault. 260 Some American Hymenoptera, J.C.Crawford 261 The Citrus Mite Named and Described for the First Time, E. A. McGregor 261 JJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Scientific Contributions — Coa Page, Physiological and Pharmaco- logical Studies on Coal Tar Colors, I. W. Salant and R. Bengis 262 Bacterium pyogenes Associated with Multiple Arthritis in a Hog,A. R.Ward 280 Road Maintenance and Its Sig- nificance, E. W. James 285 High-school Extension in Agri- culture, C. H. Lane 293 School Credit for Boys' and Girls' Club Work and Exten- sion Activities, O. H. Ben- eon 293 Girls' and Boys' Club Work: A Manual for Rural Teachers, Mary E. Creswell 294 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENT5? PER COPY Subscription Price, 9 numbers, $1.00 Per Year V • EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. Abstract Number. No. 3. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Chemical composition of alfalfa as affected by stage of maturity, me- chanical losses, and condition of drying, C. O. Swanson and W. L. Latshaw {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 8, pp. 726-729). — From a study of the chemical composition of alfalfa as affected by variations in maturing and curing, the authors have found at the Kansas Experiment Station that alfalfa cut in the bud stage has the largest ash and crude protein and the smallest crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract content. " In each successive stage the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract increases, and the crude protein and ash decrease. In pounds per ton the alfalfa cut in the earlier stages has more of crude protein and less of crude fiber. The total amount of any or all nutrients produced per acre depends to a large extent on the yield. " The leaves and stems differ in content of ash, ether extract, and nitrogen- free extract, but the greatest difference is in the percentage of crude protein and crude fiber. The leaves contain over two and a half times as much protein as the stems, while the stems contain over two and a half times as much crude fiber as the leaves. " In harvesting and handling there is a large loss of leaves, which loss affects the composition of the hay in an increase of crude fiber and a decrease of crude protein. The alfalfa cured in the sun has a larger pure protein content, as determined by Stutzer's method, than that cured in the shade. This difference is so great as to more than offset the influence of the loss of leaves. The differ- ences in respect to pure protein content were most pronounced in the alfalfa cut in the earlier stages." The chemical composition of Oscillaria prolifica, B. B. Turner (Jour. Amer. Chcm. Sac, 38 (1916), No. 7, pp. 1J,02-1417, figs. 5).— The air-dried material examined was found to have the following percentage composition : Moisture, 9.7 per cent ; protein, 46.25 ; ether extract, 2.2 ; fiber and nitrogen-free extract, 35.5; and ash, 6.4 per cent (a small part due to fine sand unavoidably collected with the alga). By extraction with various solvents no crystalline and easily identified char- acteristic substances were found in any considerable quantity in the alga. A small quantity of a crystalline magnesium salt of an organic acid (possibly caproic) was obtained. Saponin was not obtained in any appreciable quantity. A glucosid or a polysaccharid having physical properties similar to saponin was, however, detected. " The bad smell and taste of the decaying alga appears to be due largely to higher acids of the fatty (butyric) series, some of which were separated ; indol 201 202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 or skatol from decomposition of the proteins seems also to be present in traces. The fresh alga contains an aromatic compound soluble in petroleum spirit which causes a characteristic odor. The spectra have been determined of vari- ous coloring matters from the alga, a ' chlorophyll ' similar to that of the higher plants, and a blue substance soluble in water and in glycerol, with an intense red fluorescence, having properties which indicate that it is either associated with and carried down by the proteins in solution or itself has similar precipita- tion properties. This substance, which is believed to be new and may be allied chemically to the chlorophyll of the alga, has been named ' algocyan.' " The principal carbohydrate found was a pectin-like substance, insoluble in water, which on heating formed a jelly. It was slowly hydrolyzed by 5 per cent sulphuric acid. On examination of the hydrolytic products the presence of a nonreducing substance with a high positive rotation and a reducing sugar with a smaller rotation was indicated. A small quantity of a phenyl hydrazin com- pound, melting point 217° C, containing about 11 per cent of nitrogen was also obtained, but could not be identified with any known compound. A modification of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen, in which as little as from 5 to 10 mg. of sample and containing 1 mg. or less of nitrogen can be used, has been devised and is described in detail. A new form of extraction apparatus suitable for a continuous extraction with large quantities of material is also described. Barium, in tobacco and other plants, Bonnibel Aetis and H. L. Maxwell {Chem. News, lU (1916), No. 2959, pp. 62, 65).— Using the method for the de- termination of barium in plant materials essentially as described by McHargue (E. S. R., 30, p. 502), the authors report the following percentages of barium (as BaSOi) in the materials examined : Havana tobacco from Cuba, leaf 0.0608, stem 0.076 ; broadleaf tobacco grown in Pennsylvania, leaf 0.0648, stem 0.078 ; Havana tobacco grown in Connecticut, leaf 0.06, stem 0.072; Pennsylvania tobacco, leaf 0.098, stem 0.128 ; Sumatra tobacco, leaf 0.0308, stem 0.0408 ; Wis- consin tobacco, leaf 0.0192, stem 0.028 ; tobacco grown in New York, leaf 0.0132, stem 0.504; dogAvood leaf 0.0224; cottonwood leaf 0.0052; cherry leaf 0.0392; black-locust leaf 0.0324; mulberry leaf 0.0696; elm leaf 0.0356; linden leaf 0.0152 ; wild-olive leaf 0.0048 ; plum leaf 0.0372 ; box-elder leaf 0.036 ; hard-maple leaf 0.0368; walnut leaf 0.0752; and pear leaf 0.0196. The following results were obtained in the examination of immature leaves gathered in May soon after their appearance: Soft maple 0.0273; wild grape 0.0941; wild cherry 0.0336; box elder 0.0295; cottonwood 0.0528; lime 0.0435; cherry 0.0134; elderberry 0.0143 ; black walnut 0.0096 ; sumac 0.0071 ; elm 0.0182 ; and blackberry 0.0086. The percentage of ash in the tobaccos analyzed is also reported. The sjmthesis of a new tripeptid, glycocyamilglycylglycin (guanidoglycyl- glycylglycin), A. Clementi [Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Set. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 {1916), I, No. 12, pp. 806-811).— The author describes the prepa- ration of the new tripeptid from diglycylglycin and cyanamid. The isomeric pentacetates of glucosamin and of chondrosamin, C. S. Hud- son and J. K. Dale (Jmir. Amer. Chem. Sac., 38 (1916), No. 7, pp. U31-U36). The optical rotatory powers of some acetylated derivatives of maltose, cellose, and lactose, C. S. Hudson and R. Sayre (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 9, pp. 1867-1873). An automatic pipette, A. Lowy (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 8, pp. 73Jf, 735, figs. 3). — An automatic stopcock pipette is described in detail. Advantages claimed for it are that an exact measured volume of liquid drawn into the pipette can be controlled automatically by the operator ; that the neces- sity of adjusting, maintaining, and manipulating the exact volume of the liquid 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 203 after it has passed above the graduation mark is obviated; and that it is ex- ceedingly easy to manipulate. The determination of aluminum as oxid, W. Blum (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 7, pp. 1282-1297, figs. 2). — From experiments reported it was found with a hydrogen electrode and suitable indicators that the precipitation of aluminum hydroxid by ammonium hydroxid is complete when [H+] ranges from 10"°^ to 10"'". These points are approximately defined by the color change of methyl red and rosolic acid. The presence of ammonium chlorid is advantageous in controlling the alkalinity and in coagulating the precipitate. Solutions of ammonium nitrate and chlorid are equally satisfactory for washing the precipitated hydroxid. For the determination of aluminum the following procedure is recommended : To the solution containing at least 5 gm. of ammonium chlorid per 200 cc. (or an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid) a few drops of methyl red are added and the solution then heated just to boiling. Ammonium hydroxid is carefully added until the color of the solution changes to a distinct yellow. Boiling is continued for one or two minutes and the precipitate filtered at once and washed thoroughly with hot 2 per cent ammonium chlorid or nitrate solution. The hydroxid is ignited in a platinum crucible and after all the car- bon is burnt off is blasted for five minutes. The crucible is then covered and placed in a desiccator until cool. After weighing, a second blasting of five minutes is desirable, as it permits of a more rapid weighing and, consequently, more accurate results. It is indicated that the crucibles containing the ignited alumina should be kept covered in the desiccator and on the balance. Five or 10 minutes blasting is sufficient for precipitates containing from 0.1 to 0.2 gm. aluminum oxid. The presence of ammonium chlorid during ignition causes no appreciable loss of alumina. Notes on the determination of aluminum, C. F. Sideneb and E. Pettijohn {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. S, pp. 7H-716). — Experimental data submitted show that boiling the solution for one minute completely pre- cipitates all aluminum present, and that longer boiling may lead to a re-solution of part of the precipitate. The complete removal of ammonium chlorid from the precipitate before ignition was found not to be necessary. A great ex- cess of ammonium hydroxid should be avoided during precipitation and should never be more than 1 or 2 cc. per 250 cc. of solution. When the pre- cipitate is large it must be blasted for 40 minutes to insure its being reduced to a constant weight, as the ignited alumina is strongly hygroscopic. See also a previous note by Daudt (E. S. R., 34, p. 205) and that by Blum, noted above. A study of the silver arsenate test for arsenic, L. J. Curtman and P. Daschavsky {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 {1916), No. 7, pp. 1280-1282) .—The authors have found that with pure solutions of arsenate the test with silver nitrate is sensitive to 0.02 mg. of arsenic. Ammonium nitrate was found to have no influence on the detection of 0.2 mg. of arsenic as sodium arsenate. A procedure in which the test is capable of detecting 0.5 mg. of arsenate with cer- tainty is outlined. Titrametric determination of nitrites, B. S. Davisson {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 9, pp. 1683-1687, fig. i).— The author, at the Ohio Experi- ment Station, reviews the earlier methods for the titrametric determination of nitrites and outlines a procedure based on the nitrous acid-potassium iodid reaction. A special form of aeration flask used in the method is described. Analytical data submitted indicate the accuracy of the modified procedure. Organic matter in soil extracts does not materially affect the results. When 204 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. IVol. ^6 necessary, however, the nitrites may be removed from a second portion of the sample by boiling with acetic acid and the efCect of the organic matter deter- mined by a blank titration. It is concluded that " nitrous nitrogen can be determined titrametrically when care is tali:en to expel the air from the titration flask with some gas which will not affect the determination." Notes on soil analysis, K. Gedkoits (Zhur. Opytn. Agron., 16 (1915), No. 1, pp. 83-94 ) . — The determination of the loss in soils which do not contain carbon dioxid, alkalis, and chlorids of metals by calcination at temperatures from 530 to 560° C. showed that within these limits the higher the temperature the smaller was the loss. The same phenomenon was observed for soils in general. Determination of the loss by calcination for soils containing calcium car- bonate and chlorids of metals showed during a period of one hour at the tem- perature noted above the same results as calcination of soils not containing these substances. If the soils contained magnesium carbonate in addition to the above, the procedure could not be used on account of the decomposition of mag- nesium carbonate. The determination is rendered still more difficult if in addition to magnesium carbonate the soil contains considerable quantities of chlorids, as the effect of high temperature on the latter will depend on their composition and on the composition of the soil, containing possibly sodium, mag- nesium, calcium, and other chlorids. Calcium and magnesium chlorids are not volatilized on heating but may be decomposed to a greater or lesser extent, especially magnesium chlorid, on account of the hydrolytic action of the water in the soil. Sodium chlorid is volatilized entirely by heating over the flame of a Teclu burner. It is indicated that the processes taking place in the soil during calcination are not clearly understood. The temperature of heating should apparently be from about 530 to 560°. Decomposition of a soil containing sulphates by means of hydrofluoric acid is a very disagreeable operation on account of the necessity of evaporating the excess of sulphuric acid, and experiments were made in which hydrochloric acid was substituted for sulphuric acid. To 5 gm. of a fine black loam soil in a platinum dish was added 25 cc. of fuming hydrofluoric acid (38 to 40 per cent), and the mixture evaporated slowly to dryness on the water bath. To the dry residue 15 cc. more of the acid was added and 25 cc, of hydrochloric acid (specific gi'avity 1.19) and the mixture again slowly evaporated. The latter process was repeated a second time, when complete decomposition of the mineral substance was obtained. In order to remove the hydrofluoric acid com- pletely the residue was treated four or five times with hydrochloric acid in a boiling water bath, dried, transferred to a suitable container, heated with hydrochloric acid, filtered through an ashless filter, and carefully washed with hot water and a weak solution of hydrochloric acid. The filtered residue was then treated with more hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and the filtrate was neutralized in the usual manner and found to contain aluminum, potassium, phosphorus, and traces of calcium. The determination of the alkalinity and phosphoric acid content in the ash of foodstuffs, I. M. Kolthoff (Chem. Weekbl., IS (1916), No. S3, pp. 910- 914). — The author briefly reviews the method described by Farnsteiner (E. S. R., 18, p. 1107) and indicates some disadvantages in its use. For the determination of the alkalinity of the ash the following procedure is described : From 0.2 to 0.3 gm. of ash are treated with hydrochloric acid as in the method of Farnsteiner, filtered, and the filtrate neutralize<^i with tenth- normal sodium hydroxid. A solution containing 0.25 gm. of neutral potassium oxalate and a solution containing the same amount of sodium chlorid are then 11)17] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 205 added, and the liquid is titrated witli standard alkali, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Formulas for calculating both the alkalinity and the phosphorus content of the ash are included. Comparative analytical data obtained in the examination of cocoa and pepper are also submitted. Pomace wines: Their com^position and detection, J. R. Eoff, Jr. {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 8, pp. 723-726) .—This article briefly discusses the manufacture of pomace wines and submits detailed analytical data of a number of white and red pomace wines, together with analytical data of two pure Catawba wines. The analytical data include determinations of alcohol by volume, reducing sugar as invert, nonsugar extract, glycerol, total acidity as tartaric, volatile acid as acetic, fixed acid as tartaric, free tartaric acid, cream tartar, combined tartaric acid, tannin and coloring matter, pento- sans, volatile esters, and ash, and a complete mineral analysis of the ash. The nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of feeding stuffs, H. S. Gkindley and H. O. Eckstein (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 7, pp. U25-1431).— An aqueous extract of alfalfa hay, timothy hay, blood meal, corn, and clover hay from which the water-soluble native protein was precipitated by colloidal ferric hydroxid was examined for its nonprotein nitrogenous constituents, and the analytical results are submitted in detailed tabular form. The data show that the nonprotein nitrogenous constituents consist largely of the forms of nitrogen that result from the decomposition of proteins by hydrolysis. The sum of the amid, humin, free and combined amino, and free and combined acid-amid nitrogen represented in the nonprotein nitrogenous constituents form from 80 per cent in alfalfa hay to 94 per cent in blood meal of the nonprotein nitrogen. It is deemed probable that " only a small part ... of the nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of foods and feeding stuffs can in any way interfere with the application of the Van Slyke method for the determination of the chemical groups characteristic of the different amino acids of protein to the estimation of the free and combined amino acids and amids of feeding stuffs." The so-called amid nitrogen of feeding stuffs is largely composed of free amino acids and peptid linkings. These forms, including the humin nitrogen, constitute about 53 to 63 per cent of the water-soluble nitrogen not precipitated by the colloidal ferric hydroxid. The free ammonia varied from 6.33 to 12.44 per cent of the water-soluble nitrogen not precipitated by the ferric hydroxid. See also a previous note by Hart and Bentley (E. S. R., 34, p. 501). A new sensitive method for the analysis of oils, A. Mazzaeon (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 (1915), No. 8, pp. 583-594). — The author describes a new constant for use in the examination of oils which depends on the determination of the sulphur dioxid liberated after treatment of the oil with concentrated sul- phuric acid. The procedure consists of treating 20 cc. of the oil with 5 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84), thoroughly shaking for about a quarter of a minute, and aspirating the liberated sulphur dioxid into a standard tenth- normal iodin solution, passing a current of air through the oil and acid mix- ture during the reaction. The reaction is carried out at 20° C, and when complete the iodin used is determined by titrating the excess with standard sodium thiosulphate. The number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal iodia required to oxidize the sulphur dioxid liberated from 20 cc. of the oil is termed the sulphur-dioxid number of the oil. The following figures for oils examined are submitted : Olive oil, 2.4 ; sesame oil, 49.5 ; cottonseed oil, 137.5 ; maize oil, 65 ; soy-bean oil, 223 ; rape oil, 15 ; 78786°— No. 3—17 2 206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (.Vol. 36 and peanut oil, 7. From comparative data submitted there appears to be no definite relation between the new sulphur-dioxid number and the Maumeng number. I, Soy bean oil. II, Tlax studies, W. F. Washburn (North Dakota Sta. Bui. 118 {1916), pp. S5-48). — Part 1 of this bulletin contains tabulated analyti- cal data of the percentage of crude ether extract, Hanus iodin number of the oil, saponification value at 25° C, refractive index at 25°, specific gravity at 15.5°, and the color of the oil of some 45 varieties of soy beans grown in a number of States under various climatic conditions. The samples examined included the crops of 1912, 1913, and 1914. It is indicated, in general, from the data that no definite conclusions could safely be drawn as to the effect of climatic conditions on the content and quality of oil of different varieties of beans until the beans had been grown at least three years in the same locality. Exposure tests to determine the value of the oil as a paint vehicle are in progress. Part 2 contains data obtained from the examination of various strains of flax- seed, relative to the percentage content of moisture, protein, and oil and the drying quality of the oil. Further data of the percentage content of moisture and oil and iodin number, saponification number, refractive index at 25°, specific gravity, and acid number of the oil obtained from immature and high-grade flaxseed and from various strains of seed grown and harvested under the same conditions, and also from the seed of flax which had been allowed to become wet and injured to some extent after the harvest, are also submitted. The volatile oil of Calycanthus occidentalis, C. C. Scalione (Jonr. Indtis. and Engin. Chcin., 8 {1916), No. 8, pp. 729-1/31).— The oil distilled from the leaves and twigs of the plant possessed a greenish color, bitter taste, and cam- phoraceous odor. The following constants were determined : Density at 25° C, 0.9295; rotation, +7° 28'; index of refraction at 20°, 1.4713; free acid, 0.05 per cent ; saponification value, 54.3 ; and acetyl value, 33.5. The oil was found to be soluble in all proportions in 90 per cent alcohol, and in from 15 to 16 volumes of 70 per cent alcohol by volume. Seven fractions, the boiling points of which ranged from 154° to 220° and over, were obtained by fractional distillation. From the examination of these frac- tions the following percentage composition is given for the oil : Pinene {d and I), 8.3; cineol, 60.32; borneol, 9.21; camphor, ?; methyl salicylate, ?; linalyl acetate, 18.99 ; sesquiterpene alcohols, ?. Volatile oil of Euthamia caroliniana, G. A. Russell {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 7, pp. 1398-1402). — The oil examined was distilled from the fresh herb gathered just previous to the flowering stage. The yield obtained calculated with reference to the fresh material was 0.693 per cent. The oil was pale yellow in color and possessed a pleasant aromatic odor. The following physical and chemical constants were obtained: Specific gravity at 23° C, 0.8587; index of refraction, 1.4805; angle of rotation at 23°, —10° 48' ; saponifi- cation value, 6.35 (equivalent to 2.1 per cent esters calculated as acetate) ; acetyl value, 25.3 (equivalent to 7.01 per cent of alcohol in the original oil) ; and ester number, 6.35. The oil was readily soluble in six volumes of 90 per cent alcohol and clearly soluble in an excess. Qualitative tests for phenols were negative, while a small amount of aldehydes was detected in the oil. The original oil was fractionated into three fractions, and after first being saponified fractionated into six fractions. The analytical results obtained from an examination of these fractious are submitted in detail. It is indicated that the oil consists mainly of dipentene with a trace of pinene and possibly a small amount of limonene. Although the oil had been distilled and stored for 15 lyiTJ METEOROLOGY. 207 months, no free acids were present, but there was a small percentage of com- bined acids, probably formic and acetic. Of the 7.01 per cent of alcohol present 5.35 per cent was free and 1.66 per cent combined. Belative oil yield of riorida oranges, S. C. Hood (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 8, pp. 709-711). — From a study of the commercial possi- bilities of the manufacture of orange oil from Florida cull oranges a wide variation in the yield of oil of oranges under different climatic and cultural conditions was observed. " The oil content has not reached its maximum until the oranges are fully mature, but the oil is present in commercial quantities before the fruit are ready for harvest. The occurrence of heavy rainfall dur- ing the season of harvest will cause a considerable decrease in the oil content. The presence of rust mite does not decrease the percentage yield of oil of the mature fruit, but may show some effect early in the season." Studies on the extraction of rosin from wood. — I, Experiments using a petroleum solvent, R. C. Palmer and H. R. Boehmer {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 8, pp. 695-701, figs. 7). A numerical expression for color as given by the Ives tint photometer, O. Kkess and G. C. McNaughton (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 8, pp. 711-714, fi^gs. 8). — This article reports preliminary experimental data of a study to determine the possibility of using the Ives tint photometer as a measure of the progress of beating in paper milling and to observe the rela- tion between the numerical expressions for depth of color as read from the in- strument and the relation of the shades as noted by the eye. The results obtained are expressed in graphic form. METEOROLOGY. The problems of agricultural meteorology, G. Azzr {Bol. Min. Agr. e Indus., Com. ed Lavoro [Rome], Ser. B, 15 {1916), II, No. 5-8, pp. 38-^7).— This article discusses in some detail the elements necessary for the solution of the problems of agricultural meteorology, the organization and equipment of agricultural meteorological stations, methods, and forms to be used in reporting observa- tions on the relation of plant growth to meteorological conditions, and methods of determining the critical period and forecasting the growth and yield of plants under different conditions of culture and climate. Climatological data for the ITnited States by sections {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 3 {1916), Nos. 9, pp. 222, pis. 2, figs, .'r, 10, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 5). — These volumes contain, respectively, brief summaries and de- tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for September and October, 1916. Annual report of the Weather and Crop Service for 1915, G. M. Chappell {lotoa Yearbook Agr., 16 {1915), pp. 593-64S, figs. 3).— This report includes summaries of the monthly and weekly bulletins issued by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service in cooperation with the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It shows that the average temperature for the State during the year 1915 was 47.8° F. ; the average precipitation 39.53 in., or 7.56 in. above the normal ; and the average snowfall 31.3 in. " The striking features of the year were the remarkably cool summer, the frequency of showers during the crop season, the excessive cloudiness, the killing frost and freezing temperatures over the northeastern counties in August, and the fact that frost occurred at some place in the State every month of the year. The summer was the coolest of record, there being an average deficiency of temperature of 4.8° per day from May 1 to September 30, inclusive. Showers were frequent and many of them heavy, which delayed 208 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 corn planting and replanting, washed out many acres of corn, prevented or interfered with haying and harvesting, and ruined much of the hay and grain that had been cut. Tlie cool, wet, and cloudy weather prevented the normal development of corn, and as a result two-thirds of the crop was not fully matured at the time of the first killing frost. The yield of practically all crops was, however, nearly up to the normal, but the quality of staple field crops was far below the normal, so that the year as a whole was one of the worst, if not the worst, in the history of the State." The report also contains notes on fungus diseases in 1915, by L. H. Pammel, with special reference to the relation of the weather conditions to the prev- alence and virulence of such diseases. Meteorological record, 1915 {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1915, p. 260). — A summary by months is given of observations at Bozeman, Mont., on temperature, precipi- tation, cloudiness, and winds. The highest temperature recorded was 90° F., August 30; the lowest, — 17°, December 30. The mean temperature for the year was 41.68°. The annual rainfall was 24.72 in. The last killing frost in the spring occurred May 16 ; the first in the fall, September 14. The number of clear days was 144. The number of days with 0.01 in. or more of rain was 120. The prevailing direction of the wind was southeast. The phenology of Nova Scotia, 1915, A. H. Mackay (Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. ScL, I4 (1915-16), No. 2, pp. 133-140, fg. i).— This article gives the average dates (phenochrons) of various phenomena of wild life and of agricultural operations for each of the 10 biological regions of the Province and for the Province as a whole. These are based upon 350 of the best schedules of observations " made in the schools of the Province of Nova Scotia as a part of the nature study work prescribed." [Kesults of meteorological and soil temperature observations], A. A. Ram- BAUT {Oxford: Humphrey Mil ford, 1916, pp. XV-\-215, pis. 4; rev. in Nature {London^, 98 {1916), No. 2457, pp. 247, 248).— This report gives the results of observations at Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, on pressure, temperature, pre- cipitation, wind, clouds, and other phenomena during 5 years — 1911 to 1915 — and on temperature at different depths in the soil during 12 years — 1898 to 1910. The soil temperature observations were made by means of platinum resistance thermometers. A comparison of the soil temperatures with the air temperatures shows clearly the retardation of phase as well as the dimunition in amplitude in the passage of any oscillation of temperature from the surface to a depth of 10 ft. in the soil. There was found to be " a general falling off in the mean tem- perature amounting to about 2° during the period of 12 years over which the observations extend." Swedish meteorological observations, 1914 {Met. lakttag. Sverige {Observ. M^t. SuM.), Met. Centralanst., 56 {1914), pp. XII +17 5). —These are the usual meteorological summaries of observations made under the direction of the Cen- tral Meteorological Institute of Sweden. The distribution of precipitation in north Germany, G. Hellmann {Sitzber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1914, XXXVIII, pp. 980-990, figs. 2).— The mean annual rainfall of the region during 20 years is shown to have been 638 mm. (25.1 in.), the lowest mean at any point being 416 mm. and the highest 1,700 mm. Thunder and hail in the region of Paris, A. Angot {Compt.. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 2 {1916), No. 31, pp. 912, 913). — The record of the occurrence of thunder and hail in this region from 1874 to 1913 is given. This indicates that there is no relation between hail and electric phenomena. The climate of western and equatorial Africa, R. Chitdeau {Ann. G6ogr. 25 {1916), No. 138, pp. J,29-462, figs. i2).— This region is divided into three 1917] MET-ROROLOGY. 209 climatic zones, of which the characteristic conditions of physiography, tempera- ture, pressure, winds, humidity, evaporation, and rainfall are described, with a brief note on tornadoes and a short description of the more general climatic characteristics of the region. The correlation of rainfall and the succeeding crops with special reference to the Punjab, S. M. Jacob {Agr. Joiir. India, Indian Sci. Cong. No., 1916, pp. 86-102, pis. 11). — Studies of the relation between the July, August, September, and October rainfall and area sown to crops and between the September-March rainfall and the yield of crops are reported. These studies were made as a necessary preliminary to the successful forecasting of the total crop produc- tion. The studies are based on 30 years' (1886 to 1915) observations on irri- gated wheat, unirrigated wheat and gram, and all other unirrigated crops. The general outcome of the application of the various correlations observed was an error of prediction for the area of irrigated wheat of 5.6 per cent of the mean ; of unirrigated crops 9 per cent of the mean. The Kincer method of prediction of yield of cotton, based on the assumption that the best conditions are the normal ones (E. S. R., 33, p. 117), was applied to unirrigated wheat. " The weighted rainfall in each month was added to- gether, and a coefficient of benefit B obtained, and this was correlated with the area of unirrigated wheat for 1900 to 1915. The correlation is — 0.91, even higher than Kincer's figure of 0.88. The formula giving the percentage of failure in terms of the coefficient B is ir=24.2 — 0.35B." The agreement of the values shown by this formula is, in the opinion of the author, very good and " affords a posteriori justification of the hypothesis. The introduction of suit- able corrections for other climatic factors, such as temperature, sunshine, evaporation, precipitation in the form of dew, wind, and the like would improve the prediction still further." The climatic control of Australian production, G. Tayloe {Commomcealth Bur. Met. Aust. Bui. 11 [1916], pp. 32, pis. 7, figs. 10; rev. in Scot. Geogr. Mag., 32 {1916), No. 10, p. 487).— The distribution and production of cattle, sheep, and wheat with reference to climate is discussed. This seems to depend mainly upon the rainfall, particularly in the case of wheat. Temperature is also a limiting factor in the case of wheat, but less so in the case of cattle and sheep. It is shown that the most intensive cattle production occurs in the eastern and wetter (over 20 in. of annual rainfall) parts of the country, and that the greatest sheep production occurs in areas having from 15 to 20 in. of rainfall. The relation of wheat growing to temperature and rainfall in the different Australian States is shown in the following table ; Relation of temperature and rainfall to wheat production in Australia. Temperature. RainfalL Wheat belt. AnnuaL April-October. Annual. April-October. Whole area. Best area. Whole area. Best area. Western Australia Degrees F. 70-60 67-58 68-65 67-56 63-55 56-50 Degrees F. 63-57 58-54 62-60 61-52 55-52 52-46 Degrees F. 62-57 57-55 Inches. 40-10 30-10 40-23 45-14 40-12 60-19 Inches. 30-10 25-6 20-10 25-9 25-8 40-10 Inches. 20-15 South Australia 20-10 Queensland New South Wales 61-52 55-52 16-11 Victoria 15-10 Tasmania 25-10 210 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The present status and future development of soil classification, G. N. Coffey {Jour. Arner. Soe. Agron., 8 {1916), No. If, pp. 239-243). — An outline of the present status of soil classification is given, it being pointed out that " the tendency at the present time is to develop a system of classification based upon actual differences in the character of the soil itself. . . . For the worliing out of such a system in detail it is essential to have a knowledge not only of the peculiarities and differences in soils but also the relative im- portance of these in terms of crop production." Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913 (fifteenth report), M. Whit- key ET AL. ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Field Operations Btir. Soils, 1913, pp. 2^38, pis. 43, figs. 62, maps 54). — This report contains a general review of the field operations of the Bureau of Soils during 1913 by the chief of the Bureau, together with detailed accounts of 53 surveys which have already been noted in the Record. During the calendar year 1913 a total area of 31,676 square miles, or 29,272,640 acres, were surveyed and mapped in detail, malting the total area surveyed and mapped up to the end of that year 315,794 square miles, or 202.108,160 acres. There were .also conducted reconnoissance surveys covering an area of 15,917 square miles, or 10,186,880 acres. [Soil analyses] (Biol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 17. ser.. No. 4-5 {1916), pp. 337- 344)- — Chemical analyses of 79 samples of different soil types of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, are reported and discussed. "Water penetration in the gumbo soils of the Belle Fourche Reclamation Project, O. R. Mathews {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 447 {1916), pp. 12, figs. 4).— Studies of the rate of flow of water in very heavy clay gumbo soils of residual origin when loose and saturated and when wet and dry under field conditions are reported. These soils are said to be highly productive, with large water capacity, but the large content of clay makes them subject to extreme changes in volume with changes in water content. Three-in. samples of the soil to a depth of 24 In. w^ere studied, and it was found that the time taken for an inch of water to pass through 3-in. layers of loose saturated soil was four hours for the first-foot sample and 12 hours for the second-foot sample. It was further found that " on a dry soil, penetration takes place rapidly to a depth of about 2 ft. because of the cracked condition of the soil near the surface. After the layer of easily penetrated soil becomes wet, it becomes so swollen and com- pact that it is nearly impervious, and further water movement is very slow. The fact that moisture can move only very slowly in the wet surface soil would make it necessary to run water over the soil for a very long time in order that any considerable portion might be absorbed. This is not practicable, for the experiment with a dry subsoil showed that water from the surface pene- trated almost as deep in a few minutes as it did in 10 days." The freezing point method as a new means of determining the nature of acidity and lime requirement of soils, G. J. Boityoitcos {Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 27 {1916), pp. 56, figs. iS).— The freezing point method was tested with a large number of soils of different kinds under a variety of conditions to de- termine their lime requirement, as well as to study the absorption by the soil of sodium, potassium, and ammonium from solutions of potassium, sodium, and ammonium hydroxids ; and the effect of acids and acid salts and of soluble salts upon the lime requirement of soil. The method as used consists of adding to 2 gm. of soil 10 cc. of water and determining the lowering of the freezing point. Then to this mixture are added various amounts of Ca(0H)2 until there occurs a change in the magni- 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 211 tude or direction of the freezing point depression. The method is based upon the following principles: (1) The freezing point depression of a soil contain- ing a soluble acid or acid salt decreases upon adding various quantities of Ca(0H)2 up to a certain point and thereafter increases with further addi- tions. This point is considered to be the point of neutralization of the acid or acid salt and of the saturation of the soil for lime. (2) The freezing point depression of a soil containing neither a soluble acid nor an acid salt but pos- sessing an absorptive power for lime remains constant as Ca(0H)2 is added up to a critical point and thereafter rises with further additions. The critical point is considered to be the saturation of the soil for lime. (3) The freezing point depression of a soil already alkaline and saturated with bases starts to rise almost immediately upon the addition of a small amount of Ca(0H)2. The results showed that the amount of lime taken up by soils varied greatly. The freezing point method gave much higher lime requirements than the Veitch method, and appeared to indicate the true maximum lime requirement of soils. "The absorption curve of the mineral soils signifies that the Ca(OH)2 is taken out of solution and is rendered inactive as far as the freezing point depression is concerned. The substances which accomplish this are in the solid phase. . . . The absorption curve also indicated that there is no basic exchange in soils, when a hydrate is employed, until the soil is satisfied or saturated with the base." Most of the few peats tested gave evidence of acidity and took up calcium, potassium, sodium, and ammonium hydroxids in equivalent amounts. " When a soil ceased to take up one base it took up very little if any of another base, or if it did it released a corresponding amount of the one with which it was already saturated. On the other hand, when a soil still absorbed one base it absorbed a corresponding quantity of another. The addition of acids and acid salts increased the lime requirement of soils. The magnitude of the increase was approximately equal to the amount of lime required to neutralize the quantity of the acid or acid salt added. . . . " When a soil was treated with an excess of acid and then washed, the lime requirement was also increased, but the results plotted into an absorption curve. When a soil which showed a high lime requirement was treated with an excess of acid the clear supernatant liquid failed to give an acid curve, indicating that it contained very little if any acid. The litmus paper tests showed that it was very nearly neutral. The sediment, however, gave an acid curve, signifying that it contained a considerable amount of acid. . . . When this sediment was washed with water, however, the acid curve could no longer be obtained, showing that the acid was washed away." The same was observed with salts in solution. "All soluble salts increased the lime requirement of soils, but the magnitude of the increase was greater in the case of the neutral salts than of the acid phosphate salts." The conclusion is drawn that " the presence of soluble acids, or acid salts, in the mineral soils under favorable natural conditions is only temporary, if ever present, and never permanent. The acidity or lime requirement of soils, there- fore, seems to be due mainly to the insoluble acids of the soil, the silicic acid, silica, acid alumino-silicates, and perhaps to the insoluble organic matter. There appears to be then practically no active acidity in the mineral soils, but only negative. Exceptions to these general statements are probably very few. In the peats and mucks, however, the formation of organic acids is probably quite rapid, and consequently these soils, as indicated by the data, may contain permanent active acidity as well as permanent negative acidity." 212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The organic phosphorus of soil, R. S, Potteb and T. H. Benton {Soil Sci., 2 {J 916), No. 3, pp. 291-298). — A method proposed for determining the total organic phosphorus content of soil is described, and experiments conducted at the Iowa Experiment Station on the content of organic phosphorus in a fallow orchard soil are reported. It was found that " while the method can not be said to give an absolute knowledge of the organic phosphorus content of soil, it at least gives compara- tive results. ... As a result ot the work done so far, it can be definitely stated that a large part of the r hosphorus of the soil is organic in nature." A list of 18 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. The effects of certain organic compounds on plant growth, M. J. Funchess {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 191 {1916), pp. 103-132, pis. 8).— Two years' pot cul- ture experiments with oats and corn are reported to determine whether the results obtained by adding fertilizers and lime and certain organic compounds, including coumarin, vanillin, pyridin, quinolin, dihydroxystearic acid, and pyrogallol, to heavy, sticky red clay, unproductive sandy soil, and to productive and unproductive sandy loam soils at rates of 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 parts per million of dry soil would parallel those obtained in solution cultures. It was found that lime, carbon black, and pyrogallol, which have been shown to remove the toxic properties of a poor soil extract, were unable to increase the crop yield when added to the poor soils used. " On the other hand, the addition to soils of such toxic compounds as vanillin, coumarin, dyhydroxy- stearic acid, pyridin, or quinolin, failed to increase greatly the infertility of the infertile soils used. The application of such compounds in ratios as great as 1,000 parts per million of dry soil decreased the yields in some cases where the crop was planted on the same day that these heavy applications were made. But when these compounds had been in the soil for a few months . . , little or no toxic effects were to be found. Indeed, the nitrogenous compounds had a beneficial effect in all cases reported, though there was evidence that these may be harmful for a short time after the applications are made. This constitutes good evidence that rapid chemical or biochemical transformation of these compounds into beneficial or inert forms occurs in unsterilized soils under the conditions of these experiments. Slight injury to oats was apparent in most of the heavy treatments of pyridin and quinolin during the first weeks of growth ; but this injurious action disappeared, and the pots so treated usu- ally produced crops which compared favorably with those produced by the nitrate-treated pots." The addition of potassium and phosphorus greatly increased the beneficial effects of pyridin and quinolin. This action is not regarded as an antitoxic action, as these two mineral elements greatly increased the effect of asparagin, nucleic acid, and sodium nitrate, none of which is toxic to plants. It is pointed out further that " had these experiments been terminated when the plants were only 15 days old . . . both pyridin and quinolin would have been found to be harmful, while . . . vanillin and coumarin would have been recorded not injurious. Neither of the latter showed injury to oats during the first few days of growth ; only in the later stages could their effect be noted, and that effect was a simple retardation of growth." The results show " that solution culture and soil culture experiments fail to agree," and the author concludes that " soil fertility problems can not be solved by means of short-time solution culture studies." Physiological balance of nutrient solutions for plants in sand cultures, A. G. McCall {Soil Sci., 2 {1916). No. 3, pp. 207-254, pi. 1, figs. S).— Experi- ments conducted at the Maryland Experiment Station are reported on the rela- tive growth rates of young winter wheat seedlings when grown in a substratum 1917] SOILS FERTTLIZERS. 213 of washed quartz sand, supplied with a nutrient solution having an initial total concentration of 1.75 atmospheres maximum osmotic pressure, but with 36 different proportions of potassium phosphate, calcium nitrate, and mag- nesium sulphate. " The total growth period was 24 daj's, during which time the total water loss from each culture was determined at the end of each 3-day interval. At the end of the growth period the cultures were compared with respect to (1) dry weight of tops, (2) dry weight of roots, (3) total water loss, (4) water requirement per gram of dry tops, (.5) water requirement per gram of dry roots, and (6) the ratio of the weight of tops to dry weight of roots." It was found that " the graphs representing the growth rate of young wheat plants for three preliminary series show a region of optimal growth rate lying between the concentrations 1 and 2 atmospheres. With the initial total con- centration about 1.75 atmospheres, the nutrient solution that produced the greatest dry weight of tops also produced the greatest dry weight of roots. This solution is characterized by having 0.2 of the total osmotic concentration derived from KH2PO4, 0.7 from Ca(N03)2, and 0.1 from MgSO*. "A general comparison of the results from this sand-culture series with solution cultures (Shive's) grown from the same lot of seed but at a different time period brings out [that] (1) the average dry weights of both tops and roots were decidedly greater for the plants grown in the sand than for those grown in the soultions ; (2) the results obtained in the solution-culture series, having a total osmotic concentration of 0.1 atmosphere, are more nearly like those from the sand series than are the results secured from the more concen- trated solution series (1.75 atmospheres), in which the solutions were of the same total osmotic concentration as that employed for the sand cultures ; and (3) there is a marked difference between the solutions producing the best de- velopment of plants in sand and those giving the best growth in the solution cultures with respect to the osmotic proportions of the three salts employed. A comparison of the results from these two series, the one grown in solution and the other in sand cultures, furnishes evidence for the conclusion that se- lective adsorption plays an important role in bringing about the observed physiological differences. The sand-culture solutions giving low yields of tops are characterized by a wide range in the Mg/Ca ratio, a very wide range in the Mg/K ratio, and a narrow range in the Ca/K ratio value. The solutions giving high yields of tops show a narrow range in the Mg/Ca ratio and a com- paratively wide range in both the Mg/K and Ca/K ratio values. The data presented support the conclusion of earlier workers to the effect that the total transpirational loss from a plant culture is approximately proportional to the growth made by the plants during the period of time considered. " The water requirement per gram of dry tops varies considerably with the different proportions of the component salts. It appears that low water require- ment for tops is associated with a low partial osmotic concentration of mono- potassium phosphate, and that high water requirement is associated with high partial concentrations of both magnesium sulphate and monopotassium phos- phate. The water requirement per gram of dry roots is much higher than the same value for tops. A consideration of the ratio of tops to roots brings out the fact that in every instance a high water requirement corresponds to a high ratio of tops to roots. Good growth of tops was found to be associated with a high osmotic ratio of Ca(N03)2 to MgS04 and poor gi-owth of tops with a low value of this ratio." A list of 46 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Preliminary investigations in comparison of field with, laboratory experi- ments in soil biology, G. P. Koch {Soil Sci., 2 {1916), No. 1, pp. 8'i-92, fig. 1).~ 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Preliminary inve.stig.itions conducted at Rutgers College comparing field and laboratory experiments in soil biology and using loam, silt loam, and sandy soil are reported. It was found that "biological experiments (e. g., in ammonification) can be successfully carried out in tlie field. As a rule, a greater amoiuit of organic matter seems to be ammonified in the laboratory tests than in the field. Ni- trogen fixation and nitrification studies in the field are greatly interfered with by rains. The nitrogen content of the soil varies considerably, even over a comparatively small area." Sources of error in soil bacteriological analysis, H. C. Lint and D. A. Cole- man (Soil Sci., 2 {1916), No. 2, pp. 157-162, fig. 1). — Experiments conducted at Rutgers College with sandy loam and clay loam soils, using dried blood as organic matter, to determine the influence on ammonification of time and method of mixing the soil with organic matter, are reported. It was found that mixing the organic matter with the soil for 30 seconds showed a larger ammonia accumulation than where the mixing occupied only 15 seconds. The experimental error of the average for 30-second mixings was smaller than that obtained for 1.5-second mixing periods. In general, there was not so great a difference between the two periods of mixing with the shaker as was the case where the spatula was used. The averages obtained with the shaker were larger than where the spatula was used to stir the organic matter into the soil. A comparison of the moist and the air-dry soil showed a larger accumulation of ammonia in the case of the former soil. " In general, the experimental error of the averages of the soils prepared in the shaker is smaller than that obtained with the spatula, which bespeaks a nar- rower variation in the duplicate determinations." A study of the action of carbon black and similar absorbing materials in soils, J. J. Skinner and J. H. Beattie {Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 1, pp. 93-101, pis. S). — It is pointed out that finely divided carbon is a good agent for physi- ologically purifying distilled water and certain poor soil extracts, and that by its absorptive qualities it improves the solution as a medium for plant growth. A test made by mixing carbon black with poor soils failed to effect an improve- ment, as the carbon, even though it might have had an absorptive action, would itself be intermingled with the soil and be in contact with the plant roots. " With carbon incased in porous earthenware pots buried in soil, the growth of grass, clover, and cowpeas was improved when growing in a poor unproduc- tive soil in the greenhouse. On benches in the greenhouse a soil which con- tained salicylic aldehyde and other organic compounds was improved for the growth of string beans by the absorptive action of carbon buried in porous tubes in the soil. In an experiment with string beans and lettuce in green- house benches a soil made poor by the addition of salicylic aldehyde and vanil- lin was improved in productivity by the action of carbon incased in porous tubes. In a two years' field experiment carbon, charcoal, and chalk when put in porous tubes and buried in the plats caused a good increase in growth of cowpeas. " The beneficial action of carbon and other absorbents may be attributed to its removing something from the soil solution which is harmful to plants. The soil moisture passing through the carbon in its process of moving down- ward and upward in the soil would be robbed of any such material. Soils which contain soluble organic substances harmful to plants would be improved for crop growth." Five references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. Soil fungi and their activities, S. A. Waksman (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 2, pp. 103-155, pis. 5). — Experiments conducted at the New Jersey Experiment 1917] SOILS FEETILIZERS. 215 Stations with garden, orchard, meadow, and forest soils, gravelly loam, a medium loam containing 48 per cent iron, an adobe soil from Oregon, and different California soils are reported to determine the numbers and activities of soil fungi. It was found that the fungi found in all the soils studied represent a group of organisms in numbers large enough to warrant a conclusion that they probably play an important part in the fertility of the soil. No distinct difference was observed between the species of fungi found in cultivated soils and those in uncultivated soils, though each soil seemed to have a more or less character- istic fungus flora ; for example, the cultivated orchard soil, has a great abun- dance of Mucorales, while the forest uncultivated soil, has an abundance of Penicillia and Trichodermfe. The numbers of fungi decreased rapidly with depth, so that at 12 to 20 in. below the surface very few fungi were found, the largest numbers occurring within the iipper 4 in. of soil. As to the species, no distinct differences among the organisms were found with the different soil depths, except that in the subsoils of most of the soils studied, Zygorhynchus vuilleminii was found to be present, often as the only organism, when soil was inoculated directly upon sterile medium. " Over 100 distinct species of fungi were isolated from the soil, belonging to 31 genera, many of the species being isolated from several of the different soils. jNIany pathogenic fungi, such as different Fusaria, Alternaria, Aspergilli, Coniothyrium, and others, have been isolated from the soil. . . . " The study of the physiological activities of the fungi pointed out the fact that they do not play a very great, if any, part in the fixation of atmospheric nitro- gen, but they do prove to be able to decompose organic matter rapidly and liber- ate ammonia, under laboratory conditions. Jlany of them prove to be strong decomposers of cellulose, though fewer of them hydrolize starch." A list of 125 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Azotobacter in Hawaiian soils, P. S. Buegess {Soil ScL, 2 (1916), 2fo. 2, pp. 183-192). — Experiments conducted at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station on the azotobacter content of 30 sugar cane soils from the islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai, as indicated by their ability to fix nitrogen in man- nite solutions are reported. Only 5 soUs were noted which failed to show azotobacter growth in so- lutions. " In these cultures some fixation is recorded which indicates that probably certain Clostridium forms are also fairly prevalent here." Four dif- ferent forms of Azotobacter were isolated in pure culture, namely, A. chroo- coccuni var., A. vinelandii n. var.? A. vinelandii var., and " B 29? ". Two references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. Environmental factors influencing the activity of soil fungi, D. A. Colkman (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-65, figs. iO).— Experiments conducted at Rut- gers College with sandy loam and clay loam soils on the influence of organic matter in the form of dried blood, cottonseed meal, soy-bean meal, vetch, and rye ; of mechanical and chemical composition of the soil, moisture, and temper- ature on the activity of soil fungi ; and experiments on the associative action of soil fungi and soil bacteria are reported. It was found that the type of soil, the quality of the organic matter, definite combinations of soil and organic mat- ter, mechanical composition, and moisture content of soil are important factors in regulating the activities of the organisms tested. The effect of time and depth of cultivating a wheat seed bed upon bac- terial activity in the soil, P. L. Gainey (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 2, pp. 193-204, figs. 4)- — This article reports studies conducted at the Kansas Experiment Sta- tion on nitrate and ammonia formation in soil, described in a report of previous experiments by Call (E. S. R., 33, p. 217) on the effects of different methods 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 of preparing a seed bed for wheat on yield, soil moisture, and soil nitrates. Plats were selected which were representative of the extremes in treatment in the previous experiments. It was found that " the differences in nitrate content reported by Call can not be attributed to a difference in the bacterial content. Some nonbiological condition existing in certain plats, under field conditions, prevents the normal activity of the bacterial flora. Among the factors controlling bacterial activity the available moisture probably plays a paramount role." Four references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. Studies on the actiAdty of soil protozoa, G. P. Koch {Soil Sci., 2 {1916), No. 2, pp. 163-181, fig. J).— In a further contribution (E. S. A., 34, p. 422) experiments conducted at Rutgers College with sandy loam and clay soil to determine the influence of moisture content, organic matter, and physical prop- erties of soil on the presence of protozoa in soils in the active state are reported. It was found that " the direct examination of the soil under the microscope for a period of 15 to 20 minutes (taking three or four samples), gives a fair indication as to the relative extent of active protozoa in the soil. Practically all of the protozoa as found in the soil can be observed under the low power of the microscope. " The addition of organic matter to the Sassafras sandy loam soil encour- aged a greater protozoan development than where none had been added. Addi- tions of dried blood to the Penn clay loam soil increased the number of active protozoa but very little, while cow manure had no effect on the protozoan activity of this soil. " Increasing the porosity and aeration of the soils by the addition of sand did not increase the number of motile protozoa. " In the Sassafras soil to which cow manure had been added flagellates were noted on the first day, while with the other samples they were not seen until the second or third and, in some cases, the fourth day. The maximum numbers were recorded on the fourth and sixth days, after which there was a marlied decrease, so that on the twenty-first and twenty-eighth days practically none were found to be in the active state. This would indicate that the destructive ability . . . would be present for only a limited period, namely, the early stages of organic decomposition. " Flagellates were the first protozoa to excyst ; later, on the third and fourth days, small ciliates appeared. On the fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty- eighth days small ciliates were more numerous than flagellates. With these soils the largest number of protozoa was recorded where the moisture was highest. The Penn clay loam soil seemed to be a very undesirable medium for protozoa, as very few of these organisms were noted in any of the samples compared with those found in the Sassafras soil. "At the lowest moisture content (one-third of the optimum), protozoa did not become active. With these soils moisture seemed to be the primary limit- ing factor which determined the presence or absence of active protozoa. " With one exception, no correlation between the presence of protozoa in the active condition and the numbers of bacteria could be seen. Increased numbers of bacteria were observed irrespective of the presence or absence of living protozoa. On the fourteenth day in the soils, even where no protozoa were found in the active condition, there was a great decrease in bacterial numbers. " Inasmuch as the numbers of protozoa in comparison with the bacterial numbers are so small, even in the presence of such abnormal quantities of organic matter as were used, it hardly seems that they would be of very great importance in agricultural practices." A list of 19 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 217 The increase of nitrogen in fermenting manures, W. E. Tottingham {Jour. Biol. Chem., 24. (1916), No. 3, pp. 221-225; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 14, p. 1901). — Experiments conducted at the Wisconsin Experiment Station are re- ported on the increase in nitrogen content of a mixture of fresh cow and horse manure mixed in the ratio of 2:1, with and without fine and coarse chopped wheat straw at rates of 0.5 and 6.25 kg. per 6.25 kg. of manure. After four weeks it was found that there was an appreciable gain of nitro- gen in the straw-littered manures. Further tests of the manures for nitrogen fixation in mannite solution showed that " the manures contain nitrogen-fixing organisms of considerable activity. As their activity was greatest in the fer- mentation experiments in those manures which were mixed with straw, the latter material appears to be an important source of energy for the organisms." The action of barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers, P. Wagner (Arb. Deut. Landtv. GcscU., No. 279 (1915), pp. 544). — This is a report of re- sults of a series of cooperative experiments extending from 4 to 14 years. They included 20 series of rotations varying in length from 3 to 14 years. The series were divided into two groups, one with commercial fertilizers alone and the other with the addition of manure. The soils varied from sand to clay loam. The crops grown included potatoes, beets, winter rye, winter wheat, barley, oats, and clover. The general plan and methods of conducting the experiments were substantially the same as in previous experiments reported by the author. Ex- perimental data are given in detail and carefully summarized and analyzed. Among the conclusions reached are that $100 expended for fertilizers pro- duced an average increase worth $210 in the series of experiments with commer- cial fertilizers alone and $190 in the series in which manure and fertilizers were combined. It was found to be necessary to apply phosphoric acid in the form of Thomas slag in great excess, namely, six to seven times as much as the increased yields contained in order to meet the crop requirements for this constituent. Only 18 per cent of the citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in the slag applied was recov- ered in the crops in the course of three rotations on a soil very deficient in phos- phoric acid. The assimilation of the phosphoric acid increased from year to year with continued applications of slag, reaching its normal level in about seven years. The phosphoric acid of manure was much more quickly utilized by plants than that of Thomas slag, the ratio being 100 : 181 in the first rotation and 100 : 172 in the second. Of the potash applied in form of potash salts 34 per cent was utilized in the fii-st rotation and 51 per cent in the course of the two rotations. The author concludes from these and previous experiments that not more than 60 per cent of the potash applied is likely to be utilized under any circumstances in practice. The potash in manure appeared to be somewhat more quickly utilized by plants than that of Stassfurt salts. For example, 34 per cent of the potash of the Stassfurt salts as compared with 40 per cent of the potash of manure was utilized in the first rotation. On the other hand, the corresponding figures for the second rota- tion were 51 and 52 per cent. About 60 per cent of the nitrate nitrogen applied was utilized by the crops, but only 25 per cent of the manure nitrogen was utilized in the first rotation. The avei'age figures for the utilization of the fertilizing constituents of manure and commercial fertilizers by crops may be summarized in brief as follows : 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Assimilation of fertilizing constituents of manure and fertilizers by crops. Phos- phoric acid. Potash. Nitrogen. Phos- phoric acid. Potash. Nitrogen. Sandy soils: Manure Fertilizers Per cent. 25 45 Per cent. 58 76 Per cent. 21 69 Loam soils: Manure Fertilizers Per cent. 25 36 Per cent. 53 70 Per cent. 19 71 The average composition of 73 samples of moderately rotted yard manure used in these experiments was phosphoric acid 0.35 per cent, potash 0.55 per cent, and nitrogen 0.5 per cent. The author holds, contrary to B. Schulze's view, that the fertilizing value of manure, as of commercial fertilizers, depends upon its per- centage content of plant food (E. S. R., 26, p. 424). As with other fertilizers, however, conditions of soil and season must be favorable for the best results. Moreover, it appears that manure contains too little nitrogen to make it pos- sible to secure the best use of the phosphoric acid and potash which it contains, crops grown with manure alone being oversupplied with the latter. Therefore the true value of the plant food of manure is not secured by its exclusive use. In no case did manure alone give as high yields as manure with fertilizers, the average relation of yields in all experiments being 1 : 1.3. Maximum crops, especially of cereals, were often obtained with fertilizers alone, and in some cases the results were higher than with fertilizers and manure combined. On the other hand, in the case of hoed crops, such as potatoes and beets, better results were uniformly obtained with fertilizer and manure combined. The ratios of grain to straw with the different treatments were as follows : Ratios of grain to straw with different fertilizer treatments. Parts of grain to 100 parts straw. Kind of crop. Check. Complete commer- cial ferti- lizer. Complete fertiUzer and manure. Oats 63 52 53 78 58 48 50 77 55 Winter rye 48 49 Barley 77 The percentage contents of phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen in the crops grown in the experiments are given. These show that the composition of the grain of cereals is quite constant, while that of straw and hoed crops generally is very variable. The author concludes that such data can be used only as a basis for further tests of the fertilizer requirements of plants. The results of these experiments indicate that if sodium nitrate is used exclusively the amount applied must be increased from year to year, and, furthermore, that the exclusive use of commercial fertilizers, as a rule, accelerates the loss of nitrogen from the soil, while the use of manure with fertilizers not only prevents loss but brings about a marked increase in the nitrogen content of the soil. Summarizing the results of 37 rotations it is shown that of 100 parts of phosphoric acid and of potash in the soil soluble in hydrochloric acid, 0.64 parts and 0.79 parts, respectively, were used by plants, and of 100 parts of total nitrogen in the soil 1.09 parts were utilized by plants. 1917] SOILS FEBTILIZERS. 219 Experiments with humogen and heated peat, C. T. Gimingham (Nat. Fruit and Cider Inst., Long Ashton [Eng.], Rpt. 1915, pp. 110-113). — Pot experiments with tomatoes on a stiff loam soil to compare bacterized peat and heated peat, when added at rates of 1 lb. 4 oz. and 1 oz. to 20 lbs. of soil, with stable manure, stable manui'e and bacterized peat extract, stable manure and heated peat extract, and stable manure and sodium nitrate are reported. It was found that large doses of both bacterized and heated peat gave large increases over the control. As good results were obtained, however, with ordinary treatment for tomato culture. " There seems no reason to attribute the increase in yield to anything more than ordinary manurial properties. . . . One oz. of humogen has apparently given as good results as 4 oz., but the increase over the yield from soil only is not very great in any case and is within the limits of experimental error. . . , The treatment with the water extract of humogen or peat has given no increase whatever." Absorption and washing out of nitrogen in fertilizing with, ammonium sulphate, C. H. van Haereveld-Lako {Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 24 {1916), No. 6, pp. 177-204, fig. 1; Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 17-U, fig- 1; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 10 {1916), No. 14, p. 1902).— T\\q work of others bearing on the subject is briefly reviewed, and experiments are reported on the absorptive power for ammonia of Java sugar-cane soils to which 0.2-normal ammonium sulphate was added at the rate of 50 cc. per 50 gm. of dry soil. It was found that the absorption coeflficient of the soils for ammonia varied between 15 and 219 and in most cases was above 140. Soils with a high absorptive power lost less ammonia through washing than those with low absorptive power. If the absorption coefficient is between 80 and 140 there is thought to be little danger of ammonia loss by washing. As a rule a low absorption coefficient of soil accompanied a coarse texture and vice versa. There were, however, exceptions to this rule. When equal amounts of am- monium sulphate of the same concentration were added to different quantities of soil, the amount of increase in ammonia absorption decreased as the quantity of soil used increased. The presence of humus in the soil increased the absorptive power for ammonia. With reference to the exchange of ammonia for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium it was found that the total sum of equivalents of the latter equaled the equivalent of the absorbed ammonia. Phosphate rock in 1915, W. C. Phaxen {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Mineral Re- sources of the Umted States, Calendar Year 1915, pt. 2, pp. 227-244^ P^- -?> flff- 1). — This report deals with the production, sale, imports, and exports of phos- phate rock during 1915, describes domestic phosphate reserves, gives notes on the conservation of phosphate rock, describes processes for making soluble phosphates, and contains an article by W. B. Hicks on simple tests for phosphate. "The quantity of phosphate rock mined in 1915 was 1,935,341 long tons. Compared with the quantity mined in 1914 . . . this was a decrease of about 27 per cent. In Florida the decrease amounted to nearly 31 per cent ; in Tennessee it was about 9 per cent ; in South Carolina, 31 per cent ; and in the Western States, 25 per cent. No rock was reported mined in Kentucky in 1915. Stocks on hand at the close of 1915 showed an increase for the entire country amounting to nearly 11 per cent. In Florida the increase amounted to 14 per cent ; in Tennessee it was 6 per cent ; In South Carolina there was a decrease of 34 per cent." " The phosphate rock marketed in the United States in 1915 amounted to 1,835,667 lonsf tons, valued at .$5,413,449. Compared with the pro- 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 36 duction of 1914 . . . this was a decrease ... of nearly 33 per cent, and in value . . . nearly 44 per cent." The conservation of phosphate rock in Tennessee, W. C. Phalen (Resources Tenn., 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 193-216, figs. 5).— This article deals with the occur- rence and distribution of phosphate deposits in Tennessee and describes specific examples of modern ways and means of conserving phosphate rock as practiced in the Mount Pleasant, Tenn., field. The limestones of the Canterbury Province, R. Speight {Jour. Canterbury Agr. and Past. Assoc, 3. ser., 4 {1916), pp. 5-16, figs. 7). — This article describes the occurrence, distribution, and composition of the limestones of the Province in New Zealand. Analyses of three different limestones from the Province show calcium carbonate contents of 88.64, 82.26, and 67.6 per cent. Sodium chlorid.as a fertilizer, P. Bolin {K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 55 {1916), No. 5, pp. 36S-376; Meddel. Centralanst. Forsok^v. Jord- bruksomrddet, No. 131 {1916), pp. 3-11; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 17, pp. 2268, 2269). — Field experiments with sugar beets and potatoes are re- ported, the results of which are taken to indicate that common salt when added to the fertilizer used did not decrease the dry matter in the crop. On the other hand, it is concluded that the amount of dry matter is no less with sodium chlorid than with potassium chlorid, but is increased at about the same rate by both salts. Fertilizer experiments with manganese dioxid used on grain, R. Ricci and G. Baebeea {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 {1915), No. 9, pp. 677-689; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 18, p. 2382). — Experiments with wheat on the use of man- ganese dioxid alone, with sodium nitrate, and with ammonium sulphate at the rate of 300 lbs. per hectare (about 121 lbs. per acre) are reported. The greatest yield of grain was obtained where manganese dioxid was used with sodium nitrate, and the yield with manganese dioxid alone was next. There was no apparent advantage in the use of manganese dioxid with am- monium sulphate. No great difference was observed in the yield of straw, but the manganese dioxid alone seemed to act as a depressant. Eight references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. How to remedy the scarcity of fertilizers, E. Miege {Comment Remedier a la P&nurie des Engrais. Paris: J. B. Baillidre & Sons, 1916, pp. 59). — This pamphlet discusses the scarcity of fertilizing materials due to the European war, and describes methods of utilizing fertilizing materials from natural sources, especially green manuring; conserving crop residues; rotation of crops, including legumes; proper cultivation; and the use of relatively cheap soil amendments. Buying and using fertilizers, R. M. Salter (W. Va. Col. Agr. Ext. Dept. Circ. 87 {1916), pp. 15, figs. 7). — This circular gives information on the pur- chasing and use of fertilizers, with special reference to the requirements and conditions of West Virginia soils as determined by the state experiment station. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Rolliniopsis, a new genus of Annonaceae from Brazil, W. E. Saffobd {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 8, pp. 197-204, fi9S. 2).— An account is given of two species of plants collected in Brazil which are considered as new forms and which, with two allied forms hitherto assigned to the genus RoUinia, are now assigned to a genus created for this purpose for which the name Rolliniopsis is proposed. The occurrence of bacteria in frozen soil, E. C. Habder {Bot. Gaz., 61 {1916), No. 6, pp. 507-517, figs. 2).— During the winter of 1014-15 the author studied the effect of cold and moisture on the number of bacteria in field and 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 221 potted soils at Madison, Wis., wliere tlie variations in temperature are said to be greater tlian ttiose recorded by former investigators. The results are reported to have shown a close relation between the moisture content and the number of bacteria in the soil, also a distinct retardation caused by cold, which even a higher moisture content was usually insufficient to counteract. Incubation studies with, soil fungi, S. A. Waksman and R. C. Cook {Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 3, pp. 275-284, fid- i).— Describing studies with three fungi in order to ascertain the ways in which the lengths of the life cycles of fungi affect their relation to soil fertility, the author states that the optimum moisture conditions for ammoniflcation by fungi lie near the physical optimum. While each organism has its own incubation period, the employment of a 12-day period is preferred as most suitable for practical work. The biological stage of the fungus seems to show correlation with ammonia accumulation. The largest amount appears during spore gex'mination, the smallest during the time pre- paratory to actual spore formation. Monilia sitophila showed the largest accumulation within the first 3 or 4 days, a Penicillium studied between 10 and 15 days, and Mucor plumbeus between 6 and 10 days, these periods corre- sponding to those of active spore formation. The inoculation and incubation of soil fungi, N. Kopeloff (Soil Sci,, 1 (1916), No. 4, pp. 381-403, figs. 8).— The author, having made a study of the accumulation of ammonia by Rhizopus nigricans, R. oryzce, Zijgorrhyncus vuil- leminii, and Penicillium sp., states that an increase in the number of spores used to inoculate the soil caused a proportional increase in ammonia accumula- tion. One cc. of spore suspension is regarded as the most desirable quantity, all factors considered, for inoculations in experiments with pure cultures of soil fungi. To increase the number of inoculating spores beyond a certain point does not further accentuate the difference between ammonification of dried blood and that of cottonseed meal, the latter appearing to be a better source of food for the organisms employed. With Z. vuilleviinii, the maximum ammonia accumulation occurred on the twelfth day with both the above foods. R. nigricans gave its maximum with dried blood on the seventh, and with cottonseed meal on the ninth, day. A seven-day incubation period is regarded as the most advantageous, all factors considered, for a study of soil fungi other than those of the Penicillium group. After the first five days a striking increase of ammonia production is observed to occur every other day. It is thought that ammonia production depends upon the metabolic processes of the fungi rather than upon their biological stage. On pairs of species, R. R. Gates (Bot. Gaz., 61 (1916), No. 3, pp. 177-212, figs. 12). — ^The author has begun a detailed study regarding the relationships of particular species by an examination of pairs of species in the same genus taken at random. It is considered as desirable that there should be developed a taxonomy based on the anatomical and cytological study of plants. It has been found that the several pairs of species studied bear very different relationships to each other, both as regards characters and distribution. They may occupy identical, overlapping, adjacent, or widely separated areas. One species may be a giant of another, or may differ from it by a few sharp differ- ences which originated as units, or may show differences which can not be externally analyzed in this way. Several such pairs are discussed with the problems they present, as well as the agency of mutation (E. S. R., 34, p. 629). It is considered that crossing experiments and cytological investigations may provide the final answer to the specific questions involved. Studies on the correlation of morphological and physiological characters: The development of the primordial leaves in teratological bean seedlings, 78786°— No. 3—17 3 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 J. A. Hakkis {Genetics, 1 (1916), No. 2, pp. 185-196). — The author, considering a study of the relationships between slight structural variations and the physio- logical characteristics of individuals or of organs as one of the most funda- mental lines of genetic research, has presented the results of an attempt to determine something of the more fundamental physiological characteristics to which incapacity for survival may be due. Seed of a strain of navy beans which has been under observation for several years was germinated in sand in warm houses and studied under controlled conditions as to given types of variation occurring with the greatest frequency. The results as tabulated and discussed are considei'ed to show that the weight of primordial leaf tissue developed by morphologically aberrant seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris is, on the average, less than that produced by normal con- trols grown under conditions as nearly as possible comparable. Evidences ob- tained by employment of the conductivity and freezing point methods to detect differences in the concentration in molecules and ions in cell sap of leaves from teratological and those from normal plants suggest a lower concentration of both electrolytes and total solutes in tissue fluids of teratological plants, but the differences are slight and variable, requiring further and more refined determinations for actual demonstration of relationship. The data as a whole demonstrate merely that no clear differences in properties exist between the leaf sap of the two types of leaves. The dependence of mutation coefficients upon external conditions, H. dh Vkies {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 34 {1916), No. 1, pp. 2-7).— The author details the percentages of four clear and easily recognizable mutants obtained by grow- ing indoors at 30° C. CEnothera lamarckiana, also from tho.se obtained by cross- ing (E. lata with CE. lamarckiana, CE. lata with (E. nanella, and (E. lamarckiana with (E. natiella. A comparison of the wood structure of CEnothera stenomeres and its tetraploid mutation gigas, W. W. Tuppee and H. H. Baktlett {Genetics, 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. 177-184). — Data bearing upon the nature of the changes in particular cells and tissues which follow mutative changes in the germ plasm are presented. The authors state that the change from the 2x to the 4x chromo- some number in CE. stenomeres is accompanied by an increase of 50 per cent in the length of the vessels and of 150 per cent in the area of the cross section, an increase of 50 per cent in the length and the diameter, and of 200 per cent in the volume of the tracheids, an increase in all three dimensions of the ray cells resulting in a cell of different shape, with an increase of 274 per cent in volume, and a breaking up of the tall multiple medullary rays into their con- stituent simple rays. Anthocyanin markings and cell mutation, E. Ktjster {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 33 {1915), No. 10, pp. 536, 537). — It is claimed that cell markings in many cases are to be ascribed to cell mutation, some of these, however, being independent of the formation and distribution of anthocyanin, but it is said that in a number of varieties of Coleus hyiridus anthocyanin distribution is not to be ascribed to cell mutation. The differentiation of starches of parent stock and hybrids, E. T. Reichebt {Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 14 {1915), pp. 4O8, 409). — It is stated that the studies on the differentiation and specificity of corresponding vital substances have, during the past year, been restricted to the study of the starches of parent stocks and hybrids, noting chiefly the peculiarities obser- vable in case of each parent and tracing them to the starch of the offspring. The extension and improvement of methods previously employed (E. S. R., 31, p. 804) have resulted in a confirmation of the conclusions previously an- 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 223 nounced supporting the view tliat complex protoplasmic metabolites are specifi- cally modified in relation to genera, species, and varieties, and hence that difference In corresponding substances constitutes a specific means of differen- tiation as to relationship in both plants and animals. It is stated that while the methods of investigation employed differ widely in character, the results are remarkably harmonious in the demonstration of certain principles of fundamental importance in normal and abnormal biologj\ Each property is claimed to be an independent physico-chemical character unit, each method and each reagent being an independent means of differentiation, so that results produced by one reagent do not indicate what will follow the employment of another. However, the property values thus determined can be reduced to figures, and when these are charted it can be seen that the sum total of these values is, in case of each starch, as distinctive of genus, species, variety, or hybrid as are ordinary botanical characters. A hybrid may be definitely referred to its true parentage, also the hybrids of separate crosses may be recognized as such. Corresponding histological examinations of plant tissue associated with macroscopical investigation have confirmed the results of the starch investigations, and strengthened the belief of the author that vital peculiarities may be resolved to a physico-chemical basis. Notes on the anatomy of the young tuber of Ipomoea batatas, Floeence A. McCoKMicK (Bot. Gaz., 61 {1916), No. 5, pp. 888-398, figs. 8).— This is an ac- count of a study of sweet potato in line with that of Kamerling (E. S. R., 33, p. 27) and of other autliors named. Biochemical and physiological study of the rest period in the tubers of Solanum tuberosum, C. O. Appleman {Bot. Gaz., 61 {1916), No. 4, pp. 265-294, fi,gs. 2). — This work has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 129). The vitality of seeds passed by cattle, D. Milne {Agr. Jour. India, 10 {1915), No. 4, pp. 353-369). — From the experiments reported it is concluded that uncrushed wheat grains, etc., intentionally or accidentally fed to cattle working on pure culture plats during or just before seeding time are a source of serious danger to the purity of the crops. The roots of herbaceous plants, A. P. Modestov {Kornevaia Sistema Tra- vtanisVkh Rastemi. Moscow: I. N. KiisJinerev, 1915, No. 1, pp. 138, pis. 3, figs. 38). — This collection comprises four contributions. The first deals with differences in the growth attained by roots in various groups of cultivated plants, the second with the length of roots attained under conditions of natural development, and the third with the root system of flax. The fourth gives a list of related contributions, comprising over 500 titles. Stomatal structure and function in Camellia (Thea) japonica, Magda Heil- BEONN {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell, 34 {1916), No. 1, pp. 22-31, figs. -4).— It is claimed that in C. japonica the walls of the guard cells are lignified and im- mobile except in case of very young leaves in which the stomata can still open and close. It is stated that in three species of Thea more or less lignified stomatal cells have now been demonstrated, namely, T. viridis, T. assamica, and T. bohea. The periodicity and distribution of radial growth in trees and their rela- tion to the development of "annual" rings, J. C. Geossenbachee {Trans. Wis. Acad. ScL, Arts, and Letters, 18 {1915), pt. 1, pp. 1-11). — Certain facts observed in a study previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 650) have led the author to a reexamination of the extensive literature bearing upon irregularities in the time of commencement and closing of cambial activity, and a discussion is herein given of radial growth and the factors thought to determine its distribu- tion, the author reserving for a separate paper the results obtained from a 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 study of the early stages of crown rot. Important hypotheses and investigations are given in some detail and compared with each other in relation to the author's observations. In the main, the present purpose of the article is to restate the questions raised by the investigators, though sometimes in modified form. A restudy of the structural and tension changes accompanying periodic growth may also, it is thought, lead to an investigation of the enzyms active during radial growth and to the effect which adverse changes of environment have upon them while in an active condition. Winter foliation in beech, F. Webee (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 34 (1916), No. 1, pp. 7-13, fig. 1 ) . — Potted young plants of Fagns sylvatica, after being exposed to acetylene gas for three days early in December and then brought into the hothouse, began to develop leaves by the end of the month, and during the first and second weeks of January the plants which had been exposed to the gas became covered with leaves while the controls showed no sign of awakening. The claim that a very prominent part is played by light in foliar development in winter is questioned. While the stimulating influence of light is admitted, it is thought that even the dim light of winter days may be more than sufficient to supply the light requirement as regards leaf development and that the winter rest of plants is therefore due primarily to other causes than a lack of illumi- nation. The action of light on the living organism, F. Schanz (Biochem. Ztschr., 71 (1915), No. Jf-S, pp. 406-414). — This is largely a discussion of contributions made by others than the author, who, however, claims to have shown by experi- mentation described that chlorophyll can act as a vigorous catalyzer even on serum albumin. The measurement of oxidation potential and its signifi.cance in the study of oxidases, G. B. Reed (Bot. Gaz., 61 (1916), No. 6, pp. 523-527, figs. 2).— The author describes an apparatus and a method by which, it is claimed, excellent results may be obtained, at least in some cases, in studying the effect of a catalyzer in accelerating an oxidation reaction. Some results already obtained are to be described in subsequent papers. The significance of color changes in oxidase reagents, G. B. Reed (Bot. Gaz., 61 (1916), No. 5, pp. 4^0-432). — Quantitative values are presented as obtained in tests intended to supply workers in oxidase reactions with quantitative as well as qualitative data upon which to proceed in their investigations of this class. The oxidation necessary to produce color in ordinary oxidase reagents or in plant chromogens appears to be very small. After the color has appeared, it is thought that the oxidation may continue without further change of color. The oxidation necessary to produce color in various reagents varies over a wide range. ^_^ A comparative study of nutritive solutions, I. V. Iakushkin (Jakouch- KiNE (Iz RezuVt. Vcget. Opytov Lab. Robot (Rec. Trav. Lab. Agron.), 10 (1914), pp. 25S-288, figs. 6; NieskoVko^ Dann'ikh po NormaVn'im SmQsiam, Moscow: R{abushinskikh, 1915, pp. 32, figs. 6). — Employing modifications as in- dicated of several common nutritive solutions in sand cultures, the author tested the influence exerted by each on different economic plants. These were found to respond in different ways and were modified variously by external conditions. Crone's solution, as here modified, gave improved results with millet, barley, buckwheat, and lupine. With Camelina, the solution of Prianishnikov was more favorable. With flax, the solutions of Knop, Hellriegel, and Prfanishnikov gave better results than were obtained from Crone's solution. The action of saline solutions on living plants in causing a reversible re- moval of basic substances from the plant, H. Devaxxx (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. iParis], 162 (1916), No. 15, pp. 561-563). — In experimentation described 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 225 and discussed, it is claimed that such an aquatic plant as Elodea can be made to give up an appreciable amount of calcium to a solution of potassium chlorid or ammonium chlorid in which it is kept for 30 minutes. This decalcifying action is accompained with the fixation by the plant of a portion of the cations. Salts of other alkali metals can withdraw calcium, and the action is said to be reversible. The relations between the presence of magnesium and assimilation in leaves, G. AndriS (Compt. Rend. Aca-d. Sci. IParis], 162 {1916), No. 15, pp. 563-566) .—Having followed up the work of Willstatter (B. S. R., 24, p. 329; 30, p. 311) and Mameli (E. S. R., 35, p. 435) bearing upon the alleged relation of magnesium to chlorophyll in leaves, the author found that the absolute maxi- mum of magnesium present in the leaves was attained in horse chestnut and lilac May 4 and May 3, respectively, and in chestnut April 26. If the ratio be- tween organic and residual magnesium be considered, these plants attaine*^ their respective maxima May 26, May 3, and June 14. A labile form of albumin and its relation to living protoplasm, O. Loew CBiochem. Ztschr., 11 (1915), No. 4-5, pp. 306-320).— It is claimed that there is present in the cell sap, and even in the cytoplasm of many plant cells, a very labile albuminous body which is differentiated from ordinary albumin in that it may be separated by means of ammonia and organic bases from the solution, after which, as a rule, it quickly undergoes a change resulting in a stable com- pound. This labile and active form of albumin reacts toward coloring agents as does living protoplasm, while the protosomes coagulated by heat, acids, alcohol, or other means behave like killed protoplasm in the presence of stains. The intimate relation between the stored labile albumin and the organized labile albumin or living protoplasm is said to be shown in many ways. The organic nutriment of green flowering plants, T. Bokoeny (Biochem, Ztschr., 71 (1915), No, 4-5, pp. ^i-S/S-^).— Considerable data have been ob- tained by the author regarding the ability of several common plants to utilize organic products, including some such as supposedly correspond to the products of decay in humus soils. Betention of chlorophyll in yellowed and fallen autumn leaves due to attack by animal parasites, O. Richtee {Ztschr. Fflanzenkrank., 25 {1915), No. 7, pp. 385-392, figs. 2). — Instances of retention of green color in case of certain trees by autumn leaves in spots attacked by insects, etc., are discussed. The phenomenon may be due to an interruption of the conducting vessels or possibly to the production of certain substances by animal parasites. Abscission in Mirabilis jalapa, F. E. Lloyd {Bot. Gaz., 61 {1916), No. S, pp. 213-230, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author concludes a study of M. jalapa with the claim that in this case abscission is not brought about by a separation resulting from the complete solution and destruction of a layer of tissue, but that the mode of abscission agrees in all essential details with that shown to occur in Gossypium and Ai'istolochia. Abscission, F. E. Lloyd {Ottawa Nat., 28 {1914), Nos. 3-4, pp. 41-52, figs. 3; 5-6, pp. 61-75). — A lecture delivered before the Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club, on January 27, 1914, which includes the results of observations on about 30 species of plants with special reference to the mechanism of abscission. Daily transpiration during the normal growth period and its coirelation with the weather, L. J. Bbiggs and H. L. Shantz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 4, pp. 155-212, pis. 2, figs. 18). — An account is given of investigations on the daily transpiration of a part of the plants included in the water requirement experiments at Akron, Colo., in 1914 and 1915 (E. S. R., 34, p. 522). The principal objects of the investigations were to determine the 226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 march of transpiration during tlie growth period and the extent to which the daily transpiration is correlated with various weather factors. During a 10-day period of maximum transpiration the daily loss of water from small grains ranged from 12 to 16 times the dry weight of the crop har- vested; from millets, corn, and sorghums, 6 to 9 times; and from alfalfa, 36 to 56 times. The loss of water from the small grains during the period of maxi- mum transpiration amounted to 1.5 kg. per square meter of plant surface per day ; from Sudan grass, 0.8 kg. ; and from alfalfa, 1.6 per kg. These amounts are said to be from 5 to 14 per cent of the loss during the same period from a free water surface of equal area. In considering the march of transpiration due to changes in the plant alone, transpiration in annual crop plants is found to rise to a maximum a little be- yond the middle of the growth period, after which it decreases until the plants are harvested. With perennial forage crops, such as alfalfa, there is a steady increase of transpiration to a maximum at or near the time of cutting. Correlation coefficients are shown for the different physical factors of environ- ment as related to the transpiration of different crops. Small grains show indi- vidually a markedly higher correlation between transpiration and the intensity of the various physical factors than was observed when all the crops were combined in one population. Corn, sorghums, millets, and legumes show a some- what lower correlation between transpiration and the intensity of the physical factors of ejivironment. The plants of all crops show, however, the same rela- tive dependence of transpiration on physical factors. Self-warming in flowers of night-blooming Cereus, E. Leick (Ber. Deut, Bot. GeselL, 3^ {1916), No. 1, pp. 14-22). — Reporting results of experiments carried out in 1902 and 1904 in the botanical institute at Greifswald with C. grandiflorus and C. pteranthus, the author states that the flowers show a certain amount of self-warming, but that this does not in every case make good the loss due to transpiration and is too small to be of much biological sig- nificance. The excess temperature is related to the size of the flower and is greater when it is closed and when the humidity is high, but it shows no real periodicity and disappears at the close of the blooming period. Anthers gen- erally develop more heat than the other floral parts. Measurement of evaporation rates for short time intervals, E. S. Johnston and B. E. Livingston {Plant World, 19 {1916), No. 5, pp. 136-140, fig. 1).— Noting the limitations of atmometers previously discussed (E. S. R., 34, p. 34), the authors describe herein a form of spherical porous cup atmometers in which the intensity of evaporation, which varies from time to time, may be made to indicate its value at any given time by the height of a column of mer- cury affected by the fluctuations in pressure. A field auxanometer, G. N. Collins and J. H. Kempton {Jour. Wasli. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 8, pp. 204-209, figs. 3).— It is believed that the principal re- quirements for securing satisfactory measurements of the growth of plants in the open have been met by a contrivance which is described. The cost is said to be sufficiently low to permit a number of plants to be studied at the same time. The essential features are a pasteboard mailing tube, around which is secured the record sheet, mounted on an axis attached to the winding stem of an ordinary alarm clock lying on its face, and a marker adjustably attached to a glass rod suspended from a pulley and counterbalanced, its lower end being fastened to the top of the growing plant. The whole contrivance is inclosed in a box with glass front and attached adjustably to a vertical post driven near the plant to be studied. The advantages of the machine are described. 1917] EXPERIMENT STATION RECORIl. 227 FIELD CROPS. The influence of atmospheric electricity on crop development, T. Hedltjnd {Ber. Verks. Alnarps Lantbr. och Mejeri Inst., 1913, pp. 67-97, fig. 1). — Obser- vations are reported and discussed which led to the conclusion that variations in plant development, either hereditary or otherwise, which manifest themselves in different latitudes are the result of differences in temperature and sunshine, and that there is no evidence that electric currents have any significance in .this connection. An experiment in electroculture by the Lemstrom system with sugar beets and grain at Alnarp is described and the data secured are shown in tables. The results were not sufficiently decisive to ascribe increases in yield to the influence of the artificially applied electric currents. [Work with field crops on the demonstration farm at Sacaton, Arizona] (U. 8. Dept. Int., Rpt. Comr. Indian Aff., 1915, pp. 26, 27). — ^Notes are given on the culture of various crops on this farm, and a yield of 890 lbs. per acre of lint of long-staple Egyptian cotton on a 4-acre plat under irrigation is reported. Growing grain on southern Idaho dry farms, L. C. Aichee {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 769 (1916), pp. 23, figs. 9). — This bulletin is a discussion of the dry farming conditions of southern Idaho, based on the results obtained at the Aberdeen substation since 1911. The information given is intended in particular for those who contemplate taking up homestead claims in the Snake River basin territory. The general climatic and soil conditions are discussed. Dry farm machinery equipment is described in some detail, and recommendations are made for its use. The general cultural practices best adapted to the region are discussed, and the most productive varieties of each of the leading cereals given. The best winter wheat varieties are those of the Crimean group of hard red winter wheats. The successful production of winter wheat is dependent upon certain climatic and topographical factors which are emphasized in the discus- sion. Leading spring wheat varieties are Early Baart, Pacific Bluestem, and Colorado Special. The production of this crop is also somewhat limited by conditions similar to those mentioned above. The highest-yielding oat varieties are Sixty-Day and Kherson. Winter barley has proved hardy at the lower elevations. Tennessee Winter barley has given the highest yields. Mariout and White Smyrna are the leading spring barley varieties. Winter emmer and spelt, rye, and flax have been tested at the substation, but rye is tlie only one of the four that can be recommended for general use. The Ivanof variety is one of the best types for this region. Dry farm grain tests in Montana, A. Atkinson and N. C. Donaldson {Mon- taim Sta. Bui. 110 (1916), pp. 165-218, figs. 7).— The work here reported has been noted from U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 398 and Farmers' Bulletin 749 (E. S. R., 35, p. 735; 36, p. 33). Measuring hay in ricks or stacks, H. B. McClltee and W. J. Spillman iU. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec, Circ. 67 (1916), pp. 10, figs. 4).— This circular is a revision of material noted in Bureau of Plant Industry Circular 131 (E. S. R., 29, p. 532), including new data relating to errors in measurement and to the rate of settling of hay in the stack. A table has been compiled showing the losses due to measuring 6 in. short in any dimension for the nine different shapes of stacks illustrated. The greatest error occurs in measuring width and the least in measuring the " over." The "Department rule," as outlined, is compared with the " quartermaster's rule " and the Frye-Bruhm rule for measuring the volume of a stack in cubic 228 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.36 feet. The quartermaster's rule shows a variation of 25 per cent, except when used to measure medium-full, low stacks, in which case it compares favorably with the Department rule. The Frye-Bruhm rule shows a variation of 24 per cent and compares favorably with the Department rule in the measurement of the full-rounded type of stack only. Studies of the rate of settling indicate that hay in the stack after the third day will suffer a further loss in height of approximately 17 per cent in 146 days. Experiments with potatoes and root crops, P. R. Fedorov {Bezenchuk. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Sta., No. 70 (1915), pp. 9).— In culture tests with potatoes the average yield for five years was largest on ground plowed from 8 to 9 in. deep, while the average for ten years was in favor of plowing to a depth of 7 in. Experiments with tubers of different sizes for seed resulted in favor of whole tubers of large or medium size and from the use of small potatoes planted two in a hill. Planting 22 in. apart each way gave the most satisfactory results. Hoeing and hilling the soil around the plants proved beneficial except in locali- ties subject to drought. A comparison was made of dry manure, manure ash, ordinary barnyard manure, barnyard manure and Thomas phosphate, and Tliomas phosphate used alone. The use of dry manure gave the greatest yield in 1915 and also on the average for the three preceding years. The varieties tested, given in decreasing order of yield, were Richter Im- perator, Professor Maerker, Alcohol, Six- Weeks, White Elephant, Local Yellow, White Flour Ball, Local Pink, Mayflower, White Star, Delicatesse, Sunrise, Count Razumovski, Blue Giant, and Professor Wohltmann. Richter Imperator, Professor Maerker, and Alcohol produced the greatest quantity of starch. Beet seed was sown after soaking and the plants were thinned the middle of May and the middle of June to a distance of 17 in. in the row. The Pink half- sugar beet produced the best yield. The Gerand carrot proved most productive and resistant to insect pests. Studies in Indian oil seeds. — I, Safflower and mustard, A. and Gabkielle L. C. Howard, and A. R. Khan {Mem. Dept. Agr. india, Bot. Ser., 7 (1915), No. 7, pp. 235-272, pU. 6, figs. 2). — This article discusses the economic value of Indian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and Indian mustard or rai (Bras- sica juncea), describes the blossoms of these plants, presents a classification and description of types, and reports the results of observations on pollination and cross fertilization. Observations on the blossoms of safflower under bags and nets and unpro- tected led to the conclusion that insects were not necessary for pollination, provided that air movement and the natural humidity were not affected. Under parchment-paper bags the average number of seeds set per head was small as compared with blossoms covered with nets and those allowed to develop in the open. A test of confining blossoms in lamp chimneys closed below and partially opened above and allowing blossoms to develop in free air to determine the effect of increased humidity on setting showed a marked inhibiting effect of the moist, confined air in the lamp chimney, but it is thought possible that temperature is a factor also and that the pollen grains do not germinate readily in moist, hot air. The effect of the season on the setting of the seed was found to be quite marked. The best results in nearly every case were secured from early planting. A study of 321 plants of four different types resulted in the determination of 52 heterozygotes, or 16.5 per cent. In connection with this indication of a high percentage of self-fertilization it is pointed out that ap- parently natural crossing is not essential in maintaining the vigor of the crop. A study of the oil content of the types of Indian safflower showed a range from 13.86 to 30.19 per cent. The data showed further that there was no 1917] FIELD CROPS. 229 antagonism between high oil content and the full development of the red color- ing matter, as indicated by the faded florets. In selection experiments with Indian mustard, 197 out of 398 single plant cultures, or 49.5 per cent, bred true. Observations on. 1,067 plants of five different types showed that only 151 were heterozygotes. The results of hy- bridization experiments with Indian and Burma mustard showed that in four out of six cases the Fi was taller than the taller parent, while in the other two it was intermediate. When types with close and spreading pods were crossed the close arrangement prevailed in the progeny. Indian mustards with divided leaves crossed with Burma forms with entire leaves gave an intermediate Pi and a series in F2. The Fi of a cross of late and early forms was intermediate. Growth of legumes as influenced by lime, A. Lapakan y Layosa {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 {1916), No. 9-10, pp. 181-184). — The results are reported of liming experiments conducted at the College of Agriculture at Los Banos, caustic lime being applied at the rates of 1,500 and 2,500 lbs. per hectare. The use of lime proved beneficial for the production of psophocarpus, soy beans, and kulthi, but cowpeas and mongos gave better yields on the unlimed plats. The application of 1,500 lbs. per hectare gave the better results with psopho- carpus and soy beans and the heavier application with kulthi. The effect of lime was more marked during rainy than dry weather. Abaca fiber, R. B. Espino {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 {1916), No. 9-10, pp. 200-216, fig. 1, pis. 3). — The results of an anatomical study of abaca and of some cultural tests made with the crop are reported. The standard grades of abaca strips and of abaca fiber are briefly described. In summarizing the article the author states that the erect stem of abaca contains no sclerenchyma strands near the epidermis, since it is enclo.sed and supported by many overlapping leaf sheaths strong enough to hold up the leaf laminae, flowers, and fruit in their proper places. The width of the sheaths of a trunk is stated to increase from the outermost to one-third or one-half of the way to the middle, and decreases from there inward. The yield of fiber varies with the width of the sheath. Fibers from the edges of the sheath were deter- mined to be stronger per unit of weight than those from the middle part of the same sheath. The strongest fiber was obtained from the widest sheath. It is stated that the most fiber strands are situated near the outer epidermis, fol- lowed on the inside by sclerenchyma strands with some conducting tissue. Large vascular bundles are found in the internal portion of the sheath. Fiber composed of cells having thin walls and wide laminse was found weaker than fiber with cells having thicker walls and narrower laminae, and fiber composed of long cells weaker than that composed of shorter ones. In a field test plants exposed to the sun and wind yielded almost double the amount of fiber produced by those under shade and protected from the wind. It was found that the formation of fiber was greatly influenced by cleaning the plantation. A study of four strains of beets, V. Bolotov {Zhur. Opytn. Agron., 16 {1915), No. 2, pp. 106-111). — Results of experiments are reported showing that the size of cells in beets is a hereditary character, and that beets with small cells are generally higher in sugar content than those in which the cellular structure is of larger dimensions. Dwarf broom corns, B. E. Rothgeb {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 768 {1916), pp. 16, figs. 7). — This gives detailed information on the production of the dwarf broom corns. The harvesting and marketing of the crop are fully discussed. A study of the effects of commercial fertilizers on com, P. L. Monjellano {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 {1916), No. 9-10, pp. 217-230).— The results 230 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 of a series of fertilizer experiments reported led to the conclusion that the use of reasonable amounts of double or single superphosphates is profitable on the soil in question. The crop did not appear to show any sign of preferring one form of fertilizer to another as a means of supplying the same element of plant food. Heavy applications of commercial nitrogenous fertilizers did not prove profitable. Applications of from 500 to 1.500 kg. per hectare (445 to 1,335 lbs. per acre) of lime broadcasted are considered safe and remunerative. Complete fertilizers greatly hastened the increase of height in the plants, while nitrogen alone had an invigorating effect on the development of large, deep-green leaves and heavy stalks. The use of potash seemed to affect the development of all parts of the plant. Maize grading, 1915, J. A. T. Walteks (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IS (1916), No. 1, pp. 4^-51). — ^The grading of maize for export in 1915 in Rhodesia is briefly reported, together with a description of the grades and the chief causes of rejection. A table shows that for a part of the year the exports consisted of 44.1 per cent of first grade and 48.7 per cent of second grade maize, while 7.2 per cent of the quantity offered was rejected. Cotton breeding report for 1914, B. G. C. Bolland (Agr. Jour. Egypt, 5 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 19-30, pJs. 2). — This is a report of progress in the breeding of four varieties of cotton, presenting detailed descriptions of the characters of each variety together with tabulated statistical data based on measurements and other determinations. Cotton production in the United States: Crop of 1915 (Bur. of the Census [U. S.], Cotton P7'od. U. S., 1915, pp. 28). — Statistics are presented in tables as to the cotton ginned from the crop of 1915 for the United States, the several States, and individual counties. The cotton production for the year, as re- ported, was 11,191,820 500-lb. bales with 880,780 500-lb. bales of linters in addi- tion. The production of Sea Island cotton is given as 91,844 running bales. A study of cowpea culture with, special reference to selection in the New Era variety, A. Constantino y San Juan (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 (1916), No. 9-10, pp. 185-194). — A selection experiment with New Era cowpeas is described and the results are discussed. Of 1,000 plants studied, 13 indicated exceptional forage and 16 exceptional grain production. As compared with unselected stock the selected plants produced a gain of 251,244 kg. of seed and 1,651,483 kg. of vegetable matter per hectare (224 and 1,470 lbs. per acre). The New Era is reported as the one variety having proved successful on the college farm and in its vicinity at Los Banos. A test of planting cowpeas on different dates showed that the best returns were secured from plantings made from August to December. Flax for fiber. — Its cultivation and handling, J. Adams (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 28, 2. ser. (1916), pp. 23, figs. 15). — A general discussion is pre- sented on the cultivation of flax for fiber and its preparation for the market under Canadian conditions. Some of the results secured in experimental work relating to flax culture at the Canada Experimental Farms are quoted. Napier fodder or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), J. A. T. Walters (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 13 (1916), No. 1, pp. 87-91, pis. 4.). — A description is given of this grass and its composition is compared with that of green maize. When the crop was cut March 1, 3 ft. of green growth had been made by the first week of July as compared with 2.25 ft. when cut April 1 and 6 in. when cut May 1. Two roots of the grass planted April 17, 1914, were divided into 224 individual plants on December 7. Rooted cuttings planted on a dry ridge made a good growth, although the rainfall in the first season subsequent to planting Avas less than 12 in. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 231 Methods for the determination of the hull content of oats, Zade {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 11-12, pp. ^95-^ii ) .—This article reports the re- sults of the determination of the hull content in numerous samples of several varieties of oats, describes and discusses the different steps in the determina- tion, and proposes methods for determining this factor as a means of ascer- taining the feeding value as well as to what extent the hull content represents a variety character. For the determination of the hull content of a sample in judging its feeding value, the author proposes the removal from an average sample of all foreign matter together with all undeveloped kernels, empty hulls, hull parts, and naked caryopses, the taking of a portion of about 25 gm. from the sample thug cleaned, the separation of the hulls and the caryopses, with the removal at this time of all kernels found to l^ imperfect, and the determination by weight of the perfect caryopses and their hulls calculated to a percentage basis. For the determination of the hull content as a varietal characteristic, the sample secured as above described is divided into firsts and seconds or outer and inner kernels, and the hull content determined from each separately. It is stated that for all practical purposes it is sufficient to determine the hull con- tent for the outer kernels only, as the hull content of the outer kernel bears a fairly constant relation to that of the inner kernel. As this procedure does not take into account the relative production of the outer and inner kernels It is suggested that if this is to be ascertained the material for study should include all the kernels produced by plants representing the average stand of the field. A study of the production of peanuts, G. Consunji y Tongco (Philippine Ayr. and Forester, 4 (1916), No. 9-10, pp. 195-199). — Cultural note.s and varietal descriptions are given, and the results of a comparison of seven varieties of peanuts are shown in tables. The best average yields of nuts were secured from the Big Japan, Virginia Bunch, and Improved Virginia varieties. For catch crops in young plantations the American, Chinese, Big Japan, Virginia Bunch, Native Lemery, and Im- proved Virginia, and in old plantations the Spanish varieties ; for a cover crop the Improved Virginia ; for haymaking the Spanish varieties ; and for market- ing in the form of nuts the Chinese variety are recommended. [Potato experiments], O. B. Whipple (Montana Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 252, 253). — Notes are given on potato experiments conducted on the station farm and at the Judith Basin substation. At the Judith Basin substation. Pearl, Green Mountain, and Carman No. 1 gave the highest yields. Thinning slightly reduced the yield but improved the quality of the tubers. Under dry-land conditions a planting distance of from 12.5 to 15.5 in. apart in the row gave the best results, while ridging sUghtly reduced the yield. On the station farm Russet Burbank gave the highest yield among the main- crop varieties, and Early Ohio the best of the early varieties. Early thinning was found to be most effective, but only with Russet Burbank was it found to increase the yield. Pure lines of Russet Burbank and Rural New Yorker, Isolated by hill selection, were tested again in 1915, but did not give noticeably higher results. The planting of cull seed for a 3-year period has only slightly increased the percentage of culls produced as compared with selected seed. Influence of the size of the seed tuber on the quantity and quality of the potato crop, P. Igonin (BezencJiuk. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Sta., No. 67 (1915), pp. 5). — The results of the experiments here reported indicated that the starch content is higher in large than in small tubers. While the size of the seed tuber influenced the growth of the plant, the increase in tuber production was not in proportion to the size of the seed tuber. The net crop from small 232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 tubers was greater than from large ones, but the largest crop was secured from the use of medium-sized tubers for seed. The size of the seed tuber had the same influence with early and late varieties. The yield of late potatoes was from 75 to 100 per cent greater than that of early varieties. The cost of potato production in Russia, V. Kotelnikov (Selsk. Khoz. i Ltesov., 249 (1915), Oct., pp. 213-243). — This article reports the cost of potato production in rubles (0.515 cts.) per dessyatine (2.7 acres) for each of the Governments of Russia. The data collected in this connection are presented in tables. The average cost of production on large and small farms in 19 Governments is given in the table below: Average cost per dessyatine of producing potatoes in 19 Governments of Russia. Kind of expenditures. Gentlemen's estates. Peasants' farms. Labor Rubles. 43.24 19.26 35.25 6.61 11.77 Percent. 37.2 16.6 30.4 5.7 10.1 Rubles. 36.66 16.62 32.83 3.25 11.77 Per cent. 36.3 16.4 Seed 32.3 3.2 Land lease 11.7 Green-manuring rice, G. C Sherkaed (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], 3 {1915), 1^0. 1, pp. 66-68). — The results of green-manuring rice with san hemp {Crotolaria juncea) and dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) are reported for a series of years on three different farms. The tabulated results show that green manuring gave an increase in the yield of rice every year at each of the places where the work was conducted. It is recommended that these green manuring crops be sown in, time to reach the proper stage of development at the period when the land is ordinarily puddled, that all of the green substance of the crops be mixed with and buried in the mud, and that the rice be transplanted on the land thus prepared about a week later. Nitrogenous fertilizers for winter rye, S. Hasund (Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 23 (1916), No. 3, pp. 139-1^1). — Cooperative experiments with Norwegian lime- nitrogen and Norwegian nitrate as a fertilizer for winter rye are described, and the results are reported in tables. The applications used furnished equal quan- tities of nitrogen. The use of Norwegian lime-nitrogen gave, in general, the same crop increase secured from the applications of Norwegian nitrate. ractors influencing the protein content of soy beans, J. G. Lipman and A. W. Blair (Soil Sci., 1 (1916), No. 2, pp. 171-178).— This is a continuation of work already noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 140). It was found that thick ^seeding up to 20 and 30 plants per pot increased re- turns as regards dry matter and total nitrogen, the latter fact seeming to indi- cate increased or intensified utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by means of symbiotic bacteria in case of the thicker plantings. It seems certain that by thick seeding of soy beans, much more nitrogen is secured from a given area, much of which is drawn from the atmosphere. In order to test whether, with abundant available nitrogen in the soil, legumes draw less nitrogen from the air than when soil nitrogen is scanty, experiments M'ere carried out with gradually increasing nitrogenous fertilizers. From these experiments, in which both tops and roots gave the same sort of results, it is concluded that in the sand cultures at least, nodule formation is not decreased by applications of nitrogenous fertilizers. The plants evidently used some of the applied nitrogen, but the excellent growth made by the checks would lead 1917] FIELD CROPS. 233 to the belief that perhaps 65 to 75 per cent of the nitrogen recovered was se- cured from the atmosphere. Variety tests with pot cultures and in the open field are also described and discussed. Variations in the sugar content of the beet in relation to selection in Italy, O. MuNERATi, G. IMezzadboli, and T. V. Zapparoli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 (1915), No. 9, pp. 605-637, figs. 2).— For the purpose of this study an- alyses of beets planted April 2, May 19, and July 11 were made on different dates from July 23 to January 5. Also different portions of the root were analyzed to determine the distribution of sugar in the beet. The data secured relating to sugar content and its fluctuation and the weight of the leaves and the roots are given in tabular form. The results of the analysis of different portions of individual beets showed the least variation in the samples taken from the upper third of the root. From other data obtained it is concluded that the composition of the beet at a certain time can not be regarded as indicating its sugar content on an earlier or a later date, if left to grow. It was further brought out that two beets appar- ently identical in all respects may present different values in the transmission of their sugar-producing qualities and that, on the other hand, beets differing in weight and in sugar content may have the same merits or defects. The influence of defoliating sugar beets on their sugar content, O. MuNERATi, G. Mezzadroli, and T, V. Zapparoli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 4S {1915), No. 10-11, pp. 743-771, figs. 2). — The experiments described were con- ducted to determine the influence of removing the leaves of sugar beets on their sugar content, and for this purpose analyses of normal and defoliated beets were made on different dates of the growing period. The results of the analyses are given in tables. It was found that beets allowed to develop normally after transplanting increased constantly in weight in proportion to the development of the new leaves. The beets with abundant foliage were able to treble their weight in about three months, while beets with scanty foliage increased but little in weight. Beets from which the leaves were removed from time to time did not increase in weight, and in many instances showed a loss. In the normal beets the total sugar content was also closely related to the development of the leaves, while the beets defoliated sustained a loss in sugar content. The per- centage of sugar also diminished constantly and progressively in the defoliated beets, while in the normal beets, with the exception of an initial reduction due to the growth of the first leaves, the percentage of sugar remained nearly sta- tionary during the constant and progressive increase in the weight of the root. In certain individuals not only was the weight of the root greatly increased and in consequence the total sugar, but also the percentage of sugar. It was found that the defoliated beets were reduced in storage quality. The authors believe that their results confirm the claim that the production of new leaves is carried on at the expense of the sugar contained in the root. Notes on the growth of sugar cane, J. M. Taxuqdab (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], 3 {1915), No. 1, pp. 15-28, pi. 1). — Observations are reported on the rate of growth of sugar cane, and the results of excessive growth measure- ments are given in tabular and graphical form. Variation in the rate of growth noted during the season suggested that if certain canes spend more energy for their growth during a certain period they will have less energy at their disposal during the period of time immediately following, which causes a reduction in the rate of development. It is concluded from the data obtained that the rate of growth depends upon the degree of moisture and temperature of the soil and the atmosphere, that these two factors 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 must cooperate in their action, and that the effect of both is influenced and controlled by the individuality of the type of cane and its accumulated energy. Chemical changes during the ripening of sugar cane, J. Mieasol y Jison (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 (1915), No. 5-€, pp. 101-108). — A study of the chemical changes occurring in ripening sugar cane is reported, and the results of experiments with local Philippine varieties are presented. The analytical data are given in tables. It was determined that during the ripening period a point is reached when the purity is very high, the sucrose content at its maximum, and the reducing sugar at its minimum, and that sugar made from the juice at this stage is of high grade. It was observed that after this point is reached and maintained for a length of time depending on the variety, the soil, and climatic conditions, the purity and sucrose content of the cane decrease and the reducing sugar increases. The upper third of the cane was found to contain the least sucrose and the most reducing sugar, together with a low degree of purity. It is stated that the sugar produced from a given area of Los Banos White cane by a modern mill is of more than twice the value of sugar obtained from the same area by native processes. A comparison of annual cropping, biennial cropping, and green manures on the yield of wheat, B. A. Madson (California Sta. Bui. 270 (1916), pp. 3-U, fig^ ^)_ — This bulletin is an amplification of the results obtained from cereal investigations reported in Bulletin 211 (E. S. R., 24, p. 637). A study is made of the effect of continuous cropping, alternate cropping, and fallow and green manuring on the yield of wheat and on the soil. Continuous cropping rapidly decreased the yield of wheat to a point below profitable production. Fallow was found to be the most effective means of maintaining the productiveness of semiarid soils, although the use of green manure crops increased the yield above that of continuous cropping. A decided difference was noted in the effect of different cover crops upon wheat production, the outstanding feature being that a cereal should not be used as a green manure in a cereal rotation. The organic matter added to the soil from a green-manure crop seems to be lost through oxidation the following summer, and the humus content of the soil, or the humus nitrogen content, does not appear to be increased. The favorable effects of green-manure crops must therefore be attributed to other causes than the increase of humus in the soil. Frequent fallowing will probably deplete the humus content of the soil, although it greatly stimulates production. The irrigation of wheat, F. S. Hakris (Utah Sta. Bui. U6 (1916), pp. S-32, figs. 22). — This bulletin gives the results of irrigation experiments with wheat extending over a period of four years. The general literature on the subject is reviewed, together with 17 bulletins published by the Utah Station dealing with the irrigation of wheat. The experiments were divided into two groups : (1) The plats to which varying quantities of water were added weekly, and (2) the plats receiving a uniform amount of water at each of four fixed stages in the growth of the crop. These stages were (1) when five leaves had de- veloped, (2) when the plants were just preparing to head out, (3) when most of the plants were in bloom, and (4) the dough stage. Some of the more strik- ing results are as follows : The highest yields were obtained with three irrigations of 5 in. each applied at the first, second, and third stages of growth. Irrigation water applied after the grain was planted but before it was up and that applied after the dough stage decreased the yield. If only one irrigation is to be given it should be applied at the first stage of growth. The date of maturity of wheat was retarded by excessive irrigation. Economy in water was increased by the use 1917] FIELD CROPS. 235 of barnyard manure. From 75 to 95 per cent of the yield of irrigated wlieat under the various systems of irrigation was produced by the natural precipi- tation. The detailed results of the experiments are given in tabular form. Yellow-berry in wheat: Its cause as indicated by its composition, W. P. Headden {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 36 {1915), pp. 41-56). — This paper re- views the conclusions of a number of investigators of this subject, and presents the results of experiments by the author in support of the contention (E. S. R., 33, p. 41) that the ratio of available nitrogen to available potassium, and not the climatic conditions, is the principal factor in determining flintiness and starchiness of wheat. An experiment on wheat is noted in which 12 in. of water was applied in addition to a rainfall of, 9.94 in. from spring to harvest in comparison with growing wheat with a rainfall of 8.37 in. during the same period. Under these two methods of culture both flinty and yellow-berry wheat was produced. The differences in composition of flinty and starchy kernels grown in this experiment on the same plat were found to be identical with those of the flinty and starchy kernels of the same wheats grown under the same conditions but receiving either nitrogen or potassium. It is stated that wheat grown on contiguous plats of the same land and from the same lot of seed produced dark or flinty kernels with the application of nitrates, and light-colored, starchy kernels with the application of potassium. It was further shown that the application of nitrogen suppressed the phosphorus while the application of potassium did not increase it. The samples of yellow-berry wheat analyzed in this connection contained approximately 50 per cent more phosphorus than the flinty samples. Another experiment was made to determine the effects of applying 1, 2, and 3 acre-feet of water. Marquis wheat sown April 2 received its flrst and last irri- gations May 11 and August 15, respectively. The plats receiving 3 acre-feet of water were irrigated at intervals of from 8 to 12 days, while the plats receiv- ing 2 acre-feet were given five irrigations and those receiving 1 acre-foot three irrigations. The wheat produced from all these plats was badly affected by yellow-berry, but the analytical results indicated no such differences as were found between the flinty and yellow-berry wheats. A sample grown with 1 acre- foot of water contained 10.423 per cent crude protein, 7.669 per cent true gluten, and 0.45 per cent phosphorus ; that grown with 2 acre-feet, 10.557 per cent crude protein, 7.381 per cent true gluten, and 0.449 per cent phosphorus; and that receiving 3 acre-feet, 10.519 per cent crude protein, 8.079 per cent true gluten, and 0.454 per cent phosphorus. A sample of wheat grown with an application of 1 acre-foot of water on another soil contained less than 15 per cent of yellow- berry and had a protein content of 15.998 per cent, of true gluten 11.042 per cent, and of phosphorus 0.374 per cent. Three trials, were made to show that well-rotted manure does not produce the results shown to follow the application of nitrogen in the form of sodic nitrate. The manure was applied at the rate of approximately 16 loads per acre and the water used was 1, 2, and 3 acre-feet. In the wheat produced on these plats yellow-berry was just as prevalent as in the grain grown without manure. The crude protein in three samples grown without manure was 10.423, 10.557, and 10.519 per cent, and in three samples grown with manure 10.813, 10.519, and 11.931 per cent. The true gluten in the grain grown without manure was 7.669, 7.381, and 8.079 per cent ; with manure, 7.864, 8.005, and 7.904 per cent ; while the phosphorus in the grain grown without manure was 0.45. 0.449, and 0.454 per cent, and with manure, 0.452, 0.456, and 0.458 per cent 236 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Witch weed or rooi-bloem (Striga lutea): A new pest of the maize crop in Ehodesia, J. A. T. Walters {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IS {1916), No. 2, pp. 234- 236). — This article discusses briefly the relation of this plant to maize culture and suggests a method of control. The witch weed is parasitic on the roots of the maize plant, which remains short and stunted and even fails to produce an ear when attacked. " It is computed that a single plant frequently produces a thousand seeds, and it is known that these seeds retain their germinating power for years." Contributions to the control of weeds by means of chemical substances, especially sulphuric acid, W. Gelpke (Beitrdge zur Unkrautbekdmpfung durch chemische Mittel, insbesondere durch Schwefelsdure. Diss. Univ. Qiessen, 1914, pp. IJf, pis. 6). — Results of experiments in weed control by means of the follow- ing substances are described : Ferrous sulphate, iron chlorid, sulphuric acid, sodium chlorid, sodium carbonate, borax, chrome alum, potassium bichromate, manganese dioxid, acid potassium sulphate, carbolineum, carbolic acid, potash soap, calcium cyanamid, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, kainit, Thomas slag, and cupro-azotin. For the destruction of wild mustard a 15 to 20 per cent solution of ferrous sulphate was found adequate. Other weeds, exclusive of the grasses, were de- stroyed by the use of sulphuric acid in solutions ranging from 3 to 10 per cent of acid of 66° Baume. The relatively weaker solutions applied at the rate of from 1,000 to 1,500 liters per hectare (107 to 160 gal. per acre) are recom- mended, and applications of this kind are reported as causing no serious injury to growing grain. The use of this solution was most effective at the time the weed plants had from three to five leaves. It was found that the use of sul- phuric acid solution did not destroy the underground parts of those weeds natu- rally provided with well-developed root systems, especially when the plants were in an advanced stage of growth. A list of 71 references to literature on the subject is given. HOETICULTURE. Diseases and pests of garden plants, M. van den Beoek and P. J. Schenk (Ziekten en Beschadigingen der Tuinhouwgewassen. Groninger: J. B. Walters, 1915, vols. 1, pp. XII+3S2, figs. 157; 2, pp. VIII +252, figs. 70).— Part 1 of this work contains descriptive accounts of the destructive insects, birds, animals, and other pests of plants, as well as the more important fungus diseases. Part 2 describes the various means of combating pests and diseases of garden plants. A resume of the principal laws enacted in various countries relating to pests and diseases of plants is included. Muck crops, A. E. Wilkinson {New York: Orange Jiidd Co., 1916, pp. XIII+ 257, figs. 82). — A treatise on vegetable growing on muck land. The first few chapters discuss the nature, distribution, and value of muck and methods of reclaiming muck land. The succeeding chapters treat in detail of the culture of different vegetables, information being given relative to specific requirements, varieties, preparation of the soil, planting, care of crops, fertilizer, harvesting, marketing, yield, costs, and returns. The subject matter is drawn primarily from the experience of practical men. [Report of horticultural investigations], O. B. Whipple {Montana Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 250-252).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 534) mulching experiments were conducted with something over 20 different vege- tables. The mulch, which consisted of 5 or 6 in. of straw, proved to have a retarding influence on practically all crops, the warm season crops suffering the most. While the mulch conserved more moisture than cultivation, it lowered the 1917] HORTICULTURE. 237 soil temperature so much as to offset the increased moisture conservation. Cauli- flower was the only crop which showed any improvement, the yield and quality of heads being considerably better on mulched plats. Plants on mulched plats suffered much more from the frosts of late spring and early fall. The work is to be continued in other sections of the State where conditions are hotter and drier than at the station. The work on premature seeding of celery was continued. Seedlings started February 2 and set in the field June 17 produced 64 per cent of seed stalks, while seedlings started March 2 and set in the field June 17 produced only 15 per cent. Soil made very rich with well-rotted manure increased the percentage of seed stalks in the case of early planting about 20, as compared with plants in good average greenhouse soil. Moving the plants of the early planting to cold frames early, where their growth was checked by cool temperatures, in- creased the amount of seed stalks by 30 per cent. A severe trimming of the tops at transplanting time also had a tendency to increase the number of seed stalks. Variety tests with cabbage, cauliflower, and onions are briefly noted. At the horticultural substation in the Bitter Root Valley apple trees in plats which have been in clover two years out of each three-year period since the orchard was planted have not only made the best growth, but have produced the most fruit. During the eight years of growth the trees on clean cultivated plats have not only produced less fruit and less growth, but are now in very bad con- dition due to lack of soil fertility. Most of the varieties of apples suffering the previous year from blight were again seriously affected. The Wealthy variety has shown the greatest susceptibility at the crown of the tree and just below the surface of the ground. It would appear that this variety must be worked on some resistant stock if it is to be planted commercially. Vanderpool Red gives promise of becoming a good commercial variety for such altitudes as that of the Bitter Root Valley. Of the sour cherries under test, Dyehouse and Baldwin appear to be the best early ones and Morello and Wragg the best late ones. Tests conducted at the Judith Basin substation have demonstrated that even in the nonirrigated sections of Montana a good collection of ornamental trees and shrubs can be grown. Notes on the newer varieties, P. Thayer (Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., 49 {1916), pp. 45-49). — This comprises notes on the newer varieties of orchard and small fruits under observation at the Ohio Experiment Station. Do we need new varieties of commercial fruits? E. J. Wickson {Trans, and Proc. Cat. Assoc. Nurserymen, 5 {1915), pp. 4^-50). — In this paper the author calls attention to some weaknesses of present varieties of commercial fruits and suggests qualities which should be sought for in producing new varieties. Five years' experiments in orchard fertilization, F. H. Ballou {Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., 49 {1916), pp. 94-103).— An abridged report of in- vestigations previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 40). Pruning investigations, V. R. Gardner, J. R. Magness, and A. F. Yeager (Oregon Sta. Buh 139 (1916), pp. 92, figs. 99).— This bulletin reports the fol- lowing pruning studies conducted at the station : The early summer pruning of young apple trees, V. R. Gardner (pp. 3-45). — Preliminary experiments started by C. I. Lewis and E. J. Kraus of the station in 1910 showed that early summer pruning of young apple trees aided in the development of the framework of the trees and stimulated fruit spur formation. The present investigation was started in 1912 to find out to what extent this is the case and how the earlier bearing condition is brought about. Some of the trees in the experimental orchard received no pruning, some were pruned in the ordinary way late in the dormant season, and others were similarl.y 78786°— No. 3—17 4 238 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 pruned during the dormant season and also given a heavy early summer (July 1 to 10) thinning out and heading back. Records of growth under the varying pruning treatments included number and length of shoots, shoot diameter, trunk circumference, and number and distribution of fruit spurs. The results of this investigation as a whole are summarized as follows : " The data relating to shoot growth indicate that on the average the unpruned tree increases in size a little more rapidly than the tree that is winter pruned only, or that is both winter and summer pruned. Its average annual shoot growth is less, but it loses none of this by pruning, and hence its net increase is greater. Broadly speaking, there is but little difference in increase in size between trees that are winter pruned only and those that are both winter and summer pruned. The summer-pruned trees lose more shoot growth from prun- ing, but they produce nearly enough more to compensate for the additional loss. " The amount of shoot growth produced any one season by young apple trees that have not yet developed many spurs is closely correlated with the amount they made the preceding season and shows little correlation with the amount of (i. e., the severity of) their winter pruning. Likewise the amount of shoot growth produced late in the summer, following early summer pruning, is closely correlated with the amount of the shoot growth possessed by the tree at the time of summer pruning and shows little correlation with the amount of (i. e.. the severity of) the summer pruning. " During certain portions of the growing season the winter-pruned trees of certain varieties increase in trunk circumference more rapidly than trees that have been both summer and winter pruned ; during other portions of the year the reverse is the case. There seems to be a close correlation between increase in trunk circumference at any period during the summer and the leaf area possessed by the tree at that particular time. " In some varieties heavy early summer pruning has the effect of causing those shoots remaining after the pruning to thicken and become more stocky than those in trees that are not summer pruned. In other varieties the shoots in the trees that are winter pruned only are the thicker and stockier. In all the varieties studied the late shoot growth on the summer-pruned trees (i. e., the shoot growth formed after the summer pruning) is comparatively slender. " Summer pruning of the type described affords a direct stimulus to fruit- spur formation. Some of the buds on the basal portions of the shoots that are left after the summer pruning almost invariably grow out into fruit spurs dur- ing the latter part of the summer. Those that remain dormant during the latter part of the summer are just as apt to develop into spurs the following year as similarly situated buds on shoots that are not summer pruned. " The late summer-shoot growth of the summer-pruned trees is very produc- tive of fruit spurs the season following its formation. A high percentage of its buds develop into spurs. Herein, apparently, lies the chief gain in fruit- spur production from the summer pruning. On the trees that are winter pruned only, there is no growth to correspond with it. There is little or no relation between the severity of the summer pruning and the number of spurs to each unit of shoot length that remains. " Summer pruning of the type described affords a means of developing a fruit-spur system in young apple trees earlier than is possible with the ordinary method of winter pruning only ; it is estimated that its judicious use with va- rieties bearing mainly upon spurs will enable the apple grower to bring his trees into bearing approximately a year earlier than is otherwise possible, and still maintain and develop a good framework. 1917] . HORTICULTURE. 239 " Summer-pruned trees show a tendency to mature their wood a little later in the fall and might consequently be expected to be more susceptible to winter injury. They have not, however, proved more susceptible to bark splitting caused by severe winter weather." The influence of summer pruning on hud development in the apple, J. R. Mag- ness (pp. 46-77). — The investigation upon which the present paper is based was conducted to determine some of the influences of certain types of summer pruning on buds of the apple. It included a study of the effect of these types of pruning upon developing flower buds on spurs, upon leaf buds borne on spurs, and upon axillary buds on the current season's growth, whether leaf or fruit. The trees included in the work were in their fourth season of growth when the first summer pruning was given them. But studies were conducted on seven representative varieties of apples, the buds being collected at differ- ent intervals during the year, prepared, stained, and mounted for further comparison. The investigation as a whole is summarized as follows : " The method and season of spur fruit bud differentiation and development was found to be identical with that described by previous investigators. Spur leaf buds developed during early summer, but little growth occurred later than buds developed during early summer, but little growth occurred later than July in those varieties investigated. "Axillary buds developed very rapidly for a time following their initial for- mation, then grew slowly until about the time shoot growth ceased. Initial diiferentiation of axillary fruit buds occurred about one month later than in spur buds on the same trees. The main differentiation took place during late August and September. Method of development of axillary fruit buds seemed to be exactly like that of spur fruit buds. However, they followed spur buds in point of time of differentiation, and never entirely caught up with them. The difference between axillary buds in general and buds on spurs in general seemed to be in degree of development rather than in method. No influence of the early summer heading backs could be detected in the number of fruit buds formed on established spurs. Early summer heading back tended greatly to reduce the number of fruit buds formed on the one year wood. Leaf buds on pruned shoots, both on the primary and secondary growth, were not visibly influenced by the pruning. They appeared to function like similarly located buds on unpruned shoots. This, coupled with the fact that the form of the summer-pruned shoot allows many axillary buds to be left at the time of the following winter pruning, accounts for the greatly increased number of spurs in trees that have received regularly an early summer heading back." A bibliography of cited literature is appended and the study is illustrated by a number of microphotogi'aphic plates. A statistical study of the fruit-sprir system of certain apple trees, A. F. Yeager (pp. 78-92). — ^This investigation was conducted to determine what rela- tion various characteristics of the spur bear to fruit production. Two series of data were collected. One entire series was furnished by a single 25-year-old Grimes tree. The second series was obtained for the purpose of learning some- thing about the life histories of old spurs, and the spurs were obtained from Grimes, Domine, and Yellow Bellflower trees, all approximately 25 years old. The results secured from the data as a whole are summarized as follows: " As a general rule, the percentage of spurs which flowered decreased more or less rapidly with age, depending on the variety. The percentage of spurs bearing fruits decreased much more rapidly than the percentage blooming. On the average, spurs decreased in amount of fruit to each bearing spur as they became older, though the more vigorous of the older spurs produced more than 240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the average of the younger spurs. Among spurs of uniform age, there was a marked degree of correlation between their length and production. This cor- relation was more pronounced as the spurs became older. " There was considerable correlation between the amount of growth that a spur made one year and its production the following year. The average Grimes spur grew more during the year that it produced fruit, than the year it was not fruiting. Spurs bearing two years in succession averaged somewhat less to each spur the second season than other spurs that bore no crop the first season. " There was a high degree of correlation between the diameter of spurs and their production. This was practically the same for old spurs as for young. Spurs of the same age borne on branches of large diameter bore a larger amount of fruit than those on smaller branches. " In the Grimes tree studied the largest average production for each spur was found in the south quarter. The upper part of the tree produced more to each spur than the lower, and there was a slightly greater production for each spur on the outside of the tree than on the inside. Wherever the average pro- duction for each spur was less than the mean, the average age was more." Factors which influence regular bearing in an apple orchard, J. H. Goubley (Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., 49 {1916), pp. 67-73).— The substance of this paper, which is based on the results of experiments at the New Hampshire Ex- periment Station, has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 833). Arsenate of lime in combination with soluble sulphur as a spray material for the apple, G. E. Sanders {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 3 (1916), No. 4, pp. 305-307).— In view of the severe burning of apple leaves caused by soluble sulphur in combination with lead arsenate when used as a summer spray, tests were made of a mixture of arsenate of lime and soluble sulphur with special refer- ence to its burning effect. Data are given showing the results of these tests, together with comparative tests of other combinations of soluble sulphur, Bor- deaux, and lime-sulphur. Briefly stated, the exiDeriments show that a mixture of arsenate of lime, 0.75 lb. to 40 gal., and soluble sulphur, 1 lb. to 40 gal., caused practically no burning on apple foliage. It is pointed out that soluble sulphur should not be exposed to the air for any length of time, since the sodium sulphid crystals change to sodium thiosulphate or photographers' " hypo " which, even though it is more or less readily soluble in water, is incapable of any further change and therefore of no value as an insecticide or a fungicide. Apple storage problems, L. Greene (Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1915, pp. 72-96, figs. 6). — This paper comprises a popular summary of the author's storage in- vestigations previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 41). False blossom of the cultivated cranberry, C. L. Shear ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 444 (1916), pp. 7, pis. 4, figs- 2). — A popular descriptive account, with illustra- tions, of the false blossom of cranberries which the author in his investiga- tions of cranberries in cooperation with L. R. Jones found to be a physiological trouble due to unfavorable cultural conditions (E. S. R., 31, p. 841). To overcome the disease it is recommended that optimum conditions for growth should be provided, including good drainage, clean culture, and pruning. Where diseased vines are numerous the bog should be scalped and replanted with healthy vines. To prevent the further spread of the disease only vines known to be absolutely free from it should be planted. The cranberry industry and its possibilities in Canada, M. B. Davis (Can- ada Expt. Farms Bui. 29, 2. ser. (1916), pp. 30, figs. 20).— This bulletin con- tains practical directions for cranberry culture, the subject matter being based 1917] HORTICULTURE. 241 upon the experience of successful cranberry growers in Nova Scotia and Massacliusetts. Southern strawberries, G. M. Daekow {Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 12, pp. 531-5^0, figs. 6). — The author describes the worls of prominent strawberry breeders in the South, and shows the important bearing it has had in develop- ing the strawberry industry of the South, Graft stocks resistant to drought, L. Mallet {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 {1916), No. 46, pp. 470-473).— The lesults are given of a test conducted on the plains of Herault, France, in which a large number of differ- ent stocks on which were grafted the Aramon variety of grape were compared with reference to their resistance to dry conditions. Citrus observations in Brazil, A. D. Shamel {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 5 {1916), No. 11, pp. 396-408, fig. 1). — A descriptive account of the agricultural expedition of the U. S. Department of Agriculture to southern Brazil in 1913-14 in quest of information relative to the navel orange and other citrus and agricultural crops of that country. Severinia buxifolia, a citrus relative native to southern China, W. T. Swingle {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 19, pp. 651-657, figs. 2).— The species here described is a shrub readily propagated from cuttings and suitable for hedges. Experiments have shown that S. buxifolia can withstand unusually large amounts of salt in the soil. Hence, it is suggested that it may prove of interest as a stock for citrus fruits in regions having alkali in the soil or having salty irrigation water. Variation in the flowers of the papaya, L. B. Kulkakni {Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 7 {1915), No. 2, pp. 102-112, pis. 4)- — This paper has been previously noted as a reprint (E. S. R., 35, p. 449). Notes on the history, uses, and cultivation of the papaya, H. J. Davies {Dept. Land Rec. and Agr. United Prov. Agra and Oudh, Bui. 37 {1916), pp. 7). — A popular bulletin prepared with special reference to conditions in India. Excelsa coffee, P. J. S. Ckameb {Teysmannia, 27 {1916), No. 4-5, pp. 211-223, pis. 2). — The author gives an account of the present status of Excelsa coffee as grown in Java since its introduction from Africa in 1905. Preliminary investigations of value in the selection of the tea plant, C. P. C. Stuart {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies}, Meded. Proef- stat. Thee, No. 40 {1916), pp. XII+328, pis. 27, figs. 21).— This work has been prepared with special reference to its use in the conduct of scientific and prac- tical selection experiments with tea plants. It contains a historical and botani- cal study of the tea plaijt, methods of conducting investigations with popula- tions and races of tea, a study of the tea blossom and tea seed, and an outline of methods for conducting selection work. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Report on certain aspects of the tea industry of Java and Sumatra, G. D. Hope {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet}, 2 {1916), pp. 122, pis. 11). — This com- prises the results of a survey of the tea industry of Java and Sumatra, special attention being given to methods of work on estates that are considered to be improvements on those now employed in India. Notes on new plants and plants not well known, W. Hunt {Ann. Rpt. Hort. Socs. Ontario, 10 {1915), pp. 57-S4, figs. 2). — A brief review of some of the newer or less known ornamental plants that have been tested in the borders and grounds of the Ontario Agricultural College during the past five years. Notes on novelties and plants not well known, F. E. Buck {Ann. Rpt. Hort. Socs. Ontario, 10 {1915), pp. 85-87). — Descriptive notes are given on a number of the newer annual flowers being tested at the Central Farm, Ottawa. 242 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 The roses, Cochet-Cochet and S. Mottet (Les Rosier s. Paris: O. Doin & Sons, 1916, 4- ed., rev. and enl., pp. XIV+370, figs. 66). — A revised and slightly enlarged edition of this work (E. S. R., 22, p. 449). FORESTRY. The book of forestry, P. F. Moon {Neio York and London: D. Appleton & Co., 1916, pp. XVII-\-315, figs. 79). — A popular treatise on forestry prepared with special reference to its use by the general reader, and particularly " Young America." Part 1 tells the story of the forest, how it grows, how it is planted, the life of a forester, etc., the subject matter being based on methods and conditions as found in the United States. Part 2 contains popular descriptions of the more important trees and shrubs in each section of the country, including also a key for the identification of the woods of the dii1;erent species. Appended to the work are tables showing the uses of the principal American species, volume table measurements for white pine, a list of reference books on forestry, and definitions of terms used in forestry and logging. The mountain communities and the Forest Service, C. DuBois {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 4 {1916), No. 3, pp. 71-74, figs. 3).— In this article the author de- scribes some extension phases of the U. S. Forest Service employees' work among mountain communities. Grazing resources of the National Forests, J, T. Jakdine {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 4 {1916), No. 3, pp. 79-81, figs. 3). — An account of the extent and utiliza- tion of the grazing facilities of the National Forests. A new method of germinating acorns for forest planting, J. W. Harsh- bergeb {Amer. Forestry, 22 {1916), No. 275, pp. 687, 688, fig. i).— The method here described and illustrated consists in taking immature acorns, the embryos of which have not ceased to grow, and planting them. The result is the elonga- tion and growth of the embryo into a young seedling plant without any inter- vening rest period. In view of the trouble in successfully preserving the viability of acorns over winter, it is suggested that the acorns can be planted while green in protected frames and carried over winter in the frame or cool greenhouse already ger- minated and ready to plant out in the spring. Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees. — III, Discontinuous light in forests, G. P. Burns {Vermont Sta. Bui. 193 (1916), pp. 3-23, pis. 4).— In continuation of previous studies of tolerance of forest trees (E. S. R., 31, p. 838), the author reviews the literature dealing with light measurements in forests and presents the results of light readings secured from a number of tree zones in Michigan and Vermont. The readings were made with special reference to determining the value of light measurements in the forest and their significance in a study of the light requirements of our forest trees. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Summing up the results of previous investigators relative to light quality, the author concludes that filtered light in the forest has little value as a means of decomposition of carbon dioxid ; the important light in the forest is weakened white light. Data secured from readings in Michigan and Vermont forests show conclusively that the present methods of determining light values in the open forest are of little value inasmuch as the so-called shade of the forests is a discontinuous shade and a constantly changing factor. " The variations in light intensity due to clouds, the impossibility of making equal exposures in repeated readings, the variability of the forest cover thus requiring the operator to choose a typical station for the forest under consideration, and the habit of 1917] FORESTEY. 243 reading only on bright days about noon; all these make for inaccuracy and emphasize the difficulty, if not impossibility, of determining the relation of forest trees to light by a study in the forests." Since results of forest measurements indicated that the relation of tree growth to light as an influencing factor can be determined only by controlled greenhouses and nursery trials, the author constructed a series of frames, some of which were covered with white cheesecloth and others with similar cloth dyed black. With such an equipment it was found that a continuous shade of any desired percentage of total light can be obtained within certain limits during an entire experimental period. A preliminary experiment with white pine, balsam fir, and hemlock seedlings was conducted under such shade. It was found that when the light intensity was so far reduced as to register 0.0266 no starch whatever could be detected in the white pine leaves. Hemlock reached its minimum at about 0.005. The trials are being continued, using several more varieties. Observations made of white pine seedlings growing under large cheesecloth shade with the light reduced to varying degrees of intensity indicate that the chief factor of the slow development in some cases was not lack of light but some other factor, possibly root competition for water and food in the soil. The author is of the opinion that "tolerance" should be stricken from the vocabulary of forestry students unless it can be made to mean more than light relationship, since it expresses not a light relationship but the total relation- ship of a tree to all factors of the habitat. The Keene forest. — A preliminary report, J. W. Toumey and R. 0. Hawley (Yale Forest School Bui. ^ (1916), pp. 25, pis. 4)- — This comprises a descriptive account of the Keene forest of the Yale School of Forestry, located near Keene. N. H., including suggestions relative to work accomplished and to a general policy for the treatment of each type of wood in the forest. Forests of Porto Rico; past, present, and future, and their physical and economic environment, L. S. Muephy (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 354 {1916), pp. 99, pis. 13, figs. 7). — This bulletin comprises a report of a survey of forest problems in Porto Rico conducted by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Government of Porto Rico. It also revises and brings up to date two previous bulletins of the Forest Service dealing with the forests and forest conditions of Porto Rico (E. S. R., 11, p. 853; 16, p. 878). A general account is given of the physical and economic features of Porto Rico, together with a discussion of the condition and distribution of forests, forest formations, for- est influences, commercial aspects, forest industries, products, and problems, and suggestions relative to an insular forest policy. Appended to the bulletin is a descriptive account of Trees of Porto Rico, by W. D. Brush, L. S. Murphy, and C. D. Mell. Each species is described with reference to its nomenclature, distinguishing characteristics, wood structure, and economic iises. A bibliography of consulted literature is also appended. The productive capacity of the Douglas fir lands, western Oregon and Washington, T. T. Mungeb (Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 4 (1916), No. 3, pp. 92, 93, fig. 1). — A discussion of the productive capacity of Douglas fir lands, including some data showing the current annual growth of Douglas fir forests at various ages on three separate site qualities. The discussion is based upon studies conducted under the direction of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and partially noted (E, S. R., 25, p. 141). Hovea tapping results. Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1915, T. Petch (Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 25 (1916), pp. 14)- — A progress report on tapping ex- periments started in 1912 (E. S. R., 33, p. 542). Moreh oak, a new name for Quercus morehus, W. H. Lamb (Jour. Wash. Acad. ScL, 6 (1916), No. 19, pp. 657, 658). — The name Moreh oak is here pro- 244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 posed as a standard common name for Q. morehus, a tree of the Sierra Nevada foothills and the north coast ranges of California. I, Timbers of British North. Borneo. II, Minor forest products and jungle produce, P. W. Foxworthy {Govt. Brit. North Borneo Dept. Forestry Bui. 1 (1916), pp. 67+VII). — A descriptive account of the timbers of North Borneo and their uses, including also notes on minor forest products and jungle produce. Trees in medicine, J. Foote {Amer. Forestry, 22 {W16), No. 27.5, pp. 6^8-653, flgg ,9)_ — A popular account of some medicinal uses of substances obtained from trees. Marketing of woodlot products, J. W. Calland (Ohio Sta. Bill. 302 {1916), pp. 41-69). — This bulletin discusses methods of measuring woodlot products, estimating the amount of timber in the woodlot, principal products and prices, cost of lumbering, determining the stumpage value of timber, uses of the prin- cipal kinds of woods and prices, and cooperative marketing. Service tests of treated and untreated fence posts, H. Bkadley {Bui. Amer. Ry. Engin. Assoc, 18 {1916), No. 187, pp. 39-53, figs. 4; Reprint, pp. 15, figs. 4).— In cooperation with the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, experimental treated and untreated fence posts were installed during the period 1906 to 1909 at the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College, S. C. ; Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.; North Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Calhoun, La. ; University of Minnesota. Zum- bra Heights, Minn. ; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa ; and Maryland Agricultural College, College Park, Md. The present report briefly describes the experiments and presents the results thus far secured. The data show that nondurable species, especially in the South, should have at least a light top treatment in addition to the heavier butt treatment. The results as a whole clearly indicate that a good open-tank treatment of fence posts with creosote will give satisfactory results in preventing decay in most of the nondurable species. Posts treated with water-gas-tar creosote and water- gas-tar have stood up very well thus far, the creosote giving somewhat better results. Brush treatments, soaking in cold oil, and double-tank treatments where asphaltum was used as the heating media in the hot bath were not very effective in preventing decay in nondurable species. Charring was apparently of no value. Care must be taken to have the butt treatment extend well above the ground line to allow for possible changes in the ground level or for care- lessness in setting. The conditions seem to be more favorable for decay when posts are set around yards, pig-sties, chicken yards, barnyards, etc., than when set in fields, meadows, or woodlots. Butternut and willow decayed so readily in the tops that a heavy treatment of the entire post seems advisable. Analyses of several of the creosotes used in the experiments are appended. Forest products of Canada, 1915. — Lumber, lath, and shingles {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 58 A {1916), pp. 3i).— Statistics of the production of lumber, lath, and shingles by 3,239 mills operating in Canada during the calendar year 1915 are reported. The total value of the lumber, lath, and shingles produced in Canada in 1915 was $69,695,477, of which lumber represented $61,919,806. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Pathological quarantines in 1915, R. K. Beattte {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 95). — Quarantines for protection against the introduction of injurious plant diseases, in effect at the date of publication, exclude from the 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245 United States all 5-leaved pines from Europe and Asia, on account of the white pine blister rust ; potatoes from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Miquelon, Great Britain, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, because of potato wart, and this quarantine is extended to include Canada and all continental Europe except Denmark and most of the Netherlands, on account of the powdery scab ; sugar cane from all countries, on account of several serious diseases; all kinds of citrus plants from all foreign countries, because of citrus canker and other serious diseases ; and corn from Java and India, because of Sclerospora maydis. In addition several quarantines have been established to exclude insects. Some interesting finds in the phytopatholcgical inspection service for 1915, G. R. Lyman {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 96).— In the in- spection service in connection with the enforcement of the Federal horticultural law, there were found, during the season reported upon,, citrus, canker on 19 different lots of budwood from the Philippine Islands ; withertip on budwood from the Philippines. Japan, Peru, Australia, and the Fiji Islands ; and powdery scab on potatoes from Peru and Ireland. The Dutch bulb disease, due to Botrytis parasitica, was found on two shipments of bulbs grown by the Depart- ment at Bellingham, Wash. The same disease was found on tulips from Ireland and on narcissus from Holland. Growth of parasitic fungi in concentrated solutions, L. A. Hawkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 255-260). — The author re- ports an investigation to determine the possibility of the growth of fungus parasites in solutions of a considerably higher concentration than is found in the cell sap of the host plants. Ten common parasitic fungi were grown in solutions of salts and sugars of rather high concentrations, and in ex- periments in which fungi were grown in solutions of potassium and cal- cium nitrate, sucrose, and glucose, it was found that in every case the fungi grew readily in solutions in which the diffusion tensions were much higher than the total diffusion tensions of the dissolved substances in the juices of their host plants. Culture work on the heteroecious rusts of Colorado, E. Bethel (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 99). — Some of the results are briefly men- tioned of culture experiments which liave extended over a period of five years. Puccinia stipce has been grown on 9 different genera of Compositje, P. andro- pogonis upon 8 species representing 2 genera, and P. agropyri upon 4 host genera. The telial stages are reported for ^cidium rcesteUoides, M. allenii, ^. phaceliw, M. onosmodii, and M. liatridis. Interesting or new secial hosts have been found for Uromyces junci, Pucciniastrum pustulatum, Puccinia amphigena, and some other species. Rusts in the department of Sotshi, N. N. Voronikhin (Woeonichin) {Trudy Biuro Prikl. Bot. {Bui. Appl. Bot.), 8 {1915), No. 6, pp. 769-807, pis. 3, figs. 5). — The author concludes from his mycological studies during 1912 and 1913 that fungi causing rusts are widely distributed on trees and shrubs along the shores of the Black Sea and also in more elevated regions. Eleven rust- producing fungi are named, six of these being technically described as new species under the names Antennulariella fuliginosa (also classed as a new genus) on Ilex aquifolium, Zukalia caucasica on Taxus baccata, Z. setosa on Prunus laurocerasus and Rhododendron ponticum, Limacvnula caucasica on Taxus baccata, Chcetothyrium colchicum on Ilex aquifolium and Citrus sp., and Triposporium tenue on R. ponticum and Sfaphylea colchica. Two wild hosts of Bacterium solanacearum, H. R. Fulton and E. E. Stan- ford {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. lOS, 109). — The authors re- port having isolated B. solanacearum from Ambrosia artemisiwjolia and 246 EXPEKIMENT STATION" RECOED. [Vol.36 Eclipta alba and on having inoculated susceptible plants with this organism. The first host species is said to be rather resistant to the organism, while the second is quite susceptible. Life histories of Melanops, O. L. Shear and Miss A. M. Beckwith (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 109). — Melanops is reported us having been found on 13 hosts and grown in pure cultures from them. Some of the cul- tures produced Dothiorella micropycnospores and macropycnospores. Other cultures gave a Sphteropsis of the S. malorum type. The taxonomic status of the organisms on the different hosts is being investigated. Morphology and developmental conditions of Solerotinia trifoliorum, V. Peglion {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 (1916), I, No. 7, pp. 521-524). — Describing a study of the forms and behavior of S. trifoliorum, the author states that while the fungus extended itself readily by means of mycelial fragments, he was unable to obtain in a single case germination of the sporidia. He admits that the biological significance of these bodies is still unknown. The perfect stage of Septoria ribis,R. E. Stone (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 109). — As a result of three seasons' work, the author concludes that MycospJicerella grossularice is the perfect stage of S. ribis. The only previous collection of the perfect stage of the fungus in 'America is said to have been that reported by Pammell from Iowa (E. S. R., 3, p. 217). Observations on the occurrence of Puccinia glumarum in the United States, H. B. Humphrey and A. G. Johnson (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 96, 97). — This rust, which was first reported in the United States by Carle- ton in 1915 (E. S. R., 33, p. 744), is said to have been observed on Triticum vulgare, T. compactum, T. durum, T. polonicuni, T. spelta, Secale cereale, Hor- deum vulgare, H. miirinum, Elymus canadensis, and Bromus marginatus. The most severe epidemic was observed at Moro, Oreg., where the grain was grown without irrigation and where the average rainfall is approximately 11 in. Cer- tain varieties showed an estimated infection of from 70 to 90 per cent, and contrary to the results reported from Europe the varieties at Moro showing the severest infectious gave the highest yields. Biologic forms of Puccinia granainis on wild grasses and cereals, E. C Stakman and F. J. Piemeisel (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 99, 100). — A preliminary report is given of an investigation of the biologic forms of P. graminis. P. graminis tritici is said to infect barley, wheat, Hordeum jtibatum, H. spar- tinum, Elymus canadensis, E. virginicus, E. robustus, Agropyron occidentale, Bromus tectorunv, and Hystrix patella. Rye was attacked only weakly. Other species of Agropyron have been infected in the greenhouse and rust has been observed on some of them in the field, but it is not yet known whether it occurs on them commonly. P. graminis secalis is found to infect rye, barley, Hordeum jubatum, H. spar- tinum; E. canadensis, E. virginicus, E. robustus, A. repens, A. tenerum, A. occi- dentale, A. caninum, A. cristatum, A. imbricatum, B. tectorum, and Hystrix patula. P. graminis avence was found capable of attacking oats, Avena fatua, A. elatior, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris canariensis, Koeleria cristata, Dactylis glomerata, and B. tectorum. It weakly infects barley, E. canadensis, Loliunv italicum, L. perenne, and Festuca elatior. Attempts to change the parasitism or increase the host range of the various biologic forms by means of bridging hosts have proved unsuccessful. The bio- logic forms, when isolated, have so far remained sharply fixed. 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247 Barberry and cereal rust in Denmark, J. Lind (Tidsskr. Planteavl, 22 (1915), No. 5, pp. 767-780 ) .—The author states that the enactment 11 years previously of the law against barberry has resulted in the gradual decrease of the cereal rust (Puccinia gramitiis) in Denmark. In 1914 it was to be found only in weakened outbreaks, occurring late in the fall, in regions where the bar- berry still persists. Puccinia on spring wheat, N. Litvinov (Trudy Bwro Prikl. Bot. (Bui. Appl. Bot.), 8 (1915), No. 6, pp. 80S-8i5 ) .—Observations during 1911 to 1914 on Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. durum, and T. vulgare are said to have proved the existence of races of wheat designated as showing in some cases important differences as regards resistance to P. glumarum and P. triticina. Further results in controlling certain barley diseases by seed treatment, A. G. Johnson (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 98). — A summary is given of experiments on seed treatment of barley for control of the stripe dis- ease (Helniinthosporium graimneum) and loose and covered smuts (Ustilago nuda and U. hordei). Various fungicides, including copper sulphate solution, copper sulphate and salt, Bordeaux mixture, formaldehyde, corrosive subli- mate, and hot water, were tested. Practically all the treatments greatly reduced and a number eliminated the loose smut, as well as the covered smut. The stripe disease was reduced by a number of the treatments, and was entirely eliminated by formaldehyde of vary- ing strength when the seed was soaked for three, two, and one hours at tem- peratures of 20, 10, and 25° C. (68, 50, and 77° F.), respectively. Aside from the formaldehyde treatment, the copper sulphate and salt mixture gave the best results. Preliminary investigation on the deterioration of maize infected with Diplodia zeae, P. A. van der Bijl (Byl) (Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Africa, Jf (1915), pt. 3, pp. 231-239, figs. 2). — From a preliminary study of maize inoculated with D. zcw, the author concludes that the diseased grain has a higher acidity than healthy grain. It is stated that infected maize gives Ori's reaction distinctly, while healthy maize gives only a slight effervescence therewith. The enzym which causes the effervescence with hydrogen peroxid may be destroyed by a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.), causing failure of the test, although it is thought that it may be developed into one of considerable delicacy. At present, however, the acidity determinations appear to be more useful for practical purposes. Preliminary notes on an heretofore unreported leaf disease of rice, G. H. Godfrey (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 97).— The author reports observing early in the fall of 1914 a peculiar leaf affection of the plants in the rice fields of Louisiana and Texas. The disease somewhat resembles ordi- nary black rust of cereals, and an attempt has been made to produce the fruiting bodies of the organism in cultures, but without results. On cultures in agar plates, black sclerotia-like bodies were produced which seem to develop directly upon mycelia growing out of the stromatic mass in the leaf. Inocula- tions with fresh cultures of these sclerotia-like bodies have produced definite lesions, but it is said that they have not yet produced the appearance of gen- eral infection which occurs on the leaf in nature. The identity of the organism and the conditions under which the infection takes place remain to be de- termined. Leaf smut of timothy, G. A. Osner (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 103, 104). — -A- leaf smut of timothy, caused by Ustilago strive for mis, is re- ported as occurring abundantly in the timothy fields of New York and northern Indiana during the past two seasons. Inoculation experiments indicate that the infection takes place only during the blossoming of the plant. Seed treatment 248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 With formaldehyde, copper sulphate solution, and hot water gave control only in the case of hot water. A newly noted Phyllosticta on alfalfa in America, and its ascigerous stage, F. R. Jones {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 102, 103).— A yellow leaf blotch disease of alfalfa is reported to have been under observa- tion for the past two years in Wisconsin, and to have been noted in Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa. The blotches are said to elon- gate in the direction of the veins and to become deeper in color on the older leaves. They are constantly infected with a fungus which appears to be P. medicagmis, and during the autumn apothecia were found which indicated that the Phyllosticta is the conidial stage of Pyrenopeziza medicaginis. Some root diseases of the bean, W. H. Btjkkholder {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 104)- — While engaged in an investigation of a disease of the bean in western New York, the author observed a number of fungi causing more or less trouble. Among those causing serious injury were Fusarium sp., Thielavia basicola, and in a number of cases Rhizoctonia sp. Inoculation experiments with the Fusarium upon crops grown in rotation with beans gave negative results. Peas, red clover, alsike clover, and alfalfa proved sus- ceptible to T. basicola. The species of Fusarium appears to be distinct from any that has previously been reported on the bean. Cabbage yellows and the relation of temperature to its occurrence, J. C. Oilman (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 3 (1916), No. 1, pp. 25-8^, pis. 2, figs. 21).— The author concludes his report on the study of Fusarium conglutinans, the cause of the wilt disease called cabbage yellows, by stating that the fungus, a facultative parasite living in the soil, becomes destructive to cabbage under certain conditions, showing a somewhat high optimum temperature and a high resistance to drying both in pure culture and in the soil. Inoculation with this fungus produced the disease in a large percentage of the trials, and inocula- tions from diseased plants reproduced the disease, control plants remaining free from j'ellows. Failure of careful inoculation experiments is attributed to variations in virulence. Low temperatures (12 to 16° C. or 53.6 to 60.8° F.) prevented the development of the disease, which is favored by temperatures of 17 to 22" C. Fourth progress report on Fusarium-resistant cabbage, L. R. Jones (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, p. 102). — In continuation of reports on the production of seed of disease-resistant cabbage (E. S. R., 33, p. 346), the author describes a selection of Brunswick which, on sick soil, gave only 18 per cent of yellows as compared with 84 per cent from commercial seed. The resistant strain produced 95 per cent of heads, while the commercial controls yielded only 76.1 per cent of heads. Relation between storm and disease, August and September, 1915, in Texas, F. H. Blodgett (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 100, 101). — The author reports severe infections of anthracnose and bacterial spot of cotton following the storm that prevailed from August 16 to 19, 1915, in Texas. The area of greatest damage due to disease was located in the area of greatest storm activity, and was practically bounded by a line denoting 2 in. of rainfall during 24 hours of the storm. Cucumber diseases in the Middle West, W. W. Gilbert (Abs. in Phyto- pathology, 6 (1916), No. 1, pp. 104, 105). — In connection with an investigation of cucumber diseases undertaken in cooperation with the experiment stations in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan, the author reports observations on a number of these diseases which are more or less widely distributed. Among them are the cucumber mosaic disease, or white pickle; scab, due to Clado- sporium cucumcrinum; anthracnose, due to Collctotrichum lagenarium ; wilt 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 249 disease, due to Bacillus tracheiphilus ; angular leaf spot, a new and undescribed bacterial disease ; and downy mildew, due to Peronoplasmopara cubensis. All of these are said to be of rather general and sometimes destructive occurrence. Angular leaf spot, a bacterial disease of cucumbers, E. Carsner (Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. 105, 106). — A leaf spot disease of cucumber which has proved to be of bacterial origin is the subject of study in Wisconsin and elsewhere. The disease is characterized on the leaf by rather angular spots bounded by the larger veinlets. The spots at first have a rather water- soaked appearance, later becoming brown and often showing a ragged appear- ance following the breaking away of dead parts. A viscous exudate, becoming on drying a white residue, accompanies the disease, which also appears as lon- gitudinal lesions on the stem. The disease is considered similar to that de- scribed by Burger (E. S. R., 30, p. 648). It is said to be destructive and wide- spread in Virginia, Wisconsin, and Michigan, occurring also in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. The causal organism has been isolated and its pathogenicity de- termined. From preliminary experiments it is believed that the disease can be held in check by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Steaming of soil for the control of root rot of ginseng, J. W. Brann {Abs. in Fhytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 101). — Comparative tests are claimed to show that, from the standpoints of simplicity, cost of operation, and effective- ness, steaming of soil is far superior to the formaldehyde treatment for the control of the ginseng brown root rot. The development of Mycosphaerella pinodes in pure culture, R. E. Vaughan {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 103). — A brief description is given of the characters of M. pinodes observed in connection with pea blight studies carried on at the Wisconsin Experiment Station since 1911 (E. S. R., 29, p. 645). Spongospora subterranea and Phoma tuberosa on the Irish potato, I. E. Melhus, J. RosENBAUM, and E. S. Shultz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re- search, 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 213-254, pis. 9, fig. i).— The results of a study of the geographical distribution and factors governing the occurrence of S. subter- ranea are given, together with information on the relation of the fungus to its various host plants, damage to tubers, relation to soil types, moisture, etc., and control measures. The powdery scab is knowTi to exist in six potato-growing sections of the United States, all northern except one which is in Florida, where potatoes are grown as a winter crop. In experiments where powdery-scab-infected seed po- tatoes were planted in 15 localities along the Atlantic .seaboard, no infections were secured, but where soil was shipped from many localities to northern Maine and planted with infected seed, 8 out of 12 lots produced a crop showing powdery scab. Periods of damp, rainy, and cloudy weather, together with poor drainage, are said to favor the development of S. subterranea. Besides the potato, seven other solanaceous hosts of this fungus have been determined. The absence of the canker stage of the disease in the United States is thought to be due to the short growing period afforded the potato crop in the infected districts. A study was made of the effect of early harvesting, seed treatment, varietal response, and soil treatment as control measures for the disease, and it was found that early harvesting is beneficial in certain seasons in Maine. Seed treatment with chemicals, especially with corrosive sublimate and formalde- hyde, will reduce the disease. Certain varieties of potatoes escape infection, due rather to differences in development at the time of the infection than to disease resistance, although resistance of varieties has not been fully studied. 250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 No soil treatment was found beneficial in eradicating the disease, though sulphur at the rate of 900 lbs. per acre reduced the amount of the disease. Several types of dry rot were found to follow attacks of S. subterranea. Among these, a dry rot due to a species of Phoma is described under the name P. tuberosa n. sp. The potato powdery scab quarantine, R. K. Beattie {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, pp. 95, 96). — An account is given of the quarantine established in 1914 because of the potato powdery scab, and it is stated that a careful sur- vey of the potato-growing States which use Maine seed showed that the disease has established itself in only one place, this being in northeastern Florida, whore a slight infection is reported. Experiments by the Bureau of Plant Industry, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, confirm the probability that this disease would not become serious outside of the northern, cooler regions. Consequently, it was considered unnecessary to continue the quarantine, which was removed September 1, 1915. The black leg' disease of potatoes caused by Bacillus solanisaprus, P. A. Murphy {Canada Expt. Farms Bat. Circ. 11 {1916), pp. 8, figs. 6). — A brief de- scription of the symptoms and injuries due to black leg of potato, also of the life history and control of the causal organism, B. solanisaprus, is given. The au- thor suggests the careful selection of seed tubers and steeping those which are to be so used for three hours in corrosive sublimate (2 oz. to 25 gal. water) or for two hours in foi'malin (1 pint to 30 gal. water), with careful disinfection of knives used in cutting seed tubers and the use of well-drained soil for planting. Late blig"ht and rot of potatoes caused by the fungus Phytophthora in- festans, P. A. Murphy {Canada Expt. Farms Bot. Circ.^0 {1916), pp. 13, figs. 2). — Discussing briefly the symptoms, life history, and control of P. infestans, the cause of late blight of potato, this circular gives directions for preparing and mixing the components of Bordeaux mixture, timely use of which has been found to be effective and profitable in this connection. Studies in the control of storage rots of the sweet potato, J. J. Taubenhaus {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 106). — In connection with investi- gations of sweet-potato diseases and their control (E. S. R., 34, p. 156), atten- tion is called to the necessity for proper ventilation, fumigation, and the use of fungicides for the control of these diseases. Two interesting diseases on greenhouse tomatoes, M. T. Cook and C. A. ScHWARZE {Abs. in Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 1, p. 104). — A leaf spot which is due to a fungus resembling Ascochyta lycopcrsici and a fruit rot due to Botrytis sp. are described as occurring on greenhouse tomatoes. Observations on fire blight in the Yakima Valley, Washington, J. W. HoTSON {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 3, pp. 288-292, pis. 2; abs. in No. 1, pp. 115, 116). — The author reports that in the summer of 1915 a number of un- usual conditions were observed in the study of fire blight. The organism is now known to occur on cherries, to gain entrance to pear trees through leaves, to produce a red streak in the sapwood of some varieties of pears, to infect the Yakimine (a cross between a prune and a peach), and to produce an ab- normal amount of fruit infection. The fruit infection in some cases was traced to injuries produced in thinning apples. Black rot, leaf spot, and canker of pomaceous fruits, L. R. Hesler {New York Cornell Sta. Bid. 379 {1916), pp. 51-1^8, pis. 8, figs. 20).— The results are given of an extensive study of the black rot, leaf spot, and canker of pomaceous fruits. A study was made of the host plants, varietal susceptibility, history of the disease, etc., and notes are given on its geographic distribution and economic importance. The symptoms of disease on the different parts of the 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 251 host plant are described, together with the results of a study in the morphology, physiology, and pathogenicity of the fungus. Life history studies and control measures are given. The author has tentatively adopted the name Pfiysal- ospora cydonm for the causal organism, thus following Arnaud (E. S. R., 27, p. 747). Attention is called to the discovery by Potebnia that the black-rot fungus is parasitized in its Macrophoma stage by Helicomyces spJiwropsidis. An extensive bibliography is given. Treatment for anthracnose (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 (1916), No. 9, p. 155, fig. 1). — A communication from LafCorgue, at Gironde, states that anthracnose, which in years of heavy precipitation and high soil moisture attains much im- portance, is more advantageously treated during the winter. The treatment to be applied after a hea\'y frost contains 40 to 50 kg. iron sulphate, 1 liter sul- phuric acid, and 100 kg. water. Another consists of 10 liters sulphuric acid in 100 liters water. After the vines are in leaf good results are obtained from the use of lime-sulphur. A wilt disease of the columbine, J. J. Tatjbenhaus (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 3, pp. 254-257, figs. 2; abs. in No. 1, pp. 101, 102).— A serious wilt disease of columbine is reported as occurring at the Delaware Experiment Station in 1913. A fungus which has been identified as Sclerotinia libertiana attacks the crown and then the stem, causing a gradual wilting and drying of the plant. The organism has been isolated and the disease reproduced arti- ficially in the greenhouse. The sclerotia are said to be present in large num- bers in the dead plants in which the fungus winters over in the usual way. Sclerosis of Forsythia viridissima, V. Peglion (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. set:, 25 (1916), I, No. 9, pp. 655-657).— The author reports having observed since 1915 in the garden of the agricultural school at Bologna a disease of the flower stalks of F. viridissima which is thought to be due to the presence of Sclerotinia libertiana. A new disease of bamboo, M. Tueconi (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 (1916), I, No. 7, pp. 528-532) .—The author describes a serious disease observed on the branches of Bambusa mitis in the botanical garden of Pavia in 1914. A fungus associated therewith is regarded as a new species, the conidial form being technically described as Melanconium bambusce and the ascosporous stage as Scirrhia bambusw. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. A bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest times to the end of 1912, W. H. Mullens and H. K. Swann (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1916, pt. 1, pp. 112). — Brief biographical sketches are given of British ornitholo- gists, followed by lists of their published works. Notes on Indiana earthworms, H. V. Heimbuegek (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, PP- 281-285). — A list is given of 14 species observed in Indiana, with notes on their habits. A review of applied entomology in the British Empire, C. G. Hewitt (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-34). — This is the annual address of the president of the Entomological Society of America, delivered at Columbus, Ohio, on December 29, 1915, in which he deals with economic entomology in the British Isles, Africa, Australia, Canada, Ceylon, Fiji, India, New Zealand, and the British West Indies. How gases enter insects, W. Moore (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 (1916), No. 2, pp. 224-226, figs. 4)- — From the experiments conducted the author concludes that gases can penetrate through other parts of the body than the spiracles. 252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, [Vol. 36 A method of keeping alcoholic specimens, F. C. Bishopp (Arm. Ent. Soe. Amer., 9 {1916), No. 1, pp. 94-96, fig. 1). A new insecticide, L. Smith {Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sia. St. Croix, 1914-15, p. 30). — A stock solution consisting of 4.5 lbs. whale-oil soap dissolved in 1,000 cc. of fusel oil, to which 8,000 cc. of kerosene is then added, has been found to meet the requirements of a kerosene emulsion that will keep for a long time, both in concentrated and diluted forms, without the separation of the kerosene. Notes on some miscellaneous economic insects found in New Jersey, H. B. Weiss (Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 4, pp. I4I-I43). — Notes are given on the oc- currence of several insect pests in New Jersey, including Hemichionaspis aspi- distrce, which is a serious pest in many fern houses; Isosoma orchideariim, known as the Cattleya fly, an important pest in practically all orchid houses in the State where Cattleya species are grown, etc. Report of the entomologist, G. N. Wolcott {Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. P. R., 4 {1915), pp. 17-22). — A brief statement of the work of the year, including sum- maries of Bulletins 11, 12, and 14, by T. H. Jones, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, pp. 452, 453, 458). Insect pests of the year, J. R. Bovell {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1914-15, pp. 38-43 ) . — This report of the occurrence and work of the year with the more important insect pests includes a revised list of the Coccidae of Barbados, 59 in number. Report of the economic biologist, G. E. Bodkin {Rpt. Dept. Sci. and Agr. Brit. Guiana, 1914-15, App. 3, pp. 11). — This report of the occurrence of and work with insect pests in British Guiana during the year includes lists of eight species of thrips of economic importance of which two are new to science, identified by J. D. Hood of the U. S. Department of Agriculture ; and a list of Aleyrodidse of British Guiana, identifications of several of which have been made by A. L. Quaintance, likewise of this Department. A number of hymen- opterous parasites reared from various hosts of economic importance are also listed. [Reports of] division of entomology, F. P. Jepson {Fiji Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpts. 1914, PP- 17-27; 1915, pp. 16-22). — These report the occun-ence of and work with the more important insects in Fiji during 1914 and 1915. Insect and arachnid pests of 1915, R. S. Macdougal {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 2S {1916), pp. 107-139, figs, i^).— This is the usual annual report of observations of the occurrence and biology of the more important insect pests of the year (E. S. R., 34, p. 652). Sarcosporidia, G. van de Waix de Kock {So. African Jour. Sci., 12 {1916), No. 6, pp. 200-212). — A summary of the present status of knowledge of these protozoan parasites. Grasshopper control in relation to cereal and forage crops, W. R. Walton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 7^7 {1916), pp. 18, figs. 21). —A. popular sum- mary of information relating to grasshoppers and their control. Some northern Georgia Acridiidae, H. A. Allakd {Catiad. Ent., .}S {1916), No. 8, pp. 274-279). Notes on Orthoptera and orthopteran habitats in the vicinity of La Fayette, Indiana, H. Fox (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, PP- 287-321). Parthenogenesis in Anthothrips verbasci, A. F. Shull {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 16 {1914), PP- 46-48). — The author reports experiments which show that A. verbasci was reproduced parthenogenetically. It is pointed out that the discovery of parthenogenesis in this species, a form which gives more evidence of sexual reproduction in nature than almost any species in the region around Ann Arbor, greatly reduces the probability that sexual reproduction is of com- mon occurrence in Thysanoptera as a group. 1017] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 253 Descriptions of new Thysanoptera, J. D. Hood (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29 (1916), pp. 109-123, pi. 1). — Of the 11 species here described as new 8 are from the United States. Feeding- habits of Sinea diadema, H. L. Pabkee (Ent. Neics, 27 (1916), No. 6, pp. 280, 281). — Tlarough its increasing abundance in the fields in summer and its predacious habit this reduviid has become of economic importance. The potato tingid (Recaredus sp.), H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Ori.ssa Undia], 2 (191Jf), Double Xo., pp. J6-^7).— This pest was first noticed about four years ago attacking stored potatoes in cellars at Tunia in the Champaran district. It does serious damage in the affected locality by sucking out the sap and converting the tubers into mere hard lumps which can not be used for either eating or seed purposes. Systematic, biologic, and economic data relating to it are presented. Monograph of the North American species of Orthotylus (Hemiptera), E. P. Van Duzee (Proc. Cal. Acad. ScL, J^. scr., 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 87-128, fig. 1). — Thirty-four species of this genus of capsids recorded from North America are described, of which 24 are new. The Anoplura and Mallophaga of North American mammals, V. L. Kel- logg and G. F. Fereis (Lcland Stanford Jr. Univ. Pubs., Univ. Ser., 1915, pp. 74, pis. 8, figs. 18). — The first part of this work deals with the Anoplura. A key to the families, subfamilies, and genera is followed by descriptions of new species and determinations of old species of Anoplura, the authors having had at hand 22 species and 2 varieties. 8 species and both varieties being described as new. The second part of the work presents descriptions of new species and determinations of old species of Mallophaga, of which the authors had at hand 18 species, one of which is new. A mammalian host list of North American Anoplura and Mallophaga is included. A catalogue and host list of the Anoplura, G. F. Feeeis (Proc. Cal. Acad. ScL, If. scr., 6 (1916), No. 6, pp. 129-213). — A synonj'mic catalogue of the Ano- plura (pp. 135-185) is followed by a systematic host list (pp. 186-204). Eighty-seven generations in a parthenogenetic pure line of Aphis avenae, H. E. EwiNG (Biol. Bui., 31 (1916), No. 2, pp. 53-112, figs. 19).— A detailed re- port of breeding investigations. The occurrence of pedogenesis is recorded, and the effect of continued parthenogenetic reproduction on virility and metabo- lism of a strain has been determined. The effects of temperature on growth, size, reproduction, and dimorphism are also noted. A review of the Pterocommini, A. C. Baker (Canad. Ent., 48 (1916), No. 8, pp. 280-289). Aphididse found on the apple in Britain and the description of a new species from Africa, F. V. Theobald (Canad. Ent., 48 (1916), Nos. 5, pp. 169-177; 6, pp. 202-213, figs. 5; 7, pp. 233-242; 8, pp. 261-263, fig. i).— Eight species of plant lice have been found at different times on the apple in Great Britain, namely. Aphis pomi, A. kochii, Siphocoryne avence, Erisoma lanigera, A. cratmgi, A. runiicis, Phorodon humuli, and A. nigra (oxyacantlKB) , the first four of which are common. Aphis pomonella on tlie apple at Nairobi, British East Africa, is described as new to science. A satisfactory method of rearing mealy bugs for use in parasite work, E. J. Branigan (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 5 (1916), No. 8, pp. 304-306, figs. 2). — Considerable success has been met with in the rearing of mealy bugs on potato sprouts, use having already been made of them in transporting enemies of mealy bugs from Japan to California. A new fungus on the green scale, W. Nowell (Agr. Neios [Barbados], 15 (1916), No. 375, p. 302). — The green scale (Lecamum viride [Coccus viridis]) 78786°— No. 3—17 5 254 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 on lime twigs has been found infested by a hitherto unrecorded and as yet undescribed fungus that is related to Empusa fresemi. The common cabbage worm. (Pontia rapae), F. H. Chittenden {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 766} (1916), pp. 14, figs. iO).— This replaces Circular 60 of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 162). The fall army worm, or " grass worm," and its control, W. R. Walton and P. Luginbill (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 152 (1916), pp. 16, figs. IS). — ^A summary of information prepared with the intention of supplying the farmer and others with the necessary information concerning the life history of Laphygma frugiperda and its control. The campaign against surface caterpillar at Mokameh in 1913, E. J. WooDHOUSE and H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India}, 2 (191J^), Double No., pp. 16-35, pis. .^).— This fourth report (E. S. R., 32, p. 58) records the work of the year 1913 with Agrotis ypsilon. The campaign against surface caterpillar at Mokameh in 1914r-15, H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], 3 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-14, pls. 3). — This fifth report on Agrotis ypsilon deals with trapping work. On the taxonomic value of some larval characters in the Lepidoptera, C. Heinrich (Proc. Ent. tioc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 154-164, figs. 4). The apple leaf-sewer, B. R. Leach (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 435 (1916), pp. 14, pi. 1, figs. 6). — The apple leaf -sewer (Ancylis nubeculana), generally distrib- uted over the North and Central Atlantic States, the Middle West, and in por- tions of Canada, when present in sufficient numbers may cause serious injury to apple foliage. The eggs are deposited singly or in irregular groups, usually on the underside of the leaf and hatch at Winchester, Va., during June in about 8.8 days. The newly-hatched larva spends the first three or four w^eeks of its life under a silken covering on the underside of the leaf, the remainder of the larval feeding period of 125 to 141 days being passed within a succession of folded leaves, which it destroys by eating the upper parenchyma. It hibernates as a larva upon the ground within the fallen leaf and while in this state is able to with- stand wide extremes of moisture and temperature. " In the latitude of northern Virginia, in a normal season, pupation begins about April 20, or possibly a little before, depending on the relative lateness of the season. The larva pupates within the folded leaf upon the ground. The average pupal period of the wintering larva of the apple leaf-sewer at Win- chester, Va., in 1915, was 26.05 days. In 1915 the moths continued to emerge from May 7 to June 8. They began to deposit eggs upon the apple foliage in from one to two days after emergence. Oviposition lasted from 5 to 13 days, and the moths averaged 65 eggs each. They lived from 5 to 18 days, averaging 10.3 days. The moths are active during the day, especially during the morning, at which time they appear to deposit most of their eggs. " The principal insect enemy of the apple leaf -sewer in Virginia appears to be Pseudomphale ancylce n. sp., of the family Chalcididse. At all times during the larval stage the apple leaf-sewer is very susceptible to arsenical sprays. Arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of water. Bear- ing orchards receiving the customary spraying for the codling moth usually escape injury from the apple leaf-sewer. Young orchards should receive an arsenical spray as soon as the insect appears in numbers sufficient to cause serious damage." A list of 13 references to the literature is appended. Descriptions of new North American Microlepidoptera, A. Busck (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 147-154). 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255 Tertian malarial fever. — Transmission experiments with Anopheles puncti- pennis, M. B. Mitzmain {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 31 (1916), No. 19, pp. 1172-1177). — "A. punctipennis has been proved to be a definitive host of tertian plasmodial infection. Under the conditions cited, 32.5 per cent of the 40 mosquitoes applied were positive as against 10.5 per cent of the A. crucians. Only 20 specimens of A. punctipennis survived six days or longer after biting. " With a blood donor of low infectivity 13 mosquitoes of A. punctipennis showed infection from 6 to 25 days after securing parasitized blood. Eight of the positive specimens became infective as shown by moderate to immense numbers of typical sporozoits invading the salivary glands. In a control series of 19 specimens of A. crucians, two were infective with the parasites of Plas- modium vivaje 11 and 13 days after biting the blood donor. " The infectibility of A. punctipennis was demonstrated in the transmission of the disease through the biting of four mosquitoes which reproduced the infection in three healthy volunteers, living in New Orleans during February, 1916, after incubation periods of 14 and 15 days. One of these persons had escaped infection four months previously from the bites of more than 200 A. punctipennis in two experiments with the subtertian type. From this single instance it is indicated that A. punctipennis served as a host of P. vivax but not of P. falciparum." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 35, p. 361). The influence of various concentrations of sea water on the viability of the salt marsh mosquitoes Aedes sollicitans and A. cantator, F. E. Chidesteb and R. Patterson (Ent. News, 27 (1916), No. 6, pp. 272-274).— A preliminary re- port of experiments conducted at the New Jersey Experiment Stations. The records indicate clearly that in the field A. sollicitans lives and thrives in marsh water of a higlier salinity than that which seems favorable to A, cantator. A mosquito collecting device, T. H. D. Griffitts (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 67 (1916), No. 2, p. 117, fig. 1). — An apparatus combining the principles of the fly trap for use in capturing mosquitoes is described and illustrated. It is stated that of 80 specimens of Anopheles crucians, caught and retained in five collecting tubes and placed under lantern globes closed with mosquito netting, only one escaped in 24 hours. Mycetobia and the classification of the Diptera, F. Knab (Ent. News, 27 (1910), No. 6, pp. 239-262, figs. 2). Notes on some genera of Syrphidae with descriptions of new species, R. G. Shannon (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 2, pp. 101-113). Synopses of Zodion and Myopa with notes on other Conopidae, N. Banks (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 (1916), No. 2, pp. 191-200). Description of two new tachinids, C. H. T. Townsend (Ent. News, 27 (1916), No. 5, p. 217). — Doryphorophaga abcrrans reared from the Colorado potato beetle and from Blepharida rhois at Blacksburg, Va.; and Euphorocera floridensis reared from Anticarsia getnmatilis at Gainesville, Fla., are de- scribed as new to science. A tachinid parasite reared from an adult capsid, M. D. Leonard (Ent. Neivs, 27 (1916), No. 5, p. 236).— The author records the rearing of Phorantha occidentis from Miris dolobrata at Ithaca, N. Y. Rearing of Winthemia quadripustulata from rhynchophorous larva, H. L. Parker (Ent. Neivs, 27 (1916), No. 5, p. 236).— The author records the rearing of W. quadripustulata on January 7 from rhynchophorous larvje taken Decem- ber 5 while following a plow in a sod field near Hagerstown, Md. New Tachinidae from North America, H. E. Smith (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 2, pp. 94-98). 256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 More light on Myiophasia, J. M. Aldeich {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 2, pp. 98-100, fig. 1). Note on Myiophasia aenea, C. H. T. Townsend {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 2, pp. 100, 101). Observations on the habits and parasites of common flies, G. S. Gbaham- Smith {Parasitology, 8 {1916), No. 4, pp. 440-5^9, pis. 10, figs. 2^).— In con- tinuing investigations of flies (E. S. R., 30, p. 756) tlie autlior has studied their wintering habits, seasonal distribution and abundance of species, natural enemies, etc. He concludes that among tlie common species of flies the very gi'eat majority of individuals pass the winter as pupae, or more rarely as larvae which pupate early in the spring ; that a very small and unimportant minority of both sexes emerging from pupae late in the autumn or even in the winter possibly survive as adults until spring; that the wintering habits of Musca domestica are still obscure ; and that the " critical " point for Calliphora ery- throcephala, Fannia manicata, and F. scalaris seems to be about 48 to 50° F., and for Ophyra leucostoma about 63°. A list of 55 references to the literature is included. The changes of the blowfly larva's photosensitivity with age, B. M. Patten {Jotir. Expt. Zool., 20 {1916), No. /,, pp. 585-^98, figs. i2).— This is a report of experiments carried on with blowfly {Calliphora crythroccphala) larvae, in which tests were made each day from hatching until pupation in order to determine what, if any, changes take place in the sign or the degree of their reaction to light. The decrease in sensitivity was found to occur coincidently with the beginning of the migratory period. The spike-horned leaf-miner, an enemy of grains and grasses, P. LtTGiNBiLL and T. D. Ukbahns {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 432 {1916), pp. IS, pis. 2, fig. i).— This is a report of studies of Cerodoaita dorsalis, a dipteran known since 1861 as a corn leaf miner, but which has lately been observed to work as readily in barley, millet, wheat, oats, and various grasses. It has a wide range of distribution within the United States, occurring from Indiana and Ohio in the North to southern Florida in the South, and from Massachusetts in the East to Washing- ton, California, and New Mexico in the West, and has been collected from Porto Rico and Mexico. The injury to plants is caused (1) by the adults puncturing the leaves on which to feed and oviposit, and (2) by the larvae which mine in the leaves and sometimes in the stems of young, tender plants having only a limited area of leaf surface. Mines started in the leaves of such young plants are often con- tinued down into the heart after reaching the base of the leaf to a point near or slightly below the surface of the ground. Up to the present time this species Las never been recorded as a serious pest of agricultural crops. The most severely infested field observed was one of barley at Yuma, Ariz., in April, 1915, in which about 5 per cent of the plants were infested. The eggs are deposited either on the upper or lower sides of the leaves, one in each puncture. The largest number of eggs recorded as having been deposited by a single individual was 188 and the longest period of oviposition, 83 days. Observations made at Tempe, Ariz., Columbia, S. C, and Glendale and Pasa- dena, Cal., have shown the period of incubation to vary from 3 to 12 days during the spring and summer months. The length of the larval stage ranges from 9 to 24 days during different seasons and in different localities. They pupate in the mines, usually in the leaf sheath. The length of the pupal stage varies from 9 to 12 days during the midsummer and from 11 to 16 days during spring and late fall in the latitude of Columbia, S. O. ; from 14 to 18 days at Tempe, Ariz., during March and April ; and from 12 to 24 days at Pasadena, Cal., at different seasons of the year. The adults appear to be most active when the 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 257 temperature ranges between 85 and 95° F., but when it falls below 70" they become sluggish in their movements. Tiiere are said to be at least three gen- erations at La Fayette, Ind., from the middle of May to October 1, apparently six generations iu the latitude of Columbia, S. C, and at least eight genera- tions during the year in the vicinity of Pasadena, Cal. The average length of the life cycle is 44 days in the vicinity of Pasadena, 26.5 days from June to August at Columbia, S. C, and 37.5 days during April and May at Tempe, Ariz. Winter is passed in the pupal stage. A large number of parasitic Hymenoptera have been reared from this leaf miner, namely, Cirrospilns flavoviridis, Cyrtogaster occidentalis, Diaulinus websteri, Dlaulinopsis caUichroma, Polycystus foersteri, Dacmisa n. sp., Vhrysocharus parksi, Opius dimidiatus, and O. aridus, which may be responsi- ble for the almost complete disappearance of this leaf miner during mid- summer in some localities. Preventive measures mentioned include fall plow- ing or any thorough cultivation of grain fields to destroy the remaining stems and leaves as well as volunteer grain, and the burning of dry grasses along fence lines, etc., in late fall and early spring. A list of 14 references to literature is appended. Contribution to our knowledg'e of American Siphonaptera, K. Jordan and N. C. RoTHscHir.D {Ectoparasites, 1 {1915), No. 1, pp. 45-60, figs. 11). — This in- cludes descriptions of three new genera, four new species, and several new sub- species of American fleas. On a Nosema (Nosema pulicis n. sp.) parasitic in the dog flea (Cteno- cephalus felis), V. T. Korke {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 3 {1916), No. ^, pp. 725-730, pi. 1). — In dissections made of dog fleas at the Central Research In- stitute at Kasauli, India, the author has found frequent infections of the diges- tive tract by a new species of Nosema, which he has named N. pulicis. Fleas taken from a dog, about one in every six of which were infected, were placed in a breeding cage and fed daily on wild black rats. This resulted in the spread of the parasite so that practically every other larva was infected in about three weeks' time. A catalogue of Philippine Coleoptera, W. Schultze {Philippine Jour. ScL, Sect. D, 11 {1916), Nos. 1, pp. 94; 2, pp. 95-194).— A classified catalogue of the Philippine beetles. A review of North American tortoise beetles, H. S. Barber {Proc. Ent. Sac. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 2, pp. 113-127, figs. 3). A new enemy of the black locust, G. Culbertson {Proc. Ind. Acad. 8ci., 1914, pp. 185, 186; Ann. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Forestry, 15 {1915), pp. 166-168).— A beetle {Chalepus dorsaUs) is reported to have worked extensively in the leaves of locust in four counties of southern Indiana during June and July, 1914. Biology of Cerambyx heros, A. Barbey {Bui. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 5. ser., 50 {1915), No. 187, pp. 621-635, figs. 8). — This longicorn beetle, widespread through- out Europe, but occurring much more frequently in the central and southern parts of the Continent, is the source of considerable injury to the oak. The cane-borer beetle in Hawaii and its control by natural enemies, F. MuiR and O. H. Swezey {Haivaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Ent. Bui. 13 {1916), pp. 102, pis. 3, figs. 31). — The first part of this work deals with the history of the search for parasites and introduction of the tachinid Ceromasia sphcnophori from British New Guinea into Hawaii, successfully accomplished in August, 1910, an account of which by Swezey has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 256). Then follows an account of the life history, habits, distribution, natural enemies, etc., of the cane-borer beetle {RJiabdoc- nemis obscura), much of the data relating to which have been previously pub- lished. Artificial means of control and natural enemies in Hawaii, next taken 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol, 36 up, are followed by an account of the breeding and distribution of the tachinid in Hawaii. In a discussion of the benefits derived from the introduction of the tachinid, it is shown that the reduction in the borers has resulted in a greater yield of good cane per acre, and a further increase in the yield of sugar per acre through the improvement of the quality of the juice. The number of tons of cane required to make a ton of sugar was reduced in successive years from 31.04 tons in 1911 to 9.37 tons in 1914. In many places it is now difficult to find injury by the borer where formerly much cane was injured. While the tachinids are difficult to find, it has been shown that they can locate borers even where scarce and are able to keep up their existence. A list of 40 references to R. obscura is included. Seven appendixes comprise papers by F. Muir, namely, Report on Investiga- tions in South China (pp. 52-57), Notes on the Sugar-cane Hoppers and Borers in the Malay States and Java (pp. 58-64), Entomological Work in Borneo (pp. 65-73), and Report on the Search for the Sugar-cane Borer in the Malay Archipelago (pp. 74-79)*; Report on the Sugar-cane Borer in the Moluccas (pp. 80-87), previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 362) ; Concluding Report on Travels in the Malay Archipelago in Search of Parasites for the Cane Borer (pp. 88-93), and Report on Second Trip to British New Guinea to obtain a Tachinid Fly Parasitic on the Sugar-cane Beetle Borer (pp. 94-102 )^ An account by lUingworth of the introduction of C. spheno- phori from Hawaii into Fiji has been noted (E, S. R., 32, p. 350). Orchard bark beetles and pinhole borers, and how to control them, F. E. Brooks (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 763 {1916), pp. 15, figs. iS).— Brief accounts are given of the fruit-tree bark beetle {Scolytus rugulosus), the peach- tree bark beetle (Phlwotribus Uminaris), the apple wood-stainer (Monarthrum mali), and the pear-blight beetle {Anisandrus pyri), and the manner of com- bating them. The determination of the abdominal and thoracic areas of the cerambycid larvae as based on a study of the muscles, F, C. Craighead (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 129-U6, figs. 4). Scientific queen rearing, C. W. Quinn {Science, n. ser., 43 {1916), No. 1122, pp. 939, 94I). — Following a brief reference to the work by Newell previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 159), the author reports the results of crossing experi- ments with golden Italian and gray Caucasian bees. The Isle of Wight bee disease, A. D. Imms {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 75 {1914), PP- 62-70, fig. 1). — A popular summary of knowledge of this disease of bees, due to Nosema apis, with remedial and preventive measures. A list of nine references to the literature is included. A new bee of the genus Dianthidium, S. A. Rohwer {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 192, 193). Notes on the biology of Paraphelinus speciosissimus, W. R. McConnell {Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 {1916), No. 1, pp. 97-102).— This is a report of obser- vations of P. speciosissimus at Hagerstown, Md., where it has been reared from Hessian fly puparia. The species was described in 1911 from a single specimen taken on a granary window at Urbana, 111. It has been reared by the author from puparia in wheat stubble collected at six localities in central Pennsylvania, but has not been found to occur at other points in Pennsylvania, or in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. This species is a primary multiple parasite of the Hessian 1 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta.. Ent. Circ, 1 (1907) ; 2 (1907) ; 4 (1908) ; 6 (1908). * Hawaii, Planters' Rec, 1909, Nov. ; 1910, Oct. 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 259 fly, from one to ten, with an average of seven, individuals having been reared from each puparium. Its complete development from oviposition to emergence was found to require from 18 to 20 days during July and August, and there appear to be three or four generations a year. A few observations on the apple maggot parasite, Biosteres rhagoletis, C. A. Good {Canad. Ent., 48 (1916), No. 5, p. 168). — Tn these notes, supplement- ing data by Woods (E. S. R., 34, p. 456), the author records the occurrence of B. rhagoletis near Digby, Nova Scotia, where it was observed to parasitize the larvffi. One new genus and five new species of ichneumon flies, H, L. Viereck (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29 (1916), pp. 165-111). New miscellaneous chalcidoid Hymenoptera with notes on described species, A. A. Gibaxilt (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 (1916), No. 3, pp. 291-308). — Among the species of economic importance are Ablerus perspcciosus n. sp., reared from the West Indian peach scale in Japan ; Hahrocytus obscuripes, reared in connection with the strawberry weevil at St. Paul, Minn.; Uscanopsis carlylei n. g. and n. sp., reared from an Qgg mass of Mcmbracis tectigera, Port of Spain, British West Indies; Oligosita oophagus n. sp., reared from an egg mass of a leafhopper embedded in a leaf of sugar cane, Diego Martin, British West Indies ; Oonatocerus triguttatus n. sp., reared from an egg mass of a leafhopper on orange, Caroni, British West Indies; Aprostocetus tvhitmani n. sp., reared from the eggs of Physonota unipunctata at St. Paul, Minn. ; Cheiloneurus albicornis, reared from Pulvinaria spp. on poison ivy and from Physokermes picew at Madison, Wis. ; Ooctonus quadricarinatus n. sp., reared in connection with bark beetles from limbs of pine infested with Pityogenes hopkinsi, at Syracuse, N. Y. ; Sympiesomorphelleus bicoloriceps n. sp., reared from Tinea on Solanum ; Eupelminus coleopterophagus n. sp., reared in con- nection with the strawberry weevil at St. Paul, Minn. ; Eemwnasoidea oculata n. g. and n. sp., reared from Pscudococcus citri on bamboo at Manila, P. I. ; etc. Life history of Habrocytus medicaginis, a recently described parasite of the chalcis fly in alfalfa seed, T. D. Urbahns (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 4, pp. 147-154, pi. 1, fig. i).— This is a report of obser- vations of H. medicaginis, a parasite of Bruchophagus funebris, commenced in the fall of 1912 and continued into 191.5. Laboratory studies were conducted at Glendale and Pasadena, Cal., while field observations and collections extended over several States west of the Rocky Mountains. The parasite was first reared by the author from alfalfa seed collected at Yuma, Ariz., in August, 1912, and subsequently from collections of alfalfa seed made at points in the different alfalfa seed-growing districts between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast, including California, Idaho, Utah, and Oregon. Specimens from New Mexico, Kansas, and South Dakota have also been examined. The author's observations show that a larva of this species may completely destroy its host and become fully developed within a minimum period of five or six days after taking its first food. Under a condition of dryness, such as is brought about by hot desert winds, a resting period varying from a week to a year may follow. Development continues upon the return of warm moist conditions. The minimum length of the larval stage as observed by the author was nor- mally about 12 days, the maximum a year or more. The prepupal form re- quires two or three days, and the pupal stage varies from 10 days under favor- able field conditions in midsummer to 52 days in March and April. Observa- tions show that a period of from about 30 days to one year, and almost two years in exceptional cases, may be required for the completion of a single 260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 generation. It hibernates in the larval stage within the infested alfalfa seeds which remain on the standing alfalfa, or on the ground when winter ap- proaches. The undeveloped larvse and those still in the pupal stage are usually killed by the first severe frost. In the mild climate of southern California occa- sional individuals of this species hibernate in the pupal stage. The comparative rearings of H. medicaginis and their host {B. funebris) show parasitism by H. medicaginis in several localities to be about as follows : Corcoran, Cal., 0.8 per cent ; Tulare, Cal., 2.8 per cent ; Chino, Cal., 2.8 per cent ; and Yuma, Ariz., 4.9 per cent. Description of eleven new species of chalcid flies, A. A. Gibaxjlt {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), Nos. 3, pp. 100-103, pi. 1; 4, pp. 113-116).— AmoAg the species of economic importance here described as new are Phwnodiscus partifuscipetv- nis, reared from the hemispherical scale in California, and Baoanusia africana, a parasite of Lecanium olece in Cape Colony, Africa. Descriptions of and observations on some chalcidoid Hymenoptera, A. A. GiBAULT (Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), Kos. 7, pp. 242-246; 8, pp. 265-268) .—Among the species described as new are Diaulinus intermedins reared from Phytoniyza chrysanthemi at Kingston, R. I. ; Psuediglyphomyia coptodiscce from Coptodisca splendoriferella, Madisonville, Ky. ; Trichogrammatomyia tortricis n. g. and n. sp., from the eggs of Tortrix cerasivorana, Guelph, Ontario, in the second paper. A new genus of pteromalid chalcidoid Hymenoptera from North America, A. A. GiKAULT {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 7, pp. 246-248). A new genus of lelapine chalcid flies from the United States, A. A. Giratjlt {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 8, pp. 263, 264). The pear leaf-worm, R. L. Nougaket, W. M. Davidson, and E. J. Newcomer {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 438 {1916), pp. 23, pis. 2, figs. 4).— This is a report of observations and experiments with a pear sawfly {Gymnonyclms californicus) made in California during the seasons 1911 to 1914, inclusive, and in the State of Washington during the seasons of 1914 and 1915. The injury by this sawfly is caused almost entirely by its partial defoliation. It is quite abundant in the localities in which it occurs, and occasionally becomes a pest of serious consequence. So far as known it is a native of the Pacific coast. It is of economic importance only as an enemy of the different varieties of pears. " There is only one generation each year. The adult or parent sawflies issue in March and April, the female sex greatly predominating. Eggs are inserted into the pear leaves, the resultant larvse or worms feeding upon the foliage for an average period of three weeks. The larvse may be found on the leaves dur- ing April and May, and in Washington the season is perhaps ten days or two weeks later than in California. Upon acquiring full growth the larvse drop to the ground and bury themselves in the topmost inch of soil (a few go as deep as 3 or 4 in.) and weave around themselves a brown, oval, tough cocoon in which the insect remains for slightly over ten months, at first as larva and later for a period of two or three weeks as a pupa. At the end of the pupal stage the adult issues from the cocoon and comes forth from the ground, and thus the cycle is completed. . . . " What few natural enemies the insect has are quite unable to control it. Artificial remedies are correlative with those used against the codling moth and also against the pear-thrips larva. . . . " In cases of ordinary infestation the contact spray, such as is used for thrips larvse or aphids, will prove successful in controlling the larva of the pear leaf-worm. When the infestation is severe and promises the defoliation of limbs or whole trees the poison spray should be used. The best time for appli- 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 261 cation is when the largest larvae are about half grown and when the holes in the leaves are not larger than 0.5 in. in diameter. At this time nearly all the eggs have hatched." Some American Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 2, pp. 127, 128). The citrus mite named and described for the first time, E. A. McGregor (Aim. Ent. Soc. Amcr., 9 (1916), No. 3, pp. 284-290, figs. 13).— The citrus mite, formerly considered identical with Penthalodes m-ytilaspidis, is here described from material taken on lemon leaves at Orlando, Fla., as Tctranyclms citri n. sp. It was introduced into California from Florida on nursery stock about 1890, and is doubtless the most injurious red .spider found on citrus trees on the Pacific coast. It is severest as a pest of sweet orange in California, whereas in Florida it all but forsakes the sweet orange, and is severe only upon lemon, sour orange, and grapefruit. The citrus red spider on orange in California produces a silvering, dwarfing, and dropping of the fruit, and also causes dis- coloration and dropping of the foliage. A new mite from the Hawaiian Islands, P. J. O'Gara (Science, n. ser., 44 (1916), No. 1126, p. 142). — The author records observations of injury to the Chinese litchi tree (Litchi chinensis), growing on the grounds of the Federal Experiment Station at Honolulu, by a mite which is apparently a new species of Eriophyes. The dispersal of leaf -blister mite of cotton, (Agr. News [Barbados], 15 (1916), No. 368, p. 186). — Data are presented which indicate that the leaf -blister mite of cotton can be introduced in the seed. Observations have also shown that the full-grown mites have a tendency to ascend to the tips of leaf hairs and assume what appears to be a waiting position, the first pair of legs being extended and with which they attach to any moving object that comes in con- tact with them. It is suggested that leaf-blister mites would in this way attach to insects and birds and be disseminated by them. FOODS— HITMAN NUTRITION. On the use of certain yeast nutriments in bread making, R. A. Kohman, C. Hoffman, T. IM. Godfrey, L. H. Ashe, and A. E. Blake (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, pp. 781-789, figs. 3). — Experiments here reported were carried out to determine the effect of certain mineral salts, such as are commonly found in natural waters, upon the fermentative activity of the yeast and also upon the quantity of yeast necessary for leavening purposes. The mineral substances present in flour, milk, yeast, and other raw materials used in bread making were also studied. The following conclusions are drawn : " By the use of minute quantities of ammonium and calcium salts and potas- sium bromate in bread, from 50 to 65 per cent of the usual amount of yeast can be saved. Incident to the economy in yeast thus effected, there is a saving of about 2 per cent of fermentable carbohydrates, calculated upon the total flour used, due to the greatly diminished consumption of these by the yeast. "The proper use of nutrient salts for the yeast gives greater control over the dough batches and aids in the production of better and more uniform bread, regardless of the locality. The added salts conserve the inherent qualities of the dough and consequently maintain its stability and strength to a far greater degree than by the old process. The finished loaves are improved in quality, flavor, texture, bloom, and uniformity." A cause of mustiness in bread, A. M. Wright (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 (1916), No. 20, pp. 1045, 1046). — Examination for micro-organisms of flour alleged to have been the cause of mustiness, observed in bread baked from it, showed the presence of Rhizopus nigricans and Aspergillus. 262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Sound, palatable bread was sterilized and portions were mixed with filtered and fluid extracts of the two species of molds and incubated for 24 hours at 87° C. The samples treated with the R. nigricans extract developed a marked mustiness and a slight sourness in the odor and flavor, while those treated with the Aspergillus extract developed sourness in odor and flavor. Neither mustiness nor sourness was noted in samples of the sterilized bread incubated as a check. The conclusion was drawn that R. nigricans is capable of produc- ing mustiness in bread while Aspergillus produced merely sourness. The changes in the bread associated with mustiness are regarded by the author as being probably brought about by the proteolytic enzym of R. nigricans. Manufacture of [soy] bean milk at Changsha [China], N. T. Johnson (17. S. Dept. Corn., Com. Rpts., No. 183 (1916), pp. ^68, 469).— The bean milk described is prepared from the small yellow [soy] bean from which the Chinese bean curd is made. The beans are soaked and crushed between stones and the crushed mass is strained, diluted in water, and! boiled, after which the white milk is strained off. The milk has a specific gravity of 1.02 and a fat* content of 3.125. The milk is prepared at night, bottled, and delivered fresh to the cus- tomers in the morning. Biochemistry of cod-liver oil, C. Funk {Biochem. Bui., 4 {1915), No. 14-15, pp. 365-370). — A preliminary report is given of experiments in which nitrog- enous substances, to which are attributed the therapeutic action of cod-liver oil, were separated from the fatty constituents of the oil. Crude cod-liver oil was used, since this is richer in organic bases than the purified product. Physiological and pharmacological studies on coal tar colors. — I, Experi- ments with fat-soluble dyes, W. Salant and R. Bengis (Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 2, pp. 403-427). — This investigation was undertaken to furnish in- formation regarding the reactions produced in the body by synthetic dyes. The questions regarding their effect on health, often raised in connection with their use in the preparation of foods, emphasizes the need of such infor- mation. In this paper data are reported regarding the effect of the following fat- soluble dyes : Benzeneazo-i3-naphthylamin, Yellow A. B. ; tolueneazo-/3-naphthy- lamin, Yellow O. B. ; benzeneazobenzeneazo-)3-naphthol, Sudan III ; ben- zeneazo-jS-naphthol, Sudan I ; benzeneazodimethylanilin. Butter Yellow ; benzeneazophenol. Oil Yellow ; benzeneazoresorcinol, Sudan G. ; aminoazoben- zene, Spirit Yellow. These dyes were administered subcutaneously, intra- peritoneally, intravenously, and by mouth to laboratory animals (rabbits and cats). The results of the investigation are summarized by the authors as follows : " Oil-soluble and water-insoluble dyes administered to different animals were eliminated in the urine and in the bile. Elimination in the urine was usually inhibited in poisoning with zinc or oil of chenopodium. Two of the compounds of benzeneazophenol and benzeneazoresorcinol, which were isolated from the urine of rabbits, proved to be conjugated with glucuronic acid. " Most of the dyes were deposited in the adipose tissues ; staining of the nervous tissue, the kidney, and muscle was also observed in some experi- ments. Ten to 15 hours after intravenous injection of 25 mg. per kilo of benzeneazoresorcinol, the dye was still present in the blood, "The toxicity of the different dyes was not pronounced even when larger doses were administered." [Food and drug inspection], E. F. Laj)d and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 7, pp. 163-178) .—The results are reported of the examination of several samples of foods and beverages, information is given regarding several patent medicines, and the results reported of the sani- tary inspection of various establishments where foods are prepared and sold. 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 263 The food problem in wartime from the standpoint of a physician, L. Devoto {Atti Soc. Ital. Prog. Sci. [Rome], 8 {1916), pp. 475-50Q). -A summary of generally accepted principles in nutrition, with special reference to the economic effects resulting from underfeeding during the present war. The increase in the cost of food for different classes of society since the outbreak of war, Frances Wood {Jour. Roy. Statis. Soc, 19 {1916), No. If, pp. 501-508). — A summary and digest of statistical data. The food value of Great Britain's food supply, W. H. Thompson {Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, 2 {1916), No. 11, pp. 168-220) .—This paper reports the results of a survey of the food supply. This included a collection of data regarding the total quantity of food available; a study of the quantities of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and energy which these foods would furnish ; and a calculation of the quantity of food available per inhabitant. The average daily ration per person thus obtained is compared with the requirements of a number of European and American dietary standards. A bibliography and an appendix of statistical data are included. The German food supply and its political economy, H. Schumacher {Deutsche Volkserndhruny und Volksernahrungspolitik im Kriege. Berlin: Carl Heymann, 1915, pp. VII +92). — The opening sections of this pamphlet deal with the domestic food supply and possible ways of increasing it by means of reclaimed land, improved methods of agriculture, and a more careful utiliza- tion of the available fertilizers. There is a brief discussion of the food mate- rials formerly imported and means of meeting the deficiency occasioned by the shutting off of trade. In considering the measures taken by the Government to regulate the utiliza- tion of the available food supply, special emphasis is laid on the laws govern- ing the consumption of breadstufEs and the economic reasons for high prices and price control. The relation of feeding stuffs to human food is also dwelt on, with particular emphasis on the utilization of potatoes. The appendix reprints a poster addressed to German women, written by the author and used extensively in railway stations, in which the necessity for small economies is emphasized. There is .also a memorandum of practical means of reducing consumption in the kitchen and of advice in choosing and storing foodstuffs, and a brief bibliography of the general subject of the pamphlet. Studies on the growth of man, I-IV, T. B. Robertson {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 37 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-42, 74-85, figs. 2; U {1916), No. 5, pp. 535-546, 547-554, figs. 4)- — Four articles are presented. I. The prebuttal and postnatal growth of infants (pp. 1-42). — This article is a study of various characteristics of the growth of infants, based upon statis- tical data in a large maternity hospital. II. The postnatal loss of weight in infants and the compensatory overgrowth which succeeds it (pp. 74-S5) . — In the case of a lai*ge number of South Australian infants it was found that male and female infants suffered an equal retardation of growth, which after one week was 9.2 per cent of the weight at birth. By the end of the second week 48 per cent of the loss in the case of the male and 84 per cent in the case of the female had been regained. The entire loss was made good at the end of the first month. III. The growth of British infants during the first year succeeding birth (pp. 535-546). — The data reported in this paper are based on records supplied by infant welfare associations in the cities of London and Leeds. From these data a curve was constructed showing the growth of British infants during the postnatal period of 12 months, and determinations were made of variations due 264 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 to sexual and environmental differences. The characteristics of the growth curves of British infants were also compared with those of the growth curves of South Australian infants of British descent. IV. The variability of the weight and stature of school children and its rela- tionship to their physical welfare (pp. 547-554). — Data are reported regarding the variability of weight and height of school children from 7 to 14 years of age, and the influence of environment upon these variabilities. From the seventh to the fifteenth year the rate of increase in weight of both sexes was found to increase. The variability in weight underwent a parallel increase during this period, and stature also increased at an almost uniform rate. Variability of stature was uniform and much less than variability of weight. The author regards the measure of stature as a more reliable criterion of abnormality than the measure of weight, but states that as a sensitive indi- cator of the effects of environmental, physiological, or dietetic fluctuations the measure of weight is to be preferred to that of stature, provided statistical methods of investigation are employed. "Among children of 8 years of age increasing unfavorability of environment and lack of medical care resulted in a parallel increase in deficiency of weight and stature, accompanied by a de- crease in the variability of weight and an increase in the variability of stature." The use of boiled milk in Infant feeding and elsewhere, J. Beennemann (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 67 {1916), No. 20, pp. 1413-1419).— In this article the author reports his clinical experience with the use of boiled milk in infant feeding, which shows, in his opinion, that boiled milk possesses several advan- tages over raw or pasteurized milk. Earlier work has been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 360). The use of malt soup extract in infant feeding', B. R. Hoobler {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc., 67 {1916), No. 20, pp. 1420-1422, figs. 2),— Methods are outlined for the use of malt soup in the infant dietary. The relation of diet to beri-beri, E. B. Veddeb {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 67 {1916), No. 21, pp. 1494-I497). — Experiments of the author and others are sum- marized, and from the data presented he formulates the following dietary rules for the prevention of deficiency diseases : " In any institution where bread is the staple article of diet, it should be made from whole wheat flour. When rice is used in any quantity, the brown undermined, or so-called hygienic rice, should be furnished. " Beans, peas, or other legumes, known to prevent beri-beri, should be served at least once a week. Canned beans or peas should not be used. Some fresh vegetable or fruit should be issued at least once a week and preferably at least twice a week. Barley, a known preventive of beri-beri, should be used in all soups. " If corn meal is the staple article of diet, it should be yellow meal or water- ground meal — that is, luade from the whole grain. White potatoes and fresh meat, known preventives of beri-beri and scurvy, should be served at least once a week, and preferably once daily. The too exclusive use of canned goods must be carefully avoided." The influence of flesh feeding on urinary creatinin, D. Bxjens and J. B. Okr {Biochem. Jour., 10 {1916), No. 3, pp. 495-503). — Data are reported regarding the amount of creatinin excreted when meat or creatin was added to an other- wise creatin-free diet. The subjects of the experiments were normal young men. The experiments showed that the ingestion of meat caused an increased excretion of creatinin and generally the appearance of creatin in the urine, 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 265 although the amount of the increase was not proportional to the amount of meat eaten. Although cooking increased the amount of creatinin present in meat, cooked meat did not necessarily cause a greater increase in urinary creatinin than uncooked meat. Creatinin administered by the mouth was eliminated as such only to a slight extent and did not greatly change the excretion of creatinin. Feeding experiments with a dietary in which tyrosin is reduced to a minimum, G. Totani (Biochem. Jour., 10 {1916), No. S, pp. 382-398 ) .—Experi- ments were conducted with laboratory animals (rats) to obtain information regarding the necessity for tyrosin in the diet. In one experiment caseinogen, freed as completely as possible from tyrosin, was used as the basis of the diet, and in another both hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed gelatin were used. The re- sults of the work are summarized as follows : " Tyrosin could not be isolated quantitatively from the hydrolysis products of caseinogen. When the removal of tyrosin from the amino-acid mixture is made as complete as possible and is effected to an extent which certainly leaves only minimal quantities of this constituent, there appears to be no effect upon the nutritive value of the amino-acid mixture. " In the case of the rat, the nutritive efficiency of gelatin is greatly increased by previous hydrolysis. Gelatin when fed intact appears to be badly digested and absorbed. The possibility of completely replacing the protein of a diet by hydrolyzed gelatin, plus certain amino acids, is confirmed. " Some evidence is offered that the addition of tryptophane alone to the hydrolysis products obtained from pure gelatin made these efficient in main- taining the nutrition of animals." Feeding experiments with kynurenic acid, C. Asayama {Biochem. Jour., 10 {1916), No. 3, pp. 466-^72, figs. 4). — Laboratory animals (rats) were given a basal diet, which supplied all of the amino acids of protein except tryptophane. To this diet tryptophane was added in one series of experiments, and kynurenic acid, a metabolic product of tryptophane, in another series. Determinations of the body weight and the general nutritive condition of the animals showed that the nutritive value of the diet was enhanced by the addition of trypto- phane, but when tryptophane was absent from the food no improvement of nutrition was observed on the addition of kynurenic acid. The role of leucocytes in the work on intermediary metabolism of carbo- hydrates, P. A. Levene and G. H. Meyer (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 30 {1916), No. 4> pp. 155-159). — In the experiments here i-eported leucocytes, practically free from bacteria, were found to convert six carbon chain-sugars into methylglyoxal, and this in turn into lactic acid. By substituting glucose derivatives for glucose it was found that glycolytic enzyms of animal tissues had no effect on those hexoses in which one or more hydrogen atoms had been replaced by other radicals. The mechanism of cholesterol absorption, J. H. Mueller {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 2, pp. 463-480). — The experiments here reported were carried out Avith laboratory animals (dogs). In studying the mechanism of cholesterol absorption analyses were made of the gastric and intestinal contents. After feeding cholesterol the absorption of cholesterol was followed through a thoracic duct fistula with experimental elimination of certain of the gastric juices. Experiments were carried out in vitro dealing with the possible action of various enzyms upon cholesterol. The data obtained showed that bile was more closely connected with cholesterol absorption than with that of neutral fats. Experiments in vitro showed that " free cholesterol, in the presence of fatty acids and a suspension 266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 of pancreas, undergoes esterification, and from control experiments it seems most likely that this is a real action by the pancreas." Analysis of the intestinal mucosa during starvation and after feeding showed that an esterification of a large part of the absorbed cholesterol had taken place. No evidence was found that the mesenteric lymph nodes took any part in cholesterol absorption. The cholesterol esters were found to be more resistant to the ordinary active bipases, no evidence of splitting being found, although neutral fat in the same mixture was easily saponified. In the opinion of the author the data obtained by no means explain the whole process of cholesterol absorption. " Since no effect of the mucosa could be demonstrated in vitro, it is at least possible that the esterification may take place in the lumen of the in- testine under the influence of the pancreatic juice, and that the esters may be absorbed as rapidly as formed." A study of the electrolytic method of silver cleaning, H. L. Lang and C. F. Walton, Jr. (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. U9 (1916), pp. i2).— This bulletin reports the results of a laboratory investigation of the so-called electrolytic method of cleaning silver by bringing it in contact with a more active metal, like aluminum or zinc, while immersed in a solution of some electrolyte. Pre- liminary tests were made with a number of commercial devices, which showed that these are generally satisfactory. A number of factors influencing the efficiency of the method were studied, such as the effect of temperature and concentration of the cleaning solution and the relative advantages of zinc and aluminum as the active metal and of sodium carbonate and sodium bi- carbonate as the electrolyte. Also, directions were formulated for the house- hold application of this method. Aluminum was found to be more satisfactory than zinc as the active metal, because the zinc soon becomes covered with a layer of basic zinc carbonate and hence loses its efficiency. Sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, with or without the addition of sodium chlorid, was found to be equally effective as the electrolyte. It was found that the cleaning solution should be kept at the boiling temperature to secure the most satisfactory results. The loss in weight of sterling silver and plated silver spoons cleaned 50 times by the electrolytic method was from 1.9 to 4.3 mg. This was insig- nificant and only about 4 per cent of the loss in cleaning with an abrasive silver polish. This is due to the fact that in the electrolytic method the tarnish of silver sulphid is reduced to metallic silver instead of being cut away by the abrasive in the older type of silver polishes. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The respiratory exchange of animals and man, A. Krogh {London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1916, pp. VIII+llS, pis. 3, figs. 31).— The topics treated in this monograph are the physiological significance of the ex- change of oxygen and carbon dioxid; methods for measuring the respiratory exchange ; the exchange of nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and other gases of minor importance; the standard metabolism or the organism (defi- nism and determination) ; the influence of internal factors upon the standard metabolism ; the influence of chemical factors upon the respiratory exchange ; the influence of physical factors upon the respiratory exchange; the vari- ations in standard metabolism during the life cycle of the individual ; and the respiratory exchange in different animals. An extensive bibliography is in- cluded. 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 267 The growth and variability in the body weight of the albino rat, Helen D. King {Anat. Rec, 9 (1915), No. 10, pp. 751-776, figs. 5).— The .luthor finds that "when environmental conditions are uniform the growth of albino rats within a given colony tends to follow the same course and to produce indi- viduals having a like weight at any stated age. As a rule the male rat is heavier than the female at birth and also at all subsequent ages at which records were taken. During the first 60 days of post- natal life the body weight of the female tends to approach that of the male, but after this age the male grows more rapidly than the female and soon greatly exceeds her in body weight. At 200 days of age the male rat weighs, on the average, about 70 gm. more than the female of the same age. The female tends to increase in body weight at a much more rapid rate than does the male during the early stages of development, and she reaches her maximum weight much earlier than does the male. "The environmental and nutritive conditions under which rats are reared have a marked influence on their body weights, as is indicated by the relation of the growth graphs constructed from data obtained from three different series of rats reared under different conditions. Variability in the body weight of the albino rat, as measured by the coefficients of variation, is greatest when the animals are about 60 days of age. It decreases slightly at 90 days, and after 120 days remains practically constant until the animals are about one year old. Very young female rats seem to show as great a range of variability in body weight as do the males, but the males are more variable than the females at all later stages of growth. The average coefficient of variation for the body weights of the 50 male rats used in this study is 13.6; that for the females is 12.1. " In the rat there is apparently a direct correlation between the rapidity of growth and the variability in body weight after the animals have reached 60 days of age. The records collected are not in a form to give evidence re- garding the correlation that exists at earlier stages of growth. Fraternal variability in the rat is less than racial variabllty. For the male rate the fra- ternal variability is about 70 per cent that of the general population ; for the female it is about 55 per cent." On the influence of exercise on the growth of organs in the albino rat, S. Hatai {Anat. Rec, 9 {1915), No. 8, pp. 647-665) .—The author experimented with the albino rat in order to discover the effect of long-continued exercise. " The heart, kidneys, and liver show an average excess of about 20 per cent, while the spleen shows a similar amount of deficiency. The brain weight shows an average excess of 4 per cent, while no change is noticed in the case of the spinal cord. The ovaries give an excess of 84 per cent, while the testes give an excess of 12 per cent. The hypophysis, as well as the suprarenals, respond differently to exercise according to sex. Furthermore, these two organs show, as the result of exercise, an approach to the relations charac- teristic for the Norway rat. The exercised rats were either entirely free from lung infection or but slightly affected. The control rats, on the other hand, had badly infected lungs and in some series several of them were lost, presumably from the lung disease. Analysis of the data shows that the lung infection is not responsible for the changes observed in the organs." On the composition and physiological activity of the pituitary body, I, II, F. Fengeb (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 2, pp. 283-288; 25 {1916), No. 3, pp. 417-422). — The first part of this investigation was conducted for the pur- pose of determining whether any seasonal variation exists in the pituitary 268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 body from cattle. Such a seasonal variation would be expected to be most pronounced between glands obtained at the height of the outdoor season and those secured at the coldest period of the year, and for this reason two sum- mer and two winter mouths were chosen for collection. In order to determine the difference, if any, in physiological activity between glands from various species of animals, pituitary bodies from hogs were also collected during the summer months. It was found that the posterior lobe of the pituitary body of the hog was twice as large, in proportion to the weight of the entire gland, as that in cattle. The physiological activity of the posterior lobe, when determined according to the isolated uterus method, was practically the same for cattle (herbivora) as for hogs (omnivora). No distinct seasonal variation in activ- ity and chemical composition of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body was found in cattle. Approximately 10 per cent of the beef glands contained colloid masses secreted between the anterior and posterior lobes. This mate- rial was insoluble in acidulated water, and did not possess any pronounced uterine-contracting power. The material for the second study was selected from a large number of noncastrated calves from two to four months old as well as from full-grown steers. It was found that the pituitary bodies from young animals were slightly more active than the glands from full-grown cattle. This is in accordance with conditions found in other ductless glands, such as the thyroid, thymus, and suprarenals. The infant gland contained more phosphates, both in the anterior and posterior lobes, than glands from fully mature animals. The uterine-contracting active principle of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body was readily extracted from the fresh glands by water and also by neutral acidulated methyl or ethyl alcohol. The acidulated methyl-alcohol extract was more than twice as strong as the water extract, and somewhat stronger than pure crystalline /3-imidazolylethylamin hydrochlorid. Com.niercial feeding stufEs, W. J. Jones, Jk., F. D. Fuller, E. G. Pboulx, C. CuTLEK, and J. H. Roop (Indiana Sta. Bui. 190 (1916), pp. 23-360, fig. 1).— This bulletin gives the objects and provisions of the state feeding-stufEs law, terms adopted by the Association of Feed Control Officials, and other data relating to feeding-stuffs inspection. Analyses are tabulated of alfalfa meal, blood meal, brewers' dried grains, distillers' dried grains, dried chicken blood, coconut meal, corn bran, corn feed meal, corn-germ meal, gluten feed, gluten meal, cottonseed meal, cottonseed feed, cold-pressed cotton seed, cottonseed hulls, dried beet pulp, fish scrap, ground bone, hominy feed, linseed meal, malt sprouts, meat meal, meat scrap, oat middlings, buckwheat hulls, buckwheat middlings, low-grade flour, red dog flour, rye middlings, tankage, wheat bran, wheat middlings, and mixed, proprietary, and condimental feeds. Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, J. D. Turner and H, D. Spears (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 203 (1916), pp. 251-333).— In addition to the usual notes on the enforcement of the state feeding-stuffs law, this bulletin gives grades for commercial corn and results of analyses of alfalfa meal, granulated bone, meat scrap, tankage, dried beet pulp, cracked corn, corn-feed meal, hominy feed, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, rye feed, wheat bran, wheat middlings and shorts, brewers' dried grains, distillers' dried grains, and mixed and pro- prietary feeds. The following table gives the amino-acid content of various protein sub- stances, as determined by E. H. NoUau: 1917] ANIMAL PEODUCTION. Distribution of nitrogen in protein substances. 269 Kind of material. Kind of nitrogen. Am- monia. Me- lanin. Cystin. Argi- nin. II is- tidin. Lysin. Amino of fil- trate (mono- amino acid). Non- amino of fil- trate (prolla, oxy- prolin, trypto- phane, etc.). Total. Soy bean Distillers' dried grains Cottonseed meal Cowpeas Wheat bran Maize kernel Hemp seed Rice Sunflower seed Rolled oats Oat grain Sprouted oats Barley grain Rye grain Tankage Dried blood Unroasted peanut Black walnut Shellbark hickory nut Pecan Gluten flour Gluten (wheat) Wheat Cantaloup seed Gelatin Proprietary calf meal . Perct. 12.97 13.06 14.06 11.83 9.67 4.63 9.93 10.23 15.42 13.12 13.31 13.18 16.19 1.5. 00 10. 03 6.19 10.93 10.71 9.47 9.43 22.99 22.53 16.49 7.51 1.41 8.59 Per ct. 3.69 8.21 6.27 9.57 13.75 7.00 4.15 9.98 5.73 2.60 2.97 2.40 2.87 1.54 6.88 5.69 4.36 4.53 6.59 6.21 1.31 1.01 10.29 6.42 .51 9.29 Perct. 1.52 3.02 2.74 6.74 5.96 4.06 2.05 6.97 2.98 5.22 4.48 5.32 4.38 2.20 2.46 2.02 .81 1.27 1.58 2.87 2.12 1.91 1.60 1.18 Perct. 15.52 11.27 12.77 15.98 12.53 16.19 21.38 11.94 16.80 12.12 11.42 11.26 8.65 10.49 12.34 7.72 20.82 23.77 24.24 6.91 8.86 7.61 5.26 19.39 18.72 14.58 Perct. 2.60 .00 7.57 .00 3.84 4.45 3.01 3.18 4.56 10.54 9.58 9.61 6.70 10.48 2.18 8.37 6.13 5.98 6.66 21.91 5.18 5.57 8.36 12.05 3.65 19.80 Per ct. 7.02 4.79 1.94 3.56 4.04 8.53 6.71 .00 4.86 .00 .00 .70 .00 1.24 2.50 9.97 5.31 3.49 3.37 3.25 .40 .51 .96 5.93 9.58 .67 Perct. 48.76 50.68 45.02 46.70 49.95 49.69 44.20 38.83 45.32 46.99 43.49 41.61 44.16 37.96 54.73 51.53 52.36 45.01 43.25 42.28 49.19 49.05 41.06 35.36 40.87 36.76 Per ct. 7.12 10.66 7.49 .58 .00 .00 5.28 15.90 5.27 12.68 11.29 12.48 18.37 21.63 9.01 3.94 1.40 3.12 7.48 7.89 7.67 9.76 17. 95 13.66 23.22 14.18 Per ct. 99.20 101. 70 97.86 94.96 99.74 94.55 96.73 97. 03 100. 92 103. 27 96.54 96.56 101.32 100. 52 100. 13 95.44 99.12 97.90 103. 61 100. 75 97.72 97.95 101.97 101.50 98. 02 103.87 [Animal husbandry studies] (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, j^l {1915), pp. 32-3/f). — Alfalfa hay was compared with oat straw for steer feed- ing for 118 days, the groups being given the same grain ration, as well as silage and the hay or straw 4 : 1. The steers in the alfalfa group made an average daily gain of 1.82 lbs. per steer, and those in the straw group 1.54 lbs. The al- falfa-fed steers made more rapid gains than those getting straw, but they con- sumed a great deal more feed, the gains made costing 11.51 and 11.37 cts. per pound, respectively. Financially, therefore, the results were very similar, though the steers fed alfalfa showed a little better finish than those fed straw. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the addition of a high- protein feed, such as cottonseed meal, to the ration of steers receiving a low- protein, bulky ration would prove beneficial. One group was fed oat straw, corn silage, and meal from mixed home-grown grains, and a second group was fed the same bulky feed and the same kind and amount of mixed meal, with the addition of a small allowance of cottonseed meal constituting 20 per cent of the mixture. The group fed cottonseed meal made an average daily gain per steer of 1.58 lbs., and the other group, 1.54 lbs., but it is concluded that the feeding of cottonseed meal was not profitable. Five lots of weanling pigs were fed as follows: Lots 1 and 2, commercial brands of tankage, with grain and water ; lot 3, beef meal, grain, and water ; lot 4, grain and water ; and lot 5, skim milk and meal. These pigs made average daily gains per pig of 1.01, 1.06, 0.93, 1.01, and 1.09 lbs., costing per pound of gain, 4.33, 4.1, 4.48, 3.61, and 5 cts. for the respective lots. 78786°— No. 3—17 6 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 In a second test five lots of S-month-old pigs were fed as above. These pigs made average daily gains per pig of 1.14, 1.19, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.33 lbs., costing per pound of gain 4.23, 4.07, 4.76, 3.34, and 4.32 cts. for the respective lots. Three lots of pigs were fed the same grain ration and an equal allowance of skim milk, lot 1 running on rape pasture, lot 2 on clover pasture, and lot 3 in dry ■pen. These pigs made average daily gains per pig of 1.01, 1.16, and 1.19 lbs., costing per pound of gain 4.4, 4.08, and 4.26 cts. for the respective lots. Feeding for beef in Alberta, G. H. Hutton and W. H. Faiefield (Canada Expt. Farms Sta. Bui. 30', 2. ser. (1916), pp. 38, figs. 19).— This bulletin reports feeding experiments with steers conducted at the Lacombe and Lethbridge sub- stations from 1909 to 1915, the results of which have for the most part been noted from the annual reports of the Canada Experimental Farms (E. S. R., 36, p. 65). One hundred and two head of 2 and 3 year old cattle of average quality grazed on a fenced portion of well-watered pasture of native prairie grass at Lacombe during the summer of 1915 made an average gain of 358 lbs. per head. The grazing period in this test varied from 150 to 175 days. The characteristics of sheep wool and a new chemical method of deter- mining its quality, K. von Allwoeden (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 29 (1916), No. 17, Aufsatzteil, pp. 77, 78, fig. 1). — This article treats of the structure, elas- ticity, quality, and general physical characteristics of wool fiber, and describes a chemical method for determining its quality. The fleece of coarse-wool sheep, S. N. Kovalevskii (Selsk. Khoz. i Libsov., 250 (1916), Jan., pp. 20-67, figs. 31). — Experiments were undertaken to deter- mine the moisture content, commercial weight, and fat content of wool, the effect of washing upon foreign substances, the loss through carbonization, and the fineness, elasticity, and strength of the fibers. It was found that the wool close to the skin may successfully take the place of Merino wool, and even excel it in strength when tested for tearing. The hair of all kinds of wool is subject to polymorphism in the shape and position of epidermal scales. The coarser parts of the hair are covered with small scales disposed bridge-wise at its thicker parts, while at the thin places, which are generally void of core, the scales are in the shape of small laminge. The possi- bility of recognizing the race of sheep according to the scales of the hair can take place only after the study of all variations belonging to one and the same race. The bluish tint belonging to the Romanoff sheep is due to the two colors of the intermediary hair, which is dark at the top and gray at the bottom. It is suggested that studies should be made of the under wool to determine its properties and its quantity. The caracul lower and upper wool ought to be experimented with as to the quantity of down in the wool. Scientific investi- gation of the wool should precede the establishment of sheep-breeding methods for the purpose of increasing the quantity and quality of wool. Sorrel color in horses, L. P. McCann (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 8, pp. 370-372). — A study was made of records in the Belgian studbook covering a total of 427 matings and involving the color of over 1,250 animals. " The chestnut by chestnut matings, while few in number, serve to demon- strate that sorrel is recessive to chestnut. In order to conform exactly to Mendel's law the offspring should be in the proportion of three chestnuts to one sorrel, and they do approach this proportion rather closely, being 13 to 5, respectively. There is a predominance of sorrels as compared to chestnuts in the Belgian breed studied, and it would therefore be expected that a larger num- ber of tlie chestnut animals would be heterozygous for sorrel than if these two colors were present in equal numbers. This is more clearly shown in the chest- 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 271 nut by sorrel matings. Again considering the matter theoretically, if the two colors were present in equal numbers there should be fewer sorrels than chest- nuts resulting from this cross, but there are 23 sorrels to 11 chestnuts. The same thing is brought out in the sorrel by bay matings. The sorrels and bays are present in about the proper proportions, but theoretically there should be a larger number of chestnuts. " The bay by chestnut matings also substantiate the fact that sorrel is reces- sive to chestnut. If such were not the case the number of sorrels from this cross would be very small as compared to the others, but the result is 22 sorrels, 48 bays, 8 chestnuts, and 1 black. " The sorrel by black matings give a result similar to the chestnut by black matings. The former gives 9 sorrels, 8 bays, 1 roan, 1 chestnut, and 6 blacks, and the latter, 1 sorrel, 2 bays, 1 brown, 1 roan, 1 chestnut, and 1 black, show- ing that sorrel and chestnut ai"e qualitatively alike. " The fact that the sorrel by sorrel cross gives sorrel offspring in practically 100 per cent of the cases is rather definite proof that sorrel is a unit character, and further, that it is recessive to all other colors. Therefore the breeder who is desirous of producing sorrel animals has an easier task than the one who desires to produce animals of a color other than sorrel. The former will be certain of getting sorrel colts as long as he has a sire and dam of sorrel color, while the latter can not be certain of the results from the cross of any other color." DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Milk production cost accounts: Principles and methods, C. W. Laeson (New York: Columbia University Pi-ess, 1916, pp. 60). — In this discussion the attempt is made to analyze each item of cost and also to apply the methods and practices of recognized authorities in factory cost accounting as far as tliey may be applied to milk production cost. The production cost of milk is discussed under the divisions feed ; labor ; indirect or overhead expenses, such as buildings, cattle, bedding, sire, etc. ; and returns for calves and manure. A method of precalculating feed costs is explained, which, it is stated, is quick and easy and can be applied to any system of feeding. In calculating the total cost of cattle in milk production the annual depreciation is obtained by the formula £ll^' in which x represents the cost of the cow, y the sale price n of discarded cow, and n the years of usefulness. To the amount thus ob- tained are added insurance, taxes, and interest on first cost of cow. In summarizing cost and credits incident to milk production the author states that " under the conditions stated for each item, which include a particular size and kind of cow, producing 8,500 lbs. of 4 per cent milk with feeds at stated prices, with the system of management given, and with a good barn well equipped for the production of high-grade milk, cost records will show the following as actual costs in the production of milk: Feed, $75.29; labor, $27; buildings, $8.24; cattle, $9.21; bedding, $3.25; sire, $3.51; miscellaneous ex- penses, $24.25; total cost, $150.75; with credits of calves, $3; manure, $20; net cost per cow* per year, $127.75." On this basis the cost of production per 100 lbs. of milk is $1.50. " Under present prices of feed and labor a herd of high-producing cows will when properly managed return 5 per cent interest on the capital invested in a good plant, and an additional 5 per cent for services of the manager not in- cluded in regular labor charge. The average cow of the United States does not produce enough milk to pay the cost of production when managed under the same conditions and equipped to produce high-grade milk. Where the herd uses 272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 feeds that can not be marketed, where a cheaper system of management is used, and where the cows are housed in cheaper buildings and given less care, they may pay the cost of production of milk. Under some conditions, summer dairying would be more profitable than the all-year practice. It does not pay to use intensive methods or winter grain feeding with low producing cows. The value of pasture for dairy cows has been underestimated." A bibliography of related literature is given. Labor requirements of dairy farms as influenced by milking machines, H. N. Humphrey {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 423 {1916), pp. 17, figs. 3).— This is a study of the milking machine as a factor in the organization of the dairy farm. The data were obtained from 109 dairy farms in New York, representative of the intensive type of dairy farm, and from 160 dairy farms in Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, representative of a mixed type of farm wherein dairying is com- bined with general farming. In each of the localities studied a number of mechanical milking machines was found. The author summarizes the results of his studies as follows : " The time saved by the use of the mechanical milker increases with Increase in the size of the herd. With herds of 15 cows or less the average time re- quired to milk a cow by hand is a fraction over 7 minutes ; by machine a frac- tion under 5 minutes. With herds of over 50 cows it takes slightly under 7 minutes to milk a cow by hand and but 4.15 minutes by machine. With herds of over 50 cows one man with a machine milks on the average about 28 cows per milking as against 17 where the milking is done by hand. " With Increase in the size of the herd the cost per cow of hand milking changes very little, while the cost per cow of machine milking decreases rap- idly. With herds of 15 cows or less the average cost of milking per cow by hand is $10.91 per year as against $10.45 in herds of 50 or more. With herds of 15 cows or less the average cost of milking per cow by machine is $11.77 per year as against $7.34 for herds of 50 or over. "Although with the average small herd of 15 cows or less it costs more per cow to milk by machine than by hand, it does not follow that the machine is necessarily an improfitable investment on all farms on which such small herds are kept. On 32 farms having herds of 15 cows or less the use of the mechan- ical milker was found to effect an annual saving in hired labor of $2.63 per cow through the dropping of hands who had been kept primarily to do the milking." Statistical weighting for age of advanced registry cows, C. W. Holdaway (Amer. Nat, 50 (1916), No. 599, pp. 676-687, figs. 2).— Results are given of a study made for the purpose of determining whether the records of the various breed associations are consistent with their standards, and whether these stand- ards can be used as a basis for weighting cows of different ages. Using 7-day records secured from the Holstein-Friesian Blue Book data are tabulated of 9,639 A. R. O. record female progeny of the Holstein bull, Paul De Kol, No. 14,634. From this population correlation coefficients were worked out, and ciirves were plotted for milk and fat production, showing (1) the requirements of the Holstein-Friesian Association, (2) the mean of the population, (3) the plus deviation from the mean, and (4) what the requirements ought to be ac- cording to the performance of the cows studied. From an inspection of the curves of milk production the author points out " that the official requirements weight animals of an age from 18 to 21 months too heavily. The curve indicates that they are entitled to a reduction as great as for any other age. For the purpose of discouraging such early breeding, however, the requirements for this particular class should be prohibitive and they are. The production increases up to at least 6 years of age instead of 5, which the Holstein-Friesian Association requirements set as the maximum age 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 273 production. For this reason the 5- to 6-year-old animals and possibly the 7- to 8-year classes have an advantage over all other classes. A comparatively small number of animals made the requirement after 9 years of age, hence by selection, only the best animals were retained, thus drawing the curve down almost to a straight line." Data are also tabulated and correlation coefficients worked out for 456 female A. R. O. progeny of the Holstein cow, Aaggie Grace, No. 2,618. These data agree in the essential points with those secured from the progeny of Paul De Kol. Liver meal for milch cows: Its influence on milk and dairy products, H. IsAACHSEN {Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 23 {1916), No. 2, pp. 65-94).— On ac- count of the high protein content liver and other detritus of fish is considered a valuable concentrated feeding stuff. Large amounts of it are exported to France and Germany. In feeding experiments with cows, liver meal had a tendency to decrease the fat content of milk, and as the decrease lasts for several months it is of economic importance. No reason is assigned for the decrease of fat in the milk. The fat content in the milk of cows on pasture was greater than that of cows kept in barns. In the test 0.8 kg. of liver meal produced as much milk as 1 kg. of cot- tonseed meal. Two kg. of liver meal per cow daily for 15 days produced no bad results, and no change of taste in the milk or butter was noticed. A study of factors affecting the composition of sheep's milk, J. Fabbe (Arm. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser., 13 (1914), No. 2-3, pp. 113-120). — As a result of analyses of milk of Larzac sheep on different days, at different milk- ings during the same day, and of different portions of the same milking, the author concludes that for the most part the factors which affect the composition of cow's milk act in a like manner on the composition of sheep's milk. Under the influences studied the fat content of the milk showed the widest variation. [Dairy industry in New Zealand], D. Cuddie (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 24 (1916), App., pp. 21-33). — A review is given of the dairy industry of New Zealand for the year ended March 31, 1916. It is stated that the year was one of the most profitable ever experienced for the majority of farmers engaged in this industry. During the year 792,838 packages (396,419 cwt.) of butter and 591,810 packages (weight not given) of cheese were exported, being a decrease of 1.8 per cent of butter and an increase of 11.9 per cent of cheese as compared with the exports of the previous year. The milk supply of Paris before and during the war, J. E. Lucas (Ann. Sci. AgrMi., 4. ser., 4 (1915), No. 10-12, pp. 422-453, fig. i).— In addition to a statistical review of the milk supply of Paris since 1896, the author reports a study of the effects of the European war on the production, transportation, dis- tribution, and cost of milk used in Paris. Suggestions for increasing the sup- ply are included. The bacteriolog'ical examination of fresh, milk, J. Ritchie (Pub. Health [Lcmdon], 29 (1916), No. 11, pp. 270-274) .—Results are given of the bac- teriological examination of 140 samples of milk from dairies throughout Dum- friesshire County, Scotland, during the year 1914. Of these samples 62 were found to contain under 50,(XX> bacteria per cubic centimeter and 78 samples over 50,000. The bacterial content of the milk was found to be correlated with the sanitary conditions under which it was produced. The author concludes that the value of the test for Bacillus enteritidis sporogens as applied to milk is ex- extremely small. Bacterial testing versus dairy inspection, C. E. Nobth (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 6 (1916), No. 6, pp. 569-578).— In this paper the author points out that the primary purpose of bacterial testing of milk by the use of the bac- 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.36 terial count is to determine its sanitary character, and that of dairy inspec- tion to prevent the contamination of milk and to see that it is properly refrigerated. The growth of the two systems of inspection is reviewed. It is stated that up to the present time the tendency has been toward separate organizations for the two kinds of inspection with an undercurrent of competi- tion between them. The author, however, believes that our present knowledge of the utility of the two methods justifies the establishment of more definite relationship, with complete cooperation between the two and a readjustment of their functions. Some observations on causes of high, bacterial counts in market milk, H. D. Pease {Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 6 {1916), No. 6, pp. 5G3-56S). —The author concludes that where adequate field and laboratory control of milk sup- plies has been in operation for a number of years, high bacterial counts are generally caused through inefliciently cleaned apparatus and by the incubation of bacteria on moist surfaces of cans or other utensils, or that taking place in the product itself due to inefficient refrigeration. In localities where no super- vision has been in operation and where the producers are more or less slovenly the rather uniform high bacterial counts found in milk are generally due to dirty conditions. The experience of New York City in grading market milk, L. P. Brown (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 6 {1916), No. 7, pp. 67 1-677 ) .—The author gives an account of how New York City has dealt with the problem of controlling its milk supply. The essentials of New York's milk control system are described as (1) pasteurization of all milk except that intended for special uses, (2) in connection therewith the maintenance of bacteriological standards, (3) the label- ing of all packages intended to go to the consumer, and (4) constant inspec- tion and supervising of pasteurizing plants. A statement is given of the chief successive steps that have been taken for the control of the city's milk supply which have led up to the system now in effect, together with a short description of the methods used in the inspection of pasteurization plants and equipment. The pasteurization of nailk from the practical viewpoint, C. H. Kilhourne {Neio York: John Wiley & Sons, 1916, pp. IT +248, figs. 3^).— This handbook for milk dealers, students in dairy schools, public officials having control of milk handling, and the general public, relates to the installation, operation, and control of pasteurizing plants. The subjects dealt with are pasteurization in general, heaters, holders, tempeiature controllers, and recorders, cleaning and cooling the milk, efficiency of various apparatus, and changes in the cream line due to the pasteurization of milk. Milk clarifiers, C. Bahlman {Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 6 {1916), No. 8, pp. 854-857; abs. in Cream, and Milk Plant No. 5 {1916), No. 1, pp. 41, 42).— As. a result of bacteriological and chemical studies upon milk clarifiers made by the Cincinnati Department of Health, the author states that eight samples of raw milk averaging 1.312.000 bacteria per cubic centimeter showed an average in- crease of 27 per cent in bacterial content after being clarified. The ordinary sediment test applied to these samples of milk showed that the clarifier had removed all gross suspended dirt from the milk. The average weight of the material deposited in the clarifier was 1.6 gm. of moist sludge, equivalent to 0.6 gm. of dry material per gallon of milk. This material contained large num- bers of bacteria and on analysis was found to consist largely of substances nor- mally present in milk. Fresh certified milk also yielded a deposit when passed through the clarifier. The seemingly greater number of bacteria in clarified milk is thought to be due to the breaking apart of clumps of bacteria by the mechanical action of the clarifier. 1917] VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 275 Some observations on homogenized milk and cream, H. B. Baldwin (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 6 (1916), No. 8, pp. 862-864, figs. ^).— The author notes the development and occasional fraudulent use of the process of homogenization in the milk industry, and gives the results of two sets of measurements of fat globules in samples of homogenized cream from two different machines working under pressures of from 700 to 4,000 lbs. per square inch. , The degree of homogenization was found to be generally increased with the pressure, and in one of the machines the destruction of fat globules was so great that no spherical forms could be observed through a one-twelfth in. oil- immersion objective. The diameter of most of the homogenized fat globules ranged between 0.001 to 0.002 mm. in diameter, whereas the majority of normal milk fat globules range in diameter from 0.005 to 0.006 mm. Condensed milk in Bermuda, S. W. Eells (V. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 2Jfl {1916), pp. 168, 169).— The author states that Bermuda annually im- ports about 720,000 cans of condensed milk, of which about 15 per cent is un- sweetened or evaporated. On account of poor pastures and the cost of fodder the prospects for the production of fresh milk on the islands are not good. Evaporated milk stands the climate well. The American brands of unsweetened condensed milk are considered best by most dealers, though there is a prejudice among consumers in favor of Canadian and European brands. Nearly all the sweetened condensed milk comes from Europe, but some is now imported from Canada. Suggestions for the manufacture and marketing of creamery butter in the ^uth, R. C. Potts and W. White {U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Sec. Circ. 66 (1916), pp. 11). — This circular contains practical suggestions on the management of creameries and the manufacture and marketing of creamery butter in the South. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the veterinary director general for the year, ended March 31, 1915, F. ToERANCE (Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen. Canada, 1915, pp. 131, pis. 7, figs. 3).— Following the main part of this report (pp. 3-33) dealing with the work of the year on the more important diseases of animals and import testing are 17 appendixes. Among the more important of these are the report of tlie patholo- gist at the biological laboratory, Ottawa (pp. 71-76), including papers on The Care, Sanitation, and Feeding of Foxes in Captivity (pp. 77-94) and An Eco- nomical Measuring Device (pp. 98, 99), by C. H. Higgins; and Is Leucocytozoon anatis the Cause of a New Disease in Ducks? by A. B. Wickware (pp. 95-97), previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 483), as well as later work (E. S. R., 36, p. 85) ; report of the pathologist at the veterinary research laboratory at Lethbridge, Alberta (pp. 100, 101), including a report on Dourine and the Complement-Fixation Test (pp. 101-119), by E. A. Watson; and a report of the pathologist at the research laboratory at Agassiz, British Colum- bia, in which S, Hadwen deals briefly with tick paralysis, etc. (pp. 120-123). Annual report for 1914 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, J. McFaydean (Jotir. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 75 (1914), pp. 252-269, figs. 4).— This report deals principally with the occurrence of and work with anthrax, glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep scab, swine fever, tuberculosis, conta- gious abortion, and Johne's disease. Considerable attention is given to the treat- ment of the last-mentioned disease, data relating to which have been pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 76). A new model of double pipette holder and the technique for the isola,tion of living organisms, F. Heckeb (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916-), No. 3, pp. 2Y6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.36 306-314, figs. 6). — A new appai'atus and its use and manipulation in the isola- tion of living organisms are described in detail. Lupines as poisonous plants, C. D. Maesh, A. B. Clawson, and H. Maesh (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. ^05 {1916), pp. U, Vls. If, figs. 2).— The introductory part of this bulletin gives a summary of knovpledge of lupines as poisonous plants and accounts of their distribution, common names, alkaloids, etc. The second part (pp. 7-28), which deals with experimental work, takes up pharmacological investigations by Sollmann, field experiments with lupines, and laboratory ex- periments with extracts of lupine seed upon mice. The third part (pp. 28^2) is devoted to a discussion and general conclusions. "An investigation by Sollmann showed the presence of alkaloids in American lupines, and pointed to the probability that most, if not all, the poisoning of live stock in America was due to these alkaloids and not to ictrogen. Extended field work has verified the conclusions of Sollmann and has shown that all aerial parts of the lupines examined are poisonous, the seeds being the most toxic, then in order the pods- and leaves. This has been- confirmed by preliminary experi- ments with extracts upon- mice. " The toxic substance is excreted* by the kidneys ; the intoxication is not cumulative, and animals may eat comparatively large quantities with no ill results, if the toxic limit is not reached at any one time. Inasmuch as the toxic and lethal limits are nearly the same, the prognosis for poisoned animals is not favorable. There is no form of remedial treatment that can be used advan- tageously for range animals. Poisoning in most cases can be avoided, even where the plant is abundant, by careful handling of the flocks, especial care being taken to see that hungry siieep are not grazed on fields where there is much lupine." A list of 29 references to the literature is included. Studies on tha action of glycerin. — I, The hemolytic action of glycerin in vitro and in vivo, I. Simon {Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 20 {1915), Nos. S, pp. 120-l.',Ji^ figs. 4; 4, pp. 145-165, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1916, J, No. 1, p. 25).^The blood of cattle and rabbits was hemolyzed by glycerin in all concentrations. The time necessary for hemolysis was found to increase with increasing concentrations of glycerin, and to reach a maximum at a concentra- tion of 55 per cent for cattle blood and 50 per cent for rabbit blood. With in- creasing concentrations of the glycerin the rate of hemolysis increased rapidly. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections in rabbits produced serious local lesions and a general toxicity. When the amount of glycerin injected exceeded 2.5 gm. per kilogram of body weight a hemoglobinuria resulted, regardless of the strength of the glycerin injected. The theory of the action is discussed. A corktribution to the action of amino adds, peptids, and proteins on hemolysis by cobra venom, E. Zunz and P. Gyoegy {Jour. Immunol., 1 {1916), ^0. 5, pp. 5Sl-o69). — Detailed experimental results are submitted which show that the effects of amino acids, peptids, and proteoses on cobra venom hemolysis vary according to the species of blood corpuscles used and also the amount in the blood-venom mixture. " The hemolytic -action of cobra venom on the red cells of guinea pig's blood is markedly hastened and increased in intensity t)y phenylglycocoU, leucin, glycyltryptophan, and protoalbumose. The hemolysis is produced more quickly in the presence of large quantities than it is with small amounts of phenylglycocoU and leucin. Heteroalbumose tends slightly to increase the in- tensity of the hemolysis ;' alanin, on the contrary, diminishes it a little. Glyco- coll and particularly diglycin, triglycin, and leucylglycin inhibit the hemolysis in direct proportion to their concentration. 1917]^ VETERINARY MEDICINE. 277 " In the presence of 0.1 cc. of fresh guinea pig's serum the accelerating action of protoalbumose and of glycyltryptophan -and the inhibiting action of the strong concentrations of diglycin, of triglycin, and of leucylglycin is hardly greater than that of the weaker concentrations. Heteroalbumose shows marked effects. The presence of inactive serum exercises a protective action upon the blood corpuscles. It does not interfere with the acceleration of the hemolysis by phenylglycocoll, but it does diminish the adjuvant effects of glycyltrypto- phan and leucin and it almost completely annihilates those of protoalbumose. It weakens considerably the marked effects of diglycin. GlycocoU and heteroal- bumose appear no longer to exercise any influence on the hemolysis." The influence of the amino acids, peptids, and proteoses upon human blood was similar to that exercised by the same products on the blood of guinea pigs. Similar observations were also made of the effect on the hemolysis of dog, rabbit, sheep, calf, and ox blood. Anaphylaxis produced by sensitization through the vagina, A. Hamm {Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 24 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-ii).— Ex- periments are reported which show that guinea pigs can be readily sensitized by the introduction of the antigen into the vagina. Horse serum as well as micro-organisms isolated from the mucous membrane of the vagina were found to be absorbed and produced pronounced symptoms of anaphylaxis. True parasites, semiparasites, or true saprophytes produced the same result. The reinjection was made intravenously. The use of polyvalent sera, L. Ctjvellieb {Rev. Soc. Med. Vet. [Btietios Aires], 1 {1915), No. Jt-5, pp. 254-26^). — The action of polyvalent sera in wound treatment is briefly discussed, and the successful treatment of cases in wounded horses reported in detail. A case of anthrax, G. G. Reinle and R. A. Archibald {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 5, pp. 118-120, pi. 1). — A case of anthrax in a veterinarian who had examined a cow which had died with the disease, together with detailed clinical data, is reported. The eosinophils were found to be an important factor in the blood picture throughout the disease. After the administration of antianthrax serum a marked eosinophilia was observed. When the clinical manifestations showed signs of relapse during the course of the disease the eosinophilia disappeared. It reappeared, however, when the situation was relieved, and then gradually subsided as convalescence progressed. The important role played by the antianthrax serum in bringing about the recovery of the patient is pointed out. Is Bacillus abortus pathogenic for human beings? L. H. Cooledge {Jour. Med. Research, 34 {1916), No. 3, pp. 469-467).— The author has failed to find proof that B. abortus is pathogenic for human beings. " It is possible to cause antibodies for B. ahortus to appear in the blood serum of adults by feeding a milk which is naturally infected with B. ahortus and which contains the B. ahortus antibodies. Antibodies appearing as above apparently indicate a passive immunity due to the absorption in the large intestine of the antibodies present in an infected milk." The bull as a disseminator of contagious abortion, F. B. Hadley and H. LoTHE {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 50 {1916), No. 2, pp. 143-156).— The authors' investigations are summarized as follows: " Bulls may become infected with the abortion bacilli. Bulls with systemic infections used in the experiments were incapable of disseminating the abor- tion disease to virgin, abortion-free heifers by cohabitation. Bulls appear to possess a sexual or individual immunity to abortion infection that renders them less susceptible than cows and induces a more benign form of the disease. Bulls, when infected, have the ability to attenuate the infecting micro-organ- 278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3G isms in their bodies in a relatively short time, so that they will be safe for the service of noninfected cows. Gows usually acquire the abortion disease from other sources than the genitalia of bulls at the time of service." The causative organism, of foot-and-mouth disease, H. Stauffacher (Ztschr. Wiss. ZooL, 115 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-57, pis. 2, figs. 29; abs. in Jour. Bad., 1 (1916), No. 3, pp. 353-355). — This is a report of investigations at Frauenfeld, Switzerland, in which the author found an organism in the dis- eased tissues and blood of animals suffering from foot-and-mouth disease, to which the name Aphthomonas infestans is given. Minute polymorphic structures with an average length of l/j, were found in the lymph and blood of all the 26 infected animals examined, but were never found in similar tissues of normal, healthy animals. The same bodies were found in the freshly-drawn blood, both free in the plasma and within the erythrocytes, of infected animals, thus excluding the possibility that they are products of nuclear and cellular degeneration brought about by the disease. The author has grown these bodies in the condensation water of blood agar culture media and has observed many developmental stages, has inoculated normal cattle with the organisms from the artificial cultures and produced*the disease, and then recovered the organisms from the diseased tissues of the in- oculated animals, thus having fulfilled Koch's postulates for the determination of a causative organism. Two distinct types were observed : One, shorter and thicker, had the characteristic appearance of a flagellated protozoon, with a lancet-formed body which becomes sharply attenuated and drawn out into a long flagellum ; the other was much longer and more thread-like. It is pointed out that the intracellular bodies with their varied forms, which, however, are reducible to one general type, are strikingly suggestive of I^eish- mania, particularly L. donovani of kala-azar. The review is by G. N. Calkins. Investigation on the presence of the tubercle bacillus in milk, E. E. Charles (Rev. Soc. Med. Vet. [Buenos Aires], 2 (1916), No. 1-3, pp. 37-60).— In a hygienic study of the milk supply of Buenos Aires tuberculous lesions were produced by the inoculation of samples of the common milk supply in only 1 guinea pig out of a series of 38. It is indicated, however, that these negative I'esults should not be considered conclusive, especially in public health institu- tions. The literature and theoretical and experimental aspects of the subject are discussed in dettiil. The clinical value of complement fixation in tuberculosis, H. R. Milleb (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 67 (1916), No. 21, pp. i5/9-i52i).— Tabular data of the results of 1,012 cases of tuberculosis tested with the antigen prepared as previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 81) are reported, and the results discussed. It is concluded in general that the reaction is practically always positive in active tuberculosis ; nontuberculous and normal patients react negatively ; the sera of syphilitics who have no clinically active tuberculosis are negative ; and the test is, as a rule, negative in arrested cases. " The von Pirquet and intra- dermlc tuberculin tests and the complement-fixation reaction are not identical or similar diagnostic procedures, since the former indicates the existence of a tuberculous lesion whether old and arrested or active, while the latter points clearly to the presence of some active focus." The complement-fixation test carried out with the antigen described is con- sidered to be a distinct aid in the diagnosis of early tuberculosis and in the detection of the disease when the condition is obscure. A contribution to the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. — First experimental report, (!. Kooa (Jour. Expt. Med., 24 (1916), No. 2, pp. 107-147. pis. 5).— De- tailed experimental results of the treatment of tuberculous guinea pigs with 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 279 albumin-free tuberculin, iodotuberculin, and compounds prepared from copper salts and cyanids, designated as liquids A, B, C, and D, are reported. The effect of a single injection of these liquids upon the tuberculous lesions was found to be either negative or inconspicuous. After repeated injections, however, the congestion and leucocytic infiltration about the lesions decreased markedly, the cheesy material resulting from degeneration of the lesions and other degeneration products appeared to be in a process of absorption, and young connective tissue was being actively produced in the periphery. While these changes were taking place the number of the bacilli was also being reduced until finally tliey could no longer be detected on microscopical examination. " Hence it appears that while the preparation may lack bac- tericidal action in vivo powerful enough to destroy all the bacilli at one injec- tion, yet repeated infusions may nevertheless bring about the destruction of all the bacilli and the modification of the tubercular lesion into that of the suspended stage or even into the healed condition. Whether, therefore, the preparation brings about these results directly by killing the bacilli or indi- rectly by favoring the healing processes of the body, nevertheless it has power to inhibit the growth of or annihilate entirely the bacilli in vivo." So far as microscopic examination was concerned sterility of the tissues was obtained. Emulsions of the various organs of treated animals injected into healthy animals did not, however, yield consistent results, so that abso- lute sterility in all animals was not obtained. A contribution to the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. — First clinical report, G. KoGA {Jour. Expt. Med., 24 {1916), No. 2, pp. U9-186, pis. 6, figs. 20).— A number of eases are reported in detail which indicate that the preparation " liquid D," noted above and designated as " cyanocuprol," " greatly improves or apparently cures pulmonary and surgical tuberculosis in the first and second stages, and that it seems also to produce beneficial effects upon the disease in the third stage." It is indicated that the duration of the beneficial effects must be established more definitely by further observations. The etiology of bovine metritis, B. Eggink {Aetiologie der Metritis beim Rinde. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1914, pp. 75). — The author briefly reviews the classification of uterine diseases as arranged by earlier investigators, and dis- cusses the general considerations in regard to endometritis, puerperal infec- tion and intoxication, etc. The etiology of uterine infections, bacteria found in the bovine genitals, investigation of a number of cases of metritis, the relation between metritis and post-partum polyarthritis, and the serum treatment of uterine diseases are also discussed. It is concluded that the previously accepted classification of the various forms of metritis is a purely clinical one. Considered from the etiological standpoint there is really no difference between the various forms. They are considered to be caused by the same micro-organisms, and under the term metritis every infection of the uterus (plus its contents) should be Included. There ai'e always a greater or lesser number of virulent organisms present in the uterus which exercise their pathogenic influence either by local action on the tissues, by the production of a general toxemia, or by a combination of both. Post- partum polyarthritis is considered always to be secondary and the result of an earlier uterine infection by specific organisms. Serum treatment in metritis, especially the injection of Streptococcus pyogenes antiserum as a prophylactic after difficult parturition and also as a curative agent in active infections, is recommended. A bibliography of 69 references is included. 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol.36 Bacterium, pyogenes associated with, a case of multiple arthritis in a hog, A. R. Wabd ^Abs. in Jour. Bad., 1 (1916), No. 1, p. 114). — It is pointed out that polyarthritis of swine is frequently encountered in post-mortem inspection of meat. B. pyogenes was isolated in pure culture from a case showing various stages of articular involvement from the early stages of synovitis to later stages showing erosion of articular cartilage, exostosis, and anchylosis of the joints. Swine erysipelas and hog cholera, A. A. Feekeiba {Doengas Ruhras dos Suinos e a Peste Suina. Lisbon: Assoc. Cent. Agr. Portuguesa, 1915, pp. 32, figs. 6). — This pamphlet briefly enumerates common and rare contagious dis- eases of swine in Portugal and briefly discusses swine erysipelas. Hog cholera in regard to its prevalence, morbidity, diagnosis, infectivity, and immunization (simple or simultaneous vaccination) is also discussed. Agglutinins in hog-cholera immune serum for Bacillus suipestifer, H. Wehrbein (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 3, pp. 446-451). — ^Tabular data of the agglutinins for B. suipestifer in 100 hog-cholera immune sera, in the sera of 8 normal pigs, and in 8 sera of virus pigs are submitted. An experi- ment to ascertain the connection between the agglutinin titer for B. suipestifer and the antibodies in a hyperimmune serum is also reported. Further studies on the virulent salt solution used in the production of hog-cholera serum, W. S. Robbins {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 5, pp. 708-711). — Experimental data reported indicate that "virulent salt solu- tion is not nearly so virulent as virulent blood, and that while it is efficient in hyperimmunizing by the subcutaneous method it would no doubt be imprac- tical in the intravenous method because of the difficulty of injecting enough of it intravenously to produce very potent serum. Even if it is used in mix- ture with virulent blood the amount of the mixture required to produce good serum would be unusually high." See also a previous note by Graham and Himmelberger (E. S. R., 34, p. 680). Lameness of the horse, J. V. Lacroix {Chicago: Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 1916, pp. 271, figs. 62). — The first section (pp. 15-35) of this work deals with the eti- ology and occurrence of lameness ; the second section (pp. 87-58) with diagnostic principles; the third section (pp. 55-188) with lameness in the fore leg; and section four (pp. 185-261) with lameness in the hind leg. The effect on horses of feed heavily inoculated with Bacillus coli isolated from oat hay, R. Graham and L. R. Himmelberger {Abs. in Jour. Bad., 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 115, 116). — Studies reported by Rogers, Clark, and Evans (E. S. R., 88, p. 631) on the occurrence of the colon bacteria on grains led the authors to conduct investigations with a view to discovering a type pathogenic or virulent for live stock (see E. S. R., 84, p. 681). " In no case were we able to produce death by feeding, but the condition in the experimental horses was such as to suggest that feeds contaminated extensively with colon bacilli lower animal vitality and render the animal more susceptible to other injury. ... It is evident from these observations that the occurrence of B. coli as isolated from grain which was the causative factor of so-called ' forage poisoning ' bears no primary relation to the disease resulting from the feeding of the oats, but from a sanitary standpoint it seems advisable to protect animal feeds from B. coli contamination in so far as possible." Sclerostome parasites of the horse in England, I, C L. Boulenger {Parasi- tology, 8 {1916), No. 4, pp. 420-439, pi. 1, figs. 7).— This first part deals with three species of the genus Triodontophorus. of which two are described as new to science, and one species of the genus Oesophagodontus. A bibliography of 19 titles is included. 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 281 Notes on the histopathology of the intestines in young chicks infected with Bacterium pullorum, G. E. Gage and J. F. Maktin {Jour. Med. Research, 34 {1916), No. 2, pp. 149-I55). — " In this experiment, using cultures from several sources, without exalting their virulence, it was possible to produce typical baccillary white diarrhea. Death resulted from three to ten days after the inoculation. " Stained sections were made from various levels of the intestinal tract of all dead birds. From the study of the sections there was revealed marked injury to the mucosa, associated with hyperemia, hemorrhagic exudation, and leucocytic infiltration. In the individuals in which the disease had run a longer course there are exhibited processes of regeneration. There is in many instances a thickening of the intestinal wall. There is a marked fibroblastic proliferation, and wherever there is any of the columnar epithelium intact there is active secretion of mucus. Therefore, with these pathological condi- tions associated together, and repeated observations confirming them, it is evident that the important histopathological conditions in the intestines in young chicks dead of B. pullorum infection correspond to either an acute or beginning chronic condition of catarrhal inflammation." The poisonous effects of the rose chafer upon chickens, G. H. Lamson, Jh. {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Husb., 2 {1916), No. 9, pp. 65, 66). — Pi'eviously noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 489). RITRAL ENGINEERING. The flow of water in wood-stave pipe, F. C. Scobey {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 376 {1916), pp. 96, pis. IJ,, figs. 7).— This is a report of 64 experiments on the flow of water in 16 different wood-stave pipes ranging in diameter from 8 in. to 13.5 ft., and of the collection and analyses of available records of all previous experiments of a similar character by others. In the experiments 13 of the pipes ranged from 8 in. to 4 ft. in diameter ; one was 6.5 ft., one 12 ft., and one 13.5 ft. in diameter. Six pipes were of the machine-banded type, put together in lengths, and ten were of the continuous-stave type. Mean velocities ranged from less than 1 ft. per second to more than 8 ft. per second. The analysis of all experiments reviewed, which combined reached a total of 286, indicated that an exponential formula most nearly applies to the flow of water in wood-stave pipes. It was found " (1) that Kutter's formula with a constant value of n does not apply to flow in wood-stave pipes running full, (2) that n decreases with an increase in velocity in a given size of pipe and increases with the size of pipe for a given velocity, varying from less than 0.01 for small pipes at high velocities to more than 0.014 in large pipes, (3) that this varia- tion in n is so marked and complicated as to render the use of Kutter's formula inadvisable." On the basis of the analysis a new formula for flow of water in wood-stave pipes either jointed or of continuous stave construction is presented as follows : H=7.68(Z-'-"Fi-8=0.419D-»-i7Fi-8 becoming 7.68 F-8 0.419 F»-8 H=- d^-" X>i In this formula H = the friction loss per 1,000 linear feet of pipe, V = mean velocity of water in feet per second, d = the mean inside diameter of the pipe in inches, and D = the mean inside diameter of the pipe in feet. It was found 282 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 that the application of this formula " meets (within 1 per cent) the mean of all observations and the mean capacity of all wood pipes upon which experiments have been made." General conclusions regarding the capacity of wood-stave pipes are drawn as follows : "A very conservative factor of safety should be used whei*e a guar- antied capacity is to be attained. . . . The data now existing do not show that the capacity of wood-stave pipe either increases or decreases with age. This statement does not consider sedimentation, a purely mechanical process. If silted waters are to be conveyed, the pipe should be designed for a worliing velocity of from 5 to 10 ft. per second. If sand is present in the water, the design should be for a velocity of about 5 ft. per second, which will be high enough to carry out a large part of the sand and at the same time not so high as to seriously erode the pipe. The better method is to remove the sand by sumps or other means. Air should be removed from the intalie end of every pipe line, especially when the capacity load is approached. Wood pipe will convey about 15 per cent more water than a 10-year-old cast-iron pipe or a new riveted pipe, and about 25 per cent more than a cast-iron pipe 20 years old or a riveted pipe 10 years old." An appendix devoted to abstracts of descriptions of experiments made by agencies other than the Division of Irrigation Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is included, together with a discussion of the flow of water in wood-stave pipe, by G. S. Williams, T. A. Noble, D. C. Henny, E. A. Moritz, E. W. Schoder, and L. M. Hoskins. New method of deriving- weir formulas, T. R. Running {Engin. News, 16 (1916), No. 15, pp. 695, 696, figs. 4)- — -A- new method of determining the rate of flow of water over weirs, especially adapted for experiments on the flow of water through pipes, is described as developed at the University of Michigan. The main advantage of the method is that it requires only a single experiment for determining the rate of flow of water over a weir for different heads and is .applicable to weirs of high as Avell as of low heads. The apparatus for record- ing the time and head is described, and the derivation of the v/eir formula on the basis of head and time is mathematically presented. Design of small lined canals {Jour. Electricity, 37 {1916), No. 15, pp. 279, 280, figs. 3). — Curves showing the carrying capacities of small wooden flumes in second feet, miner's inches, and gallons per minute are given. The flumes vary in area of water cross section from 0.5 to 3 sq. ft. and have a fall in feet per 1,000 ft. of from 0.5 to 20. The curves are based on a value of " n " in Kutter's formula of 0.015. " The carrying capacity of small concrete flumes or lined ditches can also be obtained from these curves, as there is usually little difference in the friction factor." Surface water supply of Pacific basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin, 1913 {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 362-A {1916), pp. VI-\-26ft, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooiieration with the Slates of Wash- ington. Montana, and Idaho, presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Quinault River, Puget Sound, and upper Colimibia River drainage basins during 1913. Rogue River Valley Project and Willamette Valley Investigations, J. T. Whistler and J. H. Lewis {Oreg. Cooper. irorA;, Dept. Int. U. S. Rcclam. Scrv., 1916, Feb., pp. Ill, pis. 15). — This report was prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon. The part covering the Rogue River Valley Project deals with the irrigation and water supply of that portion of the Rogue River Valley above Tolo, and more especialy the area in the immediate vicinity of Ashland and Medford. The average texture of soils of the area is that of a clay loam. •'A duty of 1.5 acre-feet delivered on the land has been adopted. It is based 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 283 on the assumption that fruit will always be the predominating crop in the valley. . . . " The Willamette Valley investigations relate to no particular project in the drainage area of Willamette River, but were made to locate in a general way any projects which existing conditions might render feasible and to look into the possibilities of developing the known productive qualities of the valley soils by irrigation, either through pumping or by storing the waters of tributary streams and distributing by gravity to the lands. The lands whose irrigation possibilities were examined extend from Canby at the mouth of Molalla River to the head of Willamette River above Cottage Grove and in- clude the area in the immediate vicinity of Portland. It was found feasible to irrigate approximately 100,000 acres at the present time. . . . The average economic duty of water which seems to be indicated for the valley as a whole is 8 in. delivered to the land, varying with local conditions of soil and crops. . . . Drainage is found to be one of the important features in connec- tion with any proposed irrigation in the valley and must be included in any consideration of practical construction and cost." John Day Project: Irrigation and drainage, J. T. Whistler and J. H. Lewis (Oreg. Cooper. Work, Dcpt. Int. U. S. Reclam. Serv., 1916, Feb., pp. 185, pis. Jf7). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon, presents the results of investigations consisting of the following: "(1) Detailed surveys and estimates of the main project considered, which provides for the irrigation of 122,000 acres by storage of 112,000 acre feet of water at Dayville Reservoir and 133,000 acre feet at Carty Reservoir, and requires about 7.5 miles of supply canal diverting from John Day River 17 miles below Thirty Mile Creek. The estimated cost of this development is approximately $125 per acre. (2) Recon- noissance surveys and estimates to determine the practicability of diverting waters of the north fork of John Day River into Columbia River basin, looking toward the irrigation of Shutler Flats and any other lands which it might be found feasible to cover, ... (3) Consideration of plans to irrigate the land within reach by pumping from Columbia River. The estimated cost of the cheapest pumping project considered is $52 per acre for 50,000 acres, with an annual charge for operation and maintenance of about $8.50." " The lands considered in the irrigation development proposed lie along Colum- bia River between John Day River on the west and Umatilla River on the east, and are in Gilliam, Morrow, and Umatilla counties, Oregon. . . . The minimum run-off of record of John Day River at McDonald is 737,000 acre feet, and the average for 11 years of complete record is 1,433,000 acre feet, all of which would be available for storage. . . . " The soils are generally of a sandy character. Of the 122,000 net acres 86 per cent is regarded as very desirable for irrigation. This soil averages from 3 to 5 ft. in depth and is underlaid with hardpan or some impervious material. Fifty-five per cent is fairly desirable for irrigation, the soil averaging from 2 to 3 ft. in depth and being generally underlaid by basalt. Nine per cent is not attractive for irrigation at the present time, the soil consisting of coarse sand with some silt to a depth of about 12 in., increasing to clean coarse sand of unknown depth. ... "A duty of 3 acre feet per acre has been adopted, based on the assumption that from 30 to 40 per cent of the irrigated land will be used for the growing of fruit, berries, and vegetables, and that 10 per cent will be taken up by roads and building space. Some of the land will require an amount of water greatly in excess of 3 ft., but it is believed that this amount will be found ample for the mean use when the project is fully developed." 284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The type of colon bacillus occurring in surface waters, L. A. Rogees {Ahs. in Jovr. Bact., 1 {1916), No. 1, p. 82; CJieni. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 16, p. 2115).— A collection of 137 cultures of the colon type isolated from waters of greatly vary- ing degrees of contamination was separated into two distinct groups. One of these included about one-third of the cultures and was evidently identical with the type which has been found to include from 95 to 99 per cent of the colon bacilli of bovine and human feces. This type was found occasionally in springs in which there was no evident source of contamination, but was especially abundant in rivers and streams usually considered to be polluted with sewage. The second group which occurred in practically all waters examined was identical with a tj'pe which, while it responds to aU of the usual tests for Bacillus coli, occurs in feces in relatively small numbers. Cultures isolated from grains belonged almost exclusively to this type. The significance of this type in water can not be determined, but the characteristic fecal colon type can be demonstrated in polluted water with reasonable certainty. Running water possible for every country home, R. U. Blasingame {Ala. Polytech. Inst. Ext. Serv. Circ. 4 {1916), pp. 31, figs. 7). — This circular describes and illustrates five water-supply systems especially adapted to Alabama farm- home conditions and varying in price from $18.50 to $126.14. " Each system has been so designed as to allow the addition of further equipment at any time funds may become available." Bills of material are also included. An arrange- ment whereby the water tank may be placed on a concrete or tile silo is de- scribed. " This practice is becoming rather general in Alabama, and is econom- ical, in that it eliminates the expense of a tower." First report of the state engineer of New Mexico, J. A. French {Rpt. State Engin. N. Mex., 1 {1912-1914), pp. 120, pis. 15). — This report covers the period July 12, 1912, to Dec. 1, 1914, and is divided into two main sections. One re- lates to the supervision of the work delegated to the State Highway Commission from the time it superseded the Territorial Road Commission, September 8, 1912, and includes the work accomplished and contemplated, with a statement of the receipts and exi)enditures of funds by the commission; and the other concerns the work of the state engineer, as provided by law, relating to irrigation, hydro- graphic surveys, power projects, pumping plants, steam gaging, Carey Act projects, irrigation districts, improvement to the Rio Grande, street paving in Santa Fe, the capitol sewer system, and well digging on state lands. Annual report of the state engineer and surveyor of the State of New York for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1915, F. E. Williams {Ann. Rpt. State Engin. and Surveyor N. Y., 1915, vols. 1, pp. 378, pis. 75; 2, pp. 428, pis. 10). — This report deals with the work and expenditures of the state engineer's office for the year 1915, and reports the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the State during 1915. Third biennial report, State Road Commission 1913-14 {Bicn. Rpt. State Road Com. Utah, 3 {1913-14), pp. 297, pis. 33, figs. 89).— This report summarizes the engineering and other work and expenditures of the commission for the years 1913 and 1914. [First annual report State Road Bureau West Virginia], A. D. Williams ET AL. {Ann. Rpt. State Road Bur. W. Va., 1 {1914), PP- 397, pis. 25, figs. 12).— This report for the year ended June 30, 1914. embraces tables of costs, cost data, expenditures, and assessments of counties on which road taxes have been levied, and the amount of tax raised in each of the funds by districts and by counties, also opinions of the attorney general on subjects of law pertaining to roads, orders pertaining to bonds, and a brief description of the road work being done in the State. 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 285 New road laws of Oklahoma as passed by the legislatures of 1915 and 1916 (Okiahoina City, Okla.: The Boardman Co., 1916, pp. 80, pis. 2).— The text of the laws is given. Road maintenance and its significance, E. W. James {U. »S'. Senate, 6^. Cony., 1. Sess., Doc. 429 {1916), pp. 8). — This is an address delivered at the seventh annual convention, of the Southern Commercial Congress. The construction of roads and pavements, T. R. Ago {New York: McGraw- Hill Book Co., 1916, pp. r II +432, pi. 1, figs. 115; rev. in Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 14, p. 418). — This book is a concise presentation of approved practice in the construction of roads and pavements and of the principles involved, and includes numerous tables and typical designs and specifications. It contains the follow- ing chapters : The development of highway systems, surveys and plans for roads and pave- ments, the design of rural highways, the construction and maintenance of earth roads, testing nonbituminous road materials, sand-clay roads, gravel roads, water-bound macadam roads and pavements, concrete roads and pavements, vitrified-brick roads and pavements, wood-block pavements, stone-block pave- ments, bituminous road and pavement materials, dust layers and bituminous carpets, penetration and mixed macadam roads and pavements, sheet asphalt and asphaltic concrete surfaces, selection of type of surface for rural highways, selection of type of pavement surface, the design of pavements, and tests for bituminous road and paving materials. Should wider joints be provided in concrete roads laid late in the season? H. S. Van Scoyoc {Engin. Rec, 14 {1916), No. 16, pp. 465, 466, figs. 2).— The re- sults of an inspection of 2,071 joints of i-in. width in a concrete road built in October and November, 1915, are reported. The concrete is of 1 : 1* : 3 mixture and the joints were spaced 35 ft. apart. It was found that in July, 1916, 94 per cent of the joints caused no perceptible jar to traffic, 4 per cent caused a noticeable jar, and 2 per cent caused a serious jar, some being raised as much as 2i in. All joints causing a serious jar were found to be inclined from vertical. Ninety-eight per cent of the joints which heaved seriously were in sections laid later than October 15. " It is likely that owing to the low temperature at which the concrete was laid, the unusually wet weather which prevailed during the fall of 1915, and the unusually wet and cold weather in the spring of 1916 the concrete did not set up properly. There was not the usual contraction due to the drying out of the excess water of mixing. . . . There was not sufficient space between slabs to take care of the expansion due to the increase of temperature in the early summer. ... It would seem that, if for special reasons work must be con- tinued late in the fall in sections with climatic conditions similar, there should be wider joints provided in the later work, as well as special precautions as to workmanship." General specifications for concrete bridges, W. J. Watson {New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1916, 3. ed., pp. 10, figs. 3).— Specifications for both municipal and rural bridges are given. Concrete and reinforced concrete, W. L. AY ebb and W. H. Gibson {Chicago: Amer. Tech. Soc, 1916, pp. [XI]+2JfO, figs. 123).— This is a condensed practical treatise on the problems of reinforced concrete designs and construction, in- cluding chapters on composition and treatment, characteristics and properties of concrete mixtures, mixing and laying concrete, waterproofing concrete, pres- ervation of steel in concrete, fire-protective qualities of concrete, steel for rein- forcing concrete, general theory of flexure in reinforced concrete, practical calculation and design of beams and slabs, T-beam construction, simple footings, 78786°— No. 3—17 7 286 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 compound footings, piles, retaining walls, culverts, girder bridges, concrete building blocks, fence posts, silos, concrete walks, concrete curb, concrete construction work, and flat-slab construction. Calcium chlorid hastens seasoning of concrete (Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 9, pp. 266, 261, figs. 3).— Tests conducted at the U. S. Bureau of Standards, under the supervision of R. J. Wig, of the 1 : 3 standard sand mortar showed that the rate of hardening was accelerated by the addition of calcium chlorid. It also increased the strength at 24 hours by from 155 to 230 per cent and at 48 hours by from 173 to 190 per cent over the strength of mortar containing no calcium chlorid. The best percentage of calcium chlorid to use for all propor- tions of concrete was from 3 to 4 per cent of the weight of the mixing water. The increase in strength at 48 hours thus obtained varied from 14 to 275 per cent for the 1:2:4 mix and from 11 to 110 per cent for the 1 : 1.5 : 3 mix. In all but one case the concretes mixed with 4 per cent of calcium chlorid showed a greater sti'ength for both mixes than for plain concrete, these results being consistent, though variable, for all the ages tested up to 30 days. This acceleration in strength is believed to be due to the more complete hydration of the silicates and aluminates in the setting of the cement. " The use of calcium chlorid increases the cost of concrete by 12 to 15 cts. per cubic yard. For best results it is important that the concrete be mixed to a quaking, but not fluid, consistency. Calcium chlorid should be used with caution for reinforced concrete construction, as it tends to accelerate any corrosion of the steel which may occur." Tensile strength of Portland cement mortars containing lime, M. O. Fuller {Concrete [Detroit, Mich.], 9 {1916), No. 3, pp. S9-91, figs. 7).— Nine series of tests of the tensile strength of Portland cement mortars with and without hydrated lime are reported. Cement paste and 1 : 3 mortar of both normal and working consistencies and 1 : 3 mortar of working consistency containing 2:5, 5, 7.5, and 10 per cent of hydrated lime were tested after storage under water, in laboratory air, outdoors exposed to the elements, in air and water, and in moist clayey soil. It was found that " so far as specimens stored under water or in ground are concerned, the presence of lime increases the tensile strength. As compared with the above two kinds of storage ... a storage of test specimens in dry air shows that for 21 days mortar containing no lime developed the greater strength. After 21 days the mortars containing lime showed an increase in strength, while those containing no hydrate decreased or remained nearly con- stant. . . . An addition of hydrated lime up to 10 per cent of the cement not only increases very considerably the plasticity of the mortar but also increases the tensile sti-ength." The economical brick mortar {Cement and Engin. Neics, 28 {1916), No. 9, pp. 192, 193). — Experiments conducted by J. S. Macgregor at Columbia Uni- versity with seven different sets of nine piers, 8 by 8 by 84 in., constructed of hard-burned face bricks and common bricks bound with cement mortars of different proportions and containing varying amounts of hydrated lime, are reported, the purpose being to determine to what extent hydrated lime may replace cement in the mortar without reducing the factor of safety under practical conditions. The results are shown in the following table: 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. Crushing tests of cemented brick piers. 287 Mixtures used— proportions by volume. Crushed after 7 days. Crushed after 28 days. Crushed after 3 months. Cement. Sand. Hydrat- ed lime. Crushing strength per square inch. Crushing strength per square inch. Crushing strength per square inch. 1.00 3 .90 3 .85 3 .75 3 .50 3 .25 3 3 Pounds. 2,630 3,080 2,890 3,120 2,760 1,945 1,535 Pounds. 2.840 3,170 3,230 3,470 3,100 2,370 1,870 Pounds. 2,840 4,435 4,300 4,170 3,820 2,720 1,915 0.10 .15 .25 .50 .75 1.00 " The results of tliis investigation unquestionably determine that hydrated lime has a greater value in brick masonry than it is generally given credit for having." "Assuming the market price of Portland cement and hydrated lime to be the same, pound for pound, specifications calling for mortar to be com- posed of 50 lbs. of Portland cement, 20 lbs. of hydrated lime, and 300 lbs. of sand (approximately 0.5 cu. ft. Portland cement, 0.5 cu. ft. hydrated lime, and 3 cu. ft. of sand) will not only give a much higher structural value, but will also make a saving of 30 cts. on every dollar spent for the cementing mixture in brick mortars." Handbook of practical smithing and forging, T. Moore {Neio York: Spon d Chamberlain, 1914, PP- [T'/]+248, figs. JfOl). — This is a practical treatise on the arts of smithing and forging, in which the author first deals with forges, hearths, hammers, forging machines, presses, iron and steel, and testing, and then devotes considerable space to a description and discussion of practice in general forging and smithing, including a summary and explanation of technical terms, expressions, and phrases. Tables of handy data are appended. Gas-engine principles, R. B. Whitman (New York and London: D. Appleton & Co., 1915, pp. XV-\-24S, figs. 74). — This is a semitechnical treatise on the handling, care and maintenance of small stationary gas engines and contains the following chapters : Gas-engine principles ; engine types ; engine parts ; valves and valve mechanism ; carburetion ; ignition and electrical principles ; electric generators ; make-and-break systems ; jump spark ignition system ; lubri- cation and cooling ; power, care, and maintenance ; causes of trouble ; effects of trouble ; and testing for trouble. Tractor engines, W. J. McVickee (Gas Engine, lb {1916), No. 7, pp. 333- 336). — In considering the requirements necessary to meet the conditions in power farming, it is pointed out that a successful tractor engine must have the following qualifications regardless of its type : " It must be so constructed that it can develop its maximum horsepower con- tinuously without self-destruction. The elements of limited overload must be eliminated because it can not be controlled. It must start and operate without undue loss of time and must do a season's work with ordinary care and without the services of an expert. ... It must develop its rated power economically, and operate .successfully with the kinds of fuel common in the locality where it is to be used." A novel cooler for internal combustion engines (Sci. Amer. Svp., 82 {1916), No. 2123, p. 165, figs. 2). — A cooler designed for the efficient and rapid trans- 2SS EXPERIMENT STATIOX EECOED. [Vol. 36 ference of heat between tv^-o fluids, one of whicli (airl is in the gaseous and the other in the liquid state, is described and illusTrate<3. " The liquid to be cooled is contained in a tank in which a ntunber of cooling cylinders revolve. These cylinders are built of galvanized steel sheeting wound in the form of a spiral, the whole forming an enormous cooling surface in a very small space. The lower portion of the cylinders dips in the tank con- taining the liquid to be cooled and air is passed through the annular spaces of the upper half." Carburetion. E. E. Deax (Gas Engine. IS {IPIG'^. Xo. 7. pp. S^OS-iS. fig. J). — It is pointevi out in this report that in order to burn kerosene or lower grade distillates efliciently a carbureter is necessary which is capable of " delivering to the manifold, a thoroughly saturated charge, having the correct air-fuel ratio for all velocities, [and a] manifold capable of transporting this charge without change of mixture proportions and delivering it to the combustion space. " To overcome the temperature losses due to vaporization and expansion, and assist atomization and vaporization, we must increase the temperanire of the intake air. To prevent deposition of the fuel molecules, along the sides and bottom of passages, resulting in an impoverished mixture, we must apply heat to these surfaces, '• It is advisable to apply a limiteil amount of heat to the fuel supply to raise its temperature slightly above its vaporization i>oint." Official tests of mechanical cultivation {-Jour. Agr. Prai., n, ser., 29 (1916), Xo. 17. pp. 290. 291). — Plowing tests in light soil of a 4-wheeled tractor with a 4-cylinder engine are repKtrted. The weight of the tractor was about 6.650 kg., of which aK>ut 2.000 kg. was on the front wheels. "U'hen plowing a furrow 15 cm. deep and 2.42 meters wide at a speed of 3^40 meters i^r hour, it was found that 4.902 square meters were plowed per hour with a fxiel consumption per hour of 10.74 kg. and per hectare of 21.9 kg. When plowing a furrow 17.6 cm. deep and 2.4 meters wide at a speed of 3,132 meters per hour, it was found that 4,7S4 square meters were plowed per hour with a fuel consumption per hour of 13.2 kg. and per hectare of 27.5 kg. Modem piggery buildings, H. W. Ports and A. Bbooks (Agr. Gac. X. S. Wales. 27 (1916), Xo. S. pp. 5o5-o60, pi. 1, figs. 6). — Plans and details of a building especially constructed for the housing of pedigreed stock, with boar sties on one side of the passitge only, are presented. The construction cf silos, A. M. KnJSTXX (Cultura. 2S (1916k Xo. SS6. pp. 2S5-29.^. pis. S). — Dutch practice in silo construction is described and illus- trated, RURAL ECONOMICS. The country town. AV. L, Andebsox (.A'f'if Tork: Doubleday, Page d Co., 19H. pp. I II +307). — This book endeavors to set forth the rural changes in their historical, scientific, and social aspects. The author concludes that there is no scientific reason for the popular notion that the rural population is under a fatality of evil. Its future is thought to depend almost wholly upon the power of environment, education, commerce, and evangelization, and upon participation in the great movements of the age. The social survey: A biblic^raphy. compiled by Z. L. Potteb (Xoir Tork: Russell Sage Foundatiotu 1915. pp. 16). — Among the topics included in this bibliography relating to rural conditions are the purpose and method of rural surveys, rural survey reports, and si>ecial reports regiirding rural health and schools. Proceeding of the tliirty-fifth annual session of the Farmers' National Congress of the United States (Farmers' Xat. Cong. U. S., Proc.. So (1915). pp. 209+14]. /»V^- "i*- — The addresses before the congress dealt principally with 1917] KURAL ECONOMICS. 289 rural organizations and cooperation, rural credit, social life on the farm, and allied topics. Value to farm families of food. fuel, and use of house. W. C. Fx*xk (IT. S. Dci^it. Apr. Bui. 4IO (1916), pp. S-5. fiffs. Sk — The data given in this bulletin was obtained from 14 different areas in as many States and were selected as more or less typical of conditions in those States. The results indicate that the average value of food. fuel, aud use of house was ?642, of which $424 was furnished by tlie farm. The average value of the fooii per family was S44S. and consisted of 5S per cent animal products, 25 IH?r cent groceries. 11 per cent vegetables, and 6 per c^nt fruits. Of the total amount, 5S per cent was furnished by the farm. The average value of the fuel was $62, wood ct^mprisiug $36.30, coal SlT.So. and oil $6.33. and 54 per cent was obtained from the farm. The average value of the use of the house was $132. The annual value of the housework was estimated at $228, 95 per cent of which was furnished by the family. It was found that the average value of meats (other than poultry) consumed on the farm was $107.25. of poultry products, S55.40, and of dairy proiiucts, $9S.36. Families living on their own farms reported a higher consumption of food and a larger proportion of food derived directly from the farm than did those living on rented farms. The cost of board (.as of hired hands) in food, fuel, and housework was sho^"n to be $129 per year. Thirty-one per cent of tliis represented cash outlay. Losses from selling cotton in the seed, C. F. Ckeswell (U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 775 (1916), pp. S). — The author discusses the question on the basis of interviews with farmers, gimiers. oil-mill men. and others, and on the study of seed-cotton marketing previously noted (E. S. R.. 35. p. 7931. A series of tables are included, showing the prices of lint conon. calculated from certain setxl-cotton prices and certain lint percentages. The elevator movement in the Pacific Northwest. H. T. Lewis {Jour. Polit. Econ., 24 (1916). Xo. S. pp. 79^-80^). — The author discusses the practice of shipping grain in bulk or in sacks, and the effects upon the methods of fjirm- ing and grain distribution. Report of the Bureau of Markets. 1915 (Bpt. Bur. Markets IXeicton, ilass.'i. 1915. pp. 56. pis. ;?. fiijs. 10). — This report gives a brief history of the efforts of the city of Newton. Mass.. to establish a local market and the results of three months" operations. The Federal Farm Loan Act, W. B. Palmeb {Quart. Pubs. Amer. Statis. Assoc, n. scr.. 15 U''Jo''. Xo. 115. pp. ^92-S12). — The author gives a brief his- tory of the circumstances leading up to the passage of this act and outlines its provisions. See also an editorial note (E. S. R.. 35, p. 101). The farm loan primer {U. S. Treas. Dept., Fed. Farm Loan Bd. Circ. 5 {1916 k pp. 11). — This circtilar contains a series of questions which have been most frequently asked about the Federal Farm Loan Act, and answers pre- pare^! by members of the board. National farm loan associations (U. S. Trea^. Dept., Fed. Farm Loan Bur. Circ. 1 {1916). pp. 4^- — In this circular are briefly explained the organization, management, powers, and limitations of the local loan association- How farmers may form a national farm loan association {U. S. Treas. Dept.. Fed. Farm Loan Bur. Circ. 2 {1916). pp. S). — This circular indicates the various steps necessary in forming an association to borrow money under the provisions of the Farm Loan Act. The North Carolina credit union. W. R. Camp (X. C. Apr. Ert. Sen: Circ. 1.3 {1916). pp. 11). — This circular contains a brief statement as to liie purpose of the credit union and methods of organization. 290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Report on the working' of cooperative societies in Bihar and Orissa for the year 1914—15 {Rpt. Work Coop. Soc. Bihar and Orissa, 1914-15, pp. 33+XII-\-4). — This report gives a brief statement of the work of the different rural credit, agricultural, and nonagricultural organizations, as well as data as to the membership, receipts, disbursements, and capital of the different societies. The supply of agricultural implements by cooperative societies, B. C. Burt (Agr. Jottr. India, 11 (1916), No. 2, pp. 205-209, iftc.).— This article de- scribes the experience of cooperative societies in India in purchasing imple- ments to be rented to members of the organization. Cattle insurance societies, A. C. Chatterjee (Agr. Jour. India, 11 (1916), No. 2, pp. 108-111). — This article contains a brief description of methods used in insuring animals purchased by loans from the agricultural primary societies in India. Final report of the departmental committee appointed by the president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to consider the settlement and em- ployment on the land in England and Wales of discharged sailors and soldiers (Final Rpt. Dept. Com. Land Settlement Sailors and Soldiers [London], 1916), pt. 2, pp. 89). — This report discusses the number of men withdrawn from agriculture to join the army, and methods to be used at the close of the war to attract men into agricultural occupations. This volume contains both the majority and minority reports. Farming and food supplies in time of war, R. JI. Rew (Rpi. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 85 (1915), pp. 760-769). — Tlie author discusses the influence of home production and the relative proportion of the different products obtained by im- portation, also the changes which have taken place under war conditions. Our food supply, C. Turnor (London and New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1916, pp. IX-\-171). — The author discusses the food supply in England and sub- jects relating thereto under the following heads : Present and suggested sources of food supply; present agricultural methods; new and improved methods; the laborer ; small holdings ; land settlement for ex-service men ; education ; and agricultural credit. [B-eport of the German food supplies committee] (Better Business, 1 (1915), No. 1, pp. 51-70). — This article describes the functions of the committee in dealing with the production and distribution of agricultural products under war conditions. Vacant public lands on July 1, 1915, and July 1, 1916 (U. S. Dept. Int., Gen. Land Off. Circs. 420 (1915), pp. 24: 484 (1916), pp. 2//).— These reports continue the information previously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 390) and correct the data up to July 1, 1916. Circular instructions relating to acquisition of title to public lands in the Territory of Alaska, compiled by C. Tallman (U. S. Dept. Int., Gen. Land Off. Circ. 491 (1916), pp. 89). — This circular contains a compilation of laws and regulations governing the acquisition of title to public lands in Alaska. Vermont farms (Essex Junction, Tt.: Yt. Bur. Pub. [1915], pp. 140, figs. 16). — This report contains a detailed statement of facts and figures concerning the agricultural resources and opportunities of the State. Twenty-first biennial report of the Bureau of Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics of Kentucky (Bien. Rpt. Bur. Agr., Labor, and Statis. Ky., 81 (1914-15), pp. 530, pis. 32). — This report contains a statement showing for each county in the State the population, assessed acreage, value of land and im- provement, and a brief description of agricultural land and the type of agri- culture practiced, and outlines the activities of the various branches of the bureau. 19171 AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 291 [Agriculture in Hawaii], {Rpt. Gov. Hawaii, 19U, pp. 9-12, 26-30, 39-42, 47-5i, 53-57). — The subjects treated are the land problem, transportation, land settlement, the work of the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries, and agri- cultural education. Grain statistics of Canada, 1914^15, R. Magill, W. D. Staples, and J. P. Jones (Canada Ann. Rpt. Dept. Trade and Com., pt. 5 (1916), pp. YII-{-320, pis. 5). — In this report is contained the report of the grain commissioners show- ing the amount of grain handled by the various Canadian, elevators, daily, monthly, and yearly prices, and the activities of the different branches of the board in connection with the licensing of elevators and the inspection of the grain and elevators. [Agricultural statistics of Sao Paulo] {Bol. Dir. Indus, e Com. Sao Paulo, 7. ser.. No. 6 (1916), pp. 235-278). — This report gives data showing the area, production, and trade of the principal agricultural products. Production and trade in agricultural products of Great Britain and Ire- land, 1915, J. J. L. Van Run {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Netherlands], Verslag. en Mcded. Dir. Landb., No. 1 (1916), pp. 106-157, figs. 3).— In this re- port is discussed the relative importance of the home production and tlie im- ported agricultural products, and the sources of agricultural imports and prices. Fourth, report of the board of agriculture for Scotland, R. P. Wright et al. (Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot. 4 (1915), pp. 59). — In this report is I'eviewed the worii of the board during the past year. It treats principally of the progress in land settlement, agricultural education and research, and the agricultural problems due to the war. [Agiicultural production in Austria, 1915] (Anbauflachen und Ernteer- gebnisse in Osterreich im Jalire 1915. Vienna: K. K. Acker'bauministerium 1916, pp. 55). — This report gives the area, production, and average yield of the principal crops in Austria and by minor subdivisions for 1915, with comparative data for earlier years. The recent development of German agriculture, T. H. Middleton (Abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 23 (1916), No. 5, pp. 426-430). — In this article is given a synopsis comparing the efficiency of agricultural methods in England and Germany, and pointing out the differences in the results obtained. Agricultural statistics of British India, 1913-14, G. F. Shiekas (Agr. Statis. India, 30 (1913-14), I, pp. X+415, pis. 5). — This report continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 92) by adding data for the crop year of 1913-14. AGRICULTTJEAL EDUCATION. Agricultural and industrial education, consolidation of schools, training and supply of teachers, courses of study, physical and moral education, with recommendations (Rpt. Saskatchewan Ed. Com., 1915, pp. 208). — Part one of this report of the Saskatchewan Educational Commission, which was appointed May 9, 1912, contains (1) a report on the present status of agricultural educa- tion in Saskatchewan ; accounts of what is being done in agricultural instruc- tion in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Michigan, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Eng- land, Scotland, France, and Belgium, including a summary of legislation in eight States ; and descriptions of typical agricultural schools in the United States and Australia; and (2) a similar account of the present status of in- dustrial education, including instruction in home economics. A bibliography on agricultural and industrial education, etc., is among the data appended. 292 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. [Vol.36 The commission recommends that in Saskatchewan agricultural and indus- trial education be amplified and extended by the use of existing agencies, viz, the public, high, and normal schools, and the university, including the agricultural college. It advocates (1) systematic efforts to introduce nature study, school gardening, manual training, and elementary household science more generally into the public schools and to provide in the moi'e advanced schools instruction and training for the preparation of teachers and leaders in these departments; (2) short courses in agriculture and elementary science during vacation periods, where necessary, to be given in rural schools by traveling expert instructors; (3) the establishment of industrial evening schools in villages and towns ; (4) provision in high schools for short winter courses in agriculture and instruction in advanced manual training and household science and such specialized form of industrial work as may be deemed ad- visable; (5) initial and annual grants and expert direction for work in public and high schools in school gardening and agriculture, household science, man- ual training, and related branches; (6) increased facilities for instruction in school gardening and elementary agriculture, manual training, and elementary household science in the provincial normal schools; (7) the establishment in the university of a school of domestic science and a college of technology for a corresponding development of industrial education; (8) the acceptance of either agriculture or household science in lieu of physics or chemistry in the examinations for third and second class teachers' diplomas and in the university at the junior matriculation examination ; and (9) the appointment of expert district representatives to assist the department and college of agri- culture in promoting the welfare of rural communities. Part two deals with the supply and training of teachers, courses of study, textbooks in Saskatchewan, and the consolidation of schools in the United States. Agricultural education in New South Wales, T. E. Sedgwick (Jour. Bath and West and South Counties Soc, 5. ser., 10 {1915-16), pp. 77-86).— An ac- count is given of the system of agricultural instruction in New South Wales, which affords an uninterrupted opportunity for students to pass successively through the primary school, the Hurlstone Agricultural High School, the ex- perimental farm and school, the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, and the university, where the degree of B. S. in Agriculture is awarded, thus qualify- ing for a Government inspectorship or other appointment. Agricultural education in the State of Victoria, Australia, C. K. Harrison (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 (1915), pp. 1154-1156).— This is a summarized statement of a.^ricultural teaching in the primary state schools, technical schools, agricultural colleges and experimental farms, and extension teaching. Gardening and farming in the Philippine schools, N. H. Foreman (Ad- dresses and Proe. Nat. Ed. Assoc., 53 (1915). pp. 1156-1159). — The following phases of agricultural instruction in the Philippine schools are briefly de- scribed : School gardening, special food campaigns, settlement farm schools, farm schools, and agricultural schools. The development of the Philippine public-school system, in cooperation with the home and in relation to industrial conditions, H. H. Miller (Ad- dresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 (1915), pp. 1116-1121).— The growth of the system, the courses of study and their aim, including school gardening, farming, housekeeping, and household arts, and how the homes are reached, are discussed. Rural science and school gardening, W. H. Johns (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 16 (1916), No. 3, pp. 441-454, pis. .^).— The author dis- 1917] AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 293 cusses the reasons for adopting insti'uction in school gardening in public ele- mentary and other schools in Ireland, the correlation of school gardening with other subjects, the training of teachers of school gardening, schemes of in- struction, the plan of a typical garden, managing and cropping gardens, site and equipment, operations, etc. The syllabus In rural science, including school gardening, for the training of national school teachers at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin, and in classes at approved centers in a few selected counties is given. The author states that " perhaps the main distinction between the various British and Irish schemes of school gardening lies in the fact that in Great Britain the subject is regarded mainly as a practical or handicraft subject, Avhereas in Ireland the Department [of Agriculture and Technical Instruc- tion], while insisting upon the practical side, has sought to coordinate it with the teaching of elementary practical science with the view to making it truly educational." The general beginning of school garden work in Ireland dates from 1910, when the department's present scheme of rural science and school gardening was introduced. At present there are 150 schools in which the subject is taught by specially trained teachers. The schemes of instiniction for the training of both teachers and pupils in national .schools are very similar, and the subject may be said to center around the life study of a typical garden plant. Teachers of this subject in Ireland may earn small special grants as well as prizes. High-school extension in agriculture, C. H. Lane (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 {1915), pp. 1132-1136). — The author includes under high school extension work in agriculture " all educational efforts at the homes and on the farms of the people, and also such work at the school itself as is more or less temporary and that centers directly in interests away from the school." He dis- cusses when and how such work should be undertaken by high schools and the training of teachers for extension work. Courses for training teachers should contain two essential elements, viz, sound training in the science of agriculture and sound experience in the prac- tice of the art. It is deemed extremely doubtful whether the student training to become a high-school instructor in agricultural extension work " should be permitted to specialize in the latter part of a course as is now common in larger institutions. On the contrary, since he is to be a teacher, it is necessary for him to have training in psychology' and in the principles and methods of educa- tion." He should give careful attention to language work and have much prac- tice in the clear and simple statement of his thoughts and in public speaking, and inasmuch as he is to promote successfully farm practice, stress should be laid on instruction in farm management, rural economies, and rural sociology. Provision should also be made for actual practice in extension work in the junior and senior years. The ways suggested for the teacher of agriculture to extend his influence out- side of his regular high-school work include tlie supervision of the home-project work of his pupils, the directing of agricultural instruction in the grades, the organizing and following up of boys' and girls' clubs, the acting as organizer for the one week's short course for farmers, the offering of personal counsel and advice on certain days to farmers of the community, assisting in organizing farmers' reading courses, directing school agricultural exhibits locally and at the county fair, and through Saturday meetings with farmers and by farm visitation. Sch.ool credit for boys' and girls' club work and extension activities in agriculture and home economics, O. H. Benson {Addresses and Proc. Nat- Ed. Assoc, 53 {1915), pp. 1144-1153).— The author discusses boys' and girls' club 294 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3G work as it is related to the public school and its claim upon the school from the standpoint of school credit. While he considers " the education, experience, health, and conservation value, together with the blessings of the out of doors and a net profit on investment," the best possible credit that may be received from club work, so far as the boys and girls are concerned, he believes it will be worth while for the school to express itself in a tangible way in connection with this work for the benefit of the school and the school curriculum. It is recommended that all of the bases of awards used in club home projects be also used as the bases of awards for the giving of school credits. A list of projects, specific requirements, and standards for awarding school credit for each project are given. How boys and girls respond to home work in a large city, C. F. Palmer {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 53 (1915), pp. 1139-1143) — An account is given of home gardening in Los Angeles and its good elfects. Girls' and boys' club work: A manual for rural teachers, Maky E. Cees- WELL (Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 101 (1916), pp. 52, figs. 5).— In this bulletin the following subjects are discussed : School Values in Boys' and Girls' Club Work, by H. W. Odum ; Relating Boys' and Girls' Club Work with that of the Public Schools and Seasonal Activities, by Mrs. Bessie S. Wood ; Correlation of Agriculture and Home Economics with Common-school Subjects in Georgia, and Arithmetic Problems Based on Germination of Seed Corn, by Miss C. S. Parrish ; Purpose of Boys' Corn Clubs, by J. K. Giles ; Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs, by D. J. Taylor; Boys' Pig Clubs in Georgia, by J. E. Downing; Some Typical Programs for Meetings, by Miss Nola Johnson ; and Historical Develop- ment, Keeping Records, Lessons Connected with Canning, etc., by the author. A brief list of references is included. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of Montana Station, 1915 (Montana Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 221-263). — This contains the organization list, a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, and a report of the director on the work and publications of the station. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-eigbth. Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1915 (Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. XXIII-\-Ji62-\-Ji, pis. 32, figs. 105).— Thin contains the organization list, a brief announcement concerning the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report of the director on the publications and work of the station, and reprints of Bulletins 184-190, previously noted, and of Circular 9, noted below. Publications for free distribution (Vcrmaiit Sta. Circ. 9 (1915), pp. 4)- — The publications available for distribution are listed. List of available publications (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 23 (1916), pp. 4). — The station bulletins and circulars and the extension department publications available for distribution are listed. NOTES. Hawaii College. — Jared G. Smith, professor of agriculture, has resigned to become manager for a large commercial tobacco growing company on the island of Oahu, and has been succeeded by L. A. Henke, previously director of agri- culture at the high school of Elbow Lalie, Minnesota. Maryland College and Station. — Dr. A. F. Woods, dean of the Minnesota Col- lege and School of Agriculture and director of the Minnesota Station, has been appointed president of the college beginning July 1. Dr. H. J. Patterson, the retiring president, will continue as director of the station. Dr. Raymond C. Reed, professor of bacteriology, hygiene, and veterinary science at the Delaware College and animal pathologist of the Delaware Station, has been appointed chief of the department of animal industry. Capt. Richard W. Silvester, president of the college from 1892 to 1913 and subsequently president emeritus and librarian, died December 31, 1916, at the age of 59 years. Massachusetts College and Station. — Additional appropriations aggregating ?4SS.200 have been requested from the State Legislature. Of this amount $250,000 is for a library building, $90,000 for extensions to the power plant, $85,000 for other equipment and improvements, $50,000 for a dormitory, $9,000 for rural engineering shops, and $4,200 for a poultry house and judging laboratory. In addition $35,000 is requested to improve, equip for experimental work, and maintain for two years the tract of land acquired at Lexington, under a previous appropriation of $8,000, for use as a market garden field station under the management of the college. A. B. Beaumont, assistant professor of soil technology' in Cornell University, has been appointed associate professor of agronomy and acting head of the department. E. D. Waid, assistant director of the extension service, has re- signed to engage in farming. In the station Dr. A. C. Edwards, assistant in veterinary science, resigned December 31, 1916. S. H. DeVault has been ap- pointed graduate assistant in agricultural economics. Hew Hampshire College. — Px-es. E. T. Fairchild died at Durham, N. H., Janu- ary 23, at the age of 62 years. President Fairchild was a native of Ohio, for 10 years a regent of the Kansas College, and from 1907 to 1912 State superin- tendent of public instruction in Kansas. He had been president of the New Hampshire College since 1912, during which time the enrollment and equip- ment of the institution had been largely increased. He was widely known in educational circles, and served as president of the National Education Asso- ciation in 1912. North Carolina College and Station. — Some interesting results are reported by the division of horticulture from work with pecans in the eastern part of the State. A large part of the old trees have been renewed by top-working, etc., with varieties such as Stuart and Schley, which have been found to be the best adapted for the purpose. B. P. Folk, State agent in charge of pig club work, resigned January 1 to engage in farming in Louisiana. In the division of agricultural clubs A. K. 295 298 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 3G Robertson, assistant in corn club work, has been promoted to agent in corn club work. South Carolina Station. — The division of entomology has completed an elabo- rate apparatus for the control of temperature and moisture. The principle consists of pumping air through an ice chamber and expanding it by heat in a second chamber to acquire the desired humidity. The temperature of indi- vidual insects is recorded by means of an electric thermocouple. The division has also completed its iield laboratory for entomological study. This building is equipped with the necessary thermographs for air and soil temperatures and other apparatus. Vermont ITniversity and Station. — A. F. Hawes, professor of forestry and State forester, has resigned to take effect February 15, to become extension specialist in forestry in the Office of Extension Work in the North and West of the States Relations Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. W. C. Stone, assistant horticulturist in the station, has accepted a similar appoint- ment in the New York State Station, and has been succeeded by John B. Norton, a 1914 graduate of the Massachusetts College. Washington College. — The State legislature of 1915 appointed an educa- tional commission of three senators and three representatives to make a survey of the educational situation in the State, and specifically of the State college, the State university, and the three normal schools. This commission subsequently secured the services of the United States Bureau of Education in making a survey, the results of which were recently published. The recom- mendations in this report were embodied in a bill presented to the legislature. In which provision was made for the transference of several departments and all graduate work in engineering and pure science from the college to the university. This measure failed of passage, and in its stead a law was enacted defining the fields of work of the two institutions. This law provides that the courses of instruction at the university shall embrace, as exclusive major lines, law, architecture, forestry, commerce, journalism, library economy, marine and aeronautic engineering, and fisheries, as well as instruction in medicine. Those of the State college are to embrace, as exclusive major lines, agriculture in all its branches and subdi^^sions, veterinary medicine, and economic science in its applications to agriculture and rural life. Both the university and the State college are to ofi'er as major lines courses in the liberal arts, pure science, pharmacy, mining, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical en- gineering, chemical engineering, home economics, and the professional training of high school teachers, school supervisors, and school superintendents. The law further provides for a joint board of higher curricula of nine mem- bers chosen from the presidents and regents of the five State institutions of higher learning. In the future all major lines of work taken up by any of these institutions must first be approved by a two-thirds vote of this board. A second act was passed granting in perpetuity to the State college all Federal land hitherto allotted to the State for a scientific school, and also definitely allotting to the same institution all Federal funds granted under the Morrill Act and all logisation supplementary thereto. States Relations Service. — Dr. E. V. Wilcox, administrative assistant in the Office of Experiment Stations, has been transferred to the Office of Farm Management of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, where he is to carry on studies of systems of land tenure, and has entered upon his duties. Dominion Experimental Farms. — Tracts of timber land are being cleared and prepared, mainly through the labor of interned aliens, at Kapuskasing in northern Ontario and Spirit Lake in northern Quebec for eventual use as sub- 1917] NOTES. 297 stations. The site in Ontario comprises about 1,000 acres in the township of O'Brien, where a considerable area has been cleared, drainage begun, and about 125 acres of field crops grown. A horse barn has been nearly com- pleted and a cattle barn is under way. The Quebec tract is situated in the townships of Trecesson and Dalquier, and is expected to comprise about 1.600 acres. Not all of this tract is arable, but about 150 acres of field crops have already been grown. Considerable clearing and draining have been done and a small greenhouse has been erected. Smith Ballantyne has been appointed foreman manager at Kapuskasing and Pascal Fortier at Spirit Lake. Considerable difficulty is reported in getting the prisoners to work, and it is not expected to carry on much experimental work under the present conditions. It is, however, hoped to accomplish a good deal in the preparatory operations of clearing, breaking, and draining the land, and thus have as much as possible ready when experiments can be begun. Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. — The thirty-seventh annual meeting of this society was held at Washington, D. C, November 13 and 14, 1916. The presidential address was given by Director C. E. Thorne of Ohio, at a joint session of the society with the American Farm Management Association and the American Society of Agronomy. In this paper Director Thorne re- viewed the history and development of the society and discussed its oppor- tunities for future service. As among these, he suggested the desirability of considering the federating of the various organizations of workers in agricul- tural science. This proposition subsequently received considerable discussion at the business meeting of the society, at which a plan of reorganization was submitted by Director C. D. Woods of INIaine. A poll of the entire membership of the society was eventually decided upon. The papers read and discussed were as follows: Improving Grasses by Se- .lections, by W. J. Beal ; The Mineral Metabolism of the Milch Cow, by E. B. Forbes ; Agricultural Grasses, by C. V. Piper ; Boys' and Girls' Club Work in Relation to Agricultural Education, by W. D. Hurd ; The Physiological Re- quirements of Wheat and Soy Beans Growing in Sand Media, by A. G. Mc- Call ; The Factors Determining Quality in Milling Wheats, by .1. S. Jones ; Observations on IMeadow Insects, by Herbert Osborn ; Varying Effects of Salt on Different Plant Families, by S. M. Tracy ; Forest Depredations and Utiliza- tion, by F. W. Rane; The Straw Mulch in Orchard Management, by C. B. Lipman ; and The Farmer's Knowledge of the Details of his Business, by W. J. Spillman. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows : President, Herbert Osborn ; vice-president, W. P. Brooks ; secretary-treasurer, C. P. Gil- lette; custodian, W. D. Hurd; and member of the executive committee, W. R. Dodson. American Farm Management Association. — The seventh annual meeting of this association was held at Washington, D. C, November 13 and 14, 1916. In the absence of the president, Director H. A. Morgan of Tennessee, the annual address was given by the vice-president, H. W. Jeffers of Plainsbury, N. J., upon the subject of How the Investigator of Farm Management Prob- lems Can Help the Farmer. Mr. Jeffers drew attention to the changing condi- tions of modern life, and stated that despite the advancement in the technique of agriculture, this calling has been among the slowest to respond to modern methods as regards efficiency. Farmers, however, are beginning to analyze their business, and from this standpoint need assistance especially in bring- ing about the standardization of the farm organization and the farm enter- 298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 prise. Regional studies of farm practice and studies of the efficient use of farm machinery were also cited as desirable. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman addressed the association? ex- pressing his special interest in the kind of work which it represented. He pointed out that if there is to be a permanent agriculture, farm operations must be made profitable and that farming, which too often has been merely an occupation, must become a business. The individual farmer, in his view, ought no more to be expected to be an expert in farm management than in chemistry, plant diseases, or the like, but should receive the benefits of those trained to correlate the many complex factors with which he is called iipon to deal. The program also included the following papers : Farm Management Exten- sion, by S. B. Cleland and E. A. Brown ; The Farmer as a Social Institution, by E. A. Goldenweiser ; Climatic Factors in Relation to Farm Management Practice, by J. Warren Smith ; Relation of Agronomy to Farm Management, by C. V, Piper; The Poor Man on Poor Land, by J. S. Gates; Adequate and Economic Farm Buildings, by J. H. Hankinson ; Consideration of a Simple Method of Determining the Relative Profitableness of Different Farm Enter- prises, by D. H. Otis and R. V. Gunn ; Cost Accounting on Farms, hi^ G. F. Warren ; and Farm Management Problems in Horticulture, by L. C. Corbett. Reports were received from several committees of the association. The re- port on farm management investigations, R. L. Adams, chairman, summarized the work under way in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations. No work was reported from sixteen institutions, but that of the remainder showed a considerable scope and variety. The report of the committee on extension work, L. H. Goddard, chairman, dealt especially with the collection of farm analysis records and the relations to be observed with the county agents and farm bureaus in carrying on work of this sort. The status of farm management teaching was reviewed in the report of the committee on that subject, of which O. R. John- son was chairman. Definitions for the terms " farm management," " animal unit," " family labor," " labor income," " family labor income," "family income," "paid labor," " crop index," " dairy farm," " general farm," " man work unit," and " horse work unit" were proposed by the committee on standardization of nomencla- ture. These definitions were tentatively adopted by the association, final action being deferred until the next meeting. An amendment to the constitution providing a third standing committee on farm management extension was adopted. The executive committee was in- structed to confer with representatives of other societies with reference to the joint publication of a journal. Officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows: President, H. W. JefCers ; vice-president, F. W. Peck ; and secretary-treasurer, G. A. Billings. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The thirty-third annual con- vention of the association was held November 20-22, 1916, at Washington, D. C, with a registration somewhat larger than that of the previous year. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman welcomed the members of the association to Washington, and pointed out the important relation existing between the chemist and the people, and also the dependence of the people on the accurate, definite scientific knowledge developed by the chemist. The annual address of the president of the association, Dr. R. N. Brackett, reviewed the history of the association from its beginning. He traced its influence on the development of other chemical organizations and activities, the establishment of food and drug standards, and the development of metliods for the control of various products, related either directly or indirectly to 1917] NOTES. 299 agriculture, and drew attention to tlie many opportunities for constructive worli still available. The honorary president, Dr. H. W. Wiley, also addressed the convention and spoke of the development of various branches of chemistry which he had been privileged to observe. He pointed out the dependence of the public health and welfare on the work of the chemist, and maintained that the important service rendered justified adequate recognition by the people. The usual reports of the refei'ees and associate referees were read and dis- cussed, and, following reports from the committees on recommendations of referees, were accepted. It is expected that these reports will be published in full in the Journal of the association at an early date. Dr. C. B. Lipman pointed out that many methods at present used for soil analysis are of little value, while there are many methods used by soil chemists throughout the country which yield excellent results but are not considered official. He emphasized the necessity of gathering, studying, and revising these various methods so as to produce, if possible, a uniform set of accurate procedures for soil analysis. A special soil analysis committee composed of the referee (Dr. Lipman), the associate referee (W. H. Mclntire), and E. C. Shorey, A. W. Blair, and Robert Stewart, was appointed to consider these matters. A committee was also appointed to study and consider the subject of the sampling of fertilizers, to cooperate with a like committee from the fertilizer section of the American Chemical Society. This committee consists of C. H. Jones, W. J. Jones, jr., and B. F. Robertson. The report of the committee on editing methods of analysis was accepted, and the committee continued and authorized to incorporate such further changes in the methods as have been or might be recommended by the associa- tion. The committee expressed the hope that it would soon be able to publish the newly revised methods in compact and convenient form. A recommendation from the executive committee for a new classification of subjects for the referees and associate referees was accepted. The new classifi- cation is considered more uniform and consistent than its predecessor. Several minor changes were also made in the constitution and by-laws. The secretary reported that the Journal of the association had removed its financial deficit, and that its permanency seemed established. The number of foreign subscriptions was deemed especially gratifying, indicating the wide- spread appreciation of the value of the publication. A vacancy on the board of editors, caused by the expiration of the term of Dr. L. L. Van Slyke, was filled by his reappointment. The following special papers were read at the meeting : The Inosit Phosphoric Acid of Cotton-Seed Meal, by J. B. Rather ; The Titration of Grain Extracts in the Presence of Alcohol, and A Simple Method for Measuring the Acidity of C;ereal Products and Its Application to Sulphured and Unsulphured Oats, by V. Birckner ; Origin of the Neutralization Precipitate of Cow's Milk, by L. S. Palmer ; The Separation and Gravimetric Estimation of Potassium, by S. B. Kuzirian ; A New Rapid and Accurate Method for Estimating Lime and Potash in Soils, by T. E. Keitt and C. J. King; The Occurrence and Determination of As'' and As'" in the Presence of Each Other in Arsenical Insecticides, by R. C. Roark ; The Relation of the Lime Requirement of Soils to Their Retention of Ammonia, by L. P. Howard ; Titration of the Acidity of Colored Solutions, by B. G. Hartmann ; A Note on the Calculation of the Volume of a Liquid from Weight and Specific Gravity, and The Volatile Reducing Substances in Cider Vinegar, by R. W. Balcom; The Isolation and Identification of Glycerin in 300 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 Cider Vinegar, by R. W. Balcom and E. G. Grab ; Tartrazin, by Miss A. M, Doyle ; C. II. Smitli's Method for the Determination of Arsenic, by W. D. Collins; and The Manufacture of Benzaldehyde and Benzoic Acid as a By- Product using Ultraviolet Rays as a Catalyst, by H. D. Gibbs and G. A. Geiger. Resolutions were adopted on the death during the year of the following members : Prof. Robert James Davidson, of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute ; Dr. George Edward Patrick, chief of the Dairy Laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry ; and Thomas Cuthbert Trescot, also of the Bureau of Chemistry. The following officers were elected for the coming year: J. K. Haywood, Washington, D. C, president ; P. F. Trowbridge, Columbia, Mo., vice-president ; Carl L. Alsberg, Washington, D. C, secretary and treasurer; and B. B. Ross, Auburn, Ala., and H. C. Lythgoe, Boston, j\Iass., members of the executive committee. It was decided to hold the nest meeting at Washington, D. C, the date to be decided by the executive committee. Necrolo^. — Dr, N. H. J. Miller, connected with the Rothamsted Station since 1887, died January 12. His chief work during his long service was the measure- ment of the amount of combined nitrogen brought down in the rain and the amount of nitric nitrogen washed out from the snow. For over 80 years he had analyzed a sample of every collection of rain from a large rain gauge at the station, obtaining a continuous set of observations of extreme scientific value. Dr. Miller was also much interested in the literature of agricultural chem- istry. For many years he did nearly all the abstracting in chemistry for the British Chemical Society, and in recent years had prepared the society's annual review of progress in that subject. Marquis de Vogue, president of the Agricultural Society of France, died in November, 1916, at the age of 87 years. Although he was also a diplomatist, a historian, a musician, an architect, and a painter, he was much interested in agricultural chemistry, and installed a laboratory at his chateau at Peseau, where he carried on experiments in the use of fertilizers for potatoes, the use of basic slag, nitrification and the loss of nitrates from lands left xincultivated after harvest, and the effect of the ammoniacal liquor from gas works on the straw of cereals. As president of the society he exerted a considerable influ- ence to improve agricultural conditions in France, especially along economic lines. Miscellaneous. — Arthur H. Rosenfeld, director of the experiment station at Tucuman, Argentina, since 1914, has resigned and has been succeeded by Dr. W. E. Cross, for several months acting director. Dr. Cross will also con- tinue as head of the department of chemistry, while E. W. Rust has been given charge of the work in entomology. P. V. Janutolo has been appointed assist- ant in chemistry. The Cheshire Educational Committee has voted to close the County Council's Agricultural and Horticultural College at Holmes Chapel. England, but a reso- lution has also been passed asking the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to take over the institution during the war, vith a view to training disabled sailors and soldiers in farm and garden work. A new feed control station was opened at Wageningen, Holland, November 28, 1916, with Dr. B. R. de Bruyn as director. o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C, TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 MARCH, 1917 No. 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — ^W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service^-H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entoinologist. RuREAU OP Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.i Alaska— SJto; C.C. Georgeson.2 Arizona — Tucson: R. H. Forbes.i Arkansas— JFayeWeuirte; M. Nelson.» Qk.UEOV.mA.— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.' Colorado— Fort Collins: C.P. Gillette.* Connecticut— State Station: New Haven-^.^ n t u i Storrs Station: Starrs; J Delaware— JVework.' H. Hayward.> Florida — Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs.' G'EOViGix— Experiment: 3. D. Price.* QVAM— Island 0/ Gita'm:C W. Edwards. • Hawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; 3. M. Westgate.* Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.i Idaho— Jl/oscow." 3. S, Jones.' Illinois — UrtoTza.- E. Davenport.' Indiana— io Fayette: A. Qoss.' loyfk—Ames: C. F. Cnrtiss.' KxssAS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.' KsmvcKY— Lexington: A. M. Peter.* LomsiANA— State Station: Baton Rouge; ) Sugar Station: Audubon Park,] New Orleans: North La. Station: Calhoun; j Maine — Orono: C. D. Woods.' Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson.' Massachusetts— A 7n7»«r«i,' W. P, Brooks.' Michigan— £o«( Lansing: R. S. Shaw.' Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.' Mlssissippi— jl^icwKitral College: E. K. Lloyd.' Missouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.' i Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans.' •'iw. R. Dodson.i Montana— JBozfTOom.- F. B. Linfleld.' NEBRASKA^iincoZre.- E. A. Burnett.' Nevada— iJeno.- S. B. Doten.' New RAUFsnaz— Durham: J. C. Kendall.' New 3EnsEY— New Brunswick: 3. G. Lipman.' New Mexico — State College: Fabian Garcia.' New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.* North Carolina- College Station: West Raleigh;] _, ,,, „., o* * o* *• r. 7 • ». t^' W. Kilgore.' State Station: Raleigh; j ° North Dakota— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper.' Omo—Wooster: C. E. Thorne.' OKLAnoyiA— Stillwater: W. L. Carlyle.' Oregon— CormZ?2«.- A. B. Cordley.' Pennsylvania— Slate College: R. L. Watts.' State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H, P. Armsby.' Porto Rico — Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.' Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.' Rhode IshANjy— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.' South Carouna— Ciemsow College: C. C. New- man.* South Dakota— Broofo'nj*,- J. W. Wilson.' Tennessee— JfTiatpjWf.' H. A. Morgan.' Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood.' ViAii— Logan: F. S. Harris.' VETLUOtn— Burlington: 3. L. Hills. ViRGINU— Blackihurg: A . W, Drinkard, jr.' Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.^ Washington— Pw?/?n«rt.' I. D. Cardiff.' West ViRGunA—Morganfown: 3. L. Coulter.' Wisconsin— J>/a(f?son.* H. L. Russell.' WYOiiiNQ — Laramie: H. G. Knight.' ' Director. ' Agronomist in charge. » Animal husbandman in charge. * Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. ^ '^'^ky Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. ^nW Yoi^i^ EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny— E. H. Nollaxt. Meteorology-, Soils, and Fertilizers j^- H- ^|^J^^^^^^_ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology H^- ^ ^q^' ^^' ^' T7I- 1 1 /-^ /J. I. SCHULTE. FieldCropsj^ J) LucKETT. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M, Foods and Human Nutrition g ^- Langwoethy, Ph. D., D. Sc. H. L. Lang. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming] Veterinary Medicine {l^ ^--- Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingeb. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moobe. M. D. Moobe. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 4. Editorial notes: Page. A decade under the Adams Act 301 Recent work in agricultural science 311 Notes 397 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — AGRDTECHNY. Grain of the tobacco leaf, Ridgway 311 The chemical composition of Ume-sulphur animal dips, Chapin 311 The arsenates of lead, I, McDonnell and Smith 313 Lead arsenates. Reactions of lead nitrate and acetate, Smith 313 Researches on organic periodids, II, Emery and Palkin 313 Preparation of bromoacetylglucose and certain other bromoacetyl sugars. Dale. 313 Condensation of thiobarbituric acid with aromatic aldehydes, Dox and Plaisance 313 Concerning certain aromatic constituents of urine, Anderson 313 The chemistry of the vitamins, Williams 314 The chemical nature of the "vitamins," II, Williams and Seidell 314 Products of action of certain amylases on soluble starch, Sherman and Punnett. 315 Experiments upon starch as substrate for enzym action, Sherman and Baker. . 315 Methods for the study of proteolytic action, Sherman and Neun 316 ' 'Nitrogen determinations by direct nesslerization, Folin and Denis 316 Estimation of calcium in ash of forage plants and animal carcasses, Kuzirian. . 317 - Modification of Pratt method for determination of citric acid, Willaman 317 I II CONTENTS. IVol. 30 Page. A comparison of barbituric acid, tliiobarbituric acid, and maionylguanidin as quantitative precipitants for furfurar,' Dox and Plaisance 318 Methods in soil analysis. Bear and Salter 318 Estimation of tMosulphate sulphur in lime-sulphur, Blumenthal and Averitt. . 318 (Tleport of the chemical division], Wright 319 The conservation of fruits and vegetables by desiccation, Valvassori 319 Instructions for processing fruits and vegetables for exhibition only. Page 319 Report on vegetable dyestuffs, Marsden 319 SOILS — FERTILIZERS . Measurement of the surface forces in soils, Shull 319 Indirect methods for hygroscopic coefficients of soils, Alway and Clark 320 Note on soil denudation by rainfall and drainage, Hope 320 Soil aeration in agriculture, Howard 320 The toxicity of bog water, Kigg ._ 320 Some factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrification, Williams 321 Production of alkali in soils by denitrification, Aladjem. 321 Further observations on protozoa in relation to soil bacteria, Goodey 322 Soils of the Sabak district on the Bernam River, Grantham 322 Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1913-14, Anrep. . . 322 The analysis of soils, Wild 322 Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Whitney 323 Artificial manures, 1916 323 Soil fertility considerations in the feeding of hogs and milch cows, Forbes 323 Plant food deficiencies of Coastal Plain and Piedmont soils, Williams 323 Note on the soil of the experimental farms [in Burma], W^arth 323 Fertilizer experiments with sugar cane on red clay soil, Gile and Carrero 323 The residual effects of fertilizers, Bear, Salter, et al 324 [Experiments in Java with green manures], Van Helten 324 Loss of organic matter in green manuring, Boltz 324 Utilization of nitrogen of manure in relation to time of manuring, Sabashnikov . 325 Bat guanos, Gile and Carrero 325 The availability of nitrogen in garbage tankage, Schroeder 325 Potash in Salduro salt deposit. Gale 325 Action of calcium carbonate on acid phosphate, Magruder 325 A critique of the hypothesis of the lime-magnesia ratio, I, II, Lipman 326 Effect of manganese on ammonification and nitrification, Brown and Minges. . . 326 Commercial fertilizers, Hibbard 326 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Wessels et al 327 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Department of botanical research, MacDougal 327 Artificial absorption of liquids by plants, Acqua and Jacobacci 328 A study of physiological balance in nutrient media, Shive 328 Influence of salts on secretion of diastase by P. camembertii, Robbins. 328 Nitrates in suUa (Hedysarum coronarium) and other legumes. Campanile 329 Glucosid foi-mation by plants, Ciamician and Ravenna. 329 Significance of the flavone derivatives in plants, I-III, Shibata et al 329 Relation of oxidases and catalase to respiration in plants, Appleman 329 On the relation between transpiration and stomatal aperture, Darwin 329 The perception of heliotropic stimulus in plants, Campanile 330 Relation between geotropic sensitivity in roots to statoliths, Jacobacci 330 Relation of geotropic sensitivity in roots to statoliths, Jacobacci 330 The vitality of seeds binied in the soil, Beal 330 Mechanics of dormancy in seeds, Crocker 330 P'oliar structure in some oaks having persistent leaves, Donati 330 Mesophyll structure and function in grains, Catalan© 331 The nature of the inflorescence and fruit of Pyrus mains, Black 331 Notes on parthenocarpy , Longo 331 Department of experimental evolution, Davenport 331 A new graft hybrid, Manaresi 331 Significant accuracy in recording genetic data, East 332 1917] CONTENTS. Ill FIELD CROPS. Page. [Work with field crops], Smith 332 [Fertilizer experiments], De Jong 332 Principles of breeding certain agricultural plants. — V, Grasses, Fruwirth 332 Some common grasses and how to know them, MacDougall 333 A trial of grass mixtures, Hilgendorf 333 Composition of several forage grasses of German East Africa. Reich et al 334 Medicago falcata, a yellow-flowered alfalfa, Oakley and Garver 334 Lucern inoculation experiment, Heinrich 335 Alfalfa conditions in New England, Jeffers 335 Barley improvement, Spragg 835 Fasciation in maize kernels, Wolfe 335 Work of the Pskof experiment station for flax culture, D'lakonov 335 A handbook of industrial plants in common use, Farnsworth et al 336 Oat breeding experiments, Pridham 336 Observations on potato culture, Kotelnikov 336 The influence of overabundant soil moisture on potato tubers, Arkhangelskii . . 336 Further ex])eriment8 in crossing potatoes, Wilson 336 Harvesting and storing potatoes, Malpeaux 336 The soy bean, with s]*ecial reference to its utilization, Piper and Morse 336 Tobacco growing in the Connecticut River Valley, Smith 337 Improvement of Ghirka spring wheat in yield and quality, Clark 337 Red Rock wheat, Spragg and Clark 338 Methods of sowing Poltavki spring wheat, Golodets 388 Nitrogenous fertilizers in wheat culture, Malpeaux 338 A seed-testing key, Cockayne 338 Contribution to testing the germination of grass seeds, Kling 338 [The examination of beet seeds], Heinrich 339 Size relation between dry and soaked seed of clover and dodder, Heinrich 339 [Cooperative experiments in weed eradication] 329 Pteris aquilina. — Life history and eradicatipn], Gordon 339 HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, Kinman 340 The supposed deterioration of vegetables in Porto Rico, Kinman and McClelland 340 Managing the orchard, Moore 341 Winterkilling of peach buds, Thayer 341 Practical fig culture in Arizona, Lawrence 341 Composition of grapes grown in the Central and Eastern States, Alwood et al. . 342 Report of the assistant horticulturist, McClelland 342 Freezing-point lowering of leaf sap of Persea americana, Harris and Popenoe. . . 343 The two groups of varieties of the Hicora pecan and self -sterility, Stuckey 344 Effect of cultural and climatic conditions on peppermint oil, Rabak 344 FORESTRY. The economic woods of Hawaii, MacCaughey 345 The uses of Formosan trees, Kanehira 345 The assortment ratios of s])ruce, silver fir, and beech, Fliiry 345 Influence of intensity of thinnings on yield of young fir, Mer 345 Douglas fir fiber, with special reference to length, Lee and Smith 345 Some characteristics of slash pine, Mattoon 345 Seeding of Hevea at different altitudes on Gunong Angsi, Spring 345 Ecology of sal. — II, Seedling reproduction, Hole and Singh 345 The forests and streams, Da Sih eira 346 The effect of forests upon water circulation, Beekman 346 National Forest organization, Wynne ._ 346 Conversion methods in forests of Chaux and Faye de la Montrond, MacMillan. 346 Yearbook of the department of forestiy 346 Report on forest administration in Bengal 1914-1915, Muriel 346 Forestry in India from a Canadian point of view, MacMillan 346 Passing views of forestry in British South Africa, MacMllan 346 Report of the director of forests. Jolly 346 China's forest laws, Sherfesee 347 IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Page. [Serious plant diseases in 1914], Reddick 347 Report of the plant pathologist, Brandes 347 [Report on plant pathology], Knowles 347 Report of the imperial mycologist, Shaw 348 Report on the first two years' working of the plant protection law, Storey 348 Studies on a Fusarium disease of com and sorghum, Pammel et al 348 Clover sickness, Amos 348 [Ufra disease], Hector 349 Resistance in tobacco to the root rot disease, Johnson 349 Host plants of TMelavia basicola, Johnson 349 Diseases of vegetables, Jagger 349 Cucumber mosaic disease, Gilbert 349 A new infectious mosaic disease of cucumber, Doolittle 349 Experiments ^\ith the cucumber mosaic disease, Jagger 350 Rotting of greenhouse lettuce, Jagger 350 Tomato blight, Heald 350 A troublesome disease on winter tomatoes, Howitt and Stone 350 Powdery mildew demonstrations on apple, grape, and peach during 1915, Powell . 350 Comparative dusting and spraying experiments, Reddick and Crosby 351 Note on apple root rot in Virginia, Crabill 351 Apple rosette, Morris 351 Sulphur paste as a spray for peaches, Reddick 351 Pear blight (Bacillus amylovorus), Morrison 351 Role of insects in dissemination of fire blight bacteria, Stewart and Leonard. . 351 Resistance of Prunus to inoculation with Bacterium tumefaciens, Smith 352 A Porto Rican disease of bananas, Fawcett 352 Citrus canker investigations, Newell 352 Means of identifying citrus canker, Jehle 352 Sour scab of citrus in Florida, and its prevention, Grossenbacher 352 Diseases of forest and shade trees, Babcock 353 An outbreak of white pine blister rust in Ontario, Howitt and McCubbin 353 Methods of preparation and relative value of Bordeaux mixtures, Butler 353 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The larger North American mammals, Nelson 354 The feeding habits of the rook (Corvus frugilegus) , Leigh 354 The rat and infantile paralysis: A theory, Richardson 354 The animal parasites of man, Braun and Seifert 354 A new and economically important tapeworm, Multiceps gaigeri, Hall 354 Report of the entomologist, Van Zwaluwenburg 354 [Papers on insects and insect control] 355 [Pv,eport on] economic zoology 355 Report of the tobacco insect investigations, Merrill 355 Insect pests of tea in northeast India during the season 1915, Andrews 355 The orthopteroid insects of the Philippine Islands, Bruner 355 Second campaign against locusts (Stauronotus maroccanus) in Algeria, Beguet . 356 Third campaign against locusts (Schistocerca peregrina), Beguet et al 356 The native food plants of the apple red bugs, Cushman 356 Bedbugs and relapsing fever, Stephansky 356 The bloodsucking Hemiptera of Central America, Neiva 356 Temperature necessary for the destruction of lice and their eggs, Bacot 356 Rosy apple aphis, Baker and Turner 356 A synopsis of the genus Calaphis, Baker 357 The development of the Phylloxera vastatrix leaf gall, Rosen 357 The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus) , Peairs and Merrill 357 Control of gray scale (Coccus citricola) in San Joaquin Valley, Cundiff 357 Two destructive fall caterpillars, Houser 358 Laspeyresia molesta, an important enemy of peach, Quaintance and Wood. . . . 358 A new mosquito from the eastern United States, Knab 359 The fowl nudge (Simulium nigritarsis), Mally 359 Egg disposal in Demwtobia hominis, Knab 359 The tachinid genus Argyrophylax, Walton 359 Notes on the larvae of EuxeMa nofata, Hutchison 359 The parasitic Diptera of Africa, Rodhain and Bequaert 359 19171 CONTENTS, V Tage. Researches on the larvae of cyclorrhaphous Diptera, Keilin 359 The biononiics of Pollenia rudis in America, Webb and Hutchison 359 A curious formation of a fungus occurring on a fly, Howard 360 A new j^arasite on sheep maggot flies, Froggatt 360 Ambrosia beetles or pin-hole and shot-hole borers, Beeson 360 Forest longicorn beetles and their parasites, Froggatt 360 A new species of weevil injuring orchids, Barber 360 Pristocera armifera parasitic on Limonius agonus, Hyslop 360 Notes on Dianthidium arizonicum, Middleton 360 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Dietary deficiencies of the maize kernel, McCollum et al 360 Feeding proteins of wheat kernel at different planes of intake, McCollum et al. 361 The drying for milling purposes of damp and garlicky wheat, Cox 361 Skim milk in the nutrition of adults, Moussu 362 Chinese preserved eggs — pidan, Blunt and Wang 362 Flavoring extracts, Lawall and Forman 362 [Food and drug inspection], Ladd and Johnson 362 Twelfth annual report of tne dairy, food, and oil commissioner, Groshon 363 The economical ration for the times, Bolduan 363 How to feed the family for health and efficiency, Rich 363 The feeding of prisoners and sanitary conditions in German camps, Guillaume 363 [Food of the natives of Mailu, British New Guinea], Malinowski 363 The control of hunger in health and disease, Carlson 363 Results of etudieson vitamins and efficiency diseases, 1913-1915, Funk 363 The transmissibility of pellagra to the human subject, Goldberger 363 Experimental scurvy produced by milk and milk products, Moore and Jackson 363 Urea content of blood and tissues on an exclusive oat diet, Lewis and Karr. . . 364 Mechanism of sparing action of carbohydrates on protein metabolism, Kocher. . 364 Effect on nitrogen partition of substituting alcohol for sucrose, Hammett 364 Concerning the utilization of inosit in the animal organism, I, II 365 The distribution of the lipoids ("fat") in human blood, Bloor 365 Urinary and fecal output of calcium in normal men. Nelson and Williams 365 The calcium and the magnesium content of normal urine. Nelson and Burns. . 366 Contribution to the knowledge of the enzyme of the large intestine, Maestrini. . 366 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. International catalogue of scientific literature. L. — General Biology 366 Experimental studies on growth, VIII, Robertson 366 Net energy values for rmninants, Armsby and Fries 367 Net energy values of American feeding stuffs, Armsby and Putney 367 War feeding stuffs, Popp 367 The industrial manufacture of war feeding stuffs, Popp 367 Cotton-seed meal as an incomplete food, Wella and Ewing 367 Digestibility and feeding value of vegetable-ivory meal. Seals and Lindsey . . . 367 Composition and food value of blood meal, Hansson 369 Investigations on the growth of reindeer moss, Nissen 369 Feeding dairy calves in California, Wool and Voorhies 369 Feeding calves with skim milk and partially hydrolyzed starch, Edin 370 Value of alfalfa and other green feed in hog raising, Hansson 370 Long-bodied brood sows, Wentworth 371 Breeding studies of the large white English hog, Wriedt 371 Correlation between cannon bone in offspring and age of parents, Wriedt 371 Mules that breed, Lloyd-Jones 372 Amino-acid content of diet and growth of chickens, Osborne, Mendel, et al 372 Cotton-seed meal — a good feed for laying hens, Clayton 373 Rations for laying hens in winter, Buss 373 The logic of the winter feeding schedule, Shoup 373 DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING . Computation of dairy rations, Putney and Armsby 374 Oranges for dairy cows, Hooper 374 Effect on milk and butter of yeast and cotton meal, Cranfield and Taylor 374 VT CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Variations in the composition of skim milk , Perkins 374 The significance of the act of milking, Crowther 375 Iowa educational market milk contest, Hammer and Hauser 375 Safeguarding nature's most valuable food — milk, North, 375 The cost of milk production, Mackintosh 376 Some aspects of the dairying industry of England and Wales, Gavin 376 The marketing of Wisconsin butter, Hibbard and Hobson 376 Experiments on the preparation of homemade rennet, Todd and Cornish 378 The improved system of selling cheese, Sammis 378 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Outline of lectures in special pathology, Burnett 378 Proceedings under the diseases of animals acts 1911-1914 378 Report for 1915 of principal of Royal Veterinary College, McFadyean 378 The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America 378 The National Formulary. 378 Magnesium hypochlorite in surgery, Dubard 379 A comparison of the Hygienic Laboratory and Rideal- Walker tests, Walker 379 A method of anaerobic plating permitting observation of growth, Jones 379 Comparative study of colon bacilli isolated from horse, cow, and man, Murray. . 379 Role of blood fluids in digestion of certain bacteria and corpuscles, Douglas. . . 379 Permeability of gastro-intestinal wall to Sporothrix schenckii, Davis 379 Laboratory infection by a bo\'ine strain of Bacillus enteritidis, Meyer 380 The antibodies of spores. Chimera 380 The precipitation reaction with silkworm caterpillar immune serum, Aoki. . . . 380 The agglutinin reaction in the examination of silkworms, Aoki and Chigasaki. 380 Biologic reactions of vegetable proteins. — VIII, Elsesser 380 Experiments with the Abderhalden dialysis procedure,\)tto and Blumenthal . . 381 The complement content of Eck-fistula dogs, Sherwood, Smith, and West 381 A cutaneous reaction in canine distemper, Kolmer et al 381 Anaphylactic skin reactions in relation to immunity, IV, Kolmer et al 382 Changes in the blood count in dourine, Popesco 382 Virulence of blood of animals with foot-and-mouth disease, Cosco and Aguzzi. . 382 The K. H. reaction in glanders, Kranich and Kliem 382 Johne's disease, M'Fadyean and Sheather 382 Milk in relation to Mediterranean fever, Porcher and Godard 382 Hereditary transmission of rabies, Konradi 383 A modification of the Hygienic Laboratory method for tetanus toxin, Wilcox . . . 383 A new culture medium for the tubercle bacillus, Williams and Burdick 383 The combined and follow-up systems of tuberculin testing, Hart and Traum . . 383 Studies in infectious abortion m cattle, Giltner et al 383 Contagious broncho-pneumonia caused by Bacillus coli communis, Stanton 384 The use of arrhenal for the treatment of Texas fever, Aghion 384 Studies on hog cholera with reference to Spirochxta hyos, King and Drake 384 Illinois hog cholera serum plant 384 Enterohepatitis or blackhead in turkeys, Higgins 384 Enterohepatitis or blackhead and raising turkeys, Higgins 384 RURAL ENGINEERING. Proceedings of the Ohio Engineering Society, February 9, 10, 11, 1916 384 Laws of Idaho relative to water and irrigation, Hindman 384 Run-off and mean flow of some Texas streams, Taylor 384 Warner Valley and White River Projects, Whistler and Lewis 385 The saving of irrigation water in wheat growing, Howard 385 [Road laws] 386 Report of state engineer [of Arizona] to state highway commission, Cobb 386 The financial side of road improvement, Coghlan 386 Demonstration roads at A. and M. College of Texas, Morrison 386 Earth roads, Morrison 386 Gravel roads, Coghlan 386 Highway bridges and culverts, Coghlan 386 Convict labor for road work, Pennybacker, Fairbank and Draper 386 Experimental studies of vacuum juice heaters, Kerr and Webre 387 Tests of the power and steam consumption of sugar factories, Kerr et al 388 Some experiments on pulling loads, with a discussion of the results, Brown 388 1917] CONTENTS. VH Page. Second series of tests of mechanical cultivation, Marre 389 Plans and suggestions for a modern milk house 390 Inexpensive plumbing for farm kitchens, Etherton 390 The water supply of the farmhouse, Walters 390 Water supply system for the farm home, Riley 300 Sewage treatment in small communities without sewerage system, Hansen 390 EURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural economics, Nourse 390 The relationship of New England agriculture to manufacturing, Butterfield . . . 391 Farm management studies in eastern Nebraska, Filley 391 Rural land ownership among the negroes of Virginia, Bitting 392 Facts about land 392 Farm work for discharged soldiers, Moore 392 Rural cooperation in Denmark, Desbons 392 The result of an experiment in agricultural credit in Tuscany, Virgilii 392 Report of the Agricultural Organization Society for 1916 392 [Report on the working of the cooperative credit societies], Nath 392 Second annual report of the department of foods and markets, 1915 392 • Monthly crop report 392 Food and raw material requirements of the United Kingdom 392 Prices and supplies of agricultural produce in England and Wales, Rew 393 Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for 1914 393 [Agricultural statistics for the Netherlands] 393 [Agricultural statistics in Switzerland] 393 A B C of Queensland statistics, 1916, MacLeod 393 [Agi-iculture in Ceylon] 393 Agriculture in Portuguese Angola, Taruffi 393 International yearbook of agricultural legislation 393 AGEICULTUKAL EDUCATION. The change of stress from subject-matter to the individual, True 393 Agriculture, Benson and Betts 394 Agriculture, Benson and Betts 394 Introduction to agriculture: Studies in crop production. Weed and Riley 394 Elementary agriculture for Alberta schools, McCaig 394 Agricultural education and research 394 A county scheme for training women for farm work, Dowling 394 Nature-study in Rhode Island, Vinal 395 September nature-study, Comstock 395 Home school gardens 395 [School home gardening] 395 A brochure on school gardens, Da\'ies 395 Equipment for teaching domestic science, Kinne 396 Food and nutrition laboratorj-^ manual, Bevier 396 Clothing and health, Kinne and Cooley : 396 MISCELLANEOUS. Program of work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1917, Bradley 396 Report of Porto Rico Station, 1915 396 Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1915 396 Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station 396 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 396 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station: rage. Bui. 77, June 1, 1916 341 California Station: Bui. 271, Sept., 1916 369 Bui. 272, Oct., 1916 326 Georgia Station: Bui. 124, Oct., 1916 344 Iowa Station: Besearch Bui. 33, Mar., 1916. . 348 Circ. 30, Oct., 1916 375 Kansas Station: Bui. 214, Sept., 1916 357 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 158, Sept., 1916 388 Bui. 159, Sept., 1916 387 Michigan Station: Circ. 31, Aug., 1916 338 Circ. 32, Aug., 1916 335 Mississippi Station: Bui. 175, Aug., 1916 373 Nebraska Station: Bui. 157, Oct. 15, 1916 391 New Hampshire Station: Tech. Bui. 10, Aug., 1916 331 Sci.Coutrib.9 353 New York State Station: Tech . Bui . 54 , May , 1916 365 Tech. Bui. 55, Aug., 1916 313 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 8, Oct., 1916 362 Ohio Station: Mo. Bui., vol. 1— No. 10, Oct.. 1916 341, 353, 358, 374, 396 No. 11, Nov., 1916 323, 324, 353, 373, 396 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 142, July, 1916 367 Bui. 143, Aug. , 1916 374 Porto Eico Station : Bui. 20, Nov. 8, 1916......... 340 Rpt. 1915 323, 325, 340, 342, 347, 352, 354, 396 Rhode Island Station: Insp. Bui., Oct., 1916 327 Texas Station: Twenty-eighth An. Rpt., 1915 396 Washington Station: West Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol. 4, No. 8, Nov., 1916 373,396 West Virginia Station: Bui. 159, Aug., 1916 318 Bui. 160, Aug., 1916 324 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 269, June, 1916 341 Bui. 270, June. 1916 376 ^ Printed In scientific and technical U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 7: No. 6, Nov. 6, 1916 311, 343, 349 No. 7, Nov. 13, 1916 356, 367 No. 8, Nov. 20, 1916.... 320, 358, 371 Bui. 414, Convict Labor for Road Work, J. E. Pennybacker, H. S. Fairbank, and W. F. Draper 386 Bui. 428, Medicago falcata, a Yel- low-flowered Alfalfa, R. A. Oakley and S. Garver 334 Bui. 439, The Soy Bean, with Spe- cial Reference to Its Utilization for Oil, Cake, and Other Prod- ucts, C. V. Piper and W. J. Morse 336 Bui. 450, Improvement of Ghirka Spring Wheat in Yield and QuaUty, J. A. Clark 337 Bui. 451, The Chemical Composi- tion of Lime-Sulphur Animal Dips, R. M. Chapin 311 Bui. 452, The Chemical Composi- tion of American Grapes Grown in the Central and Eastern States, W. B . Alwood et al 342 Bui. 454, The Effect of Cultural and Climatic Conditions on the Yield and Quahty of Pepper- mint Oil, F. Rabak 344 Bui. 455, The Drying for Milling Pvuposes of Damp and GarUcky Wheat. J. H. Cox 361 Program of Work of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, 1917 396 Bureau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 2, No. 11, Nov., 1916 392 Scientific Contributions: ^ The Arsenates of Lead, I, C. C. McDonnell and C. M. Smith. 313 Researches on Organic Perio- dids, II, W. O. Emery and S. Palkin 313 Preparation of Bromoacetyl- glucose and Certain Other Bromoacetyl Sugars, J. K. Dale 313 The Chemical Nature of the "Vitamins," II, R. R. Wil- liams and A. Seidell 314 Bureau of Soils, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, M. Whitney 323 publications outside the department. p 1917] LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. IX U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions— Contd. Page. The Availability of Nitrogen in Garbage Tankage, J. P. Schroeder 325 Some Characteristics of Slash Pine, W. R. Mattoon 345 National Forest Organization, S.W.Wynne 346 Cucumber Mosaic Disease, W. W.Gilbert.. ■.----.-■ 349 A New Infectious Mosaic Dis- ease of Cucumber, S. P. Doolittle 349 The Larger North American Mammals, E. W. Nelson 354 A New and Economically Im- portant Tapeworm, Mulfi- ceps gaigerijM. C. Hall 354 The Native Food Plants of the Apple Red Bugs, R. A. Cushman 356 A Synopsis of the Genus Cala- phis, A. C. Baker 357 A New Mosquito from the East- ern United States, F. Knab. 359 Egg Disposal in Dermatohia hominis, F. Knab 359 Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. The Tachinid Genus Argyro- phy lax , W . R . Walton 359 Notes on the Larvae of Euxesta notata, R.H.Hutchison 359 The Bionomics of Pollenia rvdisin America, J. L. Webb and R. H. Hutchison 359 A Curious Formation of a Fun- gus Occm-ring on a Fly, L. O . Howard 360 A New Species of Weevil In- juring Orchids, H. S. Barber 360 Pristocera armifera Parasitic on Limonius agonus, J. A. Hy- elop .--.. 360 Notes on Diantkidium arizoni- cum, W. Middleton 360 A Method of Anaerobic Plating Pei-mitting Observation of Growth, H. M. Jones 397 The Change of Stress from Subject-matter to the Indi- ^ddual, A. C. True 393 Agriculture, O. H. Benson and G. H.Betts 394 Agriculture, O. H. Benson and G. H.Betts 394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. March, 1917. No. 4. There are three distinct landmarks in the development of agi'i- cultural inquiry in this coimtry. The first was set up when one of the States became sufficiently convinced of the concrete value of agricultural experimentation to the public to establish an experi- ment station modeled on those of Europe, thus furnishing an ex- ample which other States soon began to follow. The second was when the Nation set its seal of approval on these stations, something over twenty years after the first one had been established, and made the system national by providing funds for a station in every State and Territory. The third came nearly twenty years later, in the passage of the Adams Act, which brought with it a new era of intensive searching for fundamental truth. It is now thirty j^ears since the American system of stations was established under the Hatch Act. It is a little more than ten years since they expanded their operations as a result of the Adams Act. That act passed in the spring of 1906 but had to await an appropria- tion which came at the very end of the fiscal year — too late for work to be started under it. Hence the year 1907 marked its beginning, and it was not until four years later that the appropriation reached its full amount. For only about half the time since its passage, therefore, has the full appropriation been available. A decade is a relatively short time in which to measure an in- fluence or a development in science, especially the result of research activity; but the period has brought so many changes and so much progress that it is perhaps worth while to consider these briefly. It has been an era of great activity — one of construction and develop- ment, and of large accomplishment. Ideas have been shaped, stand- ards set and accepted, and foundations laid, which have premeated to every State in the Union; and from these have already resulted a new conception of the field and higher function of an experiment station. From the inception of the experiment stations the question has been working itself out as to what an experiment station is — its peculiar field and function irrespective of special duties assigned to 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 it under State laws. The American experiment station is a product of American institutions and American ideals. It has no exact counterpart. It has developed as a response to public demands which its own work has in large measure created. Thus, while pri- marily an agency for acquiring useful and accurate information, the facts it has adduced have led to bestowing upon it police powers for protection of the agricultural industry, and later multiplying its activities in the dissemination of information, conducting propa- ganda for new branches of the industry or new localities, and in general serving the agricultural interests in a quite broad capacity. It is interesting to note that the idea of the experiment station as a research institution is almost as old as the American stations. In the first report of the New York State Station, for 1883, Dr. Sturte- vant explained that " the object of the station is to discover, verify, and disseminate ; " and he showed a very modern view of the scope of each kind of activity. He said : " The leading aim of an experi- mental station such as ours must be by experimental study of the most careful kind to obtain knowledge of the action of the laws which find application in agriculture, and to devise methods for the application of the knowledge gained, in order that in practical farm- ing waste of means and effort may be diminished and gain may be increased, and thus profits be forwarded." The reason for agricultural investigation and experiment is that our information may be sound, that reason may prevail, that man may act and conduct his operations rationally. In a large sense it is a study of the relationship of cause and effect. Wherever an effect is observed there has been a cause, and this cause becomes the object of study. If the purpose is to produce a certain effect, knowledge of the phenomena which cause such effects or influence them must be acquired before the effort becomes imore than a hit-or-miss process. The scientific method is that which takes account of all the forces acting. To know the law we must understand the law, and this is equally true of a fact or a spray mixture or a method of making cheese. Science, whether pure or applied, proceeds on the principlie that the same causes acting under precisely the same conditions will pro- duce exactly the same effects. In other words, that nature is ordered by law and that there is nothing arbitrary or capricious in its opera- tions. Chance plays no part, and what we observe is a lawful, natural consequence of causes which we may or may not understand. When we do not understand why certain events occur, it means that we do not understand the forces which acted to produce the event. But there is nothing fortuitous or incapable of being understood 1917] EDITORIAL. 303 through science, either in the elaboration of starch in the growing plant or the benefits from fall plowing. In the attempt to understand science and its methods much in- spiration and help, as well as subject matter, have naturally been borrowed from the older sciences. But the process can not rest there. Agricultural science must itself be productive of scientific results and theories; hence the Adams Act. This Act sprung from a realization that empirical facts and unproved theories were not a safe or sufficient basis for guidance in agricultural teaching, but that a more severe type of inquiry was necessary to develop both the fact and the reason back of it. These and their relationships need to be known before they can be understood and intelligently employed. The Adams Act was not simply supplementary to the Hatch Act, to enable more of the same kind of work to be done; it was this fact that gave it directing power and has made it so potent in its influence. It was, as its language tried to express, an act to provide for investigation of a high and fundamental order, because progress under the Hatch Act had established the necessity for fundamental study and the activity had gone about as fai* as it could without additional funds. The Hatch Act permitted such study and an important amount had been done under it, but it did not limit the activities of the stations to that grade, or so clearly and specifically aim at providing for inquirj^ which should be original and searching, according to the accepted standards of scientific research. When the Adams Act passed it was characterized as being "the greatest opportunity for continued systematic research along agricultural lines which has ever been presented in any country," and time has borne out this estimate of it. It has given a great impetus to investigation, and it has transformed the American station from being a liberal bor- rower to being a large and important producer in agricultural science. The acceptance at the outset of the purpose of the Adams Act as being the promotion of investigation and experiment of research grade and original in character has tended to make the designation "Adams fund project" a sort of hall-mark of quality in experiment station activity. Because the act has consistently represented a high standard, investigators have been ambitious to have projects ac- cepted under it, and have felt a pride in being associated with, the Adams fund. In a sense it has made the Adams fund roll regarded as an honor roll. The necessity of making the investigations thorough and exact in order that they might be dependable and capable of scientific inter- pretation, has resulted in more care in the matter of methods. At 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 present there is a far more adequate realization of the limitations of some of the common methods of experimentation than formerly, and recognition that they embody many modifying factors not measured or accounted for. There is a more critical examination of the sources of error, in both observation and interpretation, and a more guarded drawing of broad conclusions. The standards of the Adams fund studies have affected all forms of station activity. More is expected of experiment station work than formerly — not in quantity but in quality. In the search for new light quantity takes a secondary place. It is the quality, the thoroughness, the reliability of the work that counts. Hasty, un- warranted conclusions have proved expensive in the end, and they have delayed progress by taking men's time to upset them. These higher standards and expectations have been accompanied by a change in the nature of the problems. The limit of the things which could be found out through accumulated experience or simple experiments and observations has been reached in most lines. These findings have brought the investigator face to face with the more fundamental and intricate questions which require refined and elaborate methods and special research ability for their solution. From this change has followed a far-reaching change in the profes- sional requirements for station work. The qualifications are set higher and made more exacting. It has come to be realized that the measure of efficiency of an experiment station is the sum of the efficiency of its workers. In 1906, when the Adams Act was passed, the American stations emplo^^ed 950 persons, of whom 434 did more or less teaching; the majority of those who did no teaching were of the assistant grade or not directly participants in investigation. In 1916 the station forces numbered 1,866, of whim 933 taught to some extent in the colleges, the amount of teaching being very generally reduced. Thus the opportunity for concentrated, continuous effort has increased ma- terially. Furthermore, the investigators have been encouraged to specialize more closely in their studies, at least at any given time. This has become necessary from the nature of the problems, which require more specialized attention. Other obstacles to research have been reduced or overcome, and the opportunities enlarged. The funds of the stations have increased from a little over two millions when the Adams Act was passed (in- cluding the first allotment of it) to considerably over five millions in 1916. Public sentiment for thorough-going investigation has largely developed. The public has come to understand that because a thing or a piece of work is theoretical it is not necessarily unpractical. " Theoretical " and " unpractical " are no longer viewed with sus- picion as being synonyms. Some of the most intricate types of in- 1917] EDITORIAL. 305 vestigation have proved to be highly practical. It is a mark of real progress in public confidence when a station can secure a State ap- propriation and embark on the most technical studies in the theory of animal nutrition, the relation of ash constituents to nutrition and growth of animals, or the fundamentals of breeding sex-linked char- acters, with opportunity to pursue its work undisturbed. Indeed, the kind of work which is now in large measure occupying the sta- tions shows how far we have come and the large freedom allowed, provided the ultimate aim is right. The inspection work has become a much less conspicuous feature of the stations, and has been so organized as to avoid interference with the work of investigation and experiment. Research publications have increased many fold in the last ten years. A considerable num- ber of stations have established research series of bulletins, or other- wise differentiated their technical publications from the regular bul- letins intended for the general public. The publication of scientific papers in current journals of this country and Europe has become very common, where formerly it was quite exceptional. The Journal of Agricultural Research has been established and furnishes a special medium for station contributions. Progress is seen also in the organization of station work. It is being developed more largely out of a constructive purpose and in accordance with a definite plan. It is not contingent on something turning up or on what may occur to various members of the staff to undertake. The subject attacked are to considerable extent a part of a general plan for the station, recognizing that it can not cover all questions at any one time, and that a selection must be made based in large measure upon the special requirements in the State. The station is made up of its departments, but it is larger than any single department and in many respects it must act as a unit. The project system was practically inaugurated with the beginning of activities under the Adams Act. It is an attempt to formulate in an orderly way the purpose and general plan of each separate under- taking. It involves care and thoughtful study in the outlining of new work, in order to take full account of what has been done pre- viously, and to give the work originality and direction. Some time is required in preparation, but this is by no means lost, since it gives force and method to the attack. It is characteristic of all inves- tigation that it is purposeful and is ordered, to the best of ability. The project system guards against aimless, ill-considered, premature undertakings, and it provides a basis, not only for judging of the character of new ventures but of the requirements in carrying them out. 306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 The project system has been extended in large measure to all the activities of the stations, irrespective of the funds from which they are supported. As an administrative measure, it has been found to present many advantages, and where adopted it has met with general satisfaction, as providing a helpful businesslike method of procedure. Partly as a result of this plan, more systematic effort is now made to secure progress reports of some sort upon the various features of investigation, and to effect the prompt recording and digestion of the data, either for publication or for safe preservation. Report writing is tedious to many workers, especially those who are crowded with work as most station men are, and there is some tendency to allow data to accumulate in a form subject to loss or which would make them difficult for anyone else to work over. There has been considerable waste from this source in the past, and the effort to bring about more systematic procedure is recognized as an important advance. As to the tangible product of the research conducted under the Adams Act, space will permit reference to only a few features. Where the product is so large it is difficult to make selection, and in any attempt at citing examples there is danger of doing injustice or conferring a wrong impression. For, manifestly, some of the most important pieces of investigation have marked significant steps in the progress toward final conclusions, rather than in themselves having a conspicuous practical end; and man}^ things omitted are quite as important as the few mentioned. Some of the most significant investigation has been in the field of animal nutrition, of a nature which is to some extent destructive or corrective of former views, but constructive in giving a more accurate insight into the theory of nutrition and the relative value of food constituents. It has been found, contrary to the former belief, that like amounts of food ingredients do not necessarily pro- duce like effects — that there are differences in the constitution of protein from different sources, that not only the kind of protein but the presence of certain amino acids is important, and that ap- parently other constituents, notably in the fat, have a distinct although not yet fully understood relation to growth. Similarly, the mineral nutrition of animals is found to be a far more important matter than was formerly suspected ; and much light has been thrown on the use made of food by animals at different ages and on different planes of nutrition. The comparative feeding experiment has been largely replaced, except for economic purposes. An Institute of Animal Nutrition has been established in one of the States, and in uj)wards of a half dozen other States fimdamental feeding investigations have been developed on an extensive scale. 1917] EDITORIAI,. 307 The results are to a considerable extent in the theoretical stage as yet, but will ultimately modify in important ways the practical directions for feeding. The theory of plant and animal breeding will be recognized as another conspicuous feature of the station investigation. In this line knowledge of the theory and practice of plant breeding has been very largely increased by the extensive studies made with various classes of plants and animals, and from different points of view. The investigation has largely changed from the earlier attempts to secure something better, to the search for a more thorough under- standing of principles on which the theory and practice may be further perfected and developed. Incidentally many improved strains of plants and animals have been secured, either giving larger production, greater immunity, or otherwise possessing important economic qualities. The extensive study of inheTitance in egg production illustrates a type of work with animals, which has widespread practical value. The experiments in the transmission of characters in mule breeding are unique, and have given an intelligent basis for such operations. In hybridization work with plants a number of hardy plums and other improved fruits have been developed, and valuable qualities of cereals, corn, and cotton have been fixed and perpetuated by line selection. In combating plant diseases the knowledge of breeding has been turned to excellent account, as for example in producing strains of clover immune to anthracnose, cabbage immune to wilt or yellows, and varieties of cereals resistant to diseases. Many seed-borne diseases have been brought under control by discovery of their weak points. It has been found, for example, that cotton anthracnose can be prevented by delinting the seed with sulphuric acid or treatment with hot water, which destroys the organism, and that bean anthracnose can be prevented in the South by growing the bean crop for seed during the simimer, when the fungus can not withstand the hot weather. Studies of the apple rust have shown that it may be controlled by destruction of cedar trees which serve as the alternate host of the fungus, and this find- ing has resulted in favorable legislation. The extensive studies of the rusts are furnishing a broad basis for economic studies in rela- tion to this class of diseases. Dairying has to its credit a considerable list of projects which have resulted in important advancements. For example, the studies in cheese ripening and on the role of acid in cheese making have led to a new method of cheese manufacturing in which pasteurized milk is employed, using artificial ripeners. This has reduced cheese mak- ing more largely to a mechanical process, easily controlled, requiring 81075°— No. 4—17 2 308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 36 less skilled labor, and yielding a more uniform product. The method avoids the loss in yield and quality due to defective milk, gives a more uniform and sanitary product, and calls for less cold storage in curing. The determination of the coloring matter in milk might seem at first to have only theoretical interest, but when followed by a similar study of feeds which discloses the relation of certain kinds to light and dark color in milk, cream, and butter, it is seen to have a very practical significance. Similarly, studies of the influence of feed in modifying the chemical and physical properties of butter, while in themselves highly technical, have led to important practical results. To cite an illustration, silage is found to counteract the hardening effect of cottonseed meal upon butter, exercising an opposite effect to cottonseed meal on the fat constants. Two interesting pieces of work which have a direct application in the feeding of milk to children have dealt with the study of the fat globules and the casein of milk from Holstein and Ayrshire cows as compared with that from Jersey and Guernsey breeds. The size of the fat globules was not found to be a factor. In the case of the first two breeds the casein is more decidedly flocculated, and as it is not so easily curdled in the stomach is apparently more tolerant to infants. Continued work in dairy bacteriology has served to throw much light on the sources of bacterial contamination of milk and dairy products and to modify some of the earlier precautions prescribed, especially since the cow and the utensils are found to be far more important sources of contamination than the stable and dust. In horticulture, studies on the factors connected with bud forma- tion are at length yielding light bearing upon the possibilities of control; and other extensive studies in progress have reference to the interrelation of stock and scion, the periodicity of growth in trees, factors which stimulate growth, the specific effects of ferti- lizers, and hardiness as correlated with structure. From the long list of successful life history and other studies in economic entomology, the working out of the number of broods of certain insects in different localities, the finding that the woolly aphis of the apple passes part of its life on the elm, producing an affec- tion there, that the sugar-beet plant louse spends some of its life history on the cottonwood tree, the influence of soil moisture and flooding on the control of sugar-beet root louse, may be cited as striking examples of the application of technical studies in suggest- ing means of control. The work with fungicides and insecticides, their preparation and use, the manner in which they affect insects, and the conditions under 1017] EDITOEIAL. 309 which they injuriously affect foliage, has been very extensive and has in large measure reduced the practice of spraying to a science. In this connection the working out of the methods of dust spraying and its advantages under certain conditions should be mentioned. After years of unsatisfactory results in the use of gaseous insecti- cides in mills and grain elevators, striking results have been ob- tained in ridding these buildings of insect pests by the simple use of heat. The study on bacillary white diarrhea in poultry and the means by which it spreads, and the finding of a reliable method of diag- nosis by which it may be eliminated from breeding flocks, have led to a general campaign against the disease in several States. The above will be recognized merely as examples in a long list of investigations which have already been productive of important results or are pointing to such conclusions. It is one of the attri- butes of a scientific discovery that the credit for it usually can not be ascribed entirely to a single person or institution. It develops in part from work which has gone before and has made possible the new or particular application. This is often true of the examples here cited, which recognizes that the stations are not working alone in the great field of agriculutral inquiry. There are at present nearly five hundred distinct projects being conducted at the stations with the partial or complete support of the Adams fund. This indicates the extent of the enterprise. These projects are in charge of three hundred and eighty leaders and associates. No two projects are alike; each is an individual under- taking. Their diversity shows how far they are removed from any standardizing influence. Such are some of the developments and evidences of research activity which have come in the past decade. Although this prog- ress can not all be ascribed to the Adams Act, it is due in consid- erable measure to its direct influence along with the continued ex- perience in investigation. The field has grown to be much larger and the task much deeper than seemed at first. Perhaps one of the greatest truths borne in upon us is the realization that the task is almost endless — that we can never touch bottom in all there is to know about the simplest subjects with which our investigation concerns itself. Agricultural research has as yet only " stirred a few grains of sand on the shore," but it has made a beginning which seems large in the perspective in which it is viewed and in what it promises. The stations have made some contributions to the theoretical rubbish- heap, which is to their credit, for it proves that originality has been 310 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 exercised. And they have made highly important contributions to the knowledge of their day and generation. In some respects we have learned how not to know, and have set our faces in the right direction — the direction of making our knowl- edge exact in so far as it goes and as the status of science permits. We have learned not to hesitate to abandon or modify practical and theoretical views on the basis of new light, and so to make our work progressive and constructive by building fact upon fact and sequence upon sequence. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Giain of the tobacco leaf, C. S. Ridgway {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re- search, 7 (1916), No. 6, pp. 269-288, pis. 3, figs. 2).— The results of the study re- ported show that the bodies which cause the grain in cigar tobacco consist of from one to several leaf cells filled with a crystalline substance. These bodies are microscopically visible in ordinary transmitted light, but are more prominent when examined with polarized light. Five forms or types of grain were recog- nized, but their significance was not Investigated. Cryptocrystalline calcium oxalate contained in certain cells in the various tissues of the leaf and single small prismatic crystals scattered evenly throughout the leaf were also identified in the tobacco. The grain was separated from the leaf by a process of mechanical analysis described in detail. Incidentally in the sepai'ation of the grains it was found that, using a sample of 70 gm., 33 per cent of the weight represented midribs, 48 per cent soft tissue, 8 per cent veins (other than the ribs), and 11 per cent the grain. It is noted, however, that these results are only approximate. On analysis the grain bodies were found to have the following percentage compo- sition : Moisture, 8.06 ; pure ash, 40.26 ; potassium oxid, 3.42 ; calcium oxid, 26.34; magnesium oxid, 3.13; oxalic acid, 0.82; citric acid, 22.38; and malic acid, 13.58. Analyses of the leaf web, large vein excluding midrib, and small vein are also submitted. The analytical data indicate that the grain is com- posed chiefly of calcium with a small amount of magnesium and potassium in combination with citric and malic acids rather than with oxalic acid. Normal calcium malate was identified by petrographic methods. The grain was found not to be responsible for the marked hygroscopic prop- erties of the tobacco, since the amount of water absorbed by it from a moist atmosphere was less than that absorbed by the other kinds of material. The small veins of the leaf showed the greatest hygroscopicity. " The grain bodies of tobacco are developed in the course of post-mortem changes which take place during the process of curing and continue during fermentation. A microscopically visible change consists of a more or less com- plete aggregation of the grain-forming substance of all the cells into certain groups of cells. The factors determining the location of these groups are unknown. " In the tobacco studied a correlation was found between the grain and burning properties. It is believed that the substances contained in the grain bodies are injurious to the burn, and that the quality of the latter is dependent upon the degree to which the former are aggregated into definite bodies suffi- ciently separated, one from the other, to permit a considerable fire-carrying zone of cells, emptied of grain material, around each. The influence of the degree of aggregation of the grain substance upon the color, texture, and elas- ticity of the leaf has not yet been thoroughly investigated." Tabulated and graphical analytical data relative to the burning quality of the tobacco grown on plats to which various kinds and amounts of fertilizers were applied are submitted. The chemical composition of lime-sulphur animal dips, R. M. Chapin {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 451 {1916), pp. 16). — A number of lime-sulphur solutions have been analyzed by the methods previously described by the author (E. S. K., 311 312 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 35, p. 207) with the view of determining the effect of storage; of lime added after dilution ; of varying the lime-sulphur ratio, the period of boiling, and the concentration; the occurrence and relation of calcium sulphite; the ratio of jpolysulphid to thiosulphate ; the lower polysulphids and the effect of an ex- cess of lime ; and the higher polysulphids and the effect of oxidation. The reactions, some of which are reversible, which determine the composition of lime-sulphur solutions are rather numerous. The points of equilibrium vary according as the solution is hot or cold, dilute or concentrated, or exposed to the influence of other varying conditions. " Under such circumstances the only way in which laboratory studies can be of practical value is by so thoroughly establishing the fundamental principles involved and the effect of varying con- ditions upon the relative importance of such principles as to aiford a sound basis for reasoning." The general reactions between lime and sulphur on boiling with water are indicated as follows: ( 1 ) 3Ca ( OH ) 2+12S=2CaS6+CaS203+3H20 (2) 10CaS5+3Ca(OH)2=12CaS4+CaS.Oo+3H20 (3) CaS4-i-S=CaS= All lime-sulphur solutions are considered to be subject to hydrolytic decom- position according to the following equation, the equilibrium being destroyed by the reaction proceeding to the right with a rise of temperature : (4) CaS,+H20^Ca(OH)2+H2S+(x-l)S The products on the right side of the equation further react, giving, in the case of CaSs, (5) CaSB+3H20=CaS203+3H2S "A well-boiled solution, not originally made with an excess of lime, can never under any circumstances possess a plus reaction figure — that is, it can not con- tain calcium hydroxid in excess of monosulphur. If originally made with an excess of lime or if not boiled long enough, excess lime is at first present in solu- tion. But if such a preparation be allowed to stand quietly and cool off in the cooking vat, the indications are that the undissolved lime soon settles down, while the small amount of dissolved lime rapidly reacts with polysulphur ac- cording to equation 2, so that in this case, also, unless the cooled solution is again stirred up with the .sediment, a plus reaction figure can never be present in the end. But such a solution will naturally contain a notable amount of tetrasulphid." It is indicated that with an increasing concentration the time of boiling should also be increased. " With increasing concentration the utilization of both lime and sulphur possibly becomes less nearly complete, and also the polysulphids formed possibly contain a somewhat less proportion of pentasulphid. But the apparent effect might have been produced simply by insufficient boiling, and in any event it is of no material significance in comparison with the prac- tical importance of putting out proprietary preparations in highly concentrated form. " Finished solutions, if stored over sediment which contains free lime, will naturally tend to maintain a plus reaction figure, and will undergo changes at- tributable to the slow progress of reactions 1 and 2. If decanted from sediment and preserved from access of air, only two slight changes are noticeable; first, the progress of equation 5 until a certain concentration of hydrogen sulphid is reached, when equilibrium is established according to equation 4; second, an apparent slight drop in the thiosulphate figure, for which no explanation is of- fered, since the phenomenon appeared too quantitatively insignificant to warrant special investigation. Both changes, in fact, are so slight as to be entirely negligible for practical purposes and under ordinary conditions." 1917] AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 313 The cause of the slight discrepancies between the laboratory experiments autl the theoretical results calculated from the equations is discussed. The methods of analysis used are deemed to be adequate in scope and accuracy, and also to be practical. Any loss is considered to arise chiefly during manipulation of the solutions through oxidation, and could be eliminated only by manipulating in an atmosphere of some inert gas. A formula for preparing an animal dip in which 8 lbs. of quicklime, 18 lbs. of sulphur, and somewhat more than 10 gal. of water are boiled for one hour is submitted. The arsenates of lead, I, C. C. McDonnell and C. M. Smith {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2027-2038).— Mono-lead arsenate (PbH* (AsOi)!) was prepared, and its physical and chemical properties are described. The methods of preparing crystalline di-lead arsenate (PbHAs04) are reviewed, and its physical and chemical properties fully described. Crystallized tri-lead arsenate, lead metarsenate, and di-lead pyroarsenate were also prepared and their physical and chemical properties noted. Lead arsenates. — A study of the factors controlling the reactions of lead nitrate and lead acetate with disodium arsenate, G. E. Smith {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2014-2027).— From a study at the Montana Experiment Station of the factors controlling the reactions of lead nitrate and lead acetate with disodium arsenate, the author concludes that " the lead arse- nates produced are mixtures of diplumbic arsenate (PbHAs04) and lead hydroxy- arsenate (PbBOH(As04)3). The products of the reactions at low temperatures, when the reactions have come to an equilibrium, whether lead acetate or lead nitrate is used consist principally of diplumbic arsenate. The products of the reactions at infinite dilutions (less than 1/1,000-molar), whether lead acetate or lead nitrate is used, consist principally of lead hydroxyarsenate if the pre- cipitates are filtered immediately after the precipitation. The precipitate that is first formed is lead hydroxyarsenate; diplumbic arsenate is produced by a secondary reaction." With an increase of alkaline disodium arsenate greater amounts of lead hydroxyarsenate are produced. As the concentration increases the relative amount of diplumbic arsenate increases. With an increase in temperature more of the hydroxyarsenate is formed. The procedures used for the preparation of the pure reagents and the ma- terials studied are described in detail. Researches on organic periodids. — II, Periodids of antipyrin, iodoanti- P3rrin, and pyramidone, W. O. Emery and S. Palkin {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 88 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2166-2181).— A continuation of previous work (E. S. K., 34, p. 502). Preparation of bromoacetylglucose and certain other bromoacetyl sugars, J. K. Dale {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2187, 2188). Condensation of thiobarbituric acid with aromatic aldehydes, A. W. Dox and G. P. Plaisance {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2164- 2166). — In the course of a study at the Iowa Experiment Station on the re- action between aromatic aldehydes and the methylene group of the ureids of malonic acid, a number of condensation products were prepared and ai-e described. Concerning certain aromatic constituents of urine, R. J. Anderson {New New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 55 {1916), pp. 3-25; Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 {1916), No. 2, pp. 387-415).— This bulletin reports the following studies: I. The nonphenolic volatile oils of cotv urine. — The author has shown that the so-called neutral oil obtained from cow urine consists for the greater part B14 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 86 of para-cresol. A very small percentage of au aromatic and nonphenolic oil of agreeable odor, having the composition CioHieO, was also present with the oil. This substance was found to be present in larger amounts during the summer months than during the winter, and the oils eliminated at the two seasons not to be chemically identical. It is indicated that the nature of these substances apparently depends upon the nature of the terpene-like bodies contained in the feed which the animals obtain. The terms " urogon " and " urogol," used by Mooser,^ have been shown to be identical with the mixture of para-cresol and the nonphenolic oil described. II. The nonphenolic volatile oils of goat urine. — Experimental data presented show that the neutral oil obtained from goat urine which has been previously described " under the name of " urogon " is not a chemical entity but a mixture. The substances isolated are identical with the oils isolated from cow urine. III. The nonphenolic volatile oils of horse and human urine. — A neutral alkali- insoluble oil which had the composition corresponding to the formula C7H12O was isolated from horse urine. An oil of similar composition and properties was found in human urine. On account of the very small yield obtained the oils could not be identified. It is deemed probable that " the kind of neutral alkali- insoluble oils excreted in the urine of different animals will be found to depend to a large extent upon the nature of the terpene-like bodies contained in the food, and for this reason the nature of the oil will vary in accordance with season and the available food supply." The chemistry of the vitamins, R. R. Williams (Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. A, 11 (1916), No. 2, pp. 4^-57). — The author describes a method for separating the vitamin of rice polishings and reports the preparation of several derivatives of nicotinic acid, the curative property of these derivatives being tested by feed- ing per OS to neuritic fowls. The chemical nature of the "vitamins ". — II, Isomerism, in natural anti- neuritic substances, R. R. Williams and A. Seidell (Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 (1916), No. 2, pp. 431-456, pi. 1, figs. 5). — Continuing the work previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 711), the authors have found that the physiological properties of autolyzed yeast are not appreciably altered by treatment with relatively con- centrated caustic alkali. Aqueous alkali in contact with fullers' earth "acti- vated" by contact with autolyzed yeast filtrate modified the physiological action of the yeast filtrate in respect to its power to maintain the weight of pigeons on a deficient diet, but did not sensibly affect its antineuritic function. A crystalline antineuritic substance was obtained by alkaline extraction of " activated " fullers' earth, the physiological action of which was apparently not due to adhering mother liquor. Attempts to purify this substance by recrystal- lization resulted in a loss of its antineuritic properties. The resulting product was found to be identical with adenin, and by suitable treatment again ac- quired antineuritic properties. From the results thus obtained it is deemed probable that an isomer of adenin is the chemical entity responsible for the characteristic physiological properties of the vitamin investigated. The experimental data are described in detail and the chemical nature of the vitamins discussed. In connection with the latter it is suggested that "the vitamins contain one or more groups of atoms constituting nuclei in which the physiological properties are resident. In a free state these nuclei possess the vitamin activity, but under ordinary conditions are spontaneously transformed into isomers which do not possess antineuritic power. The complementary sub- stances or substituent groups with which these nuclei are more or less firmly 1 Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 63 (1909), No. 2-3, pp. 155-200. sPflUger's Arch. Physiol., 156 (1914), pp. 225-252. 19171 AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY — AGROTECHNt. 315 combined in nature exert a stabilizing and perhaps otherwise favorable influence on the curative nucleus, but do not in themselves possess the vitamin type of physiological potency. Accordingly it is believed that while partial cleavage of vitamins may result only in a modification of their physiological properties, by certain means disruption may go so far as to effect a complete separation of 'nucleus' and 'stabilizer,' and if it does so will be followed by loss of curative power due to isomerization." The terminology introduced by McCollum and Kennedy (E. S. R., 35, p. 166), based on the solubility of the substances isolated, is considered by the authors to be an unfortunate choice because of the influence of various other substances on solubility, and in their discussion they retain the word vitamin, as employed by Funk. On the products of the action of certain amylases upon soluble starch, with special reference to the formation of glucose, H. C. Sherman and P. W. PuNNETT {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, S8 {1916), No. 9, pp. J877-i 885). —Experi- ments are described from which it is concluded that any of the amylases tested (pancreatic, malt, and taka-diastase) may form some glucose. Under the con- ditions which prevail in the usual determinations of diastatic power, however, the yield of maltose so far predominates as to justify the custom of calculating the reducing powers of the digestion products as due to maltose alone. Experiments upon starch as substrate for enzym action, H. C. Sherman and J. C. Bakee {Jonr. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 9, pp. 1885-190Jf) .— " Dispersions of commercial potato starch in water or of purified potato starch in water containing a small amount of electrolyte (sodium chlorid) have been separated by centrifugal force into a heavier, very viscous, opalescent layer containing the more abundant, less soluble component of the starch (Meyer's a-amylose, Maquenne's amylopectin), and a lighter, limpid solution containing the less abundant, more soluble component (Meyer's )3-amylose, Maquenne's amylose)." It is indicated that the centrifugal method described for the separation of the starch components does not completely separate either component from the other, but affords a means of approximate separation in which the danger of contamination, denaturization, or retrogradation is minimized. The method is M^ell adapted to the study of the effects of the different amylases. " Pancreatic amylase both in commercial and in highly purified form pro- duced reducing sugar more rapidly from /3-amylose than from a-amylose, auto- claved starch, or Lintner soluble starch, the last three giving very similar results when used as substrate for this enzym. Not only does the /3-amylose substrate show a larger yield of maltose at each of the various time intervals tested, but the initial speed of hydrolysis is better maintained with this sub- strate than with either of the others. " Purified malt amylase shows in the earlier stages of its action a somewhat greater yield of maltose from a- than from j3-amylose. As the digestion pro- ceeds the saccharogenic action of this enzym upon a-amylose becomes slower, while its action upon j8-amylose is well sustained, so that in cases in which the hydrolysis proceeds to the production of more than half the theoretical yield of maltose the final result shows a greater saccharogenic action upon /3- than upon o-amylose. The results obtained upon autoclaved starch and Lintner solu- ble starch are very similar to those found with a-amylose." Taka-diastase was found to digest Lintner soluble starch, autoclaved whole starch, and a-amylose at about equal rates, and /3-amylose at a somewhat higher rate. The action of pancreatic or malt amylase is better sustained than that of taka-diastase upon the /3-amylose substrate. " This relatively early falling off 316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 in the speed of sugar formation, together with the high ratio of amyloclastic to saccharogenic power, indicate that this amylase is a more active catalyst of the earlier than of the later stages of the hydrolysis." The data submitted indicate that " Lintner soluble starch is well adapted to its purpose as substrate for testing the activities of the different amylases, and that its use leads to conservative estimates of the diastatlc powers of purified preparations." An examination of certain methods for the study of proteolytic action, H. C. Sherman and Doea E. Neun (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2199-2216, figs. 4). — The Mett method for determination of total nitrogen of digestion products, the measurement of the increase of amino nitrogen by the Van Slyke method, the titration of the acidity of digestion products, the increase of electrical conductivity, the polariscopic method, and the biuret and ninhydrin reactions for determining the proteolytic activity were studied in detail. The experimental results are submitted in tabular form. It is indicated that in general the quantitative determination of the total nitrogen or the amino nitrogen of the digestion products appears to be more delicate as a means of detecting proteolysis than either the biuret or the nin- hydrin reaction, and more delicate, accurate, and generally applicable than any of the other quantitative methods studied. " The results emphasize the im- portance, in quantitative comparisons, of so limiting the amount of enzyra preparation and the time of its action as to keep within the region in which the velocity of hydrolysis is directly proportional to the enzym concentration." Nitrog'en determinations by direct nesslerization, O. Folin and W. Denis (Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 (1916), No. 2, pp. 473-506). — Five papers are presented. I. Total nitrogen in urine (pp. 473-489) . — A colorimetric procedure is described in detail. For the digestion of the sample a mixture of phosphoric and sul- phuric acids (3:1) is recommended on account of its markedly reducing the amount of sulphate in the digested material and thus obviating the possible precipitation of the colored mercury ammonium compound in the color com- parison. Comparative analytical data with the standard Kjeldahl method indicate the accuracy of the micro-procedure. Notes on the destructive digestion of urine, Nessler's reagent, the neutraliza- tion and dilution of the digestion mixture, standard ammonium sulphate solu- tions, the use of Ostwald pipettes, and the use of the colorimeter are included. II. Nonprotein ntirogen in blood (pp. 491-496). — Metaphosphoric acid (so- called "glacial" phosphoric acid) has been found to be an excellent protein precipitant. It is indicated as being better than colloidal iron and fully as good as trichloroacetic acid. The determination of nonprotein nitrogen is described as follows : To 20 cc. of water in a 50-cc. volumetric flask 5 cc. of blood is added, and then 3 cc. of a 25 per cent metaphosphoric acid. The liquid is thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for from 1 to 24 hours, after which the flask is filled to the mark, thoroughly agitated, and the contents filtered through a dry filter. It is im- portant that the mixture be allowed to stand for a sufficient time before filtration. An aliquot, corresponding to 1 cc. of blood, of the perfectly clear and colorless filtrate is used for determining the nitrogen, the procedure being essentially the same as that used in urine samples. III. Ammonia in urine (pp. 497-499). — A procedure in which blood charcoal (ammonia-free) is used to remove the creatinin and other reducing substances found in urine, so that the nesslerized filtrates remain clear for several hours, is described, A small amount of metaphosphoric acid is added to insure the 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 317 presence of all the ammonia as salts, since the free ammonia is absorbed by charcoal. Analytical data submitted indicate that the new procedure is abso- lutely reliable. IV. Urea in urine (501-503). — In the procedure described the urea is decom- posed in the usual manner by urease, and after removal of the urease materials with metaphosphoric acid and treatment with blood charcoal the filtrate is nesslerized and the ammonia determined as usual. Comparative analytical data submitted indicate the accuracy of the procedure. V. Urea in blood (pp. 505, 506). — The method described is e.ssentially the same as that used in the determination of urea in urine. Estimation of calcium in ash of forage plants and animal carcasses, S. B. KuziEiAN {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 1996-2000). — A rapid and accurate modified procedure is described by the author, at the Iowa Ex- periment Station, which consists essentially in removing the phosphorus as phosphomolybdate from an acid solution of the ash and precipitation of the calcium from the filtrate as calcium oxalate, either directly or after the re- moval of the excess of molybdenum as sulphid. No advantage was found, how- ever, in the latter process. Advantages claimed for the procedure as compared to the official basic acetate method (E. S. R., 20, p. 512) are that it yields more accurate and concordant results ; no attention need be given to the maintenance of exact neutrality of the solution ; the volume of the filtrate resulting from the precipitation of phos- phorus can be kept reasonably small, so that no evaporation is necessary ; the time required for the determination is greatly shortened ; and phosphorus and calcium may be determined in the same" aliquot. The method outlined by Shedd (E. S.'*R.,'27, p. 616) has been found to yield excellent results with slight modifications, which consist essentially in boiling the calcium oxalate precipitate for 30 minutes on a hot plate, filtering through a Gooch crucible, and igniting to convert the oxalates into oxids instead of dis- solving the precipitate with hydrochloric acid and reprecipitating with dilute ammonia, which operation seems to be insufficient to remove completely ad- hering traces of molybdenum. The ignited residue is then dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, filtered, ammonium chlorid and ammonia added, and the liquid boiled until the odor of ammonia is faint. The precipitated iron and aluminum are removed and the calcium precipitated as oxalate. Modification of the Pratt method for the determination of citric acid, J. J. WiLLAMAN {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 {1916), No. 10, pp. 2193-2199). — After a thorough study of the various steps in the method described by Pratt (E. S. R., 26, p. 509) the following modified method is outlined: The pectins in the fruit juice or other plant material are precipitated by two volumes of 50 per cent alcohol, and the precipitate, after settling, filtered through filter paper on a Biichner funnel and washed twice with 65 per cent alcohol. The filtrate is diluted with water to give approximately a 30 per cent alcohol content by volume, and 5 cc. of barium acetate solution then added. The barium citrate is filtered through asbestos in a Gooch crucible, washed with 30 per cent alcohol, and dried in a water oven. The precipitate is dissolved in hot 6 per cent phosphoric acid solution, using three portions of 20 cc. each and followed by hot water. The filtrate and washings (which should be about 100 cc. in volume) are transferred to the oxidation flask, a piece of glass tubing or glass beads added, if necessary, to prevent bumping, and the solution oxidized with potassium permanganate as described in the original method. The adapter of the condenser dips into 40 cc. of Deniges' solution contained iu u 500 cc. Erleumeyer flask. After the oxidation is com- 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3G plete the distillate is made up to about 300 cc. volume, put under a reflux con- denser, and boiled gently for 45 minutes. The precipitate is then filtered hot through paper, washed by decantation twice with hot water, and dissolved in two or three small portions of 5 per cent hydrochloric acid by heating. The acid solution is, after cooling, neutralized with 10 per cent sodium hydroxid, and made up to 100 cc. volume. The whole or an aliquot of the mercury solution can be titrated against standard potassium iodid solution, or the mercuric chlorid solution can be used in a burette and titrated against standard potassium iodid. A determi- nation factor giving the citric acid equivalent of cubic centimeters of potassium iodid is included. Malic, tartaric (except quantities of 5 gm. or over), oxalic, and aconitic acids do not interfere with the determination. The presence of large amounts of sugar or other substances capable of reducing permanganate tends to yield slightly high results, but the difference is inconsiderable. Analytical data are submitted which indicate that the modified method, if followed rigidly, will give much more satisfactory results than the original procedure. A comparison of barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, and malonylguanidin as quantitative precipitants for furfural, A. W. Dox and G. P. Plaisance {Jonr. A7ner. Cliem. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 10, pp. 2i56-2J64)-— Experimental data submitted by the authors from the Iowa Experiment Station demonstrate that thiobarbituric acid condenses readily with furfural in 12 per cent hydrochloric acid solution, and forms, by the elimination of one molecule of water, a definite compound to which a definite chemical formula can be ascribed. The reaction is quantitative, yielding a voluminous precipitate which can be filtered, dried, and weighed, Thiobarbituric acid is indicated as being superior to phloro- glucinol as a precipitant for furfural, and no correction for solubility of the product is necessary. It is also preferable to barbituric acid, for the reason that the reaction is quantitative with as small amounts of furfural as 12 mg„ and a large excess of percipitant is unnecassary, thus avoiding possible errors due to inclusion. The precipitant has a further advantage in that the per- centages of nitrogen and sulphur can be easily determined in cases where doubt might exist as to the purity of the product in case homologues of fur- fural were present. It is suggested that thiobarbituric acid, which can be prepared in a pure state with little difficulty, may be found useful in the analysis of agricultural products. In place of phloroglucinol or barbituric acid, for the determination of pentoses and pentosans. Methods in soil analysis, F. E. Bear and R. M. Salter (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 159 (1916), pp. 3-2Jf, figs. 2). — This bulletin outlines in detail methods for complete soil analysis which have been found reliable by their successful use in several hundred analyses of various types of West AMrginia soils. The estimation of thiosulphate sulphur in lime-sulphur solutions by iodin titration, P, L. Blumenthal and S. D. Averitt (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 38 (1916), No. 9, pp. 1701-170>4). — From a study carried on at the Kentucky Ex- periment Station, the authors conclude that " an excess of iodin does react with tetrathionate in neutral or faintly acid solutions upon standing. In every iodin titration on a lime-sulphur solution a small quantity of sulphate is formed ; in some lime-sulphur solutions this is the only sulphate found. *' The quantity of iodin used to form sulphate in an ordinary titration does not cause an appreciable error in the determination of thiosulphate. The iodin value obtained after decomposing polysulphids by HOI titration actually rep- resents thiosulphate, since the barium sulphate obtained irom such solutions 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319 after oxidation agrees very closely with the titration values. The presence of sulphites, which would also be titrated at this point, would tend to cause high results for thiosulphate as calculated from the iodin value. If anything, the gravimetric results for thiosulphate are a trifle higher than the titration values, which point to an absence of sulphites, although this in itself is not absolute proof of the fact." See also a previous note by Averitt (E. S. R., 36, p. 16). [Beport of the chemical division], C. H. Weight {Fiji Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1915, pp. 22-26). — These pages report brief notes on soil analysis, physical and chemical constants of lemon grass oil distilled under varying conditions, and the examination of bat guanos, limes and coral sand, mustard oil, coconut products, lemons, and miscellaneous materials. Experiments on the conservation of fruits and vegetables by desiccation, Y. Valvassoei {Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Oeorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 13 {1916), No. 2. pp. 56-64, fig. 1). — This article briefly describes some experiments obtained in a study of fruit and vegetable conservation by desiccation with heat, and indicates the great economic importance of the industry. A table giving the time necessary for sterilization, optimum temperatures and time necessary for desiccation, and yield of finished product from 100 kg. of fresh material of a number of vegetables is included. Instnictions for processing fruits and vegetables for exhibition only, .J. H. Page (Bur. Mines, Manfrs. and Agr. [Ark.], Bid. 4 (1916), pp. 15). — This bul- letin briefly describes procedures and gives formulas for preserving fruits and vegetables for exhibition purposes. Report on vegetable dyestuffs, F. Maksdkn (Mysore Econ. Conf. [India], Indus, and Com. Committee Bui. 31 (1916), pp. VII+15). — This is the report of the work carried out by the dyeing expert to the Government of Madras in con- nection with the utilization of indigenous or other materials in the dyeing in- dustry. An introduction by A. Chatterton, director of industries and commerce in Mysore, is included. From the results of the investigation it is concluded that the indigenous ma- terials are incapable of meeting the demands which have been ci-eated by the development of the manufacture of synthetic colors. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Measurement of the surface forces in soils, C. A. Shull (Bot. Gaz., 62 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-Sl, figs. 5). — Experiments conducted at the universities of Kansas and Chicago on the force with which particles of soils of varying fine- ness retain moisture at different degrees of dryness and to devise a method for measuring this force are reported. The soils used were heavy silt clay, fine qiaartz sand, loam, very fine sandy loam, sand, and fine sand. The seeds of Xanthium pennsylvanicum were used to measure the moisture- holding powers of the soils by firmly packing dry seeds of known weight in a soil of known moisture content and allowing the forces tending to move the moisture to reach equilibrium. The force with which these seeds absorb water was first determined by the use of osmotic solutions and by the vapor pressure equilibrium method, the former being found the more reliable. The air-dried seeds showed an initial attraction for water of nearly 1,000 atmospheres, and it was found that the attraction which exists at any moisture content between saturation and air dryness can be approximated. In the experiments with soils it was found that the air-dry subsoil of the silt loam held its hygroscopic moisture with about the same force as an air-dry 320 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 seed ; that is, about 1,000 atmospheres. As the moisture content of the soil in- creased the surface force decreased rapidly. When about 3.5 per cent of water was added to the air-dry soil, the force remaining was about 375 atmospheres. When the moisture content reached 6 per cent above air-dry in this soil it was held with a force of 130 or more atmospheres. At 11 per cent above air-dry the holding power fell to 22.4 atmospheres. At the wilting coefficient of the soil (13.3 per cent above air-dry in the silt loam subsoil) the "back pull" of the soil particles amounted to not more than that of a 0.1 molecular volume sodium chlorid solution ; that is, not more than about 4 atmospheres. This was shown to hold true for a number of types of soil with widely varying wilting coefficients. " The wilting of plants at the wilting coefficient of the soil can not be due to lack of moisture in the soil, nor to lack of a gradient of forces tending to move water toward the plant. The viev/ is held, therefore, that the wilting at this critical soil moisture content must be due to the increasing slowness of water movement from soil particle to soil particle, and from these to the root hairs, the rate of movement falling below that necessary to maintain turgidity of the cells of the aerial parts even under conditions of low transpiration." Thirty-six references to literature bearing on the subject are also cited. Use of two indirect methods for the determination of the hygroscopic coefficients of soils, F. J. Alway and V. L. Clakk (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Researrh, 7 {1916), No. 8, pp. 345-359, fig. 1). — Experiments conducted at the Nebraska Experiment Station on the determination of the hygroscopic coeffi- cients of a number of Nebraska soils from their maximum water capacities and their contents of hygroscopic moisture are reported. ■ It was found that while the Briggs-Shantz formula, hygroscopic coefficient— (maximum water capacity — 21)X0.234 (E. S. R., 26, p. 628), "with many soils gives values fully in accord with those directly determined, with many others it gives results .so widely divergent that it can not be regarded as suffi- ciently reliable for studies of available soil moisture, or even for soil-survey purposes." The studies of the relation between hygroscopic coefficient and hygroscopic moisture showed " that the hygroscopic coefficient may be calculated from the hygroscopic moisture found in a soil which has been allowed to come into equi- librium with an only partially saturated atmosphere, and that this method will require only simple equipment, a minimum of skill on the part of the operator, and be so economical of time as to recommend it wherever a very large number of samples have to be dealt with." Note on soil denudation by rainfall and drainage: Conservation of soil moisture. G. D. Hope {Agr. ./our. India. 11 {1916). No. 2. pp. 134-Ul, pis. 4).— Suggestions for the prevention of erosion of northeast Indian tea soils are given, special reference being made to terracing and drainage as practiced on Java tea soils. Soil aeration in agriculture, A. Howard {Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 61 (1916), pp. 22, pis. 2, figs. 3). — This is a lecture delivered at the meeting of the Board of Agriculture at Pusa, India, on soil ventilation in its physiological relation to crop production, including some practical applications of soil aera- tion by means of drainage, irrigation, and manuring. The toxicity of bog water, G. B. Rigg {Amer. Jour. Bot., 3 {1916), No. 8, pp. .'(36, 437). — Experiments made at the University of Washington with waters drawn from sphagnum bogs of the Puget Sound region and Alaska are reported. It is reported that "(1) when they were filtered through filter paper, then saturated with NaCl, MgSO«, NajHPO., or (NH^jSOi, and allowed to stand 1917] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 321 over night, the samples tested have all shown a precipitate. (2) When this precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate dialyzed in a dialyzing tube in run- ning water iintil it no longer showed a precipitate with BaCh, the filtrate did not prove toxic to root hairs on Tradescantia cuttings placed in it. while con- trols in bog water allowed only a very poor development of root hairs on cut- tings of this species. (3) When 500 cc. of filtered bog water was distilled until the residue was only 80 cc, the distillate was colorless and was not toxic to root hairs on Tradescantia cuttings while the residue was much darker in color than bog water and almost entirely inhibited the formation of root hairs on these cuttings. (4) When saturated with (NH4);S04 and allowed to stand over night, the above distillate gave no precipitate, while the residue gave a much heavier precipitate than untreated bog water did. (5) All samples of bog water tested were acid to litmus and to phenolphthalein. (6) The acidity of the residue mentioned in (3) was greater than that of the untreated bog water, while the acidity of the distillate was less than that of the untreated bog water. The acidity was determined by neutralization with N/20 NaOH, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. . . . The fact that the osmotic pres- sure of bog water is very low suggests that the material in solution in it is probably in a colloidal state. The data here given seem to confirm this view and to warrant the suggestion that this colloidal matter is a large factor in the toxicity of the water." A list of ten references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Some factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrification, B. Williams (Bot. Gas., 62 (1916), No. 4, pp. 311-317).— In continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 620), experiments conducted at the Virginia Experi- ment Station on nitrogen fixation in garden soil and in various other soils stored in the laboratory for periods of different lengths showed that the nitrogen-fixing flora significantly decreased in its activity under the influence of drying. This deterioration was manifested as early as two weeks after removing the soil from the field and exposing it to the ordinary laboratory conditions of drying. After 15 months, however, a number of soils retained an ability to fix nitrogen, which is taken to indicate that some species at least have considerable resistance to drying. A number of qualitative tests for Azoto- bacter in soils kept in storage for 15 months indicated that this organism is more easily attenuated than some other species. Further tests with three soils ^vith low powers of fixation showed that the soil extract itself " probably does not carry substances which would retard fixation." A continuation of studies on nitrification in soils of poor nitrifying power to which sugar and lime were added showed that without the use of lime a number of soils completely failed to nitrify ammonium sulphate, and few exhibited what might be termed an average nitrifying power. Under the influence of lime there was an increase of nitrifying power in the majority of the soils, although the stimulation was not especially noteworthy. " It appears that where there is some development of the nitrifying flora in the soil originally the effects of lime are decidedly more evident than in those soils apparently devoid of nitrifying power." There was no formation of nitrates whatever under the influence of 2 per cent of mannite. It not only failed to afford a source of energy for the nitrifying ferments, but exerteil a depressing effect on the activities of such as were present. Production of alkali in soils by denitrification, R. Aladjem {Cairo Sci. Jour., 8 (1914), No. 99, pp. 274-278). — Studies on the processes of nitrification and denitrification in sandy loam soil and the conditions governing them are reported. 322 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 It was found that when nitrification takes place in soil which contains even traces of sodium, potassium, and calcium, tlie corresponding nitrates are formed which — when conditions favorable to denitritication, such as water-logging, ax'e produced — are decomposed, giving rise to alkaline bicarbonates. It was found that such denitrification takes place only when the soil is so saturated with water as to be completely deprived of air. The alkaline bicarbonates formed are capable under certain conditions of being transformed into carbonates. Further observations on protozoa in relation to soil bacteria, T. Goodey (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 89 {1916), No. B 616, pp. 297-314, figs. 5; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 {1916), No. 11, p. 986). — In continuation and extension of work previously reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 515) on the inoculation of protozoa into soil, experiments are reported with a fibrous loam soil repre- senting an attempt to eliminate the source of error of the previous experiments occasioned by introducing large numbers of bacteria into the soil along with the added protozoa. The aim was to inoculate a partially sterilized soil with protozoa freed from bacteria. A method is described whereby protozoa were successfully separated from large numbers of bacteria and used for mass inocu- lation of a treated soil. It was concluded from the results obtained that " protozoa, especially amoeba of the Umax group and other larger forms, can lead an active existence and multiply in soil and exert a depressing effect on bacterial numbers." It is con- sidered probable that for a given soil a certain point must be reached in proto- zoal numbers before the depression In bacterial numbers is caused. In the soil under investigation this number appeared to be approximately 30,000 Amoeba Umax per gram. It appeared to be necessary to add the protozoa to a treated soil in a small quantity of untreated soil to insure their having a suitable medium in which to grow and multiply. It did not appear possible to carry out mass inoculations of protozoa into treated soil in such a way that they come into action and limit bacterial activity, and the explanation advanced to account for this failure is that the treated soil alone affords an unsuitable medium for the active trophic existence of protozoa. Soils of the Sabak district on the Bemam River, J. Geantham {Agt\ Bui. Fed. Malay States, // {1916), No. 9, pp. 298-SOO). — Mechanical and chemical analyses of 13 samples of coconut and jungle soils are reported and discussed. The soils of the district are all of the heavy clay type of medium acidity and of alluvial origin, with the clay portion varying from about 20 to over 40 per •cent, the higher percentage preponderating. They contain a fair percentage of organic matter and are characterized by being unusually rich in potash and nitrogen. The phosphate content, while rather low, is said to be above the average for the country. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1913-14, A. Anrep {Canada Dept. Mines, Mines Branch Bui. 11 {1915), pp. X 11+185, pis. 122, figs. 66). — Particulars are given of the detailed examination of peat bogs in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. In addition are included over 60 photographic illustrations of plants found in and composing the bogs investigated, and a number of translations of ©fficial documents on the utilization of peat, dealing with recent developments in European practice. The analysis of soils, L. J. Wild {Jour. Canterbury Agr. and Past. Assoc, 3. ser., 4 {1916), pp. 35-41). — A brief discussion of the numerous factors upon which the fertility and productiveness of a given soil depends is given in order to show the impracticability of attempting to judge a soil on the basis of analytical data only. 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 323 Bureau of Soils, U. S, Department of Agriculture, M. Whitney {Cornell Countryman, 14 (1916), No. 1, pp. 18-22, figs. 2). — This is a brief outline of the chief activities of the Bureau of Soils. Artificial manures, 1916 (Glamorgan County Council, Agr. Committee [Pam- phlet], 1916, pp. Jf). — Brief suggestions on manures and manuring to meet war- time conditions in England are given. Soil fertility considerations in the feeding of hogs and milch cows, E. B. FoBBEs (Mo. Bui. OJiio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 11, pp. 351, 352).— In a series of in- come and outgo experiments with five growing hogs, it was found that on the average the excreta contained 74, 87, and 86 per cent of the nitrogen, phos- phorus, and potassium of the rations fed. In two series of experiments with six cows in each, it was found that the excreta contained 67.45, 74.4, and 71.6 per cent of the nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, respectively, of the rations fed, being in all cases appreciably less than the percentages found in the excreta of the growing hogs. Plant food deficiencies of Coastal Plain and Piedmont soils, C. B. Williams (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, pp. 823, 824; Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 36 (1915), pp. 67-75). — Data showing the average amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the leading soil types of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions in which field work has been conducted by the North Caro- lina Experiment Station are reported, which indicate that " potentially most of the soils are fairly well supplied with potash, but that the amounts of phos- phoric acid and nitrogen, one or the other, or both, are at present or soon will be limiting factors in the production of large crops." Data obtained in field fertilizer experiments by the station are taken to indicate that the " chief needs for plant growth in the Coastal Plain region are generally first for nitrogen, and second for potash and lime. Those soils of chief importance and extent in the Piedmont region show a lack first for phosphoric acid, and second for nitrogen. Without the addition of these deficient plant food constituents, it will be impossible to grow large crops for any great length of time." Note on the soil of the experimental farms [in Burma], F. J. Warth (Dept. Agr. Burma Bui. 13 (1913), pp. 9). — Pot culture experiments on alkaline heavy clay and clay, neutral clay loam, sand and sandy loam, slightly acid sand and sandy loam, and strongly acid clay paddy soils are reported, together with chemical analyses of the different soils, the purpose being to throw light on the problem of availability of phosphoric acid in paddy soils. It was found that with the soils used citric acid extraction forms no criterion for the amount of phosphoric acid available for a paddy crop. Pot cultures showed that a shortage of phosphoric acid was felt at a very early stage. This shortage in the case of a long-lived variety grown under favorable conditions is in time more or less made up as the plant develops. The normal yields of paddy from the four heavy soils were least, and these soils also were deficient in phosphoric acid. " The figures for total and available phosphoric acid given in the soil analysis . . . are undoubtedly an index of the total supply of this substance and its state of occurrence." Fertilizer experiments with sugar cane on the red clay soil, P. L. Gile and J. O. Caeeero (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 16-24). — In continuation of investi- gations previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 818) experiments to determine the fer- tilizer requirements of areas found to respond to fertilizers in the previous work are reported. The results of four experiments on the effect of fertilizers on sugar cane on the lowland red clay soil, involving 290 plats and 58 acres of land, showed that one field failed to respond to 3,500 lbs. of quicklime per acre with and without 81075°— No. 4r— 17 3 324 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 various commercial fertilizers. On auotlier field all combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash applied at the rate of 50 lbs. of each element per acre were ineffective. On two other fields fertilizers measurably increased the yield. Where the land responded to fertilizers nitrogen was the only es- sential element. A single test with plant cane showed that, calling the effective- ness of ammonium sulphate 100, that of sodium nitrate was 100, that of tank- age 111, and that of cyanamid 134. The residual effects of fertilizers, F, E. Beae, R. M. Salter et ai. {West Virginia Sta. Bui. 160' (1916), pp. 3-26, figs. 2).— Analyses of samples of the soil of fertilizer plats which have been under experiment for 15 years at the station (E. S. R., 35, p. 22) are reported to show the effects on the soil of different fertilizer treatments and of the crops produced. It was found that there was a gain in nitrogen averaging 20 lbs. per acre per year on the plat receiving acid phosphate. On the plat on which acid phos- phate and sulphate of potash were applied the gain in nitrogen amounted to 78 lbs. per acre per year. The phosphorus applied to the soil in excess of the needs of the crops was not lost in the drainage water, but was fixed in the sur- face Of in. of soil. Organic matter was maintained and increased by the use of fertilizers without plowing under green manuring crops or crop residues other than the stubble left behind after the crops were harvested. The use of quicklime in excess of the needs of the soil caused a loss of nitrogen, phos- phorus, and organic matter from the surface soil considerably larger than the increased yields produced would justify. The use of manure or fertilizers (with the exception of sulphate of potash) had a tendency to decrease the acidity of the soil. [Experiments in Java with green manures], W. M. van Helten (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Duteh East Indies], Meded. Cultnnrtuin, No. 2 (1915), pp. 32, pis. 4; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 2, p. 198). — The author describes a number of plants (among others, Tepfirosia Candida, T. hookeriana var. amwna, and T. vogelii; Centro- sema pltimieri; Clitoria cajanifoliano (Atti R. Arcad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. sen, 25 (1916), I, No. 2, pp. 112-111).— Giving a brief account of studies on some typical leaf structures in gramineous plants, more particularly Chloris gayana, the author states that a sort of differentiation met with in green parenchyma which forms abundant yellow pigment but no starch indicates a degree of specialization in the foliar tissue corresponding to a division of labor in the general process of nutrition, with resulting economy of total resources. The nature of the inflorescence and fruit of Pyrus malus, Caroline A. Black {New Hampshire Sta. Tech. Bui. 10 {1916), pp. 519-54T, pls. 8; Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 519-5^7, pis. 8).— A morphological study of P. malus, including the origin and development of the flower from the incipient shoot and the subsequent formation of the fruit. It deals in considerable detail with the flower bud and its position, the inflorescence, the flower and its essen- tial parts, pollination and fertilization, and the development of the fruit itself. It is stated that in the Baldwin apple, which was used in the study under discussion, the size of the fruit bud is not a distinguishing character. The fruit bud, rarely axillary, may occur in various positions, being identified with certainty only by dissection. The growth of the fruit bud is characterized by an elongation of the axis, in which wood is formed and upon which flowers, leaves, and buds develop. The bud scales are modified petioles. The inflor- escence is a simple cyme. The flower parts develop in succession from the torus, the apex of the axis not being completely used up in the production of the flower parts. The inferior ovaries are imbedded in the torus, which grows with the carpels. The mesocarp and exocarp of the carpels become fleshy and the endocarp carti- laginous or papery. The torus is the receptacle of the flower and its growth produces the flesh of the fruit, which exhibits a well-defined pith and a cortical layer which are delimited by ten primary vascular bundles, which give rise to the carpellary vascular system. The fruit of the apple may be regarded as a reenforced or composite fruit consisting of one or more drupe-like fruits embedded in a fleshy torus. The literature cited is listed. Notes on parthenocarpy, B. Longo {Ann. Bot. [Rome], 14 {1916), No. 1, pp. 29-32, fig. 1). — The author discusses briefly some observations made upon Mon- stera deliciosa and the so-called butter pear, both of which generally produce seedless fruits. Department of experimental evolution, C. B. Davenport {Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 14 {1915), pp. 127-149). — Among the principal advances in botany reported during the year are mentioned the discovery that in different strains of Lychnis there is a difference in the dominance of one and the same trait, hermaphroditism (including maleness) ; the proof that inheritance of determiners from both parents by certain plant hybrids leads to more prompt development of characters than in case of inheritance from one side only ; the demonstration of a triple factorial basis for the foliage color of Lychnis ; and the production of a strain of beans with double the number of cotyledons and first leaves of the seedling. A new graft hybrid, A. Manaresi {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 {1915), No. 5-7, pp. 513-524, P's- 4)- — An account is given of characters noted in a study of a hawthorn said to be a graft hybrid, the probable origin of which is reserved for later discussion. 332 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 30 Significant accuracy in recording genetic data, E. M. East (Ame7\ Jour. Bot., 3 (1916), No. 5, pp. 211-222). — This is a discussion of supposed disagree- ments between the statements of findings by the author as previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 216), and those made by Goodspeed and Clausen (E. S. R., 34, p. 225). FIELD CROPS. [Work with field crops], L. Smith {Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sta. St. Croix, 1914-15, pp. 1-28, pJ. 1) . — Experiments with sugar cane, cotton, and a number of minor crops are described. Work with sugar cane included fertilizer experiments, cultural tests, com- parisons of varieties and seedling canes, and bud selection. The fertilizer experiments conducted in several parts of the island showed, in general, that the use of commercial fertilizers can not be relied upon to increase the re- turns. This is considered as probably due to the small rainfall, which sets a low limit to the growth of the cane. In a series of cultural tests cane was grown in rows 4.5 ft. apart, at intervals of 2, 3, and 4 ft. in the row. The closest planting gave an increase in yield of cane of 20.7 per cent and the medium distance 15.5 per cent over the widest spacing. Three of five bud selections gave a higher yield than ordinary cane, both as plants and ratoons. The results of trials of imported and other varieties of cane are given in tables. Canes B. 4596, B. 6204, B. 7169, and Sealy Seedling are mentioned as giving particularly good results. Tests of 21 Sea Island cotton selections showed a range in yield of from 208 to 690 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. A 3-acre plat of the first generation hybrid. Sea Island X Sakellarides, planted the middle of August, yielded 3,139 lbs. of seed cotton with the quality equal to that of good Sea Island. The first generation hybrid. Sea Island X St. Croix Native, which was prom- ising a year ago, turned out a complete failure on account of boll dropping. Cultural tests of maize, imphee, alfalfa, velvet beans, Sudan grass, sorghum varieties, and spineless cactus are briefly noted. [Fertilizer experiments], A. W. K. de Jong {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Medcd. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 13 (1915), pp. ^).— The re- sults of fertilizer experiments with cassava, rice, and citronella grass are re- ported and briefly discussed. It was found that as compared with sulphate of ammonia nitrate of soda was taken up more readily by cassava plants. Lime nitrogen as a fertilizer for rice was practically as effective as sulphate of ammonia, while molasses pro- duced no advantage. The use of sulphuric acid applied on rice fields did not appear to produce an injurious effect on the yield. A relatively insoluble phosphate and double superphosphate applied in the ratio of 3:1, respectively, as fertilizers for rice were about equally effective. Volcanic rock used as a fertilizer on citronella grass produced no effect, while a complete fertilizer application gave the largest increase of the different fertilizers tested. Contributions to the principles of breeding certain agricultural plants. — V, Grasses, C. Fkuwirth (Naturiv. Ztschr. Forst u. Landiv., 14 (1916), No. 3-4, pp. 127-149). — Continuing previous work,^ this article discusses observa- tions on the conditions of blossoming and experiments in fertilization of the more important agricultural grasses, including species of Dactylis, Poa, Fes- tuca, and Lolium, together with Phleum pratense, Alopccurus pratensis, Avena flavescens, and Arrhenatherum elatius. iNaturw. Ztschr. Land u. Forstw., 1 (190.^). No. 10, pp. .^97-404; 2 (1904), Nos. 1, pp. 18^7 ; 6, pp. 241-253 ; 4 (1906), No. 1, pp. 50-55, pi. 1. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 333 In summarizing the results the author states that the grasses studied have theii* main blossoming stage between five and nine o'clock in the morning, with the exception of LoUum perenne and L. italicum which blossom a little later, or between ten and twelve o'clock. The blossoming of an individual floret gen- erally lasts from one to two hours, seldom less than one hour but often longer than two hours. No marked difference in this respect among the different species was established. Blossoming was observed to begin in the upper third of an inflorescence, and in the branches of panicles the flower at the point was the first one to open. With the exception of Poa pratensis, the blossoming began with the low- est floret and proceeded upward. It was found that on the average the earlier blossoms produced the heavier fruits. Weather conditions prevailing on a certain day, or even the day preceding, were found to exert a marked influence on the beginning of blossoming and the number of blossoms opening. A re- tarding effect of the weather gave rise to a larger number of opening blossoms on the day following. Experiments in the artificial control of temperature, light, and moisture showed that temperature was of much greater importance in its effect on blos- soming than the other two conditions. With insufficient temperature blossom- ing did not take place, but with the proper temperature conditions it was only slightly retarded by the absence of light. High atmospheric humidity did not interfere with blossoming, although it held back the opening of the pollen sacks. Single blossoms of different gi-asses inclosed in cotton batting did not pro- duce seed-containing fruits. Similarly inclosed single inflorescences, in the case of only a few grasses, yielded negligible quantities of gerniinable seed, and two inflorescences from an individual plant produced sexually and inclosed together yielded some fruits which did not germinate and others, somewhat greater in number than those secured from the singly inclosed inflorescences, which were capable of growth. Entire sexually-produced plants when in- closed did not, in many instances, yield a single germinable seed, in others only a small number, and in a few cases a larger number. L. perenne, L. itali- cum, and P. elatius exhibited the greater tendency toward self-fertilization. The great differences in the behavior of plants of the same species under this treatment are ascribed to individual differences. Divisions of sexually produced plants inclosed together resulted in a num- ber of cases in the development of a satisfactory number of germinable seeds. The progressive results secured in this series of experiments are considered due to the greater chances of pollination in any particular test as compared with the preceding one. Experiments with divisions of an individual plant of A. elatius showed that complete self-sterility occurs in some grasses. For two years in succession 297 such divisions planted 40 cm. apart each way did not produce any ger- minable seed. Some common grasses and how to know them, R. S. Macdougaxl (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 28 {1916), pp. 56-91, figs. 28). — ^This paper describes the root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed of a grass plant, defines the terms used for descriptive purposes, gives a detailed description of each of the more important grasses together with keys in tabular form for their identification, and points out how the seeds of different species may be recognized. Eleven references to literature on grasses are cited. A trial of grass mixtures, F. W. Hilgendorf {Jour. Canterbury Agr. and Past. Assoc, 3. ser., 4 {1916), pp. 28-34, figs. 5). — A comparison was made on land of medium fertility of grass mixtures consisting principally of Italian 334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 rye grass, perennial rye grass, cocksfoot, timothy, meadow fescue, red clover, and white clover. The third year after .seeding, the seasons of the second and third year having been dry, the Italian rye grass had entirely disappeared, the perennial rye grass had greatly decreased in importance, and the cocksfoot had increased. It was shown that in general an increase in cocksfoot resiilted in a decrease of bare land. Timothy and meadow fescue, believed to require heavier land and more moisture than was available during this experiment, were not successful. Composition of several of the forage grasses of German East Africa, M. Reich, F. Honcamp, and H, Zimmekmann {Lanclw. Vers. Stat., 87 (1915), No. 4-5, pp. 351-363). — The samples of grasses analyzed, selected in the region between the Pare Mountains and the Pangani River, included the following species. Eragrostis superha, E. minor (?) Pappophorum scat)rum, Sporobolus spicatus, S. robustus, S. rehmanii, Aristida adscensionis, Cynodon plecto stachyum, Chloris virgata, C. myriostachya, C. geryana, Dactyloctenium (egypti- acum, Leptocarydium, alopecuroides, Digitnria liorizontalis, and Pcnnisetuin ciliare. Each grass is briefly described and the chemical composition, including the organic and inorganic constituents of the sample representing it, is re- ported. Medicago falcata, a yellow-flowered alfalfa, R. A. Oakley and S. Garver (U. S. Dept. Agr. But. 428 (1911), pp. 70, pis. 4, figs. 23).— This bulletin deals with the history, literature, and certain experimental work relating to M. falcata, a yellow-flowered alfalfa, and is an effort to correct extreme and er- roneous opinions regarding this plant, setting forth reliable data for the aid of plant breeders and others interested in the species. The first recorded introduction of M. falcata into the United States was by this Department in 1897, followed by importations in 1906 for the purpose of utilizing the species as a cultivated forage crop and by many subsequent in- troductions, mostly from Russia and Siberia. The species is thought to be in- digenous over a large portion of Europe and the western two-thirds of Asia. It occurs throughout a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and at de- pressions and elevations ranging from below sea level to 13,000 feet above, thus possessing a much wider adaptation than M. sativa. The botanical history of the species has been traced back to the early days of modern botany and is dealt with in some detail. Recent workers differ with regard to the taxonomic relationship of M. falcata to M. sativa, some regarding it as a true species, while others regard it as a variety or subspecies of the latter. That their relationship is quite close, however, is shown by the readiness with which they hybridize and the fertility of the hybrids. A classification of the species has been attempted, based largely on the habit of growth. Owing to the extreme variability encountered, many forms are difficult to classify, possessing combinations of characters which make it diffi- cult to determine whether they are of pure or hybrid origin. Four groups have been established, ranging in habit from prostrate to almost erect. Two groups are referred to as pasture groups, not being sufficiently erect to be harvested for hay, and the other two as hay groups. This species has never been extensively cultivated in Europe or Asia, al- though utilized to some extent as a wild forage plant. It is now being culti- vated to some extent in India and possibly to a still more limited degree in southeastern Russia and Chinese Turkestan. The erect forms of M. falcata resemble those of M. sativa in their mass effect, but usually produce a heavier yield in comparison with their bulk, due to the large number of stems. The best strains of M. falcata frequently outyield the best strains of M, sativa for the first cutting of the season, but M. falcata is 1917] FIELD CROPS. 335 seriously deficient as a forage crop in its inability to recover quickly after cutting. Further handicaps of this species as a cultivated crop are that in the West and Northwest, where it appears to hold greatest promise, it can be de- pended upon to make only one crop a season and that it produces seed sparingly and does not retain its seed as does M. sativa. The natural distribution of the species, its adaptations, and its behavior under field conditions indicate that it is hardy and drought-resistant. Chemical analyses reported indicate that it is about as valuable for feeding purposes as the common alfalfas. The cultural requirements are much the same as those of M. sativa, although on account of its hard seed and the slow growth of the young plant it is difficult to secure a satisfactory stand. The plants of M. falcata bear transplanting better than do those of Jf. sativa. Sowings on un- broken native sod land gave fair stands, but the plants are not aggressive enough to be of any real value in this respect. The greatest value of the species appears to lie in the field of selection and hybridization with J/, sativa. It is hoped that superior strains of alfalfa can be developed from such hybrids. A list of 67 articles is given, which comprises the literature cited. Lucerne inoculation experiment, J. O. Heinrich {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 27 {1916), No. 5, pp. 305-313, fig. i).— The results of four years' inoculation ex- periments with alfalfa indicated that inoculation with soil from a successful alfalfa field and of the same composition as the land being treated is much more efficient than the use of pure cultures, and that lime greatly increases nodule formation. Pure cultures of the vetch organism were ineffective for alfalfa. In these experiments inoculation without manure gave a lower yield than the check tests, while the plat limed but not inoculated gave the highest yield. Alfalfa conditions in New England, H. W. Jeffebs (Agr. of Mass., 63 (1915), pp. lJtJt-160). — A popular article with discussion on the culture of alfalfa in New England. Barley improvement, F. A. Spbagg (Michigan Sta. Clrc. 32 (1016), pp. 3-11, figs. 5). — This circular gives the results to date of variety tests of winter barley in Michigan. Two varieties, Michigan Winter and Derr Winter, seem to give promise for the future, with average yields at the station for the seasons of 1913-1915 of 58.9 and 51.7 bu., respectively. The effect of climatic conditions upon winter barley is shown by numerous reports from farmers. Fasciation in maize kernels, T. K. Wolfe (Amer. Nat., 50 (1016), No. 593, pp. 306-.309, figs. 3). — This paper from the Virginia Experiment Station de- scribes two corn kernels, each with two embryos, occurring on an ear repre- senting a cross between Improved Leaming as the seed parent and Boone County Special as the pollen parent, together with their progeny in the Fi generation. Two stalks were produced from each kernel and the four ears secured showed Mendelian splitting with reference to white and yellow kernels. All the kernels had only one embryo. Work of the Pskof experiment station for flax culture, N. A. D'Iakonov (Selsk. Klioz. i Lfesov., 2Jt9 (1915), Sept.. pp. 35S0; Oet., pp. i75-i86).— Deter- minations of the moisture content of fiber flax made at this station showed that under otherwise equal conditions the lower quality of flax has the higher moisture content. Fiber from single dry-stemmed plants was found to contain 84.24 per cent of dry cellulose, while green branched stems contained 81.43 per cent. The results further indicated the value of mass selection of long, single-stemmed plants in improving the quality of the crop. The retting of flax under controlled conditions and with the use of pure cultures of Bacillus S36 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 granulobacter pectinovortnn is described. A better yield was secured in a test from seeds stored for more than a year than from fresh seed from the last harvest. A handbook of industrial plants in common use, C G. Fabnsworth et al. {[PhilUpinc] Bur. Ed. Bui. 54 (1915), pp. Ill, pis. 24, figs. ^9).— This handbook briefly describes the industrial fiber plants of the Philippine Islands with ref- erence to their botanical and other characters, distribution, habitat, and utilization. Oat breeding experiments, J. T. Pridham (Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 27 {1916), No. 7, pp. 457-461, pi. 1). — The breeding experiments with oats here reviewed included mainly cross breeding and selection work mth the Algerian variety to increase the height of the straw and to improve the grain from a feeding standpoint. The principal high-grade strains secured in this work are briefly noted, and yields obtained in a comparative test of varieties are reported. A study of a cross between Algerian and Carter Royal Cluster showed that pigment in the straw behaved as a Mendelian character. In a variety test conducted from 1912 to 1915, inclusive, Algerian ranked first among four va- rieties with an average yield of 35.99 bu. per acre. Observations on potato culture, V. G. Kotelnikov {Selsk. Khoz. i Liesov., 250 (1916), Apr., pp. 593-603). — Seed tubers of medium size were planted in alternate rows, one and two in a place. The varieties grown were Six-weeks Imperial, and Always Good. Planting two tubers per hill gave a yield 15 per cent greater than the yield from planting only one tuber in a place. The use of large tubers for seed gave somewhat larger yields and a larger percentage of large tubers, but these advantages were not suflicient to offset the profits derived from the use of the smaller tubers. The influence of overabundant soil moisture during the latter part of the growing season on potato tubers and their starch content, M. P. Ark- Hangelskii (Selsk. Khoz. i Liesov., 250 (1916), Mar., pp. 40O-4O6, figs. 3).— Studies in progress for two years indicated that the capacity of resisting the malformation of tubers in the presence of an abundance of soil moisture is a heritable character, and showed that tubers of regular shape may have a starch content almost 4 per cent higher than tubers with outgrowths induced by too much soil moisture. Further experiments in crossing potatoes, J. H. Wilson (Trans. Highland, and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 28 (1916), pp. 33-55, figs. /2).— This article describes a number of varieties of potatoes derived from varieties described in an earlier report on this work, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 333). The characters and quality of the different varieties of crosses are set forth, and the behavior of seed sent out for trial is briefly reviewed. Harvesting and storing potatoes, L. Malpeaux (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 (1916), No. 40, pp. 238-244, figs. 5). — This article discusses the time and methods of harvesting potatoes and storing the crop, describes storage in cellars and pits, points out briefly the utilization of diseased or otherwise injured tubers, and reports the results of studies on the influence of methods of storing potatoes on their composition. It was found that, in general, storing in cellars was pref- erable to storing in pits, as there was a smaller loss of dry matter and starch, and the tubers were also in other ways of better quality for table use. The com- position of lots of tubers stored for two, four, and six months in cellars and in pits is given in tables. The soy bean, with special reference to its utilization for oil, cake, and ether products, C. V. Piper and W. J. Morse (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bnl. 439 (1916), pp. 20. ,figs. 3). — This bulletin is a general review of soy-bean production, in- tended tu be of special interest to southern farmers and cotton-oil mill men, 1917] FIELD CROPS. 337 as well as to farmers of the Northern and Central States and the manufacturers of soy-bean food products. Soy-bean production in Mauchuria, Japan, Europe, and the United States is discussed in turn, and statistics presented relative to the quantity and value of the exports and imports of the soy bean and its products. The methods of oil extraction are described. Of the two methods commonly used in the United States, the hydraulic and the expeller processes, the latter is the more efficient and cheaper. The uses of soy-bean meal as human food and as stock feeds are discussed and comparative analyses given of soy-bean meal and other important oil meals. The uses of soy-bean oil in various commercial pi'ocesses and for human consumption are also discussed. Analyses of over 500 varieties of soy beans grown at Arlington, Va., show that considerable variation exists, the oil ranging from 11.8 to 22.5 per cent and the protein from 31 to 46.9 per cent. The yellow-seeded varieties are deemed most suitable for oil and meal production, and the Mammoth Yellow variety is most generally grown in the South for oil production. Environment appears to be a potent factor in the percentage of oil, wide variations being found in the same variety grown in different localities. Analyses of varieties reported from various sections of the United States indicate that a higher per- centage of oil is obtained from the same variety produced by southern-grown seed. Similar results are said to have been obtained in Manchuria. Consid- erable variation in the percentage of oil was also noted in individual plant selections at Arlington, Va., indicating that improvement may possibly be se- cured by breeding. The possibilities of developing a manufacturing industry with American-grown soy beans, especially in regions infested with the cotton-boll weevil, or subject to the danger of infestation in the future, are discussed. Tobacco growing in the Connecticut River Valley, L. R. Smith {Agr. of Mass., 63 {1915), pp. 266-279, pis. 4). — Historical notes on tobacco growing in the Connecticut River Valley and general directions for the culture of the crop in that section are given. The cost of raising one acre of tobacco is estimated at from $174 to $204, and it is stated that the cost of shade-grown tobacco is about 45 cts. per pound. Improvement of Ghirka Spring wheat in yield and quality, J. A. Clark {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 450 (1916), pp. 19, figs. 7).— Among the Russian wheats imported for trial in the dry portions of the Great Plains area, Ghirka Spring wheat has proved to be productive and drought-resistant but low in quality when compared with the standard wheats for that region. The object of these experiments, therefore, was to improve the yield and quality of Ghirka Spring wheat. A brief history and description of the wheat is given. The experiments were conducted with only one of the Department introductions, Ghirka Spring (C. I. No. 1517) from Grodno Province in Russian Poland. The experimental data include tests of yield, quality, and improvement at several points in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana, as well as milling and baking tests con- ducted at the North Dakota Experiment Station. Much of the data is reported in tabular form and discussed. The general conclusions drawn from the experiments are as follows : Ghirka Spring wheat is a valuable drought-resistant variety, but is susceptible to rust in moist seasons and in humid areas. It yields on an average more than the Rysting Fife and Haynes Bluestem common wheats, but less than the Kubanka durum wheat. The quality of Ghirka, however, is inferior to that of all the three standard wheats named. Pure line selections numbers 4, 5, and 66 have proved superior to the other selections and to the original unselected mass va- riety, and compare favorably with the standard spring wheats of the Great 338 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, [Vol. 36 Plains area in both yield and quality. The selections may also prove valuable as material for crossing with varieties possessing greater rust resistance and higher quality. Red Rock wheat, F. A. Spkagg and A. J. Clark {Michigan Sta. Circ. 31 (1916), pp. 3-7, figs. 3). — This circular is an extension of Bulletin 268 (E. S. R., 28, p. 141), continuing the results given in that publication up to 1916. Red Rock is especially recommended for Michigan for its winter hardiness, high yield, stiff straw, and its high quality for bread. Methods of sov^ing Poltavki spring wheat, A. L. Golodets {Besenchuk. Selsk. Khoz. Opijtn. Sta., No. 63 (1915), pp. JfO). — In experiments with Poltavld spring wheat sown broadcast and in drills 10.5 and 14 in. apart, the drilled seed came up better than that sown broadcast. The wheat in drills 14 in. apart made a more vigorous and leafy growth than that in drills 10.5 in. apart, but in quality was not quite so good, as the grains were smaller and not so well filled out. The soil moisture at the time the heads were forming was the higher in the field with the wider spacing in the drills. A test of different rates of sowing gave the best results from the use of 7 pood per dessyatine (about 1.5 bu. per acre). Nitrogenous fertilizers in wheat culture, L. Malpeaux (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 4 (1915), No. 46, pp. 4I6-4I8). — The results of experiments are reported on the use of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, applied singly or in combination and in varying quantities and on different dates as fertilizers for wheat. Ap- plications were made on the fifteenth day of each of the months of November, December, January, February, March, and April. The best results were obtained from the applications made in February and March. The yields of grain and straw obtained on the different plats in the various series are tabulated. A seed-testing key, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.l, 13 (1916), No. 2, pp. 129-131). — Tables compiled from analyses and tests of some 10,000 samples of seeds during the past four years, and giving the progressive average germination of the principal kinds of seeds sent in, are presented for the pur- pose of indicating the final germination and value of a particular lot of seed when the percentage of germination on a given day after the beginning of the test is known. Contribution to testing the germination of grass seeds, F. Kling (Jour. Landw., 63 (1915), No. 4, pp. 285-3^3). — This article discusses the development of seed control work and its present status, the process of germination and the conditions which influence it. and the methods of making purity determinations and germination tests, and reports the results of germination tests with 14 species of grasses. The tests conducted showed that while most of the seeds of some grasses germinated in about ten days, the seeds of other grasses required from three to four weeks. In summarizing the results, the grouping of the more important meadow grasses according to the yearly periods of principal development after seeding, as given by other investigators (E. S. R., 28, p. 632; 32, p. 330) is briefly outlined. The results further indicated that the grasses developing early and quickly also germinate in shorter periods than those reaching full development later. The author bases the following grouping on the time required for germination : (1) Short germinative period, Plileum pratcnse, Avena elatior, Bromus mollis, Agrostis stolonifera, Lolium italicum, Ij. pererme, Festuca pratensis, and Dae- tylis glomerata; (2) medium germinative period, Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoi-atum, and F. ovina; (3) long germinative period, Cynosurus cristatus and Poa pratensis. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 339 With reference to methods of conducting germination tests it is concluded that germinating between blotting papers is best for most kinds of grass seed and that light is necessary for the germination of the seed of some species. A constant temperature of 20° C. witliout light was suited to the germination of only a few grasses, but a change of temperature from 20° for 18 hours to 30° for 6 hours gave good results with many different kinds. A constant temperature of 30° proved nnsuited for grass seed germination. A. pratensis and F. pra- tensis germinated in the light and also under the temperature changes, and it is suggested that in seed control work both these methods be applied in testing the seeds of these species. [The examination of beet seeds], M. Heinkich (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 87 (1915), No. 6, pp. 381-394). — Four methods of beet seed examination for the pur- pose of securing samples for making germination tests, referred to as tho count, weight, count-percentage, and count-weight methods, respectively, are described, and tests of the relative reliability of the methods are reported. The sources of error are discussed and means for the reduction or elimination of inaccuracies are proposed. The size relation between dry and soaked seed of clover and dodder, M. Heinrich (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 87 (1915), No. 6, pp. 395-.'f08) .—This article re- ports the results of measurements of air-dry and soaked seeds of clover and dodder, compares the differences in size, and points out how soaking may be employed in tlie removal of dodder seeds. It was observed that air-dry red clover seed from different sources showed differences in the average measurements which disappeared in part when the seed was soaked. Seed of Cuscuta trifoUi, when air-dry, was clearly distin- guishable from red clover, white clover, and alsike clover seed on account of its smaller size, while air-dry seed of C. siiaveolens was found also perceptibly smaller than seed of red clover but of equal size with seed of white clover and alsike clover. Soaking increased size differences between the seeds of clover and dodder to such an extent that a difference in size between the seeds of C. suaveolens and those of white clover and alsike clover was also plainly perceptible. A method for the removal of dodder seeds from lots of clover seed by means of soaking is described. [Cooperative experiments in weed eradication] {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 41 (1915), pp. 16, 17; Rpt. Min. Agr. Ontario, 1915, pp. 18, 19). — The results of four years' cooperative experiments in weed eradication showed that perennial sow thistle and twitch grass may be eradicated by good cultivation followed by rape sown in drills rather than broadcasted. As com- pared with buckwheat, rape was the more satisfactory for use in destroying twitch grass. It is further stated that deep cultivation in fall and spring fol- lowed by a well-cultivated, hoed crop will destroy bladder campion. Mustard may be prevented from seeding in oats, wheat, and barley by spraying with a 20 per cent solution of iron sulphate without any serious injury to the crop or the fresh seedings of clover. [Pteris aquilina. — Life history and eradication], G. P. Gordon (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 28 (1916), pp. 92-106, figs. 11).— The dis- tribution, including the extent and method of spreading, the life history, and the nature of the damage due to the growth of this plant is described, and the results of experiments to determine the best methods for its eradication are reported. It was found that the plants propagated mainly from the rhizomes, and that spraying them with a 5 per cent solution of sulphuric acid as compared with cutting the plants results in their destruction with greater economy and efh- 81075°— No. ^1^17 i 340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 ciency. It is recommended that iu a normal season the spraying be done early in July and again early in August. The cost of cutting was approximately three times the cost of spraying. HOKTICULTUKE. Report of the horticulturist, 0. F. Kinman (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 25-29, pi. 1). — Investigations with fruits, vegetables, and miscellaneous plants were continued along lines previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 535). In the cooperative fertilizer experiments with bearing coconut trees marked gains in yields were recorded for the complete fertilizer plats. Where 10 lbs. per tree of a mixture containing 6 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosphoric acid, and 12 per cent potash was applied a gain of over 30 per cent in yield of nuts per tree over the check plat was obtained. Where 20 lbs. of the mixture was applied per tree the gain in yield of nuts per tree was 60 per cent. Where nitrogen or potash was omitted, no increase in yield was recorded. With the omission of phosphoric acid, there was only a slight increase. The average diameter of the nuts from the different plats has varied but little since 1912, when the experiments were started. Cooperative fertilizer experiments with young coconut palms were commenced during the year. Thirteen varieties of the imported mangoes in the station orchard fruited during the year and are here listed. Of these, Cambodiana has for several sea- sons given the most promise for home planting, both from the standpoint of yield and quality. The variety Alphonse, or Bennet, was promising for com- mercial use during the past year, whereas the formerly promising variety Amini gave poor results, both as to yield and size of fruit. Sandersha continued to be the most prolific variety for use in making preserves or chutney. Observations on the quality of fruit and seedling growth of different wild types found in abundance have shown them to be inferior to the East Indian varieties, both as to the edible and the keeping qualities of the fruits. The slower growth of the wild seedlings makes them less satisfactory than seedlings of the introduced types for use in grafting and inarching. Germination tests of common Porto Rican mangoes show that the best results are secured when the husk is removed entirely from the seed before planting. The tests to determine the influence of the Porto Rican conditions on northern varieties of vegetables, here summarized, are noted below. The Smooth Cayenne pineapple, the commercial variety of Hawaii, has not proved satisfactory for general culture in Porto Hico. The algaroba tree (Prosopis juUflora) introduced from Hawaii has succeeded well in the southern part of Porto Rico, where the rainfall is light and the soil is sandy. The bean Canavalia incurra, cultivated as a vegetable in a number of Asiatic countries, made poor growth and yield as compared with the jack bean (C. ensiforniis), and the brown and purple seeded types of C. gladiata commonly grown in Porto Rico. The bean Botor tetragonoloha from the Philippine Islands has been very thrifty and prolific, although not so rich in quality as many com- mon garden varieties of beans. The vines have large leaves and showy blossoms and are adapted for protecting verandas. A cowpea introduced from India appears to be well suited to conditions in Porto Rico and more valuable as a soiling or cover crop than the types commonly grown. Experiments on the supposed deterioration of varieties of vegetables in Porto Rico, with suggestions for seed preservation, C. P. Kinman and T. B. McClelt.and {Porlo Rico Sta. Bui. 20 (1916), pp. 5-30, figs, ii).— This paper gives the results in detail of several years' study on the question of the supposed deterioration of varieties of vegetables when grown through several generations in the Ti-opics. 1917] HORTICULTURE. 341 In conducting the experiment seed of a number of common garden vegetables wbich had been grown in the North was imported. A portion of the imported seed was liept in viable condition until the experiment was concluded or until the seed was used up by placing it in closed jars which were kept dry by placing in the bottom a few ounces of calcium chlorid. The imported seed and home- grown seed from succeeding generations were planted in beds which were side by side. In order to eliminate as far as possible the factor of varying weather conditions simultaneous plantings were made of as many different generations as possible. Plantings made of peppers, such as are commonly grown in Porto Rico, side by side with varieties imported from the North showed that the Porto Rican types are much more productive and therefore more desirable than imported varieties. In forty plantings of beans, including nine generations, no indications that advanced generations were inferior to earlier ones were observed. As a rule plantings made in March gave large crops, while those made in other months, including June, September, November, December, and January, gave small crops. During a period of five years thirty-two plantings of okra were made, including eight generations, without any deterioration in the growth and production of the advanced generations. Similar results were secured with tomatoes. In the work with lettuce no degeneration was noted for successive generations, but owing to the difiiculty of producing seed during seasons of heavy rain and because of the rapid loss of viability in the seed, it is believed that it will be necessary to import the seed of this crop. In all vegetable plantings the season at which the planting was made had a very pronounced elfect on the yield, it being the predominant factor influencing production. The results are given of germination tests of seed exposed to the air and of seed kept in containers with calcium chlorid. The method of preserving the seed by using calcium chlorid as a drier was so satisfactory that it is recom- mended for general use. Managing the orchard, J. G. Moobe {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 269 {1916), pp. 47, figs. 26). — A treatise on orchard management with special reference to Wis- consin conditions. Information is given relative to selection of soils and sites, planning the orchard, varieties, planting operations, pruning the young trees, soil management, cover crops and fertilization, pruning the bearing orchard, and spraying practices for different fruits. Winterkilling' of peach buds, P. Thayer {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 10, pp. 311, 312). — Tabular data are given showing the recoi'ds of observations made in the spring of 1914 and that of 1916 with respect to the amount of winterkilling found in the variety orchard at the station. The observations, as a v/hole, indicate that the buds on young trees are more apt to be injured than those on mature trees. Winter hardiness does not mean so much resistance to low temperatures as it does resistance to the effects of the January thaw, wliich starts the buds into life, thus leaving them susceptible to the next moderately cold snap. A'arieties appear to behave differently under various conditions. The relative hardiness of varieties for a winter continuously cold may be extremely different from that for a favorable winter. Practical fig culture in Arizona, W. H. Lawrence (^In^^ona Sta. Bui. 77 {1916), pp. Jt3. pi. 1, flys. 15). — This bulletin includes the results of a general field survey of fig culture in Arizona, together with the results of cultural in- vestigations conducted by the station. W^ith the results of the survey and in- vestigations as a hiisis, directions are given for growing figs, including infoi'nia- tion relative to the various classes of lij^-^, method of fruiting, climatic require- ments, soil, selecting varieties, propagation, arrangement of varieties in the 342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 orchard, planting and care of the young orchard, pruning the bearing trees, cultivation and irrigation, winter protection, caprification, splitting and souring of the fruit, and pests. Tabular data are given showing the altitude, temperature, and rainfall con- ditions in sections of Arizona where the fig is grown. Observations and data are also given on the present status of fig culture in different parts of the State and on the growth and condition of 60 trees, representing 43 horticultural forms, that have been under observation for three consecutive seasons, together with yield records of some varieties growing at the station. During the process of harvesting the 1915 ci*op the specimens of many varieties were observed to gradually decrease in size with each subsequent pick- ing. In some varieties the size of the fruit decreased during midseason, again increasing in size with subsequent picking. In others, there was an increase in the size of the fruit during the season. There was also a variation in the number of crops produced for the year. One, two, and three crops were pro- duced by different varieties, the number being determined very largely by low temperatures occurring during the winter. The fruit of the crop of figs, commonly known as Brebas, which is developed in the autumn on the tips of young wood, passes the winter on the naked branches of the trees, and matures the following spring, is usually of good size and can be distinguished from the second and third crops by its position on the wood of the previous season. A study of the varieties of figs grown in the Salt River Valley shows the most hardy and prolific varieties to be Lob Injir, Bulletin Smyrna, Black Mission, Black Adriatic, Bardajic, Rose Blanche, Dauphine, and Ronde Violette Hative. Several other varieties are also recom- mended for culture. As a result of the study as a whole the author concludes that the proper selection of varieties will make fig culture possible in a wide range of climatic, water, and soil conditions, such as cover a large proportion of the agricultural area of Arizona. The chemical composition of American grapes grown in the Central and Eastern States, W, B. Alwood et al. (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 452 (1916), pp. 20).—T\\e present report is supplementary to a bulletin giving the results of analyses during the period 1908 to 1910, previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 441). The analyses as here presented include the results for 1911 and 1913, a number of additional grape districts and varieties, including the Rotundifolia grapes from North Carolina, being covered by the work. In addition to de- tailed tabular data the results for sugar and acid determinations of practically all of the varieties examined during the five years' work are summarized. Report of the assistant horticulturist, T. B. McClelland (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 30-33, pi. 1). — A pi'ogress report on the station's work with coffee, cacao, and vanilla (E. S. R., 33, p. 536). The testing of foreign varieties of coffee was continued on a larger scale. Additions during the year included the Bourbon and Quillou varieties, several new strains of Robusta, and seeds from selected individuals. Seeds of promis- ing varieties have been widely distributed. An extensive planting of nursery trees made In August, 1914, in wliich part of the trees were set in permanent location with the roots incased in a large ball of earth from the nursery and part of the transplants were set with the earth removed from the roots, has confirmed i)r('vious results relative to the value of transplanting trees with a ball of earth attached. In the first six months the trees transplanted with the roots incased in earth showed more than three times as great an Increase 1917] HORTICULTURE. 343 iu growth and for the whole year more than double the growth than that made by trees with the roots bare of earth. A year from transplanting nearly 34 per cent of the former and less than 2 per cent of the latter were producing coffee. Fertilizer experiments with coffee were continued. As heretofore, large in- creases in yield have been obtained as a result of fertilizing. In a pot experi- ment nitrogen has been clearly shown to be the element which is most needed for the production of a satisfactory new growth. These experiments show tliat a need for nitrogen may be indicated by a yellowish-green leaf color. In addition to producing a darker green and more vigorous new growth, nitrogen has had the effect of increasing the number of leaves per plant. Some new experiments were started to determine the value of nitrogen from different sources and also the effect of lime on coffee planted in red clay soil. A fur- ther planting of seedlings from a coffee tree which bore both variegated foliage and green leaves indicates that the variegation can be transmitted, although the green foliage is dominant in the offspring. In tlie work with cacao the individual yields of more than 300 trees are being recorded. Records have now been kept a sufficient time to show the prolific tendencies of certain individuals. The maximum yield recorded from a single tree at a single picking has been 54 pods. Pickings are made every four to six weeks. For the calendar year 1914 about one-fourth of the trees which were set 11 years before produced no crop. The others averaged 17.5 pods, or a gross return of about 22 cts. per tree. One hundred seedlings from one of the most vigorous and prolific trees have been planted in order to study the differences to be found in seedlings derived from the same tree. Studies lire also being made to determine whether there is any correlation between light and dark cotyledons and light and dark beans, the color of the bean being commonly supposed to indicate the quality of the bean. In the work with vanilla attempts to raise hybrid vanillas from seed have been unsuccessful thus far. Experiments with different lengths of vanilla cuttings for propagating have shown unquestionably that with cuttings up to those of 12 internodes every advantage lies with the longest cuttings. In view of a common opinion that vanilla is a lime lover, applications of lime were applied to four vanilla beds at the rate of 1, 2, 4, and 8 tons per acre. The results indicate that whereas a light liming may be somewhat beneficial heavy liming tends to retard growth. Freezing-point lowering of the leaf sap of the horticultural types of Persea americana, J. A. Harris and W. Popenoe (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 6, pp. 261-268). — The results are given of a study of the freezing-point lowering in the cell sap of the Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian types of avocados, the plant material being secured from trees growing at the Miami Plant Introduction Field Station. All of the types showed considerable variation in freezing-point lowering. The range in the freezing point of the sap for the whole series was from 29.43 to 30.27° F. Within the type the absolute variation in freezing-point lowering is very slight, amounting to 0.1° C. or less. The average freezing-point lower- ing in the Guatemalan and Mexican types was practically the same. The West Indian type is characterized by^ tissue fluids which freeze at a distinctly higher temperature than in the two other groups of varieties, and is the one which has been shown by horticultural experience to be the least capable of .enduring cold. The authors conclude, however, that capacity to withstand low temperatures is not solely due to differences in the freezing point of the sap, this being evident from the slightness of the differences in the cryoscopic S44 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 30 contents of the West Indian as compared with the Mexican and Guatemalan types. Furthermore, the plants of the Guatemalan type are generally con- sidered to be intermediate in hardiness between those of the Mexican and West Indian types, whereas no discernible difference in the freezing point of the sap of the Mexican and Guatemalan types was observed. The two groups of varieties of the Hicora pecan and their relation to self- sterility, H. P. Stuckey (Georgia Sta. Bui. 124 {1916), pp. 121-148, figs. 10).— Observations made during a number of years relative to the partial or complete self-sterility of various pecan trees led the author to conclude that there are two distinct groups of varieties of the Hicora pecan. The distinguishing char- acteristics of these groups are described in general, and the differences and some of the characteristics of the two groups as represented by some of the varieties grown on the station grounds in 1915 and 1916 are presented in tabular form. A bibliography of references dealing with sterility in fruits is Included. Varieties of one group of pecans here observed shed their pollen at about the same time the majority of the pistillate flowers become receptive, whereas the varieties of the other group shed their first pollen after most of the pistillate flowers pass through the receptive stage. Varieties of both groups produce viable pollen, but varieties of the first group are apt to be self-fertile while those of the second group are apt to be self-sterile. Self-sterility of a variety may be expected in proportion to the interval between the receptive stage of the pistillate flowers and the shedding of the pollen. Mechanical injury to catkins before the date of normal pollen shedding may partially prevent self-sterility among varieties of the second group. Parthenogenesis in pecans is also indi- cated. Phenological data from varieties grown in south Georgia agree fairly closely, as regards the two groups, with that from the varieties at the station. Native hickory trees in the vicinity of the station can be divided into early and late staminate flowering groups, and it appears possible that the hickory will serve as a pollenizer for the pecan. The effect of cultural and climatic conditions on the yield and quality of peppermint oil, F. Rabak (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 454 {1916), pp. 16). — In order to obtain data bearing on possible variations in the composition of peppermint oil under varying conditions, plants were grown under various conditions of soil and climate and were harvested at various stages of gi'owth. The oil was distilled from certain parts and also from the entire herb in both the fresh and dry condition and was then subjected to thorough examination. The re- sults are here presented in tabular form and discussed. Conditions of soil and climate proved to be influential factors in the forma- tion of peppermint oil and its constituents in the plant. Light sandy or loamy soils appear to be most favorable for the production of an oil of high quality. The yield of oil distilled from fresh plants apparently decreases as the plant matures. Drying the plant before distillation results in a considerable loss of oil. The largest proportion of oil is found in the leaves and flowering tops. On the other hand, the formation of esters and menthol in the oils increases as the plants approach maturity and with drying the plants. The formation of esters and menthol takes place most readily in the leaves and tops. The effect of shade upon the peppermint plant is to decrease esterification and the formation of menthol, whereas the action of frost noticeably increases esterification and the formation of menthol. The decrease in the case of shade- grown plants is possibly due to the lessened activity of the elimination of water by the plant. 1917] EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. 345 FORESTRY. The economic woods of Hawaii, V. MacCaughey {Forestry Quart., 14 (,1916), No. 4, pp. 696-716). — In this paper the author outlines the chief ecologic zones of Hawaii and gives a descriptive account of the more important economic trees with reference to their distribution and character of tree and wood. The uses of Formosan trees, R. Kanehiba (Indian Forester, Jf2 {1916), No. S, pp. 410-420). — The author here presents a classified list of Formosan trees based upon their uses. Investigations on the assortment ratios of spruce, silver fir, and beech, P. Flury {Mitt. Schweiz. Centralanst. Forstl. Versuchsio., 11 {1916), No. 2, pp. 153-212, figs.. 3). — This comprises a series of timber estimating tables for indi- vidual trees and for entire stands of spruce, silver fir, and beech. Tables are also given showing the percentage distribution of wood-volume in pure even- aged and normal-stocked stands at the ages of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 years, respectively. Introductory considerations deal with principles and sys- tems for estimating timber and explain the application of the tables. Influence of the intensity of thinnings on the yield of young regular stands of fir, E. Mer {Rev. Eaux et Forets, 54 {1916), Nos. 7, pp. 185-191; 11, pp. 305-309). — The author gives the results of thinning experiments ' in some selected fir stands, the actual thinning operations having been started in 1899. The results in general confirm those secured in thinning experiments with young spruce stands (E. S. R., 35, p. 241), indicating that both early and rela- tively heavy thinnings act advantageously on future yield. Douglas fir fiber, with special reference to length, H. N. Lee and E. M, Smith {Forestry Quart., 14 {1916), No. 4, pp. 671-695, pi. 1, figs. 11).— This study, which was conducted under the direction of the Forest Products Labora- tories of Canada, deals in most part with length values of Douglas fir fibers as observed in different parts of the same tree and also in different trees. A bibliography of cited literature dealing with fiber measurement studies is included. Some characteristics of slash pine, W. R. Mattoon {Forestry Quart., 14 {1916), No. 4y PP- 578-5S8, pis. 2, figs. 2). — A brief discussion of some character- istics of slash pine, with special reference to its rapid spread in second-growth forests, silvicultural qualities, wood structure, and commercial value of young stands. Seeding of Hevea at different altitudes on Gunong Angsi, F. G. Spring {Agr. Bill. Fed. Malay States, 5 {1916), No. 1, p. 3). — In continuation of pre- vious observations showing that the growth of the tree and yield of rubber are poor at a comparatively high altitude (E. S. R., 30, p. .53.5), the au.thor here presents data showing that seed production is similarly affected. At about 1,000 ft. the yield of seed commenced to fall off, at 1,800 ft. only a few seeds were produced, while at 2,400 ft. there was no evidence of fruiting. Ecology of sal (Shorea robusta). — II, Seedling reproduction in natural forests and its improvement, R. S. Hole and Puban Singh {Indian Forest Rec, 5 {1916), No. ^, pp. II -{-43-85, pis. 9). — This is the second contribution on the study of the causes of the dying back of sal seedlings (E. S. R., 32, p. 144). The present paper gives the results of experiments conducted during the period 1912 to 1915 in which sal seedlings were grown in different localities in the shady forests and in the open, respectively. The development of the seedlings was watched throughout the year, and as far as possible the chief factors op- erative at the season when death or bad growth was noticed were determined. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 The forests and streams, A. A. da Silveiba {As Florestas e as Chuvas. Bello Horizonte, Minas Geraes: Govt., 1916, pp. 54, pls. 33). — In the present paper the author presents considerable data relative to a number of streams in Brazil to show that there has been a decline in stream flow, but that there is no definite evidence to show that forests have any relation to regulation of stream flow. At the same time attention is called to the importance of planting and extending forests for the production of lumber and other forest products. The effect of forests upon water circulation, H. A. J. M. Beekman (Invloed van Bosschen op den Waterkringloop. Surabaya, Java: Nederland.-Ind. Landb. Synd., 1916, pp. 13). — A paper presented at the Dutch India Soil Congress, Djokja, October, 1916. It briefly summarizes the results of investigations rela- tive to the effect of forests on rainfall and water conservation and introduces similar questions for discussion with reference to East Indian conditions. National Forest organization, S. W. Wynne {Forestry Quart., 14 {1916), No. If, pp. 589-^94)- — In this article the author reviews various propositions made by Woolsey with reference to National Forest organization (E. S. R., 35, p. 451 ) , and calls attention to a number of factors that must be taken into con- sideration in the development of a management system for the National Forests. Conversion methods. — A visit to the forests of Chaux and Faye de la Montrond, France, H. R. MacMillan {Forestry Quart., I4 {1916), No. 4. PP- 599-604). — A brief survey of the forest management systems in the forests of Chaux and Faye de la Montrond. Yearbook of the department of forestry, {Ezheg. LQs. Dept., 1 {1913), pp. 125+174, pis. 19, figs. 27; 2 {1913), pp. 353). — Volume 1 comprises a report on the administration of the Russian forests in 1913, including projects for a new forestry law, the organization of new forest districts, an account of the ac- tivity of the permanent forest-culture commission, exploitation of forests, sand- binding work, yields in forest iiroducts, revenues, expenditures, etc. Volume 2 gives in tabular form the area of government forest circles in the various Provinces of Russia, with revenues and expenditures therein. Annual progress report on forest administration in the Presidency of Bengal for the year 1914—15, C. E. Muriel {Rpt. Forest Admin. Bengal, 1914- 15, pp. II +47 +4)- — This is the usual annual report on the constitution, man- agement, and exploitation of the state forests of Bengal, including a financial statement for the year 1914-15. All important data relative to alterations in forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, revenues, expendi- tures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Forestry in India from a Canadian point of view, H. R. MacMillan {For- estry Quart., 14 {1916), No. 4, PP- 624-649). — A survey of forestry and forest conditions in India. Consideration is given to forest distribution and ownership, organization, personnel, research, administraton, working plans, silvicultural operations, and financial aspects. Passing views of forestry in British South Africa, H. R. MacMillan {For- estry Quart., 14 {1916), No. 4< PP- 605-623). — A general account of the progress and present situation of forestry in South Africa. Information is given relative to the physiography and climate of the different regions of South Africa, forest distribution and composition, development of forestry, present organization, working plans and market, and silvicultural management. Report of the director of forests, N. W. Joixy {Arm. Rpt. Dir. Forests [Queensland], 1915, pp. 8, pis. 3). — A report relative to the administration and management of the state forests of Queensland, including a financial statement for the year. Tabular data on the sawmilling industry, timber reserves, state forests and national parks, and collections under the timber and quarry regula- tions from 1908 to 1915 are also included. 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 347 China's forest laws, W. F. Shebfesee {Forestry Quart., 14 (1916), No. 4, pp. 650-661).— This comprises a free translation of the forest laws or mandates issued since tlie inauguration of tlie Ctiinese republic, together with the trans- lation of certain documents dealing with the organization of the present Chinese national forest service. DISEASES OF PLANTS. [Serious plant diseases in 1914], D. Reddick {West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc, 60 {1915), pp. 78-81).— The author states that Venturia inwquaUs, the cause of apple scab, was destructive throughout the State of New York, the damage done being at least as great as in 1910. Fire blight, due to Bacillus amylovorus, was preeminently an apple disease during 1914. No suitable method of con- trolling the fire blight in old trees has been found, but for young trees, care- ful pruning and use of corrosive sublimate (1:1000) are the remedies recom- mended. Peach leaf curl, due to Exoascus delormans, was generally prevalent through- out the State. The many cases noted of successful control are thought to in- dicate that failures are due to bad method or wrong time of spraying. Peach mildew, due to Podosphwra oxyacaiithce, was not reported in 1914, owing, pre- sumably, to the absence of fruit. The raspberry bushes did not show injury from cold until relatively late in the season. Anthracnose {Glwospurium venetum) was further studied. Downy mildew {Plasmopara riticola) became destructive in the Keuka Lake region. This is easily controlled with Bordeaux mixture. Powdery mildew {Uncinula necator) was abundant in the Chautauqua grape belt. The use of Bordeaux mixture about August 1 is recommended. Dead-arm disease has al- ready been reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 52). Keport of the plant pathologist, E. W. Bkandes {Porto Rico Sia. Rpt. 1915, pp. 34, 35). — A brief account is given of some experiments for the control of the banana disease described on page 352. In addition, the author has investi- gated the practicability of controlling diseases of coffee, vanilla, and man- gosteen. [Report on plant pathology], C. H. Knowles {Fiji Dcpt. Apr. Ann. Rpt. 1915, pp. 26-31). — This is the report for the division of plant pathology on diseases of economic plants, some ornamentals, and several weeds. Coconut is attacked by a disease very similar to that caused by Pestalozzia palmarum, but this fungus has larger spores. The same leaflets (usually old or unhealthy ones) are sometimes attacked by a fungus identified as Graphiola cocoina. The remedy, as also in case of Pestalozzia, is i-estoration of vigor in ti'ees. Coffee at the Nasinu station showed a leaf disease due to Hemileia vastatrix. Cacao brown rot, due to Thyridaria tarda, was found at Lami. This fungus also causes a dieback of the younger branches. Pink disease {Corticium lilaco- fuscum) was noted in one locality. Its chief objectionable feature is the split- ting of the bark, allowing other fungi to enter. Black rot, attacking mostly young pods, may prove to be due to PhytopMJiora faberi. A bro\\Ti root disease destroying cacao plants may be the same as that {Hymenochwte noxia) causing a similar disease in para rubber, which also shows leaf diseases probably due to Pestalozzia palmarum and P. guepini. A spot disease of banana leaves showed spores of Cercospora inusce and other fungi. A nematode, probably Tylenchus similis, also causes damage to banana by attacking the roots. 348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3G Tobacco .showing leaf spots pi-oved to be affected by Cercospora rueiborskii. Yams are attacked by a leaf disease caused by Glceosporium pestis. A leaf spot of sisal plants was found to contain Macrosporium lanceolatum. Leaves of cloves bearing reddish or purplish marks, at the Nasinu station, showed a Peronospora. Jute showing a leaf spot yielded a Cercospora. A tomato wilt could not be traced to any definite cause. Kentia macarthurii showing a leaf spot yielded a Pestalozzia. A comparison is made of the spores of the forms of this fungus found on Hevea and Kentia leaves and on ripe fruit of Garcinia. A disease of Livistonia was associated with Graphiola phmnicis. Licuala grandis showed brown intervenous areas associated with a Colletotrichum. Hose leaves were attacked by Actinonema rosw. Cassm fistula was apparently attacked by a fungus which was not classified. Several weeds are named as being attacked by fungi. Report of the imperial mycologist, F. J. F. Shaw (Ann. Rpts, Expert Offs. Bept. Ayr., Bengal, 1915, pp. 1^4, H5). — It is said that experiments looking to the control of ufra disease have been only partly successful. A disease of betel vine occurring near Bogra was found to be caused by Rhizoctonia destruens, particulars regarding which are to be given in a memoir now in press. Autlirac- nose of betel is said to be a different disease, the causation of which is obscure. Potato blight was studied and the results are to appear later. A disease of areca palm may be due to a form of Fomes lucid us. Beport on the first two years' working of the plant protection law (Law No. 5 of 1913), G. Storey (Mm. Agr. Egypt, Tech. and Sci. Serv. Bui. 1 (1916), pp. 37). — This contains an account of the legislation for plant protec- tion in force prior and subsequent to the formation of the Department of Agri- culture of Egypt in 1911, and of the action as taken in cases arising thereunder ; also an appendix giving the new law of 1916, which supersedes the law of 1913. Besides giving an account of insect pests found in or on plants offered for importation, mention is made of infestation by such parasites as Cladospormm citri on oranges from Syria, Veiitui-ia porni on apples, ScJerotinia fructigena causing a brown fruit rot on peaches from Italy, and Tylenchus tritid, which, however, is already present in Egjpt on wheat. Studies on a Fusarium disease of corn and sorghum, L. H. Pammel, Char- lotte M. King, and J. L. Seal (Iowa Sta. Research Bui. S3 (1916), pp. 115-136, figs. 15). — A preliminary report is given of a study of a Fusarium disease of corn which is said to have made its appearance in Iowa during 1914 and which was again abundant in 1915, causing a large estimated loss. The fungus attacks the roots, stalks, and ears of the corn. The effects on the different parts of the plant are described, and the results of a study of the organism are given. The fungus causing the disease is definitely referred to a species of Fusarium, and in connection with the trouble the perithecia of Gibberella has been found, but the authors liave not been able to show that this fungus has any relation to the Fusarium. The disease is believed to be spread largely through the seed corn, and cai-eful selection of seed is recommended as a preventive measure. A Fusarium disease of sorghum, which is similar to, if not identical with, that on corn, is also described. Clover sickness, A. Amos (Jour. Farmers' Club [London], 1916, May, pp. 61-76). — This is an account, with discussions, of observations on clover sick- ness, which is ascribed to the presence of Sclerofinia trifoUorum or of Tylenchus devastatrix, or of both. Several remedies are discussed, but it is thought that clover may be protected from both of these enemies by the same general prac- 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 349 tice, uamely, that of alternating the red clover crop witli sjiiufoin or trefoil, either alone or mixed with Italian rye grass. [Ufra disease], G. P. Hectoe {Ann. Rpts. Expert Offs. Dept. Ayr., Benyul, 1915, p. H3). — Experiments at various points on the control of ufra disease of rice are described. In one set of these, burning the stubble and turning the soil several times controlled the disease completely, while in another set one plat was slightly attacked after this treatment. It is considered improbable that any variety of rice is immune, but some varieties seem to escape owing to their ripening so early as to avoid violent attack. Resistance in tobacco to the root rot disease, J. Johnson {Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 2, pp. 167-181, figs. 6). — The results of two years' experiments on the relative resistance of selected strains of tobacco to the root rot caused by Thielavia basicola are given. The experiments were carried on mainly in Ontario and Wisconsin, the work in Canada being largely with the Burley type of tobacco while that in Wisconsin was confined to cigar leaf selection. The author states that a strain of White Burley has been developed which possesses a high degree of resistance. Strains of cigar leaf tobacco are known to exist that are practically immune to root rot, but the quality of these types is considered unsatisfactory. Selection breeding is thought to offer the most promising field for investigation for control of this root rot disease. Host plants of Thielavia basicola, J. Johnson {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 6, pp. 289-300, pis. 2).— The results are given of an in- vestigation of the host plants of this fungus, carried on at the Wisconsin Experiment Station in cooperation with this Department. About 200 species of plants were grown on soil known to be infected with T. basicolu, and under favorable conditions for the development of the fungus the following families of plants were found to be attacked : Arallacefe, Bignoniacese, Compositte, Convolvulacefe, Cruciferese, Cucurbitaceae, Hydro- phyllacese, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceac, Polemoniaceae, Portulacese, Primulacese, Scrophulariacete, Solanace^e, and Violaceae. Among the plants studied, the author added 66 species to the list of known hosts of T. basicola, 28 of these being leginnes, 20 solanaceous plants, 7 cucurbits, and 11 belonging to miscellaneous families. It is considered that a difference in the su.^ceptibility of the various species exists, and where earlier investigators have been inclined to doubt the para- sitism of the organism, it is believed that their infection experiments were car- ried on with what are known to be imnmne or very resistant plants. Basing his conclusion on evidence from nearly 100 species of plants infected with T. basicola from tobacco, the author considers that there are no specialized races of this fungus. Diseases of vegetables, I. C. Jaggek {West. N. T. Hort. Soc. Proc, 60 {1915), pp. 14O-I47). — This is a discussion of experiences, chiefly with bacterial blight, early blight, and late blight of celery ; club root of erucifers, due to slime mold ; root knot of cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, and other greenhouse plants, due to nematodes ; and onion smut. Cucumber mosaic disease, W. W. Gilbert {Phytopatholoyy, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. IJfS, 14-i, pl- 1)- — A brief outline is given of work in progress in investigat- ing the mosaic disease of cucumbers, which is known to occur both la green- houses and in fields. A new infectious mosaic disease of cucumber, S. P. Dooltttle {Phyto- patholoyy, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 145-I47). — The author gives a description of field observations and laboratory and field experiments on the cucumber mosaic disease. 350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 26 No constantly associated organism has been found, but the rapid spread of the disease through fields is considered to indicate that it is highly infectious. As a result of field experiments, the disease was succesfuUy produced through inocu- lation experiments in which the broken ends of diseased petioles were touched to wounds on cucumber vines, the injection of expressed and filtered juice, insertion of fragments of diseased tissue, etc. Experiments carried on in Michigan indicate that insects, particularly the melon aphis {Aphis gossypii), play an important part in the transmission of this disease. Successful inocu- lations have also been made on pumpkins and muskmelons. In laboratory ex- periments, a type of infection characterized by the entire wilting of the plant appeared, but it has not been observed in the field. Experiments with the cucumber mosaic disease, I. C. Jaggee (Phytopa- thology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 148-151). — The results of experiments carried out in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., are described. Successful inoculation was secured when the expressed juices of leaves, stems, and fruits, either filtered or not, were injected into sound cucumber plants. Similar results were obtained by crushing diseased leaves in the hand and then rubbing sound ones, or by growing sound and diseased plants so that the foliage intermingled. Cucumber plants in contact only through their roots did not develop the disease. In addition to the cucumber, the author reports successful inoculations on the summer squash, pumpkin, and two varieties of gourd. Rotting of greenhouse lettuce, I. C. Jagger {West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc, 60 {1915), pp. IJfl, 148). — A discussion of the rots of lettuce ascribed respectively to Botrytis, Rhizoctonia, and Sclerotinia concludes with the statement that the first two can be largely prevented by securing a vigorous growth, keeping the plants and soil surface free from superfluous moisture, and maintaining moder- ate temperature and humidity. Rhizoctonia and Sclerotinia can be temporarily controlled by sterilization with steam in the autumn. Tomato blight, F. D. Heald {Rpt. Wash. Hort. Assoc, 12 {1915), pp. 35-42, fig. 1). — Investigation during 1915 is stated to have shown that the tomato blight, ascribed by Humphrey (E. S. R., 32. p. 444) to one or more species of Fusarium, is really caused by a Rhizoctonia. The name Rhizoctonia disease is selected as most appropriate. The fungus is said to be almost omnivorous. Clean soil, abundant moisture, liberal fertilizer, correction of acidity with lime, deep setting of plantlets, and early fall plowing of suspected soils are recom- mended as protective measures. A troublesome disease on winter tomatoes, J. E. Howitt and R. E. Stone {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 162-166) .—It is stated that in the spring of 1914 tomatoes in forcing houses near Hamilton, Ontario, showed a markedly diseased condition of the leaves, stems, and fruit. Later in the year the trouble reappeared, causing almost complete failure of the crop. This disease, the symptoms of which are described, seems to be rather widely distributed. Repeated microscopic examinations, culture tests, and inoculation experiments have failed to disclose a causal organism. From the position and nature of the lesions and the fact that the disease fails to develop in allected fruits when they are removed from the plant, the authors have been led to conclude that the disease is a physiological trouble. Experiments with sterilized soil are believed to indicate that the disease is in some way connected with soil conditions. Powdery mildew demonstrations on the apple, grape, and peach during the season 1915, L. Powell {Rpt. M'ash. State Hort. Assoc. 12 {1915). pp. 42-46).— It is stated that in tests made in Benton County, Wash., following out the in- structions given by Ballard and Volck (E. S. R.. 31, p. 748), satisfactory results 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351 were obtained with the three liquid sprays iron sulphid, atomic sulphur, and milled sulphur on grapevines and peach trees. The experiments with apple trees, though apparently beneficial, are considered to require confirmation by further tests. Com.parative dusting and spraying experiments, D. Reddick and C. R. Crosby OVest. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc, 60 {1915), pp. 68-77 ) .—These tests related mainly to insect control, the only disease amenable to the treatments given being apple scab. This trouble was pronounced in some localities in 1913 and very general in 1914. It is said that the time of application is most important. The dust method is deemed applicable in case of large, old trees, where it is most needed, is from three to six times as rapid as that of spraying, and the total cost for dusting per tree is not greater than for spraying. The mixture, of which 2 to 3 lbs. should be applied to each tree at each time, is 90 per cent sulphur and 10 per cent lead arsenate, the latter being intended for insects. No reports of injury from breathing the dust have been received. The sprayer is recommended in case of apple varieties which are very susceptible to scab. See also the bulletin already noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 738). Note on apple root rot in Virginia, G. H. Ckabill (Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 159-161, fig. 1). — The author states that the root rot previously de- scribed (E. S. R., 33, p. 544) is quite prevalent in the Shenandoah Valley and Piedmont section of Virginia. It is more prevalent on new ground, especially v.here the soil contains decaying wood, and is present in a wide variety of soils and in many localities. In many orchards, several adjoining trees appear to have contracted the disease at about the same time. Some varieties of apples are said to be very susceptible, while others are less liable to attack. The roots of the infected trees were found to be infested with a delicate white myceliiun, and the fungus has been identified as Trichoderma kocningi. While the organism is generally considered a wound parasite, the author believes that there is some evidence that it occurs on apple roots as a parasite. Apple rosette, O. M. Morris {Rpt. Wash. State Hort. Assoc, 12 {1915), pp. 69-72). — Reporting briefly the results of a survey by correspondence extending over several States, the author holds that apple rosette is somehow connected with the nutrition of the plant. While treatment in some sections should look to improving the humus content of the soil, different means must be employed in other sections, such as drainage and improvement of physical condition. Sulphur paste as a spray for peaches, D. Reddick {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 206, 207). — Attention is called to the ease of preparation and excel- lent suspension of sulphur paste, which is said to be quite efficient for the con- trol of brown rot and scab of peaches. Directions for the preparation of the paste are given. Pear blight (Bacillus amylovorus), T. O. Morrison {Rpt. Wash. State Hort. Assoc, 12 {1915), pp. 131-133). — This is part of a report by the author on hor- ticultural field conditions in 1915, and deals with the progress at various points during the year of B. amylovortis, the cause of fire blight. This is tliought to have reached its highest mark during 1914 and to be now somewhat on the decline, which may possibly be accelerated by imiform control measures throughout* the orchard districts. Further studies in the role of insects in the dissemination of fire blight bacteria, V. B. Stewart and M. D. Leonard {PhytojHithologu, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 152-158). — During the summer of 1915 tbe authors carried on experiments with Pollenia riidis, Empoasca mali, Psylla pyricola, Plagiognathus politus, and S52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Sapromyza hispina to determine the possibility of tliese insects serving as car- riers of Bacillus amylovorus. From previous experiments (E. S. K., 33, p. 744), togetlier witii the data given in the present paper, tlie authors conclude that practically all insects vi^hich might be important in producing fire blight infections in nurseries have been considered. The various species of flies were not found active agents in increasing the number of fire blight infections, although vi^hen blight is very prevalent and flies numerous, a few infections may be produced by these in- sects. Most of the infection seems to be transmitted through biting or suck- ing bugs. Following the observations of Heald (E. S. R., 34, p. 647), the authors in- vestigated the possibility of infection through the water pores of the leaves. From their investigations there is considered to be little, if any, infection through the water pores, injury to the tissue being necessary before the bacteria can produce infection. Preliminary studies on the resistance of Prunus to artificial inoculation with Bacterium tumefaciens, C. O. Smith {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 186-19^, pi. 1). — In order to determine more resistant stock on which to graft almonds, peaches, etc., the author has conducted inoculation experiments with about 30 species and varieties of the genus Prunus. All the hosts developed typical galls from artificial inoculations except P. pumila, P. ilicifolia, and P. caroUnianc. No varieties of almonds or peaches have been found to show marked resistance, but among the plums it is thought that P. americana and P. hortulana would be well adapted to native species of plums which are not much grown in California. The most popular strains used for grafting were all found very susceptible to crown gall. So far as the in- vestigation has progressed, the author states, no definite recommendation can be made as to the use of resistant stock, although the seedlings of certain Ger- man and Italian prunes should be well adapted as a stock for members of the Domestica group. A Porto Rican disease of bananas, G. L. Fawcett {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 36-41, pJ. 1). — A preliminary account is given of a disease of the variety of banana known as Chamaluco. The disease is said to be quite destructive on this variety, and from diseased tissues a species of Fusarium has been isolated Avhich corresponds closely with that described by Ashby (E. S. R., 29, p. 350). Other organisms were found in the tissues, and the author, from his preliminary investigation, is led to believe that the Fusarium is only in part the cause of the trouble. For its control, rotation of crops is recommended, and under present condi- tions, the variety Chamaluco can be considered only a temporary crop. Citrus canker investigations, W. Newell {Quart. Bui. Plant Bd. Fla., 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1, 2). — A brief outline is given of the work undertaken by the Florida Plant Board for the eradication of citrus canker in that State. Means of identifying citrus canker, R. A. Jehle {Quart. Bui. Plant Bd. Fla., 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 2-10, pis. 5).— The author gives a list of citrus plants which are subject to citrus canker attack, enumerating them in the order of sus- ceptibility to the disease, after which the characteristics of the disease on the leaves, stems, and fruits of the different hosts are described. Sour scab of citrus in Florida, and its prevention, .7. G. Gkossenbacher {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 2, pp. 127-142, figs. ^).— The author describes under the name of sour scab a disease of leaves, twigs, and fruits of certain varieties of citrus which have a strongly acid sap in their growing portions. 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 353 This name is preferred to the name lemon scab, which was originally given the disease when it was considered to attack lemons chiefly. The disease Is known to occur on the sour orange, lemon, citron, certain varieties of grapefruit, etc. Sour scab is said to cause considerable financial loss in the growing of grape- fruit in Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. The disease develops most destructively in seasons and localities which have abundant moisture in the air and soil during the development of the early spring growth. Trees starting later in growth appear less subject to the dis- ease, and it is thought that possibly selection from such individual trees might prove of value in reducing loss from this trouble. The cause of the disease is claimed not to have been definitely determined, but among the agents frequently considered to produce the trouble is Cladospor- ium citri. The author's Investigations, it is claimed, indicate that this fungus is only partially responsible for producing the disease. The long-continued pres- ence of water on rapidly growing leaves and shoots and on young grapefruits, together with excessive hydrostatic pressures during growth, is believed to have a causal relation to sour scab. From the reports of experiments covering three years, the author believes that spraying with Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur solution would protect the fruit. Pruning as a method of restricting the spread has proved impracticable and in some cases even injurious. Diseases of forest and shade trees, D. C. Babcock (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), Nos. 10, pp. 291-296, fig. 1; 11, pp. 333-339, figs. 4).— Popular descrip- tions are given of a number of the more common diseases of forest and shade trees in Ohio, and where definite means are known, suggestions are given for their control. An outbreak of white pine blister rust in Ontario, J. E. Howitt and W. A. McCtJBBiN {Phytopathologij, 6 (1916), No. 2, pp. 182-185) .—The Cronartium stage of the white pine blister rust is said to have been found on five culti- vated and four wild species of Ribes in nine counties in the Province of Ontario, and the Peridermium stage has been found on both Imported and native white pines. Black currant plantations have in many instances been severely injured. An examination of imported white pines has indicated that they are the source of infection in the majority of cases. According to the authors' observations, the rust may be passed from currant to currant over an intervening distance of at least 800 yds. Spraying experiments indicate that the rust on currants may be markedly reduced by the application of Bordeaux mixture or soluble sulphur. There is thought to be some evidence that the rust may possibly winter on the currant. Methods of preparation and relative value of Bordeavix mixtures, O. But- ler (New Hampshire Sta. Sei. Contrib. 9 (1915), pp. 2-12; Off. Rpt. Bess. Internat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 151-160). — The characters that a copper fungi- cide must possess are noted, and the three types to Mdiich, as previously stated (B. S. R., 31, p. 802), Bordeaux mixtures may be reduced are enumerated, and tabular data reported regarding various phases, properties, and effects of this fungicide. The author states that acid and neutral Bordeaux mixtures are less injurious to the grape than are the alkaline preparations, although the toxic value of the unit copper is the same in each of these phases of the fungicide. When imme- diate action is required, the unit copper in acid and in neutral Bordeaux mix- ture is said to be more effective than is that in alkaline preparations, the last named, however, being more adhesive than the other two. 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The larger North American mammals, E. W. Nelson (Nat. Geogr. Mag., SO (1916), No. 5, pp. 385-472, pi. 1, figs. 73). — ^This paper includes accounts of 57 large North American mammals and colored illustrations from paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes of each of the animals considered. Interim report on the feeding habits of the rook (Corvus frugilegus), H. S. Leigh (London: Econ. Ornitliol. Committee, Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1914, pp- 15). — "The results of this investigation, so far as it has progressed from the consideration of 209 stomachs, show that a large proportion of the food of the rook consists of grain, and that it is taken mainly in the autumn, winter, and early spring months. The total amount of animal food is not so large as grain, but reaches a high percentage during May, June, July, August, and September. There is some evidence to show that a grain diet may be preferred, but there is also evidence which shows that a great many insects (about half of which are injurious) are taken by the rook particularly in its nestling stage, and that it is therefore most important to have a good supply of birds during this phase in its life history. It is difficult from the evidence yet obtained by this inquiry to say whether the rook is on the whole a beneficial or an injurious bird, as the material upon which the account is based is not sufficiently representative." The rat and infantile paralysis: A theory, M. W. Richardson (Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 175 (1916), No. 12, pp. 397-400; abs. in Jour Amer. Med. Assoc., 67 (1916), No. 15, p. 1118).— The author presents facts and reports ob- servations which support the theory that poliomyelitis is transferred by rodents or by insects, or by both. In the transfer of the infection from rat to man the agency of the flea is assumed, although possible contamination of food by rodent excretions Is suggested. The animal parasites of man, the diseases which they transmit, and their treatment, M. Beaxtn and O. Seifert (Die tierischen Parasiten des Menschen, die von ihnen Hervorgerufenen Erkrankungen und Hire Heilung. Wursburg: Curt Kahitzsch, 1915, vol. 1, 5. rev. and enl. ed., pp. X-'r559, figs. //07).— This first volume deals with the natural history of the animal parasites of man, in- cluding classified bibliography (pp. 451-545). See also the work of Fantham et al. (E. S. R., 36, p. 152). A new and economically important tapeworm, Multiceps gaigeri, from the dog, M. C. Hall (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1916), No. 2, pp. 214-223, figs. 4). — M. gaigeri, of which the dog is the primary and Capra hircus the sec- ondary host in India, is described as new. Report of the entomologist, R. H. Van Zwalttwenbubg (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 42-45). — In the search for a shade tree for coffee in which the hormiguilla ( Myrmelachista ambigua ramulormn) can not colonize with guest scales, 12 common native tree species were experimented with, but no tree suit- able for shade was found in which the ants could not be forced to colonize. Colonies of this ant seem to thrive better and cause more damage when the pink scale (Coccus sp.) is the guest than when the mealy bug alone is harbored. The coffee leaf weevil (Lachnopus sp.), which is very destructive to coffee at the higher altitudes, has not been observed to occur at an elevation lower than 300 meters (984 ft.). In some districts it is the most serious pest of coffee. It feeds on the edges of young leaves, but the greatest loss is caused through feeding on flowers, young buds, and the newly-set berries. A common weevil, Paris torqunfns, was found breeding in the branches of eggplant, in some eases killing the plants completely. Since its developmental stages are passed within the stems of the plant it may be easily controlled by removing and destroying them. A lace-wing (Corythaica monacha), which is very common on the eggi^lant, causes the plants to curl and turn brown. 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355 Eutermes morio, which causes great damage to furniture and woodwork, can be effectively controlled at a small expense by placing liberal quantities of any powdered arsenical poison in the runways and nest. A second important termite, which injures woodwork and furniture, probably Leucotermes sp., caa be effectively controlled by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. A rhinoceros beetle (Strategus quadrifoveatus) in the adult stage often kills young coconut trees by entering the nut below the surface of the ground and eating its way upward, attacking the main shoot. Several miscellaneous pests mentioned are the round-headed borer (Apate francisca) which bores in young mahogany trees and also does damage to coffee, citrus, and gandule or pigeon peas; a lepidopterous larva which dis- figures ornamental palms; a noctuid larva (probably Eriopus floridensis) on the fronds of ornamental ferns; Aspiodiotus destructor which often seriously injures coconut trees, especially in the dry region in the southwest corner of the island ; a weevil found breeding in the flower buds of eggplant ; the larva of Empyrcuma lichas which attacks oleanders ; etc. [Papers on insects and insect control] {Ann. Serv. Epiphytics, Mem. et Rap., 2 {1913), pp. 109-155, 188-232, 266-272, 285-301, 311-3^0, figs. //Jf).— This second volume (E. S. R., 34, p. 850) includes a number of papers relating to economic entomology, namely. Investigations of the Eudemis and Cochylis Moths in Bor- deaux in 1913 (pp. 109-1.52) and a Note on the Oblong Scale {Lecanium persicce.) and Treatment of Vines Infested by It (pp. 153-155), by J. Feytaud ; The Microparasites of Insects and Their Utilization, by A. Paillot (pp. 188- 232), which includes a classified bibliography; Observations of the Asparagus Fly and Control Measures, by P. Lesne (pp. 266-272) ; The Action of Hydro- cyanic Acid Gas on the West Indian Peach Scale, by A. Vuillet (pp. 28.5-287) ; Note on Coccidfe Received at the Paris Entomological Station in 1913. by P. Vayssiere (pp. 288-301) ; Eolcocneme cosrnleocarpa, a Sawfly Enemy of Culti- vated Ranunculacese, by J. Chatanay (pp. 311-320) ; and Cleoniis mendicus and Lixtis scabricoUi^s, Curculionids Injurious to the Beet, by F. Picard (pp. 321-340). [Heport on] economic zoolog'y {AnJi. Rpt. Bd. Sci. Advice India, 1914-15, pp. 148-166) .—The first part of this report (pp. 148-162) by T. B. Fletcher relates to agricultural entomology, and the second part (pp. 162-166), by C. F. C. Beeson, to forest entomology. Report of the tobacco insect investigations, G. B. Mebbill {Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. P. R., 4 {1914-15), pp. 50-^2).— A brief statement of the work of the year with tobacco insects. The fleabeetles Epitrix fuscata and E. parvula are said to be the most im- portant insect enemies of the tobacco plant in Porto Rico. The changa or mole cricket, which is injurious in the seed beds and to newly-set transplants, comes next in importance. Insect pests of tea in northeast India during the season 1915, E. A. Andrews {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 1 {1916), pp. 1-6). — This extract from the report of the general committee of the Indian Tea Asso- ciation for the year ended December 31, 1915, reports briefly upon the occur- rence of the more important insect enemies of tea. Preliminary catalogue of the orthopteroid insects of the Philippine Islands, L. Bkuneb {Univ. [Nebr.'i Studies, 15 {1915), No. 2, pp. 195-281).— In this list, •which supplements that of 286 species in Elera's catalogue of the Philippine fauna,* the author gives 733 names. 1 Cataiogo Sistem&tico de Toda la Fauna de Filipinas. Manila, 1895, vol. 2, pp. 189-223. 81075°— No. 4—17 5 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Second campaign against locusts (Stauronotus niaroccanus) in Algeria by means of Coccobacillus acridiorum, M. BfiouET {Ann,. Inst. Pasteur, 29 {1915), No. 10, pp. 520-536) .—This is a report of work carried on in continuation of tliat previously noted {E. S. R., 33, p. 653). Third campaign against locusts (Schistocerca peregrina) in Algeria by- means of Coccobacillus acridiorum, M. Beguet, L. Musso, and iStienne Ser- GENT {Bul. Soc. Path. Exot., 8 (1915), No. 9, pp. 634-637; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 (1916), No. 2, p. 45). — A continuation of the work noted above. The native food plants of the apple red bugs, R. A. Cushman (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, p. 196). — The author reports observations of the apple red bugs (Heterocordylus malinus and Lygidea mendax) at Geneva and Westfield, N. Y., and Clearfield, Pa. " It is evident that the natural food plant of H. malinus is not Pyrus but Crataegus, that the reverse is true for L. mendax, and that L. mendax is more likely to attack apple than is H. niaUmis. It would seem that a reversal of the specific names would have been inore indicative of the true conditions, though not entirely appropriate, since the apple is not the natural food plant of either." Bedbugs and relapsing fever, V. K. Stephansky (Riiss. Vrach, 14 (1915), No. 10; abs. in Jour. Anwr. Med. Assoc., 65 (1915), No. 11, p. 987). — The author reports that spirochetes ingested by old and young generations of bedbugs en- gorged upon patients with relapsing fever lost their motility within one hour and disappeared altogether after four or five hours. In experiments in which ten adult bedbugs infected with relapsing fever were killed and an emulsion made of them in normal salt solution, negative results were obtained when injected subcutaneously into monkeys. Sixty-five infected bedbugs and their young were fed once a week on the blood of a perfectly healthy man, who during the course of two months was bitten by them at least 500 times and remained unaffected. From these results the author concludes that this insect plays no part in the spread of relapsing fever. A contribution to the knowledge of the bloodsucking Hemiptera of Central America, A. Neiva (Brazil Med., 29 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-3; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 64 (1915), No. 10, p. 867). — This is a preliminary note on the hematophagous Hemiptera of Central America. The temperature necessary for the destruction of lice and their eggs, A. W. Bacot (Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2874 (1916), p. 167; abs. m Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. B, 4 (1916), No. 4, PP- 57, 58). — The author concludes " that dry heat or submersion in water at 55° C (131° F.) kills both active lice and their eggs. It follows as a consequence that considerably lower temperatures than those usually em- ployed may be used to destroy these vermin. For the thorough sterilization of infested garments the question of penetration is all-important. It is probable that considerable economy in fuel might be effected by allowing a longer ex- posure at a lower temperature, while it should be practicable to use quite lightly built chambers or temporarily adapted rooms to obtain dry air tem- peratures of, say, 60° C. (140° F.)." Rosy apple aphis, A. C. Baker and W. F. Turner (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 7, pp. 321-344, pis. 6).— This plant louse is said to be undoubtedly the most injurious leaf-feeding apple aphis, since its attacks not only injure the foliage and deform the growing apple trees but when abundant or unchecked it deforms the fruit, causing the production of " aphis apples " which are unfit for sale. The present paper is based upon studies conducted during the seasons of 1914 and 1915 in the vicinity of Washing- ton, D. C. 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357 After a careful study of European specimens and tlie literature, the authors have come to the conclusion that Aphis malifolm is the only name to apply to the species. The name A. sorbi applies to a different form, originally described from specimens on Sorbus. The authors have been unable to rear the rosy apple aphis on the host plant of the European A. sorl)i. Life history studies have been summarized by the authors as follovps : " The eggs of this species begin hatching early in April (about April 8 in 1915) and hatching ceases in about a weeli (April 16 in 1915). The first stem mothers begin reproduction about April 25. From five to seven generations of the spring forms occur on apple in Virginia, although Ross reports the species all summer on apple in Ontario. The first generation is wingless. A few winged forms appear in the next generation and their percentage to the wingless insects increases steadily in each generation until finally all the insects produced become winged. Intermediates may also occur, these acquiring the wingless habits and behaving lilie wingless insects. " Migration to plantain commences about May 20, and most of the insects liave left the apple by about June 20. A few may continue on apple till about July 1. From 4 to 14 generations of the summer form occur at Vienna, Va. These insects are practically all wingless, only a few occasional winged insects appearing. " The first fall migi'ants become adult about the second week of September (September 13 in 1915; these insects were born on August 31). They remain on the trees until after November 1. (In the writers' experiments they were produced till a much later period, but in the field they succumb to prevailing low temperatures more quickly than do either oviparous females or males.) Production of oviparous females commences about the middle to the twentieth of September, but very few are produced till early in October and their pro- duction is at its height about the middle of that month. Males begin to appear early in October, at the time the oviparous females begin to become adults, and the males also are most numerous about the last of October and early in November. Oviposition commences the middle of October and continues till the oviparous females are all dead. Some oviparous females may oviposit as late as the latter part of December in case excessive low temperatures have not occurred before that time." A synopsis of the genus Calaphis, A. C. Bakeb {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 184-189). — The author recognizes five species of this genus from the United States, of which two, Calaphis castaneoides and C. alni, from specimens on Castanea and on alder, respectively, at Washington, D. C, are described as new. The development of the Phylloxera vastatrix leaf gall, H. R. Rosen (Amer. Jour. Bot., 3 (1916), No. 7, pp. 337-360, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This paper in- cludes a bibliography of 31 titles. The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), L. M. Peaiks and J. H. Mer- rill (Kansas Sta. Btil. 214 (1916), pp. 5-28, figs. 11). — This is a general ac- count of the San Jose scale and measures for its control, particularly such as apply to Kansas conditions. Serious infestation by this scale was first found in Kansas in 1906, though it is thought to have been present for some years previous to that date. The control of the gray scale (Coccus citricola) in the San Joaquin Valley, R. P. CuNDiFF (Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal., 47 (1915), pp. 248-257). — It is stated that in addition to a more or less general infestation in most of the cit- rus fruit-gi-owing sections south of the Tehachapi Mountains, this scale is now very generally distributed throughout the citrus districts of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Fumigation is the only successful means of control. 358 EXPERIMENT STATIO-N RECORD. [Vol. 36 Two destructive fall caterpillars, J. S. Houser (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 10, pp. 297-303, figs. 9). — Brief popular accounts are given of tlie walnut datana caterpillar (Datana inlegerrima) and the yellow-necked apple cater- pillar (D. ministra). These two leaf-eating caterpillars having somewhat similar habits and appearance have for the past few years attacked walnut and apple trees in all parts of Ohio during the late summer and early fall. Laspeyresia molesta, an important new insect enemy of the peach, A. L. QuAiNTANCE and W. B. Wood {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 8, pp. 373-378, pis. 6). — In this preliminary paper the authors call attention to the discovery in the District of Columbia and environs of an important insect enemy of the peach believed to be new to this country and apparently new to science. A technical description of it under the name Laspeyresia molesta, prepared by A. Busck, together with comments on its relationship and possible origin, are incorporated. The authors' observations of it during the summer and fall of 1916 indicate that another formidable insect enemy of the peach and other deciduous fruits has become established in America. The belief that it origi- nated in Japan is strengthened by the rearing from pears received in this country from Japan of a single specimen that can not be differentiated from it. It is said to be generally present on peach trees in yards and elsewhere in the city of Washington and adjacent towns in Virginia and Maryland, within a radius of 15 or 18 miles. It is thought to have been present in the District of Columbia for four or five years, specimens of injured twigs, the injury of which was attributed to an unknown lepidopterous larva, having been received by the Bureau of Entomology in the fall of 1913. A few examples of injured twigs were received or collected during 1914 and 1915, but not until the fall of the latter year were the injuries at all common. The larvae have been found injuring twigs of the peach (Amygdalus persica), plum (Prunus spp.), and cherry (Pruims spp.), and the fruit of the peach, but the plum and cherry have not shown such general infestation as observed for the peach, which appears to be the insect's preferred food plant. However, flowering cherries in the parks in Washington are very generally infested. In one peach orchard observed by the authors, an examination in mid-September showed from 80 to 90 per cent of the twigs to have been injured. Its injuries to the twigs of bearing orchards, while important as interfering with normal growth, are of less significance than the injuries of the caterpillars to the fruit. Twig injury in nurseries, however, is of much more importance as the destruc- tion of the terminal growing shoots results in the pushing out of shoots from lateral buds, producing a much-branched and bushy plant unsuitable for nursery stock. Its attack on the twigs begins in the spring when the shoots are from six to eight in. long and continues until active growth of the tree ceases in the fall. As the twig hardens, the larva may leave its burrow and feed more or less on the exterior of the twig, cutting holes and pits into the bark and causing a copious exudation of gum, rendering the injury quite conspicuous. The larvae prefer tender, actively growing shoots, and their injury to these is scarcely distinguishable from that of the common peach-twig borer or peach moth (Anarsia lineatella) . The caterpillars pass from one shoot to another in search for appropriate food and several shoots may be injured by a larva in the course of its growth. The fruit may be attacked while quite green, the infestation increasing as it approaches maturity. In attacking the fruit the young cater- pillars rather generally eat through the skin at or near the point of attach- ment of the fruit stem, the place being indicated by more or less fcass adhering 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOaY. 359 to the surface of the fruit. Entrance is also made at other places, especially where the fruit has been punctured by the curculio or abrased by limbs or branches or other causes. Owing to the combined effect of the caterpillar and brown rot fungus, a good deal of fruit may fall to the ground, though the majority of the fruit infested by the caterpillars will remain hanging on the trees, especially if the fruit was invaded when nearly mature. The authors' observations are not conclusive as to whether the fruit is preferred to the twig. The larvae in general appear to be rather indiscriminate in their choice of pupation quarters and may be expected to choose any place on the trees where protection is afforded. The insect hibernates in the full-grown larval condi- tion in silken cocoons, pupation occurring in the spring. Oviposition com- mences in the spring by the time the shoots of the peach are well out. There are two and prolnxbly three broods of larvse each year. A new mosquito from, the eastern United States, F. Knab {Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29 (1916), pp. 161-163). — A new mosquito from Laurence Harbor, N. J., is here described as Ciilex brehmei, and brief notes on its habits are included. The fowl midge (Simulium nigritarsis), C. W. Mally [Reprint from Cape Times Weekly [Cape Totcn^, 1915, Oct. 29, folio). — This simulid is said to cause a considerable loss of poultry in the Western Province. It becomes abundant when favorable weather conditions prevail, swarms on the fowls at night, and sucks their blood. Egg- disposal in Dermatobia hominls, F. Knab (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 119-183). — The autlior presents further evidence to show that the female Dermatobia attaches its eggs to female mosquitoes of species which have a keen appetite for blood, and in such a manner that the larvae hatch out and gain entrance to the host at the point at which the mosquito draws blood. The tachinid genus Argyrophylax, W. R. Walton (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 189-192, fifjs. .'/). — Two male specimens reared from Nacaleia indicata at Rio Piedras, P. R., have been identified as Argyrophylax albincisa. A description given of the male is accompanied by drawings. Notes on the larvae of Euxesta notata, R. H. Hutchison (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 111-111, figs. 5). — The author records the presence of large numbers of larvae of this ortalid at Bethesda, Md., during May, June, and July, in swine dung, in accumulations made up largely of bran and other wastes from feed troughs, and in moist bran alone. A monographic study of the parasitic Diptera of Africa, I, J. Rodhain and J. Bequaert (Bui. Sci. France et Belg., 49 (1916), No. 3, pp. 236-289, pi. 1, figs. 1/f). — The first section of this paper (pp. 238-262) deals with (Muscina) Passeromyia heterochwta and the larvae of dipterous parasites of birds; the second section (pp. 262-289) with (Gordylohia) Stasisia rodhaini, the source of a cutaneous myiasis in man, its distribution, hosts, parasites, etc. A bibliog- raphy accompanies both sections. Researches on the larvee of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. — The life cycle of Pollenia rudis, parasite of Allolobophora chlorotica. Comparative biology of the larvEe of Diptera, D. Keilin (Bui. Sci. France et Belg., 49 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 15-198, pis. 16, figs. 26).— The first part of this work (pp. 25-106) con- siders the parasitism of earthworms and the life cycle of the cluster fly (P. rudis). The second part (pp. 107-184) relates to the comparative biology of larvae of the Diptera. In two appendixes the parasites of P. rudis and of oligochetes are considered. A bibliography of seven pages is included. A preliminary note on the bionomics of Pollenia rudis in America, J. L. Webb and R. H. Hutchison (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 (1916), No. 3, pp. 191- 199). — ^The authors here give a brief summary of the main points bearing di- 360 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 rectly on the natural history of the cluster fly (P. rudis), as reported by Keilia in the paper above noted. The life history of this fly, a species first discovered in America by the senior author at Washington. D. C, in June, 1916, has been found by the authors to be quite dilferent in many ways from that in Paris, as described by Keilin. The authors found the eggs of summer generations to hatch in about 3 days. The first stage larvse are very active and appear to be able to penetrate the earthworms at almost any point in the body wall. The larvse require from 13 to 22 days and the pupse from 11 to 14 days to develop, and the total develop- mental period requires from 27 to 39 days. The authors have reached the tenta- tive conclusion that there are four broods or generations per annum in the lati- tude of Washington, D. C. A curious formation of a fungus occurring on a fly, L. O. Howard {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 196, 197).— This note records the occur- rence of a Cordyceps, possibly C. dipterigena, on a muscoid fly received from Fayetteville, Ark., and on two specimens in the Pergande collection. A new parasite on sheep maggot flies, W. W. Fkoggatt {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 27 (1916), No. 7, pp. 505, 506, pi. 1). — A new chalcid found to parasitize blowfly maggots (Calliphora oceanice) before they pupate is described as Chalcis calliphorce. Ambrosia beetles or pin-hole and shot-hole borers, C. F. C. Beeson {Indian Forester, 1^2 {1916), No. 4, pp. 216-223, pi. 1). — This account includes lists of 11 species of Ipidse and 9 species of Platypodidse which have been found to attack the sal. Forest longicorn beetles and their parasites, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 27 {1916), No. 8, pp. 561-567, pis. 3).— Several important Australian longicorn beetles, subsisting on gum timber, and their parasites are cousidered. Among them is Plwracantha recurva, parasitized by three species of braconids here described as new. A new species of weevil injuring orchids, H. S. Barber {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 177-179, pi. 1). — Cholus cattlevarum, reared from Cattleya orchids probably from Colombia, Venezuela, or northern Brazil, which has been the source of injury to orchids in greenhouses at Washington, D. C, and Milwaukee, Wis., is here described as new to science. Pristocera armifera parasitic on Limonius agonus, J. A. IIyslop {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 169, 170, pi. i).— The author records the rearing of this bethylid parasite from a wireworm (L. agonus) from material collected in July, 1915, during the course of a serious infestation of corn near P.rattleboro, Vt. Notes on Dianthidium arizonicum, W. Middleton {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 {1916), No. 3, pp. 193-195, pi. 1). FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Dietary deficiencies of the maize kernel, E. V. McCollxjm, N. Simmonds, and W. PiTz {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 28 {1916), No. 1, pp. 153-165, figs. 10).— A series of experiments with laboratory animals (rats) are reported in which single or multiple additions of purified substances were made to a diet of ground maize. The substances added were protein, inorganic salts, and butter fat, to supply the unidentified dietary factor, "fat-soluble A." It had been found in earlier experiments that the dietary factor " water-soluble B " is furnished in abundance by even 70 per cent of maize in the diet. The follow- ing conclusions are drawn in part from the data reported : 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 361 " The proteins of the maize kernel contain all the amino acids essential for growth but the proportions of certain of them are such that they are not utilizable to a high degree as the sole source of protein. When other factors affecting nutrition were properly adjusted, . . . growth [took place] at about two-thirds the noi-mal rate, over a period of six or seven months, on a diet in which all the protein was derived from 91 per cent of ground maize in the ration." The maize kernel contains both " fat-soluble A " and " water-soluble B," but the former is present in too small an amount for the maintenance of growth at the maximum rate in rats. If the maize diet is supplemented with an alcoholic extract of maize containing the " fat-soluble A," growth is induced which more closely approximates the normal than without this addition, and this was followed by reproduction and rearing of the young. The inorganic content of the corn kernel is not of suitable character for the promotion of growth, and it was necessary to make salt additions to rations deriving their inorganic content from maize before growth could take place. The authors state that it is evident from experiments carried out thus far, that it is not easy, if at all possible, to make up a satisfactory ration wholly derived from the corn kernel and its parts. The effects of feeding the proteins of the wheat kernel at different planes of intake, E. V. McCollum, N. Simmonds, and W. Pitz {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 28 {1916), No. 1, pp. 211-229, figs. 17). — In this paper the authors attempt to throw some light upon the problem of whether an animal is as well off physiologically with a ration otherwise satisfactorily constituted but containing a high content of protein of low value as when given the same food mixture with the low grade protein replaced by its biologically equivalent amount of a much better protein. These experiments, like others in which a diet high in wheat content was fed, emphasized the marked injury to the progeny resulting from such re- stricted diets. The authors were not able to make up a ration, containing wheat protein only, which was adequate for the rearing of the young. " The addition of 10 per cent of casein to a ration which contained 36.33 per cent of protein from wheat, and which was satisfactory with respect to all dietary factors other than protein and an inherent toxicity, improved the ration in a marked degree. Growth was not interfered with by the inclusion of as much as 40.45 per cent of wheat proteins in the diet, but on this the young could not be reared. " Growth was normal and the production of young was good on a diet containing 46.63 per cent of protein, of which 43.0 per cent was casein, and 3.63 per cent of wheat proteins. The cause of the failure to rear the young on this diet has not yet been definitely ascertained, but would appear to be due in great part at least to the shortage of the supply of the dietary factor ' B,' the sole source of which was the 33 per cent of wheat in the food mixture. As small an amount as 15 per cent of whole wheat as the source of the ' water- soluble B,' suffices for the completion of growth in the rat and so promotes well- being as to induce the production of a nearly normal number of young. The amount of this substance is not great enough to enable the young to develop to weaning age without causing pronounced nervous disturbances which end in death." The drying' for milling purposes of damp and garlicky wheat, J. H. Cox {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bnl. ^55 {1916), pp. 11, figs. 3).— This bulletin reports data showing the proper temperature at which wheat should be dried for milling purposes, obtained in connection with investigations to determine the best method of artificially drying, cleaning, and handling garlicky wheat for mill- 362 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 ing. Milling and baking tests made upon samples of the garlicky wheat and damp wheat free from garlic dried at- dilferent temperatures indicated that 140° F. is probably the most satisfactory temperature for the drying of the wheat, either with or without garlic, for milling purposes. "More exensive experiments may show that Vk'heat can be dried at a higher temperature than 140° without having a bad effect on the flour. Every test except one where the wheat was dried at 180° and above gave poorer re- sults in the baking test from the standpoint of loaf volume and texture than when dried at 140°. "If wheat is dried down to 9 per cent of moisture or below for the removal of garlic, great care must be taken in tempering it back to the normal amount of moisture. In order to restore the moisture content of the dried wheat to normal, which is important for good milling, the wheat should be tem- pered at least twice, and more if necessary. After the wheat is tempered it should be stored several hours before mixing or before another tempering is made, in order to allow the moisture to penetrate into the kernel. Several hours after the last tempering the wheat should be run from the bin and a thorough mixture made. This last process assists in mixing the dry and wet spots and makes a more even mixture at the rolls." Skim milk in the nutrition of adults, G. Moussu (Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 2 (1916), No. S5, pp. 1016-1023). — Regulations are prescribed for the sale of skim milk. These forbid the sale of whole and skim milk by the same dealer and require plain labeling and separate transportation of the skim milk. A special warning is given against the use of skim milk in place of whole milk for feeding very young children. Chinese preserved eggs — pidan, Katharine Bltjnt and C. C. Wang (Jour. Biol. Chem., 2S {1916), No. 1, pp. 125-134) .—This paper reports the results of an analysis of a kind of Chinese preserved eggs, called "pidan." The sub- stance is a factory product from ducks' eggs and is prepared by covering the eggs with a mixture of lime, salt, water, ashes, and a tea infusion, after which they are stored for five months and then given a further coating of rice hulls. During the formation of pidan from fresh ducks' eggs a transfer of large quantities of water from the white to the yolk and a loss of water from the white to the outside took place. The ash and the alkalinity of the ash increase, as in the case of other eggs preserved in alkali. The ether ex- tract decreased and its acidity was high. A decrease was also noted in the total and lecithin phosphorus. The noncoagulable nitrogen increased as well as the ammoniacal nitrogen and the amino nitrogen was high in the product. The conclusion is drawn from the chemical changes undergone that decom- position of the egg protein and the phospholipoids has taken place. The production of pidan is said to be probably brouglit about through the agency of alkali, bacteria, and enzyms. riavoring extracts, C. H. Lawall and L. Foeman (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 285 (1916), pp. 35). — Data are reported regarding the examination of over 200 samples of different flavoring extracts. [rood and drug inspection], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 8, pp. 179-194) .—Data, are reported re- garding a number of samples of miscellaneous foods, drugs, and patent medicines. A few notes on miscellaneous food topics are included, together with a brief paper on The Laboratory Examination of Drinking Waters by R. Hulbert, which discusses its scope, purpose, and the interpretation of re- sults. 1917] rOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 363 Twelfth annual report of th.e dairy, food, and oil commissioner, M. Geoshon {Ann. Rpt. Dairy, Food mid Oil Comr. Wyo., 12 {1916), pp. 105).— Thin contains information regarding a large number of samples of miscellaneous foods analyzed. The report of T. S. Parsons, seed analyst, is also included. The economical ration for the times, C. Bolduan {Sci. Amer., 115 {1916), No. 2Jh p. 529). — This article describes a dietary worked out by the New York City Department of Health for a family of two adults and three minor children for one week, at a cost of $7.86. Several suggestions are also given as to ways in which cheaper foods may be substituted for more expensive ones. Schoolhouse meeting discussion of how to feed the family for health and efficiency, Jessie P. Rich {Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 68 {1915), pp. 18, figs. 5).— A popular bulletin in which 11 questions regarding the diet are answered. The feeding- of prisoners and sanitary conditions in German camps, A. O. GuiLLAUME {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 54 {1916), II, No. 20, pp. 619-624) .—The average daily ration at tlolzminden is given as protein, about 55 gm. ; fat, 15 gm. ; and carbohydrate, 272 gm. ; with an average energy value of 1,492 calories. [Food of the natives of Mailu, British New Guinea], B. Malinowski {Trans. Roy. Soc. So. Aust., 39 {1915), pp. 546-553, figs. 8).— A part of a report on the natives of Mailu. Information is given regarding the nature of the food and its preparation and cooking. A number of utensils are also described. The control of hunger in health and disease, A. J. Carlson {Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1916, pp. VII +319, figs. 39). — This book sum- marizes the laboratory work during the last four years of the author and others on the stomach, with special reference to hunger and appetite. The subjects discussed are the biological significance of hunger, the stomach in hunger, some accessory phenomena in hunger, the relation of hunger to appetite, the sensibility of the gastric mucosa, hunger and age, hunger in prolonged starva- tion, the nervous control of the hunger mechanism, the chemical control of the hunger mechanism, secretion of appetite gastric juice in man, the chemistry of human appetite gastric juice, and hunger and appetite in disease. A bibliog- raphy is included. Results of studies on vitamins and deficiency diseases, during the years 1913-1915, C. Funk {Biochem. Bui., 4 {1915), No. 14-15, pp. 304-364, fig. 1).— This article is a summary and digest of experimental data relative to these subjects, which have been published since the appearance of the author's book (E. S. R., 32, p. 578). The subjects considered are I)eri-beri, scurvy, pellagra, sprue, rickets, the chemistry and physiology of growth, etc. An extended bibli- ography is appended. The transmissibility of pellagra. — Experimental attempts at transmission to the human subject, J. Goldbeeger {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 31 {1916), No. 4S, pp. 3159-3173). — The investigation here reported is in continuation of earlier work by the author (E. S. R., 34, p. 258). Material (blood, nasopharyn- geal secretions, epidermal scales from pellagrous skin lesions, urine, and feces) from 17 severe cases of pellagra was administered to the volunteer subjects of the experiments (16 humans), who afterwards continued their customary habits of life and diet. Observations of the subjects during a period of five to seven months showed that none has developed evidence justifying the diagnosis of pellagra. The author states that, in his opinion, "these experiments furnish no support for the view that pellagra is a communicable disease ; they materially strengthen the conclusion that it is a disease essentially of dietary origin, brought about by faulty, probably 'deficient,' diet." Experimental scurvy produced in guinea pigs by milk and milk products, J. J. MooRE and Leila Jackson {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 67 {1916), No. 26, pp. 1931-1935). — In these experiments one group of the guinea pigs was fed upon 364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 milk which had been pasteurized by heating to 140° F. for from 25 to 30 minutes, another group was fed upon raw certified mills, and a third was given milk which had been boiled for 10 to 15 minutes. Symptoms of scurvy were produced in most of the animals receiving an exclusive diet of raw, pasteurized, boiled, or skim milk. A severe form of the disease was produced in the animals by condensed milk, casein and water, and several proprietary infants' foods. A large number of the animals were also fed upon carrots, cabbage, lettuce, and other green vegetables, with hay, for long periods. Symptoms of scurvy were not observed when such a mixture of foods was given, but scurvy was pro- duced in nearly all the young animals when milk was added to these diets of green vegetables. This was rarely true in the case of the older animals. From a comparison of the results of this investigation with those of other workers, it would appear that a ration which may be entirely adequate in nutritive value for one species may be inadequate for another. "While there is a marked individual variation toward diets in each species, the species varia- tion is still greater." The paper is followed by a discussion. Chang'es in the urea content of blood and tissues of g'uinea pigs main- tained on an exclusive oat diet, H. B. Lewis and W. G. Kaku (Jour. Biol. Chetn., 28 {1916), No. 1, pp. 17-25). — Laboratory animals (guinea pigs), which developed the so-called "scorbutus" as a result of an exclusive oat diet, showed a urea content several times greater than the normal amount. When small amounts of cabbage or oranges were added to the diet, no pathological conditions developed for periods of from 2S to 42 days in the case of the cabbage and 24 to 63 days in the case of the oranges. Analyses of blood and tissues showed a normal urea content. The addition of sodium citrate to the oat diet did not influence the changes resulting from the exclusive oat diet. The changes in the urea content of the organism are not attributed to partial starvation or to lack of water alone, although these factors may be involved to some extent. The mechanism of the sparing action of ca'^bohydrates on protein meta- bolism, R. A. KocHER {Jour. Biol. Chem.. 25 {1916), No. 3. pp. 577-576).— Ex- periments with laboratory animals (dogs) were undertaken to determine the sparing effect upon the output of nitrogen and of the ingestion of lactic and pyruvic acids as compared with the sparing action of equivalent amounts of undissociated carbohydrates. The acid or cane sugar was administered by stomach tube to fasting dogs after the elimination of nitrogen had become con- stant, and following this determinations were made of the nitrogen excreted in the urine. The sparing action of lactic acid on protein metabolism was practically the same as that of carbohydrates. That of pyruvic acid, however, was distinctly less. The author states that one of the chief intermediate steps in the dissocia- tion of glucose in the body is the formation of lactic acid, which can be oxidized in the body to pyruvic acid. . Also, that lactic acid and pyruvic acid can add on ammonia nitrogen to form alanin, and " when this process is op- erative, nitrogen arising from catabolism of body proteins, instead of being excreted, is utilized to synthesize new protein." Although the above reactions are reversible, the normal catabolism of glucose gives rise to simpler molecules, which may, in part, be combined with nitrogen to synthetize protein. These experiments tend to support the theory that the fixation of catabolized nitrogen, by the dissociation products of glucose to form new proteins, is the true mechanism of the sparing effect of feeding carbohydrates on the nitrogen output. The effect on nitrogen partition of substituting alcohol for sucrose in an otherwise fixed diet, F. S. Hammett {Jour. Biol. Chem., 25 {1916), No. 3. pp. 1917] FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 365 601-605). — Experiments with two men accustomed to a moderate use of alco- holic beverages showed that the substitution, in an otherwise fixed diet, of alcoliol for isodynamic amounts of sucrose yielding about 370 calories of en- ergy, produced no significant clianges in urinary nitrogen partition. Concerning the utilization of inosit in the animal organism, I, II (Neio York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 54 {1916), pp. 3-16; Jour. Biol. Chem., 25 {1916), No. S, pp. 391-407). — Two papers are presented. I. Concerning the effect of inosit upon the respiratory exchange in the dog, R. J. Anderson. — The woric of other investigators having shown that inosit given per mouth is either largely destroyed by bacteria in the intestine or else oxidized in the body, determinations were made of the respiratory quotient of laboratory animals (dogs) which in a fasting condition were fed inosit just previous to the experiment, in order to throw further light upon the fate of inosit in the animal organism. The experiments showed that inosit was not utilized to any extent by the dog, and that it was not stored or oxidized in the body, the greater part (as much as 77 per cent of the amount given) being excreted unchanged. When given per mouth at the rate of 2 gm. per kilogram of body weight no rise in the respiratory quotient was noted. Only a small portion of the inosit was found to be excreted by the kidneys. II. The effect of inosit upon the metabolism of man, R. J. Anderson and A. W. Bosworth. — Experiments were made with human subjects to determine whether the ingestion of inosit influences the metabolism of man, as shown by the nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, and also to study the fate of inosit in the human body and its channels of elimination. The results of this investi- gation are summarized by the authors as follows : " It is shown that when inosit is taken at the rate of about 0.5 gm. per kilo- gram of body weight per day it produces some diarrhea at first or frequent soft stools. After a few days the stools, although more frequent than usual, are nearly of normal consistency. " Except for the increased excretion of creatinin in the after period, for which we can now offer no explanation, we find that the ingestion of inosit has no marked or appreciable effect upon the general metabolism of man. About 9 per cent of the inosit taken per os is eliminated unchanged in the urine, but none in the feces. In what manner the balance, or about 91 per cent, of the inosit is utilized we have not been able to determine." The distribution of the lipoids (" fat ") in human blood, W. R. Bloou {Jour. Biol. Chem., 25 {1916), No. 3, pp. 577-599) .—The data reported in this paper are based upon complete analyses of the lipoids in the blood of 23 normal and 25 abnormal individuals. The author states that the term lipoids " is used as a general term for all those substances connected with the metabolism of the fatty acids, including the fatty acids, their naturally occurring compounds, and such substances as cholesterol which occur naturally in combination with the fatty acids and which are therefore presumably connected with their metabolism." A bibliography is appended. The urinary and fecal output of calcium in normal men together with observations on the hydrogen ion concentration of urine and feces, C F. Nelson and J. L. Willaams {Jour. Biol. Chem., 28 {1916), No. 1, pp. 231r- 236). — From observations made during five days upon five normal male indi- viduals, ranging from 13 to 70 years of age, the extreme daily variations in the output of calcium (calculated as oxid) were found to be in the urinary ex- cretion from 0.1754 to 0.6186 gm. and in the fecal excretion from 0.4125 to 0.801. The subjects of the experiments were maintained upon a mixed diet, which was in no way modified or restricted for the purpose of the experiment. 366 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 The calcium and magnesium content of normal urine, C. F. Nelson and W. E. Burns (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 28 (1916), No. 1, pp. 237-240) .—Data are re- ported i-egarding the calcium and magnesium content of the urine of 25 appar- ently normal individuals on an ordinary mixed diet. The results are sum- marized by the authors as follows : "The average daily output of calcium and magnesium (calculated as oxid) for five-day periods varied in the cases studied from 0.1685 to 0.1468 gm. of calcium, and 0.1912 to 0.313 gm. of magnesium. " The daily output of calcium and magnesium of 25 apparently healthy in- dividuals showed 17 in which calcium was excreted in larger amounts than magnesium, and 8 in which magnesium predominated over calcium. The largest amount of calcium (calculated as oxid) excreted in 1 day was 0.4875 gm, ; magnesium (calculated as oxid), 0.416 gm. The smallest amount of calcium was 0.099 gm. ; magnesium. 0.118 gm. " Either calcium or magnesium may be excreted by way of the urine in the larger amount in the normal individual. Whichever element predominates does so constantly, or very nearly so, and seems to be independent of the character of the food ingested." Contribution to the knowledge of the enzjrms of the large intestine, D. Maestrini (Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 22 {1916), Nbs. 11, pp. 391-416; 12, pp. 411-428, figs. 2). — The work of other investigators is reviewed and ex- periments are reported with laboratory animals (dogs, sheep, etc.). The author concludes that in the proximal colon the processes taking place differ from those in the other portion of the colon. The proximal colon ap- parently does not contain a proteolytic ferment similar to trypsin or pepsin but does, however, contain a peptolytic ferment. In the colon of the dog there is a lipase which is not present in that of the sheep. In the case of the dog and the sheep there is present in the first portion of the colon a ferment which breaks down starch. Nitrogen is also present in the colon of both these animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. International catalogue of scientific literature. L. — General biology (/«- temat. Cat. Set. Lit., 9 {1912), pp. Till +117; 10 (1913), pp. Vin+138; 11 {1918), pp. nil +130; 12 {1914), PP. VIII +111; 13 {1916), pp. VIII+93).— These numbers continue the catalogue previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 670). The primary divisions catalogued are general biology, methods and apparatus, general morphology, general physiology, and general cytology. Experimental studies on growth. — VIII, The influence of a diet deficient in fats, and of the same diet with cholesterol added, upon the growth of the white mouse, T. B. Robertson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 2, pp. 393- 402, figs. 3). — Continuing the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 864), the author reports experiments in which a diet composed of boiled and mashed potatoes, defatted bran, and white of egg, with the addition of small amounts of chlorophyll and ferric chlorid, was fed to mice four or five M'eeks of age. The feeding of this diet led to an initial loss of weight, followed by a resump- tion of the retarded growth. A sharp decline in weight, accompanied by a hyperirritability of the skin and terminating in death, was the ultimate result. " The addition of cholesterol to the above diet prevents the initial loss of weight, but does not otherwise improve the welfare of the animals, the average duration of life of the animals receiving cholesterol being actually less than that of the animals which do not receive cholesterol. It follows that although growth is possible on the diet described, maintenance of the tissue gained is not. Decline of weight therefore occurs at an age when the diminishing velocity of 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 367 growth has become insufficient to compensate for the deficient ability of the tissues to replace their current loss. The variability of animals fed upon the diets described, as is probably to be expected under any unfavorable environ- mental or dietetic conditions, instead of falling with increasing age and slack- ening of growth, maintains a high level throughout the life of the animals." Net energy values for ruminants, H. P. Armsby and J. A. Fkies {Pennsyl- vania Sta. Bid. 142 (1916), pp. 3-14). — This paper gives in brief form the results of investigations noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 72). Net energy values of American feeding stuffs, H. P. Akiisby and F. S. Putney {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 142 {1916), pp. 15-20). — Basing their calciila- tions on methods described in the above paper, the authors have computed the net energy values of a number of feeding stuffs from the tables of Henry and Morrison (E. S. R.. 34, p. 261). The results are here tabulated, together with the digestible protein and the nonprotein of the feeding stuffs. War feeding stuffs, M. Popp {Zent. EinkaufsgeseU. Beschrdnkt. Haftung, Flugschr. No. 6 [1915], Orig., pp. 20, figs. 2). — This pamphlet briefly discusses the use of various gi-een feeds and roughage, the feeding stuffs produced in the forest, fruits and seeds, and various waste products. Several feeds not recom- mended for use are also briefly discussed. The industrial manufacture of war feeding stuffs, M. Popp {Zent. Ein- kaufsgeseU. Beschrdnkt. Haftung, Flugschr. No. 7 [1015], Orig., pp. 16). — This pamphlet discusses the preparation and use of straw meal, hay meal, wood meal, a processed straw meal (made by treatment with dilute alkali), lupine flakes (the alkaloids being removed by aqueous extraction), chestnut flakes, potato press cake, air-dried potatoes, kitchen waste, and yeast. Cotton-seed meal as an incomplete food, C. A. Wells and P. V. Ewing (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 21 {1916), No. 1, pp. 15-25). — The experiments here re- ported are supplementary to previous work (E. S. R., 35, p. 383). From the results obtained it is concluded that cotton-seed meal is an incomplete food, even when fed with sugar and starch on a wide nutritive ratio. " Pigs upon an absolute maintenance diet ate in addition only small quan- tities of cotton-seed meal and were not greatly injured by it. " So-called cotton-seed meal injury is due in large part to inadequate diets." Chemical composition, digestibility, and feeding value of vegetable-ivory meal, C. L. Beals and J. B. Lindsey {TJ. S. Dept. Agi ., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 7, pp. 301-320). — This is a report of investigations at the Massa- chusetts Experiment Station upon the chemical composition, digestibility, and feeding value of vegetable-ivory meal. This is the waste product in the manu- facture of " vegetable ivory," the seed or nut of the palm-like plant Phytelephas macrocarpa (E. S. R., 30, p. 46). The vegetable-ivory meal used in these experiments was medium fine, white in color with occasional flecks of particles of the brown outer coating of the nut, tasteless, odorless, and very hard. Analyses of nine samples of vege- table ivory showed an average of 11.39 per cent moisture, 4.63 per cent pro- tein, 0.92 per cent fat, 75.09 per cent nitrogen-free extract, 6.89 per cent fiber, and 1.08 per cent ash. Considerable variations were found in the composi- tion of the different samples. The protein rarely exceeded 5 per cent, and was found to contain about one-third of its nitrogen in the amido form. Lignin, galactin, starch, and dextrose were not detected in any of the samples. The nitrogen-free extract was composed principally of mannan, with small amounts of pentosans and of a substance insoluble in alcohol but not identi- cal with the pectin substances usually found in plants. The calorific value of the meal was determined as 1,717 large calories per pound, which compares favorably with that of corn meal, sugar, and corn starch. 368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol. 36 lu digestion experiments sheep readily ate a mixture of English hay, gluten meal, and finely ground vegetable ivory, 10 : 3 : 4 by weight. The average per- centage digestibility of vegetable-ivory meal in two experiments in which five sheep were involved was dry matter 84, protein 36, fat 51, fiber 72, and nitrogen- free extract 92. As another means of testing the digestibility of vegetable- ivory meal an experiment was conducted with sheep in which a basal ration of hay and gluten feed was compared with a ration of the same feeds in like quantities plus 200 gm. of vegetable-ivory meal. Each ration was fed for 14 consecutive days and the feces were collected for the last seven days in each period. The feces were tested for total sugar after acid hydrolysis, to note whether the percentage of sugar was higher in the ivory-meal period than in the period without the meal. On a dry-matter basis it was found that the average carbohydrate content, estimated as dextrose, for the feces of the hay, gluten, and ivory-meal period was 2.5.46 per cent and that for the hay and gluten period was 24.68 per cent. From these results it is concluded that very little of the carbohydrate of the vegetable-ivory meal escaped undigested. In feeding experiments with cows vegetable-ivory meal was compared with corn meal. In one experiment three pairs of cows were fed on the reversal plan for periods of 5 weeks each a basal ration per cow daily of about 2.5 lbs. of wheat bran, 2.5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, and 20 lbs. of hay. In addi- tion either 3 lbs. of vegetable-ivory meal or 3 lbs. of corn meal were fed. Dur- ing the 70 days the cows gained in weight an average of 15.6 lbs. each on the corn meal ration and 1 lb. each on the vegetable-ivory meal ration. During the 35 days the 6 cows were fed the corn meal ration they produced 5,243.5 lbs. of milk, containing 701 lbs. of solids and 239.2 lbs. of fat ; and during the 35 days on the vegetable-ivory meal ration they produced 5,072.7 lbs. of milk contain- ing 681.3 lbs. of solids and 236.1 lbs. of fat. In another test with three cows in which a basal ration somewhat below that needed for maintenance and milk production was used the addition of 3 lbs. per cow daily of vegetable-ivory meal for two weeks increased the milk flow 5.7 per cent. When the cows were returned to the basal ration the milk decreased 4.2 per cent. In another test in which a basal ration with and without vege- table-ivory meal was fed for 81 days the addition of the meal was followed by an increase in milk flow and its removal by a decrease in milk flow. In another experiment six cows were fed for eight weeks, exclusive of a pre- liminary period of ten days, a low basal ration of hay, wheat bran, cotton-seed meal, and hominy. In addition three of the cows were fed 2.79 lbs. of vegetable- ivory meal each daily during the first four weeks and the other three cows a like amount of vegetable-ivory meal during the second four weeks. On the basal ration plus vegetable-ivory meal, the six cows produced 3,959 lbs. of milk containing 534!61 lbs. of solids and 190.02 lbs. of fat ; and on the basal ration alone they produced 3,826.6 lbs. of milk containing 492.49 lbs. of solids and 179.84 lbs. of fat. In another experiment eight cows were fed by the reversal system, each period continuing five weeks. Hay, bran, and cotton-seed meal composed the basal ration to which were added like amounts of dry matter in the form of corn meal and vegetable-ivory meal, i. e., 4.01 lbs. daily per cow of corn meal and 3.75 lbs. daily of vegetable-ivory meal. During the experiment the cows on the ration containing corn meal lost 38 lbs. in weight as compared with a loss of 95 lbs. on the ration containing ivory meal. On the corn meal ration the cows pro- duced 6,931.3 lbs. of milk containing 935.85 lbs. of solids and 337.72 lbs. of fat, and on the vegetable-ivory meal ration they produced 6,403.3 lbs. of milk con- taining 862.23 lbs. of solids and 315.83 lbs. of fat. 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 From these experiment.s the nuthor.s conclude that vegetable-ivory meal does not fully equal corn meal for milk production. Composition and food value of blood meal, N. Hansson (Meddel. Central- anst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. 128 {1916), pp. 14; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 55 {1916), No. 3, pp. 218-229).— The results of a number of feeding experiments Mdth hogs indicate that blood meal containing from 75 to 80 per cent of protein should be fed in small quantities as a supplementary feed. From 0.6 to 0.7 kg. was readily consumed by a hog per day. When fed to cattle only about 0.1 kg. per animal per day should be fed at the beginning, and the quantity gradually increased to about 0.75 kg. per day. In feeding hogs 0.65 kg. of blood meal was equivalent in food value to 1 kg. of corn. The meal proved to be more beneficial during the growing period of hogs than during the fattening period. The animals fed on the blood meal were not so fat as those fed on corn. No difference in the meat of the experimental and control animals was ob- served. Investigations on the growth of reindeer moss, K. Nissen {Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 23 {1916), No. 2, pp. 49-6Jf, figs. 7). — Investigations on the growth of reindeer moss have been begun by the author at Langensjoen, Stenfjeldt, and Flensmarken, but on account of the slow growth of the moss no results are ex- pected on the experimental fields before the lapse of from 10 to 15 years. Feeding dairy calves in California, F. W. Woll and E. C. Voorhies {Cali- fornia Sta. Bill. 271 {1916), pp. 17-^4, figs. iO).— This bulletin reports results of feeding experiments with calves conducted at the University Farm during the past two years to supply information on the value of linseed meal in various grain mixtures for skim-milk calves ; carob pods v. barley, and dried beet pulp v. coconut meal as components of grain mixtures for such calves. A progress re- port of these tests has already been noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 265). The bearing of the results of these experiments on calf feeding problems in the State is dis- cussed, and general information is given relating to the subject of raising calves. The results of chemical analyses of the feeds used in the tests and the digestible components of the feeds on the basis of available digestion coefficients are tabluated. The calves in each of the lots were fed in addition to the grain mixtures from 10 to 25 lbs. daily of separator skim milk and alfalfa hay ad libitum, except that some whole milk was fed in test 4, and some of the calves in test 5 were fed dry feed only during the latter part of that test. The grains were fed ground or rolled in amounts varying from less than 0.5 lb. to more than 2 lbs. per head daily. Some of the results obtained are shown in the following table : Results of calf feeding tests. Test. Lot. Kind of ration. Number of calves. Length of test. Average age at begin- ning. Average daily gain per head. Feed cost perpoimd of gain. I II 1 2 1 2 3 ...... 2 1 2 Barlev, oats, ■wheat middlings, lin- seed meal (2:2:2:1) Barley, oats, wheat middlings(l : 1 : 1) Barlev, mile maize, and linseed meal (3:2:1) 8 7 8 7 8 5 8 6 7 7 Days. 70 70 77 77 77 112 91 91 70 70 Days. 41 36 101 95 42 69 28 30 122 123 Lbs. 1.13 1.21 2.00 2.03 1.45 2.48 1.81 1.70 2.08 1.84 Cts. 5.0 5.0 4.4 Barley and milo maize (3:1) do 4.2 3.8 III IV Barley, shorts, linseed meal (3:2:1). Carob pods, milo maize (1 : 1) Barlev, milo maize (1 : 1) 4.2 8.9 8.7 V Beet jjulp, barley (1:2).' 5.8 Coconut meal, barley (1:2) 6.3 370 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 One calf of lot 2 of the first and second tests Is not included in the above table on account of unsatisfactory gains due to constitutional weakness. In order to test the residual effect of feeding linseed meal the calves in lots 1 and 2 of test 2 were put on pasture without extra feed at the close of the experiment. The average daily gains per head for 160 days on pasture were 1.6 lbs. for lot 1 and 1.59 lbs. for lot 2. The object of test 3 was to ascertain the gains that may be secured by heavy feeding of skim-milk calves. The daily rations per head in this experi- ment averaged 2 lbs. of grain, 14.3 lbs. of skim milk, and 7.3 lbs. of alfalfa hay. The pods from the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) used in test 4 were crushed in the ordinary machinery used in rolling barley or oats. The crushed pods were greatly relished by the calves. The high cost of gains in this test were due to the fact that whole milk was fed during the first part of the experiment, some of the calves being too young for skim milk. The average daily gains during the last half of this experiment, when skim milk was fed, were 1.87 lbs. for lot 1 and 1.79 lbs. for lot 2, the feed cost per pound of gain being 4.5 cts. and 4.4 cts., respectively. Charts are given showing the weekly gains of the different lots in each experiment. Feeding calves with skim milk and partially hydrolyzed starch, H. Edin {Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordhruksomrddet, No. 124 {1915), pp. 40, fig. 1; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. ocli Tidskr., 55 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 83-120, fig. 1).~ PJxperiments are reported in detail in which a ration prepared as follows was fed to calves with excellent results : Ten kg. of oatmeal was mixed with poor wheat, rye flour, or corn meal, moistened with water, and allowed to soak through the night. Next morning 15 liters of skim milk and as much water v/ere added and the mixture heated to 100° C, with constant stirring to avoid the formation of lumps. The mass was cooled to about 60°, and finely ground brewery malt, previously prepared by mixing 1 kg. of malt with 2 liters of skim milk and carefully warming to 60°, added. The entire mixture was kept at a temperature of from 55 to 60° for some little time and stirred occasionally to prevent any formation of lumps. It was then made up to a volume of 50 liters with skim milk and fed to the animals. The material could be safely preserved with formalin in the proportion of 1 : 10,000 for later feeding. Another feed which yielded excellent results was prepared by mixing 1 kg. of skim milk, 50 gm. of starch, 10 gm. of 1 per cent formalin, 2 gm. of chalk, and 1 gm. of salt. The milk was sterilized for 15 minutes by heating to 85°, after which the starch and other materials were added. For partially convert- ing the starch into sugar a suitable quantity of diastase was added. Value of alfalfa and other green feed in hog raising, N. Hansson (Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. 123 (1915), pp. 29, fig. 1; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 55 (1916), No. l-£, pp. 30-56, fig. i).— Ex- periments in hog feeding are reported covering a period of five years with alfalfa combined with skim milk and corn, and with green oats and clover combined with alfalfa. The results indicate that green feed cut in an advanced stage of develop- ment is a good feed for hogs which are being fattened, though its use is not so desirable for young growing pigs. Green fodder should be added to other feed in amounts of from 20 to 22 per cent, and even in greater amounts for suckling mothers. Its food value depends to a large degree on the season in which it is cut, being highest in the summer and autumn. From 7 to 7.5 kg. of alfalfa were equivalent to 1 kg. of corn. Green clover had about the same food value as alfalfa but was not so convenient to use. Green oats, having a lower content of dry matter than alfalfa and clover, has a smaller food value, 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 371 from 9 to 10 kg, being equivalent to 1 kg. of corn. The food value of the alfalfa and clover was not increased by cutting or by fermentation and cooking, the only advantage of these procedures being that greater quantities of the fodder are consumed by the hogs. The best results were obtained by gradually in- creasing the amount of green fodder until the fattening hog had developed a mean weight of from 70 to 80 kg., and then decreasing the amount during the last period of fattening. The green feed had no influence whatever on the quality of the meat of the animals. Horse beans were eaten greedily by the hogs and seemed to exert an ex- cellent influence on their growth. Long-bodied brood sows, E. N. Wentwoeth (Breeder's Gaz., 10 (1916), No. 12, pp. 410, Jfil). — In experiments at the Kansas Agi-icultural College 10 large type Poland-China, 2 Berkshire, and 16 Duroc-Jersey sows were divided with reference to body length into the grades very long, long, medium long, medium short, and short. Twenty-one of the sows were in the long grades and seven in the short grades, and all were two-year-olds or over. The average size of litter for the three grades of long-bodied sows was 9.24 pigs, while the number raised on the average was 5.71 pigs. The average size of litter from the two grades of short-bodied sows was about the same, 9.29 pigs, but the proportion raised was much greater than that of the long-bodied sows, the litters averaging 7.57 pigs at weaning. " One can not say that a medium to short body is desirable as a result of this study, but he can suspect that body length is unrelated to fertility." Breeding studies of the large white English, hog, C. Weiedt (Slegtskap- savlen hos det Store Hvite Engelske S1H71. Cliristiania: Grondahl *£■ Sons, 1915, pp. 116, pis. //, figs. 33). — This manual deals with the wild ancestors of pigs, the original English pig, the Indo-Chinese and Neapolitan pig in England, imported in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the development and breeding of the leading strains of Large White Yorkshire pigs, including illustrations and pedigrees. Correlation between the size of cannon bone in the offspring and the age of the parents, C. Wriedt (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research. 7 (1916), No. 8, pp. seism, figs. 5). — In the investigations here reported, which were con- ducted at the Illinois Experiment Station, data were collected from measure- ments of mares recorded in the studbook of the Gudbrandsdal breed of horses of Norway. The measurements were taken of the circumference of the cannon bone near its center at the narrowest point. Causes other than age which have an influence on the size of the cannon bone of the offspring are briefly discussed. On the basis of measurements of 2.951 mares it was found that the average size of the cannon bone decreases slightly as the age of the sires increases. It was also found that mares whose cannon bones measure more than 19.5 cm. more likely came from sires under 11 years of age than mares whose cannon bones are under 19.5 cm. Investigation was made of the daughters of 10 selected stallions, each of which had more than 25 registered daughters, of which at least 10 were sired before or after the stallion was 10 years old. The average size in centimeters of the cannon bones of 300 mares sired before the stallions were 10 years old was 19.448±0.026 and of 262 mares sired by stal- lions over 10 years old was 19.232±0.027. The correlation between the age of the dams and size of the cannon bone of 1,583 female offspring was studied. The averages show that dams from two to four years old give offspring with the heaviest cannon bone. However, the average cannon bone size of the offspring of dams from 14 to 16 years old was 81075°— No. 372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 practically the same as that of the offspring of dams in the classes five to seven and eight to ten years old. The relation of the age of both parents to the size of the cannon bone of their offspring was studied. The average size of cannon bone was slightly greater in the female offspring of parents both of which were under ten years old than of those from parents either one or both of which were over ten years old. In studying how the measurements of the cannon bones of the female offspring deviate from those of their dams it was found that there was a significant variation only when both parents were ten years old and younger, and in this case the daughters were larger than the dams in cannon bone size. The author suggests the following conclusions as a result of these studies: '■ The age of the parent has an influence on the circumference of the cannon bone of the offspring. Immature parents two to four years old give offspring with the same measurement of tbe cannon bone as parents as old as five to seven years. Parents older than ten years considered as a class give offspring with lighter cannon bones than parents ten years old and younger. In the breed examined there was found a larger percentage of individuals over average size whose parents were ten years old or younger. On the other hand, the average individuals and those smaller have parents which are just as fre- quently under ten years old as they are over. In other words, the lighter classes of cannon bone come as frequently from young as from old parents, but the heavier classes seem to come more frequently from younger parents. There seems to be some basis for the current opinion among breeders of Gudbrandsdal and other heavy breeds that young parents give better offspring than older parents." The connection of these data with current genetic hypotheses and conceptions is discussed. Mules that breed, O. Lloyd-Jones {Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 11, pp. 494-502, figs. 7). — The author comments briefly upon a number of recorded cases of fertility among mules and reviews physiological studies of the germ cells of these animals, which indicate that the chance of mule breeding is very slight. The effect of the amino-acid content of the diet on the growth of chickens, T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel et al. (Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 (1916), No. 2, pp. 293-300, pi. 1). — Feeding experiments are reported in which two pairs of chickens (Rhode Island Reds) were fed, the one on a ration consisting of corn gluten, " protein-free " milk, starch, butter fat, and lard, and the other on the same ration plus lactalbumin. The mixed protein of the corn-gluten ration was considered to yield about 1 per cent of lysin, while the ration with the lactalbumin yielded a considerably larger quantity. During the course of the experiment one chick of each pair died from causes not ascertained. The chick receiving the corn-gluten feed made a total gain in 55 days of 52 gm., while the chick receiving the corn gluten plus lactalbumin ration made a gain of 283 gm. in the same period, It is indicated that the " observations corroborate, for the chick, the ex- perience which we have previously published regarding the unlike value of different proteins in the nutrition of growth." Further experiments are reported which demonstrate that cottonseed flour forms a suitable adjuvant for the proteins of corn gluten, as two chicks fed on such a ration made gains of 284 and 322 gm., respectively, in 53 days, as compared to a gain of only 52 gm. in 55 days by the chick fed the corn- gluten ration noted above. It is indicated that in view of the work recently reported by Drummond (E. S. R., 35, p. 472), in which it was maintained that it is impossible to rear 191T] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 373 to a satisfactory degree of development young chicks l^ept under the artificial conditions prevailing in the laboratory, further experience seems essential before a final conclusion in respect to the problem of the experimental feeding of young chicks can be promulgated. The rapid growth of this species, however, renders chicks especially suitable for experiments on growth. See also a previous note by Buckner, Nollau, and Kastle (E. S. R., 34, p. 871). Cottonseed meal — a good feed for laying- hens, E. P. Clayton {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 175 (1916), pp. 7, fig. 1). — In continuation of work already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 175) results are here given of feeding cottonseed meal to lay- ing hens and to broilers. In one test with old laying hens two lots of 9 hens each were fed a com- mercial scratch feed and a mash of corn meal, wheat bran, and oats. In ad- dition, one of the lots was fed cottonseed meal to the extent of 11 per cent of the mash and the other lot beef scrap to the extent of 5.5 per cent of the mash. The cottonseed meal fed hens laid 249 eggs during the test, at a feed cost per dozen of 32.4 cts., and the beef scrap fed hens 174 eggs, at a cost of 40.8 cts. per dozen. In another test with old White Leghorn hens two lots were fed a commercial scratch feed and a mash of corn meal and wheat bran. In addition, the 14 hens in lot 1 were fed cottonseed meal to the extent of 22 per cent of the mash and the 7 hens in lot 2 beef scrap to the extent of 11 per cent of the mash. One hen of lot 1 died at the beginning of the fourth month of the 6-months test. The hens in pen 1 laid 396 eggs, at a feed cost of 18 cts. per dozen, and and those in pen 2, 200 eggs, at a cost of 24 cts. per dozen. It is stated that the increased egg production of the cottonseed meal fed hens was especially noticeable dui'ing the fall molt. Results are also given of feeding tests with broilers indicating that cotton- seed meal, when it comprises 25 per cent or less of the mash, is a good feed for fattening broilers. As a result of experience with the general flock the station recommends the feeding of cottonseed meal to poultry in amounts not exceeding 25 per cent of the rations. The author states that pullets at the station grow rapidly and mature and begin to lay early when fed a mash containing at first 15 per cent and later 25 per cent of cottonseed meal. Formulas are given for mashes and grain mixtures for laying hens and young chicks. Rations for laying hens in winter, W. J. Buss {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 11, pp. 324, 325). — Brief results are given of an experiment to de- termine the relative efficiency and economy of a ration of corn, wheat, and oats and one believed to be well balanced for egg production. Soy beans and meat scrap were also compared in this test as sources of protein for laying hens. There were four lots of 21 Barred Plymouth Rock pullets each used in the experiment. Lot 1 was fed corn, wheat, and oats (3 : 2 : 1 by weight) ; lot 2. corn and wheat (3:1) and a mash of ground corn, bran, and meat scrap (2:1:2) ; lot 3, corn and wheat (3:1) and a mash of ground corn, bran, ground soy beans, and meat scrap (4:4:5:5) ; and lot 4, corn, wheat, and soy beans (3:1:1) and a mash of ground corn, bran, and ground soy beans (2:1:2). All the lots received grit and all except lot 1 oyster shells. During the test which lasted from October 28, 1915, to March 15, 1916, the pullets in lot 1 produced an average of 3.08 eggs each at a feed cost per dozen of $1.55 ; lot 2, 32.21 eggs each at a feed cost of 21 cts. per dozen ; lot 3, 22.95 eggs at a feed cost of 28 cts. per dozen ; and lot 4, 7.37 eggs each at a feed cost of 76 cts. per dozen. The logic of the winter feeding schedule, Me. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup {WasJi- ington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 4 {1916), No. 8, pp. 9-15). — Continuing the experiment previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 669) results are reported which 374 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 show that from November 9, 1915, to January 3, 1916, the hens of lot 1 produced 1,267 eggs (22.4 per cent production) as compared to 3,017 (53.8 per cent pro- duction) produced by the hens of lot 2. Following slight modifications in the feed of lot 1 the egg production was markedly increased (41.9 per cent produc- tion), while following the use of artificial light early in the morning and tate at night the production was raised to 60 per cent. It is concluded that the increase in production was due chiefly to the use of the lights, while the protecting of the hens and the feed used are also deemed necessary for the maximum egg production. The feeds used and the management of the flocks are briefly described. DAIEY FARMING— DAIEYING. Computation of dairy rations, F. S. Putney and H. P. Aemsby {Pennsyl- vania Sta. Bui. 143 (1916), pp. 3-24, fid- !)■ — On the basis of computations and tables outlined previously (E. S. R., 27, p. 176) and as noted on page 367, the authors discuss feeding standards, the art of feeding, the selection of feeding stuffs, the compounding of grain mixtures, the cost of rations, rations on pas- tures, and condimental and proprietary feeding stuffs. Convenience tables for computing grain mixtures, specimen grain mixtures, and tables showing the dry matter and digestible protein contents and net energy values of a large number of feeding stuffs are included. Osage oranges for dairy cows, J. J. Hooper {Breeder's Gaz., 10 (1916), No. 13, p. 537). — In tests at the Kentucky Station cows were fed from 1 to 10 Osage oranges daily per head for periods of from two weeks to one month, in addition to grain, hay, and silage. The oranges were chopped fine and mixed with the grain. A few of the cows refused to eat the oranges, but others seemed to like them. It is stated that the oranges can be kept for winter use by burying in a mound of earth. The effect of feeding on th.e composition of milk and butter. — Dried yeast and decorticated cotton meal, H. T. Ceanfield and Margaeet G. D. Taylor (Analyst, 41 (1916), No. 485, pp. 240-245, fig. 1). — Experiments in which the feeding value of dried yeast and cotton-seed meal was compared with regard to milk production are described. The results indicate that dried yeast is an excellent feed for dairy cows as regards the quality of milk and butter. The deficiency of fat in the ration does not appear to influence the quality of the milk or milk fat. A higher Polenske value in the fat from the animals that received the dried yeast was the only marked variation observed. An increased yield of 41.25 lbs. of milk and 3 lbs. of milk fat were obtained in favor of the dried yeast during the four weeks of the experiment. Variations in the composition of skim milk, A. E. Perkins (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 10, pp. 304-306) .—A brief report is given of studies upon the variation in composition of skim milk derived from milk containing different amounts of fat. The variation in the fat content of skim milk is not dis- cussed. The ash content of skim milk varies with the fat and protein content, usually ranging from 0.65 to 0.85 per cent. It is stated that for practical pur- poses the protein and sugar content of skim milk may be computed from the analysis of whole milk by multiplying the protein and sugar contents of the whole milk by 1 plus the fat content of the whole milk. By this method and using analyses by other experiment stations of whole milk, the average per- 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 375 centage content of protein and sugar in sliim milk from different breeds of cows was calculated as follows : Ayrshire, 3.46 and 5.2 ; Holstein, 3.25 and 4.8 ; Guernsey, 4.04 and 5.23; Jersey, 3.99 and 5.30; and Shorthorn, 3.44 and 5.07, respectively. On the basis of analyses of whole milk at the Ohio Station, the skim milk from three Holstein cows was calculated to contain 3.12 per cent protein and 5.06 per cent sugar, and from four Jersey cows 4.26 per cent protein and 5.18 per cent sugar. To further test the relation of the fat content of whole milk and the com- position of skim milk obtained therefrom, analyses of 807 samples of 10 groups of milk made at the Ohio and other stations are summarized. These groups ranged in fat content from an average of 2.19 per cent to 7.4 per cent. The percentage of protein in the skim milk was found to undergo a regular and progressive variation, being at its lowest point of 2.67 per cent in the extreme low-testing fat group and increasing regularly as the fat test increased, though not so rapidly. An increase of 5.21 per cent of fat between the average test of the first and last group was accompanied by an increase of only 2.38 per cent in the protein content of the skim milk. The sugar content in general varied with the protein content, but the variations were not so regular or marked. It was found that the fat content of mixed milk from several cows or of a composite sample of several milks from one cow does not often show much change without a corresponding variation in the skim milk solids. The author concludes that " the fat content of milk as indicated offers a convenient and practical basis for computing with reasonable accuracy the composition of the skim milk derived from it." The significance of the act of milking', C. Ckowtheb (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 85 (1915), pp. 779, 780). — Data are reported in support of the hypothesis that in addition to the removing of preformed milk in the udder the operation of milking may impart a stimulus to further vigorous secretion during the period of milking. Milking tests in which the " quarters " were milked separately and the milk from each quarter collected in fractions show that whereas in the case of the first quarter milked there is a tendency for the percentage of fat in the milk to rise steadily from the earliest drawn to the last drawn fractions, this tendency is much less pronounced in the case of the other quarters. In the quarter milked last the tendency for a considerable portion of the milking is for the percentage of fat to fall rather than to rise. In all cases there is a very rapid rise in the percentage of fat toward the close of milking. Taking the produce of each quarter as a whole, in 34 out of 37 comparisons of first quarters milked singly, the first quarters gave richer milk than the last quarters. In 95 tests in which the quarters were milked in pairs the first pair milked gave the richer milk on 65 occasions. Very quick milking as com- pared with very slow milking showed a difference of 10 per cent in milk yield and 40 per cent in fat yield in favor of quick milking. A comparison of ordi- nary milking, taking the teats in pairs, and simultaneous milking by two milkers of all four quarters showed a difference of 2 per cent in milk yield and 6 per cent in fat yield in favor of the latter method. Iowa educational market milk contest, B. W. Hammer and A. J. Hauser (loioa Sta. Circ. SO {1916), pp. ^). — The results are given of two market milk contests that have been held by the dairy department of the Iowa College. Safeguarding nature's most valuable food — milk, O. E. North (Vet. Jour. 72 (1916), No. 496, pp. 329-339) .—This article, which was prepared for the New York Milk Committee, deals briefly with the food value of milk, the milk industry in the United States, clean milk, clarification, pasteurization, certified milk, selection of milk for home use, and municipal milk control. 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 The cost of milk production, J. Mackintosh {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, Sup. 16 (1916), Sept., pp. 53-71). — In this paper on the cost of milk production in England the attempt is made to evaluate the average cost of feed, various overhead and transit charges, interest on capital, and keep of the bull. In connection with feed costs credits have been given for manurial residues. The figures obtained relate to pre-war conditions. The investigations reported were carried on in only a few of the western counties of England, though brief references are given to other counties. The farms studied were divided as follows : Class 1, suburban farms ; class 2, farms averaging 85 per cent grass land and 15 per cent arable land ; class 3, farms averaging 66 per cent grass land and 34 per cent arable land ; and class 4, farms chiefly arable lands. Only a few forms of the fourth type were studied, and the results obtained are not in- cluded in this paper. The follo^^'ing table summarizes the averages obtained in 1914-15 on three of these type of farms : SuTnmary of cost of production per 100 lbs. of milk. Type of farm. Feed (gross cost). Manurial residue. Feed (net cost). Overhead charges. Transit charges. Total cost. Average yearly pro- duction per cow. Class 1 Pence. 46.89 36.11 40.19 Pence. 3.40 2.52 3.69 Pence. 43.49 33.59 36.50 Pence. 39.59 24.45 30.08 Pence. 2.04 14.37 11.65 Pence. 85.12 72.41 78.23 Gallons. 650 Class 2 640 Class 3 660 Some aspects of the dairying industry of England and Wales, W. Gavin (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoni, Sup. 16 (1916), Sept., pp. 5-52, figs. 4)- — This paper deals with the development of the dairy industry of England and Wales in recent years ; the share taken in the industry by different districts ; the con- ditions obtaining in the different counties ; the milk traffic of the various railway companies, with special reference to the London milk trade; the pro- duction and consumption of milk, both per capita and for the country as a whole ; and the foreign trade in dairy produce. The number of dairy cows and heifers in England and Wales increased from an average of 1,952.648 in 1881-1885 to 2,484,220 in 1914. Reckoning the aver- age annual milk yield of cows in England at 582 gal. and in Wales at 425 gal. the estimated milk yield for 1915 is 1,070,000,000 gal. The annual con- sumption of milk per head of population is estimated at 15 gal. for London and 22.25 gal. for England and Wales. Statistics of London's milk trade are tabulated, and a review is given of the outstanding features of each of the principal producing areas. The marketing' of Wisconsin butter, B. H. Hibbakd and A. Hobson (Wis- consin Sta. Bui. 270 (1916), pp. 69, figs. 21). — A survey in cooperation with the Office of Markets and Rural Organization of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture is reported. In discussing the butter industry of Wisconsin it is pointed out that the mak- ing of butter on the farm in the State is decidedly on the decline, while the increase in creamery butter making for the past few decades has been phenome- nal. Wisconsin has very few centralizers. The formation, management, and operation of cooperative and independent or private creameries are discussed in detail. Data reported on the market- ing of butter show that about 4 per cent of the annual production of the State 1917] DAIRY PAEMING DAIRYING. 377 is sold to creamery patrons, 15 per cent is sold locally, and about 80 per cent is shipped. About two-thirds of the butter shipped from Wisconsin is marketed in Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The remainder goes direct to at least 10 other States. Of 136 creameries 106 sell on prices fixed by the Elgin board of trade, 25 on the Chicago basis, and 5 on the basis of New York prices. The average shrinkage of 160 tubs in 5.77 days in 18 shipments of butter from Wisconsin to Chicago was 0.399 lb. per tub. The average loss to the creamery through market methods of weighing was 0.549 lb. per tub. The average loss due to shrinkage of 46 tubs of butter shipped from Wisconsin to New York was 0.418 lb. per tub. These shipments averaged 7.7 days from creamery to market and were held at the creamery an average of 49 hours. The effect of storage on the price o5 butter is discussed. Of 258 farmers giving reasons for making dairy butter instead of patronizing the creamery 24.42 per cent reported that the former is more profitable, 37.2 per cent objected to the disadvantages in hauling milk, 5.04 per cent were dissatisfied with the creamery, 16.63 per cent on account of more and better by-products, 8.54 per cent had no milk market, and 8.17 per cent made butter for family use and sold the surplus. The average prices per pound received by farmers for dairy butter in 1914 were 30.8 cts. in winter, 27.7 cts. in spring, 25.5 cts. in summer, and 28.7 cts. in fall. One-half of the dairy butter is sold direct from producer to consumer and the remainder largely to grocers and retail mer- chants. Of 583.000 lbs. of dairy butter handled by about 400 merchants 104,000 lbs. were sold to wholesale butter houses and renovators, the remainder being sold at retail. The demand for farm-made butter is said to be weakening. In order to ascertain the relation of quality to retail price 94 samples of butter were purchased from as many different retail merchants in Chicago, care being taken to select samples that would be representative of the quality of butter consumed in that city. Fifty-six of these samples were in the form of prints, including 24 brands, and 38 samples were in the bulk. The butter was scored by an expert butter judge. It ranged in quality from 82 to 92 points, with an average of S8.3, and in price from 28 to 40 cts. a pound. Al- though the quality of the bulk and print butter was the same the former sold at an average of 34.2 cts. and the latter 36.8 cts. a pound. It was found that there was no marked relationship between quality and price of these samples. Where the samples scored 85 or less the price was lower, but higher prices were charged for some butter scoring 86 than for that scoring 92. In order to test this relationship further, 117 Chicago retail stores were visited in April and IMay. 1915, and information as to quality, dealer's margin, and price to the consumer was secured for 271 samples of butter and 54 samples of oleomargarine. The retailers' margin and the prices to the consumer varied as much between lots of the same grade as between butter of the poorer and better grades. The average price of extra butter to the consumer was 0.9 ct. less than that of firsts and extra firsts, and that of extra firsts was 0.1 ct. less than that of firsts. The retailer's average price for seconds was 2 cts. less than firsts. The retailer's margin on oleomargarine was larger than on all the grades of butter. Approximately 75 per cent of the butter was in the form of cartoned prints. Brief notes are given on how butter quotations are made by the Elgin board of trade and by the Chicago market. At the time of this investigation butter was selling at an average retail price of 34.55 cts. a pound. Based on returns from cooperative creameries, the farmer was getting 23.33 cts. or 67.7 per cent of this amount, the remainder being distributed as follows : Cost of hauling the cream to the creamery and the 378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 butter to the railway station 1.5 cts., cost of manufacturing butter, including container, 2.33 cts., railway transportation 0.8 ct., storage 0.18 ct., shrinkage 0.23 ct., wholesale agents, including receivers, jobbers, brokers, etc., 1.75 cts., packaging 1 ct., and retailer 3.43 cts. a pound. Experiments on the preparation of homemade rennet, A. Todd and Elfrida C. V. CoKKisH {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 (1916), No. 6, pp. 549-555).— Ex- periments are reported on the home preparation of rennet from both fresh and dried stomach membranes of calves. Rennet prepared from dried veils was of no practical value. Fresh veils of from 3 to 4 months-old calves and from young milk-fed calves produced an extract with fairly strong coagulating properties. With the addition of a preservative the rennet kept in good condition for six weeks and was then still active. The method of making the rennet is described. When used for cheese making in about double the quantity of commercial extract this rennet gave a very firm curd in a reasonable time. The improved system of selling cheese, J. L. Sammis {Hoard's Dairyman, 52 (1916), No. 15, pp. 511, 512). — Some of the faults of the "cheese board" system of selling cheese are pointed out, and a description is given of the Quebec system of inspection and classification of cheese before sale. The author states that by this system, which is used by the Quebec Cooperative Society, many of the objections to the cheese board have been overcome. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Outline of lectures in special pathology, S. H. Btjenett (Ithaca, N. Y.: Carpenter & Co., 1916, pp. 65). — This guide consists of an outline of lectures given by the author at the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca. Annual reports of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, the markets and fairs (weighing of cattle) acts, etc., for the years 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914 (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], [Vet. Dept.], Ann. Rpts. Proc., 1911, pp. 119, pis. 2; 1912, pp. lit, pis. 2; 1913, pp. 110; 1914, pp. 102).— These consist in the main part of reports of the assistant secretary of the animals division. A. W. Anstruther, with accounts of the occurrence of foot-and- mouth disease, hog cholera (swine fever), glanders, anthrax, sheep scab, para- sitic mange, etc. The 1911 report also contains the report of the chief veterinary oflicer, S. Stockman. Plates showing the occurrence of hog cholera and sheep scab for 1909 to 1912, inclusive, are included. Various statistical data on the occurrence of diseases, international trade in animals, etc., are presented in the appendixes. Annual report for 1915 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, J. McFadyioan (Jonr. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 (1915), pp. 286-298, figs. 6).— This is the usual annual report dealing with the occurrence of and work with anthrax, glanders, sheep scab, swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. The different methods of testing with tuberculin are also considered at some length. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston^s Son & Co., 1916, 9. ed., pp. LX XX +728). —This ninth decennial revision, prepared by authority of the United States Pharmacopceial Conven- tion, is official from September 1, 1916. The National Formulary (Philadelphia: Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1916, 4- c<^-. pp. XL+394). — This fourth edition, prepared by the Committee on National Formulary of the American Pharmaceutical Association, is official from Septem- ber 1, 1916. 1917] VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 379 Magnesium hypochlorite in surgery, M. Dubabd (Bui. Acad. MM. [Paris'^, 16 {1916), No. 33, pp. 134-136; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 61 (1916), No. 15, p. 1118). — ^A 1 to 2.5 per cent solution of magnesium hypochlorite was found to be absolutely harmless, while its bactericidal power was considerable and its preparation simple and inexpensive. As a disinfectant for the wounded in the European War it has proved superior to any others, including Dakin's fluid. The standardization of disinfectants. — A critical comparison of the Hy- gienic Laboratory and E-ideal-Walker tests, J. T. A. Walker (N. Y. Med. Jour., 103 (1916), No. 11, pp. 500-505). — From a general consideration of the various features of the two methods the author considers the Rideal-Walker method to be superior to the Hygienic Laboratory method in every respect. A method of anaerobic plating permitting observation of growth, H. M. Jones (Jour. Bact., 1 (1916), No. 3, pp. 339-341, fig. i).— The construction of a simple apparatus, which consists of one-half of a Petri dish sealed with paraffin on a square stone or metal base provided with an inlet for the inert gas and an outlet for the displaced gas, and its manipulation are described in detail. A comparative study of colon bacilli isolated from horse, cow, and man, T. J. MuERAY (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 2, pp. 161-114, figs. 2). — " On an average the different types of strains, human, bovine, and equine, exhibit a remarkable similarity in all reactions tested, chiefly in acid produc- tion. One remarkable exception was the ability of 24 strains of bovine colon bacilli to produce acid in inulin media. The other differences were not marked enough to be of value." An experimental investigation into the role of the blood fl.uids in the in- tracellular digestion of certain bacteria and red blood corpuscles, S. R. Douglas (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 89 (1916), No. B 611, pp. 335-341).— Experiments are reported in detail, the results of which show that the blood fluids have the property of influencing the digestion of such bodies as red corpuscles and bacteria taken up by the leucocytes. The action of the blood fluids is quite independent of the opsonic action, since the intracellular diges- tion may be more marked as the result of the action of a serum of low opsonic power than that of a serum of a much higher opsonic power. " The power of the blood fluids to prepare such bodies as red blood cells or bacteria for digestion by solutions such as trypsin and leucoprotease, or by the digestive fluids which are secreted after such bodies are ingested by the leu- cocytes, is not . . . due to stimulation of or an action on the leucocytes, but is due to a direct action on the bacteria, or, as the case may be, the red blood corpuscles. This is demonstrated by experiments in which the red blood cor- puscles or bacteria, after being brought in contact with fresh serum, which was subsequently removed, were found to be digested by solutions of trypsin or leucoprotease, solutions which had been previously shown to be quite without action." This property of the serum is destroyed by heating to 60° C. The name *' protryptic " has been proposed for this property of the serum, as it appears to prepare such bodies as red corpuscles and bacteria for solution by the digestive fluids secreted by the leucocytes or by solutions of trypsin. The permeability of the gastro-intestinal wall to infection with Sporo- thrix schenckii, D. J. Davis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 5, pp. 688- 693). — The work reported indicates that white rats fed at intervals of a few days with large quantities of cultures of S. schenckii may become infected. The infection tends to localize in the mesentery, peritoneum, and spleen. The organisms also appear to penetrate the normal mucosa of the intestinal tract. No active or healed lesions were visible in the mucosa or in the wall of the stomach or intestines. 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 A laboratory infection caused by a bovine strain of Bacillus enteritidis, K. F. Meyer [Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 5, pp. 700-707).— Clinical, bacteriological, and serological findings of a case of accidental infection by- handling a bottle of sterilized milk which had been artificially contaminated with a culture of B. enteritidis is reported. It is indicated that " a recently isolated strain of B. enteritidis pathogenic for animals may differ from a strain pathogenic for man in its inability to be coagglutinated by paratyphoid or suipestifer sera." The antibodies of spores, G. Chimera {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Ross. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 39 {1916), No. 16, pp. 479-^87). — From the studies reported it is concluded that there is no evidence that specific agglutinins are liberated by the organism after inoculation of spores {Bacillus anthracis, B. siibtilis), at least not within ten days after the inoculation. The agglutinins produced by the presence of bacilli have no action on the spores of the respective organisms. The serological data are submitted in tabular form. The precipitin reaction with silkworm caterpillar immune serum, K. Aoki {Bui. Imp. Sericiilt. Expt. Sta. Japan, 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 53-81).— The results of the investigation reported show that silkworm caterpillars can be easily differentiated from closely related insects by the precipitin reaction. The reaction can further be used to classify various closely and distantly related animal species so that they can be definitely placed in their proper zoological position. The precipitin titer of the immune serum was found not to be equally high in all the sera of animals of the same species, especially if the serum came from an animal that was in the second, third, or fourth stage of development. In this case a lower precipitin value was given than would have been yielded by adult specimens or the pressed juice of the eggs. The silk glands of Bomhyx mori show a strong organ specificity. No difference in the precipitant power of the sera of the two sexes of the silkworm caterpillars was observed. The data are presented in tabular form and discussed in some detail. The application of the agglutinin reaction in the bacteriological examina- tion of silkworms. — On the question of the identity of Bacillus sotto (Ishi- wata), B. alvei (Chesire and Cheyne), and B. megaterium, K. Aoki and Y. Chigasaki {Bnl. Imp. Sericult. Expt. Sta. Japan, 1 {1916), No. 1, pp. 83-95).— Tabular serological data are reported which indicate that the agglutination reaction is strongly specific in the case of B. sotto. This organism can be easily differentiated from B. megaterium and B. alvei by this reaction, so that the question of its identity with the latter organisms can be discarded. The biologic reactions of the vegetable proteins. — VIII, The specificity of the Abderhalden reaction with vegetable proteins, O. J. Elsesseb {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 5, pp. 655-681). — The work reported demon- strates that "the specificity of the Abderhalden reaction (dialysis method) in experimental animals (rabbits) immunized with pure isolated vegetable pro- teins is far from being absolute. . . . Under the conditions of the experiments the Abderhalden reaction is at best only quantitatively specific and even this quantitative specificity is not always exhibited. This is demonstrated by the following observations: (1) An homologous substrate may react specifically with its immune serum, no other protein reacting; (2) it may vary quanti- tatively in the degree of interreaction with its own immune serum; (3) it may react with its immune serum but no more strongly than do the heterologous substrates tried against the same immune serum; (4) it may give no reaction against its immune serum, while other heterologous proteins may react strongly against this serum; (5) it may react at times more strongly with a 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 381 heterologous immune serum than with its own immune serum. However, there is an obvious tendency for a substrate to react more often and yield stronger reactions when tested against its homologous immune serum than when tested against a heterologous immune serum." In comparing the Abderhalden test and the anaphylactic test (E. S. R., 35, p. 679) with the pure vegetable proteins it was found that the results present certain resemblances and also some very definite differences. " In either reac- tion the more closely the proteins are allied chemically and physically the less specific the reactions tend to become. On the whole, however, the results obtained by anaphylaxis are much more constant and specific." Experiments with, the Abderhalden dialysis procedure, R. Otto and G. Blu- MENTHAL (ZtscliT. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 24 (1915), No. 1, pp. 12-41, figs. 3). — Detailed experimental data of the examination of the sera from pregnant individuals and from individuals afflicted with dementia prsecox are reported. The results show that sera from pregnant individuals almost invariably cleaved placental tissue. A positive reaction, however, is deemed only of lim- ited diagnostic value, since other sera, especially those from carcinomatous individuals, give a positive reaction with ninhydrin after digestion with placental substrate. A negative reaction, however, may safely be taken to indicate the absence of pregnancy. The sera of dementia prsecox patients (males) yield a positive reaction fairly regularly with testes, often with brain, and occasionally with placenta as substrate. Testes substrate is cleaved by the sera of patients suffering from other diseases, and also by the sera of pregnant individuals. The positive reaction with testes substrate is therefore also only of very limited diagnostic value, especially in differential diagnosis. It is concluded that the dialysis procedure is not to be recommended for gen- eral practice because of the many sources of error in its manipulation. A bib- liography of 28 references cited is included. The coinplement content of Eck-fistula dogs, N. P. Sheewood, C. Smith, and R. West {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 5, pp. 682-687, fig. 1).— "The complement content of normal dog serum may vary in the same animal from i to T2 that of guinea pig serum. Immediately following the establish- ment of Eck's fistula there is a temporary drop in complement, lasting not more than 16 hours as a rule. There is a much greater drop in complement under chloroform anesthesia than under ether anesthesia. The return to nor- mal is apparently just as rapid when only sufficient chloroform is used to produce the surgical anesthesia. The complement content of dog serum following the establishment of Eck's fistula was normal within from 6 to 16 hours after the operation and remained normal for at least 90 days (last observation) in the dogs studied. " There is no corresponding drop in complement paralleling or accompanying the degeneration of the liver. There does not seem to be sufficient evidence, as yet, to warrant the assumption that the liver plays a more important role in the production of complement than do other organs or tissues of the body." A cutaneous reaction in canine distemper, J. A. Kolmer, M. J. Harkins, and J. Reichel {Jour. Immunol., 1 {1916), No. 5, pp. 501-510). — The authors have prepared from a number of strains of Bacillus bronchisepticus (Ferry- McGowan) an antigen for use in anaphylactic tests for which the name " bronchisepticin " is proposed. Experimental data submitted indicate that the highest percentage of positive reactions occurred among animals having an .acute case of the disease at the time the tests were made (77 per cent) and among those known to have had distemper while under observation (60 per 382 EXPEEIMEIsTT STATION RECORD. [Vol, 36 cent). In animals that presented no positive clinical evidences of the disease 35 per cent of the reactions were positive. The previous history of these ani- mals, however, was unknown. It is indicated that, while the " skin test may prove of practical value in the diagnosis of canine distemper and particularly as an index of a previous in- fection in an apparently normal animal, it is probable that it has no value as an index of immunity and that an animal presenting a positive reaction is still susceptible to relapses or recurrences of the disease." Anaphylactic skin reactions in relation to immunity.— IV, The relation of the bronchisepticin skin reaction to immunity in canine distemper in- cluding- the bactericidal action of dog serum for Bacillus bronchisepticus, J. A. KoLMEB, T. Matsunami, and M. J. Harkins {Jour. Immunol., 1 (1916), No. 5, pp. 571-5SJt). — Further anaphylactic skin tests indicate that a large per- centage of dogs are hypersensitive to the protein of B. bronchisepticus and that the reactions are probably specific. The sera of normal animals, those suffering with the disease, and those con- valescent from the infection were found to possess very little or no bactericidal activity over the micro-organism as measured by tests in vitro. It is indicated that dogs yielding positive bronchisepticin reactions are still susceptible to caniue distemper. A contribution to the study of the chang-es in the blood count in dourine, N. PoPESco {Abs. in Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 48 (.1916), No. 4, PP- 4^9, 470). — A report of studies made while in search of a method of early diagnosis. The virulence of the blood of animals affected with, foot-and-mouth dis- ease, G. Cosco and A. Aguzzi {PoUclin., Sez. Prat., 23 (1916), No. 18, pp. 551, 552; abs. in Jotir. Amer. Med. Assoc, 66 (1916), No. 24, p. i895)..— During the course of investigations made under the auspices of the National Public Health Service of Italy the blood of 116 cattle was found virulent during the entire febrile course of the disease, as virulent as the contents of the vesicles. The red corpuscles and the serum seem to be equally virulent and the defibrinated blood kept on ice retained its virulence for over a month. Erythrocytes thor- oughly rinsed from all traces of serum, and the serum alone, reproduced the diseases on subcutaneous injection of other cattle with a dose as small as 1 cc. The authors consider the erythrocytes to be ideally adapted for the production of vaccine and are working along this line. The K. H. reaction in glanders, J. Kbanich and W. Kliem (Ztschr. Ve- terinark., 27 (1915), No. 10, pp. 289-296).— A modified technique for the K. H. reaction of Pfeiler and Scheyer (E. S. R., 34, p. 276), which consists of com- plement deviation and hemagglutination, is described in detail. The system used is composed of horse serum as complement, bovine serum as amboceptor, guinea pig corpuscles as hemolytic antigen, the glanders bacillus, and the serum to be examined. The procedure is deemed to yield excellent results and is highly recom- mended. The name hemagglutination reaction is proposed in place of K. H. reaction. Johne's disease, J. M'Fadyean and A. L. Sheathee (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 29 (1916), No. 1, pp. 62-94)- — Reports are given upon the experi- mental transmission of the disease to cattle, sheep, and goats, with notes regarding the occurrence of natural cases in sheep and goats. The facts here recorded suggest that among sheep the disease may have a wider distribution than has heretofore been suspected. Milk in relation to Mediterranean fever, C. PoacHER and P. Godard (Le Lait et la Fidvre M^diterran^enne. Paris: AsseUn d Houseau, 1916, pp. II4, pis. 4, fiffs. S). — This is a contribution to the study of the role which milk plays 19171 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 383 in the etiology and spread of Mediterranean or Malta fever, including a review of tlie literature pertaining to this disease. The subject is treated under the following headings : The history and dispersion of Malta fever ; the appearance, culture, and vitality of Micrococcus vielitcnsis ; symptoms, diagnosis, and pro- phylaxis of Malta fever; the infection of goats with M. melitensis; the relation of goat's milk and cheese to Malta fever in man; and the detection of un- hygienic milk by chemical analysis. It is concluded that Malta fever is transmitted to man almost wholly by drinking raw milk from infected goats or by eating curd or cheese made from goat's milk. In infested districts goat's milk should not be used unless it has been boiled and cheese from goat's milk should not be eaten unless it is very old. Hereditary transmission of rabies, D. Konradi (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 30 (1916), No. 1, pp. S3-Jf8; abs. in Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 11 (1916), No. 10, pp. 808, 809). — The author concludes in this paper, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 20, p. 279), that with dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and probably other animals the rabies virus is transmitted from mother to fetus, but its vii'ulence gradually diminishes. See also other notes (E. S. R., 22, pp. 587, 682). A modification of tlie Hyg'ienic Laboratory m^ethod for the production of tetanus toxin, Harriet L. Wilcox (Jour. Bad., 1 (1916), No. 3, pp. 333-338). — A method essentially the same as that used at the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Public Health Service,* with a few slight variations, is described in detail. A new culture medium for the tubercle bacillus, W. W. Williams and W. BuRDicK (Jour. Bact., 1 (1916), No. 4, pp. 41I-414). — The preparation of an egg-meat infusion culture medium containing gentian violet as an inhibitor of the growth of contaminating micro-organisms is described in detail. A method of isolating tubercle bacilli from sputum is also described. The combined and follow-up systems of tuberculin testing, G. H. Hart and J. Traum (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1916), No. 2, pp. 189-214). — This is a general discussion of the subject, together with some experimental data from which it is concluded that tuberculous animals, while giving nega- tive results to one form of tuberculin application, may give positive reactions to another form. The value of combining two or more tests and following with further tests several weeks later on all nonreacting animals is deemed evident. The value of the follow-up test is to detect animals in the incubation stage or those which were insensitive to tuberculin for other reasons at the time of the previous test. The ophthalmic test, together with an intradermal injection, is considered to be a very satisfactory combination. Studies in infectious abortion in cattle, W. Giltner, E. T. Hallman, and L. H. CooLEDGE (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 49 (1916), No. 3, pp. 320-339). — This article contains tabulated serological data obtained in a comparison of the complement fixation with the agglutination test for contagious abortion, together with temperature charts of nonpregnant animals which had received two injections of living organisms and of pregnant animals receiving injections of dead organisms. From comparative data it appears that the complement fixation test will indicate more reactors than the agglutination test. However, animals were found to react to the agglutination test and not to the complement fixation test. The material by Cooledge previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 679) is also Included. iJour. Med. Research, 33 (1915), No. 2, pp. 239-241. 384 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 A case of contagious broncho-pneumonia caused by Bacillus coli com- munis, E. M. Stanton (Vet. Jour., 12 (1916), No. 490, pp. 138, 139).— In an outbreak of this disease in aiassachusetts in whicli some 40 young calves suc- cumbed B. coli communis appeared to be the causative agent. The use of arrhenal for the treatment of Texas fever, J. E. Aghion (Jour. Am.er. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1916), No. 2, pp. 227, 228).— The successful use of arrhenal (disodium-methyl arsenate) in several cases of Texas fever in cattle in Egj'pt is reported. Further studies on hog cholera with reference to Spirochaeta hyos, W. E. King and R. H. Dkake (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1916), No. 2, pp. 168- 188, figs. 6). — Inoculation experiments with several strains of virus are re- ported aud the results discussed in some detail. It is concluded in general that in order to prove with certainty the direct etiological relation of S. hyos to hog cholera " some means must be developed through which the organism may be isolated in pure culture directly from the infected animal in order that pure cultures, unattenuated by tedious manipula- tion in an artificial environment, may be utilized in a series of animal inocula- tion experiments. Under such conditions uniformly positive results, together with data already in hand, would serve as final, conclusive evidence as to the specific pathogenicity of S. hyos." It is indicated that until such experiments can be successfully carried out positive conclusions must be withheld. S. hyos, however, is regarded as an organism present in animals infected with hog cholera, possessing certain char- acteristics suggestive of its pathogenic nature. ' Illinois hog cholera senim plant (Breeder's Gaz., 10 (1916), No. 20, pp. 929, 930, .figs. 4). — This is a description of the equipment and methods employed in the manufacture of serum at the Illinois state hog cholera serum plant at Springfield. Enterohepatitis or blackhead in turkeys, C. H. Higgins (Canada Dept. Agr., Henltli Anim. Branch Bui. 11 (1915), pp. 11, pis. 5). — A general account of this disease, together with an account of the prevention of blackhead by the biological laboratory method of artificial incubation and isolation. Enterohepatitis or blackhead and the biological laboratory system of rais- ing turkeys, C. H. Higgins (Canada Dept. Agr., Health Anim. Branch Bui. 19 (1916), pp. 6). — The information given in this bulletin supplements that noted above and outlines the biological laboratory system of raising turkeys. RURAL ENGINEERING. Proceedings of the Ohio Engineering Society, thirty-seventh annual meet- ing held February 9, 10, 11, 1916 (Proc Ohio Engin. Soc, 37 (1916), pp. 189, figs. 5). — These proceedings contain among others the following special articles: Road Legislation, by C. C. Cass; The Need of Drainage Legislation, by C. L. Bushey ; The Monolithic Construction of Brick Pavements, by M. B. Greenough ; The Concrete Roads of Lake County, by H. P. Cumings; Construction of Bituminous Macadam Roads by the Penetration Method, by H. B. Stone; and Paints for the Protection of Steel Bridges, by J. H. Vance. Laws of the State of Idaho relative to public waters, water rights, and irrigation, compiled by A. C. Hindman (Boise, Idaho: Idaho Irrig. and Drain- age Code Com., 1915, pp. 303). — The text of the laws is given. Run-ofE and mean fiow of some Texas streams, T. U. Taylor (Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 65 (1915), pp. 25. figs. 10). — Measurements of flow made since 1896 on the Colorado River at Austin and Columbus, Tex., on the Brazos River at 1917] RUEAL ENGINEERING. 385 Waco, Tex., and on the Trinity River at Dallas and Riverside, Tex., are re- ported in tabular and graphic form. Warner Valley and White River Projects, J. T. Whistler and J. H. Lewis (Oreg. Cooper. Work. Dept. Int. U. S. Reclam. Serv., 1916, Feb., pp. 123, pis. If, fig. 1). — This report was prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon. The development proposed by the Warner "Valley Project is the drainage of 46.000 acres of swamp land in Warner Valley, the irrigation of 33,000 acres of these lands in the south end by gravity canals, and pumping to irrigate 27,000 acres in the north end. Among the features specially referred to are the development of 2,000 electrical horsepower on Deep Creek for operating dredges during construction and to furnish power to four pumping plants in North Warner Valley on the completion of the project, and the provision for ample storage in Big Valley and Coleman Valley to insure the reclamation of the marsh lands in j'ears of extreme run-off. The probable cost of this development as outlined is estimated at $1,726,000, or about $29 per acre. From the records of discharge for the streams entering Warner Valley for six years it is esti- mated that the mean annual ruu-ofC to the valley is 195,000 acre-feet, with a maximum of 308,000 acre-feet in the seasonal year 1910 and a minimum of 84,000 acre-feet in the seasonal year 1915. The extreme maximum run-off, it is stated, may reach nearly 600,000 acre-feet. The White River Project is located to the south and east of the Oregon National Forest, in the vicinity of Mount Hood. " The drainage basin has an area of about 350 square miles and is largely forested in the upper regions of White River and tributary streams. . . . The mean annual run-off of White River near Tygh Valley for four years is about 234,000 acre-feet, the maxiuunn occurring in the seasonal year 1911-12 with 297,000 and a minimum in 1914—15 with 163,000 acre-feet. . . . " The soil, while shallow in places, is of fairly good quality and well adapted to irrigation. The percentage of waste land in the gross irrigable area is rather large, however, and the distributing system will, on this account, be more expensive. Drainage, which in some localities may be necessary, will not be difficult, as the topography of the region lends itself to an inexpensive system. . . . With an assumed duty of 1.5 acre-feet delivered to the land during the irrigation season, the plan of development includes (1) a storage reservoir in Clear Lake with a capacity of 18.000 acre-feet, furnishing 12,000 acre-feet net storage supply; (2) a diversion dam at the mouth of Boulder Creek; (3) two diversion canals, the one on the north being eight miles long with a capacity of 130 second-feet, to water approximately 13,000 acres, and the one on the south side of White River being ten miles long with a capacity of 230 second-feet, to water approximately 23,000 acres; (4) a distributing system for about 36,000 acres net. " The apparent cost of this proposed development of 36,000 acres is $36 per acre irrigated, including the purchase of the White River power plant." The saving of irrigation water in wheat growing, A. and Gabrielle L. C. Howard (Fruit Expt. Sta. Quetta Bid. 4 {1915), pp. H). — This bulletin describes the soil, rainfall, temperature, and humidity of the Quetta Valley of India, de- scribes the present methods of growing wheat, enumerates the principles under- lying economy in the use of w^ater in wheat growing, and reports experiments on water saving in wheat growing at Quetta. The soil of the valley varies from brown to black in color and is of loessial origin. Flooding destroys its porosity and the surface is easily compacted. Wheat was grown on natural moisture only and with a single irrigation. Mulching was practiced as a water conservation measure in the first case and 386 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 only a thin crop was obtained, as much moisture was lost when it became impossible to continue the mulch. In the second case the land received one surface flooding after which it was cultivated by a spring tooth cultivator and leveled. The land was then sowed and a mulch maintained. The average yield of wheat was somewhat greater than the average yielded by simlar un- manured land with six or seven irrigations. " It is clear that as far as irrigated wheat growing is concerned, there is an enormous loss of water which might be profitably employed. The skillful use of the lever harrow after rain would also increase the yield of the unirrigated or dry crop wheat. Examined scientifically, the methods now in vogue are wasteful in the extreme both as regards the irrigation water and the winter rain and snow. To improve practice, two new implements are necessary — the spring-tine cultivator and a pair of lever harrows. ... At a small cost, a very material increase in wheat production is possible in the Quetta Valley." [Bead laws] {Montgomery, Ala.: State, 1916, pp. 16). — This is a circular from the State Highway Department of Alabama to courts of county commis- sioners and boards of revenue of the counties of Alabama suggesting laws, rules, and regulations governing the working, maintenance, and preservation of the public roads. Second report of the state engineer [of Arizona] to the state highway commission, L. Cobb {Rpt. State Engin. Ariz., 2 (1915-1916), pp. 673, pis. 3, figs. 118). — This is a report of the work and expenditures of the state engineer's office on road and highway construction, maintenance, and repair in Arizona for the fiscal years 1915 and 191G. The financial side of road improvement, B. K. Coghlan {Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., 3. ser., 2 {1916), No. 8, pp. 22, figs. 6; rev. in. Good Roads, 50 {1916), No 19, p. 202). — The author deals with the oconomics of road improve- ment, with special reference to conditions in Texas. Demonstration roads at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, R. L. IMoRRisoN {Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., 3. ser., 2 {1916), No. 1, pp. 20, figs. 15). — Brief descriptions and specifications for sample roads, used as a part of the course of instruction in highway engineering at the Texas College, are given. Earth roads, R. L. Morrison {Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., S. ser., 1 {1915), No. 2, pp. 20, figs. 14). — This bulletin describes and illustrates the processes and machinery used in improving earth roads. Gravel roads, B. K. Coghlan {Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., 3. ser., 1 {1915), No. 8, pp. 16, pis. 4, figs. 4). — This bulletin deals with the location, con- struction, and maintenance of gravel roads, with special reference to conditions in Texas. Highway bridges and culverts, B. K. Coghlan {Bui. Agr. and Mech. Col. Tex., 3. ser., 1 {1915), No. 5, pp. 30, figs. 12).— This bulletin deals with the im- portant features of proper inspection, repairs, replacement, and maintenance of highway bridges and culverts and with the inspection of traffic as related to these. Convict labor for road work, .T. E. Pennybacker, H. S. Palrbank, and W. F. Draper {U. S. Dept. Agr. Btil. 414 {1916), pp. 218, pis. 14, figs. iO).— This re- port, prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Public Health Service, deals with " as nearly as possible all questions that might arise in connection with either the adoption of a policy relating to the use of convict labor in road work or the actual working out of such a policy. To this end a presentation and dis- cussion of the principles involved, a digest of convict road laws, and a discus- sion of every phase of operation are embodied in the bulletin, together with specific detailed instructions for the carrying out of all recommendations." V.)n} EUKAL ENGINEERING. 387 Six systems of convict labor ai*e described as " the lease, the contract, the piece-price, the public-account, the state-use, and the public-works-aud-ways ;systems." The report embodies data obtained from personal visits made to ■convict camps and conferences held with state highv^^ay and prison officials in the States of New York, New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Michigan, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, California, Wash- ington, and Oregon. A special section is included on the character, preparation, and cost of food from data prepared by the Office of Home Economics of the States Relations Service. Other special sections on water supplies and camp sanitation are included, nmch of the substance of which has been noted in previous reports by Trullinger (E. S. R., 30, p. 690), Freeman (E. S. R., 34, p. 83), Lumsden, Stiles, and Freeman (E. S. R., 34, p. 88), and Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (E. S. R., 33, p. 455). Experimental studies of vacuum juice heaters, E. W. Kerr and S. J. Webre (Lmiiskina Htas. Bui. 159 (1916). pp. 4^, figs. 20). — Experiments on the opera tion of vacuum juice heaters, including the effect of air in steam, juice velocity, absolute pressure of the heating steam, tube materials, and the length of vapor path upon heat transmission, are reported. The experiments were made upon three diffei'ent outfits, namely: (1) An especially designed small juice heater coimected with a single effect evaporator in the engineering laboratory, (2) vacuum juice heaters connected to each body of the double effect at the Audo- bon Park sugar factory, and (3) the vapor juice heaters in connection with the quadruple effect at the Central Florida in Cuba. The first outfit was used .strictly for research work, while the other two represented operation under regular factory conditions. Tlie laboratory experiments showed the marked effect of the presence of air in steam in reducing the coefficient of heat transmission. " This shows the necessity of properly venting vacuum juice heaters." The juice velocity was varied from a minimum of 131 ft. per minute to a maximum of 502 ft. per minute with corresponding variations in the coefficient of heat transmission of from 412 to 588. Tests made to compare the coefficients of heat transmission of copper and seamless cold-draAvn steel tubes with vacuums of 0.0, 6, 13, and 18 in. and constant juice velocities gave average coefficients for copper and steel tubes of 576 and 280, respectively. The greater the vacuum the lower was the coefficient of heat transmission. In the experiments with the second outfit, the effect of air richness in the heating vapor in decreasing the coefficient of heat transmission was shown. " It was found to be impossible to control the removal of air through the vents satisfactorily." Comparative studies of the effect of the use of juice and of water on heat transmission showed that the coefficients obtained with juice were considerably lower than those obtained with water. " The experiments brought out very clearly the importance of thorough venting of air and drain- age of condensation. The difficulties Aicountered in relation to these two points emphasize the advantages, especially as regards the capacity, of taking the heating vapors from other than the last body of a multiple effect, even though the last body has the advantage in the matter of economy." Tests on the general performance of the vacuum heaters in the third plant and on the effect of air in vapor showed that when provision was made for venting air the coefficients of heat transmission were much greater. Tests on the relation between air in steam and length of steam travel showed little increase in air richness for the first 15 ft., but thereafter the increase was 81075°— No. 4—17 7 388 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 marked. Tests on the relation of juice temperature to juice travel .showed that the temperature rise with distance of travel decreased in each successive heater. The curves of sharpest curvature corresponded to those with the highest coefficient and lowest air content and vice versa. Tests of the power and steam consumption of sugar factories, E. W. Kekr, W. A. RoLSTON. and S. J. Webre (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 158 (1916), pp. 45, pl. 1, figs. 6).— Tests of the power and steam consumption of three sugar factories of 1,500, 4,500, and 1,000 tons daily cane handling capacity are reported. The power systems of the factories consisted, respectively, of centrifugal pumps, belt, and shafting ; part electric motor and part direct steam drive ; and all electric motor drive. The evaporating systems of the first two were plain quadruple effect and of the third quadruple effect and vapor juice heater. The power consumptions per ton of cane per 24 hours were 0.65, 0.873, and 0.98 horsepower, respectively. The ratio of exhaust steam to total steam in the l:rst plant was 0.4 and in the last 0.67. Considerable other data of tests are reported in tabular and graphic form. Some experiments on pulling loads, with a discussion of the results, B. H. Bkown ([^yalla Walla, Wash.: Author], 1916, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This pamphlet reports several experiments " which have been made for the special purpose of measuring the pull in pounds exerted by horses as they move loads on the road and in the field." In the hauling tests the roads selected were a macadam with a 0.4 per cent grade, a pavement with a 0.4 per cent grade, valley dirt with a 1.4 per cent grade, dirt wash from a hillside with a 3.1 per cent grade, a side of a hill with a 9.25 per cent grade, a brow of a hill with a 4.68 per cent grade, and a high- land country road with a 1.44 per cent grade. Two wagons were used, the first having all four wheels of 3 ft. 6 in. diameter and a tire width of 3.25 in., and weighing, with two men, 1,950 lbs. ; the second being a narrow-tire wagon, weighing, with two men, 1,705 lbs., with front wheels 3 ft. 9.5 in. in diameter, and hind wheels 4 ft. 7 in. in diameter. Both wagons were drawn empty and with loads of 2,020 and 4,040 lbs. both ways over the road on the same day. It was found that the average force required to pull the wagons on the section of pavement w'as much less than that required for the macadam section. The average pull upgrade and downgrade on the pavement for a load of 4,040 lbs. on the narrow-tire wagon was less than 160 lbs. It required on the aver- age a force of 70 lbs. to pull the empty wagon on the level pavement and 158 lbs. to pull the same wagon when loaded with a weight of 4,040 lbs. This means that for each additional ton of load an extra pull of 44 lbs. was enough to move the load on the pavement. " The pull up the 9.25 per cent grade, on the hillside dirt, was for the same load and wagon, 886 lbs. It required a force of 264 lbs. to pull the empty wagon up this grade. Taking this amount from the 886 lbs. for wagon and load leaves 622 lbs. as the extra pull required for the 2 tons of load, or an excess of 311 lbs. per ton up the grade. This is more than seven times as much per ton as that required on the pavement." A comparison of the pull in the valley and on the highland showed " an unmistakable balance in favor of the highland road in the case of the wide- tire wagon, while with the narrow-tire wagon there was no great difference between them." An estimate of the horsepower used showed " that in every section except jiavement the horses did more work per minute than the stand- ard amount adopted for the horsepower. . . . " The tests showed that the heavy hoi-ses used in the tests were fully able to do the work generally accepted as a full horsepower for each liorse. For a horse weighing only 1,000 lbs. the standard horsepower of 33,000 foot-pounds per minute would be too high, especially in the case of tandem teams or a 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. <389 group of 30 or more horses drawing a combine. . . , Throughout the tests it was found that a 1,000-lb. pull for the two-horse team was a severe strain and could be sustained for only a few seconds at a time." Tests made to measure the force required to pull the wagons over newly plowed ground and over tall wheat stubble gave the following results : Draft tests on plowed ground and stubble. Type of wagon. On plowod ground: Narrow-tire wagon Do Wide-tire wagon . . Do On stubble field: Narrow-tire wagon Do Wide-tire wagon . . Do How drawn. Straight ahead . In a curve Straight ahead. In a curve Straight ahead . In a ciuve Straight ahead . In a curve Wagon emptj-. Pounds. 284 444 432 534 198 264 310 1-ton load. Pounds. 808 910 994 1,038 516 572 520 608 2-(on load. Pounds. 1,300 1,612 1,342 1,562 872 1,122 1,018 1,216 " Some tests were made by starting loads in different ways to find the force required to start loads in ordinary practice. Out of 38 starts with the narrow tire wagon, empty and loaded, the average starting force was 2.6 times the average pull required to keep the wagon in motion after it had been started. The average for the wide-tire wagon, under the same conditions, was 2.9. . . . " Some experiments were made to find out what could be done to lessen the extra pull at the time of starting loads. Out of many trials, the force required to start the wide-tire wagon slowly was found to be only 61 per cent of that required for the ordinary start in which the reins were gathered up and the load was supposed to move without delay. The force for an easy start, in the case of the narrow-tire wagon, was only 58 per cent of that required for the ordinary start. . . . The advantage of the slow start was fully demonstrated. " The plan of starting a load with a pull sidewise is fairly effective on hard ground as it enables the team to get into motion slowly. In soft ground, how- ever, when the front wheels are cramped to one side so that the hind wheels do not follow in their tracks, there is great disadvantage in breaking out the new wheel tracks." The average results of tests of plow draft are given in the following table : Draft of plows. Kind of land. Kind of plow. Depth. Number of horses. Pull. Hill.... Field... Bottom Bench.. Field... Two 14-in. gang... One 14-in. walking One 12-in. walking One 14-in. wheel.. One 16-in. wheel.. Inches. 7 8 Pounds. 775 345 540 1,154 750 " The pulls in pounds given in the table are averages of as many as 80 readings in some cases." Second series of tests of mechanical cultivation, E. Makre (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Ventre), 31 {1916). No. 20, pp. -'a6//-//6S).— Plowing tests on red clay soil and productive I'esidual soil of a tractor having a 2 cylinder. 12-24 390 EXPERIMENT STAIION KECOED. [Vol. 36 horsepoAver motoi* running at 400 to 750 revolutions per minute ai'e reported. The grade of the red clay soil varied from nearly level to from 25 to 30 per cent. The tractor was unable to pull a 3-bottom gang plow uphill effectively but pulled a 2-bottom plow both ways. The 3-bottom plow, covering a width of 1.05 meters (3.44 feet), was pulled downhill. In the residual soil with easy slope the tractor drew a double-bottom plow at a depth of 27 cm. (10.5 in.) and covered a width of 33 cm. Six oxen plowed the same width but only 25 cm. deep. The tractor plowed 1,056 square meters (0.26 acre) per hour and hauled a 16-toothed scarifier and a 3-piece harrow. It traveled twice as fast as oxen and it is considered to have replaced eight pairs of oxen and six men in the amount of work done. Twenty-three liters (6 gal.) of petrol were burned in the engine in 2f hours, of which If hours were consumed in actual work and the other hour in stops and travel. Plans and suggestions for the arrangement and construction of a modern milk house ( [Neiv York], Borden's Condensed Milk Co., 1916, pp. 32, figs. 33). — I'lans and descriptions of milk houses and ice houses for dairy farms are given. Inexpensive plumbing for farm kitchens, W. A. Ethekton (Kans. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 9 {1916), pp. 23, figs. 7). — This bulletin describes plumbing systems for farm kitchens based on the method of using a force pump and three-way cocks described in a previous article (E. S. R., 35, p. 496). The operation of a simple system of the type is described, showing how cold and hot water may be pumped and water siphoned from the hot water boiler to the sink or back to the cistern. A combination system using an attic tank or a pressure tank with this system is also described, together with fittings for shower baths, etc. A third section itemizes and explains the parts of the appa- ratus. A final section on cost, based on conditions in Kansas in April, 1916, is included. The water supply of the farmhouse, J. D. Walters {Kans. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 10 {1916), pp. Jf2, figs. 15). — This is a semipopular bulletin, based on Kansas conditions, containing sections on the following subjects related to farm water supplies : Amount of water required ; spring water and well water ; wells ; contamination of wells ; artesian wells ; filtering the cistern water ; pumps, lifts, and rams ; power required to lift water ; theoretical horsepower ; the windmill ; the water tank ; the concrete reservoir ; the water tower ; the air-pressure tank ; compressed air lifts ; soft water for the laundry and the bathroom ; the auto- matic water lift; the hydraulic ram; the friction element in plumbing; and cheap home ice. Water supply systems for the farm home, H. W. Riley {Cornell Country- man, 13 {1916), Nos. 7, pp. 566-569, figs. 3: 8, pp. 665-668. 690, 692, figs. ^).— A brief description of hydropneumatic and pneumatic tank water supplies is given, together with a discussion of the hydraulic principles involved in pump- ing and distributing water for small systems. Sewage treatment in small communities without sewerage systems, P. Hansen {Univ. III. Bui., 13 {1916), No. 19, pp. 189-195, figs. 5).— Small sewage purification systems, consisting of settling ttink and tile absorption areas of sufficient size to meet temporarily the requirements of small communities, are briefly described and illustrated. RURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural economics, E. G. Nottk.se {Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1916, pp. XXV+896. figs. 23). — "This volume represents an effort to carry over into agricultural economics some results of recent experience in the use of the dis- 1!>17] RURAL ECONOMICS. 891 cussioH uieMiod.s of teiicliing eleiiu'ntary niul intermediate courses in economics. The booii: aims to bring together in an orderly arrangement (1) a store of infor- mation which may profitably come within the view of the student who desires to understand the economic phenomena of agriculture, and (2) a considerable number of opinions which have already been expressed as to the meaning of these facts." The author has divided the contents into the following chapters : The emer- gence of the problem of agricultural economics ; consumption ; land and other natural agents of agricultural production ; human effort as a factor in agricul- tural production ; capital-goods as a factor in agricultural production ; organi- zation and management of the agricultural enterprise; records and accounts as measures of eflicient management ; principles of value and price as related to farm products; market methods and problems; transportation and storage facilities as factors in the marketing of farm products ; the rent and value of farm land ; land tenure and land policy ; interest on farm loans ; rural cred- its ; agricultural wages ; some problems of agricultural labor ; and profits in agriculture. The relationship of New England agriculture to manufacturing, K. L. BuTTEKFiELD {Trdiis. Nat. Assoc. Cotton Manfrs., No. 100 (1916), pp. 213-223).— The author calls attention to the fact that agricultural products are in many instances the basic products in manufacturing industries and discusses the extent to which the farmers in New England can furnish such material. He also calls attention to the available products as they might influence the diet of the working men and tlieir families and indirectly influence the efficiency of New England manufacturing industries. Farm management studies in eastern Nebraska, H. C. Filley {Nebraska Sta. Bvl. 157 {1916), pp. 32, figs. 5). — The author's conclusions are as follows: " The 80-acre grain and stock farm of eastern Nebraska does not utilize man, horse, or machine labor as efficiently as do farms of a larger size. The family farm which provides work for approximately two men or the equivalent, seems to be the most profitable. On the farms surveyed, approximately half of the Avork, aside from that done by the operator, was performed by boys under 21. " The best paying farms found in this survey had crop yields from 15 to 30 per cent better than the average of all farms, while of the farms whose yields were as mucli as 15 per cent below the average of their community, few gave satisfactory returns. The most profitable farms included in this survey sold two or three major products and from two to four minor products. Those selling but one or two products were not profitable as they did not furnish productive labor for a large enough part of the year. " If 5 per cent interest is allowed upon all capital invested by the operator, owned farms returned an average labor income of $203 and tenant farms an average of $806 to the operator. The better showing made by the tenant farms is largely accounted for by the fact that they returned to the landlord only 3.5 per cent interest upon the land valuation, while the owner-operator is charged 5 per cent upon his valuation. The low rate of return is due primarily to the security of the investment. Owned farms in Richardson county contributed $509, and tenant farms $405 toward the farmers' living, in addition to the ' labor income.' This is somewhat above the average of farms covered by the survey. " Placed upon the same basis as the city wage earner, with interest upon land figured at the landlord's rate of return, the average farmer of eastern Nebraska receives between $1,000 and $1,200 per year for his labor and manage- ment." 392 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 30 Rural land ownership among the negroes of Virginia, S. T. Bitting {Char- loitesville, Va.: Univ. Va., 1915, pp. 110, fuj. 1). — The author discusses the fac- tors which influence the negroes in obtaining possession of the laud and their success in developing the right types of farming. The discussion relates to conditions in Virginia in general, with special emphasis upon conditions found in Albemarle County. Facts about land (London: John Murray, 1916, pp. XV I +319). — This report, prepared by the Laud Agents' Society, discusses and criticizes the report of the Laud Enquiry Committee (E. S. R.. 30, p. 491). Farm work for discharged soldiers, H. E. Moore (London: P. S. King d Son, Ltd., 1916, pp. 31). — This publication contains proposals indicating the manner in which disabled or discharged soldiers may be assisted to secure a livelihood from agricultural work and suggests a method by which the State could aid that object. Rural cooperation in Denmark, G. Desbons (La Cooperation Rurale en Dane- mark. Mont pell ler: Fermin rf- Montane, 1916, pp. 178). — The author discusses the development of cooperation in Denmark, the organization and functions of agricultural associations, the difficulties met, and the results accomplished. The result of an experiment in agricultural credit in Tuscany, F. Virgilii (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Oeorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 12 (1915), No. 3-4, pp. 229- 237). — These pages contain a brief discussion of the results obtained in an agricultural bank established in 1913 in Tuscany. The report of the Agricultural Organization Society for the year ended March 31, 1916 (Rpt. Agr. Organ. Soe. [London], 1916, pp. VII I +99). —This report contains brief statements regarding the various activities of the society, with special reference to war conditions. [Report on the working of the cooperative credit societies], G. Nath (Rpt. Coop. Credit Socs. Ajmer-Mertvara, 1916, pp. 15 + 121]).— This report sets forth the progress of the work in connection with the societies during the year, to- gether with statements regarding the operations of the various agricultural banks. Second annual report of the department of foods and markets, 1915 (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Foods and itarkets, V. Y., 2 (1915), pp. 53).— In this report are discussed the activities of the bureau in securing better market conditions, market facilities, and prices for farm products. Its efforts were principally devoted to the marketing of fruit, hay, live stock, and live stock products. Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 2 (1916), No. 11, pp. 109-120, fig. 1). — Among the data in this report are a summary of farm prices, the estimated farm value of important products, the range of prices of agricul- tural products at important markets, and the estimated crop conditions Novem- ber 1. 1916. It also includes special reports regarding the wheat supply and distribution per capita for a series of years, hop production and consumption, milk prices, the prices of turkeys, chickens, upland middling cotton at New Orleans, alfalfa, and clover seed, the damage to wheat due to black rust in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, the wheat surplus and deficiency by States, index figures of total crop yields for a series of years, the potatoes moved from counties where grown and the quantities harvested by months, celery acreage, honey, pecan, and onion production, etc. Food and raw material requirements of the United Kingdom (London: Dominions Roy. Com., 1915, pp. IV +123). — Tliis report, prepared by the Royal Commission on the Natural Resources, Trade, and Legislation of Certain Por- tions of His Majesty's Dominions, indicates the requirements for tlie various food products, the sources of supply, and tlie quantities consumed for 1913-14 and previous years. 1017] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 393 Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, and other agricultural produce in Eng-land and Wales, It. H. Kew (Bil. Ayr. and Fislivries [London], Ayr. Htalis., 50 {J9J5}, No. .3, pp. 10^-151). — This bulletin continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 491), adding statistics for 19L5. Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for the year 1914 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1914, pp. XXI +143). —This report continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 895) by add- ing data for 1914, and contains a special report comparing the acreage devoted to crops, the number of live stock, and number of agricultural holdings as found in 1914, with a series of years extending back to 1867. [Agricultural statistics for the Netherlands] {.laarc. Konink. Nederlanden, Rijk Europa 1914. PP- 203-228). — These pages continue information previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 894), adding data for 1914. [Agricultural statistics in Switzerland] {Statis. Jahrb. Schtveis, 24 (1915), pp. 74-82). — These pages continue data previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 590). A B C of Queensland statistics, 1916, compiled by N. J. MacLeod {Brisbane: Govt., 1916, pp. 42).— This continues data previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 792). [Agriculture in Ceylon] {Ceylon Blue Boole, 1915, pp. V 1-V 11). — These pages of this volume contain data regarding the area, production, and prices of crops, number of live stock, and wages of agricultural labor by provinces and districts. Agriculture in Portuguese Angola, D. Tabuffi {Agr. Colon. [Italy], 10 {1916), No. 8-9, pp. 385-431, pis. 12). — In this article are discussed the topogra- phy, climate, extent of agricultural development, types of crops, and live stock produced in this region. International yearbook of agricultural legislation {Inst. Intermit. Agr. [Rome], Ann. Internat. Leg. Agr., 5 {1915), pp. XCIl +1460). — This volume continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 91) by adding the most recent laws and regulations. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The change of stress in making the curriculum from, subject-matter to the individual, A. C. True {High School Quart. [Ga.], 4, {1916), No. 4, pp. 261- 267). — In the author's opinion, the general tendency to give all vocations the professional basis and attitude is reflected in secondary and higher educa- tional institutions in the broadening of courses and the constantly increasing number of subjects taught, resulting in a demand for expert guidance and par- ticularly for vocational guidance. This state of things is putting a tremendous burden, financially and morally, on both public and private schools and colleges. " Studies in the science of pedagogy are bringing out facts regarding the development of the mind through childhood and adolescence, the actual con- ditions with reference to the effect of memory studies, observation, manual exercises, etc., on the student's mind as related to his inclinations, interests, and aptitudes. These studies show the great variety of factors which enter into the effective education of the individual and the reaction of the different factors on the peculiar type of mind which the individual is endowed with. Therefore, while there are certain things which all children should be taught there must be increasing differentiation of subject-matter and methods of in- struction as the individual mind develops and becomes more definitely related to the world of nature and vocations in which the fully developed man or woman is to work." The individual youth nmst choose the subjects that he will study and it is the duty of educational institutions to study the individual student and give 394 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 30 liim the best advice they cau on the basis of liis malie-up aud requirements. " They ought not to hold liim within the limitations of theii- own curriculum, which because of lack of means or of the aim of the Institution may be vei-y narrow." It being impossible for any one school or college to teach everything, there is a growing tendency to put all education on a public foundation. The State or Nation, with the wealth at its command, can so arrange its educational institutions that taken together they will provide instruction in all subjects, except perhaps theology. Through scholarships or other means it can enable students to easily move about from one institution to another wherever located. To compete successfully with public institutions private schools will be more and more compelled to associative effort accompanied by individual differentia- tion. " There are many arguments in favor of colleges having from 500 to 1.000 students in undergraduate work. These usually can not cover a wide range of work, and the student should choose the college be.st adapted to his requirements. One thing is absolutely certain, that the attempt to run colleges on the narrow curriculum in vogue 50 years ago will be a complete failure, or if it has in some instances partial success it will be an injury to many of the students." Agriculture, O. H. Benson and G. H. Betts (Indianapolis: The Bohbs-Merrill Co., 1915 [16]+U-i+'^I+\.16}, figs. 189).— The text for the farm previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 95) was also issued in the same year as a text for the school and farm, including in addition, at the end of the book, instructions to teachers on public school extension work, equipment, laboratory material, method of instruction, seasonal order of study, and reference material. Agriculture, O. H. Benson and G. H. Betts (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-MerriU Co., 1916, pp. ll6'\+520+XIX, pi. 1, figs. 211).— The above text has also been adapted to Southern and Western conditions. Chapters have been added on Agriculture in the South, Agriculture in Western States, Farming Under Irri- gation, Cotton, Tobacco Culture, Sugar Farming, Culture of Citrus, Fruits and Nuts in the South and We.st. The chapter on Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables has been extended to include the canning of soups and the description of the five common methods of canning in use. canning equipment, tinning, capping, and soldering, repair work, etc. Introduction to agriculture: Practical studies in crop production, C. M. Weed and W. E. Riley (Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1916, pp. VI+268, figs. 131). — A chapter on Soils: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Improvements, has been added to this text, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 393). Elementary agriculture for Alberta schools, J. McCaig (Toronto, Canada: W. J. Gage <6 Co., Ltd., pp. X +11-256, pis. 1,0, figs. ^5).— This elementary text for Alberta schools comprises five parts dealing respectively with the soil ; the life cycle of the general plant ; tillage, with particular reference to prairie agriculture ; representative crops ; types of farm enterprise ; and types and breeds of farm animals. Each chapter includes practical exercises to be done in the school, home and school garden, and field. Agricultural education and research (Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., 4 (1915), pp. XIV-XIX). — An account is given of the progress in 1915 in agricultural edu- cation and research work iinder the control of the Board of Agriculture of Scotland. A county scheme for training women for farm work, R. N. Dowling (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 (1916), No. J,, pp. 31,9-353, pi. i).— The author de- scribes a scheme of the Lindsey Education and War Agricultural committees for overcoming the prejudices against the employment of women in farm work lf»17] AGKICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 395 in areas of Lincolnshire other Ihau in the South and Nortli where wumeu have been extensively employed in such work. A County Training and Clear in.i^ House Station accommodating 12 women at a time was organized at Elkington, near Louth, where free instruction extending on an average through two weeks is given in such subjects as weeding corn, hoeing roots, milking, hay making, etc. Wages are paid by the estate for work done that is of value to the farm which may more than cover the nominal fee for board and lodging. Nineteen students, representing women of both the industrial and well-educated classes, had completed the two-weeks course, and three a one-week course. It is re- ported that farmers prefer the well-educated women, although all the women placed seem to have given satisfaction. Nature-study in Rhode Island, W. G. Vinal (Nature-Study Rev., 12 {1916), No. 6, pp. 253-262). — In this lecture, given in the extension course of the Rhode Island Normal School, three large phases are distinguished in nature study, namely, the plant-animal phase or community nature study, coming in the first six grades, the physics-chemistry phase, and the gardening phase — school gar- dening in the fifth and sixth grades and home gardening or home science in the seventh grade, broadening into civic science in the eighth grade. The author states that nature study is usually limited to the plants and animals and ele- mentary science to physics and chemistry. They are both scientific and they are both nature study, the only difference being that in nature study emphasis is placed on the appreciative side whereas in elementary science the subject is placed first. He discusses the value of nature study, organization of mate- rial, method of teaching and aids, such as museums, field trips, illustrative material, and exhibits. It is recommended that the material selected include the daily problems of science which are met by the pupils, other things and that every one should know, and the individual needs of the neighborhood, and that the instruction be given by means of illustrations followed by project work. September nature-study, Anna B. Comstock (Nature-Study Rev., 12 (1916), No. 6, pp. 280^289, figs. 4)- — The author outlines nature study topics for grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 to be used in connection with her Handbook of Nature Study. Home school g'ardens {A(/r. Gas. Canada, 3 (1916), No. 7, pp. 638-6^1, figs. 2). — This is a collection of articles on the method of conducting home school gardens, their inspection, the number of gardens, etc., in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. [School home gardening] (TJ. S. Dept. Int., Bur. Ed., School Home-Garden Cires. 1915, Nos. 1, pp. 4; 2, pp. 4; 3, pp. 3; 4, pp. 2; 1916, Nos. 5, pp. 5, figs. 2; 6, pp. 4: 7. PP- 6; 8, pp. 3; 9, pp. 3; 10, pp. 4>' H^ PP- 14)- — These circulars, in- tended to help teachers and garden supervisors, deal respectively with (1) Instructions for School-supervised Home Gardens, (2) A Course in Vegetable Gardening for Teachers, (3) The Winter Vegetable Garden [in the South], (4) Organic Matter for the Home Gardens. (5) Hotbeds and Cold Frames for Home Gardens, (6) Raising Vegetable Plants from Seed, (7) How to Make the Gar- den Soil More Productive, (8) Planting the Garden, (9) Part Played by the Leaf in the Production of a Crop, (10) A Suggestive Schedule for Home- garden Work in the South, and ( 11 ) List of Publications for the Use of School Home-garden Teachers. A brochure on school gardens, H. J. Davies (Dept. Land Rec. and Agr., United Prov. Agra and Ondh, Bui. 34 (1915), pp. 17). — Instructions for school flower gardens in the hills and plains of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India, are given. 396 EXPERIMENT STATION UECORD. [Vol. ^iG Equipment for teaching domestic science, Helen Kinne (Boston: Whit- comb and BarrmcH, 1UJ6. pp. [6]+10.i, pin. 76, fuju. 2ii). — In this revision (B. S. R., 25. p. 393) chapters are added on Portabhi Kquipnieut for Lectures, and New Developments in Household Arts Equipment, including the practice Ixouse, the school apartment, the unit kitchen, and the school lunch room as a cooking laboratory. Food and nutrition laboratory manual, Isabel Bevieb (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows, 1915, pp. 80).— To this manual, previously noted (E. S. R., 20. p. 775), considerable new material has been added, and tlie classification and methods of experimentation have been revised on the basis of present knowledge. Clothing and health, Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley (Ne^v York: The Macmillan Co., 1916, pp. VII-\-302, pi. 1, figs. 150). — This is an elementary text- book, in story form, dealing with elementary processes in sewing, making sim- ple garments, care and repair of clothing, choosing and wearing clothes, and leading textile materials. MISCELLANEOUS. Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1917, E. H. Bradley (Washington: Govt., 1916, pp. 502).— The pro- posed activities of this Department are set forth in project form. Report of Porto Rico Station, 1915 (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. Jf5. pis. 3). — This contains the organization list, a summary by the agronomist in charge as to the general conditions and lines of work conducted at the station during the year, reports of the chemist .and assistant chemist, horticulturist, assistant horticulturist, plant pathologist, and entomologist abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a special article entitled A Porto Rican Disease of Bananas noted on page 352. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1915 (Texas Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. Jf^, figs. 2). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915. and for various state funds for the fiscal year ended August 31, 1915, and a report of the director on the work of the station and the various substations. Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), Nos. 10, pp. 289-320: 11, pp. S21-352, figs. 72).— These numbers contain, in addition to several articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, the following: No. 10. — Influence of Sulphur on Crop Production, by J. W. Ames and G. E. Boltz, an abstract of Bulletin 292 (E. S. R., 3.''>, p. 220) ; Mulching the Apple Orchard, by F. H'. Ballou, an extract from Bulletin 301 (E S. R., 36, p. 40) ; and The Ohio Soil Survey, by W. C. Boardman. No. 11. — Roughages for Fattening Lambs, by .T. W. Hammond, an abstract of Bulletin 245 (E. S. R., 28, p. 671) ; Producing Mulch Material in Apple Orchards, by F. H. Ballou, an extract from Bulletin 301 (E. S. R., 36, p. 40) ; Observations on the Wheat Harvest of 1916, by C G. Williams ; Fall Steaming of Tobacco Plant Beds to Prevent Root Rot, by A. D. Selby, T. Houser. and J. G. Humbert; and Problems of the Southeastern Ohio Farmer, by C. W. Montgomery. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bvl, J^ (1916), No. 8, pp. 16. figs. 5).— This number contains brief articles on the following subjects : Production Costs in Dairying, by H. L. Blanchard ; Improve Soils by Drainage, by P]. B. Stookey ; The Logic of the Winter Feeding Schedule, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup (see p. 373) ; Spur Blight of Red Raspberries, by A. Frank; Trap the Moles Now; and Winter School for Farmers. NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — Dr. J. T. Anderson, professor of chemistry and chemist for soil and crop investigations, died February 25, at the age of 67 years. Dr. Anderson had been connected with the institution for twenty-nine years. Much of his station work had been in connection witli the fertilizer inspection, but he had also studied for a long time the nutrition of the cotton I)lant and had in progress an Adams Act project on the determination of the fertilizer requirements of the soil by analysis of the cotton plants grown on it. He had also been studying the factors affecting the application and insecticidal efficiency of arsenicals. He was an early worker in the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and was an abstractor for several years from that as- sociation for Experiment Station Record. Miss Madge J. Reese, state home demonstration agent, and Miss Mary Paxtim, assistant state home demonstration agent, have resigned. California University and Station. — Four-year professional courses in forestry and forest engineering have recently been established. A twelve weeks' short course is also being given, beginning January 15, to help practical woodsmen. The work includes theoretical training in surveying, log-scaling, timber es- timating, logging, fire protection, silviculture, forest administration, trail and telephone construction, English composition, grazing, and the work of the United States Forest Service. Arnold V. Stubenrauch, professor of pomology and pomologist, died February 12. Professor Stubenrauch was born in New Orleans, April 27, 1871, and was graduated from the University of California in 1899. In 1901 he received the M. S. degree from Cornell University and for the next year was instructor in horticulture in the University of Illinois. In 1902 he returned to California, serving until 1905 as assistant professor of horticulture. For the next ten years he was connected with the Office of Horticultural and Pomological Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for several years with the studies of fruit transportation and storage, and subsequently in charge of the Office until his return to California in 1914. He was a member of numerous horti- cultural and general scientific societies and the author of a long list of publica- tions of this Department, the California Station, etc. Professor Stubenrauch was most widely known for his studies of the handling, transportation, and storage of fi'uits, which led to important changes in methods, especially in California and Florida. He determined the funda- mental factors underlying the successful storage of California grapes and dis- covered the availability of redwood sawdust as a packing material. Georgia Station. — R. W. Allen has been appointed a.ssistant chemist, beginning February 15. Kentucky Station. — L. B. Mann has been appointed assistant in the depart- ment of animal husbandry. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. — The tenth annual meeting of this society was held at Chicago December 27-29, 1916. One of the topics of special interest was the farm tractor. An inquiry as to the Status of Tractors in Nebraska was reported by L. F. Seaton. Question blanks were sent to about 550 owners in all parts of the State, and reports re- 397 398 EXPERIMEKT STATION RECORD. [Vol. ;^0 ceived froiu 215 owuors. TTnf;iv(»r;il)lo reports wen^ follDwed Ity poi'somil interviews, and it was usually found that the owner was either not mukiug a success of any farm work or, while a good farmer, he was not a mechanic and depended upon inexperienced men to handle the tractor. Of the total number of owners reporting for the period 1912-1916, 68.6 per cent considered the tractor a good investment, and of the owners reporting for 1915-16, 76.5 per cent so considered it. All things considered, the tractor was thought to be more satisfactory than the horse by 54.4 per cent of the total number reporting, and by 61.1 per cent of those reporting for 1915-16. As to the cost of operation and maintenance, 65.8 per cent reported in favor of the tractor. From the reports made by the total number reporting, it was thought that the tractor would not be a good investment on farms under 270 acres, but the 1915-16 reports indicated 230 acres to be sufficiently large. The machines were used an average of 66 days a year. The average length of day was 11,8 hours, with 1.25 hours additional required for oiling and general care. The average size of tractors was from 10,31 to 22.1 horsepower, and the average cost of tractors $564,23. The average cost of repairs was about $42.50 for the whole year. The average width of gang used for plowing was 4.46 ft. or four plows, while that used for breaking was 5,2 ft. or about five plows. The rate of speed traveled per hour was 2.48 miles for plowing and 2.24 miles for breaking. The average amount of fuel used per day for plowing was 26.25 gal., at a cost of $3.50, and for breaking 40 gal. at a cost of $6,96. The amount of lubricating oil used per day for plowing was 1,77 gal, at a cost of 87.3 cts. ; and for breaking 2.52 gal, at a cost of $1.25. F. N, G, Kranich discussed The Tractor's Relation to the Farm and its Machinery, It was pointed out that the relation of the tractor to the plow is well established and that the plows now used are of special design, horse- drawn gang plows being used in very few cases. It was considered doubtful, however, whether or not the tractor will bring about similar changes in other farm draft and belt power machines. Nearly all the seeding and harvesting machinery in present use is built in vmits too small to be used economically with the tractor, indicating the necessity of designing this type of machinery so that it may be drawn either by horses or by a tractor. The relation of the tractor to belt power machines does not necessitate a change in machine design, but does necessitate a careful choice on the part of the purchaser as to size so that the tractor will have ample power to drive the machines at their full capacity. The necessity was also pointed out of selecting a tractor and the machinery to go with it in sizes that will prove a paying investment on the farm in question, and of making sure that this machinery will be used a sufficient amount of time during the year to make the proposition a paying one, E. R. Greer, in a paper on Developments in Tractor Design, stated that the developments during the past season have been mostly in the perfection of details. There has been no radical change in the general design of tractors and no type on the market has been eliminated because of its unfitness. An improvement considered very important by the author is the general adoption of a device for clearing the air of dust before it enters the engine cylinder. It was stated further that all types of tractor motor may be equipped with devices so that kerosene may be burnt successfully, but as a rule the power capacity will be about 10 per cent less in burning kerosene than in burning gasoline. In a paper on The Standardization of Gas Tractor Ratings, R. W. Olney advocated the universal rating of tractors in terms of belt and drawbar horse- power and drawbar pull, as previously explained (E. S. R., 35, p. 890). 1917] NOTES. 399 O. E. Bransky gave an illustrated talk on Fuels for Internal Combustion l^]ngines, discussing the physical and chemical properties of gasoline and kerosene, including a description of the usual methods followed in producing gasoline and kerosene from crude oil and the so-called Burton process. An evaporation test by means of which the percentages of fuel wliich are evapo- rated at different temperatures are determined accurately was advocated in place of the hydrometer test. In a paper on Magneto Characteristics, it was shown by J. G. Zimmerman from results of tests of two small gas engines that the heat i*equired in both a high tension and make-and-break ignition spark is approximately 0.0025 calorie. The heat value is considered to be the essential factor in the ignition spark, but this heat value must be delivered within a very shoi*t period of time. The paper dealt further with sparks, voltage, timing, and the theory of electromagnetic spark generation, the author's purpose being to show how different types of magnetos are designed to produce the kind of spark which is desirable for gas engine ignition. H. E. Murdock reported on the Drainage of Irrigated Lands, especially as practiced at the Montana Experiment Station. The relief and intercepting systems of drainage were discussed, and special cases of drainage of seeped lands in Montana described in which the use of the systems noted was illus- trated. It was brought out especially that the drainage of seeped irrigated lands requires more than a simple survey for the preliminary w'ork. " When drainage of a tract of land is suceessfullj' accomplished the work of reclaiming the land is not yet completed, as the soil of the old swamp needs to be put into condition for crops." " The question as to whether it will pay to drain a certain piece of land needs careful consideration as the expense of reclaiming it may be greater than the value of the land ; however, it can generally be stated that it pays to drain seeped areas in irrigated lands unless the conditions are very unfavorable for their successful reclamation." In a discussion of the above paper by O. W. Israelson, results of work re- ported by the Irrigation Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture were reviewed. G. W. Iverson presented a paper on Sti'esses in a Shawver Barn Truss, ex- plaining methods of graphical and analytical commutation of stresses. It was shown that this plank truss type of barn frame as usually built should be strong enough to withstand a wind blowing at the rate of 90 miles per hour. Barn Planning was discussed by W. A. Ashby, who took up the independent stable, shed, loft, basement, and covered barnyard types of live stock barns. The requirements of each type were summarized and translated into figures giving data regarding the average unit space and space for doors, windows, vent flues, and floors, height of ceiling, and width and length of stall for sheep, loose cattle, horses, and milch cows. On the basis of this material a concrete example of barn planning was worked out step by step, illustrating the points discussed and the application of the data. M. L. King presented a paper on Hollow Clay Blocks for Farm Buildings. The development of permanent and tire-proof farm structures as well as fea- tures of tlieir design were dealt with, and a standard test for fire-proof farm residence construction was proposed, based on the author's experience. A paper on Masonry Roofs, based on experimental w^ork at the Iowa Experi- ment Station, was presented by W. G. Kaiser. The general features of design of a reinforced concrete and hollow tile arch barn roof following the equation of an inverted catenary were discussed. 400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Other papers included that on C'ollege Instruction in Concrete Construction, by A. J. R. Curtis, prepared from the standpoint of the teacher; Short-course Instruction in Gas Engines and Tractors, by L. F. Seaton, in which the practice in this connection of about twelve agricultural and mechanical col- leges in the Central West was outlined ; . Standardization of Sprocket Wheel Design, by W. F. MacGregor, discussing a paper on the same subject presented by F. N. G. Kranich at the 1915 meeting; Cotton Machinery, by E. C. Gee, based on experience at the Texas College; Use of the Tractor on Eastern Farms, by H. R. Burr, based on work conducted at the Williamson School of Delaware County, Pa, ; The Arrangement and Planning of the Farmstead, by L. W. Chase and M. C. Betts, who covered in a semi-popular way the arrangement of farm buildings, lots, etc., with reference to practically every ordinary type of farm activity; What Should the Farmhouse Cost, by W. A. Etherton, who presented data collected showing the relation of house rent to the weekly income of 7,570 families in 29 cities and the rehitiou of the incomes of 1,363 farms in nine States to the cost of the tenant houses thereon ; Electric Equipment for the Farm by W. K. Frudenberger ; and Agricultural Engineer- ing Bibliogi-aphy, by H. E. Horton, proposing to add to the generally accepted classification of agricultural engineering three more divisions, namely cul- tural, statistical, and economic. E. M. Merwine presented the report of the farm power machinery committee. This consisted of a report of tests on the power requirements of two corn grinders, three alfalfa grinders, two silage cutters, and a corn husker and shredder. The committee on farm pov/er, L. F. Seaton chairman, reported tests on the compaction of soils due to the use of tractors, made by the agricultural engineering and agronomy departments of the University of Nebraska. The tests were conducted on stubble and freshly plowed land of fine sandy loam soil, which at the time was in very dry and compact condition. Four types of tractor were used, namely, the light-weight four wheel, the drum drive, the caterpillar, and the heavy-weight four-wheel types. Samples of soil were taken to a depth of 6 in. and sometimes to a depth of 12 in. to determine the weight of the soil in a given volume of space in places where the tractor had passed over. The results showed that very little packing of the soil occurred in stubble ground, and in several cases the ground was looser after the tractor had passed over it than before. This is tentatively attributed to the grouters and the slipping action of the wheels. There was considerably more packing when the moistui'e content of the soil was higher. W. F. MacGregor reported the progress of the activities of the committee on tractor ratings. I. W. Dickerson presented the tentative recommendations of the standards committee on the standardization of the ratings and specifications of low voltage farm electric lighting plants. These consisted essentially of sugges- tions as to the information which manufacturers of farm electric lighting plants should give in their ratings and specifications. The report of the committee on sanitation included among other matters a review of about 95 reports on the purification and disposal of rural and farm sewage and on farm and rural water supplies, obtained during the past year from various soiirces. Other conunittees reporting were those on farm structures, tractor demonstra- tions, tractor ratings, irrigation, and drainage. E. B. McC'ormick of the O.^ce of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of this Department, was elected president for the ensuing year. C. K. Shedd of the Iowa College continues as secretary-treasurer. ADDITIONAL COPIES OK THIS PUnLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUTVIENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ■WASHINGTON, D. C. AT lo CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, Per Volume OF Ndte Numbers AND Index, SI V U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 APRIL, 1917 No. 5 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bureau— C.F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D, Melvin, Chief. Bureau ot Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology-:-L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engin eering— L. W. Page, Director, Office op Markets and Rural Organization — 0. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. 0. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ALABAMA— College Station: Aiibum: J. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: UnUmtown; L. H. Moore.* Tuskegee Station: Tmkegee Institute; G, W. Carver.! AtASKi.— Sitka: 0. G. Georgeson.2 Arizona— rwstm; R. H. Forbes.' A-RKJiitSKS—Fayetteville: M. Nelson. » Ci.two-Rm\— Berkeley: T, F. Hunt.> Colorado— J'ort Collins: C. P. Gillette.* Connecticut— State Station: 2V«r Havem^ g. Jenkins.* Storrs Station: Storrs; > Delaware— iVetcarfc.' H. Hayward.*, Florida— OaiTiwcifl*; P. H. Rolfs.* G^onau.— Experiment: 1. D. Price.' GvKUL— Island ofOuam: C. W. Edwards.' Havtau— Federal Station: Eonolulu; J. M. Westgate.> Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu;B.. P. Agee.* Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.* Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.* Indiana— ia Fayette: A. Goss.* loyrx— Ames: C. F. Curtlss.* Kxsaxs— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.* KziXTVCKr— Lexington: A. M. Peter.* Louisiana— State Station: Bafon 7JurAa77i.- J. C. Kendall.* New Jersey- iVew Brvensvoiek: J. G. Lipman.' New Mexico— Stot« College: Fabian Garcia.* New York— ' State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Station: Itliaca; A. R. Mann.* North Carolina— CpUeg( State North Dakota— .A^rJcufturaJ College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.* Oklahoma— StiKwoier.- W. L. Carlyle.' Oreqon— CortMZHs; A. B. Cordley.' Pennsi?lvania— State College: R. L. Watts.' Suue College: Institute of Animal Natrttlon, H. P. Armsby.* Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.» Insular Station: RioPiedtas; W. V. Tower.* Rhode IsLxmy- Kingston: B. L. ITartwclI.' South Carolina— CTewwan Cottege} C. C.Newman.* South Dakota— JSroofcinj/s.* J. W. Wilson.' Tennessee— ff7W£cii!fe.* H. A. Morgan.' Tzxk9— College Station: B. Youngblood.J Utah— ioffon." F. S. Harris.' Vermont— J5itrJj»H«o»; J. L, Hills, * Virginia— Blacksburg: A. W, Drlnkard, Jr.» JVor/olk.--Truck Station; T. C, Johnson.' Washington- PwJiman.* I. D. CardiflJ West Va.GTSU.—Morgantown: J. L. Coulter.' Wisconsin— Jlfodison.' H. L, Russell.' Wyomino — Laramie: H. G. Knight.' Fruit Station: MourUain Orove; PmIEvsosA ' I Director. » Agronomist In charge. * Animal husbandman in charge. * Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. (W FT Bfat Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^^; ^; ^If^,^^^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology j^^/ ^- b^yd *"^' ^^' ^' Field crop. {J: I;.!™';-- Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Foods and Human Nutrition {g_ ^•LAmJ^voRTHY, Ph. D., D. Sc. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming jj^^ D. Mooee. ■,T , . TIT T • „ /W, A. Hooker. Veterinary Medicine jj, ^ nollau. Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullingeb. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education {^^-H. ^^^^^^^^ Indexes — M. D. Moobe. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 5. Editorial notes: Page. The agricultural appropriation act, 1917-18 401 Recent work in agricultural science 411 Notes 499 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY. Chemical calculations, Ashley 411 Chemical constitution and physiological action, Spiegel 411 The specificity of proteins and carbohydrates, Reichert 411 Relation of carotinoids of cow, horse, sheep, goat, pig, and hen. Palmer 411 Reaction of amino acids and carbohydrates as cause of humin formation, Roxas 412 Tyrosinase and deaminization, Schweizer 412 The chymase of Solanum elseagnifoliuvi. — A preliminary note, Bodansky 412 The preparation and properties of lead-chlor arsenate, McDonnell and Smith.. 412 Methods for chemical and microscopical diagnosis, Steensma 412 A new type of extractor, McNair 413 The relative efficiency of laboratory reflux condensers, Dover and Marden 413 Extending the usefulness of a shaking machine, Chapin and Schaffer 413 Aeration method for ammonia, DaAdsson, Allen, and Stubblefield 413 Does vanadium interfere with determination of phosphorus? Gortnerand Shaw. 413 Examination of a radio-active fertilizer, Jorissen 414 The solubility of leucite in sulphurous acid, Schroeder 414 Report of the seventh convention of Dutch food chemists 414 Improved apparatus for acidity determinations of corn, Besley and Baston — 414 An improved method for the detection of arachidic acid, Kerr 414 I II CONTENTS. [Vol. 3C Page. The determination of citric acid in milk, Kunz 415 The determination of gum. and pectin in filter residues, Van der Linden 415 The sirup precipitate in white sugar manufacture, Coates and Slater 415 The composition of sound and frozen lemons, Bailey and Wilson 416 Production of sweet-orange oil and a new machine for peeling citrus fruits 416 The effect of ciuing on the aromatic constituents of vanilla beans, Rabak 416 Notes on the production of oil of citronella, de Jong 417 The use of bark for paper specialties, Kress 417 METEOROLOGY. The effect of climate and soil upon agriculture, Spafford 417 The probable growing season. Reed 418 Weather insurance, Reed 418 Condensed meteorological reports, Georgeson 418 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Sims 418 Monthly Weather Review 419 [Observations on aerology] 419 Notes on least squares, the theory of statistics and correlation, Marvin 419 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil survey of the Ukiah area, California, Watson and Pendleton 420 Soil survey of Washington County, Georgia, Winston, et al 420 Soil survey of Wilkes County, Georgia, Long 420 Soil survey of Coahoma County, Mississippi, Button et al 420 Soil survey of Dickey County, North Dakota, Bushnell et al 421 Loess soils of Nebraska. — V, Water-soluble constituents, Upson et al 421 Factors affecting evaporation of moisture from soil, Harris and Robinson 421 Keep our hillsides from washing, Whitson and Dunne wald 422 Protozoa as affecting bacterial activities in the soil, Waksman 422 Nitrification in semiarid soils, I, Kelley 422 The nitric nitrogen content of the country rock, Stewart and Peterson 423 Distribution of phosphorus in a vertical section of bluegrass soil, Peter 424 Nature of the sulphur in moorland soils injiuious to plant growth, Thorner 424 Field tests of fertilizer action on soil aldehydes, Skinner and Noll 424 Soil fertility 425 The use of fertilizers to increase crop production, Stookey 425 Improvement of hill and peaty pastures 425 The necessity for guano in national agricultiu'e 425 Factors affecting absorption and distribution of ammonia applied to soils, Cook . 425 Investigation and valuation of crude calcium cyanamid , Liechti and Truninger . 426 Effect of water on decomposition of crude calcium cyanamid, Hager and Kern . . 426 Calcium cyanamid, Malpeaux 427 Phosphate fertilizers for Hawaiian soils and their availability, McGeorge 427 Phosphate fertilizers, Sutherland 428 The citric acid solubility of the phosphate in Thomas slag, Kroll 428 The conservation of phosphate rock in the United States, Phalen 428 The salt and alkali industry, Martin, Smith, and Milsom 428 "Loog as;" or the ash of the alkali bush. Stead 429 Chemical analysis of ash 429 Relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil, Fippin 429 Analyses of commercial fertilizers and home mixtures, Cathcart et al 429 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A textbook of botany for colleges, Ganong 429 Some recent researches in plant physiology, Atkins 429 The principles of plant teratology, Worsdell 430 Morpholep of the flowers of Zea viays, Weatherwax 430 Xerophotic movements in leaves, Gates 430 The daily movements of leguminous leaflets, Gates 430 The wami-water treatment of seeds difiicult to germinate. Honing 430 The physiology and technique of forcing growth in woody plants, la Marca 431 Injury to vegetation resulting from climatic conditions. Stone 431 Formation of parenchyma wood following winter injury to the cambium, Mix. . 431 1917] CONTENTS. HI Page. Effect of sodium salts in water cultures on absorption of plant food, Breazeale. . . 431 Assimilation of iron by rice from certain nutrient solutions, Gile and Carrero. . . 431 The influence of manganese on plants, Masoni 432 The nutrition of green plants by means of organic substances, Ravenna 432 Disappearance of cumarin, vanillin, pjTidin, and quinolin in soil. Robbing. . . 432 Studies in permeability. — III, Absorption of acids by plant tissue. Hind 433 Production of root hairs in water, Bardell 433 A method for maintaining a constant volume of nutrient solutions, Clark 433 Proposed classification of the genus Rollinia, with new species, Safford 433 Desmopsis, a new genus of Annonaceae, Safford 433 Pleiospermium, a new genus related to Citrus, Swingle 433 Origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation, I, Benedict. . 434 The mutual influence of genotypical factors, Tammes 434 Dry grassland of a high mountain park in northern Colorado, Ramaley 434 Fungus flora of Texas soils, Werkenthin 434 Relative importance of fungi and bacteria in soil. Conn 434 FIELD CROPS. Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, Neal 435 Report of [field crops] work at Kodiak Station, Snodgrass 435 Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, Gasser 436 [Field crop] notes at Sitka Station, Anderson '. 437 Results of experiments, 1915, Richardson 437 Pasture crops in the prairie provinces, Harrison and Bracken 437 Germination experiments with grasses and legumes, Burgerstein 437 Crucifera and grasses with reference to soil nitrogen, Pfeiffer et al 438 Grasses with creeping roots. — Advantages and disadvantages, Breakwell 438 [The production of young grasa with sulphate of ammonia], Neubauer et al 438 [Chlorin requirement of the buckwheat plant], Pfeiffer and Simmermacher. . . 439 Corn growing under droughty conditions, Hartley and Zook 439 Some factors influencing yield in maize, Wenholz 439 Hulled oats, Overgaard 439 Potato experimental fields, 1915-16, Ramsay 440 Sweet potato ciuing in Texas, Cole 440 Relationship between the average wheat yield and winter rainfall, Richardson . 440 Experiments with the manui'in^ of wheat, Coleman 440 Researches on wheat selection, 1, Richardson and Green 440 The cross- fertilization of wheats, Spafford 441 Wheat breeding in New South Wales, Pridham 441 Notes on some recently imported wheats, Guthrie and Norris 441 Seed wheat. — Varieties for distribution among farmers, Richardson 441 Cost of production of field crops, Wilson and Whelan 441 Improved apparatus for determining the test weight of grain, Boerner 441 Rules and regulations imder the United States Grain Standards Act, Houston. 442 Clover and grass seed inspected in 1914, Smith 442 Determination of the seeds of Cuscuta trifolii and C suaveolens, Bernatsky 442 A new weed, Quinn and Andrew 442 Some points in fan weedcontrol 442 HORTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson, Anderson, et al 442 Some garden plants in the Portici Royal Agricultural High School, de Rosa. . . 443 Two winter salads, endive and Witloof, Bussard 443 Modern fruit marketing. Brown 443 The Christ -Junge taxation method ; general rules for horticultm-al plants 443 Cost of producing apples in Wenatchee Valley, Wash. , Miller and Thomson 443 The general cost of establishing a meadow orchard of cider apples, Truelle 444 Methods and problems in pear and apple breeding, Ballard 444 Pear breeding, Ballard 444 Growing cherries east of the Rocky Mountains, Gould 444 Self-eterility in dewberries and blackberries, Detjen 444 The sycamore fig in Egypt, Brown and V\'alsingham 445 The best jjiapaws 445 Cocos nucifera, Hunger 445 The cultivation of limes, Harrison et al 445 IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. The vanilla plantations of Tahiti and Moorea, Meinecke 445 Germination of yerba, Garin 445 Yerba mate {Ilex paragvxiyensis), Bertoni 455 The American nut industry, Gossard 445 Effects of large applications of fertilizers on carnations, Beal and Muncie 445 The history and botanical relationships of the modern rose, Wilson 446 Some suggestions for improvement of the home grounds. Sill 446 FORESTRY. Handbook for rangers and woodsmen, Taylor 446 The germination and early growth of forest trees, Boerker 447 Variations in the anatomical structure of wood, Prichard and Bailey 447 Relationship of the Douglas fir to lime in soil, Somerville 447 The girth increment of Hevea brasiliensis. Fetch 447 Sugar pine, Larsen and Woodbury 447 The forests of Worcester County, Cook 447 Improving the woodlot. Berry 447 Scientific national forestry for New Zealand, Hutchins 448 Annual statistics relating to forest administration in British India, 1914-15 448 Snow, injury to trees, Rigg 448 Forest fires in the United States in 1915, Peters 448 Forest insurance against fires in Finland, Nylander 448 Better apparatus for forest fire fighting, Johnson 448 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases, Anderson 448 Mycology, Shaw 448 Nonparasitic stem lesions on seedlings. Hartley 449 Life history and poisonous properties of Claviceps paspali, Brown 449 Neocosmospora vasinfecta on potato and adzuki bean, Wolf 450 Pleosphaerulina on alfalfa, Jones 450 Dissemination of bur clover leaf spot, Wolf 450 Experiments to control late blight of celery 450 The Rio Grande lettuce disease. Carpenter 450 A new smut on Sorghum halepense, Evans 450 Control of the sugar-beet nematode, Shaw 450 Rhizoctonia and Sderotium rolfsii on sweet potatoes, Harter 451 A specific mosaic disease in Nicotiana viscosum, Allard 451 Tomato blight, Jones 451 Phytophthora inJ'esUms on tomatoes, Kern and Orton 451 Phomopsis mah on young apple and pear trees in California, Smith 451 Observations on sour sap disease of apricots, Phillips 451 A new leaf spot disease of cherries, Rudolph 452 The action of copper sulphate on downy mildew, Semichon 452 The action of copper salts against grape downy mildew, Semichon 452 Some new strawberry fungi, Stevens and Peterson 452 The diseases of bananas, van der Laat 452 Sderotium rolfsii on citrus. Wolf 452 Cottony rot of lemons in California, Smith 452 A Gloeosporium disease of the almond probably new to America, Czarnecki. . . 453 The harcf rot disease of gladiolus, Massey 453 Red leaf spot of Hippeastrum, Dougherty 453 Notes on oleander bacteriosis. Smith 453 Spraying experiments to prevent rose leaf blotch 453 Forest botany. Hole 453 Fungus diseases of trees, Maxwell 453 A fertile witches' broom on larch, Jaccard 453 Peridermium harknessii and Cronartium quercuum, Meinecke 454 Piniis resinosa, a new host for Peridermium acicolum, Pierce 454 White pine blister rust (Peridermium strobi) 454 [Disease in pine and chestnut], Rane 454 Spread of the chestnut blight in Pennsylvania, Metcalf 454 Influence of Bordeaux mixture on transpiration from leaves and plants, Martin . 454 Sulphur fungicides, Gray 455 19171 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. Laws relating to fur-bearing animals, 1916, Lantz 455 Canaries: Their care and management, Wetmore 455 Shading effect of wire insect cages, Kimball 455 Wetting power of nicotin -sulphate and fish-oil-soap sprays, Smith 455 Cyanid gas for the destruction of insects, Creel and Faget 456 Some effects of freezing arsenate of lead pastes, Dutcher 456 Forty-sixth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1915 456 Insect pests fin Sitka district], Anderson 457 Report of the entomologist for the year 1915-16, Ritchie 457 Some phases of the locust problem, Loundsbury 457 The cockroach: Its destruction and dispersal, Holt 457 The green apple bug (Lygus invitus) in Nova Scotia, Britain 457 Studies of life histories of froghoppers of Maine, Osborn 458 Macrosiphum granariiim, the English grain aphis, Phillips 458 Effects of certain leaf- feeding Coccidse and Aphididse on pines, Brown 459 Life history of the velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatilis), Watson 459 Oviposition ot infertile eggs and parthenogenesis in the silkworm, Lecaillon 459 The cochylis, Faes and Porchet 460 Reducing malaria by reducing the number of Anopheles within buildings, Zetek. 460 Ronald Ross and the prevention of malarial fever, Gorgas and Garrison 460 Syrpliidse of Maine, Metcalf 460 The attraction of Diptera to ammonia, Richardson 460 A contribution to the knowledge of dipterous larvse and pupae, de Meijere 460 The transmission of disease by flies. Sweet 460 Sciara maggots injurious to potted plants, Hungerford 460 The occurrence of two annual generations of the elm-leaf beetle, Lecaillon 461 The dock false worm : An apple pest, Newcomer 461 Observationsu pon some of the predacious and parasitic Hymenoptera, Fyles 461 Syntomaspis druparum, the apple-seed chalcid, Cushman 461 An efficacious endoparasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Berlese and Paoli . . 462 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Fats and their economical use in the home, Holmes and Lang 462 Methods of preserving and manufacturing meat products, Cassamagnaglii 463 The food value and uses of poultry, Atwater 463 The sanitation of the shellfish industry, Cumming 463 A preliminary chemical study of the rices of Bihar and Oiissa, Sen 463 North Dakota wheat for 1916, Ladd 464 Science of baking business with special reference to yeast foods, Allen 464 Experiments in bread making from different kinds of rye, Jensen and Ludvigsen . 464 Bread as a food. — Its vitamin content and nutritive value, Voegtlin et al 464 Bread as a food 466 Evaporated fruit and vegetables, McGill 466 Coconut products and other substitutes for butter 466 Coconut toddy in Ceylon, Browning and Symons 466 Composition of Hungarian wines, Vuk 466 Mace, McGill 466 Boric acid occurring naturally in some foods. Smith 466 [Drug analyses], Ladd and Johnson 467 Annual report of the state chemist of Florida, Rose 467 Sixteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, Matthews . . 467 Report on the enforcement of the pure food law, Soule 467 Report of deputy state sealer of weights and measures, Russ 467 Homemade tireless cookers and their use 467 Is vegetarianism based on sound science? Keith 467 Action of sodium citrate and its decomposition in the body, Salant and Wise. . 467 Elimination of malates after subcutaneous injection of sodium malate, Wise. . . 468 The behavior of tartaric acid and the tartrates in the animal organism, Kahn.. 468 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Annual review of investigations in general biology, compiled by Delage et al . . 468 Animal production, von Ollech 468 The pituitary gland. — Its effect on planarian worms, Wulzen 468 Use of energy values in the computation of rations for farm animals, Armaby . . 469 VT CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Energy values of red-clover hay and maize meal, Armsby et al 469 Composition and digestibility of several meadow grasses, Honcamp et al 469 [Animal husbandry work in Alaska], Georgeson and Snodgrass 469 A list of breeders of piu-e-bred live stock in Montana 470 Utilization of feed by range steers of different ages, II, Christensen et al 470 Experiments in hog feeding at the Delta Branch Station, Walker 471 Feeding experiment with a mixed feed, von Czadek 472 Distribution of public service stallions in Wisconsin in 1916, Alexander 472 Concerning poultry feed values, Shoup 473 Dwarf eggs of the domestic fowl, Pearl and Curtis 473 A list of breeders of standard-bred poultry in Montana 473 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Report of the Sixth International Dairy Congress 473 Judging dairy cows, Humphrey 473 [A new world's champion dairy cow] 473 Reducing the cost of milk production, Blanchard 473 A review of the milk situation in New York, Dillon 474 Common sense in dairy inspection, Kelly 474 The grading of milk in small communities, Williams 474 The new state dairy law, Roadhouse 474 The heat resistance of nonspore-forming bacteria in milk, Gorini 474 Value of pasteurization in milk infected with tubercle bacilli, Traum and Hart. . 474 Rate of multiplication of bacteria in raw and pasteurized milk, Allen 475 Relation of lactic acid bacteria to milk freshness, Voitkevich (Wojtkiewicz) . . . 475 Using milk of low bacterial content in studying fermentation, Burri and Hohl. . 476 A common statement concerning the number of bacteria in milk. Breed 476 Cheese factory and creamery instruction and inspection 476 Chromogenic micro-organisms of cheese and in "robbiola," Dalla Torre 477 The preparation of homemade rennet, Todd and Cornish 477 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Pathol 0^ and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of animals, Moore. . 477 Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the diseases of domestic animals, Hutyi-a and Marek, edited by Mohler and Eichhorn 477 Special pathology and therapy of domestic animals, Frohner and Zwick 478 The origin and dcA^elopment of the lymphatic system, Sabin 478 Relationsliip between serum reactions, Welirbein 478 Relation of specific precipitation to other immunity reactions, Bulger 478 Hypodermal anaphylaxis, ToiTance 478 The effect of toluene on the production of antibodies, Hektoen 479 Comparative action of antiseptics on pus and on pure cultm^es, Lumiere 479 Significance of certain natural flagellates of insects, Fantham and Porter 479 Observ^ations on the blood in East Coast fever of cattle, Strickland 479 The mallein ophthalmic test as a diagnostic aid in glanders, Bongert 480 Tetanus bacilli on surface of parts of projectiles left in wounds, Lumiere 489 Value of the avian tuberculin test of Van Es and Schalk, Schornagel 480 The intracutaneous tuberculin test of Van Es and Schalk, Jakob and Gazenbeek. 480 A study of the milk in bo\T.ne infectious abortion, Giltner et al 480 Significance and duration of immunity in bovine contagious abortion, Ascoli. . 481 The seasonal prevalence of Hypoderma bovis in 1915, Had wen 482 Castration of young pigs, Ashbrook 482 Hog cholera 482 Methods of vaccination, control, and eradication of hog cholera 482 Bacillus abortus in infectious abortion in swine, Good and Smith 483 Equine spirillosis in Morocco, Velu 483 Leukemia of tlie fowl: Spontaneous and experimental, Schmeisser 483 Flagellated protozoa in infective processes of intestines and liver, Iladley 483 RURAL ENGINEERING. The people's interest in water-power resources. Smith 484 Accuracy of stream-flow data, Grover and Hoyt 484 The measurement of silt-laden streams. Pierce 484 Surface water supply of the Pacific slope basins in California, 1913 484 1917] CONTENTS. VII Page. Surface waters of Massachusetts, Pierce and Dean 484 Ground water in southeastern Nevada, Carpenter 485 The Navajo countiy, Gregorj' 485 Harney and Silver Creek projects, irrigation and drainage, WTiistler and Lewis. . 485 Artesian water for irrigation in Little Bitterroot Valley, Mont. , Meinzer 486 The alkali content of irrigation waters, Stewart and Hiret 487 Tests of irrigation pumping plants, Gates 487 Experiments with submerged orifices and tubes, Rogers and Smith 488 The significance of streptococci in water supplies, Savage and Read 489 Results from the activated sludge sewage treatment plant of Milwaukee, Hatton . 489 Public road mileage and revenues in the New England States, 1914 489 Report of the State Commissioner of Highways [of New York], Duffey 489 Proposed motor-truck loads for highway bridges, Cliilds 489 Tractive resistances to a motor delivery wagon, Kennelly and Schurig 490 First national farm tractor directory, compiled by Stone 491 Modern systems of independent lighting and heating 491 RURAL ECONOMICS. The farmer's labor income, Vogt 491 Labor income does not determine true profits, Falconer 492 Farm profits on 370 potato farms in Monmouth County, New Jersey, App 492 Factors affecting methods of farm management in the North Island, Brown. . . 493 [Agricultural laws of North Dakota] 493 The Federal Farm Loan Act 493 Digest of the Federal Farm Loan Act. 493 [Agricultural credit in India and Netherland East Indies], Douie and Alting. . 493 [Annual reports of the marketing commissioners]. Smith et al 493 Relation between primary market prices and qualities of cotton, Taylor 493 Advertising the apple. Sears 494 Saint Paul, the northwestern market for diversified farming 494 Minneapolis, "the market of the northwest" 494 [Raleigh as the location of a Federal farm loan bank]. Withers 494 [Agriculture in North Carolina] 494 Report from the seed and plant distribution 494 Agricultural statistics, Ireland, 1916, Butler 494 [Agricultural statistics in Germany] 494 Agriculture in India, Mackenna 494 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION-. Report of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, French 495 The work of the college of agriculture, Copeland 495 The Agricultural Instruction Act 495 Agricultural education and live stock improvement in Wales 495 Instruction in light farm work and milking for women and children 496 Farm mechanics 496 The kingdom of the plants, Norcross and Lehenbauer 496 Twenty lessons in domestic science, Fisher 496 A series of lessons in cooking and household management, HulUnger 497 An outline on the history of cookery. Barrows et al 497 Clothing for women, Baldt 497 Shelter and clothing, Kinne and Cooley 497 Food and health, Kinne and Cooley 497 A course in household arts, I, Duff 497 MISCELLANEOUS. Report of Alaska Stations, 1915 497 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1916 498 Monthly Bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 498 The mutual relations of experimental and extension institutions, Emelianov. . 498 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. | Stations in the United States. Page. Alaska Stations: Rpt. 1915 418, 429, 435, 436, 437, 442, 448, 457, 469, 494, 497 Hawaii Station: Bui. 41, Dec. 2, 1916 427 Indiana Station: Circ. 56, Aug,, 1916 482 Maine Station: Bui. 253, July, 1916 460 Bui. 254, Sept., 1916 458 Bui. 255, Oct., 1916 473 Maryland Station: Bui. 196, Apr., 1916.- 443 Bui. 197, July, 1916 442 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 335-336, Nov.-Dec, 1916 418 Mississippi Station: Bui. 177, Aug., 1916 471 Montana Station: Circ. 12, Sup., July, 1915 442 Spec. Circ. 3, Mar., 1916 470 Spec. Circ. 4, Mar., 1916 473 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 294, Apr. 20, 1916 492 Bui. 297, Sept. 16, 1916 429 New Mexico Station: Bui. 103, June, 1916 470 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 380, Sept., 1916 453 North Carolina Station: Tech. Bui. 11, Oct., 1916 444 North Dakota Station: Bui. 119, Nov., 1916 464 Spec. Bui., vol. 4, No. 9, Nov.- Dec, 1916 467 Twenty - seventh An. Rpt. 1916 [pt. 1] 425, 482, 498 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 166, June, 1916 483 Utah Station: Bui. 147, Sept., 1916 487 Washington Station: West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol. 4 — No. 9, Dec, 1916. . 425, 473, 498 No. 10, Jan., 1917 473,498 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 272, Aug., 1916 422 Bui. 273, Sept., 1916 472 Bui. 274, Oct., 1916 473 VIII U. S. Department of Agriculture. Page. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 7: No. 9, Nov. 27, 1916. 431, 449, 455, 469 No. 10, Dec. 4, 1916 421, 422 No. 11, Dec. 11, 1916... 451,458,461 No. 12, Dec. 13, 1916 431,454 Bui. 265, The Dock False Worm: An Apple Pest, E. J. New- comer 461 Bui. 388, Public Road Mileage and Revenues in the New England States, 1914 489 Bui. 399, The Production of Sweet- Orange Oil and a New Machine for Peeling Cirtus Fruits, S. C. Hood and G. A. Russell 416 Bui. 426, Sugar Pine, L. T. Larsen and T.D.Woodbury 447 Bui. 446, The Cost of Producing Apples in Wenatchee Vallev, Wash., G. H. MUler and S. M. Thomson 443 Bui. 457, Relation Between Pri- mary Market Prices and Qualities of Cotton, F. Taylor 493 Bui. 459, Use of Energy Values in the Computation of Rations for Farm Animals, H. P. Armsby... 469 Bui. 467, The Food Value and Uses of Poultry, Helen W. Atwater ... 463 Bui. 469, Fats and their Economical Use in the Home, A. D. Holmes andH.L.Lang 462 Bui. 472, Improved Apparatus for Determining the Test Weight of Grain, with a Standai'd ^.lethod of Making the Test, E. G. Boerner 441 Farmers' Bui. 770, Canaries: Their Cai-e and Management, A. Wet- more 455 Farmers' Bui. 771, Homemade Fireless Cookers and Their Use . . 467 Farmers' Bui. 772, Control of the Sugar-beet Nematode, H. B. Shaw 450 Farmers' Bui. 773, Com Growing Under Droughty Conditions, C. P. Hartley and L.L.Zook.... 439 [Vol. 36, 19171 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. IX U. S. Department of Agriculture— Gon. Page. Farmers' Bui. 776, Growing Cher- ries East of the Rocky Moun- tains, H. P. Gould 444 Farmers' Bui. 780, Castration of Young Pigs, F. G. Ashbrook 482 Farmers' Bui. 783, Laws Relating to Fur-bearing Animals, 1916, D. E. Lantz 455 Office of the Secretary: Circ. 68, Improved Apparatus for Use in Making Acidity Determinations of Com, H. J. Besley and G. H. Baston. 414 Circ. 69, Forest Fires in the United States in 1915, J. G. Peters 448 Circ. 70, Rules and Regula- tions of the Secretary of Agri- culture under the United States Grain Standards Act of August 11, 1916, D. F. Houston 442 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1914 — Soil Survey of the Ukiah Area, Cal., E. B. Wat- son and R.L.Pendleton. 420 Soil Survey of Dickey County, N. Dak., T. M. Bushnelletal 421 Field Operations, 1915 — Soil Survey of Washington County, Ga., R. A. Winston etal 420 Soil Survey of Wilkes County, Ga.,D. D.Long. 420 Soil Survey of Coahoma County, Miss., F. Z. Huttonetal 420 Weather Bureau: Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 44, Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct., 1916. . 418, 419,431,455 Mo . Weather Rev. , Sup . 3 . . . . 419 Scientific Contributions: ^ The Preparation and Proper- ties of Lead-chlor Arsenate, Artificial Mmetite, C. C. McDonnell and C. M. Smith. 412 Extending the Usefulness of a Shaking Machine, R. M. Chapin and J. M. Schaffer. . 413 The Solubility of Leucite in Siilphurous Acid, J. Schroe- der 414 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Scientific Contributions — Contd. An Improved Method for the Detection of Arachidic Acid, R.H.Kerr 414 The Composition of Soimd and Frozen Lemons with Special Reference to the Effect of Slow Thawing on Frozen Lemons, H. S. Bailey and C.P.Wilson 416 The Effect of Curing on the Aromatic Constitiients of Vanilla Beans, F. Rabak. . . 416 The Use of Bark for Paper Specialties, O. Kress 417 Field Tests of Fertilizer Ac- tion on Soil Aldehvdes, J. J. Skinner and C. F." Noll ... 424 Proposed Classification of the Genus Rollinia, with De- scriptions of Several New Species, W. E. Safford 433 Desmopsis, a New Genus of Annonaceae, W. E. Safford.. 433 Pleiospermium, a New Genus Related to Citms, from In- dia, Ceylon, and Java, W. T. Swingle 433 The Manilla Plantations of Tahiti and Moorea, E. P. Meinecke 445 PeriJermium harknessii and Cronartium quercuum, E. P. Meinecke 454 The Work Carried on in the United States against the Gipsy and Bro^vn-taiI [Moths, A. F. Burgess 456 The Action of Sodium Citrate and Its Decomposition in the Body, W. Salant and L. E.Wise 467 Elimination of Malates after Subcutaneous Injection of Sodium Malate, L. E_. Wise. 468 Common Sense in Dairy In- spection, E. Kelly 474 Special Pathology and Thera- peutics of the Diseases of Do- mestic Animals, F. Hutyra and J. Marek, edited by J. R. Moliler and A. Eichhom . 477 Proposed Motor-truck Loads for Highway Bridges, O. W. Childs 489 1 Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. April, 1917. No. 5. The annual agricultural appropriation act continues to be a docu- ment of wide public interest. It constitutes an epitome of the or- ganization and mechanism of the Federal Department of Agricul- ture and reveals its many and intimate relations with the daily life of the whole American people. In a sense it is an indicator of cur- rent opinion as to the most pressing problems of American agricul- ture and the ways in which an institution of this sort may be expected to aid in solving them. It furnishes a convenient measure of the Department's progress from year to year, as well as a forecast as to its activities and lines of development in the months to come. The latest of these acts, covering the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, was signed by President Wilson March 4, in the closing hours of the Sixty-fourth Congress. It was thus enacted only a little over six months subsequent to the belated measure for the current fiscal year; yet it is much more than a mere routine extension of it. Unlike the former act, it contains comparatively little general legislation and inaugurates no single project of outstanding prominence, but it increases a large number of the allotments for the Department's work and affords scope for its development in a number of important ways. Many of the enlarged appropriations are to provide for its in- creased administrati^ve and regulatory activities, and for the groAvth of such enterprises as the cooperative demonstration work in the Northern and Western States, the market news service, the develop- ment of dairying and animal husbandry, additional soil surveys, and the improvement of the National Forests. It materially enlarges the funds fo]' the combating of a number of serious pests and diseases of animals and plants, notably tuberculosis, hog cholera, dourine, the pink bollworm of cotton, citrus canker, and white-pine blister rust. It provides additional funds for fiber-plant and cereal studies, biological studies of food and drug products, studies of the relative utility and economy of agricultural products for food, clothing, and other purposes in the home, and for various other projects. The act converts the Office of Markets and Rural Organization into the Bureau of Markets, and contains a new item of $50,000 authorizing the bureau to investigate the handling, manufacture, 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 and distribution of agricultural food products, with special ref- erence to the manipulation of markets or the control of food sup- plies. The Secretary of Agriculture is empowered, in the discharge of the duties required by the act relating to the Bureau of Markets, to administer oaths, examine witnesses, and call for the production of books and papers. The establishment of an additional experi- ment station in Alaska and of a weather bureau station at Green- ville, South Carolina, are authorized. Provision is made for a $75,000 laboratory building on the Department's experimental farm near Arlington, Virginia, as permanent quarters for the testing and research work of the Office of Public Roads and Eural Engineering. The act also contains authority to purchase 150 acres of land at Chico, California, in connection with the plant-introduction work, and about GOO acres for the Morgan Horse Farm near Middle- bury, Vermont. The Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 is amended in two important particulars. The Secretary of Agriculture is now given discretion- ary power to quarantine any State or Territory when in his opinion such quarantine is necessary to prevent the spread of a dangerous plant disease or insect infestation. The scope of the quarantine itself is broadened by the inclusion of stone or quarry products or any other article deemed capable of disseminating a dangerous plant disease or insect infestation. The appropriations carried in the new act aggregate $25,929,113. This is an apparent decrease of $1,019,739 over the total in the cur- rent act, but if comparison is attempted between the two fiscal years, allowance must be made for the sum of $2,000,000 appropriated in the act for the fiscal year 1917 for purchases of land under the Appa- lachian Forest Reserve Act but not to be expended until the follow- ing fiscal year. If the aggregates are corrected accordingly, the appropriation available for 1918 becomes $2,980,261 in excess of that for 1917, or slightly over eleven per cent. The new act also carries another increase, in common with several other appropriation acts for the support of other branches of the government, in the form of an indefinite appropriation of such amount as is necessary for additional compensation during the fiscal year of certain full-time employees of the Department. Those re- ceiving less than $1,200 per annum are gi'anted a salary increase of ten per cent, and those receiving from $1,200 to not more than $1,800, one of five per cent. Persons receiving a part of their salaries from outside sources under cooperative arrangements with the Department are not included in this provision. It is estimated that about 12,000 of the more than 17,000 employees of the Department will be affected, and that approximately $900,000 will be expended for this purpose. 1917] EDITORIAL. 403 Taking up the allotments of the various bureaus and ofl&ces in turn, that of the Weather Bureau is $1,783,140. An increase of $30,380 is granted to provide for the normal growth of the service; $10,000 for the studies of the efficiency of various methods of frost protection for the benefit of orchardists, truck growers, and others; and $10,000 for additional equipment for storm warning towers on the Gulf coast. The appropriations directly allotted to the Bureau of Animal Industry aggregate $3,555,326, but this is, as usual, supplemented by the permanent appropriation of $3,000,000 per annum for meat in- spection and other funds provided elsewhere in the act. The total corresponding allotment for the current year is $3,020,740, so that the increase is considerable — in fact, one of the largest provided for any bureau. The inspection and quarantine work of the bureau against animal diseases receives $028,280, an increase of $103,500. Of this amount $75,000 is expected to be used for the development of methods for eradicating tuberculosis in live stock, testing on a larger scale meth- ods which have proved successful in controlling the disease in small areas. It is also planned to use $25,000 iu the inspection and super- vision of the disinfection of infected hides, wool, and other animal by-products, with the view of preventing the introduction of danger- ous diseases from the new sources of supply instituted by the Europ- pean war. The remaining increase is to meet the enlarged demand for tuberculin and blackleg vaccine. A slight extension of the field hog-cholera campaign is provided for by an increased appropriation of about $15,000, the total for this purpose being $210,000. There will also be available $172,240 for the enforcement of the virus-serum-toxin provisions of the act of 1913 and $32,060 for research work. The dourine appropriation is in- creased from $75,000 to $99,000, of which $50,000 is made immediately available. This infection has been found to be prevalent over a wider area than was at first anticipated. The tick eradication campaign is given $631,560, of which $50,000 may again be used for live stock and dairy demonstrations in co- operation w^ith the States Kelations Service in areas freed of ticks. It is of interest to note that during the past year 16,281,185 inspec- tions were made of cattle for ticks; that 12,662 cattle dipping vats were in operation under Federal or State supervision ; and that 31,358 square miles of territory were released from quarantine because of the eradication of the disease. The allotment for investigations of animal diseases is $134,600, of which $50,000 may be used for contagious abortion. The emergency appropriation for the eradication of foot-and-mouth and similar con- 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 tagious diseases is reduced from $1,250,000 to $1,000,000, plus any un- expended balance remaining from the fiscal year 1916. The supplemental appropriation for meat inspection is $501,620, a net increase of $141,600 over the funds for the current year. This will provide for the supervision of some additional establishments and of new departments being added to existing plants. The recent noteworthy increase of interest in dairying is reflected in an enlargement of the appropriation for that work by $117,020, or to a total of $378,930. It is proposed to extend especially the studies and demonstrations of dairy farming; the promotion of dairy manufacturing through creameries in the South and cheese factories in the South and West; dairy research; the market-milk studies, including dairy sanitation, extension work, and problems in milk-plant management; and to begin a campaign to improve the character of daii*}' products produced and consumed on the farm. The allotment for animal husbandry is increased $81,080, the total for this purpose being $277,580. ISIore attention is to be given to farm sheep, notably in the ^Middle West and Eastern States, including studies and demonstrations in cooperation with the States Relations Service and the agricultural colleges. A grant of $12,280 is also included for the equipment of the United States sheep experi- ment station in Fremont County, Idaho. Studies of beef production in the corn belt in cooperation with the Office of Farm Management are contemplated, and the extension of the pig club and poultry club work is planned for several additional States. The special appropriation of $60,000 for experiments and demon- strations in live stock production in the cane sugar and cotton dis- tricts is continued, as is also that of $40,000 for somewhat similar work in the semiarid and irrigated districts. The first-named project is being carried on largely in cooperation with the State of Louisiana, and the experimental work thus far has been mainly with forage-cro]) production, cattle feeding, and mule raising. Under the second project buildings and equipment are being provided at Ardmore, South Dakota, and Huntley, Montana. A large increase is also gi"anted for the Bureau of Plant Industry, its total rising from $2,537,120 to $3,143,630. This increase is mainly for the combating of plant diseases, especially citrus canker and white-pine blister rust. For the citrus-canker campaign $180,000 additional is provided, making $430,000 for the purpose. The in- crease is immediately available, while it is made discretionary wath the Department as regards the remaining $250,000 to require con- tributions of an equal amount from other sources. A similar ar- rangement is made with regard to the $300,000 appropriation for white-pine blister rust, half of which is made immediately available and the remainder contingent, in the discretion of the Department, 1917] EDITOEIAL. 405 upon equivalent outside contributions. No part of the appropria- tion for either disease may be used in pa^^ment for trees or other property injured or destroyed. Small increases are also provided to combat several other diseases, notably root rot and similar tobacco troubles, Stewart's disease of sweet corn, a new bacterial disease of wheat, cranberry rot, and some of the diseases of prunes, cherries, pecans, watermelons, to- matoes, lettuce, celerj', beans, and alfalfa and other forage plants. Provision is also made for the organization of a plant-disease sur- vey of the United States, with an allotment of $10,000. Work under this line has hitherto been conducted incidental to the vari- ous special inquiries in progress, and it is hoped that this centraliza- tion will assist in the estimation of the economic importance and dis- tribution of plant diseases, the discovery and identification of new fungi, the supplying of material to investigators, and in similar waj'^s. The allotments for crop acclimatization and fiber-plant investiga- tions have been combined and carry a total appropriation of $82,510. Of this amount at least $7,500 is to be used for experiments with cotton seed interbreeding, and $25,000 is for studies of the feasibility of increasing the production of hard fibers, particularh'^ in the Philipi^ine Islands. The item for testing and breeding fibrous plants, with special reference to paper making, has been increased $5,920 in order to provide for tests of flax tow as a paper-making material. The sugar-plant studies have been enlarged to include work with sorghums. There is a net increase of $9,000 in this allotment which will be used for an economic and technical investigation of the status of the sorghum industry, for extending the experimental work with cane sirup, and for special studies in the control of the sugar-beet nematode and curly-top disease of sugar beets. Other increases for the bureau include $22,000 for cereal investi- gations, $5,000 for a study of the biochemical basis of disease im- munity in plants, $6,600 for additional work on the agricultural sig- nificance of nematodes, $3,000 for seed testing, $4,500 for developing methods for decreasing the losses of tobacco resulting from weather conditions, $5,000 for promological studies with a special allotment for work with pecans, and $7,500 for the further development of the Arlington Experimental Farm. The foreign seed and plant introduction work receives a net in- crease of $23,000, of which $8,500 is for developing methods for the protection of new plant introductions ; $4,500 for improving the facili- ties at the field stations at Miami. Florida, and Chico. California; and $10,000 for establishing an additional station at Bellingham, Washington. The Congressional seed distribution is continued on the customary basis, with an allotment of $243,720. 406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The appropriations for the Forest Service, as usual, are greater than those of any other bureau, aggregating $5,712,275, with $100,000 additional for cooperation with the States in fire protection work under the Appalachian Forest Reserve Act. As previously noted, there will also be available for expenditure during the fiscal year 1918 the $2,000,000 provided for land purchases in the appropriation act of the current year. The bulk of the appropriation is to be utilized for the adminis- tration, protection, and development of the National Forests, which it is of interest to note returned in receipts for the fiscal year 1916 a total of $2,823,540.71. There are a number of increases in the fimds for administrative work, and the allotment for permanent improve- ments has been increased from $400,000 to $450,000. This will be used in particular for additional fencing and similar improvements with a view to increase the stock-carrying capacity of the ranges. The experimental work of the Service is provided for much as usual, with an increase of $5,000 to extend the grazing and range studies, and a net increase of $25,000 for the studies of forest prod- ucts and the demonstration of the results on a commercial scale. The Bureau of Chemistry receives $1,200,591, of which $623,521 is allotted for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act. Author- ity to establish standards of the strength, quality, or purity of articles of food and certain drugs was refused. Most of the lines of work of the bureau are continued unchanged. A new item of $7,000 is inserted providing for a study of methods for the manufacture of table sirup, which work has heretofore been carried on under a special allotment of $4,000 from the Bureau of Plant Industry. The bureau is instructed to study methods of de- termining maturity in fruits and vegetables in cooperation with the Bureaus of Plant Industry and Markets. The Bureau of Soils is granted $363,735, plus any unexpended bal- ance from the $175,000 appropriation of the current year for ex- periments and demonstrations of methods of obtaining potash on a commercial scale. There is an increase of $30,000 to extend the soil surveys, as previously noted, and one of $5,000 for additional chemi- cal work and studies of the liming of soils. There is an increase of $62,600 for the Bureau of Entomology. Of this amount, $25,000 will be used for investigational work relating to the cotton boll weevil, and lesser amounts for special studies of the Hessian fly, chestnut weevils, insects affecting pecans and other nuts, for the control in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of insect carriers of plant diseases, and for enlarging the work on in- secticides. The establishment of a field laboratory in the Ozark Mountain region in Arkansas and a field station in one of the New 1917] EDITORIAL. 407 England States in connection with work on the apple-tree tent caterpillar is also contemplated. The gipsy and brown-tail moth campaign is again allotted $305,050, but the provision with reference to the manner of establishment and maintenance of quarantines against further spread is made to conform with the provisions of the Plant Quarantine Act. The appropriations for the bureau as a whole ;,ggregate $931,480. The Bureau of Biological Survey receives $592,070, a net increase of $13,840. This will permit of a more complete enforcement of the Lacej'^ Game Act, and provide for additional protection of some of the seventy Federal bird reserves and five large-game preserves. There is a decrease of $5,000 in consequence of the completion of the in- quiries as to the diseases of wild ducks in Utah. The authority to destroy predatory animals is extended to include those which prey upon wild game. The total appropriation for the States Eelations Service is $3,107,600. This is an increase of $137,980, of which $105,200 is to extend the farmers' cooperative demonstration work in the States out- side the cotton belt. This will enable the Department to stimulate the development of the county-agent Avork, the boys' and girls' club work, and the farm-management demonstrations, and make possible a con- siderable extension of the work with farm women. There is also an increase of $12,000 for the Alaska Experiment Sta- tions, of which $10,000 is made immediately available for the estab- lishment of an additional station in the Matanuska Valley on the line of the new Government railroad. An amendment authorizing a sub- station for experimental work with fruits and vegetables in some suit- able location in Porto Rico was adopted by the Senate, but eliminated in conference. The allotment for the Office of Home Economics is increased from $24,220 to $35,000. The work of this office, which deals with the utilization of agricultural products for food, clothing, and other purposes in the home, has hitherto been quite largely with food questions, but it is now hoped to broaden its scope to meet the constantly increasing demand from teachers and housewives for studies of household management and equipment. Opportunity will also be afforded for additional work with various cereal products, green vegetables, the canning of meats in the home, etc. The remaining lines of work of the States Relations Service are provided for substantially as at present. An increase of $10,000 is granted for administrative expenses, in consequence of the increase in the funds under the Extension Act from $1,080,000 to $2,080,000. The allotments and authority of the Department Avith reference to 82992°— 17 2 408 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 the State experiment stations are continued unchanged. The cooper- ative demonstration work in the cotton l)elt receives $059,560, and the work with farmers' institutes and agricultural schools $20,600. The act appropriates $701,600 for the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering as compared with $599,200 for the current year. Of this increase $75,000 is for the erection of the laboratory building already noted, and $5,000 for an extension of the studies of miscel- laneous rural-engineering problems. The remainder will be used to meet the increased demands for studies of road management and road materials in connection with the Federal-aid Road Act. The appro- priations under this act for the year will aggregate $10,000,000, of which $300,000 may be used by the Department for the administra- tion of the act, and with $1,000,000 additional for the construction of roads and trails in the National Forests. The new Bureau of Markets receives $1,718,575, which nearly doubles the allotment to the Office of Markets and Rural Organiza- tion in the act for the current year. A considerable part of this in- crease, however, is due to transfers to the Bureau of duties hitherto not specifically assigned to it. Among these are the grain standardi- zation studies transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry and increased to $106,590. There is also $519,140, a net increase of $271,340, for the enforcement of the United States Grain Standards Act; $59,620 for the United States Warehouse Act; $98,600 for the United States Cotton Futures Act; and $4,000 for the act of August 31, 1916, to fix standards for Climax baskets and other containers for fruits and vegetables. A net increase of $71,000 is provided for the market news service as to fruits and vegetables, of which $40,000 is made immediately available for work with crops in transit during the present fiscal year. There are also small increases for the market reports on live stock and meats, the studies of market grades and standards, the cot- ton standardization work, and for cooperation with the States in marketing studies and demonstrations. The allotment for the Office of Farm Management is increased from $225,810 to $305,810, thereby allow^ing for a further extension of the farm-management surveys and the enlargement of some of the survey units. An item of $5,000 carried for several years for studies of the utilization of logged-off lands is omitted. An increase from $75,000 to $125,000 is provided for the Federal HorticulturalBoard, which administers the Plant Quarantine x\ct, to prevent if possible the introduction of the pink bollworm of cotton. This serious pest has recently been discovered in the Laguna district of Mexico and its dissemination is feared through inipoi-tations of cotton and cotton seed from that country. Strict quarantine pro- 1917] EDITORIAL. 409 visions are authorized, as well as control measures in cooperation with the States in case infestation occurs. The work of the remaining branches of the Department is con- tinued on substantially the present basis, both as to funds and lines of work. The Bureau of Crop Estimates is granted $323,452, an increase of $7,016, mainly for the employment of additional field agents and specialists in truck and fruit crops. The Office of the Secretary receives $412,010, in addition to the allotment of the Office of Farm Management already noted; the Division of Accounts and Disbursements, $44,920; the Division of Publications, $213,990; and the Library $50,160. The Department is granted $112,500, an in- crease of $7,500, for the enforcement of the Insecticide Act ; $50,000, an increase of $10,000, to continue and extend the demonstration work on reclamation projects, and $137,500 for miscellaneous expenses. The allotment of $143,689 is made for rent of buildings in the Dis- trict of Columbia, an increase of $20,000 over the present appropria- tion, and a joint Congressional committee is authorized to investigate the rental situation in Washington and the estimated cost of con- struction of sufficient Government-owned buildings to meet the De- partment's needs. Among minor items of legislation not hitherto mentioned, the Department is authorized to loan, rent, or sell copies of its moving picture films, giving preference to educational institutions or asso- ciations for agricultural education not organized for profit. Th3 President is authorized to extend the usual invitation to other nations to participate in the 1918 meeting of the International Farm Con- gress, which is expected to be held at Peoria, Illinois. In a discussion of the appropriation act as a medium for Federal aid to agriculture, the fact should not be lost sight of that increas- ingly large sums are now available in other ways. Thus, what are known as the permanent and indefinite appropriations for the Depart- ment aggregate for the fiscal year $17,235,000, or nearly three-fourths as much as the total carried in the act itself. The largest sources, namely, the Federal-aid Road Act, the meat-inspection provision, and the Extension Act, have already been referred to, the remaining funds being chiefly for payments to the States as their quota of the receipts from National Forests. There is also the appropriation for the Department printing and binding, this year aggregating $600,000, which is carried in the appropriation bill for sundry civil expenses^ not yet enacted for the fiscal year 1918. Of the Federal funds expended outside the Department, the usual appropriation of $2,500,000 will be available for agricultural educa- tion under the Morrill and Nelson acts, as well as the smaller grants for the rural education work for the United States Bureau of Edu- 410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 cation, demonstration work among the Indians, the maintenance of the Federal Farm Loan Board, and the payment of the country's quota toward the support of the International Institute of Agricul- ture. To these has recently been added another large permanent enterprise through the passage of the Vocational Education Act. This measure, signed by President Wilson February 23, 1917, car- ries among other allotments an appropriation for the fiscal year 1918 of $500,000 for cooperation with the States in secondary education in agricultural subjects, and an additional amount for the training of teachers, supervisors, and directors. It is hoped to present a sum- mary of this important law in a subsequent issue. Because of the indefinite nature of some of the appropriations, the precise total of the Federal funds for the benefit of agriculture dur- ing the year under review can not be predicted, but it is believed it will approximate $50,000,000. Not all of this vast sum, it should be remembered, is expended exclusively for agriculture, for large sums are devoted to regulatory functions of direct service to the public as a whole. Yet it is an impressive showing, especially when it is recalled that it is a virtual doubling of the figures of even five years ago. The expansion in lines of work is even more significant, and indicates the broadened conception of the term agriculture and the legitimate field of the Federal Government in its development. Progress has, of course, been especially noteworthy along extension lines and in attention to the problems of distribution. From this point of view, perhaps the most significant feature of this period is, as was said by Assistant Secretary Vrooman of the Department in a recent article, " that the Federal Government at last is meeting the farmer at least halfway, and has manifested not merely a willingness but a friendly desire to cooperate wdth him in the future in any con- structive work that looks to the building up of our national pros- perity on the basis of a permanently prosperous agriculture." RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Chemical calculations, R. H. Ashley {Neio York: D. Van tiostrand Co., 1915, pp. X-\-216). — The author has written this text-book for the needs of tlie student who will later find occupation in chemical laboratory work. The topics dis- cussed are as follows : Ratios, approximate numbers, interpolation, heat, spe- cific gravity, gas calculations, calculation of atomic weights and formulas, gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis, and use of specific gravity tables and acid calculations. Many original problems are given in each chapter relating to the subject matter discussed. Chemical constitution and physiological action, L. Spiegel, trans, and enl. by C. LuEUEKiNG and A. C. Boylston {New Yorlc: D Van Nostrand Co., 1915, pp. V-{-155). — This volume discusses the relation between chemical constitution and physiological action under the headings of general considerations, inorganic compounds, organic compounds of the aliphatic and aromatic series, and nitro- gen compounds. The specificity of proteins and carbohydrates in relation to genera, species, and varieties, E. T. Reichert (Amer. Jour. Bot., 3 {1916), No. S, pp. 91-98). — This article briefly reviews the material previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 804). It is indicated that through these studies a strictly scientific basis for the classification of plants and animals has been found. " There are manifestly certain sti'iking applications that are of the greatest fundamental importance in the study of phylogeny, mutations, reversions, sex, malformations, phenomena of heredity in general." The discovery of the existence of highly specialized stereoisomers has revealed the most remarkable and unsuspected phenomena of living matter, and one which leads directly to the constitutions of various forms of protoplasm and the peculiarities of vital phenomena that are dependent on these differences. The physiological relation of plant carotinoids to the carotinoids of the cow, horse, sheep, goat, pig, and hen, L. S. Palmer {Jour. Biol. Cliem., 21 {1916), No. 1, pp. 27-32). — In continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 273) the author reports the results of a study of the carotinoids in various animals. It is concluded that a definite physiological relation exists in all species of animals between the pigmentation of tissue fat with carotinoids and the presence of these pigments in the blood serum. Those species whose tissue fat is colored with carotinoids (cow, horse, and hen) carry the pigments in the blood serum. Species whose tissue fat is characterized by being colorless (swine, sheep, and goat) carry only insignificant traces in the blood serum even under the most favorable conditions. An abundance of carotin in the blood serum and in the tissue fat is not deemed a specific characteristic of the ruminants, as is indicated by its absence from the blood serum and tissue fat of sheep and goats and its presence in the horse. 411 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The reaction between amino acids and carbohydrates as a probable cause of humin formation, M. L. Roxas (Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. 71-93). — From a study of the effects of various amino acids and carbohydrates as a factor in humin formation during the hydrolysis of proteins, the author found that alanin, leucin, phenylalanin, and glutaminic acid are not important factors in humin formation. Prolin may, however, be involved in the humin formation under certain conditions. In digestion with 20 per cent hydro- chloric acid plus sugar the proportion of nitrogen disappearing and responsible for humin formation was for tyrosin, 15 per cent ; cystin, 3.1 ; arginin, 2.33 ; lysin, 2.62; histidin, 1.84; and tryptophan, 71 per cent. Xylose and fructose were generally more reactive than glucose. Arginin, histidin, and lysin reacted with sugars more readily in weak acid or aqueous than in strong acid solutions. Arginin, histidin, and tryptophan reacted with a loss of their amino nitrogen, but tyrosin and cystin reacted without any such loss. It appears thus that it is not the amino group of either tyrosin or cystin that reacts with the carbohydrate to form melanin, but probably the Oil group in the former and the sulphur linking in the latter. A possible mode of reaction between the amino acids and the carbohydrates or some degradation product is suggested. Experimental results are submitted in detailed tabular form. Tyrosinase and deaminization, K. Schweizeb (Tyrosinase et D^samination. Thesis, Univ. Geneva, Inst. Bot., No. 573 (1916), pp. 117).— The study reported is considered under the following topics : History, distribution, preparation, properties, action, constitution, and synthesis of tyrosinase; general considera- tions of deaminization ; deaminization by tyrosinase ; deaminization by tyrosinase in the presence of phenol ; deaminization by tyrosinase in the pres- ence of chlorophyll ; and deaminization under anaerobic conditions. It is concluded that deaminization is not necessarily produced by hydrolytic enzyms, but very readily by oxidases, tyrosinase in particular. The existence of hydrolytic deaminases is rendered highly problematical. The cleavage prod- ucts of deaminizations by tyrosinase are ammonia, carbon dioxid, and a fatty acid with one less carbon atom than the original substrate. In the animal organism tyrosinase is active in the formation of urea by the degradation of polypeptids and amino acids, not through simple hydrolysis but by oxidation. A complete list of references to the literature cited is included. The chymase of Solanum elasagnifolium. — A preliminary note, A. Bodan- SKY (Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 1, pp. 103-105).— The author has found a chymase in /S. ekragnifoliuia (white horse nettle) the properties of which agreed in general with those of other vegetable chymases. It coagulates boiled natural milk without the addition of calcium chlorid, is more resistant to heat than rennin, and obeys the enzym laws in general. The possible adoption of the enzym preparation by cheese makers as a sub- stitute for remiet extract is indicated and will be further studied. The preparation and properties of lead-chlor arsenate, artificial mimetite, C. C. McDonnell and C. M. Smith (Amer. Jour. Set., 4. ser., 42 (J916), No. 2.'fS, pp. 139-145, figs. 2). Methods for chemical and microscopical diagnosis, F. A. Steensma (Methodcn der Chemische en Microscopische Diagnosiiek. Amsterdam: SchcJ- tema & Holkema, 1915, 3. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 157). — This volume outlines methods for the examination of urine, urine sediment, blood, gastric contents, feces, sputum, pus, exudates and transudates, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, milk, specimens of hair and epithelial tissue, and concretions, and includes notes on the medico-legal examination of such material. Only those methods which 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 413 have been found to be perfectly reliable and comparatively simple to manipulate are described. A new type of extractor, J. B. McNaib {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, p. 838, fig. 1). — An original type of extractor which has been used successfully in extracting plant material with 86° Baum6 gasoline and its ma- nipulation are described in detail. A comparison of the relative efficiency of laboratory reflux condensers, M. V. DovEK and J. W. Marden {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 9, pp. 83ji-836). — From a critical examination of the efficiency of various lengths of Liebig, Allihn, spiral, Hopkins, Davies, and Friedrichs condensers it has been demonstrated that in order to obtain comparable results the rate of drop back of the liquid must be in approximately equal weights per second. For such a condition it is necessary that the condenser tube be beveled so that the drop returns from one point only. The rate of boiling has very marked influence upon the efiiciency of the condenser, as well as the bore and the narrowing at the tip or constriction anywhere in the tube. Such conditions tend to cause choking and consequently disproportionate great loss. For low boiling liquids the length of the condenser is a factor in its efficiency, e.specially in the Liebig type. " In experiments where a long condenser can be conveniently used, the Liebig seems to be preferable, because it is a much less costly condenser and can be easily cleaned. Where a short condenser is required, the Friedrichs seems best. The short Liebig or Allihn can be used to advantage only when the rate of con- densation is not greater than from 2 to 3 drops per second, or when some means is used, such as a glass-wool plug in the top of the condenser or a test tube inverted over the top of the condenser, to prevent too rapid a carrying away of the vapor by air currents." Extending the usefulness of a shaking machine, R. M. Chapin and J. M. ScHAFFEK {Jour. Itidus. and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 10, pp. 921, 922, fig. 1). — The authors describe fittings which can be applied to a flask-shaking ma- chine so that the machine can be used as a sieve shaker and a shaker for liquids in various other forms of containers. Aeration method for ammonia, B. S. Davisson, E. R. Allen, and B. M. Stubblefield {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 10, pp. 896-899, fig. 1). — Experimental data are reported by the authors from the Ohio Experiment Station which show that ammonia can be determined by aeration over mag- nesium oxid. The Foliu tubes were found to be of little value at the rate of air flow (1,080 liters per hour) used in the experiments reported. For complete absorption of the liberated ammonia an absorbing tower in which the air could be completely scrul>bed while passing through the absorbent was necessary. A modified tower with which complete absorption of rather large quantities of ammonia was possible in 2.5 hours is described. The use of considerably smaller quantities of magnesium oxid than are com- monly recommended was found to yield as satisfactory results. It is indicated that a standard method of measuring the rate of aeration should be adopted so that results from various sources may be comparable. Does vanadium interfere with the determination of phosphorus in soils when the phosphorus is weighed as magnesium pyrophosphate? R. A. GoRTNEK and W. M. Shaw {Soil Sci., 2 {1916), No. 3, pp. 299-304). — A series of pho.sphorus determinations, using soil solutions to which known amounts of vanadium were added, the phosphorus being weighed as pyrophosphate after stapding for 24 hours, are reported in detail. In no instance was any appre- 414 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 ciable interference by vanadium observed. The titrametric method for phos- phorus was also unaffected by the presence of vanadium in amounts far in excess of those usually found in soils. See also a previous note by Robinson (E. S. R., 34, p. 806). Examination of a radio-active fertilizer, W. P. Joeissen {Chem. Weekbl., 13 (1916), No. 39, pp. 1055-1059, figs. 2). — The author reports the examination of a fertilizer which showed a radium content of 0.14X10'*° gni. per gram of dry material. The apparatus and manipulation of the emanation method for determining radio-activity are described in detail. The solubility of leucite in sulphurous acid, J. Schroeder (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, pp. 779, 780).— Solubility tests of leucite of vary- ing degrees of fineness in sulphurous acid indicate that the potash may be readily dissolved from the leucite rocks by this acid. The materials used varied in fineness from 0.5 to less than 0.1 mm., and the potash dissolved on the basis of K2O present in the samples varied from 41.7 to 76.4 per cent. The possibility of the industrial application of this procedure for the extrac- tion of potash by using the smelter gases in the western part of tlie United States near regions where the leucite occurs naturally is indicated. Report of the seventh convention of Dutch, food chemists (Chem. Wcekhl., 13 (1916), No. 36, pp. 974-1009, fig. 1; Pharm. Weelcbl., 53 (1916), No. 36, pp. 1193-1230, fig. 1). — This report contains a short address by the chairman, a short report on the hydrogenation of oils, and analytical notes and data on methods of food analysis as recommended by the Dutch Chemical Society. Improved apparatus for use in making acidity determinations of corn, H. J. Besley and G. H. Baston (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 68 (1016), pp. If, fig. i).— A modified procedure of the method by the authors, previously noted (B. S. R., 31, p. 525), is described. The procedure consists essentially of extraction with 80 per cent alcohol for 30 minutes with the use of an electric mixer, dilution of 25 cc. of the filtrate with 75 cc. of water, and titration with 1/100-normal alkali. It is indicated that, while there is some variation in the results of acidity determinations by different methods, the electric mixer will extract from the corn in 30 minutes an amount of acid which, for all practical purposes, is comparable to the amount extracted in 80 per cent alcohol after 18 hours diges- tion. An improved method for the detection of arachidic acid, R. H. Kerr (.Jour. Indus, and EvgUi. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 10, p. 904). — A method for which the advantages of greater convenience, a lessening of the number of operations, a reduction of the amount of attention required, and the avoidance of the use of ether are claimed over the Renard method as adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (E. S. R., 20, p. 512) is described. The procedure consists of saponifying the oil with alcoholic potash and neutralizing excess alkali with acetic acid after saponification is complete, l^'ifty cc. of 5 per cent magnesium acetate is then added, and the mixture heated to boiling, cooled, and placed in a refrigerator at a temperature of from 10 to 15° C. until the next day. The solution is filtered, the precipitate washeti twice with 50 per cent alcohol and three times with distilled water, and returned to the original flask. One hundred cc. of hot distilled water is then poured into the flask and sufficient dilute sulphuric acid added to decompose the magnesium salts. The flask and contents are heated until the acids form a clear layer, the flask is cooled, the acid solution decanted, and 100 cc. of hot water added to wash the fatty acids. After cooling, the solidified cake of acids is freed as far 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 415 as possible from water by draining, dissolved in 100 cc. of 90 per cent alcoliol, and the araciiidic acid separated by crystallization. The procedure has been found capable of detecting 5 per cent of peanut oil In olive oil, cotton-seed oil, soy bean oil, and corn oil. No attempt, however, has been made to apply it for quantitative purposes. The deterraination of citric acid in milk, R. Kunz (Arch. Chem. u. Mikros., 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. 129-133). — The following procedure for the determination of citric acid in milk, based on the test described by Stahre,^ is described : Fifty cc. of milk is treated with 10 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid (1:1) in a 200-cc. volumetric flask, and thoroughly shaken. Two cc. of a 40 per cent potassiiun bromid solution and 20 cc. of a solution of phosphotungstic acid are then added and the mixture made up to volume with distilled water. After thorough mixing the precipitate is separated by filtration, 150 cc. of the perfectly clear filtrate is transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask, 25 cc. of freshly prepared saturated bromin water added, and the mixture then placed for about five minutes on the water bath at a temperature of from 48 to 50° C. Ten cc. of a 5 per cent potassium permanganate solution is then slowly added from a pipette in a continuous stream with constant shaking of the mixture. The pentabrom acetone which is precipitated is filtered and treated as previously described for the determination of citric acid in wine.' A correction for the volume of the protein precipitated in the procedure de- scribed for milk is necessary, and was found by the author to be such that 150 cc. of the clear filtrate used was equivalent to 38.2 cc. of the original sample. Analytical data obtained from a number of samples of normal milk examined showed a variation of from 0.1553 to 0.173 gm. of citric acid per 100 cc. of milk. In two samples of human milk examined, 0.0618 and 0.0439 gm. of citric acid, respectively, were found per 100 cc. of milk. Comparative determinations of fresh and soured milk indicated that the citric acid gradually disappeared with the aging of the sour milk. This destruction of the acid is deemed to be due rather to microbial action than to the enzyms contained in the milk. An examination of freshly prepared 24-, 48-, and 72-hour-old Bulgarian sour milk (yoghourt) showed no destruction of the citric acid present. The determination of gum and pectin in filter residues [in the manufac- ture of sugar], T. van deb Linden (Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 6 (1916), No. 7, pp. 205-219). — After some preliminary experimentation the fol- lowing modified procedure for pectin determination was evolved : Twenty gm. of the residue is digested for one-half hour with from 200 to 400 cc. (depending on the nature of the material) of a mixture of alcohol and hydrochloric acid (100 parts 95 per cent alcohol and 20 parts hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 1.09). The mixture is then filtered and washed with warm alcohol, the residue repeatedly extracted with from 300 to 400 cc. of warm water, the extracts evaporated to about 40 cc. on the water bath, and, on cooling, the pectin precipitated with a mixture of 300 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol and 60 cc. of hydrochloric acid, specific gravity 1.09. After several hours the precipitate is filtered through an ashless paper, dried at 105° C, and weighed. The ma- terial is then ashed, again weighed, and the difference calculated as pectin. A study of the sirup precipitate in white sugar manufacture, C. E. Coates and L. C. Slater (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, pp. 789- 792). — The authors have examined the sirup precipitate obtained from two factories, in one of which phosphoric acid was used in the clarification and the other in which no acid was used. iZtschr. Analyt. Chem., 36 (1897), No. 3, p. 195. •Arch. Chem. u. Mikros., 7 (1914), No. 6, pp. 285-299. 416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The precipitate from the factory using uo phosphoric acid consisted essen- tially of 40 per cent organic matter, 30 per cent silica, and the remainder of calcium phosphate, copper, iron, and aluminum salts. The other precipitate contained 25 per cent organic matter, 80 per cent silica, and 25 per cent calcium phosphate, the remainder being copper, iron, and aluminum salts. Detailed analytical data are submitted. The composition of sound and frozen lemons with special reference to the effect of slow thawing on frozen lemons, H. S. Bailey and C. P. Wilson {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., S (1916), No. 10, pp. P02-904).— Analytical data obtained from samples of fruit damaged in southern California by tlie freeze of January 6, 1913, show that lemons that remained on the trees after being frozen retained less juice and considerably less acid than the fruit picked imme- diately after being frozen and stored at a temperature of from 45 to 50° F. A rapid decrease in specific gravity due to the loss of juice and acid and the for- mation of thick, puffy skins, dried-up cells, and hollow centers was observed in the fruit left on the trees. Somewhat less juice was retained by the fruit picked immediately after being frozen and stored under ordinary packing- house conditions than by unfrozen fruit. The composition was practically the same, however, and in weight and appearance the slowly thawed lemons com- pared well with normal fruit. See also a previous note by Young (E. S. R., 34, p. 502). The production of sweet-orang'e oil and a new machine for peeling citrus fruits (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 399 (1916), pp. 19, figs. iO).— This bulletin consists of two parts. I. Possihility of the commercial production o/ sioeet-orange oil from waste oranges, S. C. Hood and G. A. Russell (pp. 1-12). — The investigation reported shows that the extraction of sweet-orange oil is a commercial possibility in the United States. A good quality of oil was produced by steam distillation in vacuo, but an excellent quality and a larger quantity of oil was secured by pressing the pulped peel from culls, drops, and inferior grades of fruit. An average yield of from 4 to 5 oz. of oil was obtained from 100 lbs. of fruit, the cost for this extraction being about 15 cts. The net returns from a standard field box are deemed to be from 32 to 44 cts. II, A detailed description of a new machine for peeling citrus fruits, S. C. Hood (pp. 13-19). — The construction and manipulation of a machine which, manipulated by one man, can remove the peel from 2 tons of oranges or from 3.5 tons of grapefruit in one hour is described in detail. The peel comes from the machine in a finely divided condition suitable for the extraction of the oil, and the peeled fruit is in a condition suitable for use in the manufacture of various fruit products. The machine, as described, can be used for oranges or lemons, and with slight modifications also for limes or grapefruit. The effect of curing on the aromatic constituents of vanilla beans, F. Rabak (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 9, pp. 815-821, figs. 3).— Experimental data reported indicate that the curing process as conunercially applied at present to vanilla beans is unnecessarily long and extended, requiring on the average several months for the transformation. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the beans can be cured in a much shorter time by means of a less tedious process. The simplification of the process is rather to the advantage than to the detriment of the aromatic constituents of the cured beans. It is suggested that, in order to produce uni- formity in the composition of the beans and thereby to insure more uniform extracts, the beans should be imported green and cured. " While the amount of vanillin in the beans was not increased appreciably, as compared with commercial beans, it may be stated with assurance that the 1917] METEOROLOGY. 417 beans cured in the laboratory were in most cases superior in vanilla resins and coloring matter. This is significant since vanilla resins and coloring matter are considered important adjuncts to the quality of vanilla beans. The superior flavor of the extracts prepared from the laboratory cured beans may therefore be ascribed to the resinous constituents. A considerable proportion of the vanilla resins are left unextracted when the menstruum is less than 65 per cent alcoholic strength." The curing of the green beans at room temperature, with or without previous treatment with water at 90° C. for a short period of time produced beans of the best quality, as judged by the flavoring extracts prepared from the samples. Notes on the production of oil of citronella, A. W. K, de Jong (Teysmannia, 27 (.1916), No. 4-5, pp. 246-252 figs. 2).— These pages contain notes on the prepa- ration of the grass for distillation, the distillation process, and the separation of the oil and water in the crude product. Analytical data submitted show an increase of 44 per cent in yield of oil from grass which had been dried for ten days over that yielded by fresh material. Cutting the grass in lengths of from 3 to 5 cm. (1.2 to 2 in.) was also found to increase the yield. The residue from the distillation on analysis showed moist- ure 15.8 and nitrogen 2 per cent. Its value as a fertilizing material Is indicated. The use of bark for paper specialties, O. Kkess (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 10, pp. 883-S86).— Experiments on the use of hemlock and oak bark used in conjunction with rag stock for the manufacture of roofing felts, etc., the use of hemlock and oak bark with unbleached sulphite pulp for a hanging paper, and the use of spruce and balsam for wall boards are described. Suggestions as to further possible uses of such stock are made and the economic importance indicated. METEOROLOGY. The effect of climate and soil upon agriculture, R. K. Spafford (Univ. [Nehr.] i^tudies, 16 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 91-llS, figs. 26).— This article is based primarily upon farm-management studies in 16 counties in Nebraska, but also takes into consideration certain general observations extending over a wider area of the surrounding region. From the studies in Nebraska it is concluded that the most important natural factors determining the character of farm business in that State are moisture and soil texture. " In general cultivated plant growth per acre varies quite in harmony with the growth of native vegetation," and this is determined largely by the rainfall. There is a " rapid change from favorable to adverse conditions after passing the 24-in. line of rainfall. The number of acres required to pas- ture a horse or cow may be used as a rough measure of this change. To provide five months' pasture for a mature animal in western Nebraska requires al)out four times the number of acres necessary in eastern Nebraska. From this fact alone it is not out of reason to infer that a decrease in the effective value of moisture reduces the available pasture growth from 1 to about one-fourth." In one case studied the effective value of moisture is such that the total usable pasture growth is only about one-fourth that in another, and it was found that the size of the farm in the first case was at least four times that in the second. These conclusions, though based largely on Nebraska data, are not considered local in bearing. " Moisture problems from southex-n Texas to the head of the Mississippi River are closely related. To the south they are influenced by high temperature, while to the north they are modified by low temperature. From the head of the Mississippi northwest into Saskatchewan and Alberta a lobe of favorable summer temperature determines, to a large extent, the boundaries of 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the Canadian agricultural area recently opened. In the southern part of this lobe the problems of low temperature are more commonly blended with problems of low rainfall than is true farther north. . . . The distribution of native vegetation relative to these lines is very marked. . . . The natural factors which give such striking characteristics to the distribution of native vegetation give equally striking characteristics to the distribution of people and the organization of farm business." The probable growing season, W. G. Reed {U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 {1916), No. 9, pp. 509-512, fig. i).— From a study of data relating to the length of the frostless period from 1872 to 1914 at Keokuk, Iowa, it is concluded that in general " the chance of killing frost falls to 10 per cent between 10 and 30 days after the average date of the last killing frost in spring; in the fall the corresponding difference is about the same. In general any station has a dis- persion in spring similar to that in fall." Weather insurance, W. G. Reed (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 {1916), No. 10, pp. 575-580). — In continuation of previous discussions bearing on this subject (E. S. R., 35, p. 617), the author maintains that the cost of losses from un- favorable weather conditions should be carried as an annual charge again.st the farm business. From a study of extensive data relating to the frequency distri- butions of injurious spring and fall frosts in Kansas and Ohio he concludes that sufficient data are now available " to enable determinations of the chance of fi'ost at any time to be made for nearly all the agricultural regions of the United States. Although other phenomena do not show the same frequency distributions as critical frost dates, the distributions for many of these phe- nomena have been partially investigated and the mathematical studies already completed indicate that the chance of any weather condition at all can be deter- mined with more or less accuracy. Therefore practicable insurance against any unfavorable weather depends solely upon the determination of the hazard and a sufficient number of properly distributed risks." Condensed meteorological reports, C. C. Geobgeson {Alaska SUis. Rpt. 1915, pp. 93-100). — Tabular monthly summaries are given of observations on tem- perature, precipitation, and condition of the weather at 25 stations in different parts of Alaska during 1915. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostranuer and J. S. Sims {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 335-336 {1916), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, teujperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during November and December, 1916, are presented. The general character of the weather for November is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a summary for the year. The principal data in this summary are as follows : Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.64, January 8; minimum, 28.76, February 25; mean, 30.006. Air temperature, in ground shelter (degrees F.). — Maximum, 95.5, August 22; Minimum, — 16, February 1.5. Humidity. — Mean dewpoint, 38.4 ; mean relative humidity, 80.8. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 45.61; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 126 ; total snowfall, 59.5 iu. Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 2,418 hours, or 53 per cent; number of clear days, 121. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded, 2,036, or 47 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, west ; total move- ment, 52,150 miles; maximum daily movement, 519 miles, February 28; mini- mum daily movement, 0 miles, December 4; maximum pressure per square foot, 25 lbs., January 23, west. Dates of frost. — Last, May 19; first, September 17. Dates of snoiv. — Last, April 14; first, November 15. 1917] METEOROLOGY. 419 Monthly Weather Review (U. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 (1916), Nos. 0, pp. 499-545, pis. 12, figs. 7; 10, pp. 547-610, pis. 13, figs. 22).— In addition to weather forecasts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for September and October, 1916; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology ; notes on the weather of the months; solar and sky radiation measurements at Washington, D. C, during September and October, 1916; condensed climatological summaries; and the usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles : No. 9. — Shadmg Effect of Wire Insect Cages (illus.), by H. H. Kimball (see p. 455) ; Circumstantial Arc with a Black Band, by H. H. Martin; Atmospheric Electrical Variations at Sunset and Sunrise, bj^ E. H. Nichols; Ionization of the Upper Atmosphere, by W. F. G. Swann ; Ground Rainbows, by A. E. Heath ; Temperature and Radiation of the Sun, by F. Biscoe ; Solar Corpuscular Rays, by K. Birkeland ; Aurora of September 30, 1916, by H. C. Hunter and D. Man- ning; The Probable Growing Season (illus.), by W. G. Reed (see p. 418) ; Cer- tain Characteristics of the Winds at Mount Tamalpais, Cal. (illus.), by H. H. Wright ; Rainfall on Days with Air Temperature Below the Freezing Point, by S. Takayama ; Newtonian Constant of Gravitation as Affected by Temperature, by P. E. Shaw; Gravitation and Temperature, by J. L [ armor ] ; Ice Crystal- lizations from Aqueous Solutions, by R. Hartmann ; The Kata Thermometer as a Measure of the Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Bodily Comfort, by C. E. A. AVinslow ; Ball Lightning on Puy de Dome, by E. Mathias ; Central Observatory of Mexico Removed ; Cleveland Abbe, 183S-1916 ; Henrik Mohn, 1835-1916; Hurricane Tracks, 1912-1915, by R. H. Weightman; and Further Data on the Tropical Storm of July 12-22, 1916, by H. C. Frankenfield. No. 10. — Additional Note on the High Haze of July and August, 1916, by H. H. Kimball ; Elementary Notes on Least Squares, the Theory of Statistics and Correlation, for Meteorology and Agriculture (illus.), by C. F. Marvin (see below) ; Injury to Vegetation Resulting from Climatic Conditions, by G. P3. Stone (see p. 431) ; Lassen Peak's Name; An Eruption of Lassen Peak (illus.), by A. H. Palmer ; A New Method for Determining " g," the Acceleration Due to Gravity, by H. Bell ; Indian Summer and PlimsoU's Mark ( illus. ) , by W. G. Reed; Weather Insurance, by W. G. Reed (see p. 418) ; What is a "Geocol"? and A Cyclone in Perspective (illus.). [Observations on aerology] (t7. S. Mo. Weather Rev., Sup. 3 (1916), pp. 67, pis. 8, figs. 11 ) . — This supplement contains the following articles : Sounding Balloon Ascensions at Fort Omaha, Nebr., May 8, 1915; Meteorological Obser- vations on Board the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Seneca, April to July, 1915; The Drexel Aerological Station; and Free-air Data at Drexel Aerological Sta- tion, October, November, and December, 1915. Elementary notes on least squares, the theory of statistics and correlation, for meteorolcg'y and agriculture, C. F. Marvin (U. S. Mo. Wcdther Rev., 44 {1916), No. 10, pp. 551-569, figs. 18). — "An effort has been made in this paper to outline in a general way the essential principles of the methods of least squares and the theories of statistics and correlation, with reference to their application in the analysis and presentation of climatic data and their utiliza- tion in the solution of problems cf agricultural meterology. While a consider- able knowledge of mathematics is essential to a complete mastery of all the methods, processes, and relations, nevertheless an elementary knowledge and a little study are sufficient to enable anyone to carry out the relatively simple routine and systematized calculations that are necessary to bring out all the 420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol. 36 facts. Examples of these computations have been shown with considerable and seemingly all necessary fullness." A bibliography of the more recent literature on this subject is given. SOILS— FERTILIZEES. Soil survey of the Ukiah area, California, E. B. Watson and R. L. Pendle- ton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 53, pis. 5, figs. 2, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the California Experiment Station, and issued December 16, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 193,920 acres in southeastern Mendocino County, Cal., which includes several arable valleys and a part of the Coast Range Mountains. The drainage of the hills is well established, and that of the valley floors, with some few ex- ceptions, is generally complete. " The soils of the Ukiah area fall into three general groups [as follows] : (1) Residual soils, (2) soils derived from old valley-filling material, and (3) soils derived from recent alluvial deposits." Including rough mountainous land and river wash, 20 soil types of ten series are mapped, of which rough mountain- ous land covers 67.7 per cent and Pinole gravelly loam 11.4 per cent of the area. Soil survey of Washington County, Georgia, R. A. Winston, J. H. Agee, J. A. Kekr, and M. E. Cark {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operatiotis Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 39, fig. 1, map i).— This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agriculture, and issued December 1.5, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 428,160 acres in the Coastal Plain region of east central Georgia, the topography of which ranges from undulating to rolling. The uplands are naturally well-drained, while the first bottom lands are usually low, flat, and poorly drained. The soils are of sedimentary origin and range from loose incoherent sands to fairly heavy silty clays. Including meadow, 20 soil types of 10 sei'ies are mapped, of which the Norfolk sandy loam, Orangeburg sandy loam, Norfolk sand, meadow, and Ruston sandy loam cover 21.4, 17.7, 13.5, 11.1, and 10.2 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Wilkes County, Georgia, D. D. Long {U. S. Dept. Agr., Ad- vance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 35, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agriculture, and issued December 18, 1916, deals with the soils of a well-drained area of 306,.380 acres in the Piedmont plateau province in northeastern Georgia. The topog- raphy in general is gently rolling. Most of the soils of the county are of residual origin and are heavy, belonging to the silty clay loam, clay loam, and clay classes. A considerable area of soils of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and loam texture also occurs. Including meadow, 18 soil types of five series are mapped, of which the Cecil clay loam and sandy loam cover 38.5 and 18.5 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Coahoma County, Mississippi, F, Z. Hutton et al. (C7. iS?. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 29, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Mississippi and issued December 19, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 357,120 acres in the Mississippi Delta region in northwestern Mississippi. In spite of the nu- merous streams, large areas in the county have poor drainage. The soils consist entirely of alluvial deposits, and the more important are divided into two groups, (1) having heavy clay subsoils, and (2) having light- textured subsoils. Including meadow, overwasli, and excavated land, 12 .'^oil types of three series are mapped, of which the Sharkey clay, Sharkey silty clay 1917] SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 421 loam, and the Sarpy very fine sandy loam cover 52, 14.3, and 10.4 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Dickey County, North Dakota, T. M. Bushneli. et al. ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1914, PP- 56, pis. 2, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the North Dakota Experiment Station and issued November 24, 1916, deals with the soils of an urea of 730,880 acres in southern North Dakota which physiographically com- prises " (1) an old, sandy lake bed; (2) level, treeless prairie; and (3) a high, rolling plain. ... On the plateau and in the Lake Dakota basin i-egional drainage has not been established. The remainder of the county is imperfectly drained." The soils of the county are derived from glacial drift. Including rougli broken land, 28 soil types of 10 series are mapped, of which the Barnes loam and silt loam cover 31.5 and 18.8 per cent of the area, respectively. " The Barnes series predominates east of the Missouri Plateau, and comprises much of the best farming land in the county." The loess soils of the Nebraska portion of the transition region. — V, The water-soluble constituents, F. W. Upson, J. W. Calvin, and G. H. Brother (Soil Set.. 2 (1916), No. If, pp. 377-386, fig. 1).—An investigation conducted at the Nebraska Experiment Station on the water-soluble material in soils dealt ■.vith in previous papers by Alway et al. (E. S. R., 35, pp. 809, 810) is reported. It was found that " in general the wator-soluble material in the loess soils of the Nebraska portion of the transition region is low. The average total water- soluble material is quite uniformly distributed as to area, the inorganic material increases with the aridity, whereas the volatile material decreases with increas- ing aridity. The water-soluble bicarbonates decrease from west to east and follow the total carbonates in this respect. The water-soluble chlorids and sul- phates as well as calcium and magnesium are quite uniformly distributed and follow the distribution of the total amounts of these constituents in these same soils. The water-soluble potassium is highest in the western areas and lowest in the eastern areas. In the extreme eastern area it decreases from the surface downward, whereas in the western area the reverse is true. In this respect it follows the citric-acid-solHble potash and not the total potash, which is quite uniformly distributed. The water-soluble phosphates show no very regular distribution." Factors affecting: the evaporation of moisture from the soil, F. S. Harris and J. S. Robinson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 10, pp. 439-461, figs. 17). — The studies reported in this article were made at the Utah Experiment Station with loam, sand, clay, and muck, mostly in small tin plates and copper vessels 8 in. in diameter and 4 in. deep, but also in Petri dishes, long galvanized iron tanks, and deep cylindrical galvanized cans. An attempt was made to eliminate the factor of capillarity and to confine the study entirely to evaporation and various factors affecting it, including the initial quantity of soil moisture, humidity of the air, wind velocity, sunshine, temperature, size of soil particles, mulches, compacting the soil, method of applying water, and the presence of soluble salts. The experimental methods are described in detail. It was found that " evaporation of moisture increases with the initial quan- tity in the soil. The increase is not so great with the higher percentages as with the lower, and there seem to be a number of critical points where the rate of loss changes rapidly. The rate of evaporation from a moist soil is very rap- idly decreased as the humidity of the air is increased. Air currents greatly increase evaporation; but after about a certain wind velocity is reached the rate of evaporation is only slightly increased by Increasing the wind velocity. 422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 For the sizes investigated, evaporation was higher from the finer soil particles than from the coarser when both are completely saturated. " Reducing the intensity of sunshine greatly reduces the rate of evaporation. Slight changes in temperature have a marked effect on evaporation. A thin mulch, if kept dry, is effective in reducing evaporation. Dry mulches, com- posed of fine particles, seem to be less effective than if composed of coarser particles. Compacting the surface of the soil increases evaporation. Dissolved salts in high concentrations reduce the evaporation of moisture from soils." A list of 21 references to literature bearing on the subject is given. Keep our hillsides from washing, A. R. Whitson and T. J. Dunnewald {Wisconsin Stn. Bui. 272 {1916), pp. 18, figs. 14).— This bulletin deals with the extent and l)ad results of erosion on Wisconsin soils and describes preventive measures applicable to conditions of the State, including tillage, alternation of crops on sidohills, use of horizontal channels and terraces, protection of ravines and watercourses with stones and grass roots, gradual removal of trees from wooded hillsides, and the use of sidehill land for pasture. Protozoa, as affecting bacterial activities in the soil, S. A. Waksman {Soil Sci., 2 {1916), No. 4, pp. 363-376).— Experiments conducted at the New Jersey Experiment Stations on the interaction between protozoa and bacteria in a clay soil and a light loam soil are reported. It was found that the presence of protozoa seemed to check the bacterial numbers, which were found to be smaller in the soils where the protozoa were present than in the corresponding soils where they were absent. The ammonify- ing efficiency of the soil did not follow the changes in bacterial numbers. Heating the soil at 65° C. for five hours destroyed the protozoa in all instances but one and greatly reduced the bacterial numbers ; but when the proper amount of moisture was added and the soils were allowed to incubate for 30 days, the bacterial numbers increased to almost three times those of the check. There was a corresponding increase in ammonia production in the soil. The action for 48 hours of 4 per cent toluene, which was then allowed to evaporate for 48 hours, killed the ciliates, but not the flagellates ; this treatment also reduced the bacterial numbers, but they at once increased after the toluene was allowed to evaporate. The action of toluene and heat was greatest upon soils having a high content of organic matter, whether the protozoa were active or not. The light loam soils kept out of doors gave higher bacterial numbers and higher ammonifying efficiency than those kept under laboratory temperatures, and the latter gave higher numbers and ammonifying efficiency than those kept at 30°. The soils with optimum moisture content gave in the main higher bacterial numbers and ammonifying eflSciency than those of higher moisture content. Nitrification in semiarid soils, I, W. P. Kelley {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 10, pp. ^i7-i37).— Previous investigations on this sub- ject are briefly reviewed and laboratory studies at the California citrus substa- tion of the relation of the concentration of nitrogenous materials and the period of incubation to the rate of nitrification are reported. The results of the investigations showed that the amounts of nitrate formed from dried blood, bone meal, or ammonium sulphate during 4 weeks' incubation varied greatly with the amount of nitrogenous materials employed. When 1 per cent of dried blood was used (the proportion commonly employed in con- ^entional nitrification studies) the nitrifying activity was found to be feeble or even negative in certain soils in which 1 per cent of bone meal and from 0.2 to 0.3 per cent of ammonium sulphate underwent active nitrification. When 18171 SOILS PEBTILIZERS. 423 low concentrations of dried blood such as are used in the field were employed, active nitrification took place in every case, and when equal amounts of nitrogen were added it was found that the yield of nitrate was quite similar whether the nitrate had been derived from dried blood, bone meal, or ammonium sul- phate. High concentrations of bone meal furnishing amounts of nitrogen equivalent to that supplied by 1 per cent of dried blood inhibited nitrification in the same way as the dried blood. It was found that the inability to nitrify 1 per cent of dried blood was not confined to any one type of soil nor to soils low in organic matter. " The effects produced by the addition of alkali salts varied greatly when different concentrations of nitrogenous materials were employed. In a given soil a concentration of 0.05 per cent of sodium carbonate was distinctly toxic to the nitrification of 1 per cent of dried blood, while as high a concentration as 0.4 per cent produced no effects on the nitrification of 0.1 per cent of dried blood. Likewise, 0.1 per cent of sodium carbonate was toxic to the nitrification of 0.15 per cent of ammonium sulphate, and markedly stimulating when 0.0625 per cent of ammonium sulphate was used. Similar statements may be made with regard to the effects of sodium sulphate. " The results al.so show that widely different conclusions may be drawn from laboratory experiments when different periods of incubation are used. " Nitrites were found to accumulate in large amounts where excessive amounts of nitrogenous materials were employed. In some cases the nitrite content greatly exceeded the nitrate content after an incubation period of sevei-al weeks. Likewise, the addition of alkali salts may suppress nitrate formation, while at the same time permitting nitrite formation to proceed actively." The author concludes as a result of these investigations " that the methods now employed by many students of nitrification, in which high concentrations of nitrogenous materials are added and the nitrate determined at a fixed interval of time, are not only unsatisfactory, but that the results thus obtained are likely to be more misleading than informing." He therefore recommends that the activities of nitrifying organisms be studied in an environment as nearly similar to that of the field as possible. A bibliography of literature bearing on the .subject is given. The nitric nitrogen content of the country rock: A contribution regarding the origin of niter spots in certain western soils, R. Stewaet and W. Peter- son (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 4, pp. 3^5-361, pi. J ) .—Experiments conducted at the Utah Experiment Station with samples of Utah and Arizona soils are reported, from which results were obtained similar to those obtained in previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 28) with Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming soils. It is concluded that " the nitrates of the niter spots of the cultivated soils are derived from the preexisting accumulations occurring in the adjacent country rock and transported by the movement of underground water, brought to the surface by exposure of the rock outcrop, and there deposited by the evap- oration of the water. The brown color of the niter spots is due to the solvent and decomposing action of the nitrates on the old organic compounds of the soil, the source of which, like the nitrate, is in the shale and sandstone of the area, which is coal and oil bearing." It is further pointed out that " characteristic niter spots may be produced artificially in the laboratory vsith a rich greenhouse soil and an excess of sodium nitrate. They are produced equally as well in soil rendered sterile by treat- ment with a saturated solution of mercuric chlorid or 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid." 82992°— 17 3 424 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 On the distribution of phosphiorus in a vertical seetion of bliiegrass soil, A. M. Petee {Sou 8ci., 2 (1916), No. 4, PP- S87-S93, figs. 2).— The chief object of this paper, prepared at the Kentucky Experiment Station, is to draw attention to the peculiar distribution of the phosphate in vertical soil sections taken from the experiment station farm at Lexington and to point out that it corresponds strikingly to the distribution of phosphate in the phosphatic limestone beds of the vicinity. It increased from 0.72 per cent at a depth of 1 ft. to 7.8 per cent at a depth of 6 ft. and thereafter decreased, being 2.02 per cent at a depth of 7 ft. Nature of the sulphur in moorland soils injurious to plant growth and subterranean structures, W. Thobneb (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 29 (1916), pp. 233-236; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 {1916), No. 15, p. 855; Chem. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 20, p. 2606). — The so-called reactive sulphur in moor soils, which is injurious to both plant growth and cement in underground foundations, was found to occur not only as pyrites but also in the free state and in organic com- bination. Its destructive action is ascribed to the production of sulphuric acid by atmospheric oxidation in the presence of moisture. Finely divided sulphur mixed with moist sand or peat on a filter underwent slow oxidation as the water evaporated, and similar conditions are assumed to exist in peaty land containing sulphur on exposure to the atmosphere. An energetic oxidation of finely divided sulphur in aqueous suspension was observed during the elec- trolysis of the water. Field tests of fertilizer action on soil aldehydes, J. J. Skinnee and C. F. Noll {Jour. A)uer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 5, pp. 273-298, pis. 5, fig. i).— In an extension of work previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 620; 32, p. 619), experiments conducted under a cooperative agreement beween the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Experiment Station are reported. The purpose was to study the effects of vanillin and salicylic aldehyde on an acid silty clay loam soU at Arlington, Va., and a productive loam soil at the Pennsylvania Station, and the influence of lime and fertilizers on the action of these compounds. It was found in a two years' field test that vanillin and salicylic aldehyde were harmful to cowpeas in the silty clay loam soil. The harmful effect of vanillin was lessened by sodium nitrate and that of salicylic aldehyde by acid phosphate. The effects of both vanillin and salicylic aldehyde were overcome by liming the soil. These field results are in harmony with the effect of fertilizer salts on the behavior of these compounds in water culture solution. Vanillin and salicylic aldehyde were found in the silty clay loam soil several months after they were applied and after the end of the crop season. On the plats fertilized with sodium nitrate the vanillin had been changed or de- stroyed and did not remain as such to have its effect on the crop. Neither vanillin nor salicylic aldehyde was found to remain in the limed soil. The oxidizing power of the Arlington soil was checked by both vanillin and salicylic aldehyde, and this lessened oxidation was increased by fertilizers and by lime. Vanillin and salicylic aldehyde had only a slight harmful effect on the pro- ductive loam soil. Again the harmfulness of vanillin was ameliorated by sodium nitrate and that of salicylic aldehyde by acid phosphate, and on limed soil the aldehyde compounds had no, or only slight, harmful effects. None of the added aldehydes remained in the soil in any of the plats at the end of the growing season. This is taken to indicate " that organic substances of this nature do not persist in this soil and consequently could have little or no effect on crop growth. This experiment demonstrates that such organic sub- stances as aldehydes can exist In one soil and have their effect on growth, 1917] SOILS FERTILIZEES. 425 while in another soil they are destroyed by oxidation or other life processes of the soil and do not remain to have an influence on soil productivity." Soil fertility (North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 4, 5). — A comparison of rotted stable manure with fresh manure and a combination of fresh manure and steamed bone meal gave results confirming those reported in Bulletin 100 (E. S. R., 28, p. 338). " Four years' data from the milling of the wheats from lands treated with rotted manure, with fresh manure, with combination of fresh manure and steamed bone meal, and without treatment of any character, do not show strik- ing differences that could be attributed to the use of manures. Cost data for the trial indicate that potassium and phosphorus fertilizers can not as yet be profitably used on the black clay soil." Plat experiments comparing steamed bone meal, acid phosphate, and raw rock phosphate, in which stable manure and crop residues were also added to the soil, showed that on the basis of four-year averages " the commercially fertilized plats have not given a lax'ger gross income than the plats on which stable manure was used. If the cost of the phosphorus fertilizer is deducted from the total income received from crops, a less return was obtained than from the manured plats. The income derived from the various treatments was nearly uniform. No form of phosphorus yielded markedly superior returns in this trial. Comparatively, acid phosphate made a slightly better showing than steamed bone meal or rock phosphate." The use of fertilizers to increase crop production, E. B. Stookey (Washing- ton Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 9, pp. 5-9, figs. 2).— This is a brief note based on experience at the substation on the use of fertilizers and manure and especially on the value of manure as compared to other fertilizers. Experiments with potatoes, kale, mangels, and corn on muck, sandy loam, and shot clay soils showed that in all cases manure alone at the rate of 15 tons per acre produced greater increases in yield than sodium nitrate, super- phosphate, potassium sulphate, ground lime rock, gj^psum, and a complete fertilizer applied at respective rates of 100, 200, 200, 4,480, 200, and 450 lbs, per acre. Improvement of hill and peaty pastures (Univ. Col. N. Wales, Bangor, Dept. Agr. [P«6.] 5 (1915), pp. 2-6). — Experiments on the treatment of poor pasture on hilly loam soil and on acid and neutral peat soils are reported. Seven :i-acre plats were used, the treatment per acre being as follows: No manure, 1,000 lbs. of basic slag, 1,000 lbs. of groiind Gafsa phosphate, 600 lbs. of super- phosphate, 600 lbs. of superphosphate and 1 ton of ground lime, 1 ton of ground lime, and 8,600 lbs. of ground limestone. Each plat received in addition to the treatment mentioned, 150 lbs. of potassium sulphate or 600 lbs. of kainit. The results indicated that basic slag Is likely to produce at least as good a result as any other manure or mixture of manures on these soUs. Gafsa phos- phate (raw mineral phosphate) produced almost as good an effect as basic slag on acid peat soils. In no case was a return given by potash manure at all commensurate with its cost, the effect produced being negligible in almost every case. Lime and ground limestone had practically no effect, although in many cases the soil was acid. The necessity for guano in national agriculture ( Las Necesidades de Guano de la Agricvltura NacionaZ. Lima: Compaiiia, Admin. Guano, 1916, pp. 4S2, pis. 85). — This report deals with Peruvian agriculture with special reference to the use of guano as a fertilizer. Factors affecting the absorption and distribution of ammonia applied to soils, K. C. Cook (Soil Set., 2 (1916), No. 4, PP- S05-3U, fig»- 7).— Experiments 426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 conducted at Rutgers College with typical New Jersey soils, including sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and clay soils, on the absorption and distribution of ammonia applied to soils and on factors influencing the same are reported. Fifty gm. of soil was shaken for one minute with 200 cc. of a 1/100-normal ammonium sulphate solution and then allowed to stand, after which the ammonia was distilled off from a filtered portion. It was found that New Jersey soils presented a wide range of absorptive capacity for ammonia, the smallest absorption being" observed in the sand soil and the largest in the sandy loam soil. The presence of calcium osid in soils seemed to exert a greater influence on absorption than any other factor, first increasing and then decidedly decreasing it. In general, mechanical and chemical composition, hygroscopicity, etc., all had some effect on absorp- tion. To a certain extent, the absorption of ammonia followed the percentage of combined iron and alumina, calcium oxid and carbon dioxid, as well as the organic matter and physical properties of the soil. The presence of colloids and conditions which favor them increased the absorptive power of the soil, while the presence of potash or acid phosphate, either alone or in com- bination, reduced it. The distribution of applied ammonia in soils was also quite variable and seemed to be a fimction of the absorption. In light soils the ammonia quickly found its way into the deeper layers unless there was a supply of CaO present; in heavier soils most of the ammonia was held in the surface 3 or 4 in. A slightly alkaline reaction was beneficial to the conservation of ammonia. Calcium carbonate had little effect upon the distribution of ammonia in soils, while the addition of potash or acid phosphate tended to lower the mean distri- bution. The ammonia remained nearer the surface of the soil the gi-eater the absorptive capacity. Everything else being equal, ammonium sulphate should be applied shallower in light than in heavy soils." A list of 35 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Investigation and valuation of crude calcium cyanamid, P. Liechti and E. Truningek {Chem. Ztg., 40 (1916), pp. 365, 366; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 (1916), No. 11, p. 6^7). — A chemical method for determining the nitrogen content of calcium cyanamid is described. In six specimens of calcium cyanamid a maximum cyanamid-nitrogen con- tent of 0.5 per cent was found, whereas the nitrogen present as dicyandiamid ran to more than 7 per cent. As it was thought that the dicyandiamid can act as a plant poison under certain conditions, pot experiments on wheat were made to compare the action of these abnormal specimens with that of the normal fertilizer. These showed that the former were distinctly injurious to the yield of grain and to a lesser extent to the yield of straw. During a 3-months' storage of calcium cyanamid in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, the original cyanamid present was almost completely converted into dicyandiamid. On the other hand, no such conversion occurred when the air was kept dry; one sample was preserved in a wooden box for eight years without any deterioration taking place. The determination of the nitrogen present as cyanamid and as dicyandiamid is considered at least as important as the determination of total nitrogen. Effect of varying amounts of water upon the decomposition of crude cal- cium cyanamid and the formation of dicyandiamid, G. Hageb and J. Kern (Ztschr. Angev). Chem., 29 (1916), pp. 221-223; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 35 (1916), No. 15, pp. 8.56, 857; Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 20, pp. 2608, 2609).— Quantities of crude calcium cyanamid of 100 gm. each were treated separately with 5, 10, 15. 25, and 50 gm. of water and inclosed in air-tight glass vessels. After five and seven months the material was analyzed. The fertilizer used 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 427 containefl total riitrogen 18.62 per cent, of which 17.73 was water-soluble, cyanamid nitrogen 16.75 per cent, nitrogen as dicyandiauiid 0.5 per cent, as ammonia 0.24 per cent, and as "urea" nitrogen (i. e., the element left in the filtrate after precipitation of the dicyandiamid) 0.48 per cent. Seven mouths' storage without added water caused no perceptible change. With 5 and 10 gm. of water the changes were very small, the dicyandiamid nitrogen rising to 0.61 and 0.87 per cent, respectively. The presence of 15 gm. of water produced more change, the dicyandiamid nitrogen rising to 1.13 per cent and the urea nitrogen to 0.71 per cent. The cyanamid nitrogen fell to 13.61 per cent and the ammonia nitrogen to 0.14 per cent. Very little change took place in the first 10 days when 25 gm. of water was added, but after seven months 2.58 per cent of dicyandiamid was found. With 50 gra. of water profound changes took place and the material set to a hard stone-like mass. After two and one-half and seven months the dicyandiamid nitrogen rose to 7.51 and 9.17 per cent, respectively, the cyanamid nitrogen falling to 2.81 and 0.28 per cent, respectively, in the same periods. It is pointed out that calcium cyanamid should not be stored after it has become wet, but may be used immediately. The use of water to produce it in a granulated form is con- sidered not likely to succeed. The analyses were performed by Caro's method. Calcium cyanamid, L. Malpeaux {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 28- SO). — This is a review of experimental work by the author and others on the use of calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer, showing that when used under proper conditions it gives results comparable with those obtained with sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate. It is concluded that for the practical use of cyanamid it should be applied and incorporated in the soil at the time the soil is prepared for seeding. It should be used in the fall for winter cereals, avoiding spreading when mixing except on pasture. Mixtures of cyanamid with superphosphate should be avoided. Two references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. Phosphate fertilizers for Hawaiian soils, and their availability, W. T. McGeoege {Hatvaii Sta. Bui. 41 {1916), pp. 45, pls. 4)- — Studies of the solubility of the phosphoric acid naturally occurring in certain Hawaiian soils, as well as of the behavior of various phosphates when applied to them, are reported. Pot experiments with millet, ccwpeas, buckwheat, radishes, and turnips on sandy volcanic soil, ferruginous red-clay soil, and a red soil with less clay, to determine the availability of different phosphates when applied in amounts equivalent to 0.007, 0.014, 0.021, and 0.028 per cent phosphoric acid, indicated that the soluble phosphates in frequent light applications are the most effective on Hawaiian soils, especially the red clays. Iron and aluminum phosphates were found to be readily available sources of phosphoric acid in Hawaiian soils, the former more so in the first crop in the absence of added lime. In sand cultures these phosphates surpassed clay and rock phosphate. " In most locations it is poor economy to add bone meal or other difficultly soluble phosphates to Hawaiian soils. ... In wet districts (uplands) phos- phate rock, bone meal, basic slag, or reverted phosphate should be very effective, more especially so if applied to highly organic soils or used in systems of di- versified agriculture where they may be incorporated with green manure crops." Basic slag was more effective as a source of phosphoric acid than phosphate rock, bone meal, or reverted phosphate. Lime applied with phosphates tempo- rarily assisted the plants in assimilating phosphoric acid, but it soon lost its effectiveness unless present in excessive amounts. 428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Studies of the solubility of phosphoric acid in potted soil, of phosphates after addition to soil, and of phosphoric acid occurring naturally in Hawaiian soils, as indicated by treatment with several reagents, indicated that " hydrochloric acid of official strength does not dissolve all of the phosphoric acid of Hawaiian soils. To determine the total phosphate content, it is necessary to fuse the soil with sodium carbonate. Fifth-normal nitric acid has very little solvent action upon the phosphate in the soils, indicating the absence of appreciable quan- tities of calcium phosphate. One per cent citric acid has a much stronger solvent action than fifth-normal nitric acid. Of the weaker solvents, 1 per cent sodium hydroxid is the strongest, due to its action on the iron and aluminum phosphates. The fertilizer (phosphate) requirement of the soil is not measured by solubility in water or fifth-normal nitric acid, but it may be indicated by the solubility in citric acid. The solubility of a phosphate before it is added to a soil can not be used as a criterion of its solubility after addition, but it may indicate its availability. The fixation of a soluble phosphate by the soil may be influenced by the basicity of the soil. Availability as determined with solvents does not agree in full with that indicated by plant growth." A description of a modification of the official method used in determining the phosphoric-acid content of Hawaiian soils by reason of the high titanium content is appended. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 35, p. 503). Phosphate fertilizers, B. Suthkrland (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. ser., 28 {1916), No. 2, pp. 208-210). — Field experiments on 1/200-acre plats with early and late wheat and oats are reported. The purpose was to compare sodium orthophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and trimetaphosphate with each other and with superphosphate when used in amounts equivalent in phosphoric-acid content to 100 lbs. of superposphate per acre. It was found that metaphosphate gave in all cases a better crop than super- phosphate, but with some plats the difference was practically negligible. Pyro- phosphate was in every case less satisfactory than superphosphate. Meta- phosphate applied as a top-dressing in spring did very little good. Apparently the value lay in the initial start to the very young plant. In the case of brown oats, which grew rapidly, the advantage of using metaphosphate was very marlied. The citric acid solubility of the phosphate in Thomas slag, P. Keoix (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 29 {1916), I, pp. 199, 200; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 110 {1916), No. 645, II, p. S89; Chem. Abs., 10 {1916), No. 20, p. 2608). — It was found that the addition of sand in the converter raised the citrate solubility of the phosphoric acid in Thomas slag on the average by about 1 per cent. The amount of soluble phosphate seemed to have a tendency to remain constant for each particular type of slag and to be more or less inde- pendent of the total amount of phosphate present. This constant was about 18.5 per cent for sand slag and 17.3 per cent for normal slag. Tlie conservation of phosphate rock in the United States, W. C. Phajlen {Bui. Amer. Inst. Mining Engin., No. 119 {1916), pp. 1901-1934. figs. 6).— This report deals with the production, exportation, and conservation of phosphate rock In the United States, describes substitutes used therefor, and describes domestic and foreign deposits, especially those of Florida and Tennessee and of Africa and the southern Pacific Ocean. The salt and alkali industry, G. Martin, S. Smith, and F. Milsom {London: Crosby Lockwood d So7i, 1916, pp. VIII+100, pi. 1, figs. 36).— In addition to chapters on the manufacture of common salt, hydrochloric acid, sodium sul- phate, and sodium carbonate, two chapters are included on the Stassfurt salt industry and on potassium salts in general. 1917] AGEICULXURAL BOTANY. 429 "Loog as; " or the ash. of the alkali bush, A. Stead (So. African Jour. Set., 12 {1916), No. 11, pp. 5^0-54^). — Analyses of the ash of Mesembrianthemum junceum showed a content of water soluble potash of 22.2 per cent or potassium carbonate 32.59 per cent. This plant, it is stated, grows luxuriantly in many of the Karoo districts of South Africa. It is considered an excellent .source of potash for acid soils and is estimated to be of about twice the normal manurial value of kainit. Chemical analysis of ash (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, p. 25). — An analysis by E. FuLMER of one sample of volcanic ash showed a potash content of 2.48, calcium oxid 3.8, and total phosphoric acid 0.36 per cent. Outline of the relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil, E. O. FrppiN (N. Y. State Col. Ayr., Cornell Univ. Ext. Bui. 5 (1916), pp. 16, figs. 2). — This is a popular discussion of soil acidity and its causes, the toler- ance of different crops for acidity and alkalinity in soils, and different kinds of lime and their use and benefits in acid soils with special reference to New York conditions. It is stated that " In the hill sections of New York from southern Wyoming, Ontario, and Madison counties southward, and throughout the Hudson valley region with the exception of a few small areas, . . . the lack of lime is one of the most important limiting factors in larger crop production. In the remain- ing cultivated sections of the State the use of some lime is generally beneficial. The part of the State where the soil is best supplied with lime is a strip of land extending southward for a distance of from 10 to 20 miles from a line passing through Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Niagara Falls." Analyses of commercial fertilizers, fertilizer supplies, and home mixtures, C. S. Cathcart et al. (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 297 (1916), pp. 3-43). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 635 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected for inspection in New Jersey during 1916. AGRICTJLTTJEAL BOTANY. A textbook of botany for colleges, W. F. Ganong (New York: The Mac- millan Co., 1916, pp. XI +401, figs. 276). — This book is designed as an intro- ductory course in botany as part of a scheme in general education, and not for the preparation of professional botanists. In conformity with this idea, atten- tion is given to the larger and more obvious aspects of plant activity, special emphasis being placed on the interpretation of principles and the connection of botanical science with knowledge in general and with man's relations to plants. As the author states, " the book may be described as an attempt to present and interpret the humanly important aspects of plant nature in the light of our modern scienlfic knowledge." It is intended to be used in conjunction with laboratory work to connect the facts there discovered with the science as a whole. Some recent researches in plant physiology, W. R. G. Atkins (London: Whittaker d Co., 1916, pp. XI+328, figs. 27).— The object of this book is to present to senior students and investigators the results of recent work in some of the branches of plant physiology which are attracting attention. Matter already current in textbooks has been almost entirely excluded. The choice of material by the author was influenced to a considerable degree by his work at the School of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin. The main subjects treated are carbohydrates, pectic substances, osmotic pressure, permeability of cells, func- tions of the wood, and oxidases. Extensive bibliographies of these different subjects are included in the publication. 430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3fi The principles of plant teratology, W. C Wobsdell (London: Ray Soc, 1915, vol. 1, pp. XXIV-\-270, pis. 25, figs. 61). — This book is designed to describe in a scientific manner abnormalities in the plant l3:ingdom and to determine why the structures are present and how they came to be produced. The author con- siders the study of teratological data of importance in determining various morphological problems, and the work is offered as a contribution to the evolu- tionary origin of plant organs. The present volume treats of the teratology of fungi, bryophytes, etc., and of the root, stem, and leaves of higher plants. A volume dealing with the flower is contemplated. Morph.olog'y of the flowers of Zea mays, P. Weathebwax (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 43 {1916), No. 3, pp. 127-lU, pls. 2, figs. 4).— The author reports the re- sult of a study carried on for about two years on the morphological characters of the flowers in six subspecies of Z. tnays. Maize is normally monoecious. Both male and female spikelets are two- flowered. The silk is structurally and functionally a stigma. Pollination is effected by gravity or wind. Though cross-pollination is more usually the method, self-pollination occurs to some extent. In flowers of either sex, the rudimentary organs of the opposite sex may be replaced by organs of normal appearance which are regularly functional in some varieties of corn. Xerophotic movements in leaves, F. C. Gates {Bot. Gaz., 61 {1916), No. 5, pp. 399-407, figs. 8; abs. in Science, n. ser., 43 {1916), No. 1106, pp. 360, 361).— An account is given of observation and experimentation on xerophotic response as manifested in the upward turning or curling movements of leaf blades result- ing from the drying effect produced through the agency of light, particularly direct sunlight. The lessened turgor of the cells of the upper side allows a movement in the direction from which the desiccating agency comes, the result- ing position decreasing the amount of radiant energy received and thus reduc- ing the harmful action of intense sunlight upon chlorophyll and transpiration. In the localized type of xerophotic response, the difference in turgidity is con- fined to a limited area, such as the pulvini of the leaflets. In the more general- ized type, the difference is between the upper and the lower part of the blade. The first type is said to have been noted in all species of legumes studied and to have been observed in some other families. The second type has been ob- served in the monocotyledonous families Poacese, Aracese, Marantacese, and Zingiberacese. While in nature the response was produced by direct stimula- tion from the sun, it was produced also by the action of the chemical desiccat- ing agents alcohol and xylol on Gliricidia sepium and Ipomosa pes-caprce. The amount of movement which took place under suitable conditions at any season varied with different conditions between 45 and 70° above the horizontal. The daily movements of leg'uminous leaflets, F. C. Gates {Plant World, 19 {1916), No. 2, pp. 42-45, figs. 2). — In giving a daily program of the movements of leguminous leaflets under the Influence of direct sunlight, as above noted, two classes may be considered. One, exemplified by Gliricidia sepium, is that of plants with a drooping night position. The other, exemplified by Leuccena glauca, is that in which the night position is above instead of below the hori- zontal. The changes during 24 hours are discussed, with mention of a certain amount of irregularity observable about the time of the full moon. The wai-m water treatment of the seeds of certain herbaceous and green manure plants that are diflBcult to germinate, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli- Proefstat. Medan, 10 {1916), No. 1, pp. 16-23).— The results are given of some experiments in the germination of Albizzia, Mimosa, Pithecolobium, and Cro- talaria seeds previously immersed in warm water at different temperatures and for different lengths of time. 1917) AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 431 The liest j^errnination of Albizzla seed was securerl when the seed was soaked for at least three hours in water at a temperatui'e of about 60° C. Mimosa seed gave the best results when soaked in water of from 60 to 70°, and Pithecolobium seed when the temperature of the water was from 70 to 75°. Soaking in warm water was disadvantageous to Crotalaria seed and soaking in cold water was not of much advantage. The physiology and technique of forcing growth in woody plants, F. La Maeca (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital. 48 (1915), No. 10-11, pp. 772-782).— Tests as de- tailed with various woody plants in regard to the effects of removing bud scales, puncturing the bud with a fine needle, injecting water or compounds of copper, iron, nickel, etc., have led to the conclusion that the forcing effects observed are due almost wholly to the disturbance consequent upon wounding or to the conse- quent release from pressure in the bud. Injury to vegetation resulting from climatic conditions, G. E. Stone (Jour. N. y. Bot. Oard., 17 (1916), No. 202, pp. 173-179; V. S. Mo. Weather Rev., 44 (1916), No. 10, pp. 569, 570). — The general conditions which result in winter injury to plants are briefly stated, and more complete accounts are given of the character and causes of frost cracks, sim scald, sim scorch, and bronzing. The formation of parenchyma wood following winter injury to the cam- bium, A, J, Mix (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 3, pp. 279-283, figs. cJ).— The author describes the formation of parenchyma following winter injury to apple trees. Effect of sodium salts in water cultures on the absorption of plant food by wheat seedlings, J. F. Breazeai^ (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 9, pp. 407-416, figs. 8). — The results are given of experiments under- taken to determine the extent to which the presence of the various sodium salts commonly found in alkali soils affects the absorption of plant food ele- ments by wheat seedlings. Sodium chlorid, sulphate, and carbonate, in con- centrations ranging from 50 to 1,000 parts per million, were employed in connection with a standard nutrient solution, and wheat plants grown on floating disks were used to test the effects of the different salts. All of the sodium salts tested, when added to the nutrient solutions, even in the highest concentrations mentioned, did not measurably affect the nitro- gen absorbed from the culture solutions, but sodium chlorid decreased the absorption of potash slightly, though it did not affect that of phosphoric acid. Sodium sulphate In concentrations of 1,000 parts per million depressed the absorption of potash and phosphoric acid to approximately 70 per cent of that of the control cultures. Sodium carbonate in the same concentration reduced the absorption of potash to 20 per cent of the control and that of phosphoric acid to 30 per cent. The depressing effect of sodium carbonate was also ob- served in concentrations as low as 100 parts per million. The relative effect of sodium sulphate and sodium chlorid in depressing the absorption of potash is said to be directioually the same as the relative hydrolysis resulting from the reaction of the two salts with the calcium car- bonate present in the culture solution. This is believed to suggest that the observed effects in the case of sodium sulphate and sodium chlorid may be due in part to the accumulative action of the slight amounts of sodium carbonate formed in this reaction. Assimilation of iron by rice from certain nutrient solutions, P. L. Gile and J. O. Caerebo (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 (1916), No. 12, pp. 503-528). — The results are given of a series of investigations carried on at the Porto Rico Experiment Station to determine whether the reaction of soils has any effect on the assimilation of iron by rice. Rice was grown in acid, neutral, 432 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. [Vol. 36 and alkaline solutions with different forms and quantities of iron and the effect of the reaction of the solution on the assimilation of iron was noted. When judged by the growth of plants, ferrous sulphate, ferric citrate, and ferric tartrate afforded sufficient iron when used in proper quantities in acid and neutral solutions. Ferric chlorid proved an inferior source of iron and dialyzed iron utterly inadequate. Ferric tartrate was the only form of iron which furnished sufficient amounts of that element for the nutrition of plants in alkaline solutions. Plants grown in acid solutions contained the highest percentages of iron. Those grown in neutral solutions contained higher percentages of iron than those grown in alkaline solutions when some forms of iron were used, but they contained equal percentages when other forms were used. The percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia, and carbon-free ash in plants grown in six different solutions did not vary appreciably when compared with the iron content. It appears that rice was not found to be particularly sensitive to the reac- tion of the solution except as the reaction influenced the availability of the iron. This is believed to substantiate previous work in showing that lime- induced chlorosis is caused by a lack of iron and in indicating that the only acton of carbonate of lime in inducing chlorosis lies in its diminishing the availability of iron. The influence of manganese on plants, G. IMasoni (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 {1915), No. 10-11, pp. 822-838; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 19, p. 2495; Intermit. Inst. Agr. [/2owe], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. S, pp. 845, 5^6).— Reporting a further study (E. S. R., 26, p. 226) of maize as affected by manganese compounds, the author states that manganese in very small or larger proportions has shown some favorable influence on the growth of plants, but that this influence is not specific or direct. The nutrition of green plants by means of organic substances, C. Ravenna (Atti R. Accad. lAncei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 (1916), I, No. 9, pp. 649-655, figs. S). — The author, describing experiments carried out with sterile cultures of maize in aqueous solutions of glucose, states that the leaves produced starch even in the absence of carbon dioxid but only in the light, the portion of the solar spectrum most influential in this regard being that showing the greatest activity in regard to chlorophyll. The plants rooted in sugar solution but deprived of carbon dioxid and of oxygen did not form starch even in sunlight. The cause of the disappearance of cumarin, vanillin, pyridin, and quinolin in the soil, W. J. IIobbins (Science, n. ser., 44 (1916), No. 1147, pp. 894, 895).— A preliminary report is given of a biological study made to determine the reason for the disappearance of the toxic activity of cumarin, vanillin, pyridin, and quinolin in soils. Flasks containing soils to which the above compounds had been added were inoculated with infusions from normal soils and incubated for two months, after which wheat was planted in the soils. The growth of the wheat plants in the inoculated soil showed that the toxic properties of the compounds had largely disappeared, while their effect was still very evident in bottles contain- ing sterile soil. This is believed to indicate that the disappearance of the com- pounds is due to biological causes. From the bottles or pots, three species of bacteria were isolated, one of which was found to use pyridin as a source of nitrogen, while one used vanillin and another cumarin as a source of carbon. No organism has yet been found to act on quinolin. As a result of the author's Investigations, it Is considei'ed that the enormous increase in the number of organisms in the treated pots and the disappearance 1917] AGRICULTUBAJL BOTANY. 433 of the four substaBces in the soils depend on the fact that the compounds serve as sources of food for different species of bacteria. Studies in permeability. — IH, The absorption of acids by plant tissue, MiLDKED Hind (Ann. Bot. [London^, SO (1916), No. 118, pp. 22S-238, figs. 11).— Tliis is a continuation of the series of studies begun by Stiles and Jorgensen (E. S. R., 35, p. 224). The present author has attempted to ascertain how far the rapid absorption of hydrogen ions, as previously noted in regard to hydro- chloric acid in aqueous solution, is charactertistic of acids in general. Several acids were used in this work, which was carried out with potato tubers and with living plants of Yicia faba. The part played by proteins was also studied. It was found that the hydrogen ions of all the acids examined are rapidly absorbed by plant tissue from dilute solutions. The anion largely determines the effect of the acid on the cell, the fatty acids contrasting strongly with the mineral acids in this respect. Proteins may also influence acid absorption by plants. Lecithin was not shown to be concerned in such absorption. Production of root hairs in water, Ethel M. Bakdell (Univ. Wash. Pubs. Bot., 1 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9). — The author, outlining exx)erimental work on root hair development in water in the case of sunflower, maize, pea, bean, wheat, oats, and Tradescantia, states that elongation of root cells is greater in air than in water. The number of root hairs tends to decrease with increase of strength of the fractional solutions of normal potassium nitrate, this being ascribed to a decrease of absorption and consequent diminution of turgor. The conclusions of Snow (B. S. R., 17, p. 849) have been confirmed by the employment of other methods. It is stated that Light conditions do not affect root hair production. Curves and swellings favor the production of root hairs, which are more abundant on the concave side of curves. Usually cortical cells in hairy portions are shorter than those in hairless portions, also the average length of hairy cells grown in air, water, or fractional solutions of normal potassium nitrate is usually less than that of hairless epidermal cells and of cortical cells. A n:iethod for maintaining a constant volume of nutrient solutions, O. L. Claek (Science, n. ser., U (1916), No. 1146, pp. 868, 869, fig. 1).—A method for the automatic renewal of nutrient solutions is briefly described. Proposed classification of the genus Kollinia, with descriptions of several new species, W. E. Saffobd (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 (1916), No. 12, pp. 370- S8Jf, figs. S). — In an attempt to correct what are considered errors of classifi- cation, the author has made a revision of available material which is con- sidered to belong to the genus Rollinia, from which certain forms have been previously set apart by him under the generic name Rolliniopsis (E. S. R., 36, p. 220). Desmopsis, a new genus of Annonaceae, W. E. Saffokd (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 4S (1916), No. 4, pp. 188-193, pis. 3, fig. i ) .—Technical descriptions are given of species to which the new generic name Desmopsis is given, under the specific names D. panamensis, D. galeottiana, D. maxonii, D, bibracteata, and D. oerstedii. Pleiospermium, a new genus related to Citrus, from India, Ceylon, and Java, W. T. Swingle (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 (1916), No. 13, pp. 426-431).— A new genus, Pleiospermium, is described to include the species formerly known as Limonia alata and L. dubia. These species, which are technically described, are suggested as suitable stocks for Citrus, the former on the drier soils, the latter on limestone hills. It is thought that, on account of its primi- tive and polymorphic nature, P. dubium may hybridize with some true citrus species. 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [V*>1. ?.6 The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. — I, Progressive variations, R. C. Benedict (Bui. Torrey Bot. Cluh, 4S {1916). No. 5, pp. 207-234, pis. 6). — This is a study of the varying progeny of the so- called Boston fern, N. exaltata bostoniensis, known to have produced in about 15 years at least 60 horticultural forms which have been named. The great majority at least have originated as bud sports. INIost of the descendants have tended away from the original variety, some back toward it, but few, if any, reaching the original form or the form of the immediate parent. The variations, which are produced and preserved in large numbers, partly owing to the extensive production and care of the plant, are classified as pro- gressive and regressive or reversive in regard to the parent form, the variation coefficient of the former being very low as compared with that of the latter. The variations are all discrete or discontinuous, the differences paralleling those existing among many wild species of ferns and of flowering plants, except that the horticultural forms do not possess adaptability to natural conditions, de- creased vigor of growth usually characterizing departure from type. The ori- gins or causes of variation have not been rendered apparent, but they appear to proceed as if from internal stimulation under conditions apparently serving, not as causes but as means of preserving the variants. The mutual influence of genotypical factors, Tine Tammes {Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., IS {1916), No. 1, pp. 44-62). — Reporting the results of further in- vestigations (E. S. R., 34, p. 629) on Linuni usitatissimum carried through sev- eral generations, the author states that the plants not only possess factors ap- parently independent of each other, but tliat in many cases the visible mani- festation of a factor depends upon the presence or absence of several other factors. Probably no factor is entirely independent of other factors. The rela- tions of certain factors in case of flax varieties are discussed. Dry grassland of a high mountain park in northern Colorado, F. Ramaley {Plant World, 19 {1916), No. 9, pp. 249-270, figs, fi).— Results of an ecological study of a dry grassland park in northern Colorado at an elevation of about 9,000 ft. are given. The vegetation is described as low growing, consisting largely of grasses and sedges, with many profusely flowering perennials. Five seasonal periods are recognized, and a series of six societies is noted, corre- sponding to historical stages from bare soil to the ultimate grassland of the park. The effect of climate, soil, and evaporation and the importance of ro- dents, etc., are briefly discussed. Fungus flora of Texas soils, F. C. Webkenthin {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 3, pp. 241-253, fig. 1). — A report is given of an investigation in which a study was made of the fungi in three kinds of soil, one of which was from a cotton field, another from a greenhouse, and the third from the university cam- pus, where the soil had not been disturbed for at least 20 years. The frequency and distribution of the fungi are indicated. The author states that to a depth of 4 in. the fungi were fairly uniformly distributed, while below 4 in. no viable fungus spores were found. No marked variation in species of fungi was observed that could be attributed to cultivated or virgin soil. The climate is believed to have a great influence on the flora of soils, species of Aspergillus being the dominant soil fungi of the South. Species of Penicillium frequently found in northern soils are said to be rare in Texas soils, and the Mucors are not so abundant in southern soils. Pathogenic fungi, especially species of Fusarium, were found to live in the soil as saprophytes throughout the winter. Relative importance of fungi and bacteria in soil, H. J. Conn {Science, n. ser., 44 {1916), No. II46, pp. 857, 85S).— The author reports having tested several soils by Waksman's method (E. S. R., 35. p. 820), using, however, only 1917] FIELD CEOPS. 435 about 10 mg. of soil in an attempt to find whether fungi are as important as bacteria in soil. While bacteria were found abundantly, mold hyphae were present only where the soil contained considerable organic matter. Where organic matter was not added to the soil development was slow, and this is considered to suggest that molds are relatively insignificant in the soil. In the author's experiments nearly every kind of soil micro-organism except molds was found, and it is thought doubtful whether fungus mycelium is present to any significant extent in soil. FIELD CEOPS. Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, J. W. Neal (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 42-50, 52-54, pis. 4). — This reports the continuation of field crop work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 631). The frost-free period at this station extendi! over an interval of 109 days, spring seeding being begun 18 days earlier tlian in 1914. Four varieties of sjiring wheat were tested, with the Russian variety known as H. G. giving the most promise for the future. Marquis proved to be of good quality and the Russian spring wheat No. 36 was early in maturing. Three varieties of spring barley were tested, with hull-less barley No. 19851 from the station 1914 crop giving the best results. This barley has never failed to mature a full crop when seeded reasonably early. Sixty-day, Canadian, and Finnish Black oats were tested, with the latter giving the highe.st yields. All varieties gave heavy yields, but Finnish Black did not yield so heavily as heretofore. Gesselberg spring rye was tested but was slow in maturing. Twelve varieties of winter wheat and four of winter rye were seeded in the fall of 1914. Eight of the wheat varieties winterkilled, while the four remain- ing varieties wintered a fair stand, but were killed by the spring freezing and thawing. This is the first experience of the kind at the station. All the rye wintered a fair stand, but were badly damaged by the spring freezing and thawing. These experiments have been continued and in the fall of 1915 each plat was covered vdth a heavy well-matted growth. All alfalfa varieties except a few plants of the Siberian strains winter- killed. Notes are given on the following varieties that made a fair growth : North Swedish, Hansen Cherno, Hansen Cossack, and Hansen Semipalatinsk. New seedings were made of Grimm alfalfa No. 162, Pioneer Strain, Disco No. 28, and Grimm Coin Holder (Glenheim strain). These varieties all made a heavy top growth and the early plants produced many well-filled seed pods. Later seedings were made of Orenburg common alfalfa, hardy Grimm, and Glen- heim White Blossom. No seed pods were set. In these seedings the seed was sown in deep furrows and lightly covered and packed to aid early germination. Red clover winterkilled, but a considerable quantity of seed practically matured from the spring seeding, although the weather was too wet to cure the crop. One hundred and fifty bu. of Petrowski turnips were set out in the spring, but owing to drought only 260 lbs. of seed were saved. Fifteen potato varieties were tested and the yields listed in tabular form. Considerable loss has been sustained from the corky scab and potato rust which the formaldehyde treatment did not seem to check. Report of [field crops] work at Kodiak Live Stock and Breeding' Station, M. S. Snodgrass {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 71-76, 76-79, pU. 2).— The con- tinuation of field crop work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 632) is reported for 1915. 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The winter of 1914-15 is reported as being an open one, permitting early plowing and seeding. The plowing at Kodiak was sufficiently deep to mix thoroughly the soil and volcanic ash, resulting in a friable sandy loam which warms up quickly in the spring. At Kalsin Bay it was impossible to plow to sufficient depth to obtain a proper mixture. The work of restoring vegetation on the deep volcanic ash was also continued by seeding 23 acres of mixed grass with the oats seeded for hay. Cow kale was grown with good success at Kodiak. Brief notes are also given on oats for hay and silage, barley, rutabagas, turnips, and mangels. The four best potato varieties produced in 1914 were again tested. Burpee Superior and Clark Alaska Seedling gave the highest yield, but Irish Cobbler and Extra Early Ohio were more uniform and superior in quality. About 135 tons of silage was secured at Kalsin Bay composed of mixed bluetop, fireweed, and beach grass. At Kodiak 18 tons of oats and 16 tons of beach grass were put up as silage. Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, G. W. Gasseb {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 5.f-67, 68, 69, pis. 6). — Field crops work previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 632) is continued for 1915. Meteorological data are submitted for the last 10 years at the Rampart Station. The frost-free period for 1915 was 107 days, and the winter of 1914-15 is reported as exceptionally mild. Notes are given on the clearing and preparation of new land and on the pro- duction of grain hay. The 1-acre field of brome grass seeded in 1910 continues to give a perfect stand although the crop was very light in 1915. Of the 20 varieties of alfalfa tested 4 have survived as perfectly hardy. These 4 are yellow-flowered and are Medicago falcata, Omsk, Obb, and Gobi Desert. Grimm, Sand Lucern, Mongolian, and Cherno alfalfas, all purple flowered, were considerably winterkilled. In the Grimm plat a number of plants showing marked variation from the standard were observed and the seed gathered separately for further testing. Special attention is being given to yellow-flowered varieties of alfalfa, and particularly M. falcata. About 2,000 plants of this variety were transplanted in the spring and set 30 in. apart each way. Abundant growth resulted, together with considerable seed production. The coarse-stalked plants seemed to bear more seed than the fine-stalked ones, and a number of such plants were marked and the seed kept separate. A small plat of Omsk alfalfa has ripened considerable seed, but Gobi Desert and Obb, although as hardy as Omsk, have never ripened seed and, furthermore, are of procumbent growth. Trifolium lupinaster is conspicuous for its hardiness, pro- ducing stalks about 16 in. long and always ripening its seed, but as a hay crop it is a failure. Vida cracca produced a good growth after coming through the winter in excellent shape. A yellow-flowered vetch was found in this plat and the seed gathered separately. Hybridization work was continued with winter rye, barley, and spring wheat. Kharkov winter wheat was crossed with Sandomirka, an earlier Rus- sian variety which apparently possesses great hardiness. Of the new hybrids grown for the first time only one or two of each give any promise for the future, but all will be seeded again so that single-head selections can be made from the second generation. Single-head selection is being rigidly adhered to. In addition to the hybrids, 12 varieties of spring wheat were grown. Chogot, Irkutsk, No. 306, hybrid 24 A 1, hybrid 24 A 2, and H. G. ripened 100 per cent seed by August 20. Certain of these varieties possesses objectionable features, but their earliness renders them valuable for hybridization. The Sandomirka winter wheat wintered 95 per cent, the Kharkov next at 20 per cent. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 437 Three varieties of spring rye were tested, with Irkutsk maturing the earliest of the three. None was so early as the earliest winter rye, nor were the heads so well filled. Ten varieties of vnnter rye were tested, and all were hardy provided they were protected by a covering of snow, but there was a difference of 12 days in the ripening, Irkutsk, Giant French, Amber, No. 959, Monster, and Station No. 195 all ripened by August 12. A number of oat varieties are being tested, with Finnish Black, Norwegian, and South Dakota No. 637 ripening the earliest (95 days). Hybrids of Cop- perfield and Toholampi have come true and were a day earlier than the above- named varieties. Pamir Jaarley ripened earliest, in 79 days. Three new varieties were tested. Notes are also given on variety tests with buckwheat, flax, and broad beans, and cultural notes on hemp. Twenty-nine new potatoe varieties from the Sitka Station were tested for the first time. Tests were also made to determine the value of seed pieces cut to a single eye, but contradictory results were obtained. [Field crop] notes at Sitka Station, J. P. Andkeson (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 32, 33, fig. 1). — Seventy-seven varieties of potatoes tested at the Sitka Station are listed, giving the yields for 1914 and 1915. Owing to the dying of the tops of some early varieties in August and the differences in the fertility of the soil, results for the two years are not comparable. The quality is re- ported as good in all but a few varieties. Four additional varieties were grown for the first time in 1915. Results of experiments, 1915, A. E. V. Richabdson {.Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic- toria, U (1916), Nos. 5, pp. 11,1-152; 5, pp. 2S8-295, figs. 5).— In rotation tests, the most profitable increases were obtained in a rotation of wheat and hay with forage crops, such as peas and barley, thus eliminating fallowing. In fertilizer tests the best results were obtained from the use of 1 cwt. of acid phosphate per acre. Lime and nitrogenous fertilizers have not been profit- able. High yields were obtained from all manurial treatments. Manure with acid phosphate gave the highest yields. Wheat sown at the rate of 60 lbs. per acre the first week in May gave the best results, and Yandilla King and Dart Imperial proved to be the highest yielding wheat varieties. In green manuring tests wheat gave higher yields after fallowing than after green manure crops, either when the latter were plowed under or fed off to sheep. Pasture crops in the prairie provinces, T. J. Habbison and J. Bbacken (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 3 (1916), No. 5, pp. 419-450, figs. 8).— Pasture conditions in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan are discussed in some detail. Vaijious mixtures of grasses and other forage crops are recommended for peren- nial, biennial, or annual pastures for each section. Germination experiments with grasses and legumes, A. Bubgebstein, (Ztschr. Landw. Yersuchsw. Osterr., 18 (1915), No. 8-9, pp. 559-570) .—The results of studies to determine the relative growth values of different grasses and legumes, when the seeds are planted at different depths, are discussed, and work of a similar nature conducted as pot and field experiments by the author is described. In the pot experiments maize seeds, as determined by the depth of planting from which the coleoptile reached the surface of the soil, showed the greatest vigor of gi'owth, being followed in decreasing order by oats, barley, wheat, and rye. Among the leguminous seeds studied peas and lentils showed a marked vigor of growth, as in a loose, humus, or sandy soil, at a seed depth of 40 cm. (about 15.6 in.), 40 per cent of the peas and 50 per cent of the lentils were capable of reaching the soil surface. 438 EXPEBIMENT STATION BECOED. [Vol.36 Striking differences in vigor of growth were exhibited by seeds of Phaseolus muUifiorus and P. vulgaris. Planted at a depth of 20 cm., 97 per cent of the seed of P. muUifiorus and only 12 per cent of the seed of P. vulgaris produced plants. When planted at a depth of 25 cm., 88 per cent of the seed of P. muUi- fiorus reached the surface of the soil, while not a single seedling of P. vulgaris appeared. Spnouting seeds of Helianthus and Cucurbita showed less vigor in pushing through the soU than those of peas, lentils, vetch, and P. multiflorus. Thickly planted seeds of Zea maize and P. vulgaris, at depths of from 15 to 25 cm., came up quicker and in greater numbers than the same number of seeds planted on twice the area. In humus soil the difference in the vigor of growth of seeds of Vicia sativa was insignificant, in sandy soil plainly perceptible, and in clay soil quite marked. Lentil seeds, which possess a relatively high vigor of growth, exhibited practically no difference when planted 25 cm. deep. In the field tests with seeds planted at depths of 15, 20, and 25 cm., the per- centage of successful gei-mination and growth was as follows: Lentils, 53, 42, and 16 ; peas, 50, 44, and 20 ; V. faba, 68, 40, and 20 ; P. muUifiorus, 36, 8, and 0; and P. vulgaris, 2, 0, and 0, respectively. In a similar test, with the depth of planting at 10 cm., the percentage of seedlings secured from the seeds planted was as follows: Pumpkin, 40; sunflower, 66; oats, 82; barley, 75; and club wheat, 60 per cent. Crucifers and grasses, with reference to their utilization of soil nitrogen, T. Pfeiffer, W. Simmebmacheb, and Miss M. Spangenbekg (Fuhling's Landto. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 21-22, pp. 521-584). — This article, somewhat controversial in nature, reports the results of several series of pot experiments conducted to determine (1) whether the plant food contained in mustard grown in a mixture with grain can be utilized by the grain crop after the mustard has been destroyed by spraying with iron sulphate solution, (2) whether the yield of oats grown alone is as large as or larger than the yield of oats grown mixed with mustard which is destroyed when it begins to bloom, and (3) whether the nitrifying capacity of the soil is changed under the influence of a mixed culture of oats and mustard as compared with oats grown alone. The conclu- sion drawn from the results secured is that mustard is without effect In each of the relationships studied, and that the assumption of L. Hiltner regarding the value of mustard in mixed culture in relation to the companion crop is not based on adequate evidence. Grasses with creeping roots. — Advantages and disadvantages, E. Bbeak- WELL {Agr. Guz. N. S. Wales, 26 (.1915), No. 12, pp. 1031-10S4, pis. 7).— This article deals with a discussion of the root systems of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), couch grass (Cynodon dactylon), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), simimer grass (Panicum sanguinale), and Paspalum dilatatum, a common pasture grass in New South Wales. The advantages of each grass as a pasture grass due to its stoloniferous tendencies and physiological characteristics are discussed and illustrated. The disadvantages when the grasses are encountered in cultivated fields are also discussed, and methods of eradication for each grass are briefly outlined. [The production of young grass with heavy applications of sulphate of ammonia], H. Neubauer, G. Hillkowitz, and P. Schneideb (Fuhling's Landw. Ztg., 64 (1915), No. 21-22, pp. 534-543). — Experimental data are presented showing the greater production of total and digestible protein from a given area of either high or medium fertility when the grass was cut every 14 days as compared with cutting three times during the season. In connection with the use of 400 kg. of ammonium sulphate per hectare (356 lbs. per acre), it was observed that an increase in grass production took place immediately 1917] FIELD GBOFS. 439 after the application, and that this effect had almost entirely disappeared at the end of four weeks. Notes are also given on the cost of fertilizing grass lands, the feeding value of young grass, the artificial curing of grass, and the production of forage on lawns and in parks. [Chlorin requirement of the buckwheat plant], T. Pfeiffee and W. Stmmkr- MACHER (Landw. Vers. Stat., 88 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 105-120) .—This article re- views work on this subject by a number of investigators and describes a study made by the authors to determine the relation of chlorin to the growth of the buckwheat plant. In view of the results secured it is concluded that while chlorin is a necessary plant food, the chlorin requirement of the buckwheat plant is very small and that the presence in the soil of relatively large quan- tities of chlorin compounds affects its growth injuriously. Com growing under droughty conditions, C. P. Habtley and L. L. Zook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 773 (1916), pp. 24, figs. i5).— This publication deals with corn growing in dry-land r^ons, although the principles discussed apply wherever com is produced. It is pointed out that while com is not naturally adapted to semiarid regions owing to its heat requirements and peculiar flowering habits, it has been introduced into dry-land agriculture because of its extensive production in other regions and the advantages it presents in rotation with the small grains. The chief essentials of corn growing are given as water, heat, soil fertility, and seed, any one of which may, if lacking, become the limiting factor to production. In the semiarid regions the limiting factor is for the most part either water or heat, and the discussion is based, therefore, on the best means of getting moisture into the soil and retaining it there until the corn crop can make the most efficient use of it. The following points are discussed in some detail from the standpoint of dry-land farming: Preparation of the seed bed, time of planting, methods of planting, and cultivation. Corn growing under irrigation is briefly discussed, and some of the causes for failures in this practice pointed out. The short growing seasons and extreme differences between day and night temperatures are given as limiting factors encountered, although they may be partly overcome by growing early maturing adapted varieties. Some of the preventable causes for failure are given as overirrigation, too frequent irrigations, too early irrigations, and too little cultivation. Certain animal and insect enemies of the com crop are briefly mentioned, together with general control measures. The necessity for good seed and the choice of adapted varieties are discussed. The practice of pasturing com to hogs is recommended for semiarid regions, .not only because of the labor saved in harvesting the crop but also because the flint and flour varieties may thus be grown. Some factors influencing yield in maize, H. Wenholz (Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1023-1029).— This article deals in a popular way with the meteorological conditions under which maize is produced in New South Wales. The time and method of planting are noted, together with the selection of adapted varieties and good seed. The preservation of seed between seasons is discussed in some detail. Hulled oats, P. O. Overgaabd (Tidsskr. Planteavl, 23 (1916), No. 1, pp. 84- 102, fig. 1 ) . — The results of experiments on the seed value of hulled oats showed that oats hulled in the process of threshing and sown mixed with normal oats are worthless for seeding purposes when soil conditions are unfavorable for germination or when the seed is subject to insect attacks. Under favorable conditions hulled oats in a mixture gave up to 50 per cent of the production of 82992°— 17 4 440 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD. [VoL 36 normal oats. When sown alone and the rate of seeding increased in proportion to the lower germination, as compared with oats in normal condition, hulled oats gave a full yield. Careful hulling by hand did not reduce the seed value, but clipping the oats seemed to be an additional factor in reducing the per- centage of germination of the hulled portion of the grain. Oats from a poorly developed crop and injured in thrashing to the extent of having the hull removed wholly or in part produced in a mixture with normal seed grain only 19 per cent of the yield of the normal seed, A well-developed crop of oats grown on clay soil contained about four times as many hulled kernels as a crop of lower quality produced on sandy soil, other conditions being equal. Running the thresher at a moderate speed appreciably reduced the quantity of hulled kernels in the grain. Elxamination of the seed samples showed in most cases not over 2 per cent of hulled kernels, and it is thought that as a rule not more than this proportion will be found when the oats have been thrashed with a good machine properly adjusted and operated. Potato experimental fields, 1915-16, J. T. Ramsay {Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic- toria, H {1916), No. 2, pp. 107-115, figs. 5). — This article gives detailed plans of potato experiments being conducted in Victoria. Diagrams are submitted showing the arrangement and treatment of the various plats. Sweet potato curing in Texas, E. W. Cole {Texas Dept. Agr. Bid. 49 [1916], pp. 25, figs. 10). — This is a popular publication on the production and curing of sweet potatoes in Texas. Detailed information is given for the propagation, cultivation, and harvesting of the crop. Two methods of storing the product are discussed — (1) the old-fashioned pit or hill method, and (2) the specially de- signed storage house. The construction of the latter is described in some detail, and the cost of curing sweet iwtatoes by this method is estimated at 68.1 cts. per bushel. B>elationship between the average whe^t yield and the winter rainfall, A. E. V. Richardson {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 14 {1916), No. 1, pp. S7-40, fig. 1). — This article is based on observations of the relationship between the average yields of wheat and the composite average rainfall over the wheat belt from May to October for the past 25 years. Ten centers, representative of the wheat districts, were chosen In which observations were made. The past 24 seasons were divided into two 12-yeai* periods, each having approxi- mately the same composite average rainfall, namely, 9.5 in. for the first period and 9.8 in. for the second period. The results obtained are Illustrated by means of a graph and are discussed in some detail. In a comparison of the yields with the rainfall it is shown that for every inch of winter rainfall 0.77 bu. of wheat was secured per acre in the first period and 1.12 bu. per acre in the second period. This indicates a gain of 46 per cent brought about by improved methods of cultivation. The effect of abnormal seasons on wheat production is discussed. It is pointed out that the wheat crop of Victoria may be estimated in November from a knowledge of the winter rainfall in the typical wheat districts. Experiments with the manuring of wheat, F. Coleman {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 19 {1916), No. 8, pp. 716-718).— This is a report of experiments con- ducted for the past eleven years on the manuring of wheat. Increased yields and values of manured plats over unmanured plats for the 11-year period are given in tabular form. Kesearches on wheat selection, — I, Does the value of a wheat grain depend on its position in the ear? A. E. V. Richabdson and W. H. Green {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 14 {1916), No. 3, pp. I4O-146. figs. >J).— This article reports experiments with wheat conducted at the Rutherglen Experiment Station, Vic- toria. In order to eliminate environmental Influences as far as possible, a 19171 FIELD CEOPS. 441 modification of the system of centgener plats suggested by Hays (E. S. R., 13, p. 165) was. adopted. The investigations were conducted with the Federation variety of wheat. Forty-three ears of wheat were examined and the kernels removed and weighed and their ix)sltion in the ear marked. In addition, these weighed and marked kernels were planted, and their location carefuUy marked to test the fertility and vigor of kernels at different positions in the ear and in the spikelet. The results obtained indicated that the weight of individual grains increases from either extremity to the middle of the ear. The middle kernels of the splkelets are invariably less in weight and impoverished and, if they germinate, produce less prolific plants. As these grains are undersized and low in weight an efficient grading machine eliminates them. In mass selection for crop im- provement the rejection of the upper and lower portions of the ear of wheat is deemed justifiable. The cross-fertilization of wheats, W. J. Spatfokd (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 19 (1915), No. Jh pp. 362-375, figs. 6; 19 (1916), No. 7, pp. 628-63S).— This article is a detailed discussion of the principles involved and the methods used in the cross-fertilization of wheats. Wheat breeding in New South Wales, J. T. Peidham (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), Nos. 7, pp. 563-567; 8, pp. 645-650; 9, pp. 737-741; 12, pp. 1013-1017). — This article consists chiefly of the assembling and discussion of the underlying principles of plant breeding as formulated by Mendel, De Vries, Johannsen, and others, and supplemented by breeding investigations with wheat in New South Wales. The American Breeders' Association Yearbook for 1907 is quoted at some length. Notes on some recently imported wheats, F. B. Guthkie and G. W. Nobbis (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1018-1022) .—The results of mill- ing and baking tests applied to Russo-Barletta, White Walla, Red Walla, Blue Stem, and BarU, aU imported Argentine wheats, are reported. Russo-Barletta and Baril appear to be the most satisfactory milling wheats. An unnamed variety of wheat imported from Japan and Red Fife from Oregon were also tested. Seed wheat. — Varieties for distribution among fanners, A. E. V. Richabd- soN (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, H (1916), No. 2, pp. 65-78, figs. 9). — This article deals with the methods employed by the Victoria department of agriculture in developing varieties of wheat for distribution among farmers. The value of seed selection and grading is pointed out. All varieties are started on 1/10-acre " stud " plats from which seed is selected for 1-acre " seed " plats, which In turn furnish seed for 10-acre " bulk " plats. More or less detailed notes are given on 16 varieties that have been developed, including information as to yielding qualities, cultural characteristics, disease resistance, etc. Cost of production of field crops, H. C. Wilson and A. J. Whelan (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 14 (1916), No. 5, pp. 296-307, figs. 4). — An itemized state- ment of the cost of harvesting wheat in Victoria is given. Three operations are compared, namely, harvesting 12 acres for hay, harvesting 309 acres with a binder for threshing, and stripping and winnowing 24 acres. Improved apparatus for determining the test weight of grain, with a standard method of making the test, E. G. Boerner ( U. S. Dept. Agr, Bui. 472 (1916), pp. 15, figs. 8). — This bulletin describes an apparatus for accurately determining the test weight of grain, especially designed for use In grain stand- ardization work. The common practices met with in commercial grading are compared and their imperfections pointed out. A standard method for making all such tests is urged, and specifications submitted for that purpose. 442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the United States Grain Standards Act of August 11, 1916, D. F. Houston {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 70 (1916), pp. 5//).— This circular contains the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture pertaining to the United States Grain Standards Act of August 11, 1916. The text of the act (E. S. R., 35, p. 308) is included. Clover and grass seed inspected in 1914, O. P. Smith {Maryland Sta. Bui. 197 (1916), pp. 58). — Seed inspections of red clover, crimson clover, sweet clovers, alfalfa, alsike and white clovers, hairy vetch, timothy, millets, and orchard grass for 1914 are reported. A table of tolerance for purity variations is given and an explanation made of its calculation and use. Anatomical determination of the seeds of Cuscuta trifolii and C. suave- olens, J. Bebnatsky (Landw. Vers. Stat., 88 (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 1-11, figs. 7).— The results are reported of an anatomical study of the seeds of two species of dodder, conducted to determine the cause of the so-called limy or calcareous condition of some seeds, and to discover a method for the recognition of the species of such seeds in doubtful cases. It is stated that the limy seeds show no indication of parasitism, but that they are seeds which, having failed of fertilization, dry up in the condition or stage of development reached before the time of fertilization arrives. The anatomical differences determined were as follows: In limy .seeds of C. trifolii the proportion of the thickness to the length was as 1 : 1.4, and in those of C. suaveolens as from about 1 : 1.6-1 : 1.9. The palisade cells in the limy seeds of C. trifolii were from 6 to 8 m in the first row, about 8 m in the second, and only near the hilum perceptibly more than 8 /x in length, as compared with from 8 to 16 M in the first row and 10 to 30 fi and over in the second row in similar seeds of C. suaveolens. The starch grains of the limy seeds did not prove of value for a systematic classification. A new weed, G. Quinn and H. W. Andrew (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 19 (1915), No. 4, pp. S80-38S, figs. 3). — The appearance of the cruciferous weed Carrichtera annua is reported in a limited area of South Australia. A botani- cal description of the plant is given. Some points in fan weed control (Montana^ Sta. Circ. 12, Sup. (1915), pp. .^). — This circular supplements a publication previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 46), dealing with fan weed (Thlaspi arvense), its introduction into new territory, and its control. HORTICTTITTTRE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Geobgeson, J. P. Andebson ET AL. (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 8-13, 15, 22, 29-32, 33-39, 50-52, 67, 68, 76, pis. 5). — The horticultural work at the Sitka Station and at the branch stations was continued along lines previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 637). The numerous crosses between cultivated strawberries and the wild species of Alaska have yielded many plants of sufficient merit to be retained for further test and experiment. Some of these hybrids with the coast species as one of the parents have been found to be hardy at both Rampart and Fairbanks sta- tions, but hybrids that have the interior species for one of their parents are expected to be better adapted for that region than are those now under test. The raspberry -salmonberry crosses made several years ago (E. S. R.. 28, p. 435) have yielded plants of no value, and this breeding work has been discontinued. Some hybrids between the raspberry and the thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) and between a native crab apple and early summer apples fruiting at the Sitka 1917] HORTICULTURE. 443 Station have been secured and are under observation. Selection and breeding studies are also being conducted with gooseberries, cranberries, blueberries, and huckleberries. The season of 191.5 was favorable for fruit production in the station's test orchard and a number of early-maturing apples fruited. The tests thus far made have shown that only the early-maturing apples are adapted to Alaska. Of these Yellow Transparent and the Livland Raspberry are the only two that can be recommended at this time. Of the cherries, only sour cherries have proved of any value as orchard trees, and in most seasons even sour varieties are more or less a failure. Thus' far, other orchard fruits have not been successful. The usual variety tests with vegetables are reported, and data are given on the adaptability of various ornamental trees, shrubs, perennials, and annuals to conditions at the stations. Notes on some garden plants cultivated in the experimental garden of the Portici Royal Agricultural High School, F. de Rosa (Atti R. 1st. Incwagg. Napoli, 6. ser., 67 {1915), pp. 251-272). — This comprises notes on the condition and character of different classes and varieties of vegetables grown in the school garden. Two winter salads, endive and Witloof, L. Bussabd {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 {1916), No. 46, pp- S54-S56, figs. 3). — The methods employed in forcing endive and Witloof chicory during the winter months are described. Modem fruit marketing, B. S. Bbown {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1916, pp. XIX+2S3, figs. 136). — In the present treatise the practices of harvesting, packing, storing, transporting, and selling of fruit are considered in detail. The Christ-Junge taxation method; general rules for the application of the method for all horticultural plants {Maandhl. Nederland. Pomol. Ver., 6 {1916), Nos. 4, pp. 73-80; 7, pp. U8-163; 8, pp. 166-174; 9, pp. 19^-202) .—This article discusses in detail a method of taxing fruit trees which have not come into bearing, those which are yielding normal crops, and those which have passed their prime. The method here considered was advanced by Dr. Christ and E. Junge in their guide for the determination of the worth and rental value of fruit industries.^ The cost of producing apples in Wenatchee Valley, Washington, G. H. MiixEB and S. M. Thomson {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. U6 {1917), pp. 35, pis. 4, figs. 7). — This comprises a detailed study made in 1914 of the current cost factors involved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 87 orchards. The average investment per farm surveyed was $20,974 ; the average invest- ment per acre of bearing apples alone was $1,925. The equipment investment was $444 per farm, or $47 per acre, exclusive of stock. There was an average of two horses per farm, or 5.3 tillable acres per horse. The orchards studied averaged 6.5 acres and 81 trees per acre, and the trees averaged 11 years of age. The total annual cost of production was $469.73 per acre, or 79.2 cts. per box, f. 0. b. Of this, labor cost constituted $179.09 per acre, or 30.2 cts. per box, and cash cost, including interest on investment, $290.64 per acre, or 49 cts. per box. This was the annual cost for the average orchard under clean cultural management, and where under alfalfa or clover management, this cost was re- duced about 2 cts. per box. The yield per acre on the bearing orchards from which data were secured was 593 boxes, or 7.3 boxes per tree. This represents all yields on trees from 7 to 11 years, inclusive. 1 Anleltung fiir die Wert und Rentabilitatsberechnung der Obstkulturen auf neuer Grundlage. (Berlin: P. Parey, 1913, 2. rev. and enl. ed., pp. VIH + 175.) 444 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. (Vol.36 The ten leading varieties iu the bearing orchards were Winesap, Jonathan, Esopus, Rome Beauty, Stayman, Gano, Ben Davis, Yellow Newton, Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), and Arkansas Black. In orchards of from one to five years of age varieties such as Delicious, Winter Pearmain, and Banana are re- placing varieties like Ben Davis, Arkansas, and Ai'kansas Black. The general cost of establishing a meadow orchard of cider apples, A. Tbuf.t.t.k (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 {1916), No. 45, pp. 391-396, figs. 5).— A discus- sion with estimates of cost entering into the establishment of a cider orchard in land used for pasture. Methods and problems in pear and apple breeding, W. R. Ballaed (Mary- land Sta. Bui. 196 (1916), pp. 79-92, figs. 3). — Investigations in the improve- ment of orchard fruits have been conducted by various investigators at the station for 11 yeai's. The data secured from these breeding projects are re- served for a later publication. The present bulletin is limited to a discussion of some of the methods which have been found xiseful and some of the problems which have been encountered in these investigations. The phases discussed include knowledge of varieties, the blooming period, collecting and ripening pollen, emasculation, pollination, bagging and labeling, setting of the fruit, gathering and planting the seed, handling the seedlings, early elimination of undesirable types, the permanent planting, and the fruiting age. A summary is given of the pear and apple crosses made at the station showing the number of buds pollinated and the number and percentage of fruit set. Pear breeding, W. R. Baixabd (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 10, pp. 435-442, figs. 4)- — This comprises a reprint of the greater part of the above noted bulletin. Growing cherries east of the Eocky Mountains, H. P. Gould (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 776 (1916), pp. 36, figs. 29). — A treatise on cherry culture discussing the extent and distribution of cherry growing, locations and sites for cherry orchards, methods of propagation, selection of stocks and trees, the season for planting trees, care of trees when received from the nursery, prepar- ation of the land, planting operations, pruning at time of planting, tillage and maintenance of soil fertility, intercrops, irrigation, pruning, fungus diseases and insects and other pests, picking and handling the fruit, varieties, the sterility of sweet cherries, the sequence of ripening of different varieties, and the future planting of cherries. Self-sterility in dewberries and blackberries, L. R. Detjen (North Carolina Sta. Tech. Bui. 11 (1916), pp. 5-37, figs. 9).— This bulletin presents in detail the results of an investigation of the extent and causes of sterility among varieties of dewberries and blackberries and their hybrid forms. In the work with blackberries, which was conducted through three successive seasons, the 11 true blackberry varieties included in the study proved to be self-fertile, one hybrid blackberry was partially self-sterile, and three hybrids were self-sterile. In case of the dewberries, on the other hand, 10 of the true dewberries were self-sterUe and three of the hybrid dewberries were self-fertile, thus indicating that sterUity apparently occurs only in dewberries and their hybrids with blackberries. Examination of the origin of the different varieties of dewberries tested showed that all of the varieties that are pure lineal de- scendants of Rubus trivialis and those varieties in which trivialis blood pre- dominates are self-sterile, while those varieties that come from R. viUosus are generally self-fertile. Among the factors studied and discarded as not ex- plaining the general sterUity among dewberries are the structure of the flower, disease, daily blooming period of varieties, amount of pollen produced by the flower, environment, sterility due to hybridism, and the percentage of defective pollen grains produced. The author concludes that the self-sterility among 1917] HORTICULTURE. 445 dewberries and hybrid varieties that are grown either as dewberries or as blackberries can be attributed either to a nonattraction or to a repulsion of the sexual elements from the same plant or from the same variety. The pollen from most of the self-sterile varieties will successfully fertilize flowers of other self-sterile or self-fertile varieties. Fully self-fertile dewberry plants and blackberry plants when self -pollinated produce apparently as good fruits as when cross-pollinated. The results of the study as a whole indicate that by judicious and careful selection of varieties one or several varieties may be included in the fruit plantation with a reasonable certainty of a good setting of fruit. In the case of partially self-fertile varieties and all of the recognized self-sterile varieties of dewberries and blackberries a good poUenizer is absolutely necessary. Under ordinary conditions several varieties should be included in the plantation so as to secure the best possible results from cross- pollination. The sycamore fig in Egypt, T. W. Bbown and F. G. Waxsingham (Jour. Heredity, 8 {1917), No. 1, pp. S-12, figs. 7). — An account of the sycamore fig with reference to its history, botany, and practices employed by the natives in the culture and ripening of the fig. The best papaws (Jour. Heredity, 8 (1917), No. 1, pp. 21-S3, figs. 7).— This article describes a number of papaw fruits and trees reported in 1916 as the result of prizes offered by the American Grenetic Association for photographs of the largest papaw trees and for the best papaw fruits. Cocos nucifera, F. W. T. Hungbhi {Cocas nucifei'a. Amsterdam: Scheltem or dried blood attract the flies and lead to tlie laying of l.-irge 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 461 numbers of eggs in these favored situations, tlie result being that the plants growing in soils of this character are seriously damaged. " The maggots, though resistant to most insecticides, quite readily succumb to drying. Thus, by letting tlie soils dry out occasionally, little trouble will be experienced. Where a serious infestation occurs, a judicious drying out of the soils, use of dry sand on top of the dirt, and trap pots of dried blood and earth and sprouting grain used to attract egg laying will effectually con- trol the pest. The maggots and eggs in these trap pots should be destroyed about every two weeks by submerging in boiling water. The occurrence of two annual generations of the elm. leaf beetle (Galeruca luteola) and the manner in which they follow one another, A. Lecaillon (Coiiipt. L'eud. Acad. Sci. [Paria], 162 {1916), No. 13, pp. .'tSl-IfSJt). — In the re- gion of Toulouse the eggs of the elm leaf beetle are deitosited on elm leaves during a period of four months, or from the first of May until the first of Sep- tember. The first generation occurs during May and June, followed by the sec- ond during July and August. It is thought possible that the adults of the second generation do not complete their oviposition before hibernating and that oviposi- tion is continued the following spring, and also that certain adults of the third generation may commence to oviposit before hibernation commences. The dock false worm: An apple pest, E. J. Newcomer (L'. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 265 {1916}, pp. 39, pis. 2, figs. 6). — This pest, the larva of an allantine sawfly {Anietasteyia glahrata), long known both in Europe and America as an enemy of dock, sorrel, and knotweed, has acquired the habit of boring into mature apples on the tree in September and October to hibernate, thereby destroying their market value. With one exception, no evidence of injury was found that occurred before the apples had practically stopped growing. Apples frequently have three or four, or sometimes even eight, holes in them of varying depths, but contain only one or two worms, or often none at all. In the present paper the author reports at length upon studies of its biology and remedial measures, nmch of the data being presented in tabular form. The dock false worm is found all over Europe and in Canada and the northern part of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. There are four generations annually, each occupying about a month, except the fourth, the larvae of which hibernate and complete their development the following spring. Only the larvae of the last generation are known to bore into apples. The ichneumonid parasites reared from overwintering material represent seven dis- tinct species, namely, Epiurus ptcrophoroe, Spilocryptus sp., JEnoplex sp., Bathymetis sp., Bdthytlirix sp., and two species of Cratocryptus. Of 268 eggs observed at Wenatchee, Wash., from July 26 to September 8, 11.9 per cent were parasitized by Trichogratnma minuta. As regards remedial measures, it is pointed out that protection may be afforded by keeping the orchard free of dock and other food plants, or where this is impossible by banding the trees with cotton or some sticky substance the latter part of August, leaving the bands on until after the fruit is harvested. A list of 37 references to literature on the subject is included. Observations upon some of the predacious and parasitic Hymenoptera, Fyles {Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 46 {1915), pp. 52-60, figs. 2). — This paper includes a list of 70 species of Ichneumonidaj taken by the author in the Province of Quebec. Syntomaspis druparum, the apple-seed chalcid, R. A. Cushman {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 7 {1916), No. 11, pp. 487-502, pis. 4, figs. 8).— This is a report of biological studies of /S. druparum carried on during parts of the seasons 1914 and 1915 at the laboratory at North East, Pa., and in the field throughout its range, which includes the northern tier of States from Vermont 462 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 to Michigan. Reports of observations of tiiis insect in New York by Crosby have been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 654). The only externally visible effect of infestation is caused by the oviposition puncture, which after a few days appears as a minute scar situated in a small, shallow dimple and from which a discolored line extends to the seed. It is pointed out that frequently injury caused by other insects, particularly the apple red bugs, is attributed to the apple-seed chalcid because at the time the injury is noted it is the only insect present. The author has found nearly every variety of natural fruit, except the largest, to be more or less generally infested at practically every point visited. The Lady apple is apparently the only culti- vated variety subject to very serious attack, the ordinary commercial varieties never being infested except in run-down or neglected orchards or when fruit is stunted by the 'overloading of trees or by the attack of some other insect or disease. In observations at North East in 1914 the adult did not appear in numbers until after the middle of June, the heaviest emergence occurring during the week of June 22 to 29 and the last on July 5. Oviposition may occur within two days after issuing from the seed and may continue as long as 26 days. The eggs have been observed to hatch in from six to ten days. In 1915 the earliest hatching took place on the seventh day after oviposition, the earliest first molt on the sixteenth day, and the earliest second molt on the twenty-first day, the earliest third molt on the twenty-fifth day, and the earliest last molt on the twenty-ninth day, and the first larva to consume the entire seed contents had done so on the forty-ninth day. The last larva to finish feeding required 57 days. It is said to be not uncommon to find six or seven very young larvae in a single seed, but on only one occasion was more than one of the fifth instar found within a single seed, the surplus larvae being killed and eaten by the one which ultimately matures, usually before the fourth instar is reached. When the larva has consumed its total food supply it very shortly assumes what appears to be the hibernating form. Not all of the larvae from eggs of a given sea.son finish their development and emerge as adults the following spring; a large percentage (some 55 per cent) of them remain as larvae \tithin the seeds until the second spring. The larvae begin to pupate during the latter half of May, the latest pupation apparently taking place from three weeks to a month later. The pupal period is of about four weeks' duration. Thus far no specific enemies of the apple-seed chalcid have been observed. Control measures include the destruction of all wild seedling apples and wild crab-apple trees in the neighborhood and of all drop fruit and culls for two seasons. Where waste fruit is converted into cider, the pomace should be destroyed. An eflBcacious endoparasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, A. Berlese and G. Paoli (Redia, 11 {1916), No. 1-2, pp. 305-307, figs. 2).— A new parasite received from Madeira, here described as Prospaltella loimsburyi, is said to attack C. dictyospermi. About 60 per cent of the nymphs and 40 per cent of the adults in the material examined were parasitized. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Fats and their economical use in the home, A. D. Holmes and H. L. Lang (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 469 (1916), pp. 27, figs. 2).— This bulletin summarizes information on the general nature of fats and their digestibility and place in the diet, and describes briefly the different animal and vegetable fats now avail- able for food purposes. Suggestions are given regarding the economical selec- tion of fats and their u.se for table and culinary purposes. There is also in- 1917] POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 463 eludetl a discussion of the utilization of waste fats and methods of rendering and clarifying fats in the home. To secure economy in the use of fats, emphasis is laid upon the desirability of choosing the fats which are best suited for the purpose in question, of avoiding extravagant use of fats, of the need of care of fats to avoid waste through spoilage, and of the saving and utilization of waste fats, whenever the tinij and labor involved do not exceed the value of the product. Results are also reported of preliminary studies made by the authors to deter- mine the temperatures most satisfactory for deep frying in fats. It was found that there was a definite temperature for each fat at which the batter fried soaked the smallest quantity of fat and was at the same time satisfactorily cooked. The optimum temperature was about 360° F. for beef fat, 350° F. for lard, and 390° F. for cottonseed, coconut, and peanut oils. A lowering of the temperature 20° in the case of animal fats and 40° F. for vegetable fats re- sulted in increasing the quantity of fat absorbed by the batter approximately 25 per cent. These experiments indicate that for successful deep frying vege- table fats should be heated from 'M to 40° F. higher than the animal fats. Methods of preserving and manufacturing meat products, A. Cassamag- NAGHi (M^todos de Conservacidn y ElaboraciOn de Games. Montevideo: Na- tional Press, 1916, pp. 23). — Detailed descriptions are given of the methods used in preserving meats exported from Uruguay. Both chilling and freezing proc- esses are described, as well as methods of preserving by heat and by pickling. It is recommendeil that an inspection service be established, that the use of meat which has been thawed in the open air be forbidden, and that preserved meats be classified according to the processes which have been u.sed in their preservation. The food value and uses of poultry, Heu:n W. Atwatee {V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 467 (1916), pp. 29, figs. 2). — This bulletin, which summarizes general and experimental data regarding the food value, selection, and use of poultry, is a revision of an earlier publication on this subject (E. S. R., 15, p. 701). The material has been brought up to date and some of it is presented in a different form. The sanitation of the shellfish industry, H. S. Gumming (Jour. Amer. Med.' Assoc, 67 (1916), No. 27, pp. 2001-2004).— The author discusses from a sanitary standpoint the development of the shellfish industry and describes efforts to control the sanitary condition of shellfish. Several suggestions for improving the sanitary quality of shellfish are given. A preliminary chemical study of the rices of Bihar and Orissa, J. N. Sen (Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 62 (1916), pp. 20, pi. J).— The results of this investigation show that the composition of these rices is in the main similar to that of other rices, approaching those of Burma more closely than others. " With an increase in the albuminoid content of husked rice there is a diminution in the quantity of soluble carbohydrates. On the other hand, the low content of alubuminoids is associated with increased amounts of soluble carbohydrates. When expressed as percentages of the dry matter the sum of the albuminoids and soluble carbohydrates generally lies between 94 and 95. " The amount of phosphoric acid in a sample of husked rice is just a little less than half of the minerals present. The amount of potash is about half the quantity of phosphoric acid. " When rice undergoes polishing it loses much of the oil, or other extract, and the minerals, besides some albuminoids. In the outer layers removed during this process the concentration of phosphoric acid is greater than that of potash, although there is relatively more of both these constituents in the bran than in the polished grain. The nitrogen is more uniformly distributed. 464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 " No relation can at present be traced between the chemical composition and the accepted culinary properties of the different rices." There is also included a discussion on rice as an article of diet. North Dakota wheat for 1916, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta. Bui. 119 {1916), pp. 51-61, pi. 1). — This bulletin constitutes a preliminary report on the milling and bread-producing qualities of the wheat crop for 1916. The results are i-eported of milling and baking tests on the different grades of wheat, and figures are given showing the receipts per bushel of the various milled products in the case of each grade. The results of the baking tests showed that the baking quality of all the wheats was good and in general they gave large loaf volume and good texture, although they were not always standard in color. The percentage of flour was found to be much higher for the lower grades of wheat than is generally assumed, and the loaf volume for the lower grades was higher than for higher grades, while the color averaged the equal of the minimum standard for straight flours. Previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. G34) was continued by taking data as to a carload of wheat of the several grades and following it through from the farmer to the consumer. An attempt was made to show specifically what each grade would be valued at according to the systems of grading and marketing prevailing in the several localities. The figures presented indicated that from an investment in low-grade wheat there was a greater total income than for the best wheat on the market. Science of baking business with special reference to yeast foods, R. M. Allen {Nat. Baker, 21 {1916), No. 250, pp. Jf5, 1,6, J,S, 50-52, 5.^-56 ) .—This article reviews the experimental work which has been done along the lines of fermentation, with special reference to the loss of flour due to fermentation ; the nutritive value of yeast ; and the conservation of dough materials which can be brought about by the addition of various mineral .salts. Experiments in bread making from, different kinds of rye, J. Jensen and E. H. LuDViGSEN {Tidsskr. Planteavl, 23 {1916), No. 2, pp. 185-232).— As the result of the experiments with Bretagne and Petkus rye here reported, the following conclusions are drawn : In the case of the eight samples used, bread of good quality was obtained and not much difference noted in the composition of the raw materials. With the same content of water in the rye no difference was noted in the weight or quality of bread. In the making of the dough the flour from very dry rye took up much more water than that from the less dry samples. The water content in freshly baked bread was essentially the same in all cases, about 36 to 37 per cent. A very good and tasty bread was obtained from rye, after wintering, with a water content of from 16 to 18 per cent. Bread as a food. — Changes in its vitamin content and nutritive value with reference to the occurrence of pellagra, C. Voegtlin, M. X. Sullivan, and C. N. Myeks {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 31 {1916), No. 15, pp. 935-91,3).— As the outcome of some studies on the cause of pellagra in Spartanburg County. S. C, the authors call attention to the changes in the composition of corn and wheat flours w'hich have resulted from the Introduction of the roller process, especially the loss of vitamins. They state that laboratory investigations showed that while the corn meal and wheat flour made by the old-fashioned process of grinding the whole grain contained practically all of the vitamins of the whole grain, the highly milled products were deficient in these substances. It was also found that " fowl, the classical experimental animal for the physiological es- timation of the vitamin content o° foods, will live in perfect health for many months on an exclusive diet of wheat, corn, whole-wheat flour, or so-called ' water-ground ' corn meal. If these animals are fed, however, on highly 1917] POODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 465 milled products, they will die within a month or two of polyneuritis, a disease very similar to beri-beri." As it is impossible to determine the vitamin content of cereal products by isolation of these substances from the natural foods, the authors suggest the use of the total phosphorus content as a fairly accurate index of the relative amounts of vitamins present. While this method does not yield absolute values of the vitamin content of cereal products, it is proposed provisionally for wheat flour, corn meal, and hominy, that " for corn products the minimum PjOs con- tent should not be below 0.5 per cent, that of wheat flour not lower than 1 per cent." Attention is called to the use of baking soda in the preparation of bread as a factor involved in the reduction of the vitamin content of bread, especially corn bread. The authors state that when sodium bicarbonate is used as a leaven- ing agent the high temperature of the oven liberates carbon dioxid from the sodium bicarbonate and the latter is tran.sformed into sodium carbonate. Ex- periments by the authors and others have shown the destructive action of alkalis on vitamins, which lose their physiological activity when exposed to alkalis, especially at high temperatures. It is stated that " corn bread made from old-fashioned (whole) corn meal, sweet milk, and soda, when forming the exclusive diet of chickens, leads to symptoms of polyneuritis, whereas corn bread prepared from corn meal, sweet milk, and salt (NaCl) does not give rise to any symptoms, and fowls seem to live in perfect health. Chickens which have developed polyneuritis on the corn bread made with sweet milk and soda are cured by the administratior. of vitamins prepared from various foods. Hence ... [it may be concluded] that corn bread prepared by means of baking soda without the addition of buttermilk is deficient in certain essential ac- cessory foods (vitamins) and that this deficiency is due to the destx-uctive action of the alkali (baking soda) on the vitamins which were originally con- tained in these foods." If, however, sour milk or tartaric acid is combined with the baking soda to neutralize its alkalinity, the use of baking soda is deemed harmless. The authors also state that while the use of baking soda without sour milk will not always prove injurious, bread s^ made is undoubtedly deficient in vitamins, and when the other dietary compcneuts are also deficient in vitamins the com- position of bread made with baking soda without the use of sour milk ac- centuates this dietary deficiency and may lead to an impairment of health. Among the factors stated as playing a role in the reduction of the vitamin content of the diet of the people of Spartanburg County are the decrease in the consumption of the more expensive foods, such as meat, eggs, and milk, which are rich in vitamins and efficient in the prevention and treatment of pellagra ; the increase in the consumption of highly milled corn meal and wheat flour; and the use of baking soda in the preparation of bread and its addition to beans and other foods to soften them and shorten the time of cooking. A study of the dietary conditions of certain communities showed " that a large proportion of the people, especially in mill villages, live on a diet which is deficient from the point of view of its vitamin content. Wheat biscuits made from highly milled wheat fiour and corn bread made with baking soda without the addition of buttermilk are the staple articles of diet among the people, and . . . [families were found] in v/hich these foods represented about three-fourths of the entire diet. The fact that the above-mentioned influences, which have undoubtedly reduced the vitamin content of the diet, made them- selves felt a relatively short time before the rapid increase in the pellagra in- 466 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 cidence in this section of the country furnishes considerable evidence in favor of the vitamin-deficiency theory o2 pellagra." Bread as a food (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 31 {1916), No. S3, p. 2205).— In this supplementary note to the above article it is stated in part that the data reported in that article were " designed to demonstrate primarily that when a diet poor in essential food elements aside from cereals was constantly used, it appeared likely that if the carbohydrate element contained a liberal amount of the accessory food substances known to be contained in whole grains, the prob- ability of pellagra developing was less than when the starchy element of food was deficient in these substances. " From the broad view of nutrition it is very probably immaterial what kind of flour is used in making bread provided that an adequate mixed diet is con- sumed which will supply sufficient of the essential dietary components outside of the cereals contained in the diet." Evaporated fruit and veg'etables, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 352 {1916), pp. 25). — This bulletin reports the results of the inspection of of 180 samples of dried fruits and vegetables. In the case of apples, apricots, etc., determinations were made of the amount of sulphur dioxid present in each sample. Coconut products and other substitutes for butter {Sci. Amer. Sup., 82 {1916), No. 2129, p. 265).— In his report to the Council of Hygiene. L. Lindet treats of food fats, including butter and its substitutes and different oils with special reference to prevailing conditions in Prance. He states that in the south of France cooking is done almost exclusively with olive oil, peanut oil, cotton- seed oil, and the like. In reference to substitutes for butter chief interest out- side of margarin lies in the use of coconut oil or grease. Within the last few years such products have been introduced under the names of " vegetaline," •' cocose," etc. The oil, which is extracted from the copra in France, gives a fat product which, after being chemically treated and deodorized, has a melting point of 25 to 26° C. (77 to 78.8° F.) as compared with 33 to 35° for butter. This is corrected by the addition of fats of higlier melting point, such as karite, mowhra, or the more solid parts of cottonseed oil. Coconut toddy in Ceylon, K. C. Browning and C. T. Symons {Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 35 {1916), No. 22, pp. 1138-1142). — Data are reported regarding the method of drawing, uses, processes of treatment, and composition of so- called toddy or palm juice as drawn from the coconut palm {Cocas nucifcra) in Ceylon. The juice is used for the production of crude sugar, as a beverage, and for the distillation of a potable spirit. Composition of Hungarian wines, M. Vuk {Kis&rlet. Kozlem., 19 {1916), No. 2, pp. 289-298). — The results are reported of the analysis of a number of samples of Hungarian wines from the pressing of 1914, and statistics are given regarding the production and export of these products. Mace, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 349 {1916), pp. 13).— The work of other analysts showing the composition of mace is reviewed, and the author reports the results of the examination of 175 samples of mace. These included samples of known origin, samples essentially true mace, samples mixed with true and wild mace, and samples variously adulterated. Standards are also outlined for mace. Boric acid occurring naturally in some foods, A. H. Smith {Ohio Jour. Sci., 17 {1916). No. 2, pp. 66-68). — Data are reported regarding the amount of boric acid found in dried fruits (dates, peaches, apricots, prunes, figs, and raisins) and in some samples of sausage. Dates and prunes contained the largest per- centage of boric acid, the quantities in the other fruits and in the sausages being insignificant, although measurable. 1917] FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 467 [Drug analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson {North Dakota Sta. Spec. BuL, 4 {1016} , No. 9, pp. 195-2Jf2) .—This bulletin reports the results of the examination of a large number of miscellaneous patent medicines, toilet prepa- rations, etc. Annual report of the state chemist of Florida, R. E. Rose {Fla. Quart. Bui. Dept. Agr., 21 {1911). No. 1, pp. 2i3).— This bulletin reports the results of the examination of 1,511 samples of foods, drugs, citrus fruits, fertilizers, and feed- ing stulTs made during the year 1916. Sixteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, W. S. Matthews {Ann. Rpt. State Food Comr. III., 16 {1915), pp. 181. fig. i).— This publication reviews the work of the department for the year 1915 and reports data regarding 6,513 samples of miscellaneous food products, as well as the results of inspections of creameries, food-manufacturing establishments, etc. The text is given of standards for foods in force January 1, 1916. Report of the chief of the bureau of inspection on the enforcement of the pure food law, A. M. G. Soule {Agr. of Maine, 1915, pp. 149-177, pis. 5).— The results are reported of the examination of samples of agricultural seeds, com- mercial feeding stuffs, commercial fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, drugs, and foods. Inspections were made of bakeries, bottling establishments, canning factories, etc. Report of deputy state sealer of weights and measures, E. A. Rrss {Agr. of Alainr, 1915, pp. 128-148. pis. S). — The work of the bureau of weights and measures during the year 1915 included the testing of a large number of scales, weights, dry and liquid measures, automatic pumps, etc., and an educational campaign. Homemade fireless cookers and their use {V. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' BuL 771 {1916), pp. 16, figs. 5). — Directions are given for building a fireless cooker from materials found in the home or easily obtainable, together with suggestions for the most satisfactory use of the fireless cooker. Recipes for the preparation of different foods in the fireless cooker are included. Is vegetarianism based on sound science? M. Helen Keith (Set. Amer. Sup., 82 {1916), No. 2135, pp. 358, 359).— The relative advantages and dis- advantages of the vegetarian diet are considered in the light of recent experi- mental data. The general conclusion drawTi by the author from this evidence is that a meat- free diet is not so safe as a diet containing meat. While in some respects animal and vegetable food constituents are equivalent and replaceable, the selection of a suitable variety from these sources requires special care and probably special attention to the manner of preparation. " It may be said emphatically that the narrow restriction of the diet to cereals leads to serious injury." The action of sodium citrate and its decomposition in the body, W. Salant and L. E. Wise {Jour. Biol. Chem., 28 {1916), No. 1, pp. 27-58).— In the experiments reported a study was made of the presence of citrate in the blood of a number of animals (dogs, cats, rabbits, etc.) when administered by mouth or subcutaneously ; the rate of disappearance of citrates from the circulation when injected intravenously; the oxidation of citrates in different animals; and numerous observations on toxicity. The results may be briefly summarized as follows : Sodium citrate disappeared rapidly from the circulation after intravenous injection, but this was retarded when the doses were repeated, oxidation and elimination being probably much slower when large doses were given at fre- quent intervals. The amount of citrate eliminated in the urine after sub- cutaneous injection averaged 12 per cent in the case of rabbits and about 30 per cent in the case of cats. 468 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 " The toxicity of sodium citrate wlien given intravenously depends upon the rate of injection, the fatal dose varying between 0.4 and 1.6 gui. per liilogram (approximately), but about 70 mg. may produce symptoms. Only large amounts of citrate are toxic when ingested. Large doses given subcutaneously showed cumulative action. . . . The toxicity of sodium citrate depends upon the rate of its oxidation in the body, being more toxic for animals in which larger quantities are eliminated unchanged." Elimination of malates after subcutaneous injection of sodium malatc, L. E. Wise (Jom: Biol. Chcm., 28 (1916), No. 1, pp. 185-196).— A study was made of the elimination of malates following the subcutaneous injection of sodium malate in the case of laboratory animals (rabbits and cats). The small amounts of malic acid in the urine were estimated by a modification of the Ohta-Yoder method (E. S. R.. 26, p. 710), the modification consisting in saturat- ing the urine with powdered uranyl acetate, instead of adding saturated solu- tions of the reagents. The experiments showed that sodium malate injected subcutaneously in moderate doses was incompletely destroyed by rabbits and cats, from 3 to 21 per cent being eliminated in the urine in the case of rabbits and 17 to 41.5 per cent in the case of cats. Siibcutaneous injections of sodium malate in amounts not exceeding 1 gm. per kilogram of body weight were not followed by nephritis or glycosuria. No symptoms were observed in the case of rabbits, and at most only a slight temporary depression in the case of cats. The injection of large amounts (3.3 gm. per kilogram of body weight) of sodium malate was followed by toxic symptoms, although no effort was made to determine the lowest limit of toxicity. The behavior of tartaric acid and the tartrates in the animal organism, M. Kahn (Biochcm. Bui., 4 {1915), No. 1^-15, pp. 398-409) .—A summary and digest of experiental data. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Annual review of investigations in general biology, compiled by Y. Dbslage ET At. {Ann. Biol. [Pnri.uld not be less than 30 per cent of the .static stress, but it should be varied to fit conditions." Tractive resistances to a motor delivery wagon on different roads and at different speeds, A. E. Kkinnki.ly and O. R. Schurig (Proc. Amcr. Inst. Fdeei. Eiujins., S5 {1916), No. 6, pp. 1011-1030, pi. 1. figs. 17; Mass. Inst. Tech., Elect. Engin. Dcpt., Research Div. Bui. 10 (1916), pp. 1011-1039, pi. 1, figs. 11; ahs. in West. Engin., 7 (1916), No. 11, pp. 4S4, 435, fig. i).— The results of an investiga- tion conductesed of (1) displacement resistance. (2) impact resistance, and (;{) air re- sistance. "The displacement resistance varied from 0.85 per cent equivalent grade for a hard, smooth asphalt or bituminous concrete to 1.6 per cent for a soft tar- 3917] EURAL ECONOMICS. 491 liiMcadam road, and was practically constant, for all speeds considered, on any i;iven road. The iiupacL resistance increases with the velocity, with the total weight of vehicle, and with increasing road-surface roughness. In these tests vlio impact resistance of good asphalt or bitulitliic or other smooth pavement wiis practically negligible, and reached its highe.st values on granite-block roads Willi sand-tilled joints, and on badly-worn macadam pavements. The rate of incre;ise of impact resistance with speed was most marked ou the roughest " At the vehicle speed of 20 km. (12.4 miles) per hour, the air resistance for the vehicle tested, assumed to be dependent only on the speed, was roughly 0.11 per cent equivalent grade ; that is, from 4 per cent of the highest to 12.5 per cent of the lowest total tractive resistance. "The following pavements are enumerated in the order of their desirability for vehicle operation from the point of view of tractive resistance at 20 km. i)er hour, as found in this investigation: Asphalt, wood block, hard, smooth macadam, brick block, granite block with cement-filled joints, cindei*, gravel, «nd granite block with sand-filled joints. " The equivalent grade at 20 km. per hour of a badly worn macadam road was found to be nearly three times as great as that of the best asphalt road tested. This means, at this speed, a consumption of energy at wiieel treads of nearly three times as much on level, poor macadam roads as ou level, good asphalt roads. Increasing the gross weight of the \ehicle V^y 12 per cent through load was found to have no eft'ect on tractive resistance within the observed speed lindts for smooth roads in good condition; but on rough roads, a distinct in- crease in tractive resistance with this extra weight was observed. The pres- ence of a layer of dust, say 1 cm. thick, on a fair macadam road, was found to increase the equivalent grade of tractive resistance at all tested speeds by :.bout 0.15 per cent. A freshly tarred, and therefore soft, tar-n)acadam road was found to have an increased equivalent tractive resistance at substantially all tested speeds of about 0.5 per cent. The tires in this case sank about 0.8 in. into the roadbed, the gross car weight being 4,710 lbs. The total range of tractive resistance equivalent grade covered in the tests was from 0.93 per cent i)n the best asphalt road at lowest speed to 2.7 per cent on the worst macadam road at nearly the highest speed." First national farm tractor directory, compiled by C. E. Stoni? {New York: The Ayricultural Press, 1916, pp. 8). — This is a complete list of farm tractors, their manufacturers, horsepower, type, traction, and other particulars. Modern systems of independent lighting and heating (Nature [London], ii6 {1916), Nos. 2410, pp. 522-524, figs. 5; 2J,11. pp. 652, 553, fign S; 21,12, pp. 577, 578, fig. 1). — Oil, oil gas, petrol air gas, acetylene, and electric lighting sy.stems for country homes are described and illustrated. RURAL ECONOMICS. The farmer's labor income, P. L. Vogt {Amer. Eeon. Rev., 6 (1916), No. 4, pp. SOS-822). — After discussing the data available from the various studies in connection with the Office of Farm Management of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as to the farmer's labor income and additional information as furnished by the Census, the author concludes as follows : " The data presented indicate that, while at the present time labor incomes of farmers compare favorably with those in urban industries, the institution of private ownership of land does not offer much hope for further increase of these incomes unless the system of owner operation can be pre.served. Laborers are evidently not benefiting by the economic changes taking place. Tenants 492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [VoL 36 are nominally getting the larger incomes ; but this apparent return is due to method of presentation of returns rather than to actual advantage. The uniformity of labor incomes throughout the entire area studied indicates that private ownership of land by absentee landlords vpho reap the benefit of such ownership, even though absent in the neighboring village, is bound to be- come a question of supreme importance in the future. . . . " The problem of farm incomes is not now a serious one as related to social welfare in the country ; but if present tendencies continue it is bound to be a serious one for those actually living in the country in the future. If one-half or one-third of the wealth produced on a given farm is to go to others than the operator ; if farm labor is to increase because of the lack of opportunity to gain a foothold, due to high land values ; then we must expect that the great central valley, one of the greatest agricultural sections of the world so far as resources is concerned, will be doomed to bear a burden that will breed discontent; that will drive our young men and women from the country; and will bring to America problems that now confront other nations in which statesmen recog- nize that a good income for farmers and ownership operation are essential to national welfare." Labor income does not determine true profits, J. I. Falconer {Agr. Student, 23 (1916), No. 2, pp. 10^-106). — The author considers that "labor income is a fair basis upon which to compare one farm with another, but it does not afford a fair basis for comparison between the profits of farming and those in other occupations. It is a good basis upon which to compare two farms in a community, one operated, for example, as a grain farm, the other operated as a live-stock farm, or with which to compare a corn and hog farm with a dairy farm. But it is not a measure of the profits in agriculture, nor would the average labor income of a farm for a series of years be a criterion of the size of the estate which a farmer would probate at the time of his decease." Farm profits (and factors influencing profits) on 370 potato farms in Mon- mouth County, New Jersey, F. App {Neiv Jersey t>tas. Bui. 294 (1916), pp. 3-103, pis. 8, figs. 10). — Among the conclusions arrived at from this study, con- ducted in cooperation with the Department of Conservation and Development of New Jersey and the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are the following : " The average labor income for the Monmouth County potato farms included in this survey is .$842. The cash tenants have the largest average labor income of $938, while the owners have $917, and share tenants $739. Forty-five per cent of the potato farms are operated by tenants. Cash renting is most profitable for the tenant who is a good farmer. . . . The average farm investment for the owners is $17,673, for the share tenants .$3,369, and for the cash tenants $3,085. " The farm profits increase with the increase of crop acres per farm for both owner and tenant farms. The larger farms are far more efficient in the use of man, horse, and machinery labor than are the smaller farms. . . . Farm and crop acre values decrease as size increases for all farms regardless of ten- antry. . . . The average sized farm for the owners is 73 crop acres, and f(ir the tenants 87 crop acres. . . . " The acre cost of producing potatoes is $85.15. The cost per barrel is 92 cents. Farmers producing 60 barrels or less per acre lose money. No class of farmers are raising higher yields of potatoes than are profitable. . . . The larger the proportion of crop acres in potatoes the greater is the labor income. . . . Lack of rotation is not decreasing potato yields, and live stock above what is needed for the farmer's personal use is not profitable on most farms. , . , Diversification lowers profits on these farms. 1917] RURAL ECONOMICS. 493 " The proportion of crop acres in potatoes decreases with distance from the railroad. After a distance from the railroad of four or more miles has been reached, potatoes show a low return. . . . Cooperative buying and selling has proved very successful in this region." Factors affecting methods of farm management in the North Island, J. Bbown {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.]. 13 (1916). No. 1, pp. 1-16, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author summarizes his observations regarding farm management in this com- munity as follows : " Good pasture is the mainstay of the North Island farmer. Most good pas- tures may be further improved in nutritive value by periodic applications of crushed limestone. Inferior pasture everywhere should be renewed by liming, cropping, manuring, and re-grassing after a second application of crushed lime- stone. . . . On light land tliese successive stages of improvement should auto- matically bring about a rotational system, including growth of oats, inexpensive forage crops, and pastures of longer or shorter duration, according to circum- stances. If lucern can be grown, the maximum of profits can not be realized without it. Beyond a vei-y narrow limit, profits recede as cultivation extends and pasture areas are reduced." [Agricultural laws of North Dakota] (In Compilation of Laics of the State of North Dakota Governing Railroads [etc.]. Bismarck: Bd. R. R. Comrs., 1915, pp. 93-109). — Among the laws included in this compilation are those re- lating to cooperative associations, grain warehouses, and commission merchants. The Federal Farm Loan Act ( U. S. Treas. Dept., Fed. Farm Loan Bd. Circ. 4 (1916), pp. 29). — This circular contains the complete text of the act. Digest of the Federal Farm Loan Act (New York: Guaranty Trust Co., 1916, pp. 16). — This digest endeavors to give a comprehensive idea of this act by pointing out its salient features. [Agricultural credit in British India and Netherland East Indies], J, DouiE and H. C. Axting (Trans. S, Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr. 1914, vol. 1, pp. 95-124).— The authors describe the types of credit institutions, the problems in connection with their establishment and development, the methods of manage- ment, and some of the results obtained. [Annual reports of the marketing commissioners], J. F. Smith, W. E. McTaggart, and R. C. Abbott (Brit. Columbia Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 10 (1915), pp. R54-R73, R126, R127, pis. 6).— These reports relate to the work of the mar- keting commissioners in western Canada and describe their activities in assist- ing in the marketing of fruit and vegetables, the standardization of packages, and the reorganzation of city markets. The reports also indicate the size of packages preferred by the trade and the size of boxes and crates used in mar- keting fruits and vegetables. Relation between primary market prices and qualities of cotton, F. Taylok (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 457 (1916), pp. i3).— This report is the result of a survey made in 73 towns located in 9 cotton-growing States, including the examination of 38,000 representative samples, to determine whether, in the same market, cotton was purchased on averages, all grades bringing the same price. The report indicates that from such evidence as was gathered either higher grades are being priced too low or that the lower grades are bringing prices above their value, or that a combination of the two is true. The average price paid for cotton of |-in. staple was as high as for 1-in. staple. It also appears that in the eastern belt higher prices are being paid, due to the proxim- ity to the cotton mills, absence of most of the middlemen, and to the facts that primary marketing conditions are superior, storage houses are more generally available, money rates are comparatively lower, and competition probably exists to a greater degree than in the West. 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 In order to improve the quality of the cotton and to obtain its true worth, the author recommends that the farmer be convinced of the importance of pro- ducing yood staple and of care in picking and housing it, and that adequate but not excessive covering for the bale be supplied to protect the lint. He con- sidei's that proper storage after ginning would prevent the country damages from assuming such large proportions. He also recommends the organization of cooperative associations for the proper handling and marketing of cotton. Advertising the apple, F. C. Sears (Mass. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bui. 10 (1916), pp. S-20, figs. 8). — This publication points out methods of advertising and agencies which might be interested in an advertising campaign and the part which each one would be expected to play. A number of typical illustrations are included. Minnesota, the center of northwestern agricultural development. — Saint Paul, the northwestern market for diversified fanning ([St. Pnnl]: St. Paul Assoc. Com., 1916, pp. 4^, figs. 29). — This publication \^as compiled for presenta- tion to the Federal Farm Loan Board, and sets forth the advantages of St. Paul as the agricultural and financial center for the States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana. Minneapolis " the market of the northwest " (Minneapolis: Minn. Civic and Com. Assoc. [1916], pp. 166, pi. 1, figs. 90). — This report, compiled for presenta- tion to the Federal Farm Loan Board, sets forth the advantages of Minneapolis as the center through which the Northwest sells its produce, purchases its supplies, and carries on its banking business. [Raleigh as the location of a Federal farm loaa bank], W. A. Withers (h'alcigh, N. C: Com. Representing Raleigh, 1916, pp. 2+59, figs. i8).— This report points out the advantages of Raleigh as a center of agricultural produc- tion and the rural interests of North Carolina and the surrounding States, and the reasons for the establishment of a Federal farm loan bank in that city. (Agriculture in I^Torth Carolina] (Univ. N. C. Rec, No. I40 (1916), pp. 93). — This is a report of the North Carolina Club, which comprises the students and members of the faculty of the University of North Carolina who are studying conditions in their State. It contains a series of papers presented before the club relating to the natural resources of the State. Reports from the seed and plant distribution (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. H2-9S, pis. 5). — The usual extracts from letters of settlers and other persons, telling of their success with various crops and live stock and describing the possibilities and drawbacks in Alaska, are presented. Agricultural statistics, Ireland, 1916, T. Butler (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland. Agr. Stntis. 1915-16, pp. 29). — This report includes a summary statement by counties and provinces of the area devoted to the principal crops and the number of live stock. [Agricultural statistics in Germany] (Viertelj. Statis. Deut. Reichs, 25 (1916), No. 2, pp. II. 'iS-ll. 73). — These pages contain statistical data showing for the minor subdivisions the number of the various kinds of live stock and the area and production of the principal crops for 1915, with comparative data for earlier years. Agriculture in India, J. Mackenn.\ (Calcutta: Govt., 1915, pp 111+106, pi. i). — The author gives a brief historical treatment of the development of agri- 'omen's work. Agricultural education and live stock improvement in Wales {Jour. lid. Agr. {London], 23 {1916). No. 3, pp. 260-263).— An account is given of the de- velopment of agricultural education in Wales in connection with local educa- tion authorities and in the agricultural departments of the agricultural colleges since 1911-12. 496 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 In consequence of the Development Fund the year 1912-13 marked the begin- ning of a new era in the history of agricultural education in Wales as regards public administration and financial assistance. Prior to 1912-13 the cost of the work was practically borne by the counties themselves, their total expenditure for the three years ended March 31, 1912, averaging $30,0.54, while the agricul- tural colleges at AberystN\Tth and Bangor each received ?5.832, and the latter also $1,215 for forestry instruction. For the year ended March 31, 1915, the total estimated county expenditure was $60,040, that to Aberystwyth colleg« $12,670, and that to Bangor college $20,042. The farm institute scheme became operative in the Welsh counties generally in 1914-15. Only two counties, Carnarvon and Monmouth, have taken steps to provide special institutions for agricultural instruction, the other 11 counties deciding to continue to work, for the time being at least, in direct association with the agricultural departments of the two colleges as before. The county schemes vary somewhat in character, but generally provide for (1) courses at local centers in agriculture, horticulture, dairying, poultry management, veteri- nary hygiene, and other subjects conducted by a staff employed directly by the county or through the agricultural department of one of the colleges, (2) field experiments and demonstrations in manuring, new varieties of crops, seed mixtures, etc., and (3) systematic courses in agriculture and dairying for farmers' sons and daughters, aided by scholarships and exhibitions at either one of the university colleges or county institutions where the latter exist. The additional sums to the agricultural departments of the colleges have made more scholarships available, they now incur no expenditure for purely county work, and they have appointed special officers to give technical advice to farmers and to investigate local problems, live-stock officers, and advisers in agricultural botany and chemistry. Instruction in light farm work and milking for women and children {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Landon], 23 {1916), No. S, pp. 264-271).— Brief summaries are given indicating the provision made by various county authorities for instruc- tion in light farm work and milking for women and children in England and \Vales. The instruction is given at agricultural colleges and farm schools, farm institutes, approved farms, etc., and varies in length from two to nine weeks. Farm mechanics (Agr. Gaz. (panada, S {1916), No. 8, pp. 731-739, fig. 1).— This is a series of articles containing an account of the instruction in farm mechanics, including outlines of courses of study, methods of instruction, equip- ment, examinations, etc., in the Nova Scotia College of Agriculture, MacDonald College, Ontario Agricultural College, Manitoba Agricultural College, Saskatche- wan College of Agriculture, and the Alberta schools of agriculture. The kingdom of the plants, C. A. Nobcboss and P. A. Lehenbatjeb {Agr. Ext. Vniv. Nev. Bui. 8 {1916), pp. 23, figs. 20). — This bulletin comprises the first four lessons of a series of 16 in an extension course in gardening for boys' and girls' clubs. These lessons are devoted to definitions of terms in the study of plant life, seeds and how they germinate, plant structure and growth, and the work of plants. Experiments and a list of questions to test the pupils' knowledge of plants are included. Twenty lessons in domestic science, Makian C. Fishee {Author, 1916, pp. 108, Ugs. 19). — This is a condensed home study course in domestic science com- prising 20 lessons dealing with food principles, the functions, classification, a.ssimilation, a»d composition of food, dietary standards, methods of cooking, and recipes and kitchen equipment. A list of Farmers' Bulletins of this de- partment, reference tables, pronunciations and definitions, and other miscel- laneous data of value to the housekeeper are appended. 1917] MISCELLANEOUS. 497 A series of lessons in cooking and household management, Mtbtle Htrir LiNGEE (Springfield, Ohio: Author, 1916, pp. ^iff, figs. 5). — Thirty-eiglit lessons in cookery and care of the house are outlined by the head of the department of domestic science of the high school in Springfield, Ohio. An outline on the history of cookery, Anna Bareows, Bektha E. Shap- LEiGH, and Anne D. Blitz (Teachers Col. [N. Y.] Bui. 11, 6. ser. (1915), pp. 36). — This outline on the history of cookery is arranged in four parts, viz, prehistoric, ancient, medieval, and modern times, with special references to literature for each part, and a general bibliography, together with suggested topics for individual investigation, either for papers or for class development, at tlie end of the bulletin. Clothing for women, Laxtba I. Baldt (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lip- pincott Co., 1916, pp. XIV+45^, pis. S, figs. 262).— This manual for the school and home presents the fundamental principles involved in and practical working directions for the selection, design, and construction of clothing for women. The construction of garments is approached from the standpoint of those who have had instruction in elementary sewing, but for others a review of the funda- mental stitches and some simple processes have been included in the section on undergarments. Among the subjects treated are clothing budgets and buying, the theory and use of color, and pattern making. A chapter is devoted to instruction to (1) teachers on the use of the text, including the use of illus- trative material, suitable equipment, teaching material, and method of instruc- tion, and (2) the home woman and dressmaker. Shelter and clothing, Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1913, pp. XV+S77, pi. 1, figs. 159).— This textbook, intended for high and normal school students, as well as for the home maker, deals with the home, its ideals in organization, its sanitation, decoration, and furnishing; also with textiles, sewing, dressmaking, economics of dress, and millinery. Practical exercises are appended to each topic and suggestions are offered to teachers on presenting the text. Food and health, Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley (New York: The Mac- millan Co., 1916, pp. ri+312, pi. 1, figs. 158).— This is an elementary textbook of home making, written in story form. It " treats largely of food problems, including something of raising food and selling it, in addition to the preparation of food at school and at home. Such topics as the water supply, disposal of waste, and other sanitary matters are woven in with the lessons on nutrition and cookery." The work is outlined in 29 lessons, including exercises and problems and a number of simple recipes. A course in household arts, I, Loeetto B. Dxiff (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows, 1916, pp. XVI +301, figs. 21). — This course is the outgrowth of a course in household arts prepared in 1902 and in general use for many years in the Boston public schools of cookery. It consists of two parts, each contain- ing material for one lesson a week for a year, thus covering the essentials of the course in two years. This book, or part 1 of the course, is designed pri- marily for beginners, and deals with the fundamental principles underlying the methods employed in cookery and other household arts, including only simple experiments which can be performed with utensils found in the ordinary school kitchen. MISCELLAIO:0TJS. Report of Alaska Stations, 1915 (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 100, pis. 19). — This contains the organization list and a report of the several lines of work 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 carried on during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915. Meteorological data and accounts of the extensive tests with field and garden crops, live-stock operations, and other lines of work are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-seventh Annual Beport of North Dakota Station, 1916 (North Dakota 8fa. Rpt. 1916 [pt. 1], pp. 21, figs. 3). — Part 1 of this report contains the orpianization list, a report of the director, and a financial statement as to the Federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washin^on Substation {WuHhingtfm Sta., West. Wash. 8ta. Mo. Bui., 4 (1916), Nos. 9, pp. 16, figs. 3; 10, pp. 16, figs. S).— These numbers contain brief artices on the following subjects : No. 9. — The Winter Sclw^, by W. A. Linklater; The U.se of Fertilizers to Increase Crop Production, by E. B. Stookey (see p. 425) ; Suggestions in Potato Crowing, by J. L. Stahl ; and Concerning Poultry P"'eed Values, by Mr. and -Mrs. G. R. Shoup (see p. 473). No. 10. — Standardizing of Land Clearing, by I. D. Charlton; Reducing the Cost of Milk Production, by H. L. Blanchard (see p. 473) ; Dairy Farm Cropping System, by K. B. Stookey ; Rhubarb Culture, by J. L. Stahl ; Canker, Chicken Pox, and Roup, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Shoup; A New Phase of the Ra.spberry Rust, by A. Frank; and Some Meat-curing Methods. Principles on which should be established the mutual relations of experi- mental and extension institutions, I. V. Emelianov (O Narhalak'i, na Kotorikh Dolzhni SIroitsili V zaiinootnoHJicniia Oh-fhchcstrcnvoagrononiichetikikh i Opyt- iiikh OrganizatyJi. Kharkof: Kharkov. Obla.i(. Sclnk. Khnz. Opiitn. Sta., 1915, pp. 6). — The author believes that three systems of organization are possible: (1) The complete fusion of the experimental and extension institutions in pro- gram and organization; (2) the partial fusion of the institutions, with separate functions devolving on each of them; and (3) the independent organization of each and a strict distribution of functions. The vitality and value of the local extension work depends on its agreement and dose solidarity with experimental studies, but it is thought that in view of the great qualitative difference in the problems and the method of work, the basis of such solidarity should be the independence of each of the institutions and a clear division of the functions of experimentation and instruction. Existing conditions in the region insure the possibility of intercourse and close cooperation of extension workers and experimenters, but it is deemed ne-essary to develop and maintain in the future ways and means for such cooperation. It is also thought that tiie district ex- periment stations should organize a division for the study of the economics of the husbandry of the region. NOTES Connecticut State Station. — Howard V. Huber, .specialist in market gardeu- ing, has rcsij^iied to accept a posilioii iu ihe extension service of llutgers College. Iowa College and Station.-Tbe new animal husbandry laboratory is nearing completion. It is a one-st<»ry building 74 by 112 ft., costing about ^.jO.OOO. It ha.s been devised especial Ij' for work iu connection with the slaughtering, dressing, cutting, and curing of meats. The bsisement contains a 10-ton refrig- erating plant, coolers, a smokehouse, refining, sausage, lard, and other l\v- product rooms, offices, etc. The main floor can be dividetl into three distinct rooms, or used as a whole for demonstration work. The recent short course and fanu<>r's week was more largely attended than ever before, the aggregate reaching 3,500. About 400 of these were iu the junior work. A State-wide egg laying contest is being planned by the State Poultry Breeders' As.sociation, to be held at the college next year if sufficient facililies can be made available. Howard C. Barker, assistant professor in dairy husbandry extension work. has resigned to engage in farming. W. G. Gaessler, assistant chief of the ch;Mii- ical .section of the station, has been granted leave of absence until September for graduate work at the Ohio State University, during which time G. P. Plaisance will act as as.sistant chief. W. H. Johnson, assistant in the soils section, has been gi-anted leave of absence until July for special graduate study at the Uni- versity of \\'isconsiu, his work to be carried on by Knute Espe. W. G. Kaiser, a.s-sistant in the agricultural er\giueering section, resigned January 4. Kansas College and Station. — The estimated attendance at the exercises of farm and home week. Fel)ruary 5 to 10, was 1,800, an increase of 500 over the previous year and representing 9G of the 105 counties of the State. An attempt was made to meet the interests and needs of all classes of visitors by arranging the program in groups under tlie heads of agriculture, home eco- nomics, engineering, boys' and girls' work, cream station operators and butter makers, State associatitms, and exhibits and contests. The exhibits of the boys' and girls' clubs and the mother and daughter canning clubs, as well as those of the college and station, attracted particular attention. Dr. F. S. Schoenleber, for 12 years head of the department of veterinary science, has resigned effective March 1. Dr. John Patterson has been appointed in.structor in veterinary medicine, beginning February 1. John L. Bayles, as- sistant in agronomy at the Garden City substation, has resigned to accept a position in the agricultural department of the St. Louis and San Francisco liailroad Co. Michigan College and Station. — According to a note iu the M. A. C. Record, the botanical courses for students in agriculture ai"e to be reorganized. The freshman work is to remain substantially as at present, but following this there will be ttiree groups of electives. The first of these, known as applied botany, will be designed for students expecting to engage in work closely asso- ciated with farm life, and will include studies of economic plants, plant repro- duction, general plant physiology, diseases of economic plants and their control, 499 500 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 weeds and weed seeds, and grasses. The second group, designed for students expecting to teach in secondary or normal schools, will include a special teacher's course, taking up the content of a course in botany in such schools, the method of approach, equipment of the laboratory, source of material, etc. The three groups will comprise electives in technical lines, including advanced plant physiology, mycology, plant pathology and its methods, plant nutrition, plant physics, technique, cytologj', and heredity. More work is also being required in the college in English composition, and additional college credit for the subject is being allowed. B. A. Knowles, a 1915 graduate, has been appointed instructor in poultry, effective February 3, vice W. H. Tully resigned. W. N. Clark has resigned as instructor in animal husbandry, effective March 10, to become manager of a dairy farm near Chicago. P. B. Wiltberger, instructor in entomology in the University of Maine, has been appointed instructor in entomology and assistant in the station, vice G. O. Woodin. Minnesota University. — The first annual short course for agricultural editors was held at the college of agriculture beginning February 13, with an attend- ance of i.bout 150. Nebraskri University and Station. — The attendance at the annual farmer's week is ic;' irted to have approximated 1,500. The new dairy husbandry build- ing was ... v^icated during the week. The principal addresses were by President R. A. I'u.ason of the Iowa College, who was given the honorary degree of doctor of agriculture, and J. H. Frandsen, w^ho spoke on The New Dairy Building and the Field of Dairy Husbandry. T. W. Nicolet, assistant professor of landscape architecture, has resigned to become instructor in horticulture at the University of Illinois in connection with courses in design and plant materials in the division of landscape en- gineering. J. A. RatclifE has resigned as assistant professor of experimental agronomy, effective April 1, to engage in farming in Oklahoma. North Carolina College and Station. — The inauguration of President Wal- lace C. Riddick took place February 22. The principal addresses were by Dr. H. S. Drinker, Hon. Herbert Quick of the Federal Farm Loan Board, former President D. H. Hill, and President Riddick. Plans are under way to give the seven test farms in the State the status of substations, thereby emphasizing the experimental features rather than deraon- strational work in general farming. Many of the station activities with crops, animals, etc., are already carried on at these farms, and it is hoped to arrange for additional funds and equipment for their development. The Pender sub- station at Willard is to be devoted especially to work with truck crops, the Buncombe substation at Swannanoa is to specialize in small grain and orchard crops, and the Winona substation is to study the handling of muck soils. R. G. Hill and S. C. Clapp, assistant horticulturist and assistant entomolo- gist respectively, at the main station, have been transferred as assistant directors in charge of the Pender and Buncombe substations, and H. Barker has been appointed assistant director in charge of the Winona substation. J. E. Moses, county agent in Escambia County, Alabama, has been appointed pig club agent in the extension service. Ohio State University. — The enrollment for farmer's week exceeded 4,000. Farmers' associations numbering 16 met during this period. Pennsylvania College. — Nickolas Schmitz, agronomist at the Maryland Sta- tion, has been appointed professor of agronomy extension beginning February 17, and Miss Martha S. Pittman, instructor In home economics extension be- ginning February 12. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS FUEUCATION MAY BE PEOCXJBED FKOM TEE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCiniENTS GOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY StJBSCRiPTioN Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers ANT) Index, $1 Vol. 36 Issued April 30, 1917. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sdentijic Bureaus. Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H.S. Graves, i^oresfsr. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Eatabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology— L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Hural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chiefs States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: UniotUown: L. H. Moore." Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.i Alaska— S«fca.- C. C. Georgeson.* Arizona— r«c«cm.' R. B. Forbes." Abk:an3AS— favetteuiZi*.' M. Nelson. > Caufoenia— jB IVJ^no— Moscow: 3. 8. Jones.* Ilunois— Urfrano.- E. Davenport." INDUNA— io Fayette: A. Qoss.' loyf K~Amts: C. F. Curtiss." Kansas— i/anftatton.'W. M. Jardine.' Kentitckt— ieziTi^/on.- A. M. Peter.* LoxnaiANA— State Station: Baton Rouge; \ Sugar Station: uludufton Park,!™ „ t^^a.,.^ ^ ?. - , m. R. Dodson.i New Orleans; j North La. Station: Calhoun; J Maine— Orono." C. D. Woods." Mastland- College Park: H. J. Patterson. " UjL3SA.CBXJSKns— Amherst: yv. P. Brooks." Michigan- JS(M< Lansing: R. S. Shaw." Minnesota- J7n.. ^ HI Page. Chalking: A useful improvement for clays overlying the chalk, Russell 519 The relation of lime to magnesia in soils, Voelcker 619 Influence of magnesia on wheat, Voelcker 519 The influence of strontium salts on wheat, Voelcker 520 Action of manganese, iron, and copper on the growth of plants, Vageler 520 Concerning the use of commercial fertilizers in 1916 520 Analyses of commercial fertilizers 520 Official report on commercial fertilizers inspected dming 1914 521 Commercial fertilizers, Cady 521 Commercial fertilizers, Hills, Jones, and Anderson 521 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Hereditary reaction system relations, Clausen and Goodspeed 521 On the composition of factorial formula for zygotes, Fujii and Kuwada 521 Observations on inheritance of sex ratios in Mercurialis annua, Yampolsky 522 Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta), Blakeslee. . .' 522 A tetracotyledonous race of Phaseolus vulgaris, Harris 522 Self, close, and cross fertilization of beets, Shaw 522 Self-pollinations and cross-pollinations in Cichorium intybus, Stout 523 Studies on the blooming of hemp, Havas 523 The persistence of the style on fruits, Campbell 523 Determinative action of enviionic factors upon Neobeckia aquatica, MacDougal . 523 Plant ecology and the new soil fertility, Lipman 523 Growing plants in large containers under control conditions, Wright 524 An apparatus for aerating culture solutions, Weatherwax 524 Preliminary report on synthetic media, Doryland 524 The mechanism and conditions of growlh, MacDougal 524 The nature of mechanical stimulation, Osterhout 525 Energy transformations during the germination of wheat grains, Doyer 525 Relation of soil moisture to transpiration and photosynthesis in com, Yuncker. 525 On the relation between the rate of root growth and oxygen. Cannon 525 The embryo sac and pollen grain as colloidal systems, Lloyd 526 Content of amylase in ripening seeds of horse beans, Blagovieshchenskii 526 Present status of problem of effect of radium rays on plant life, Gager 526 The influence of ultraviolet rays on phosphorescent bacteria, Gerretsen 526 Influence of inorganic salts on the development of Actinomycetes, III, Miinter. 526 Note on the nitrogen nutrition of mold fungi, Brenner 527 Variations in nodule formation, Leonard 527 The physiological significance of the mycorrhizae of trees, Petri 527 FIELD CROPS. The use of checks and repeated plantings in varietal tests, Pritchard 527 The mode of pollination in some farm crops. Pope 527 The identification of grasses by their vegetative characters, Carrier 527 Dry farming in Utah, Harris and Ellison 528 A twenty-year comparison of different rotations, Hartwell, Damon, et al 528 [Field crops] 529 Field experiments, 1915 529 Catch crops 529 Forage plants 529 The history of Kentucky blue grass and white clover, Carrier and Bort 529 Corn improvement in the Philippines, Jacobson 529 Sea Island cotton, Orton 530 West Indian Cotton Conference, 1916 530 Flax seed for 1916 sowing 530 Concerning the oat crop. Hills 530 Observations on some degenerate strains of potatoes, Stewart 530 Some disappointing seed potatoes. Hall 531 Potatoes, Zavitz 531 Correlative characters of the rice plant, Jacobson 531 The weight of rice grains, Jacobson 531 An early reference to Philippine rice varieties, Jacobson 531 A Philippine wild rice, Jacobson 531 The causes of low yields of rice in the Philippines, Jacobson 531 Methods used to improve rice culture in the Philippine' sjacobson 531 IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Rate of sowing nursery beds; age of seedlings when transplanted, Jacobson 532 Influence of area per plant on yield of grain in rice culture, Jacobson 532 Errors in rice fertilizer experiments, Jacobson 532 Consumption of rice in the Philippine Islands, Jacobson 532 Some observations on Chinese rice culture, Jacobson 532 Rye culture experiments at Pentkowo, Bieler 532 Triple-seeded spikelets in sorghum, Cron 532 Soy-bean products and their uses, Williams 532 [Cultural experiments with different varieties of sugar beets], Fallada 533 Experiments in transplanting sugar beets, Pritchard and Longley 533 Fertilizing of sugar beets, Gerlach 533 History of cane varieties in the Philippines, Hines 533 Tobacco growing in Ireland 533 The origin, characteristics, and quality of Humpback wheat, Thomas 533 Variations in the plants from the same head of wheat, Ewart 534 An effective head thrasher, Hanger 534 Agricultural seed. — Concerning weeds and weed seeds, Burns and Peitersen. . . 534 The use of sulphiu-ic acid in combating weeds infesting wheat, Morettini 534 Ferrous sulphate control of hedge and wild mustard in Bavaria, Hiltner 535 Ragwort, M'Govem 535 HORTICULTURE. What, where, when, and how to plant, Bohlender 535 Round the year in the garden, Thomas 535 The home vegetable garden, Waid 535 Growing seeds for the world, Kruhm 535 Nitrate of soda spray for fruit bearing, Volch 535 Results from spraying in Nova Scotia, Sanders and Brittain 535 The cost of spraying, Odell 535 The apple as affected by dormant and seasonal pruning, Alderman and Auchter . 535 Apples: Production estimates and important varieties, Gould and Andrews 536 Observations on the ripening of Bartlett pears, Cruess and Stone 536 Navel persimmons, Coit 536 The common honey bee as an agent in prune polUnation, Hendrickson 536 Inheritance in Vitis, Rasmuson 537 Portuguese varieties of vines, de Castella 537 Arsenate of lead in viticulture, Muttelet 537 Varietal standardization, Scott 537 Four years' experience with budded avocado trees, Whedon 537 [Cacao experiments, 1914-15], de Verteuil 537 Bud variations in lemons, Shamel 537 Notes on oranges and lemons, Davies 538 How to fertilize olive trees. Relet 538 Manganese as cause of depression of assimilation of iron by pineapple, Johnson. . 538 Soil management in cinchona culture, van Leersum 538 The cultivation of belladonna in California, Schneider 538 Possibility of commercial production of lemon-graes oil in United States, Hood . . 538 What science has done and will do for floriculture. White 539 FORESTRY. Eighth annual report of the state forester. — Forestry in Vermont, Hawes 539 Progress report of the Forest Research Institute for 1915-16, Osmaston 539 The trees of Vermont, Burns and Otis 539 The vegetation of the New Jersey pine barrens, Harshberger 539 The sandalwoods of Hawaii. — A revision of the genus Santalum, Rock 539 The conifers and taxads of Japan, Wilson 539 Indian timbers used in engineering construction, Pearson 539 Experimental notes on the bitter oak, Ferrari 540 Gutta-percha, Barnard 540 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Laboratory outlines in plant pathology, Whetzel et al 540 Diseases of cultivated plants and trees, Massee 5 10 Report of committee on fungus diseases, Manns 540 1917] CONTENTS. V Page. Report of committee on fungus diseases, Manns 540 Cooperation in the investigation and control of plant diseases, Kellerman 540 [Plant diseases in Barbados], Bovell and Dash 540 Annual report for 1915 of the botanist, Biffen 541 Hydrogen ion concentration and natural immunity in plants, Wagner 541 Crown gall or plant cancer, Smith 541 North American species of Allodus, Orton 542 Some species of Nummularia common in Indiana, O'Neal 542 The genus Rosellinia in Indiana, Ramsey 542 Correlation of certain long-cycled and short-cycled rusts, Travelbee 542 Continuous rust propagagation without sexual reproduction, Ludwig 542 Cereal diseases and pests, Riehm 542 Cereal rusts in subtropical South America, Gassner 542 Dependence of rusts on the stage of the host and external factors, Gassner 542 Oat smut in Indiana, Pipal 542 Leaf smut of timothy, Osner 543 Plant diseases affecting alfalfa, Melchers 543 Alfalfa crown wart in the western United States, McKee 543 A new disease of beets in northern France, Mi^ge 543 Is cucumber mosaic carried by seed? McCUntock 543 Peanut mosaic, McClintock 544 Fungus parasites of the pigeon pea, Rangel 544 Silver ecurf of the white potato, Taubenhaus 544 The sweet potato "soil rot" or "pox," a slime mold disease, Elliott 544 The sweet potato " soil rot " or " pox " organism, Elliott 544 Tree wounds and diseases, their pre-v^ntion and treatment, Webster 544 Sun scald of fruit trees, a type of winter injury, Mix 544 Control of pear scab, Smith 545 Peach scab and its control, Keitt 545 Grape anthracnose in America, Shear 545 Studies on Plasviopara viticola (downy mildew of grapes), Gregory 545 Downy mildew on direct bearers, Obiedoff, Baquero, and Pehlivanoglou 546 Variations in the resistance of grape to downy mildew, Ravaz and Obiedoff 546 Powdery mildew of grapes and control in United States, Reddick and Gladwin . . 546 Leaf spot on vines, Dobson 546 Chlorosis of pineapples induced by manganese and carbonate of lime, Gile 546 The causes of unncessary decay in lemons, Willits 546 Overwintering of Oidium parasitic on Photinia serrulata, Peglion 546 On Oidium mildew on carnations, Mercer 547 Tho biology of Uredinese on Geranium, Jacob 547 A new leaf spot of Viola cucullata, Anderson 547 The control of damping-off of coniferous seedlings, Hartley and Pierce 547 Parch blight on Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest, Munger 547 The alternate hosts of the white pine bHster rust, Grose 547 [The white pine blister rust situation], Spaulding 548 White pines of Lenox menaced 548 Endothia parasitica and related species, Shear, Stevens, and Tiller 548 Notes on some South African mistletoes and their hosts, Marloth and Drege 548 Some studies on Bordeaux mixture, Lutman 548 ENTOMOLOGY. Miscellaneous notes on injurious insects, Parrott and Hodgkiss 549 Some new or rare fruit pests. Hall 550 Potato insects, Webster 550 The insect fauna of New Jersey greenhouses, exclusive of the Coccidae, Weiss 550 Cacao thrips and die-back in St. Vincent 550 A synopsis of the genus Oxythripe, Hood 550 A new Plectrothrips from Jamaica, Hood 550 Check list of the Hemiptera of America, north of Mexico, Van Duzee 550 Remarks on Lygus invitus, a new species and variety, Knight 550 The ash leaf bug, Neoborus amoenus, Dickerson and Weiss 551 Notes on cicadas from the United States with several new species, Davis 551 The identity of Eriosoma querci, Baker 551 Monarthropalpus buxi in New Jersey, Weiss 551 Susceptibility of eggs of Aphis pomi and avense to hydrocyanic acid, Ross 551 VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 30 Page. Notes on the Psammocharidse, with a new species, Rohwer 551 The shell-bark hickory mealy bug, Hollinger 551 Contributions to the knowledge of the Dactylopiinse of Hawaii, Ehrhorn 551 The best methods of destroying lice and other body vermin, Kinloch 551 Notes on Anoplura and Mallophaga from mammals, Ferris 552 Notes on the feeding habits of adult Chrysopidse, Ripley 552 A new species of Exoprosopa, Cole 552 A new species of Tortrix of economic importance from Newfoundland, Gibson. . 552 A caterpillar on the ears of wheat, Somerville 552 Mosquitoes and man, Jennings 552 New Aedes from the mountains of California, Dyar 552 The earliest name of the yellow fever mosquito, Knab 552 Eggs and oviposition in certain species of Mansonia, Dyar and Knab 552 Mosquitoes at San Diego, California, Dyar 552 The March fly in grain fields and as a pest of celery, Strickland 552 What is Tahanus mexicanusf Knab 553 Two new North American Diptera, Shannon 553 Critical notes on Syrphidse, Knab 553 Fiu-ther notes on Syrphidse, Knab 553 Notes concerning Gastrophilus hspmorrhoidalis, Parker 553 Lithohypoderma, a new fossil genus of oestrids, Townsend 553 Some notes concerning overwintering of the house fly at Dallas, Texas, Dove. . . 553 Transmission of leprosy by the house fly ( Musca domestica), Marchoux 554 Muscoid flies from the southern United States, Townsend 554 Some new North American muscoid forms, Townsend 554 On Australian Muscoidea, with description of new forms, Townsend 554 Miscellaneous muscoid notes and descriptions, Townsend 554 Notes on the hen flea (Echidnophaga gaUlnacea), Illingworth 554 Flat-hsaded borers affecting forest trees in the United States, Burke 554 The pine bark beetle (Ips pini), Clemens 554 Biological notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus, Frost 555 On some weevils attacking orchids. Champion 555 Some unusual orcliid insects, Weiss 555 A survey of beekeeping in North Carolina, Carr 555 The control of ants in dwellings. — A new remedy, Gibson 555 Descriptions of various chalcidoid Hymenoptera, I and II, Girault 555 Nine new species of Hymenoptera, Crawford 556 Some new American Hymenoptera, Crawford 556 Descriptions of miscellaneous chalcid flies, Girault 556 A remarkable new genus of Encyrtidae from the West Indies, Girault 556 A new genus of Tetrastichini (chalcidoid Hymenoptera), Girault 556 The North American species of Dibrachys with a note on Uriolla, Girault 556 A new species of Lepidopria from North America, Brues 556 Notes on the e?.g parasites of the apple tree tent caterpillar, Williams 556 New chalcid flies from Maryland, Girault 556 The occurrence of Neoderostenus Girault in North America, Girault 556 A new genus of omphaline eulaphid chalcis flies from Maryland, Gira-ult 557 Descriptions of and observations on some chalcidoid Hymenoptera, Girault 557 The occurrence of the genus Achrysocharelloidca in North America, Girault. . . 557 The red spider on cotton, McGregor and McDonough 557 The sexual evolution of Sarcocystis muris, Crawley 557 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Studies of different grades of milk in infant feeding, Washburn and Jones 558 Value of different grades of milk in infant feeding, Washburn and Jones 559 Infant feeding.— Addition of limewater to milk, Bosworth and Bowditch 559 Influence of rennin on gastric digestion of milk protein, Leary and Sheib 559 Cereal foods in the course of history, Maiu-izio 560 Milling and baking tests of Victorian wheat, Scott and Winslow 560 Is lysin tl)e limiting amino acid in wheat, maize, or oats? McCoUum et al 560 Homemade bread substitutes for diabetic patients, Williamson 560 Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and other starchy roots as food, Langworthy 560 Canned tomatoes, McGill ." ". 561 Determinations of preservatives in caviar, Kope 561 The nutritive value of wood, Haberlandt 561 1917] CONTENTS. VH Pago. The iodin content of food materials, Bohn 561 fConventions of the AsHociation of American Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials]. . 561 The sanitation of public markets, Armstrong 562 Three delicious meals every day for the farmer, Carver 562 The rural school lunch, Farnsworth 562 Typical electric range designs, Wilcox 562 Effect on higher animals of the sterilization of the air and food, Kianizin 562 Studies of the gastric residuum, I, Fowler and Zentmire 562 Pancreatic diabetes in the dog, IV, MurUn and Sweet 562 Scurvy in Zhob, Baluchistan, Sheppard 563 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Digestibility of the cell wall of wood, Haberlandt and Zuntz 563 Commercial feeding stuffs, 1915-16, Woods 563 Commercial feeding stuffs. Hills, Jones, and Anderson 563 Cotton-seed meal and velvet beans for fattening steers, Templeton and Gibbens. 563 Cattle feeding. — XII, Winter steer feeding, 1915-16, Skinner and King 564 Skim milk and milk substitutes for calf feeding, Hunziker and Caldwell 565 The efficiency of certain milk substitutes in calf feeding, Carr et al 567 Sheep feedinw. — VI, Fattening western lambs, 1915-16, Skinner and King. . . . 568 Ewes' milk: Its fat content and relation to the growth of lambs, Ritzman 569 Feeding pure-bred draft fillies, Edmonds 569 Fourth annual international egg laying contest, Kirkpatrick and Card 570 How to operate an incubator, Dougherty 571 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Journal of the British Dairy Farmers' Association 571 Annual reports of the Bernese Dairy School at Rutti-ZolUkofen, Peter. ..,...>. 571 Experiments in the feeding of dairy cows, Dunlop and Bailey 571 The raising of dairy heifers, Kerr 572 Dairying in Uruguay, Abella 572 The milk problem, Dillon 572 The milk supply of Paris by producers associations, Donon. 572 [Proceedings of American Association of Medical Milk Commiseiona 572 Bacteriological examination of the Bombay milk supply, Joshi 573 Essentials for the production of clean milk, Dougan 573 Cooling milk on the farm, Judldns 573 Some aspects of the physiology of milk secretion. Hill 573 Rapid method of counting bacteria in milk. Frost 573 A rapid method of counting living bacteria in milk and other materials, Frost. . 573 Counting bacteria in milk m less than eight hours. Frost 673 Comparison of rapid method with standard method. Frost 674 Points in butter factory management under home separation, Valentine 574 A practical guide for the manufacture of butter and cheese, de Toth 574 Various experiments in making Cheddar cheese, Bibeau 574 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Practical bacteriology, blood work, and animal parasitology, Stitt 574 Packing for shipment of meat samples for bacteriological examination, Filenski. 574 Serums, vaccines, and toxins in treatment and diagnosis, Bosanquet and Eyre. 575 Digested and diluted serum as a substitute for broth, Distaso 575 The effects of serum treated with agar, Zunz and Gelat 575 Effect of moderately high temperatures on agglutinins, Winslow et al 575 Immunity produced by intravascular injections, Camus 575 Studies on antibodies. — I, Analyses of a number of antisera, Banzhaf et al 576 Oil of Chenopodium and cardiac stimulants, Salant and Livingston 576 A further report on thromboplastin solution as a hemostatic, Hess 576 Spontaneous amebic dysentery in monkeys, Eichhorn and Gallagher 576 Bacillus typhosus in blood after inoculation in gall bladder, Lange and Rooa 576 The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Wolbach 576 Etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. — Occurrence in the tick, Wolbach. 577 Streptococci as causal agents of human infections, Chalmers and Marshall 577 Occurrence in United States of certain nematodes of ruminants. Ransom 577 Some notes on the encysted larva of the lung distome, Yoshida 577 Immunity studies on anthrax serum, Eichhorn, Berg, and Kelser 577 Vni CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Simultaneous vaccination against blackleg, Schoenleber. 578 Serological methods as aids in diagnosis of trypanosome diseases, Offermann. . 578 Foot-and-mouth disease, Vriiburg 578 Foot-and-mouth disease, Mulder 578 Foot-and-mouth disease in Friesland, Van Staa 578 Old and new methods for the diagnosis of glanders, Graub 579 Diagnosis of tuberculosis by complement fixation, Eichhorn and Blumberg. . . 579 Diagnosis of tuberculosis with special reference to intrapalpebral test, Mon. . . 579 Transmission of porcine tuberculosis to man and reinoculation of calves, Markus. 579 Bovine tuberculosis, Walls and Linch 579 Cases of poisoning in cattle by feeding on^meal from soy bean, Stockman 580 A disease resembling "forage poisoning" in horses and mules, Graham et al. . . 580 Studies on forage poisoning, Graham and Himmelberger 580 Studies in forage poisoning, Graham and Himmelberger 581 The etiology of infectious anemia of the horse, Carr6 and Valine 581 Report on joint-ill in foalsin Ontario, Schofield 581 Second report on joint-ill in foals in Ontario, Schofield 582 A nongas-producing strain of the hog-cholera bacillus, TenBroeck 582 RURAL ENGINEERING. Seventeenth biennial report of the state engineer, Colorado, 1913-14 582 Surface water supply of Pacific drainage basins, 1914 682 Profile surveys in Skagit River basin, Washington 582 Profile surveys in Idaho and Utah 583 Profile surveys in 1915 in New Mexico 583 Irrigation field laboratory at Denver, Colo. , Sleight 583 Concrete pipe irrigation systems 583 G'ests of overhead irrigation systems in 1914], Kriiger and Nachtweh 583 alheur and Owyhee projects, irrigation and drainage, Whistler and Lewis 583 Flood relief for the Scioto Valley [Ohio], 1916, Alvord and Burdick 584 Preliminary report on Kearney Vineyard experimental drain, Weir 584 Velocity coefficients for a dredged drainage canal, Hodges 585 Reduction of seepage losses in a canal through poms shale. Miner 585 Care and attention necessary for maintenance of metal flumes, Pyle 585 Rectangular wooden flumes, Stevens 586 Method of making drainage and improvement assessments, Cupper 586 The hygiene of water, Gartner 586 Disinfection of water by sodium hypochlorite and peroxid, Doyen and Toda . . 586 Laboratory manual of bituminous materials, Hubbard 586 Road material surveys in 1914, Reinecke 586 Reinforcement for concrete roads, Chamberlin 587 Some factors in the Indiana road problem, Martin 587 Report of the [Iowa] State Highway Commission for 1915 587 Third annual report of the State Highway Commission of the State of Maine. . . 587 How to run the gas engine simplified, St. John 587 Truck and tractor engines. Horning 588 Exhibition trial of motor tillage implements 588 [Special tests of tractors, 19151, Ringelmann 588 Public tests of mechanical cultivating apparatus in 1916, Buchard 588 Mechanical cultivation, Dessaisaix 589 Report on demonstrations with motor tractors at York, 1915, Gilchrist 589 Motor plows and motor plowing, Amos 589 Engine plows, Weaver 589 Experiments on mechanical cultivation at Grignon, Berthault 589 N. G. E. A. data sheets, compiled by Bratte 590 Markets for agricultural implements and machinery in Argentina, von Motz . . . 590 Diagram for obtaining number feet B. M. in various timbers. Roof 590 The preservative treatment of farm timbers. Sterling 590 New roofing materials for rural structures, de Saint-Maurice 590 Grain storage buildings, Ekblaw 590 Swine houses, Ekblaw 590 Dairy buildings at United States Naval Academy, Francis 590 Shedding for milch cows on Rhodeeian farms, Simmons 590 Implement sheds, Ekblaw 590 Farm residence heating, Eggleston 590 Electric lighting systems for farm use, Roth 590 Sewage disposal for country homes, Frazier 591 1917] CONTENTS. DC RURAL ECONOMICS. Page. [A study in social dynamics], Gillette 591 Factors which influence rural education in Wisconsin, Merritt and Hatch 592 Twelve ways to meet the new economic conditions here in the South, Carver. . 593 The use of a diary for farm accounts, Thomson 593 Report of commission on land colonization and rural credits, Mead et al 593 Report on the cooperative societies in Bengal, 1914-15, Mitra 593 Insurance against loss from hail, Lagrange 593 A summary of the market situation in Boston 593 Marketing of live stock]. Hall 593 iPrinciples of the grain trade of western Canada, Piper 593 Wholesale prices, Canada, 1914, Coats 593 Wholesale prices, Canada, 1915, Bolton 593 [Agricultural statistics of the United States] 594 English agriculture, Skalweit 594 A short history of English rural life, Fordham 594 Report of the departmental committee on food production in Ireland 594 [Agricultural statistics of Russia] 594 Agricultural Statistics of Java and Madura 594 [Agriculture in Japan] 594 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. History of the Maine State College and the University of Maine, Femald. . ... 594 [Proceedings of agricultural and domestic science sections], edited by Ilollister . 594 Education as it affects agriculture, Turner 595 Report of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland . . . 596 Exercises in agriculture, Dadisman 596 One hundred exercises in agriculture, Gehrs and James 596 Courses in the farm-life schools of North Carolina, Hodson 596 [Rural school agriculture] 596 The story of the forest, Dorrance 596 The principles of feeding farm animals. Bull 597 Judging horses as a subject of instruction in secondary schools. Barrows 597 Poultry production, Lippincott 597 Lessons on poultry for rural schools, Heald 597 Mechanical drawing for the farm and agricultural school, Krogh 597 Agricultural arithmetic, Stratton and Remick 597 Rural arithmetic, Thomas 597 Household arts and school lunches, Boughton 598 MISCELLANEOUS. Brief statutory history of United States Department of Agriculture, Caffey 598 Federal legislation, etc., affecting agricultural colleges and stations 598 Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1916 598 Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1916 598 Concerning certain technical bulletins and the annual report 598 Index to Popular Bulletins 1 to 100 598 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED, Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Page. Bui. 192, Nov., 1916 563 Alabama Tuskegee Station: Bui. 32, 1916 562 Bui. 33, 1917 593 California Station: Bui. 273, Nov., 1916 584 Bui. 274, Dec, 1916 536 Bui. 275, Dec, 1916 538 Circ. 156, Oct., 1916 571 Circ. 157, Nov., 1916 545 Circ. 158, Dec, 1916 509 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 87, Sept., 1916 570 Delaware Station: Bui. 114, Nov., 1916 544 Bui. 115, Dec, 1916 516 Illinois Station: Bui. 192, Dec, 1916 569 Indiana Station : Bui. 191, Sept., 1916 564 Bui. 192, Sept., 1916 568 Bui. 193, Sept., 1916 565 Iowa Station: Bui. 155, popular ed.. May, 1915 550 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 79, Oct., 1916 563 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 381, Oct., 1916 543 Bui. 382, Oct., 1916 544 Bui. 383, Oct., 1916 554 New York State Station: Bui. 422, July, 1916 530, 531 Bui. 423, Aug., 1916 549,550 Bui. 424, Aug., 1916 510 Bui. 425, Oct., 1916 520 North Carolina Station: Circ. 34, Dec, 1916 532 Porto Rico Board of Agriculture Station: Bui. 16, 1916 521 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 167, June, 1916 528 Utah Station: Circ 21, 1916 528 Vermont Station: Bui. 194, Mar., 1916 539 Bui. 195, Mar., 1916 558 Bui. 196, Mar., 1916 548 Bui. 197, Mav, 1916 530, 563 Bui. 198, June, 1916 511, 521 Bui. 199, July, 1916 598 X Stations in the United States — Contd. Vermont Station — Continued. page Bui. 200, Sept., 1916 534 Bui. 201, Oct., 1916 559 Circ 10, Dec, 1915 520 Circ. 11, Oct., 1916 598 An. Rpt., 1916 598 Washington Station: Index to Popular Buls. 1-100, Aug., 1916 598 West Virginia Station: Bui. 158, July, 1916 535 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 39, Oct., 1916. . 514 Research Bui. 40, Oct., 1916. . 592 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 8: No. 1, Jan. 2, 1917 519, 579 No. 2, Jan. 8, 1917 569, 577 Bui. 380, Endothia parasitica and Related Species, C. L. Shear et al . . 548 Bui. 395, Peach Scab and Its Con- trol, G. W. Keitt 545 Bui. 416, The Red Spider on Cot- ton, E. A. McGregor and F. L. McDonough 557 Bui. 437, Flat-headed Borers Af- fecting Forest Trees in the United States, H. E. Burke 554 Bui. 442, Possibility of the Com- mercial Production of Lemon- grass Oil in the United States, S.C.Hood 538 Bui. 453, The Control of Damping- off of Coniferous Seedlings, C. Hartley and R. G. Pierce 547 Bui. 461, The Identification of Grasses by Their Vegetative Characters, L. Carrier 527 Bui. 464, Lessons on Poultry for Rural Schools, F. E. Heald 597 Bui. 468, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, and Other Starchy Roots as Food, C. F. Langworthy 560 Bui. 478, The Origin, Characteris- tics, and Quality of Humpback \Mieat, L. M. Thomas 533 Bui. 485, Apples: Production Esti- mates and Important Commer- cial Districts and Varieties, H. P. Gould and F. Andrews 536 1917] LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. XI U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Page. Bul. 487, Judging Horses as a Sub- ject of Instruction in Secondary Schools, H. P. Barrowa 597 Bul. 489, A Survey of Beekeeping in North Carolina, E. G. Carr 555 Farmers' Bul. 782, The Use of a Diary for Farm Accounts, E. H, Thomson 593 Farmers' Bul. 787, Sea Island Cot- ton, W. A. Orton 530 Office of the Secretary: Office of the Solicitor — A Brief Statutory History of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, F. G. Caffey 598 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1915 — Soil Survey of Clay Coun- ty, Alabama, A. E. Tay- lor et al 511 States Relations Service: Federal Legislation, Regula- tions, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, re- \ised to Aug. 15, 1916 598 Weather Bureau: Nat. Weather and Crop. Bul. 31,1916 510 Nat. Weather and Crop Bul. 32,1916 509 Scientific Contributions: * The Arsenates of Lead, II, C. C. McDonnell and C. M. Smith 501 On the Constituents of Poison Ivy {Rhus toxicodendron), S. F. Acree.. 502 Lignoceric Acid from Rotten Oak Wood, M. X. SulUvan. . 502 Electrical ConductiWty of So- lutions at Different Frequen- cies, V-VII, W. A. Taylor andS.F. Acree 503 Effect of Pressure on Potential of Hydrogen Electrode, N. E. Loomis and S. F. Acree 503 A Method for the Determina- tion of Nitric Nitrogen, F. M. Scales 504 The Separation of Lithiuna from the Other Alkali Metals, S. Palldn 505 Estimation of Sugar in Meat Products, Paiticularly Ex- tracts, W. B. Smith 506 The Determination and Dis- tribution of Moisture in Bread, Hannah L. Wessling. A Method for Determining the Strength of Paper \Vheu Wet, E.O. Reed 509 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Page. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Soil Survey of Clinton County, New York, E. T. Maxon and W. R. Cone 511 Self, Close, and Cross Fertili- zation of BeetSj H. B. Shaw. 522 Growing Plants in Large Con- tainers under Control Con- ditions, R. C. Wright 524 Variations in Nodule Forma- tion, L. T. Leonard 527 The Use of Checks and Re- peated Plantings in Varietal Tests, F. J. Pritchard 527 The Histoiy of Kentucky Blue Grass and White Clover, L. Canier and Katharine S. Bort 529 Triple-seeded Spikelets in Sor- ghum, A. B. Cron 532 Experiments in Ti-ansplanting Sugar Beets, F. J. Pritchard and L. E. Longley 533 Varietal Standardization, L. B. Scott........ 537 Bud Variation in Lemons, A. D. Shamel 537 Manganese as Cause of De- pression of Assimilation of Iron by Pineapple, M. O. Johnson 538 Cooperation in the Investiga- tion and Control of Plant Diseases, K. F. Kellerman. 540 Alfalfa Crown Wart in the Western United States, R. McKee 543 Grape Anthracnose in Ameri- ca, C. L. Shear 545 Chlorosis of Pineapples In- duced by Manganese and Carbonate of Lime, P. L. Gile 546 [The White Pine Blister Rust Situation], P. Spaulding 548 A SjTiopsis of the Genus Oxy- thrips, J. D. Hood 550 A New Plectrothrips from Jamaica, J. D. Hood 550 The Identity of Eriosoma quer- ci, A. C. Baker 551 Notes on the Psammocharidse, with a new species, S. A. Rohwer 551 A New Species of Exoprosopa, F.R.Cole 551 Mosquitoes and Man, A. H. Jennings 552 New Aedes from the Mountains of California, H. G. Dyar. . . 552 The Earliest Name of the Yel- low Fever Mosquito, F. Knab 552 > Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. XII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. [Vol. 36 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Eggs and Oviposition in Cer- taLti Species of Mansonia, H. G. Dyar and F. Knab. . . 552 Mosquitoes at San Diego, Cali- fornia, H. G. Dyar 552 What is Tabanus mexicanus'i F. Knab 553 Two New North American Diptera, R. C. Shannon... 553 Critical Notes on Syrphidse, F. Knab 553 Further Notes on Syrphidse, F. Knab 553 Lithohypoderma, a New Fossil Genus of Oestrids, C. H. T. Townsend 553 Some Notes Concerning Over- wintering of the House Fly at Dallas, Texas,W.E. Dove. 553 Muscoid Flies from the South- ern United States, C. H. T. Townsend 554 Some New North American Muscoid Forms, C. H. T. Townsend 554 On Australian Muscoidea, with Description of New Forms, C. H. T. Townsend 554 Miscellaneous Muscoid Notes and Descriptions, C. H. T. Townsend 554 Descriptions of Various Chal- cidoid Hymenoptera, with Observations, I and II, A. A. Girault 555 Some New American Hymen- optera, J. C. Crawford 556 Descriptions of Miscellaneous ChalcidFlies, A. A.Girault. 556 A Remarkable New Genus of Encyrtidse from the West Indies, A. A. Girault 556 A New Genus of Tetrastichini (Chalcidoid Hymenoptera), A. A. Girault 556 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. The North American Species of Dibrachys with a Note on Uriella, A. A. Girault 556 New Chalcid Flies from Mary- land, A. A. Girault 556 The Occurrence of Neoderos- tenus Girault in North Amer- ica, A. A. Girault 556 A New Genus of Omphaline Eulaphid Chalcis Flies from Maryland, A. A. Girault 557 Descriptions of and Observa- tions on Some Chalcidoid Hymenoptera, A. A. Girault 557 The Occurrence of the Genus Achrysocharelloidea in North America, A. A. Girault. 557 The Sexual Evolution of Sar- cocystis muris, H, Crawley. . 557 The lodin Content of Food Materials, R. M. Bohn 561 Experiments with Oil of Che- nopodium and Cardiac Stim- ulants, W. Salant and A. E. Livingston 576 Spontaneous Amebic Dysen- tery in Monkeys, A. Eich- horn and B. Gallagher 576 Occurrence in United States of Certain Nematodes of Rumi- nants, B. H. Ransom 577 Irrigation Field Laboratory at Denver, Colorado, R. B. Sleight 583 Preliininary Report on Kear- ney Vineyard Experimental Drain, W. W. Weir 584 Laboratory Manual of Bitumi- nous Materials, P. Hubbard. 586 Economic Factors Which In- fluence Rural Education in Wisconsin, E. Merritt and K. L. Hatch 592 [Marketing of Live Stock], L. D.Hall 593 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. Abstract Number. No. 6. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The arsenates of lead. — II, Equilibrium in the system PbO, AS2O5, H2O, C. C. McDoNNELX and C. M. Smith {Jour. Anier. Chem. Soc, 38 {1916), No. 11, pp. 2366-2369, fig. i ) .—Continuing the study previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 313), it has been shown that the action of dilute ammonia on di-lead arsenate proceeds as follows: "Transposition to tri-lead orthoarsenate, Pbs(As04)a, the supernatant solution remaining constant at the (NH«)2HAs04 stage until transformation is complete. Formation of solid solutions ranging from tri-lead arsenate to a basic arsenate, beyond which no further change occurs." Yeast protein, C. Neubebq {Wchnschr. Brau., 32 {1915), No. 38, pp. 317, 319, S20). — The author has isolated several samples of protein from yeast by heat coagulation of an aqueous extract of the dry material. An average sample was found to contain nitrogen 13.02 per cent, sulphur 0.92, and phosphorus 0.59. The examination of the pure protein material showed the presence of alanin and tryptophan in the protein molecule, acids not reported by earlier investi- gators. The presence of the alanin suggested it as the source of acetaldehyde encountered in yeast fermentation, and this was verified by experiments carried out with the pure material. The organic phosphoric acid of starch, J. H. Nobthbop {Diss., Columbia Univ., 1915, pp. 22). — This material has been essentially noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 710). Investigation on the occurrence of chitin and cellulose in bacteria, C. Van Wisselingh {Pharm. Weekhl, 53 {1915), Nos. 33, pp. 1069-1018; 34 pp. 1102-1101). — From the results obtained it is concluded that chitin is not in- variably present in bacteria, but often totally absent from the cell-wall material of the micro-organisms. The usual tests for the detection of chitin are deemed unsatisfactory. The presence of cellulose was determined in Bacterium xylinum, but it is not considered to occur so commonly as indicated by many investigators. The poisonous principle of poison oak (Bhus diversiloba), J. B. McNaioi {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 {1916), No. 1, pp. 1^11-1421) .—The results of the investigation reported are summarized as follows : The poisonous principle of poison oak {R. diversiloba) is not a glucosid of rhamnose, fisetin, and gallic acid. Syme's* work from which he concludes that the poison of poison ivy {R. toxicodendron) is a glucosid of fisetin, rhamnose, ^ Some constituents of the poison ivy plant (Rhus toxicodendron). Diss., Johns Hop- kins Univ., 1906, pp. 37; Amer. Chem. Jour., 36 (1906), No. 3, pp. 301-321. 50X 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 and gallic acid should be repeated, because (1) it seems strange that two plants so closely related botanically should have such widely different poisons chemically; (2) all three of the so-called constituents of the poison ai'e found in two nonpoisonous species of Rhus; (3) the natural glucosid of fisetin, rhamnose, and gallic acid is nontoxic; and (4) there is not sufficient evidence that the poisonous substance which Syme attempted to decompose was not a complex and containing a poisonous body in addition to one or more nontoxic glucosids. On the constituents of poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), S. F. Agree (Jour. Amer. CJiem. Soc, 38 (.1916), No. 7, pp. U2 1-1425). —The author indicates and discusses the reasons for the variation in tlie results obtained by Syme and those reported in the above abstract. The botanical difference between the two plants investigated is considered to be the principal reason for the variation of the results. Lignoceric acid from rotten oak wood, M. X. Sullivan {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., S (1916), No. 11, pp. 1027, 1028).— The author definitely isolated lignoceric acid from rotten oak wood. While no tests for cerebrosids in wood have been made, the presence of cerebronic acid in rotten wood is strongly indi- cated. The experimental procedures are described in detail. Relation between the physical and chemical constants of oils and fats, H. J. Backer (Chem. Weekhl, IS (1916), No. 35, pp. 95^-967).— The author dis- cusses the relations that exist between the various constants and the molecular structure of oils and fats. Oils and fats poor in esters of saturated monocarboxy- acids exhibit a close relationship between the refractive index, density, saponifi- cation value, and iodin value. A formula for determining various constants from previously determined constants has been devised and is submitted. Tabular data of the physical and chemical constants of a number of oils and fats are included. Storage changes in vegetable and animal oils, H. A. Gardneb (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 11, pp. 997, 958).— Detailed analytical data of the specific gravity, iodin number, saponification number, acid number, and refractive index of a number of oils obtained during various periods of storage, together with data on the effect of sterilization on these constants, are sub- mitted. The fruit of Smilax rotundifolia, Celia Rogers (Chem. News, II4 (1916), No. 2967, p. 172).— The fruit of the common greenbrier was examined and found to contain sugar to the extent of 7.5 per cent. The specific gravity of the oil extracted was found to be 0.8585, and it possessed a saponification value of 357.14. The ash was found to comprise 3.06 per cent of the dried fruit, and on analysis yielded the following percentage composition: Silica, 0.08; FeiOi and AL0O3, 17.6 ; CaO, 0.79 ; MgO, 0.24 ; SO^ 7.92 ; Mn, 0.76 ; P2O,, 13.38 ; KCl, 32.38 ; NaCl, 5.28 ; and some carbon dioxid and unburned ash. The nitrogen found was 1.12 per cent, which is equivalent to about 7 per cent of protein in the dried fruit. Citric and tartaric acids were shown to be present, but were not determined quantitatively. The fruit of Vaccinium corymbosum, C. H. Harris and W. D. Thkams (Chem. News, II4 (1916), No. 2960, p. 75). — The following percentage composi- tion of the dried fruit of V. corymbosum (blueberry) is reported: Nitrogen, 0.7; oil, 0.93 (specific gravity at 18' C. 0.9, and saponification value 350.96) ; total fiugar (identified as fructose), 41.46; and ash, 0.138. On analysis the ash was found to have the following percentage composition: SiO:, 6.33; AUO,, 17.39; Fe^Oa, 10.5; CaO, 18.11; MgO, 11.48; K2O, 5.65; Na^O, 2.20 ; SO,, 10.94 ; P,0., 14.36 ; MnO, 0.35 ; and a little undetermined carbon dioxid. 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 503 Tartaric and a trace of citric acid were also determined in the aqueous and alcoliolic extracts. Tlie cause of tlie ureolytic action of soy beans, D. H. Westice (Chem. Weekbl, IS (1916), No. 24, pp. 663-677).— From tlie results of the study the author concludes that the ureolytic action of soy beans is not due to bacterial action. The activity of an aqueous glycerin extract was not hindered by anti- septics, except mercuric chlorid and formaldehyde. An aqueous glycerin extract easily passed through a Chamberland-Pasteur candle, the filtrate being prac- tically inactive. This inactivity is not attributed to the removal of any micro- organisms, but as probably due to the absorption of the colloidal enzymic mate- rial as indicated by the complete loss of the ureolytic action of an extract by treatment with kaolin. The action of sunlight on the extract retarded the enzymic action considerably. Normally the action of the enzym was found to be complete in eight hours at room temperature, in three hours at 30° C, and in two hours at 50°. On account of the high fat content of the soy beans the author considers it advantageous to remove the oil before preparing the aqueous glycerin extract, as it facilitates later filtration of the extract. In the determination of urease in urine the presence of glucose was found not to interfere up to concentrations of 3 per cent. An aqueous glycerin extract of soy beans was found to be the most suitable form in which to use the enzym, it retaining its activity for about three months. The enzym in the bean, however, was found to be active after three years. See also previous notes by Groll (E. S. R., 35, p. 110) and Mom (E. S. R., 35, p. 112). The separation of oxidase reactions from the catalase reaction, G. B. Reed {Bot. Gaz., 62 (1916), No. 4, pp. S03-310 figs. 5).— Experiments are re- ported in which platinized electrodes subjected to either nascent oxygen or hydrogen, as previously described (E. S. R., 35, p. 713), were used. The results indicate that " factors which have no effect on the peroxidase activity do alter the catalase action. In other words, the peroxidase action is quite independent of the rate of hydrogen peroxid decomposition, and the two reactions may be regarded as quite separate." Experiments showing that a similar separation of the oxidase from the cata- lase may occur in the living cell are to be discussed in a subsequent paper. The relation of oxidase reactions to changes in hydrogen ion concentration, G. B. Reed (Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 (1916), No. 2, pp. 299-302).— Experiments are reported which indicate that 0.0005-0.007 molar hydrochloi'ic acid is suffi- cient to prevent the action of certain oxidases. The optimum activity of the oxidases appears to be reached when they are in a medium which is very nearly neutral or slightly alkaline. Studies in the measurement of the electrical conductivity of solutions at different frequencies. — V. Investigations on the use of the Vreeland oscillator and other sources of current for conductivity measurements. VI. Investi- gations on bridge methods, resistances, cells, capacities, inductances, phase relations, precision of measurements, and a comparison of the resistances obtained by the use of inductance and capacity bridges. VII. Investigations on the true and apparent resistances, voltage, apparent capacity, size and character of electrodes, ratio of inductance changes to resistance changes, and the relation of induction and capacity to frequency, AV. A. Taylor and S. F. Agree (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 11, pp. 2396-2430, figs. 19). The effect of pressure upon the potential of the hydrogen electrode, N. E. LooMis and S. F. Agree (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 11, pp. 2391- 2396). 504 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Review: The preparation of conductivity water, J. Kendall {Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, S8 (1916), No. 11, pp. 2460-2^66).— The literature on the preparation of conductivity water is reviewed. By one distillation in the open air of tap water to which a few cubic centimeters of Nessler's solution had been added a water of specific conductiv- ity 0.9 X 10"' at 25° C. was obtained. By redistillation in silica vessels and collecting the distillate hot, water of specific conductivity 0.2-0.6 X 10'* at 25° was obtained. Such low values, however, were only observed when the dis- tillate was tested at once. On standing, the values rose to 0.8-0.9 X 10'' and remained stationary for some time. The specific conductivity of the water thus obtained is the same as that given by a saturated solution of carbonic acid under atmospheric conditions. It is indicated that a water obtained as described, to which a proper cor- rection is applied, is as satisfactory in conductivity work as waters distilled by a more elaborate method. A simple mercury sealed ether still, O. C. Smith and D. G. Morgan {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 0916), No. 11, p. 1039, fig. 1). — A convenient ar- rangement for the distillation of ether, constructed at the Oklahoma Experi- ment Station, is described and illustrated by drawings. An electrically heated vacuum desiccator, T. B. Robertson and G. L. A. Schmidt {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 Q916), No. 2, pp. 429-431, fig. i).— A vacuum desiccator, which readily accommodates a 9 in. filter, and its manipulation are described. The desired temperature in the evacuated chamber is main- tained by the heated vapor of dichloromethane or some other suitable com- pound having a boiling point within the range of the temperature desired. Analysis by machinery, B. Sinkinson {Chem. News, II4 (1916), No. 2967, pp. 170-172, figs. 3). — The author describes in detail an electrically operated apparatus for washing precipitates which is considered to be a great time saver. The device is simple in construction, has few moving parts, and can be manipulated with comparatively little attention. A method for the determination of nitric nitrogen, F. M. Scales {Jour. Biol. Chem., 27 {1916), No. 2, pp. 327-337, fig. i).— A new method for the deter- mination of nitric nitrogen in which a zinc-copper couple is used is described in detail. The couple used will reduce a nitrate solution at the boiling point, the reduction thus proceeding during the distillation. Soil solutions high in organic matter yield accurate results if clarified with alumina cream. Owing to the very slight alkalinity of the reducing solution unstable organic com- pounds are not destroyed in the procedure. Experimental data indicating the accuracy of the method are submitted. A simple apparatus which yields excellent results with the method has been devised and is described. The efficiency of the aeration method for distilling ammonia; in answer to certain criticisms, P. A. Kober {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (.1916), No. 11, pp. 2568-2572).— Contrary to the results reported by Falk and Sugiura (E. S. R., 35, p. 110) and others the author maintains that the distillation of ammonia by aeration yields accurate results. To insure accurate results, however, it is necessary to use a sufficient volume of air, as high a column of liquid with as low a volume as is convenient, and an adequate excess of a saturated solution of pure sodium hydroxid. Impure alkali containing or producing sulphite intro- duces an error. Potassium hydroxid should not be used because the difficultly soluble potassium sulphate which separates may carry down ammonia by occlusion or as a double salt. 1917] AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 505 It is indicated that the complete removal of ammonia should be tested with Nessler's solution, and that the aeration should be run slowly or at half speed for the first minute or two. The separation of lithium from the other alkali metals, S. Palkin {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, S8 (1916), No. 11, pp. 2326-2332).— After some preliminary experimentation the author devised a modified procedure, the essentials of which are as follows : The dried mixed chlorids are dissolved in a definite minimum amount of water, acidified with hydrochloric acid, and the major portion of the sodium and potassium chlorids precipitated by the addition of absolute alcohol followed by ether. The precipitated chlorids are filtered, the filtrate evaporated, the residue taken up in absolute alcohol containing a drop of hydrochloric acid, and the residual amount of sodium and potassium chlorids, which is usually very small, is completely precipitated by the addition of ether. These chlorids are then filtered through the same crucible as used for the first precipitate and the residue washed with ether-alcohol mixture. The ether-alcohol solution of lithium is evaporated on the steam bath, the residue taken up with a little water, and a slight excess of sulphuric acid added. The solution is then transferred to a weighed porcelain or platinum dish, evaporated to dryness, and the residue gently ignited. The following optional method is also described : The ether-alcohol solution of the lithium is evaporated to dryness In the steam bath and finally dried in an oven at 110° C. for from 15 to 20 minutes. The residue is taken up in from 5 to 10 cc. of alcohol, warmed if necessary, and then diluted with about 50 cc. of water. If a slight sediment remains the liquid is filtered thiough a Gooch crucible and washed with water, a few drops of phenol- phthalein are added to the filtrate, and the liquid titrated with tenth-normal alkali. The chlorids are precipitated as the silver salt and from the weight of the latter is subtracted the amount corresponding to the hydrochloric acid determined in the titration. Method of extraction as affecting the determination of phosphoric acid in soils, H. BLA.LE and W. L. Habtley (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916"), No. 11, pp. 1028, 1029). — Analytical data submitted show that the 2-hour diges- tion with twice-normal nitric acid, as described by Brauer (E. S. R., 33, p. 110), extracts as much phosphoric acid as the official 10-hour digestion with hydro- chloric acid of .specific gravity 1.115 (E. S. R., 20, p. 512). Investigation of methods for the determination of the soil reaction, H. R. Chbistensen (Tidsskr. Planteavl, 23 (1916), No. 1, pp. 1-83, figs. 4). — Various qualitative and quantitative methods for determining the reaction of soils have been investigated. The results indicate that a distinction between the true acidity and the base absorption area of the soil must be made. The method of Hopkins, given in Bulletin 73 of the Division of Chemistry (E. S. R., 14, p. 1045), and that of Daikuhara (E. S. R., 31, p. 618), were found to yield reliable results in the determination of soil acidity. The procedure of Baumann and Gully (E. S. R., 19, p. 1008) was found to yield more accurate results than that of Tacke and Siichting (E. S. R., 19, p. 1009). No free acids were found in sphagnum turf. The use of litmus paper for the qualitative determination of soil acidity is deemed unreliable. The difficulty of determining the true acidity of a calcareous soil is indicated and briefly discussed. A bibliography of 83 references is included. 85476°— No. 6—17 2 503 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3« The determination of volatile fatty acids according to the method of Duclaux, A. VoiTKEVicH (A. Wojtkiewicz) {Vtestnik Balct. Agron. Sta. V. K. Ferretn, No. 21 (191^), pp. 180-188). — The method is described in detail, and analytical data obtained by its application to a mixture of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids submitted. In a comparative study of the method and the distillation of pure acids results not differing more than 5 per cent from each other were obtained. The variation is attributed to differences in the conditions of the distillations. The method is deemed to yield accurate and trustworthy results. Estimation of sugar in meat products, particularly extracts, W. B, Smith {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 0916), No. 11, pp. i024-i 027). —Slightly modified methods in which mercuric acetate and picric acid are used as protein precipitants are outlined. The experimental data submitted show that the clarification of meat extract solutions for the estimation of sugar by Fehling's solution is best accomplished by using an excess of picric and phosphotungstic acids, followed by a very small quantity of hydrochloric acid. With the proper precautions reducing sugar may be determined witliin 0.1 or 0.2 per cent in the presence of sucrose. The total reducing sugar may be determined within 0.1 per cent. The determination and distribution of moisture in bread, Hannah L. Wessling {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 11, pp. 1021, 1022, figs. 2). — For the determination of moisture in bread the author uses one-half or one-fourth of a loaf, depending upon the character of the crust, and then proceeds as follows : A suitable portion of the bread is weighed as quiclily as possible in a tared dish on a torsion balance, and then carefully heated at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. until practically dry. The dry bread is allowed to stand exposed at room temperature for a few hours in order that its moisture content may come into equilibrium with that of the air, and the loss in moisture to this point is then determined. The air-dried sample is immediately ground to a fine meal and the moisture determined in a 2-gm. sample in the vacuum oven at the temperature of boiling water. From the percentage of moisture obtained in this subsample the total percentage of moisture in the bread is calculated by adding this to the amount lost on heating at 60°. This procedure is prac- tically the same as that previously described.^ The results obtained indicate that there is no appreciable difference in moisture content in slices of bread taken at a reasonable distance from the end of the loaf, or in the crumb of any individual slice taken at a reasonable distance from the crust. A great difference, however, was observed between the moisture obtained in the whole bread (as determined on one-half or one- fourth of a loaf) and that in either the crust or crumb taken separately or in one entire slice. In reporting the moisture content of bread it is necessary, therefore, to state what portion of the bread was used as well as how the moisture was determined. Microscopical examination of chocolates and cocoas. — Determination of shell material in seeds, E. Collin and L. Gobert {Ann. Falsi/., 9 (.1916), No. 92-93, pp. 191-202, figs. 8). — The authors discuss the materials present in chocolate and cocoa which might be considered as adulterants and outline in detail a procedure for microscopical examination. Formulas for calculating the quantity of such foreign material are submitted, together with analytical data obtained from the examination of six samples of chocolate and i?even of cocoa. Since the presence of such material can hardly be avoided or prevented in the finished product, it is suggested that in order to secure uniformity the *Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 48 (1915), No. 4, pp. 605, 606. 1917] AGRICULTXTEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. 507 quantity of extraneous material should be controlled by a simple method of examination. The determination of gum in gum sirups, E. Luce {Ann. Falsif., 9 il916). No. 92-9S, pp. 227-231). — The author briefly describes and comments on the methods of Roussin, Bellier (E. S. R., 25, p. 109), and Rocques and Sellier (E. S. R., 28, p. 206). Analytical results obtained show that either the pro- cedure of Rocques and Sellier or that of Bellier is of practical value, the former being slightly the more accurate. The presence of dextrin causes high results. This, however, is a valuable indication of adulteration and a cause for the rejection of the material as nonofRcial. The polariscopic examination of gum sirups before and after inversion is deemed to be an excellent and accurate procedure. A new method for the determination of vanillin in vanilla extract, A. W. Dox and G. P. Plaisance {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 88 0916), Xo. 11, pp. 481-/,84).— The authors at the Iowa Experiment Station describe the following gravimetric procedure based on the reaction of thiobarbituric acid and certain aromatic aldehydes previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 318) for the determination of vanillin : Twenty-five cc. of the extract is dealcoholized in the usual manner, trans- ferred to a 50-cc. standard sugar flask, and filled to the mark with lead acetate solution. After standing for several hours at about 37° C. the contents of the flask are filtered through a dry filter, 40 cc. of this filtrate is transferred to another 50-cc. flask, and suflicient hydrochloric acid added to bring the volume to 50 cc. and the acidity to 12 per cent. After standing for a few minutes the lead chlorid is filtered off and 40 cc. of the filtrate taken for the determination. Thiobarbituric acid in 12 per cent hydrochloric-acid solution is added, and an orange-colored precipitate results. The precipitate is allowed to stand over- night, filtered on a Gooch crucible, washed with hydrochloric acid, and dried at 98". A simple correction for slight solubility is necessary. Analytical data submitted indicate the accuracy of the procedure. The method is not applicable, however, to extracts which contain caramel, since the caramel contains furfural derivatives which react with thiobarbituric acid. When caramel is present the filtrate after clarification is brown instead of straw colored. A very delicate test was devised by the authors in which after clarifying and removing the excess of lead as chlorid, phloroglucinol is added. In the presence of caramel a brown precipitate is formed, and in its absence the vanillin gives a delicate rose pink color or slight pink precipitate. The use of amyl alcohol in Gerber's method for the determination of fat in milk, Orla-Jensen (Mcelkeritid., 29 (1916), No. 7, pp. 104-106).— From a comparison of the Babcock and Gerber methods it is indicated that the latter in general yields the higher results, the error increasing with the percentage of fat in the milk. The necessity of using amyl alcohol of standard purity is enipliasized. The biological method for judging the freshness of milk according to Parashchuk (Paraschtschuk), P. Kalantaeov (Vtestnik Bald. Agron. Sta. V. K. Ferrein, No. 21 (1914). pp- 84-98). — The author investigated the method pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 508), and found that all the strains of lactic acid bacteria will grow well in the three grades of milk, very fresh, fresh, and old. No evidence of any difference in action in the sense indicated by the originator of the method was noted. Other experiments were carried on with various combinations of the micro- organisms recommended in the original procedure, with the same negative results. It is concluded that the method is absolutely impracticable and unreliable. 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol.36 A polariscopic determination of sugar in " condensed milk,*' R. O. Brooks (Jour. Indus, and- Engin. Chem., 8 {1916), No. 11, 1022-1024) .—The following modified procedure is described : Fifty gm. of the well-mixed sample is diluted with water to exactly 100 cc. and carefully shaken until completely dissolved. Exactly 26 cc. (13 gm.) is pipetted into a beaker, diluted with water to about 40 cc, and Fehling's solution added drop by drop with constant stirring until the proteins and fat are precipitated. Usually about 1.5 cc. is sufficient. The mixture is then filtered and the precipitate washed with water until the filtrate measures exactly 100 cc. The filtrate is thoroughly mixed and a direct reading taken in a 200 mm. tube of the polariscope at a temperature between 20 and 30° C. To exactly 50 cc. of the filtrate 5 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, mixed, and allowed to stand overnight at a temperature between 20 and 30°. The acid is exactly neutralized with strong alkali, using phenolphthalein, and again very slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid. It is then made up to 100 cc, filtered, and the invert reading taken in a 200 mm. tube, as above. The direct reading is mul- tiplied by 2 and the invert reading by 4, and the sucrose calculated by Clerget's formula, using the factor 141.7 as follows : 100 (Direct reading — Invert reading) S-r«se= ,„,_.Te^„p. The procedure described is considered to be rapid and to yield accurate results. A study of proteins in urine and a comparison of gravimetric and nephelo- metric methods for their estimation, J. T. W. Marshall, H. W. Banks, 3bd, and S. S. Gka\'es (Arch. Int. Med., 18 (.1916), No. 2, pp. 250-262).— A. nephelo- metric method, using egg albumin as a standard for the determination of protein in urine, and a formulative expression of the relation between the light and concentration are submitted. It is concluded that " the nephelometric method is satisfactory for clinical purposes, and that the results are in fair agreement with those obtained by the gravimetric method. For urines of low protein concentration the method is no doubt more accurate than the gravimetric. . . . "The nitrogen content of the protein recovered has been found to be lower than the generally accepted values in the case of urine protein." An accurate aeration method for the determination of alcohol in fermenta- tion mixtures, A. W. Dox and A. R. Lamb (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), No. 11, pp. 2561-2568). — The determination of alcohol by oxidation with sulphuric acid and dichromate solution has been carefully studied. The best results were obtained when the alcohol was determined by distillation and titration of the acetic acid formed. A procedure in which the solution is saturated with ammonium sulphate and the alcohol carried over into concentrated sulphuric acid by a current of air is described. The alcoholic sulphuric acid solution is then mixed with a solution of potassium dichromate, and the acetic acid distilled off at once. The method has been used for the determination of alcohol in various kinds of silage at the Iowa Experiment Station with very satisfactory results. The precaiitions necessary in the presence of interfering substances are dis- cMssed. The distillation of cane sugar at the distillery of Oisemont (Somme), fi. Saillakd (Compt. Rend. Acad. Agr. France, 2 (1916), No. 24, pp. 676-681).— These pages briefly record the results of the use of molasses, beets, and apples 1917] METEOROLOGY. 509 as sources of alcohol ; the preparation of fermentation mixtures ; and yields of the finished product. A list of the apparatus used in the work is included. Home and farm canning, W. V. Cruess (California Sta. Circ. 158 iWlG), pp. SI, figs. 10). — This discusses the subject under the general topics of causes of spoiling ; various methods of sterilization ; general principles of home canning ; and operations, materials, and equipment necessary in canning. Special direc- tions for canning viU'ious fruits and vegetables are given in some detail. The theory and practice of the use of pure yeast in the preparation of fruit wines, S. A. Korolev {Vtestnik Bakt. Agron. Sta. V. K. Ferrein, No. 21 (.1914), PP- 99-152). — The literature on the subject is reviewed in some detail and a bibliography of 41 references included. Note on the Burma myi'obalans or " panga " fruits as a tanning material, PuitAN Singh {[Indian] Forest Bui. 32 (1916), pp. 5). — Experimental data sub- mitted show that Burma myrobalans are inferior to the Indian myrobalans in tanning strength, in color, and in containing an excess of nontannin material. It is indicated, however, that they can be used satisfactorily for tanning, espe- cially when mixed with other materials similar to the Indian myrobalans. A procedure for the preparation of Burma myrobalans for the trade is outlined. The conservation of pork, with special reference to preservation by boxing and tubbing, E. Kallert and R. Standfuss (Zent. Einkaufsgesell. Beschrankt. Haftung, Abhandl. No. 4 (.1916), Orig., pp. 96, figs. 2). — This pamphlet discusses the preservation of pork by salting, pickling, and smoking, and various experi- ences in conserving by boxing and tubbing. An appendix containing brief direc- tions for the various procedures of conserving pork, rules to be conformed with in the conservation, and certain control measures in the inspection of such prod- ucts is included. Conservation of fish by freezing, R. Plank, E. Ehrenbaum, and K. Reuteb (Zent. Einkaufsgesell. Beschrankt. Haftung, Abhandl. No. 5 (1916), Orig., pp. 248, iJls. 9, figs. 37). — This publication is divided into two parts, a comparative investigation of different procedures of freezing, and histological and taste changes in frozen fish. In general it is concluded that the rapid freezing in salt solution is to be highly recommended. Direct freezing in ice was also found to yield excellent results for certain fish. Slow freezing in cold air, however, was not found to be satisfactory. With proper care during the preserving period, there is only a very slight change in the taste of the fish. Thawing by soaking in cold water was found to be the most economical and satisfactory procedure. A method for determining the strength of paper when wet, E, O, Reed (Jour. Itulus. and Engin. Chem., 8 (1916), No. 11, pp. 1003, 1004). METEOROLOGY. The weather map: An introduction to modem meteorolog^y, N. Shaw (London: Meteorological Office, 1916, pp. 94, pls. 8, figs. 20; rev. in Nature [London], 98 (1916), No. 2459, pp. 286, 287).— This is a short elementary treatise which appears to be designed primarily for the benefit of those who are making use of meteorology in the present war, but deals with the subject in such a way as to be of interest to others. The lessons of the weather maps are especially well presented. Highest and lowest temperatures of 1916 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 32 (1916), p. 2, pi. 1). — Two charts showing the extremes of temperatures during the year are given and briefly explained. As compared with 1915 " the temperatures were considerably lower in 1916 in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, and eastern Washington. The 510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 isotherms of 10 and 20° were farther south in the cotton belt in 1916 than in 1915, as were also the lines of 32 and 40° in Florida." Frosts of 1916 (V. S. Dept. Aar., Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 31 {1916), p. 2, pi. 1). — Two charts showing dates of occurrence of the last killing frost in spring and the first in autumn are given and briefly discussed. The last killing frost in spring occurred at an earlier date than the average in Texas, eastern Arkansas, southern Tennessee, the upper Mississippi Valley, States immediately north of the Ohio River, and the Middle and North Atlantic States. It was later than usual in South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida. " In most portions of the Atlantic States north of Georgia and gen- erally in the States around Lake Michigan killing frosts during the present autumn occurred at a later date than the average; but in most of the central Gulf States and Texas, and generally in the Great Valley of California, killing frost occurred somewhat earlier than usual." Report of the meteorolog'ical service [of Canada], R. F. Sttjpaet {Proc. and Tram. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 10 {1916), App. C, pp. LXXXIII-CI).— This is a summary account of the work of the service in the physics branch, agricultural meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, and seismology during 1916, with a record of phenological observations in the different Provinces of Canada during 1915. The meteorological olfice of Argentina, G. G. Davis {Min. Agr. Argentina, Mem. Cong. Nac.. 1914-15 pp. 251-324). — This article briefly reviews the history of this office, which is a bureau of the ministry of agriculture of Argentina, and gives its status at the end of 1915, special attention being given to the subject of hydrometric and magnetic observations. It contains a complete list of stations and observers, showing that at the end of 1915 there were 42 stations of the first class, 156 of the second, 12 of the third, and 1,930 of the fourth, making a total of 2,140 stations of all classes. The climate of France, G. Bigourdan (Le Climat de la France. Paris: Gatithier-Villars d Co., 1916, pp. 135, figs. 61; rev. in Rev. G^n. Sci., 27 {1916), No. 22, pp. 663, 664). — This book, based upon the work of the Central Meteorologi- cal Bureau of France, shows the mean values and daily, monthly, and annual variations, as well as the extremes of the principal meteorological elements — temperature, pressure, and wind — for each place in France where observations have been taken. The oscillation of climate in southeast Russia, A. Tol'skii (A. Tolsky) {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Jour. Agr. Expt.) It {1916), No. 4, pp. 255-211, figs. 2).— A certain periodicity of dry and hot and moist and temperate seasons in this region during the nineteenth century is noted and discussed. Influence of the weather on the use by plants of fertilizers, H. R. Chbisten- SEN {Tidsskr. Planteavl, 23 {1916), No. 2, pp. 251-288). — Experiments showed that the meteorological conditions of the year influenced greatly the absorption of fertilizers by plants. The absorption of mineral fertilizers, such as sodium nitrate alone or in addition to manure, was less the more favorable the meteor- ological conditions were for plant growth, indicating that in years when the weather conditions were such as to increase the absorption of the nutritive substances of manure, the plants needed less the nutritive substances contained in the mineral fertilizers. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Measurements of soil fertility, W. H. Joedan {New York State Sta. Bui. 424 (1916), pp. 389-412). — This bulletin reports the results of chemical analyses and vegetation tests of nine unlike soils brought to the station from different parts 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 511 of the State for the purpose of studying the relation of different methods of chemical examination to crop-producing power. " The soils were submitted to chemical examination by different methods : (1) Complete analysis; (2) a determination of the material soluble in hydro- chloric acid of the specific gravity of 1.115 by the A. O. A. C. method; (3) a determination of the materials rendered soluble by continued leaching for 10 days with water, N/200 HCl and N/25 HCl; [and] (4) a determination of the soluble material obtained by shaking five hours with water, N/200 HCl, and N/25 HCl. •' These soils showed by the vegetation tests greatly unlike crop-producing capacity, the dry matter produced varying in two years from 161.5 gm. per box to 9.4 gm. per box. By no one of the methods of chemical examination was there established any relation between the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, either total or soluble, and crop-producing capacity. There appeared to be some relation between the total soluble matter in the soil and productiveness, to the extent that the two soils giving a very low yield of bar- ley showed greatly less solubility than did the others. This relation, however, was not consistent throughout." The general conclusion reached was that the laboratory methods so far devised are not capable of measuring the fertility of soils. Concerning tillage, R. T. BtrKmcK (Vermont Sta. Bui. 198 {1916), pp. 50-83, figs. 19). — This article deals with the principles and practice of tillage. Twenty- three references to literature cited are included. Soil survey of Clay County, Alabama, A. E. Tayloe, E. S. Vanatta, N. E. Bell, and J. L. Andress (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. Jfl, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the State of Alabama, and issued December 30, 1916, deals with the soils of an area of 385,280 acres in the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain provinces in east-central Alabama. " The topography is undulating to moun- tainous, and consists largely of parallel ridges and valleys, with broad rolling areas. . . . There are no large streams, but all parts of the county are reached by drainage ways. . . . "About 96 per cent of the soil is residual In origin, about 3 per cent alluvial, and about 1 per cent colluvial. The loam and stony loam types of soil predomi- nate." Including rough stony land, 23 soil types of 12 series are mapped, of which the Louisa loam and stony loam and the Talladega and Louisa slate loams cover 18, 17, 11.7, and 8.3 per cent of the area, respectively. The Louisa series is the most extensive, covering about 56 per cent of the area. Soil survey of Clinton County, New York, E. T. Maxon and W. R. Cone {N. Y. State Col. Agr., Cornell Vniv. Ext. Bui. 3 (1916), pp. 30-65, pi. 1, fig. 1).— This survey has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 18). The soils of Cuba, J. T. Crawley (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 28 (1916), pp. 86, pis. 19). — This bulletin discusses in some detail the more important physical, chemical, and biological factors of soils, and reports the results of chemical analyses of about 305 samples of typical Cuban soils and chemical analyses of about 28 samples of Cuban waters. Microbiological investigation of the soil in connection with crop yields, A. VoiTKEvicH (A. WojTKiEwicz) (Viestnik Bakt. Agron. Sta. V. K. Ferrehi, No. 21 (1914), PP- 153-179). — Studies in all four seasons of the year of bacterial numbers, nitrogen-fixing power, nitrification, denitrification, putrefaction, urea decomposition, and carbon dioxid production in certain fallow soils and soils planted to winter crops, root crops, clover, and oats are reported. The bacterial numbers were greatest in the spring and were only slightly higher in summer than in winter. No striking differences in bacterial numbers 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. [Vol.36 with the time of year were noted. The uitrogen-fixiiig power was lowest in winter and gradually increased through the spring and summer to a maximum In the fall. On the basis of these results the author judges these soils to be entirely unsatisfactory with reference to productivity. It was further found that the greatest bacterial numbers and nitrogen fixa- tion occurred in a soil growing root crops, while the fallow soil stood nearly the last in both. Conclusions based on these results are considered unsafe. The organic matter of the soil. — I, Some data on hum.us, humus carbon, and humus nitrogen, R. A. Gobtneb (SoU Sci., 2 (1916), No. 5, pp. 395-U2, pis. 2, figs. 17). — Experiments conducted at the Minnesota Experiment Station are reported in which " eight mineral soils, three peats, one muck, and five samples of unchanged vegetable materials were selected and analyzed for total carbon and total nitrogen ; for carbon and ' humus ' soluble in 4 per cent NIIiOH both before and after leaching the substances with 1 per cent HCl ; for carbon and nitrogen soluble in 4 per cent NaOH both before and after leaching the mate- rial with 1 per cent HCl ; for carbon and nitrogen extracted by 4 per cent NaOH from the residue remaining after the soil or vegetable materials which, without previous treatment, had been extracted with 4 per cent NaOH and subsequently leached with acid ; for carbon and nitrogen extracted by the addition of water to the residue remaining from the preceding extraction ; and for nitrogen in the 1 per cent HCl extract. Colorimetric measurements were also made on the Tarious solutions." The results of a comparison of the data obtained are taken to indicate that " the ' humus ' extract of soils and peats is not a typical soil product, formed in the soil by the action of bacteria and fungi, for very similar extracts can be obtained from unchanged vegetable materials. ' Humus ' does not consist en- tirely of a black compound, or compounds, but it also contains a large propor- tion of almost colorless substances, the presence of which is normally masked by the black color. A 4 per cent solution of sodium hydroxid does not extract either the same substances or the same quantity of substances as does a 4 per cent solution of ammonium hydroxid. From a given soil, after leaching with 1 per cent HCl, ammonium hydroxid will extract less carbon and at the same time more color than will a sodium hydroxid solution. In general the forms of soil nitrogen appear to be quite similar in solubility to those forms occurring in unchanged vegetable materials, the only noteworthy difference being that vegetable materials contain a very considerable amount of nitrogen soluble in 1 per cent HCl while soils contain only a small quantity, and the soils contain an appreciable amount of nitrogen quite insoluble in 4 per cent NaOH, in decided contrast to the unchanged vegetable materials." All the mineral soils and the one calcareous peat tested contained a soil pigment which was absent from the unchanged vegetable materials or the acid peats, was intensely black, and contained only a relatively small proportion of the soil nitrogen. From the results obtained, it is considered extremely doubtful if a specific " huraification " of plant materials takes place in the soil. It is concluded that " the common practice of comparing ' humus nitrogen,' determined in a 4 per cent NaOH extract, with ' humus,' obtained by 4 per cent NHiOH, can give only meaningless results. ... A determination of the ' humus ' as ordinarily carried out appears to be wholly without scientific justification. The European method of reporting ' humus ' by making a deter- mination of total organic carbon appears to be far preferable." Thirty-one references to literature bearing on the subject are cited. 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 513 Clienucal, bacteriological, and agricultural investigations on an experi- mental cultivated soil, K. Diem (Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 9 {1916), No. 5, pp. 143-176, pis. 7). — Experiments on the influence of methods of cultivation, of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of tobacco soils, and of mixing the ashes of weeds with soils on the height and green weight of tobacco plants are reported. No relation was found to exist between the green weight or height of plant and the soil properties. The intermixing of considerable amounts of weed ashes with the soil also had no appreciable influence on the stand of tobacco. Influence of pine resin and tannin on the nitrogen economy and on the physical properties of the soil, A. Koch and Alice Oet-sner (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., Jf5 (1916), No. 1-5, pp. 107-118; abs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [Lon- don], 110 (1916), No. eJfJi, I, p. 4^4)- — The results of experiments on the in- fluence of colophony on the biological transformation of nitrates are taken to indicate that pine resin in soils produces a source of energj' for nitrate-reducing soil bacteria. This is thought to explain in part why soils containing resin contain less nitrate than soils containing no resin. It is further considered possible that nitrification in soils is hindered by the presence of resin con- stituents dissolved by all^ali salts. In experiments on the influence of tannin on the biological transformation of soil nitrates, it was found that tannin is readily assimilated by mold fungi. The results are taken to indicate that the increased growth of fungi gives rise to a temporary loss of nitrogen present as nitrate and ammonia, thus explaining why soils containing tannin contain only small amounts of nitrate. With refer- ence to the production from tannin of poisonous substances inhibiting nitrifica- tion it was found that no oxalic acid was produced from tannin by Aspergillus niger. The addition of tannin to soils resulted in the production of a dark color not due to iron, and increased the power of retaining water. Large additions of tannin caused the soil to become hard, this being attributed tentatively to the precipitation of colloids. Influence of moisture on the nitrogen changes in soils, A. E. Teaaen (CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 45 (1916), No. 1-5, pp. 119-135; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 16, p. 2118). — Experiments on nitriflcation, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation showed that nitrogen fixation especially was most active when the soil contained medium amounts of moisture. On the nature of ammonification and nitrification, K. Miyake (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 5, pp. 481-492, fig. 1). — A mathematical analysis, made at the Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, of the processes of ammonification and nitrification in soils as described in experimental work by others is reported. On the basis that the processes of ammonification and nitrification are auto- catalytic chemical reactions, it is pointed out that in these processes the maxi- mum increase of ammonia and nitric acid in a unit of time occurs when the total amount of production due to these processes is half completed. " Increases of ammonia and nitric acid in the processes are in accordance X with the formula: Log =K (t — ti), where x is the amount of am- A — X monia and nitric acid which has been produced at time t, A is the total amount of ammonia and nitric acid produced during the process, K is a constant and <, is the time at which half of the total amount of ammonia and nitric acid is produced." 514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The gain in nitrogen from the growth of legumes on acid soils, E. B. Feed and B. J. Graul {Wisconsin Sfa. Research Btil. 39 {1916), pp. 42, figs. 20). This is a progi-ess vt-port of pot and field experiments made to study the growth and nitrogen-fixing power of red clover, alfalfa, and soy beans in acid Colby silt loam and acid Pluinfield sand under the influence of liming and inoculation and to study the nitrogen balance in an acid soil before and after growing a leguminous crop. It was found that inoculation and liming produced striking increases in plant growth, half enough lime to neutralize the soil acidity being sufficient for the production of good crops. " The growth and nitrogen content of alfalfa plants on Colby silt loam soil are greatly increased by inoculation. This influence was most noticeable in the limed series. The benefit of lime alone was much less pronounced than inoculation alone. In the case of soy beans in the same soil, inoculation caused a very marked increase in both yield and quantity of nitrogen. Lime apparently did not have any decided influence on soy beans." In the Plainfield sand an enormous increase of nitrogen in the plant was noted from inoculation, especially after the .second cutting. Clover on Colby silt loam responded only slightly to liming and not at all to inoculation, but on Plainfield sand responded readily to both inoculation and liming. The results obtained from field experiments with alfalfa and soy beans on Colby silt loam agreed in general with those of the pot tests. Two fundamental facts are brought out, (1) that the characteristic effect of inoculation of alfalfa on acid Colby silt loam and acid Plainfield sand is an increase in plant growth and in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and (2) that small applications of lime on acid soils are more economical than large applications. Twenty-one references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. The physiologically acid and alkaline salts and their importance in the explanation of soil sickness, J. H. Aberson {Meded. Rijks Hoogere Land, Tuin en. Boschbouwsch. [Wageningen], 11 {1916), No. 1-3, pp. t-128, pis. 10).— The work of others bearing on the subject is reviewed, and experiments are reported from which the following conclusions are drawn : The physiologically acid and alkaline salts exert very little influence on soil reaction in the field, although much of the lime is lost from soil by heavy fertilization with ammonium salts, thus causing marked changes in the soil properties. Changes of soil reaction in pot cultures can be considered as repre- senting field conditions in only a very general way. The alkaline or acid reaction of the soil is not the cause of the so-called dry spot sickness (Diirr- fleckenheit). It is stated that the dry spot sickness appears on all soils, but when am- monium sulphate is used the disease has a different appearance than the so-called acid sickness attributed to the slow formation of nitrites. The disease was found to accompany the occurrence of nitrites in soils and Bacillus nitrosus was obtained in pure culture. Injurious action took place only where nitrifica- tion was slow and insufficient, and treatment producing active nitrification eradicated the trouble. The vertical distribution of phosphorus in the surface soil of prairies, F. J. Alway and C. O. Rost {Soil ScL, 2 {1916), No. 5, pp. .^93-^97).— Deter- minations of the phosphorus content of each inch section of the surface foot of the soils of 30 virgin fields in six different areas of the Nebraska loess, made at the Minnesota Experiment Station, are reported. It was found that "prairie loess soils in the surface foot show a steady de- crease in phosphorus from the surface inch downward, independent of the 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 515 aridity of the climate in wliicli tliey laave formed. Tlie concentration of phos- phorus in the surface layers, while it may be attributed to the prairie vegeta- tion, is not dependent upon a corresponding concentration of organic matter, the difference between the first and the twelfth inch being much the greater with the latter." The average phosphorus contents of the soils of the six areas were 0.141, 0.137, 0.147, 0.122, 0.132, 0.145, and 0.137 per cent. In addition attention is drawn to the importance of considering the relative densities of soils when taking samples for comparisons of the phosphorus content of long cultivated soil with that of virgin prairie or prairie fields. The mobilization of soil phosporic acid under the influence of bacteria, IV, S. Severin (S. a. Severin) {Viestnik Bakt. Agron. Sta. Y. K. Ferreln, No. 21 (1914), PP- 53-83). — Continuing investigations previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 721), experiments with chernozem soil on the influence of the activity of certain soil micro-organisms on the solubility of phosphoric acid, carbon dioxid production, the quantitative variation of nitrate content, total nitrogen, and on bacteral numbers are reported. In the first series three soil samples were used, one sterile, a second sterilized and inoculated with pure cultures of Azotobacter, and a third sterilized and inoculated with cultures of Bacterium radieicola and Azotobacter. The phos- phoric acid soluble in acetic acid increased in the inoculated soils from 8 to 14 per cent over that in the sterile soil. In a second series one soil was sterilized, a second sterilized and inoculated with pure cultures of B. fliiorescens liqtiefaciens, and a third sterilized and inoculated with pure cultures of Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus. The soluble phosphoric acid decreased about 5.8 per cent in the second soil and increased about 12.9 per cent in the third soil. Carbon dioxid production was about the same in both soils, but the numbers of Bacterium fluorescens liquefaciens far exceeded those of Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus. Both bacterial types were accompanied by a similar increase in soil nitrogen (about 20.6 mg. in 100 gm. of dry soil) and a .slight decrease in nitrate content, the latter being more marked in the case of Bacterium fluorescens liquefaciens. In the third series one soil was allowed to stand two months in its natural state, a second was sterilized, and a third was sterilized and inoculated with pure cultures of Bacillus mijcoides. The bacterial numbers in the third soil differed but slightly from those in the first soil. Carbon dioxid production was four times as great in the first soil as in the third. B. mycoides showed no effect on the soil nitrate content or on the total nitrogen content, while both were decreased in the unsterilized soil. The soluble phosphoric acid decreased about 12.6 per cent in the unsterilized soil and increased about 4.2 per cent in the soil containing B. mycoides. The influence of salts on the bacterial activities of the soil, J. E. Greaves {Soil Sei., 2 (1916), No. 5, pp. U3-480, figs. 4).— Experiments conducted at the Utah Experiment Station on the influence of the chlorid, nitrate, sulphate, and carbonate of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and iron on ammonification in a productive sandy loam soil are reported. It was found that the toxicity of the salts tested as determined by ammoni- fication was controlled largely by the electro-negative ion. As a general rule, to which there were exceptions, the chlorids were the most toxic and nitrates, sulphates, and carbonates followed in the order of decreasing toxicity. The quantity of a salt which could be applied to a soil without decreasing the ammonia formed varied with the salt, and for the soil under investigation the order of decreasing toxicity of the salts was as follows : Calcium chlorid, cal- cium nitrate, sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, magnesium nitrate, ferric 516 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 sulphate, potassium chlorid, magnesium chlorid, sodium clilorid, manganous chlorid, magnesium sulphate, manganous sulphate, potassium nitrate, ferric chlorid, manganous nitrate, sodium nitrate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sul- phate, ferrous carbonate, ferric nitrate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, manganous carbonate, and calcium carbonate. The last two were not toxic in any of the concentrations used. It was not necessarily those compounds which become toxic in the lowest concentrations which were most toxic in higher concentrations, as the toxicity of some salts increased more rapidly than the toxicity of others. It is considered evident that the increased osmotic pressure exerted by the salt added to the soil plays a great part in the retard- ing of the bacterial activity but that it is not the only factor. " The common soil 'alkalis,' sodium chlorid, calcium chlorid, sodium sul- phate— and the less common one — calcium nitrate, are very toxic to ammoni- fying organisms, and if present in soil to any great extent will greatly reduce the ammonia produced in such a soil. " Calcium chlorid, calcium nitrate, potassium chlorid, potassium sulphate, magnesium nitrate, and sodium sulphate failed to increase the ammonia pro- duced in a soil. All of the others, however, in some of the concentrations tested acted as stimulants. The extent of the stimulation and the quantity of salt necessary for maximum stimulation varied with the compound. In the order of increasing efficiency they are magnesium chlorid, manganous chlorid, potassium nitrate, ferric nitrate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulphate, ferric sulphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chlorid, sodium nitrate, ferrous car- bonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, manganous carbonate, calcium carbonate, manganous nitrate, ferric chlorid, and manganous sulphate. Those compounds which are most active as stimulants to the higher plants are also most active in stimulating bacteria. . . . " The quantity of sodium chlorid, calcium chlorid, potassium chlorid, and magnesium chlorid required to reduce the ammonifying powers of the soil to half normal is practically the same as the quantity necessary to reduce the growth of wheat to the same extent. The ammonifying organisms are ap- parently more resistant to the other compounds tested than are the higher plants." Fifty-seven references to literature bearing on the subject are cited. A preliminary report on muck humus as a fertilizer and carrier of bene- ficial soil bacteria, T. F. Manns and J. M. Goheen {Dclaivare Sta. Bui. 115 (1916), pp. S-40, pis. 13). — It was found in the studies here reported that muck such as is found in the trucking districts of northern New Jersey, although nor- mally low in beneficial soil bacteria (containing a limited number of clover nod- ule bacteria only ) , becomes a very favorable medium for the growth of such bac- teria when properly balanced and reinforced, especially with basic substances. Forty dilTerent combinations or composts were tested in these studies. Among those giving the best results with nodule-forming bacteria were (1) muck 2,000 lbs., Thomas slag 15 to 50 lbs., carbohydrate 30 to 60 lbs., inoculating soil 25 lbs. ; (2) muck 2,000 lbs., potassium carbonate 10 lbs., acid phosphate 50 lbs., calcium carbonate 100 lbs., carbohydrate 30 lbs., inoculating soil 25 lbs. ; and (3) muck 2,000 lbs., ash 25 lbs., Thomas slag 25 lbs., calcium carbonate 100 lbs., carbo- hydrate 30 lbs., inoculating soil 25 lbs. Satisfactory inoculation of the composts was secured with soil which had been found to give strong inoculation to each of the various groups of legumes. Azotohacter chroococcum was readily introducetl by using soils from Colorado and North Dakota. The inoculated composts gave strong inoculation to the dif- ferent groups of legumes when the latter were grown in sterilized sand cultures using the composts at the rate of 2 lbs. per acre of 2,000,000 lbs. Somewhat 1917] SOILS FEETILIZERS. 517 Stronger inoculation and growtli were produced by using the compost at rates of 100 and 500 lbs. per acre. Crude carbohydrates and basic compounds such as ash and Thomas slag proved very efficient in developing nodule-forming as well as nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying organisms, ash being the most active mineral substance in this respect as indicated by crop response. Properly rein- forced composts furnished all of the nitrogen required for the growth of rye and millet, being more effective in this respect than applications of cyanamid and guano. The results reported show that the nodule-forming organisms of alfalfa, red clover, soy beans, and cowpeas may grow well in muck humus having a lime requirement of 5,000 lbs. per acre of 2,000,000 lbs. Experiments on " humogen " (bacterized peat), J. A. Voelckeb {Wobuni Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 43-^8, pi. 1; Jour. Roy. Agr. Sac. England, 76 (1915), pp. 357-362, pi. 1). — Experiments with oats, peas, and mustard to determine the influence of bacterized peat when added in amounts of 1 part peat to 9 and 19 parts of soil are reported. Sodium nitrate in equivalent amounts with reference to nitrogen content was used for comparison. The following conclusions are drawn : " Under conditions such as those obtaining in greenhouse cultivation, and where plants can be regularly watered and tended, a good preparation of •humogen' may produce a very marked increase in the growth of the green parts of plants and in the growing of green crops, but it will show practically no benefit in the production of grain." Contribution to the knowledge of the nodule bacteria (Bacterium radici- cola) in soils, P. Kalantarov (P. B. Kalantabow) {VQstnik Bakt. Agron. Sta. V. K. Ferrein, No. 21 (1914), PP. 21-52).— The work of others bearing on the subject is briefly reviewed and culture experiments with chernozem and pro- ductive loam soils are reported. It was found that nodule bacteria require for their growth a minimum moisture content of about 30 per cent. The growth of B. radicicola increased with greater moisture contents. In general a certain parallelism existed between moisture content of sterilized soil and the number of active nodule bacteria. A study of the relation of other soil bacteria to B. radicicola showed that Bacillus mycoides and Bacterium fluorescens liquefadcns, neither In soil nor culture media, exerted any appreciable influence on the growth of Bacterium radicicola. On the other hand. Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus and B. coli communis showed a rather strong antagonism toward Bacterium radicicola. The injurious influence of these organisms was weaker in soil. Inoculation of nodule bacteria into sterilized and unstertlized soils resulted in a slow, weak growth. A slight change in the physiological properties of the noduk- bacteria isolated from the unsterilized soil was observed. Studies of a number of bacteria isolated directly from soil led to the con- clusion that only one of these could be placed with certainty in the B. radicicola class. The movement of nodule bacteria in sterilized soil was not very marked, averaging only about 0.52 cm. per day. Are spore-forming bacteria of any significance in soil under normal condi- tions? H. J. Conn {Jour. Bact., 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. i87-ii»5).— Experiments made at the New York State Experiment Station with three of the spore- forming bacteria always present in soil {Bacillus mycoides, B. cereus, and B. megatherium) are reported, which showed that "when soil infusion was heated before plating at a temperature (75-85° C.) high enough to kill the vegetative forms of bacteria, nearly, if not quite, as many colonies of these spore-forming 518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 bacteria developed as when it was plated unheated. . . . This suggests that these bacteria occur in normal soil as spores rather than in a vegetative state. No increase in the total number of these organisms nor decrease in the number of their spores could be detected in a pot of soil to which fresh manure had been added. " These results throw considerable doubt on the common assumption that these organisms are important ammoniflers in the soil. They raise the question as to what possible soil conditions favor their growth and multiplication." A possible function of Actinomycetes in soil, H. J. Conn {Jour. Bad., 1 {1916), No. 2, pp. 197-207).— Studies conducted at the New York State Experi- ment Station on the number and activities of Actinomycetes in fine sand, fine sandy ioam, sandy loam, muck, stony loam, silty clay loam, loam, and gravelly loam soils are reported. It was found that, in general, more colonies of Actinomycetes developed on plates made from sod soil than on those from cultivated soil. The average ratio between their numbers in neighboring sod and cultivated spots in the same soil type was slightly over 2 : 1. The maximum ratio was about 6 : 1. Actinomycetes averaged about 38 per cent of the total flora of sod soil, as determined by means of gelatin plates, but only about 20 per cent of the total flora of cultivated soil. In a study of three neighboring spots in a single soil type, it was found that with few exceptions Actinomyces colonies not only appeared in greater numbers from sod than from cultivated soil, but also in greater numbers from old sod than from sod only two or three years old. "A probable explanation for this difference in numbers seems to be that Actinomycetes are active in the decomposition of grass roots." The relation of protozoa to certain groups of soil bacteria, T. L. Hills {Jour. Bad., 1 {1916), No. 4, pp. 423-435).— Experiments conducted at the Wis- consin Experiment Station on the effect of protozoa on ammonification, nitrifi- cation, and nitrogen fixation in silt-loam soil are reported. It was found that " in the soil cultures the presence of protozoa under the conditions of the experiments did not have any noticeable effect, detrimental or otherwise, on the processes of ammonification, nitrification, and free nitrogen fixation. In the case of the liquid cultures employed in the study of free nitrogen fixation the conditions were at an optimum for the development of the protozoa, and under these circumstances they limited bacterial activity as evidenced by the harmful effect on the fixation of free nitrogen. Undoubtedly under these conditions the protozoa were active in destroying the Azotobacter cells." Sterilization of the soil, R. S. Cunliffe {Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 29 {1916), pp. 17, pis. 12). — This bulletin describes methods of soil sterilization used in Cuba and the results obtained. The fire method is considered to be crude and uncertain. The use of anti- septics is expensive and is deemed inferior to the use of hot water and steam. The details of the method of steam sterilization practiced at the Cuba Experi- mental Station are presentetl, and it is concluded that this method has passed the experimental stage to an extent to make it of considerable practical value on plantations in Cuba, especially where the agriculture is intensive. Green manuring experiments, J. A. Voelcker {Woburn Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 15-17; Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 {1915), pp. 329-331).— Green manuring experiments with corn on light soil are reported showing that the plowing in of leguminous crops, such as tares, did not give a return equal to that resulting from the plowing in of nonleguminous crops, such as rape or mustard. The soils receiving tares, however, contained more moisture, organic matter, and nitrogen than the nonleguminous soils. 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 519 Availability of potash in certain orthoclase-bearing soils as affected by lime or gypsum, L. J. Bbiggs and J. F. Breazeale (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jotir. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 1, pp. 21-28). — Experiments are reported in which *' samples of pegmatite and orthoclase were collected near Riverside, Cal., repre- senting, respectively, types of the potash-bearing rock and mineral from which many of the citrus soils appear to be derived. These samples were finely ground and shaken for a number of days with aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxid and of calcium sulphate in graduated concentrations. Tlie calcium-hydrate solutions did not modify the solubility of the potassium in either pegmatite or orthoclase. Gypsum solutions depressed the solubility of potassium in orthoclase, the quantity of potash in solution decreasing progressively as the concentration of the calcium sulphate increased. " Similar tests were made upon a virgin soil of a granitic type from the experiment station near Riverside, Cal. The solubility of the potash was not measurably different in distilled water and in solutions of calcium hydrate or calcium sulphate. "The addition of calcium sulphate to a citrus soil which had been under cultivation for some time and which was more granular and less weathered than the virgin soil decreased the solubility of the potash, " The potassium content of wheat seedlings was practically the same when grown (1) in water containing finely ground orthoclase, and (2) in a saturated calcium-sulphate solution containing the same quantity of orthoclase. Similar experiments in which a citrus soil was used instead of orthoclase showed a decreased absorption of potassium by wheat seedlings in the presence of calcium sulphate. " The experiments indicate that the availability to plants of the potash in .soils derived from orthoclase-bearing rocks is not increased by the addition of lime or gypsum. In some instances a marked depression of the solubility of the potash in the presence of g:sT)sum was observed." Acidity of soils and lime requirements, J. A. Voelcker (Woburn Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. U-^S; Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 (1915), pp. 355-357).— The results obtained in these experiments are similar to those obtained in the 1914 experiments (E. S. R., 35, p. 324). Chalking: A useful improvement for clays overlying the chalk, E. J. Rus- sell (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 28 (1916), No. 7, pp. 625-632, pi. 1, fig. J).— This is a brief account of the method and cost of obtaining and using chalk on stony clay soils in the English counties surrounding the city of London, together with n brief review of results showing the effect of chalk on different crops. The relation of lime to magnesia in soils, J. A. Voelckeb (Wohurn Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 37-41, pis. 2; Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 (1915), pp. 351-355, pis. 2). — Experiments on the effect on wheat of adding caustic lime and calcium carbonate to soils containing an excess of magnesia and of adding caustic magnesia and magnesium carbonate to soils containing an excess of lime are reported. In the first case the conclusion was reached that " lime may be added in con- siderable excess of the magnesia present provided it be put on in the form of carbonate of lime and not as caustic lime." In the second case the results were not conclusive. Influence of magnesia on wheat, J. A. Voelcker (Wohurn Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 17-20; Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 (1915), pp. 33i-3S^).— Experi- ments with wheat on two 1/20-acre plats of soil containing 0.46 per cent of calcium oxid and 0.2S per cent of magnesium oxid, to which ground magnesia was added at the rate of 4 tons per acre, showed that the wheat on 520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the magnesia plat was darker in color, stronger, and better tillered out than on the untreated plat. The total yield was also greater on the magnesia plat. On plats of previous experiments, it was found that the wheat crop showed after three years a slight advantage from the application of magnesia. The influence of strontium salts on wheat, J. A. Voelcker {Wobum Expt. Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 30-37, pis. 2; Jour. Roy Agr. Soc. EmiJand, 76 (1915), pp. 34^-351, pis. 2). — Experiments on the influence of the sulphate, nitrate, hydrate, chlorid, and carbonate of strontium on wheat in light unproductive soil when added in amounts equivalent to 0.05 and 0.1 per cent of strontium are reported. It is concluded that " strontium in the form of the sulphate, the hydrate, and the carbonate, is, when given up to 0.1 per cent, practically without effect either on the germination of the seed or the increase of the crop. Strontium used in the form of nitrate produces an increase of crop, but this can not be attributed to the presence of strontium. Strontium applied as chlorid has a retarding effect on germination and, when used in quantity approaching 0.1 per cent of strontium, has a distinctly toxic effect." Experiments on the influence of boric acid and borax on wheat when added in amounts equivalent to 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, 0.0005, 0.00025, and 0.0001 per cent of boron and on barley when added in amounts equivalent to from 0.001 to 0.0001 per cent boron are also reported. It is concluded that " germination is retarded when over 0.003 per cent of boron is used, and even 0.001 per cent, more especially with borax, seems to delay germination. Over 0.001 per cent of boron, either as boric acid or borax will prevent plants from developing and forming grain. A toxic influence is shown with 0.0005 per cent of boron, but with quantities not exceeding 0.00025 per cent there is a slightly stimulating effect. The effects generally are more marked with borax than with boric acid." Action of manganese, iron, and copper on the growth of plants, H. Vageler (Landw. Vers. Stat., 88 {1916), pp. 159-242; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londoni, 110 (1916), No. 6U, I, p. 457; Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 20, p. 2609).— Water culture experiments with oats, lupines, and beans, pot experiments with oats and lupines, and field experiments with oats are reported. " In the water cultures the amounts of manganese sulphate, iron sulphate, and copper sulphate employed were, respectively, 0.482, 0.556, and 0.042 gm. per liter. No stimulating effects were observed in the water-culture experi- ments, and addition of calcium and sodium chlorids failed to diminish the poisonous effects, which were much the greatest in the case of copper sulphate. Beans were much less sensitive to copper than oats. In the pot experiments iron and copper slightly reduced the yield of oats, especially in sand, while manganese had no effect either in sand or in loam. Lupines were benefited both by iron and copper but not by manganese. In the field experiments the three metals had practically no effect." Concerning the use of commercial fertilizers in 1916 (Vermont Sta. Circ. 10 (1915), pp. 16). — This is a summary of the opinions expressed at a meet- ing of the directors of the experiment stations of the North Atlantic States as to the best procedure in maintaining soil fertility in those States in view of the present abnormal fertilizer situation. Analyses of commercial fertilizers (New York State Sta. Bui. 425 (1916), pp. 413-471). — This bulletin gives the results of analyses by the station of samples of fertilizers collected by the commissioner of agriculture of New York during 1916. Attention is called to the fact that because of the abnormal trade conditions no attempt is made to give approximate commercial valuations of the fertilizers. 1917] AGEICULTUKAL BOTANY. 521 Official report on commercial fertilizers licensed, inspected, and analyzed during the year 1914 {Agr. Com. Ohio, Off. Rpt. Com. Pert., 19U, pp. 273).— In addition to a large amount of general information regarding the selection, purcliase, and use of commercial fertilizers in Oliio, this report contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 726 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Ohio during 1914. Commercial fertilizers, W. B. Cady {Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 16 {1916), pp. 12). — This bulletin gives a brief general discussion of fertilizers in relation to crop production, and reports the results of actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 106 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Porto Rico. Commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and G. F. Andebson {Yer- mont Sta. Bui. 108 {1916), pp. 5-^9).— This bulletin reports the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 168 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials, representing licensed brands collected for inspection in Vermont during 1916, together with a discussion of results and other data. It was found that 82 per cent of the brands analyzed met their guaranties. Owing to abnormalities in the trade in crude chemicals no valuations are given. AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. Hereditary reaction system relations — an extension of Mendelian concepts, R. E. Clausen and T. H. Goodspeed {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2 {1916), No. 4, pp. 2JfO-2^Jt). — As preliminary to a more detailed statement to appear later, the authors report briefly some results of observation and experimentation carried on for about ten years at the university of California on the monotypic species Nicotia7ia sylvcstris and a number of the varieties of N. tabacum. When any one of these varieties is crossed with N. sylvest7-is, the Fi hybrid nearly, or completely, reproduces on a larger scale the characters of the Ta- bacum variety used in the cross, somatogenesis in these cases appearing to be dominated by the Tabacum system as a unit. It is thought that if these Fi hybrids be considered to represent the reaction end-product of two funda- mentally dissimilar reaction systems, the relations of the two systems, as here manifested, indicate a rather extensive mutual incompatibility of the elements of the two systems. This deduction is supported by the fact that these hybrids produce only a few functional ovules, the number being apparently constant within rather narrow limits. These functional ovules are considered to represent the N. ta- bacum and sylvcstris extremes of a recombination series, the vast majority of the members of which fail to function on account of being built up of incom- patible elements from the two systems. The deduction is made that the type of behavior displayed by species hybrids may be considered as dependent upon the degree of incompatibility of the reaction systems involved, sterility in such cases being merely a logical conse- quence of such incompatibility and an expression of its extent. The implica- tions of the conceptions of such a reaction system are discussed. On the composition of a factorial formula for zygotes in the study of in- heritance of seed characters of Zea mays with notes on seed pigments, K. FuJii and T. Kuwada {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 30 {1916), No. 351, pp. S3-8S).— The authors report studies on two conditions which, it is thought, may account for disagreements between theoretical expectations and experimental results met with by various investigators in studying inheritance of seed characters in maize. 85476°— No. 522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 36 In connection with a discussion of tlie triploifl nature of the endosperm in maize, a new formula is proposed for the Fi zy;;ote, AA.a being the zygotic formula supposed to apply when the plant with the gametic formula A has been taken as the maternal plant, and aa.A when the plant with the gametic formula a has been taken as the maternal plant. The dominant factor A being dupli- cated in the first of these cases, seeds of the darker blue or black color are produced, while that factor is single in the second case, giving light blue. The difficulties of interpretation of zygotic distribution concerning colors on an ear of dihybrid and polyhybrid maize plants are supposedly due to several conditions, one of which is noted above. Another is believed to be the occur- rence of two kinds of similar pigments, which were detected by microchemical and macrochemical tests briefly described. These may occur in the same seeds and may impair the reliability of genetic studies in such cases. Observations on inheritance of sex-ratios in Mercurialis annua, C. Tam- POLSKY (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. GO-H). — Observations extending: to the Fb generation of M. anmia, and still in progress, appear to negative the assumption that either one or the other of the sexes has two lands of gametes. Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta), A. F. Blakes- LEE {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), p. 89). — Among the variations noted, most of which appear to be inheritable in the wild yellow daisy, are such as re- late to the absence or presence, somewhat definite numbers, position, width, shape, and coloration of rays ; to the shape, size, and color of the disk ; and to such vegetative characters as height, branchings, fasciations, and leaf size and shape. Other characters are being investigated. A tetracotyledonous race of Phaseolus vulgaris, J. A. Harris (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 229-2U, fiffs. 3; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 2 {1916), No. 6, pp. 317, 318). — An account is given of the study of a teratological race of P. vulgaris which originated in the progeny of a plant grown in 1907, all the char- acteristics of its origin being characteristic of de Vriesan mutation. The race has proved to be practically constant for the four generations during which the offspring have been studied. While it is designated as tetracotyled- onous for lack of a better descriptive term, the cotyledons (most frequently four in number) are highly variable, the primordial leaves being still more so. A low degree of correlation has been noted between cotyledon number and leaf number. Self, close, and cross fertilization of beets, H. B. Shaw {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 149-152, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Having found that under isolation tents of material having meshes as fine as the finest usetl by European WTiters fertilization occurred to the amount of about 23 per cent in case of seed beets, and having concluded that cross-fertilization is usually possible owing to the coarseness of the meshes in the cloth available for this purpose, the author sepa- rated his growing seed beets by intervals of at least two miles. The highest resulting percentage of seed in no case rose above 2.29 per cent. Several plants which remained sterile showed a development otherwise normal. Experiments carried out are thought to show that in cross-pollination between two different plants of the same progeny the percentage of potential fertilization appears to be 100 per cent, being limited in practice only by the technique. Close pollination between flowers of different stems of the same plant resulted in fertilization in 8.54 per cent of the cases and in carpel stimulation (to growth) in 3.47 per cent. Close pollination between flowers of different spikes resulted in fertilization in 5.23 per cent of the cases and in carpel stimulation in 5.8 per cent. Close pollination between different flowers of the same spike resulted, ac- cording to technique, in pollination in from 2.7 to 2.63 per cent and in stimulation in 1.43 to 5.26 per cent of the cases. Self-pollination resulted in neither fertiliza- tion nor carpel stimulation in any case. 1917] AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 523 It is thought probable that minute biochemical differences exist which increase in magnitude as the physical intimacy or relationship decreases. Self-pollinations and cross-pollinations in Cichorium intybus with refer- ence to sterility, A. B. Sxotpr {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Oard., 6 (1916), pp. 333-^54, pi. J). — The author, concluding an extensive report and discussion of pollination studies dealing more particularly with C. intybus, states that a marked degree of similarity in constitution between male and female gametes is the most funda- mental necessity to sexual fertility. Obvious anatomical differences are deemed to a large degree superficial and unessential. The presence of both self-fertility and cross-fertility within a nondimorphic species or strain, as in C. mtybus, is considered to show that incompatibility is fundamentally independent of visible difEerentiaton. The evidence on the whole favors the view that for successful fertilization the element of similarity in cell organization and in the physical, chemical, idioplasmic, and structural properties of all the cells and tissues involved is more important than any dissimilarity that can be associated with sex differentiation. The results in chicory also show that the development of self -incompatibility is not closely correlated with conditions in the immediate parentage. In physio- logical incompatibilites that appear in the selfing and crossing in such nondimor- phic species as C. intybus and Cardamine pratensis, also in such dimorphic spe- cies as Primula sinensis, it appears that the grade of sex differentiation within the individual may involve sufficient relative dissimilarity to limit or prevent pollination. Studies on the blooming of hemp, G. Havas (Kis^rlet. Kozlem., 18 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 908-919, pis. 2, figs 5). — The modes of succession in the appear- ance of blooms at different levels of both male and female plants of Cannabis sativa are described. It is stated that blooming and pollen dispersal by the male flowers (the period between which occupies about seven hours) occur mainly during the night and morning, a minimum rate prevailing in the lat- ter part of the night and the forenoon. The persistence of the style on fruits, C. Campbell {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sei. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 {1916), I, No. S, pp. 178-183, figs. 2).— Cases are described, chiefly in lemons, in which the persistence and develop- ment of the style after fertilization resulted in a deformed fruit. It is thought that in case of relatively rapid development just after pollination the formation of a fission layer proceeds normally, while in case of slower de- velopment this does not occur and the persistent style develops as part of the fruit. The determinative action of environic factors upon Neobeckia aquatica, D. T. MacDougal {FLwa [Jenal, n. ser., 6 (1914), No. S, pp. 264-280, figs. U).— Experimentation through which 2V. aquatica has been carried, including the keeping of cultures as terrestials or aquatics in environments and under conditions differing very widely, has shown that this plant, which endures an extremely wide range of conditions, is capable of considerable modifica- tions in several directions by alternations of environment. The changes appear not to be adaptive in many cases, though determined by environment to a much greater degree than in case of Proserpinaca, Slum, or probably any other so-called polymorphic species, yet the reaction to such external agencies is not considered to be a direct or physical adjustment. Plant ecology and the new soil fertility, C. B. Lipman {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 319-321). — This is a brief discussion of the benefit con- sidered to be derivable from closer cooperation between plant ecologists and soil scientists regarding such factors as the composition and concentration of 524 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the soil solution, balance between the soil solution components, forms of nitrogen suitable for plants, the influence of quantity and quality of organic matter, the proper basicity or acidity for a given plant, and the mutual in- fluence of plants growing together. Growing plants in large containers under control conditions, R. C. Weight (Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 8 (1916), No. 2, pp. 113-116, pi. 1, figs. 2).— A descrip- tion is given of an arrangement adapted to the growing of plants under controlled and yet nearly natural conditions. It comprises a soil container in bucket form, of heavy corrugated iron, 15 in. in diameter by 13 in. deep, provided with drainage holes in the bottom and placed in a well made by sinking terra cotta sewer tiles to within 2 in. of the surface of the gi'ound. The cans are handled and weighed by means of a block and tackle and a movable derrick. The data obtained are presented and discussed. The temperature conditions in the cans are said to be kept fairly uniform and to be practically those of natural soil. An apparatus for aerating culture solutions, P. Weatherwax {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 191^, pp. 157-160, fig. 1). — It is stated that the requirements incident to experiments on various phases of plant physiology have led to the devel- opment of an apparatus for the maintenance of a constant stream of air for several days. This has proved to be very efficient for that purpose and is now being used very successfully in the aeration of culture solutions. The principle is that of the Sprengel mercury pump, the adaptations of which are described. It is claimed that the economy and the wide range of adjustment in this instrument are such as to allow its use for many other purposes. Preliminary report on synthetic media, C. J. T. Doryland (Jour. Bad., 1 (1916), No. 2, pp. 135-152). — The term synthetic media is here used to mean one containing only compounds of known composition and structure, including both nutrient solutions and solid (synthetic) media formed by the precipita- tion of an agglutinant from compounds of known composition and structure. The author reports on an attempt, by the use of definite sources of energy and nitrogen, to exclude all species but those which can use the particular source employed in each case, thus limiting greatly the number of groups, also that of individuals, present in any case. The schematic arrangement presented is tentative and is limited to water-soluble compounds. Sixteen media have been tested up to the present time, promising results having been obtained. The mechanism and conditions of growth, D. T. MacDougal (Man. N. Y. Bat. Gard., 6 (1916), pp. 5-26, pi. 1, figs. 4). — The autlior presents results of experimentation with the platyopuntias, thought to have an important bearing on the main problems of growth, which requires building material of a highly specific character, as exemplified in the author's results from studies with the polymorphous plant Neobeckia (see p. 523). He states that joints or segments of the platyopuntias accomplisli nearly all of their total enlargement during 60 to 100 days of the initial season in the Tucson climate. Enlargement and secondary growth may take place as deter- mined by branching and environic factors in the succeeding seasons, the changes in volume of joints, including daily reversible alterations which are described, amounting to 1/250 of the total length. The general features of the daily growth record suggest that enlargement takes place after the smothering or clogging acids have been broken down, and that it ceases when the supply of building material is greatly reduced. The direct action of light on protoplasts and on body temperatures is to be described in a later paper. 1917] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 525 The nature of mechanical stimulation, W. J. V, Ostekhout (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2 (1916), No. 4, pp. 237-239, fig. i).— The author observed that when a cell of the marine alga Grifflthsin bonietlana was touched near one end, the surfaces of the chromatophores in this region became permeable to their red pigment. This soon began to diffuse out into the surrounding protoplasm, rendering the other chromatophores, as successively reached, permeable in like manner, a wave of stimulation thus progressing until the other end of the cell is reached by the wavelike changes. It is thought that the alterations set up in the suc- cessive cells, resulting in diffusion of red pigment (and probably other sub- stances), are chemical in their nature. The disturbance is thought to originate as a mechanical rupture of the sur- face layer of the chromatophore, as a nximber of cellular structures are known to possess surface layers of great delicacy. Reactions are supposed to occur between the diffused contents and other substances as encountered. Physical alterations in the pi'otoplasm may thus give rise to chemical changes, and re- sponses to contact and mechanical or gravitational deforming stimuli may thus be explained. In this conception of mechanical stimulation the essentials are substances separated by semipermeable membranes, production of a rupture in these which is not at once repaired, and a resulting reaction which produces the characteristic visible respon.se to the stimulus. Energy transformations during the germination of wheat grains, Lucie C. DOYEK {Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerland., 12 {1915), No. 4, pp. 369-423, pis. 2).— Giving a bibliography and more extensive data than in a previous report (E. S. R., 35, p. 632), the author states that in the germination of wheat grains the loss of energy increased for seven days, particularly on tlie third day. The loss during the first two days, when imbibition was relatively important, was com- paratively small. Heat evolution also increased with the progress of germination, the increase being most marked on the third and the fourth day, and the rate being increased with a rise of temperature up to 35° C. (95° F.), the heat development more than doubling with a rise of 10°. At 40° heat development began to diminish. Respiration was increased during germination at a temperature of 25°, the increase being greater in the early period of germination. During the first six days of germination at 25° the amount of heat given up was less than the loss of energy set free by respiration. Heat development had its optimum at 35°, which is higher than the optimum for respiration. There appears, there- fore, to be no constant relation between heat development and respiration. A study of the relation of soil moisture to transpiration and photosyn- thesis in the com plant, T. G. Yunckee (Plant World, 20 (1916), No. 6, pp. 151-161, figs. 4). — Experiments to determine the relation between the amount of transpiration and photosynthesis in corn plants and the degree of soil mois- ture in which they were grown are described. The author reports, in regard to three tests made, that the plants in soil watered to 25 per cent of saturation weighed the most per unit of leaf area, those in that at 65 per cent the least, while those at 45 per cent showed an intermediate increase of weight and inferentially of photosynthetic activity. The water requirement was less for plants in the drier than for those in the wetter cultures. Transpiration rates showed the same relation to moisture content as did the water requirement. It thus appears that the amount of organic matter formed is not proportional to transpiration. On the relation between the rate of root growth and oxygen, W. A. Can- non (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 44 (1916), No. 1143, p. 761). — A series of experi- ments is reported in which the roots of Pi'osopis velutina and Opuntia versi- 626 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. [Vol.36 color were exposed to atmospheres of pure carbon dioxid and of atmospheric air so diluted with carbon dioxid that the mixture contained from 5 to 25 per cent of oxygen. The roots of the species were found to maintain a feeble growth rate in an atmosphere containing as little as 5 per cent of oxygen, but growth stopped in both species in pure carbon dioxid. Recovery from the asphyxiation occurred sooner in Prosopis than in Opuntia and in both sooner at high than at low soil temperatures. The results are believed to indicate that the response of the roots of Opuntia to a diminished oxygen supply, such as occurs with increasing depth below the surface of the ground, is a contributory factor in bringing about the superficial placing of roots. The embroyo sac and pollen grain as colloidal systems, F. E. Llotd (Mem. N. Y. Bat. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 561-563) .—The author reports very briefly on certain observations made on the behavior of protoplasm, which is recognized as a hydrophile emulsion colloid, showing alterations corresponding to changes in water content and space relations of the dispersoids and the disperse medium. He admits that it is not possible at the present stage of knowledge to discount the views of Borowikow (E. S. R., 33, p. 28) that the agents concerned in swelling are also concerned with growth, since we do not yet know how swell- ing, shrinking, and coagulating reagents affect the relation of change of hydra- tation to the capacity of protoplasm to secrete and to hold water within the vacuoles, the solutions, suspensions, etc., of which are unknown but complex as regards composition and behavior. Contents of amylase in ripening seeds of horse beans, A. Blaqovieshchen- SKii (Blagoveschtschenski) {Znhr. Russ. Fiz. Khim. Obshch., ChaM Khun., 47 {1915), No. 6, pp. 1529-1532; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 110 (1916), No. 639, I, p. 109). — It was found that in seeds of Viola faba minor the amount of amylase present corresponded approximately to the rate of starch accumu- lation. This is considered as evidence of the synthesizing action of amylase in the ripening seeds, the lack of complete parallelism being attributed to the loss of some of the starch from the assimilatory organs. Present status of the problem of the effect of radium rays on plant life, C. S. Gageb {Mem. N. Y. Bat. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 153-160.)— The evidence is here briefly reviewed, as obtained by various investigators including the author, since the publication of his previous summation of the known related facts (E. S. R., 20, p. 1124). It is considered to justify the broad inference that although radio-activity may act as a stimulation to plant growth, our present knowledge regarding the cause and the effects of that agent warrants little, if any, hope of its profitable utilization in practical agriculture. The influence of ultraviolet rays on phosphorescent bacteria, F. C. Gerret- SEN {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., U {1915), No. 17-23, pp. 660, 66i).— Reporting the results of some preliminary experiments, the author states that Photo- bacterium phosphorescens exhibited luminosity and the function proper to catalase for several hours after being killed by means of ultraviolet rays. The influence of inorg-anic salts on the development of Actinomycetes, III, F. MtJNTER {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 2. Abt., U {1916), No. 2^-25, pp. 673-695, figs. 9). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 324), the addition of 5 per cent of potassium chlorid, sodium chlorid, potassium nitrate, and sodium nitrate to nutritive media was found to increase growth markedly, but de- creased spore formation in Actinomycetes. The addition of 10 per cent arrested development in nearly all cases. The corresponding salts of magnesium hin- dered growth, and magnesium carbonate arrested it completely. Spore forma- tion was increased by small but decreased by larger additions of the chlorids, nitrates, and carbonates of calcium, barium, and strontium, the carbonates, 1917] FIELD CROPS. 527 however, appearing relatively indifferent. Silver and copper v?ere very un- favorable to growth, mercury less injurious, and lead and iron salts the least hurtful to vegetative growth. Low concentrations of the nutritive components hastened spore formation. Note on the nitrog-en nutrition of mold fungi, W. Brenneb (Centbl. Bakt. letc], 2. AM., 44 {1915), No. 9-lS, pp. 304, 305).— Besides a few corrections and comments on statements made in the previous article (E. S. R., 32, p. 327), a few additions, of contributions not later than 1913, are made to the bibliography previously given. Variations in nodule formation, L. T. Leonabd {Jour, Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 2, pp. 116-118).— In view of the observed differences in the degree of inoculation exhibited by legume varieties, and even by individual plants, ex- posed to the nodule-forming organism, the author tested 19 varieties of soy beans with cultures taken from one of them. He obtained nodules in case of each variety, only one requiring a third inoculation. The present state of our knowledge of the physiological significance of the mycorrhizae of trees, D. L. Petri {Intemat. Inst. Agr. \_Rom,G\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 9 pp. 1138-1151). — The author concludes a review of the studies and views of various authors regarding the real nature of the relations between the roots of trees and the mycorrhizre found in con- nection therewith by stating that the results of 30 years of scientific research, at least so far as arborescent plants are concerned, have not led to either con- firmation or rejection of the theory of mutuality. FIELD CROPS. The use of checks and repeated plantings in varietal tests, F. J. Pkitchabd {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 2, pp. 65-81, figs. 3). — This article is a discussion of the methods used in field-variety tests. The experiments were conducted with sugar beets in an attempt to determine three things: (1) The optimum frequency of checks; (2) whether the best frequency of checks is efficient enough for satisfactory comparisons; and (3) the measure of the com- parative effect of repeated plantings upon the experimental error. The results are discussed in detail, and the general conclusions drawn are as follows: (1) The practice of dispensing with check rows and using the mean of all progeny rows as a standard of comparison appears to be less efficient than the employment of frequent checks; (2) check rows 32 in. from the prog- eny row varied less than those 64, 96, 128, and 160 in. distant; when the probable error was duly taken into account the last four distances appeared to be good checks; (3) the use of alternate rows as checks did not offset the variability in yield due to irregularities of the soil; and (4) the experimental error was reduced about 50 per cent by means of 10 replications and alternate check rows. The mode of pollination in some farm crops, M. N. Pope {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 4, pp. 209-227) .—This article is a review of the literature, com, wheat, oats, barley, rice, rye, and flax being discussed specifically. A bibliogi-aphy of the literature cited is included. The identification of grasses by their vegetative characters, L. Cabeieb {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 461 {1917), pp. 30, figs. 60).— Following the work of other investigators the author presents a plan of classification to identify grass seedlings based somewhat on that of Percival (E. S. R., 12, p. 719), but includ- ing a larger number of gi-asses. The botanical characteristics of grasses before the blooming stage are described and the use of the key discussed. 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.36 The small grains have been placed in a separate group in order to emphasize the differences that occur among themselves. The grasses studied are all common to the eastern United States, the distinctively western species being excluded. In addition to the analytical key, detailed descriptions of 48 seedling grasses and 8 small grain seedlings are given and illustrated. Dry farming in Utah, F. S. Haeeis and A. D. Ellison {Utah Sta. Circ. 21 (1916), pp. 3-S5, figs. 15). — This circular is a general discussion of dry farming in Utah, with recommendations regarding the selection and management of land for dry-farming purposes. Dry -farm crops for Utah are listed as follows : Wheat, rye, oats, barley, emmer, potatoes, corn, peas, beans, alfalfa, the sor- ghums, and certain miscellaneous crops, as the gi-asses, clovers, flax, etc. Other points discussed are seed selection, cultural methods, cropping systems, storage of water in the soil, irrigation as a supplement to dry farming, and dry-farm equipment. A general summary of the discussion is as follows: (1) Dry farms should not be located in regions having less than 12 in. of rainfall a year; (2) the soil should be uniform and deep and should support a good natural growth, preferably of sagebrush; (3) new land should be plowed a year before planting a dry-farm crop and fallowed each alternate year; (4) deep plowing and thorough tillage during the following year are necessary to conserve mois- ture; and (5) irrigation is often a valuable supplement to dry farming. A twenty-year comparison of different rotations of com, potatoes, rye, and grass, B. L. Haetwell, S. C. Damon, et al. {Rhode Island Sta. Bill. 167 {1916), pp. 38). — This reports the results of investigations with different crop rota- tions, and fertilizer studies in connection with them, which were begun in 1893. Previous reports have appeared, giving the methods of planting, care, fertilizer formulas, and details regarding each rotation (E. S. R., 7, p. 396; 12, p. 1030; 13, p. 34 ; 15, p. 144 ; 16, p. 150 ; and 21, p. 730). The rotations were as follows: Three-year — potatoes, rye and rowen, and grass ; 4-year — potatoes, rye and rowen, grass, and corn ; 5-year — potatoes, rye and rowen, grass, grass, and corn; 5-year — potatoes, rye, grass, grass, and corn; and 6-year — potatoes, rye and rowen, grass, grass, grass, and corn. In the early spring 3 lbs. of alsike and 4.5 lbs. of red clover per acre were sown on all plats except those of the second 5-year rotation. The cultural methods practiced toward the end of the 20-year period are discussed for each crop, and the fertilizer treatments for the various crops for the entire period are given in tabular form. The yield of each crop for each year of the experiment is also tabulated and the averages for each rota- tion briefly discussed. The average yields per acre for all crops at the time of harvesting were 207 bu. of potatoes over 2 oz. ; 17 bu. of rye, 1.57 tons of straw and 0.66 ton rowen ; 3.16 tons first-year hay and rowen ; 3.08 tons second-year hay ; and 58 bu. hard corn. The highest yield of marketable potatoes, 223 bu., was secured from the 6-year rotation, the 5-year rotation without legumes being second with 216 bu. The highest yield of rye grain, 19 bu., and straw, 1.7 tons, was secured from the 3-year rotation. The highest hay yields were secured from the 6-year rota- tion regardless of the number of years removed from seeding. The highest yields of corn, 03 and 61 bu., were secured from the 4 and 6 year rotations, respectively. The comparative effect of manure and chemical fertilizers on yields is dis- cussed, and the conclusion drawn that there was no decided difference in the corn yields when 4 cords of stable manure or chemical fertilizers, furnishing 30 lbs. of nitrogen, 80 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 60 lbs. of potash, were used. 19171 FIELD CROPS. 529 The data also failed to show that there was any positive difference in the jaeld of the potatoes following the corn. For the purpose of comparing the rotations the crops were given arbitrary values as they were harvested and, after deducting charges for production and fertilizers, the resulting net return used as a basis for comparison. The 6-year rotation returned the highest average annual net profit of $16.45, with the 3-year rotation second and giving a net return of $14.26. The lowest return was secured from the 5-year rotation without legumes and amounted to $11.66. Nitrogen determinations were made on the surface soil from each plat in the rotations in 1912. All the plats of the 6-year rotation were noticeably high in nitrogen, but further observations are deemed necessary before drawing definite conclusions. The average nitrogen content for all rotations was 0.2342 per cent. [Field crops] Off. Bui. Wyo. Bd. Farm Comrs., 1914, PP- 32-65, 78-82, 90-108, figs. 15). — Notes are given on the cultivation and agi'icultural value under dry-farm conditions of wheat, oats, barley, emmer, rye, flax, alfalfa, peas, sweet clover, corn, sweet sorghum, Sudan grass, brome grass, millet, potatoes, rape, sand vetch, and beans. Practically all these crops have proved valuable for this section with the exception of winter oats, winter barley, and emmer. Rate and date of seeding tests and variety tests are in progress with most of the above-named crops. The winter wheat varieties recommended at the present time are Turkey, Kharkov, and Crimean, and for spring wheat varieties the durum wheats and Spring Ghirka. The preferred rate and date of seeding spring wheat are from 2 to 4 pk. between April 15 and May 1. Kherson and Sixty-Day are deemed the best oat varieties, and should be sown at the rate of about 1 bu. per acre about April 15. Spring barley sown at about April 15 at 1 bu. per acre gave the best results, and Ouchac and Hannchen were the most satis- factory varieties. Flax should be sown at the rate of 20 lbs. per acre about June 1. The Kursk millets are deemed best for seed and forage production. The highest yielding potato varieties were Irish Cobbler, Blue Victor, and Early Ohio. The corn variety tests have not proved very satisfactory owing to the difficulty of securing maturity. Field experiments, 1915 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 16 {1916), No. 2, pp. 237-290) .—The results of field experiments for 1915 are reported and discussed with barley, meadow hay, potatoes, mangles, oats, tur- nips, and wheat. All the crop experiments except those with barley included tests on peat soil, with special reference to the fertilizer requirements of the various crops. Several experiments with liquid manure are also reported. Catch crops (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 16 {1915), No. 1, pp. 120-127). — A list of forage plants available for autumn catch crops is given. Forage plants {Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Brazil], Jf {1915), No. 8, pp. 68-72). — This article contains a brief discussion of the cultural habits and forage value of several plants native to Brazil. The history of Kentucky blue grass and white clover in the United States, L. Cabrier and Katharine S. Bort {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 4, pp. 256-266). — This article reviews references to the natural vegetation of America in an effort to trace the origin of Kentucky blue grass {Poa pratensis) and white clover {Trifolium repens). The evidence seems to indicate that these two plants were introduced into the United States. Com improvement in the Philippines, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 216-225, pis. 5).— This paper discusses the development of the corn crop in the Philippines, with special reference to the 530 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 improvement of native flint varieties. A detailed report is given of ear-to-row experiments. Considerable work has been done in developing strains by means of self-pollination, emploj'ing the method of Collins and Kempton, previously describetl (E. S. R., 26, p. 535). Sea Island cotton, W. A. Oeton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 787 {1916), pp. J,0, figs. 13).— A revision of Farmers' Bulletin 302 (E. S. R., 19, p. 332). West Indian Cotton Conference, 1916 (West Indian Bid., 15 (1915), No. 4, pp. 235-329, pi. 1, figs. 2). — A report of this conference is given. Flax seed for 1916 sowing (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Irelaiid Jour., 16 (1916), No. 2, pp. 312-315) .—Owing to a scarcity of seed a number of importa- tions of flax have been made from the United States, Canada, Russia, France, Holland, Argentina, Japan, Siberia, and Yorkshire and the results of the tests reported. The imported varieties recommended for use were from Holland, Russia, Yorkshire, Canada, and France. Concerning the oat crop, J. L. Hills (Vermont Sta. Bui. 197 (1916), pp. 46-72). — Tills article is a compilation of general information relating to the production of oats as a Vermont roughage. Observations on some degenerate strains of potatoes, F. C. Stewart (New York State Sta. Bui. 422 (1910), pp. 319-357, pis. 12).— A number of potato plants from seed gi-own at Honeoye Falls, N. Y., by the U. S. Department of Ag- riculture, showed signs of abnormality early in the summer, the trouble being diagnosed as curly dwarf. This bulletin deals with the behavior of those plants and their progeny in 1915, together with some observations on other degenerate strains of potatoes. The object of the study was to add to the knowledge of the forms of degeneration known as leaf roll, curly dwarf, mosaic, and spindling sprout and their relation to the selection of seed potatoes. The bulk of the ob- servations were made on Green IMountain, Jr., with additional notes on the fol- lowing varieties : State of Maine, Carman No. 2, Long Island Wonder, Knoxal, Rural New Yorker No. 2, Late Victor, Ionia, Pride of Vermont, Green Mountain, and an unknown variety. Careful notes were made of the parent stock and great care exercised in regard to the performance of the progeny. The striking feature of the observations was the frequency with which the progeny of plants with apparently normal foliage and high yield suddenly de- generate into worthless dwarfs affected with various forms of degeneration. The conclusion is reached that these degenerations (leaf roll, curly dwarf, and mosaic) are closely related disorders, due to the same general, undetermined cause, all transmitted through the seed tubers, the progeny of affected plants almost always becoming affected. Spindling sprout is not correlated with leaf roll, mosaic, or curly dwarf, and its heredity is still undetermined. Evidence is lacking to show that any one of the four forms of degeneration named is com- municable from one plant to another except through the seed tubers. They were not due to parasitic organisms nor to unfavorable soil or weather conditions of the current season. Plants from different tubers of the same plant were found generally similar, and plants from different eyes of the same tuber usually resembled each other closely, although exceptions to both cases were frequently noted. Various com- binations of normal, mosaic, leaf-roll, and curly-dwarf plants were obtained from the several tubers of the same plant, and even from the several eyes of the same tuber. The observations recorded led to the following general conclusions having a practical bearing on seed-potato selection : Normal foliage and high yield is not a guaranty of production in the progeny of the following season, as degeneration may occur quite suddenly. It is unsafe to select seed potatoes from a field con- Ji^n] FIELD CROPS. 531 taining many degenerate plants, as even the normal plants in such a field may produce worthless progeny. Mosaic is transmitted through the seed and, owing to the difficulty of diagnosis, threatens to become an important factor in seed- potato production. In view of these observations it is doubtful if any method of selection can entirely prevent the degeneration of potato varieties under certain conditions due to the " running out " of the seed. Som.e disappointing seed potatoes, P. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. ^22, popular ed. {1916), pp. 8, figs. S). — This is a popular edition of the above. Potatoes, C. A. Zavitz {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 239 {1916), pp. 88^ figs. 28).— This bulletin is a popular discussion of the production of potatoes in the Province of Ontario, including cultural methods, varieties, fungus diseases, insect pests, etc. Correlative characters of the rice plant, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 9 {1916), No. 2, pp. 7//-IJ9). — In a study of rice varieties grown on the lowlands of the Philippines a great quantity of data was collected In correlation studies made in an effort to determine the relative values of the most apparent characters, especially in their relation to the period required by a variety to reproduce itself and to the degree of reproduction. Numerous character correlations were studied and the data are given in tabular form and discussetl in detail. Some of the most striking results were as follows : The length of the growing period of rice, if not less than 120 nor more than 180 days, has no appreciable effect on yield. Extra early maturity is to be had at the expense of yield. Late maturity is conducive to loss through disease, insects, etc. A variety that tillers freely produces more grain per hectare than one that does not; but when rice is transplated tillering can be largely regulated by the number of plants set in the hill. Tillering, the number of gi-ains per panicle, and grain size are compensating characters. The long period of development in the rice plant permits of environmental influences not met with in such plants as oats or barley. It appears that the medium charac- teristics, and not the extremes, result in the highest consistent yields. The weight of rice grains, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.}, 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. 289-291) .—The weights of seed from three different sections of the panicle for 58 varieties of Philippine rice are reported. An early reference to Philippine rice varieties, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.1, 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. 292, 293).— This is a brief account of some early descriptions of Philippine rice varieties. A Philippine wild rice, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. 294. 295, pi. 1). — This is a description of a Philippine rice identified as Oryza manilensis. The causes of low yields of rice in the Philippines, H. O. Jacobson {Philip- pine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.] 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. 262-272, pis. 4)-— A number of factors that tend to decrease the yield of rice in the Philippines are discussed and recommendations made for overcoming them. The most important factors are considered to be (1) lack of irrigation essential to the successful production of the varieties grown, (2) lack of uniformity in varieties, and (3) lack of the proper cultural methods. Methods used to improve rice culture in the Philippines, H. O. Jacobson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 190-206, pis. 3).— This article classifies the rice varieties in the Philippnes as upland and lowland, and describes the cultural characteristics of each group. Cooperative methods and station methods for variety tests are described, together with extension methods employed to acquaint the rice farmers with the improved varieties and methods of cultivation. 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 The rate of sowing nursery beds; the age of seedlings when transplanted; the influence of each, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (1915), No. 4, PP- 213-219). — Some notes are given on studies relating to the rate of seeding rice in the nursery and the age of seedlings when transplanted. One cab^u (2.13 bu.) is recommended for each 1/20-hectare (0.12 of an acre) seed bed. From 30 to 35 days is regarded as the most suitable age at which to transplant varieties maturing within 150 days, although this will probably vary with individual varieties. Observations on the influence of area per plant on yield of grain in rice CT/lture, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (1915), No. 4, pp. 252-261). — This article gives the results of a number of tests with three widely differing varieties to determine the effect upon yield of different spac- ings of rice plants. The maturing period of rice was not affected by variations in spacing the hills. It is concluded that under intensive cultural conditions the proper spac- ing must be determined for each variety, as well as the number of seedlings per hill. One seedling per hill, provided with 100 sq. cm., evidently had ample space and could not utilize a greater area. As a general recommendation, 4 seedlings set in hills 20 by 20 cm. proved practical and beneficial. Furthermore, it is pointed out that some such definite scheme of planting would result in a great saving of seed. Errors in rice fertilizer experiments, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (1915), No. ^, pp. 280-282) .—This article is a criticism of some fertilizer experiments with rice, pointing out errors in the management, reasoning, and conclusions. Consumption of rice in the Philippine Islands, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (1915), No. 4, pp. 283-288) .—This article is a brief discussion of the production and consumption of rice in the Philippines since 1909. It is pointed out that there is no tendency toward lessened consumption of rice by the human population. Some observations on Chinese rice culture, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 (1915), No. 4, pp. 296-302) .—This article consists of gen- eral observations made on rice culture in China. Eye culture experiments with diminishing seeding and increasing nitrogen fertilization at Pentkowo, Bieler (III us. Landw. Ztg., 35 (1915), No. 101, pp. 654, 65,5). — Comparisons were made in seeding different amounts of the same variety and different varieties of rye. Later these experiments were extended to include a comparison of varying amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer and diffrent drill widths in sowing the seed. Some work lias also been done in regard to the date of seeding. The results up to 1915 indicated that rye sown at the rate of 30 lbs. per morgen (48 lbs. per acre), in rows 8 in. apart and with 30 lbs. of nitrogen In sodium nitrate gave the highest yields. Triple-seeded spikelets in sorghum, A. B. Cron (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 (1916), No. 4, pp. 231, 238, pi. i).— This is a report of an abnormality in in- florescence of sorghums in the F2 progeny of a dwarf feterita hybrid at Araarillo. Tex., in 1915. Several triple-seeded spikelets and a larger number of twin- seeded spikelets in two of the panicles were the unusual characters. Soy-bean products and their uses, C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 34 (1916), pp. 1, fig. 1). — This is a general discussion of the commercial uses of soy beans, especially as applied to southern conditions. The extraction of the oil in this country and abroad is briefly described, together with statis- tics relating to soy-bean oil importations for the five-year period ending with 1916, and for the year of 191G. The use of soy-beau meal as a stock feed and 1917] FIELD CROPS. 533 fertilizer and of the beans and their by-products for human consumption is discussed. It is estimated tliat from 1 ton of soy beans 1,650 lbs. of meal and 32 gal. of oil can be obtained, leaving a waste composed of trash and moisture of 120 lbs. [Cultural experiments with different varieties of sugar beets], O. Fallada {Ostcrr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus, u. Landw., 44 {1915), No. 6', pp. 483-503). — This article reports the results of cultural experiments with five varieties of sugar beets, viz : Dippe, Zapotil, Schreiber, Dobrowitz, and Ilabbethge & Giesecke, Dobi'owitz being used as a basis of comparison. The experiments were conducted at four experiment stations, and the meteorological and cultural conditions at each station are tabulated and discussed. Experiments in transplanting sugar beets, F. J. Pritchaed and L. E. LoNGLEY {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 2, pp. 106-110, pi. 1). — This article gives the results of some experiments in transplanting sugar beets with a view to eliminating the expense of thinning. The experiments were planned to determine two points: (1) The relation of the length and size of the seedling at the time of transplanting to the branching of the mature beet; and (2) the Influence of the composition of the seed bed on the length, shape, and amount of root branching. The following results were noted : By transplanting roots from 8 to 12 in. in length a nearly perfect stand of beets was obtained. Roots from 2^ to 5 in. long remained short and branched excessively, although they gi-ew larger than beets started from seed and thinned. A mixture of J sand and i loam produced the longest, least branched, and best shaped roots, although fairly good roots were obtained in a mixture of half and half. The experiments as a whole indicated the possibilities of transplanting sugar beets economically, especially where the roots can be set by means of a machine. Fertilizing of sugar beets, Gerlach {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 36 {1916), No. 22, p. 157). — This article gives the results of some experiments with different amounts of stable manure and commercial fertilizers, both when used alone and together. In the manure tests the highest returns were obtained from the use of a combination of stable manure and commercial fertilizers. In the commercial fertilizer tests the highest yields were obtained from the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Recommendations are made for fertilizer treatments based on the results obtained in the experiments. History of cane varieties in the Philippines, G. W. Hines {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 152-168, pis. ^).— A brief history of the production of sugar cane in the Philippines is given. A number of foreign varieties of cane introduced into the Philippines are described briefly, together with a few of the so-called " native " varieties. Field and laboratory tests for the purpose of determining the most profitable varieties for that territory are noted. Tobacco growing in Ireland {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 16 {1916), No. 3, pp. 404-41O). — This article is a brief discussion of the tobacco experiments conducted during 1915, and is in the nature of a preliminary report on some more extensive investigations. The general climatic and agri- cultural conditions pertaining to tobacco culture for the year are discussed. The origin, characteristics, and quality of Humpback wheat, L. M. Thomas {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 478 {1916), pp. 4, pi. 1, fig. i).— This bulletin is a brief dis- cussion of the origin and characteristics of Humpback wheat as distinguished from the so-called Velvet Chaff, Glyndon Fife, and Bluestem wheats. Although Humpback yields well and has proved popular in Minnesota and the Dakotas it is discriminated against by the grain trade because of its alleged 534 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 inferior milling qualities. The grade rules for northern spring wheats of the Minnesota State grain-inspection specify that it should not be graded higher than No. 3. Milling and baking tests in cooperation with the North Dakota Experiment Station were conducted with single samples of Humpback wheat from the 1908 and 1909 crops and nine samples from the 1910 crop. These samples were all from Minnesota and were compared with samples of Bluestem and Velvet Chaff wheats of the 1910 crop from North Dakota and Minnesota, with results summarized as follows: Comparison of results of milUng and baking tests of Humpback wheats toith other hard red spring wheats. Yield of straight flour. Volume of loaf. Absorp- tion (water used per 100 gm. of flour). Color of cnunb. Crude protein (N X 5.7). Kind and source of sample. Per 340 gm. of flour. Per 100 gm. of flour. In flour. In wheat. Humpback wheats from— P.ct. 69.8 72.9 71.2 69.2 66.9 Cc. 2,176 2,105 2,145 2,430 2,428 Cc. 640 619 531 715 713 Cc. 50.5 49.0 49.8 52.1 52.4 Score. 94.8 95.5 95.1 97.1 99.0 P.ct. 14.19 13.23 13.76 12.59 13.37 P.ct. 14 95 Kensington, Minn., crop of 1910 13 59 Both Hoffman and Kensington, crop of 1910 14.35 Eight samples of Bluestem wheat from North Dakota and Minnesota, crop of 1910 13.40 Seventeen samples of Velvet Chafl wheat, grown in North Dakota, 1910 .'. 14.52 Although Humpback evidently excels the smaller grain varieties in yield of flour, its volume of loaf, absorption, and color of crumb are below the standard. The rather high percentage of crude protein in the wheat and flour, coupled with low " baking strength," marks a point of resemblance between Humpback and the durum wheats. Variations in the plants from the same head of wheat, A. J. Bwabt (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, U (1916), No. S, pp. IGS, 169, fig. i).— This article gives the results of some experiments with wheat suggested by work conducted at Ruther- glen, Victoria, and previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 440). The experiments were planned to obtain further evidence upon the variations in the fertility and vigor of individual grains from different parts of the wheat spike. It was found that germination was most rapid in the grains of the sixth row from the top and that the average rate of germination decreased toward the base and apex of the head. An effective head thrasher, W. E. Hangeb (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 (1916), No. 4, PP- 267, 268, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A head thrasher, constructed at the Maryland Experiment Station, to be used in thrashing wheat or oats in variety tests is described. Agricultural seed. — Concerning weeds and weed seeds, G. P. Btjbns and A. K. Peiteksen (Vermont Sta. Bui. 200 (1916), pp. S-79, figs. 52).— Pages 5-60 of this bulletin include a discussion of the Vermont seed inspection law and a report of the results of the 1916 seed inspection. Pages 60-69 contain a dis- cussion of weeds, their nature and control, together with illustrations and brief descriptions of 52 weeds commonly found in agricultural seed. The use of sulphuric acid in combating weeds infesting wheat, A. Moket- TiNi (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 (1915), No. 10-11, pp. 695-7i6) .—According to the results of experiments here reported, the use of sulphuric acid at a strength of 66° B. in a solution of 10 per cent by volume and at the rate of 1,000 liters per hectare (about 107 gal. per acre), was of medium efliciency in combating 19171 HORTICULTURE. 535 the greater portion of the weeds infesting wheat fields, but in most cases increased the yield sufficiently to compensate for the expense of the treatment. Where grain was sown in rows it was found better to hoe or cultivate, but where the croii was sown broadcast and the weeds were numerous the treatment witli sulphuric acid solution was preferrable. The treatment was not useful when the dominant weed species belonged to the Graminese, Liliacese, or other families equally resistant to the action of dilute sulpliuric acid. It was not found that the sulphuric acid treatment is efficient in controlling foot rot of wheat. Ferrous sulphate control of hedge mustard and wild mustard in Bavaria, 1904-1915, L. HiLTNEB {Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Sehuts, n. ser., 14 (1916), No. 2, pp. 13-16, fig. 1). — This article discusses the use in Bavaria of spraying machinery in the control of the wild mustards with ferrous sulphate. Ragwort, P. M'Govekn (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 16 {1916), No. 3, pp. ^11-^1). — This article deals with the life history and eradication of ragwort {Senecio jacohcea) in Ireland. This weed is described as a biennial, propagated only by seed. HORTICULTURE. What, where, when, and how to plant, E. E. Bohlendeb (Tippecanoe City, Ohio: [Author}, 1914, 2. ed., rev., pp. 86, figs. 74). — A concise manual of informa- tion dealing with the culture of berry plants, roses, shrubs, evergreens, vines, and perennials. Round the year in the garden, H. H. Thomas (London and New York: Cas- sell d Co., Ltd., 1916, pp. XII +275, pis. 76). — A popular treatise on gardening dealing with the principal flowers, fruits, and vegetables of the various seasons and indicating the chief garden work to be done each month. The home vegetable garden, C. W. Waid (Mich. Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Bui. 4 (1916), pp. 35, figs. 10). — A popular cultural treatise dealing with the farmer's garden, the suburban garden, and the city garden. Growing seeds for the world, A. Kbuhm (Card. Mag. [N. T.I, 24 (1916), No. 5, pp. 164-167, figs. 11). — A popular historical account of the American garden seed industry. Nitrate of soda spray for fruit bearing, W. H. Volch (Pacific Rural Press, 93 (1917), No. 3, p. 72). — Popular suggestions on the spraying of donnant fruit trees with nitrate of soda, based on investigations conducted by the author in cooperation with Ballard (E. S. R., 30, p. 640). Results from spraying in Nova Scotia, G. E. Sanders and W. H. Bkittain (Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch Circ. 7 (1916), pp. 11, pi. 1). — In this circular the authors present some actual results obtained by owners spraying for profit in their own orchards in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia. The data are discussed under the general headings of increase in quality of apples due to spraying, increase in quantity of apples due to continued spraying, economy in handling clean fruit, and profits in spraying. The cost of spraying, F. I. Odell (Fruit Grower, 28 (1917), No. 1, pp. 3, 27, fig. 1). — An analysis is given of spraying expenses in some apple orchards in southern Indiana, including tables showing the labor, materials, and cost for spraying one acre of a 30-year-old orchard in 1915, and the maintenance spraying expense for 20 acres for an 8-year period. The apple as affected by varying degrees of dormant and seasonal pruning, W. H. Aldeeman and E. C. Aitchteb (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 158 (1916), pp. 3-56, figs. 22) . — ^A preliminary report of a pruning experiment covering a period of four years and embracing 366 apple trees of various ages. Study has been 536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 made of the effects on vigor aud fruitful ness of various degrees of dormant pruning, summer iiruning at different times, and combinations of dormant and summer pruning. Tlie worli of other investigators is reviewed and a biblio- graphy of related literature appended. The results of the pruning work as a whole are in accord with those pre- viously reported by the senior author (E. S. R., 35, p. 142). Although heavy annual dormant pruning has resulted in stronger terminal growth, the gain in total length of growth and in increase in trunk diameter has been less than with lightly pruned trees. Heavy dormant pruning appears to be primarily of value for developing a frame work during the first two or three years of the tree's life and for stimulating fruit production in middle-aged trees that are only in a fair state of vigor. As previously noted all classes of summer pruning have been inferior to dormant pruning. The authors have also conducted experiments to determine the effects of ringing on the growth and fruitfulness of apple trees. Ringing of trees caused heavy crop production the season following the operation but so impaired the vigor that no crop was produced the second or third years, and at least three seasons were required to restore the tree to normal conditions. Apples: Production estimates and important commercial districts and varieties, H. P. Gould and F. Andrews (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 485 {,1911), pp. 48, figs. 16) . — A statistical study of the apple industry of the United States con- taining estimates relative to the production aud distribution of the principal varieties in the country as a whole and in the individual States, including also ail outline of the distribution of the apple industry in each State and the varieties grown. Estimates are also given of the proportion of early and late apples produced in each State and of the annual production of apples as a whole in the United States from 1890 to 1916, inclusive. A portion of the data have been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 438). Preliminary observations on the ripening of Bartlett pears, W. V. Cruess and P. M. Stone {Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cal., 5 {1916), No. 12, pp. 425-429).— Data are given on some preliminary tests conducted at the California Experi- ment Station to ascertain whether the proper time for picking pears to be shipped may be determined by a simple chemical test. The results thus far secured indicate that a minimum size may be of more value than a chemical test in deciding the time of picking. Navel persimmons, J. E. Coit (Cal. Citrogr., 2 {1916), No. S, p. 9, fig. 1). — Some Japanese persimmons observed in California that have a small secondary fruit included within the primary fruit are here illustrated and described. The common honeybee as an agent in prune pollination, A. H. Hendrick- SON {Calif omia Sta. Bui. 274 {1916), pp. 127-132, figs. 2).— During the past three years the station has been conducting pollination studies with plums and prunes in the Santa Clara Valley. This bulletin comprises a progress report on that part of the project dealing with the honeybee as a factor in prune pollination. Because of the conflicting reports of the value of interplanting such varieties as the French prune and the Imperial prune, and also because of a noticeable lack of bees and other insects in the prune orchards of the valley during the blooming period, an experiment was planned in which a tent of white mosquito bar was placed over a pair of adjoining French and Imper'al prune trees as nearly as possible of the same age and size. A hive of honeybees was kept in this tent throughout the blooming period. A similar tent inclosed a pair of French and Imperial prune trees, from which bees and other insects were ex- cluded throughout the blooming period. Observations were made on the set of fruit under these tents and also on trees of these varieties exposed to normal conditions. 1917] HORTICULrURE. 537 The honeybees seemed to prefer the flowers of the French prune and seemed to devote most of their attention to this variety. As a result, the French prune tree exposed to the bees set a much heavier crop than that of the best trees exposed to normal conditions, whereas the Imperial prune tree exposed to the bees set only a light crop of fruit. The French prune tree from which bees were excluded set only a very light crop and the Imperial prune tree only a few scattering fruits. The experiment is to be repeated to determine, if possible, why the Imperial prune did not respond to pollination by the bees. The work thus far conducted indicates that the French prune at least may be aided in setting a satisfactory crop by the presence of a large number of bees in the orchard during the blooming period. Inheritance in Vitis, Rasmuson {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstw., No 15 (WlJf), pp. 29-34, flffS- 4)- — Data are given on character transmission in crosses between a number of selected phylloxera-resistant direct-bearing grape? and grafting stocks. The results in general show that the trend of variation for some characters at least is the same for crosses between species as between varieties of the same species. Crosses between phylloxera-susceptible species yielded phylloxera-sus- ceptible offspring. Crosses between phylloxera-resistant species gave both sus- ceptible and resistant offspring, with the latter dominant. Immunity to phyl- loxera was also dominant and susceptibility recessive in the progeny of crosses between susceptible and resistant species. Portuguese varieties of vines, F. de Casteixa (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 14 (1916), Nos. 7, pp. 398-408; 9, pp. 565-510; 10, pp. 622-628; 11, pp. 673-686; 12, pp. 731-740, figs. 22). — A descriptive account of the varieties of grapes gi'own in Portugal for the production of port wine. Arsenate of lead in viticulture, C. F. Muttelet {Ann. Falsi/., 9 {1916), No. 94-95, pp. 298-301). — Analyses were made to determine the amounts of lead, copper, and arsenic in the wines, lees, and marcs of grapes sprayed with arsenate of lead after the formation of seeds. The wines contained only very slight traces of copper and arsenic and no lead. The lees contained per liter 500 mg. (3.5 grains per lb.) of lead, 10 mg. of arsenic, and traces of copper. The marc contained per kilogram of dried product 200 mg. (1.4 grains per pound) of lead, 0.1 mg. of arsenic, and traces of copper. These results indicate that the consumption of wine before the lees are deposited may be dangerous and that the marc should not be fed to stock. Generally speaking, however, the use of arsenical sprays after the seeds are formed does not introduce toxic metals into products of consumption that are prepared with care. Varietal standardization, L. B. Scott (Cal. Citrogr., 2 {1916), No. 3, pp. 8, 9, fig. 1). — In this paper the author points out the need of varietal standardiza- tion for the greater development of our subtropical fruit industries, special attention being given to the citrus fruits, avocado, and olive. Four years' experience with budded avocado trees, J. T. Whedon {CaX. Citrogr., 2 {1916), No. 3, p. 7). — A brief summary of results secured in Orange County, Cal., with 342 avocado trees, including 29 different varieties. [Cacao experiments, 1914—15], J. De Vekteuix {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 15 {1916), No. 6, pp. 183-205, pU. 8). — This report is supplementary to a previous report for 1914-15 (E. S. R., 36, p. 141), and gives the results of manurial and natural yield experiments with cacao on a number of additional estates in Trinidad and Tobago not previously mentioned. Bud variation in lemons, A. D. Shamel {Cal. Citrogr., 2 {1917), No. 4, pp. 6, 7, 16, figs. 3; Jour. Heredity, 8 (1917), No. 2, pp. 75-81, fig. 1).—A paper on 85476°— No. 6—17 4 538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 this subject read before the American Genetic Association in New York City in December, 1916, in which the author points out that recent studies with lemons in California have shown bud variation to take place as in the earlier work with the Washington navel orange (E. S. R., 34, p. 639). The records and observations of the lemon studies are to be published at a later date. The desirability of further systematic investigations of bud variations in citrus fruits grown in other regions and in all other plants propagated vegetatively is pointed out. Notes on oranges and lemons, H. J. Davies {Dept. Land Rec. and Agr., United Prov. Agra and Oudh, Bui. 38 (1916), pp. 22). — Cultural notes, with special reference to conditions in India, are given. How to fertilize olive trees, A. Rolet (Vie. Agr et Rurale, 6 (1916), No. 53, pp. 474-479, figs. 3). — Suggestions on fertilizing olive trees, with fertilizer for- mulas recommended by different authorities, are presented. Mang'anese as a cause of the depression of the assimilation of iron by pineapple plants, M. O. Johnson (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 1, pp. 47-49, fig. 1). — A summarized account of experiments which will be given in fuller detail in a publication of the Hawaii Experiment Station. In continuation of the investigations by Wilcox and Kelley (E. S. R., 27, p. 842), showing the detrimental effects of manganese in pineapple soils in Ha- waii, the author finds that the manganese of the highly manganiferous soils of the island of Oahu is nearly, if not all, in the dioxid form, and that the toxic effect observed on pineapple plants is due to a depression in the assimilation of iron. Pineapple plants have recovered from the toxic effects of manganese when supplied with iron through the leaves by means of sprays. A commer- cially successful treatment has been worked out and the profitable utilization of these highly manganiferous soils seems assured. Soil management in cinchona culture, P. van Leicrsum (Orondbewerking hi) de Kinacultuur. Surabaya, Java: Nederland.-Ind. Landb. Synd., 1916, pp. ^3)_ — A. paper introducing themes for discussion at the Dutch India Soil Con- gress at Djokja, in October, 1916. Some comparative data are given showing the beneficial results of intensive culture in growing cinchona. The cultivation of belladonna in California, A. Schneider (California Sta. Bui. 275 (1916), pp. 135-160, figs. i2).— This bulletin gives directions for growing belladonna based upon numerous field tests, many of which were on a com- mercial scale, conducted under the direction of the station. The California and other American cultural experiments with belladonna are summarized and the plant is considered with reference to climatic and soil requirements, seed germination and care of the seedlings, transplanting seedlings and crown cuttings, care of the crop, harvesting, preparation for market, yields, and field enemies of belladonna. Data are also given relative to the alkaloidal yield of belladonna of different ages, together with suggestions for increasing the alkaloidal contents of the plants. Possibility of the commercial production of lemon-grass oil in the United States, S. C. Hood (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 442 (1917), pp. 12, figs. 5).— This bulle- tin combines directions for growing lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and the production of oil with the results of experiments conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry in central Florida during the past eight years in which field tests were made with 13 varieties secured from 8 different parts of the world. Consideration is given to the soil and climatic requirements of lemon grass, propagation, fertilizers and cultivation, harvesting, distillation, varieties, factors affecting the yield and citral content of lemon-grass oil, solubility of lemon- grass oil in alcohol, and commercial possibilities. The experiments as a whole indicate that the production of lemon-grass oil would not be profitable if all 1917] FORESTKY. 539 overhead charges for the distillation plant were placed against this crop alone. It is believed, however, that if grown in connection with other volatile oil plants, thus prolonging the distilling season, this crop will yield returns comparing favorably with other crops grown on the same type of land. Wliat science has done and will do for floriculture, E. A. White {Gard. Chron. Amer., 21 (1911), No. 1, pp. 11-14)- — An abstract of a lecture in which the author reviews some of the scientific contributions to the development of ornamental plant production, FORESTRY. Eighth annual report of the state forester. — Forestry in Vermont, A. F. Hawes (Ann. Rpt. State Forester Vf., 8 {1916), pp. 43, pis. S). — This report out- lines forest planting operations in the State and gives an account of activities at the state nurseries and on the various state forests, including data on the white pine blister rust inspection for 1916 and a financial statement for the year. A report on forest fires for 1915 by R. M. Ross and a note by B. A. Chandler on the assistance rendered to private owners in the close utilization of forests are also included. Progress report of the Forest Research Institute for the year 1915—16, B. B. OsMASTON {Rpt. Forest Research In^t. [Dehra Dun], 1915-16, pp. 21). — A brief progress report of the investigation and research work of the institute dealing with silviculture and working plans and with forest botany, economy, zoology, and chemistry. Lists of forest publications issued since the establish- ment of the Forest Research Institute are appended. The trees of Vermont, G. P. Bubns and C. H. Otis {Vermont Sta. Bui. 194 (1916), pp. 3-244j P^s. 9, figs. 507). — A classification with popular descriptions of the trees of Vermont, and comprising a revision of Bulletin 73 of the Ver- mont Station (E. S. R., 12, p. 153) in which considerable material published by Otis elsewhere (E. S. R., 29, p. 43) has been adapted in somewhat revised form to Vermont conditions. The bulletin is intended primarily for the use of pupils in public schools and of persons not especially trained in botany. The vegetation of the New Jersey pine barrens, J. W. Haeshbeegek (Phila- delphia: Christopher Soicer Co., 1916, pp. XI+329 pis. 2, figs. 283). — A descrip- tive account of the pine-barren vegetation of the coastal plain of New Jersey from the phytogeographic and ecologic aspects. The subject matter is based upon observations and research work which have been in progress for a period of at least 25 years. The sandalwoods of Hawaii. — A revision of the Hawaiian species of the genus Santalum, J. F. Rock (Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Hawaii, Bot. Bui. 3 (1916), pp. 43, figs. 13). — A key with botanical descriptions is given of nine species and two varieties of sandalwood, native to Hawaii. The conifers and taxads of Japan, E. H. Wilson (Pubs. Arnold Arboretum No. 8 (1916), pp. XI+91, pis. 59). — ^A descriptive account with Illustrations and a full synonymy of different species and varieties of the conifers and taxads of Japan, including references to the principal literature on the subject. Indian timbers used in engineering construction, R. S. Pearson (Trans. Internal. Engin. Cong., 1915, Materials for Engin. Construct., pp. 15). — A paper presented at the International Engineering Congress at San Francisco in Septem- ber, 1915. It briefly describes the principal timber species of India with reference to their distribution, growth, physical and mechanical properties, uses, yield, and prices ; summarizes what is being done to maintain the supply of timber ; and reviews the economic position of the timber trade in India. 540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Experimental notes on the bitter oak, E. Feeraei {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 21 {1916), No. 24, pp. 678-681).— The author calls attention to the im- portance of securing data on the growth of Italian trees, and presents diameter, height, and volume measurements of 22 bitter oak trees ranging in age from 39 to 97 years. Gutta-percha, B. H. F. Barnard {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 5 {1916), No. 2, pp. 25-31). — An account of gutta-percha-j'ielding trees with reference to their botany, general distribution, and distribution in the Federated Malay States, including also considerations relative to methods of extracting gutta-percha, yield, cost of tapping, cultivation, improvement of natural gutta-percha forests, and pests. Tabular data are given showing the yield of clean gutta from a immber of trees that have been tapped four times during the period 1909 to 1915. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Laboratory outlines in plant pathology, H. H. Whetzel, L. R. Hesler, C. T. Gregory, and W. H. Rankin {Ithaca, N. Y.: AutJiors, 1916, pp. 207). — The out- lines given are those used at Cornell University, no attempt having been made to adapt them for use at other institutions. Instructors are expected to select materials suitable for their courses. The sequence of procedure is essentially the same in all exercises, and its mastery should result in the student's ac- quiring habits of orderly and logical investigation. The authors express the hope that the groiiping of the diseases studied will direct attention from the tiominance of systematic mycology and turn it to the more logical classification and study of plant diseases based on pathological phenomena. Diseases of cultivated plants and trees, G. Massee {New York: The Mac- millan Co., 1915, 2. ed., pp. XII+602+16, figs. i75).— The new matter contained in this book is embraced in a supplement to the original edition (E. S. R., 24, p. 44). Descriptions are given of 20 or more diseases that have made their appear- ance or assumed economic importance since the earlier publication. Report of committee on fung'us diseases, T. F. IManns {Trans. Peninsula Hort. Soc. [Del.], 28 {1915), pp. 52-63).— This is a condensed account of insect injury during 1914, also of plant diseases and of measures for their control, including a plant disease survey, the results of which are discussed. Report of committee on fungus diseases, T. F. Manns {Trans. Peninsula Hort. Soc. [Del.], 29 {1916), pp. 58-64)- — I^ike the above report for the previous year, this deals partly with the prevalence, progress, and control of plant diseases in other sections of the country, but more particularly with diseases and contributing or opposing factors and results in and near Delaware. Some prevalent diseases of the season are briefly reported on in connection with the plants affected thereby. Cooperation in the investigation and control of plant diseases, K. F. Kel- lerman {Ahs. in Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), p. 517). — This is an argument for closer cooperation between specialists studying plant diseases, on the one hand, and Federal, State, and local ofllcials on the other, in order to secure quicker diffusion of knowletlge regarding plant disea.ses and earlier and more effective employment of agencies for their prevention or control. [Plant diseases in Barbados], J. R. Boa-ell and J. S. Dash {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1914-15, pp. 20-25, ^3, 4^)- — This portion of the annual report in- cludes, among other data presentetl and discussed, a tabular account of the proportion of disease in the cotton hybrids under cultivation during 1910 to 1915 and a similar account of the prevalence of fungus diseases in cotton from the 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 541 experimental plats at SHmmervale during the seasons 1913-14 and 1914-15. De- scriptive and otlier data regarding the cotton varieties employed are included. The root disease of sugar cane, due to Marasmius sacehari, was noted on one estate in 1914, but the use of resistant varieties has in recent years helped to lessen the amount of trouble from this source. Thielamopsis paradoxa ( T. etlm- ceticus) was troublesome on some estates, experiment proving the necessity of properly making up the Bordeaux mixture for use in this connection. Colleto- trichum falcatum was not severe during the season. Late cottons were badly affected with black arm, angular leaf spot, and bac- terial boll disease, all due to Bacterium malvacearum. Losses from anthracnose {Glomerella gossypii) were comparatively slight. The Glceosporium dieback of cassava was again prevalent in some districts, and some plants at Codrington suffered considerably from a bacterial leaf dis- ease. Yams were affected by a blackening fungus on the stems and leaves, the spore measurements of which agree closely with those of G. pestis. Grapes affected with anthracnose (O. ampclophagum) were noted, the stems also being attacked. Leaves of grape growing in an unsuitable situation showed the presence of vine rust ( Uredo vitis ) , also of a species of Cercospora, possibly C. viticola. Young mango trees were attacked by G. mangiferw, which blackened the shoots and portions of the young stems. Sorghum leaves showing rust were found to bear Puccinia purpurea and the rust parasite Darluca flluni. A leaf spot as- sociated with Glo'osporium sp. was observed to cause considerable injury to Pithecolobium unguis-coti. Some palms of the genus Phoenix were found to be affected with Graphiola phoenicis. Annual report for 1915 of the botanist, R. H. Biffen {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 {1915), pp. 309-313).— This report deals with tests of seeds; identi- fication of weeds, grasses, and cereals ; rapelike sports among swedes and cryptogamic plant diseases, these last including potato-leaf curl and tuber wet rot ; a rust and a bacterial disease of mangold ; club root of swedes and cabbage ; mildew in oats, vegetable marrow, and parsnips ; blindness in barley and wheat ; wheat bunt ; alfalfa sickness ; mildew on apple, peach, and gooseberry ; pear scab ; apple canker; plum silver leaf; Botrytis on lettuce; and minor diseases of ornamental plants. Leptospharia culmifraga is claimed to produce brittleness of wheat stems near the ground level. Sporidesmium solani varians appears to be somewhat com- mon, causing a leaf spot of early potatoes, but to be controllable by the timely use of Bordeaux mixture. Hydrogen ion concentration and natural immunity in plants, R. J. Wagneb {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.}, 2. AM., U {1916), No. 2^-25, pp. 108-119, figs. 7).— A pre- liminary account is given of studies with Sinnpis alba, Brassica oleifera, Semper- vivum hausmannii, and Solanum tuberosum. It is stated that the variation of hydrogen ion concentration in plant tissues is a phenomenon of reaction to the injection of pathogenic bacteria. The course and end results are related to the susceptibility of the plant in question and to the character of the disease as acute or chronic. Crown gall or plant cancer, C. O. Smith {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Gal., 5 {1916), No. 6, pp. 201-211, figs. 3). — This is a somewhat general discussion of the now almost world-wide crown gall organism. Bacterium tumefaciens, and its degree of attack and other relations to the large number of plants which it can infect either naturally or artificially. It is believed that the soils of California are often naturally infected with the crown gall organism, especially in case of those that were formerly wooded 542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 or used for the growing of stone fruits. The organism is thought to be entirely a wound parasite. Resistant stock is regarded as the most hopeful means of control, several varieties of plum being on trial in this connection. Rigid inspection before planting in the fall and again after the active spring gro^^ith sets in is regarded as very important. Tree surgery is considered as on the whole so uncertain and unsatisfactory as to be impracticable. North American species of Allodus, C. R. Oeton {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Oard., 6 {1916), pp. 173-208). — This account deals with the genetic and host relation- ships, life history, and classification of the genus Allodus, the hosts of which are said to number seven monocotyledonous and 40 dicotyledonous species dis- tributed among 21 families representing 14 orders. Some species of Nummularia common in Indiana, C. E. O'Neal {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 191^, pp. 235-249, figs. 15). — Results are given of the examination of five species of Nummularia found at points in Indiana and elsewhere, only one of these, N. discreta, being regarded as of much economic importance. The genus Rosellinia in Indiana, G. B. Ramsey {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, pp. 251-265, figs. 9). — A brief account is included of eight species of Rosellinia said to be destructive to living plants mentioned in this connection. Correlation of certain long-cycled and short-cycled rusts, H. C. Tbavelbee {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, PP- 231-234).— The author has made a study of several species of Puccinia and furnishes a short list of combinations which are regarded as good correlations. It is thought that the possibilities of correlation studies are very numerous and that the practical application of the knowledge so gained will be made along the lines of culture work, especially in forecasting the alternate host plants of unconnected cecial or telial forms. Continuous rust propagation without sexual reproduction, C. A. Lxjdwig {Proc. Ind. Acad. ScL, 1914, pp. 219-230). — The author, presenting data obtained largely from contributions of other investigators, concludes that a good many rusts can pass the winter and propagate themselves for a long time, if not indefinitely, maintaining a high degree of vigor without employing the sexual mode of reproduction. Cereal diseases and pests, E. Riehm {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.}, 2. Aht., 44 {1915), No. 14-16, pp. 385-407). — This is a review of contributions by various authors during 1914 regarding injuries done to cereal crops by animal and vegetable parasites and by agencies not parasitic in character, about 124 titles being listed. Cereal rusts in subtropical South America, G. Gassner {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 44 {1916), No. 9-13, pp. 305-381). — This is a study of the more common rusts affecting economic grains in the La Plata region at ten developmental stages of the plants, as carried out at periods during 1907 to 1910. The account includes also a discussion of climatic conditions in this region, the observed forms and specializations of the rusts, and their relations to particular varieties of the different grains. The dependence of cereal rusts upon the development stage of the host plant and upon external factors, G. Gassner {CcntU. Bakt. [etc.'[, 2. Abt, 44 (1915), No. 17-23, pp. 512-617). — This is a further report on the study above noted. It deals in considerable detail with the direct and indirect influence of cli- mate, soil, and other factors as related to rust attack, and with the significance in this connection of developmental stages of different portions of the plants. Oat smut in Indiana, F. J. Pipal {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, PP- 191-196). — While oat plants from fields of different counties in Indiana, sown with seed that had not been treated, showed proportions ranging from 11 to over 20 per cent of Bmut infection, the proportion was reduced to an average of about 0.3 per cent 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 543 by the use of the formaldehyde treatment, which is sliown to be both simple and inexpensive. One pint of formaldeliyde is added to 50 gal. of water, and the seed are thoroughly moistened by constant stirring, spread out to dry, and sown as soon as they will run through the drill, or dried more thoroughly if sowing is to be postponed. Leaf smut of timothy, G. A, Osnee {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. SSI (1916), pp. 187-230 pi. 1, figs. 14). — The leaf smut of timothy due to Vstilago strke- fortnis, which also occurs on a large number of other grasses, is described. This fungus is of economic importance through its reduction of the yield of hay and of seed. The symptoms of the disease, its etiology, and pathology are described, after which an account is given of the effect of seed treatment by means of for- jnaldehyde, hot water, and copper sulphate solutions. The results, while not con- clusive, are considered to point strongly to the probability that the disease may be controlled by treating the seed with hot water. A bibliography is appended. Plant diseases affecting alfalfa, L. E. Melchebs {Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 35 {1916), No. 138, pp. 339-353, figs. 19).— Brief popular accounts are given of a number of diseases occurring on alfalfa in Kansas, the diseases being grouped according to their causes as parasitic or nonparasitic. In the first group the author describes dodder, leaf rust, leaf spots, bacterial stem blight, violet root rot, downy mildew, and a Phoma stem disease. In the second group accounts are given of a stem-cracking disease and yellow top of alfalfa. In addition to the diseases enumerated, brief accounts are given of brown root rot, crown wart, and root knot, parasitic diseases which are not yet known to occur in the State. Alfalfa crown wart in the western United States, R. McKee {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 8 {1916), No. 4< PP- 244-246)- — Discussing the life history and dis- tribution of Urophlijctis alfalfw, the author states that the question whether or not this fungus is endemic in the western United States has not yet been settled. Alfalfa plants grown in 1910 from seed imported from Peru, where the disease is known to exist, had considerable crown wart in 1914. Plants, apparently healthy, of Medicago falcata, originating at Highmore, S. Dak., and grown in 1914 and 1915 on ground that had never before grown alfalfa, showed a few well- developed galls of the crown wart. In this case it is thought that the farm im- plements may have carried the infection from other plants at the station. Observations made in the Sacramento Valley are considered to show that the crown wart decreases the yield of hay and shortens the life of the plants. It occurs on light, sandy, and peat soils almost or quite as abundantly as on heavier soils, but is more abundant on overflowed than on higher lands. In this region the fungus is in its active stage of gi-owth during the latter part of winter, spring, and early summer, the galls drying and disintegrating early in July. The disease is thought to be more abundant and widespread in the western United States than is commonly supposed. A new disease of beets in northern France, E. MiioE {Vie Agr. et R^irale, 5 {1915), No. 19, p. 341, fig. 1). — A description is given of a beet disease which appeared in 1915 in northern France. It is characterized by orange-colored spots, irregular swellings, and distortion of the foliage. The old leaves are the first to show alteration, which is associated with more or less retardation and abnor- mality of development in other parts of the plant. The trouble is thought to be due to physiological causes. Is cucumber mosaic carried by seed? J. A. McOlintock {Science, n. ser., ^4 (1916), No. 1144, pp. 786, 7S7). — The author presents evidence which seems to show that the cucumber mosaic, or white pickle, disease is carried by seed. 544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. I Vol. 36 Peanut mosaic, J. A. McClintock {Science, n. ser., 45 {1917), No. 1150, pp. 47, 4S). — The author reports having observed in a peanut field a plant one shoot of which bore mottled leaves. This plant was transferred to a greenhouse, and at the same time mature pods from it were planted to determine whether the mosaic would be transmitted, but thus far there is no indication that the trouble is carried by the seed. Attempts to produce mosaic by inoculation, as well as other tests to determine its infectious nature, have given negative results. Fungus parasites of the pigeon pea, E. Rangel {Lavoura; Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Brazil], 18 {1914), No. 1-4, pp. 5-18, pis. 3).— This information, which has been noted previously from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 52), is here given in both Portuguese and French. A contribution to our knowledge of silver scurf (Spondylocladium atro- Tirens) of the white potato, J. J. Taubenhaus {Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 6 {1916), pp. 549-560, pis. 3). — It is claimed that S. atrovirens, which is carried by seed or soil, is the cause of the disease of white potato known as silver scurf. This fungus is not causally connected with PhcUomyees sclerottophorus, which appears to be a saprophyte or very weak parasite. It is stated that the genus Phellomyces is not valid, the fungus really belonging to Colletotrichum, and P. sclerotiophorus being identical with C. solanicolum and Vertnicularia atramerir taria. It has accordingly been designated as C. atramentarium. The sweet potato " soil rot " or " pox," a slime mold disease, J. A. Elliott {Delaware Sta. Bui. II4 {1916), pp. 2-25, figs. 22). — For .several years work has been in progress on the cause and means of control of a disease of sweet potato known as soil rot or pox. The author, in the present publication, gives an ac- count of laboratory studies and field observations of this disease, w^hich he reports is due to a slime mold and not to Aorocystis batatce, as previously claimed (E. S. R., 2, p. 416). The organism causing the disease is described under the name Cystospora batata n. g. and sp., and its life history and cytology are reported at length. The sweet potato " soil rot " or " pox " organism, J. A. Elliott {Science, n. ser., 44 {1916), No. II42, pp. 709, 710). — A preliminary account is given of the Bweet potato soil rot or pox (see above). Tree wounds and diseases, their prevention and treatment, A. D. Websteb {London: Williams & Norgate, 19 JO, pp. XX +215, pis. 32, figs. 9).— This book deals in a general way with the treatment of tree wounds and diseases, the information being based on the author's practical work and observation. The author discusses the management of decaying trees, treatment of hollow trunks, supporting heavy and diseased branches, treatment of injuries from various causes, such as the adverse influence of soil or atmosphere, fungi, insects, etc., the prevention of diseases, and accidents and diseases to which trees are liable, A special chapter is given on fruit trees and their enemies. Sun scald of fruit trees, a type of winter injury, A. J. Mix {New York Cor- nell Sta. Bui. 382 {1916), pp. 235-284, pis. 2, figs. 2).— A description is given of the winter injury to fruit trees commonly known as sun scald, in which the sun-exposed side of the trunk is affected. Two other types of injury somewhat related to sun scald are crotch injury and crown injury, or crown rot, both of which are discussed in connection with sun scald. In the author's experiments, artificial freezing and thawing at various temperatures were resorted to, their effect on the cambium being noted. Sun scald injury is considered due to direct freezing to death of tissues through an increased tenderness of the tissue on the sunny side of the trunk in late winter or through a rapid temperature fall which causes the killing of the tissues on the sunny side of the tree at a higher temperature. Both of these 191T] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545 factors may be concerned in the injury. Sun scald is considered to be a late winter injury, as distinguished from crown rot, which is perhaps an early winter injury. Sun scald is, therefore, not induced by late gi-owth or an unripened condition of the tree in the fall, while crown rot is undoubtedly due to this condition. As a result of experiments, the author claims that a practical method of controlling sun scald is to spray or paint the trunks of the trees with white- wash in the fall or early winter. This method is considered more feasible than shading with boards or otherwise. Control of pear scab, R. E. Smith {California Sta. Circ. 157 {1916), pp. 4, figs. 5). — Suggestions are given for the control of pear scab, plowing under of the dead leaves and two sprayings with Bordeaux mixture as the buds are unfolding being recommended. As an extra precaution a third spraying, with Bordeaux mixture to which lead arsenate has been added for codling moth control, may be given. Peach scab and its control, G. W. Keitt {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 395 {1911), pp. 66, pis. 6, figs. 6). — The results of laboratory and field investigations on peach scab, due to Cladosporinm carpopliilum, and its control are given. Peach scab is said to occur in practically every important peach-growing district in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and its presence has also been recorded in Canada, Europe. Australia, and South Africa. The characteristics of the disease are given, and the life history of the organism is described. Inoculation experiments with single spore strains of the fungus from the fruit of the peach and from twigs and leaves gave typical infections in every case, with the exception of the leaf strain inoculated upon the fruit. Scab infection naturally appears shortly prior to the ripening period of the earlier varieties and may continue throughout the season. Primary infection is said to be produced by conidia from overwintered twig lesions. The fungus over- winters in the mycelial stage on living twigs and no evidence has been found of any other type of overwintering that is of practical importance in the life history of the parasite, although it has been shown that the mycelium may survive the winter on fallen fruit and twigs. The varying resistance of dif- ferent varieties of peaches to scab is pointed out, and as a result of the experi- ments of the author and others, it is claimed that it may be satisfactorily controlled by spraying with self-boiled lime-sulphur or with finely divided wettable sulphur. Grape anthracnose in America, C. L. Shear {Off. Rpt. Sess. Internat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 111-111, figs. 4). — The author states that while grape anthracnose due to Sphaceloma ampeUnnm has apparently not been found on wild grape- vines native to this country, it is known to attack varieties derived from our native species. A resemblance noted between the anthracnose fungus of the grape and that of some species of Rubus has suggested the possibility of a close relation or identity of the causal organisms, which is to be investigated. The unpleasant features of the iron sulphate and sulphuric acid treatment are said to be obviated by the use of the effective combined lime-sulphur and Bordeaux mixture treatment which has been worked out by Hawkins (B. S. R., 28, p. 649). This proved to be successful vvhen used in connection with removal of diseased material. Studies on Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew of grapes), C. T. Geegoky {Off. Rpt. Sess. Internat. Cong. Vit, 1915, pp. 126-150, figs. 37).— This is an account of studies by the author and by others on the various phases of develop- ment of P. viticola, including the pathological histology and physiology and circumstances determining resistance or susceptibility to downy mildew. 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Downy mildew on direct bearers, S. Obiedoff, J. Baqtjeeo, and D. V. Pehlivanoglou (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser., J 4 (1915), No. 4, PP- 282-322, fiys. 2). — The authors have made very extensive observations regarding the degree of mildew attack on direct bearer vines of several species and numerous varieties in the collection of the School of Agriculture at Mont- pellier. The results are tabulated and discussed at greater length than in the account previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 352). It is admitted that no ideal direct producer uniting the comparatively high but not complete resistance shown by American viiies with the flavor of product and adaptability character- izing French vines has been found to exist in that collection. Variations in the resistance of grape to downy mildew, L. Ravaz and S. Obiedoff (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser., 14 (1915), No. 4, Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 37 (1916), No. 19, pp. Ul-W, figs. 6, pp. 255-263, figs. 6). — Having observed a more marked attack on grape blooms than on peduncler-, the authors made a study of the numbers of stomata, supposedly the onl> points of invasion by the fungus. The stomata were found to be more numerous in the case of the more resistant American vines. Stomatal numbers are considered to be unimportant as a factor determining susceptibility to mildew attack, which appears to depend upon conditions within the tissues themselves. Powdery mildew of grapes and its control in the United States, D. Reddick and F. E. Gladwin (Off. Rpt. Scss. Internat. Cong. Vit., 1915, pp. 117-125).— This paper relates mainly to experience during 1911 to 1914 with fungicides differing in form, composition, and mode of application in the grape belt in Chautauqua County, N. Y. The tests with powdered sulphur yielded results which were inconclusive, necessitating their repetition with modifications. Leaf spots on vines, W. H. Dobson (Oard. Chron., 3. ser., 59 (1916), No. 1534, p. 267). — Discussing in a preliminary note the work of previous experimenters in connection with his own recent work on leaf spot of grapevines, the author concludes that boron in the soil is probably the cause of the disease. Chlorosis of pineapples induced by manganese and carbonate of lime, P. L. GiLE (Science, n. ser., 44 (1916), No. II46, pp. 855-857). — Attention is called to experiments carried out by M. O. Johnson, of the Hawaii Experiment Station, for the control of chlorosis of pineapples on highly manganiferous soils by spraying the leaves with ferrous sulphate. The author points out differences between this form of chlorosis and that described by him in Porto Rico as in- duced by carbonate of lime (E. S. R., 26, p. 121). These differences lead him to believe that the manganese chlorosis may be due in part to a deficiency of iron in the plant caused by the action of manganese in the plant or in the soil, and in part to a direct toxic effect of manganese, while the lime-induced chlorosis is supposedly caused by a lack of iron in the plant due to carbonate of lime's diminishing the availability of iron in the soil. It is stated that these two kinds of chlorosis may be found essentially the same, except for certain secondary effects produced by an undue absorption of manganese. The causes of unnecessary decay in lemons, R. L. Wilhts (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 5 (1916), No. 6, pp. 213-216). — This Is a discussion of experiences in the growing, picking, and packing of lemons with reference to losses from diseases due to injury and from infection in the soil. Emphasis is placed on a strict organization of the work with a view to locating and minimizing injury to the fruit. Overwintering of Oidium parasitic on Photinia serrulata, V. Peglion (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 25 (1916), I, No. 5, pp. 341, 342). — A brief account is given of a fungus described in part which, in the conidial stage here noted as parasitic on P. serrulata, presents considerable 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 547 analogy with O. farinosum. The mycelium appears to winter in the host, adding another example of this adaptive device to those previously noted by others, more recently by Melhus (E. S. R., 34, p. 154). An Oidium mildew on carnations, W. B. Mercee (Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc, 41 (1015), No. 2, pp. 227-229, fig. 1}.—A fungus noted in 1914 as causing a mildew on carnations and said to be a member of the Erysiphacese has not yet been fully identified. A spray which is said to control the disease is made up for keeping in stock by mixing 1.75 lbs. of crystallized copper sulphate and 1 qt. of strong ammonia with 2.5 gal. of water. Before using, each pint of this is to be diluted with 8 gal. of water. Lime-sulphur, though effective as a fungicide, injures the appearance of the plants. The biology of Uredinese on Geranium, Gina Jacob (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt, U {1915), No. 17-23, pp. G17-658, figs. 7).— Details of a study are given relating chiefly to the biology of the species of Puccinia and Uromyces on Geranium and Polygonum. A new leaf spot of Viola cucuUata, H. W. Anderson (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1914, PP- 187-190). — A preliminary report is made on a leaf spot of V. cucullata believed to be caused by a Colletotrichum, not previously noted in this connec- tion, but probably identical with that occurring on V. rotundifolia. The control of damping-ofE of coniferous seedlings, C. Hartley and R. G. Pierce (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. J53 (1917), pp. 32, pis. 2, fig. i).— Accounts are given of experiments for the control of damping-off of coniferous seedlings duo to various fungi, among them Pythium debaryanutn, Fusarium moniliforme, and Corticiwm vaguui solani. Experiments for the control of loss due to damping-off are reported from o number of Forest Service nurseries and elsewhere, in which various methods of soil disinfection were tested. Of the many methods tested, treatments with sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, zinc chlorid, and formaldehyde have proved most satisfactory, but the different disinfectants behaved quite differently at different nurseries. On tlie whole, dilute sulphuric acid has given the best results. Heat disinfection has been only partially effective. In some soils formaldehyde was found to kill dormant seed, while the other chemicals men- tioned caused in some nurseries the death of the root tips of the germinating seedlings. Sulphuric acid as a disinfectant has in some cases resulted in a marked increase in the late season growth of pine seedlings. Parch blight on Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest, T. T. Munger (Plant World, 19 (1916), No. 2, pp. 46, -^7). — A description is given of an injury to the foliage of Douglas fir trees at points in Oregon and Washington. This appears serious in spring in case of isolated trees of all ages on the eastern edges of groves and is ascribed to exposure of these trees to the drying Chinook winds at the time of the year when they are least able to withstand the parching influence of these winds. The injury is most severe on the so-called coast form of the Douglas fir. No permanent effects of this scorching are noted other than perhaps certain deficiencies of development on the most exposed sides of the trees. This form of injury is said to be analogous to the winter injury of white pine in Maine, as described by Morse (E. S. R., 21, p. 144). Parch blight is suggested as an expressive and distinguishing name for this injury. The alternate hosts of the white pine blister rust, L. R. Grose (Amer. For- estry, 22 (1916), No. 272, pp. 469-471, figs. iS).— Brief descriptions are given of the wild or cultivated currant and gooseberry, alternate hosts of the white pine blister rust. Species named as of particular importance in this connection 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 are Ribes cynoshati, R. hirtellnm (or R. oxyacanthoides) , R. prostratum {R. ylanclulosum) , R. americanum (R. floriclum), R. triste, R. lacustre, and R. rotundifolium. Maps are given to show the approximate range of each of these species in the Northeastern States and neighboring parts of Canada. Otiier native species are said to occur elsewhere, 70 out of a total of 120 species and subspecies being found in the United States, generally in the neighborhood of the five-leaved pines. [The white pine blister rust situation], P. Spauldinq (Amer, Forestry, 22 {1916), Nos. 266, pp. 97, 98, fig. 1; 267, pp. 137, 138, fig. i).— This information has already been noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 551). White pines of Lenox menaced (Amer. Forestry, 22 (1916), No. 272, pp. 472, 478, fig. 1). — This is a brief account of the appearance, spread, and effects of blister rust among the noted white pines of Lenox, Mass., and of efforts now being made for control of the disease. In May and June of 1916 it was found to have attacked many white pines of all sizes and ages in this region, some trees having branches infected 60 or 70 ft. above the ground. Late in May the early summer stages of the blister rust appeared on currant and gooseberry leaves and the late summer form, which infects pine trees in the fall, was found late in June. Conditions near Ipswich, Mass., have shown that there is no hope for the white pine trees that have been long exposed to the infecting spores from neighboring currant and gooseberry bushes. Endothia parasitica and related species, C. L. Sheak, N. E. Stevens, and Ruby J. Tiller (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 380 {1917), pp. 82, pis. 23, figs. 5).— This bulletin gives an account of the taxonomy, morphology and development, and physiology of E. parasitica, the cause of the chestnut canker, an! related species of the organism. To determine the specific identity of the oi■.^anism, a study was made of all authentic specimens of all the species of Endothia obtainable. According to the authors, the genus is divided into two sections based on the character of the ascospores. The first section contains two species, E. gyrosa and E. singuhijis, while the second section contains four species and one varietj^ E. fluens, E. lluens mississippiensis, E. longirostris, E. tropicaUs, and E. parasitica. The host plants of the different species are mentioned, and E. parasitica, which is the only species thus far found to be actively parasitic, is reported to occur on Acer, Carya, Castanea, Quercus, and Rhus, but is known to be seriously parasitic only on Castanea. The oriental species of chestnut are said to be more or le.ss resistant to the attack of this parasite. A list of citetl literature is appended. Notes on some South African mistletoes and their hosts, R. Marloth and I. L. Drege (.Sfo. African Jour. Sci., 11 {1915), No. 10, pp. 402, 403, pi. 1; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Intemat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 1, pp. 159, 160). — The genus Viscum, comprising about 00 species in various parts of the world, is said to be represented in South Africa by about 12 species. Among those which inhabit several hosts are V. capcnse, the most widely dis- tributed species, V. rotundifolium, V. obscurum, and V. crassulw. V. minimum has been found only on Euphorbia polygona and only near Port Elizabeth. This plant is described as mainly an internal parasite, analogous in some respects to the fungi Plasmopara viticola on grape and Perono^ora infestans on potato. It is said to require about two years to produce its first flowers, the fruit being much larger than the remaining portion of the plant exposed to view. Some studies on Bordeaux mixture, B. F. Lutman {Vermont Sta. Bui. 196 {1916), pp. 3-80, pis. 4. figs. 11). — The author gives the results of extensive studies on the fungicidal and physiological relations of Bordeaux mixture, 1917] ENTOMOLOGY. 549 together with stateruonts regarding the physical and chemical properties of that fungicide, particularly its settling, aging, preservation, etc. Notes are given on the efficiency of Bordeaux powder and Bordeaux paste as compared with freshly made Bordeaux mixture. The action of the fungicide on spore germi- nation and its physical effect on various host plants, especially on potatoes, are described at length. In the case of the potato plant, control of flea beetle injury and tipburn by means of Bordeaux mixture are considered of much importance. The author recognizes the effect of different climates on the ac- tion of Bordeaux mixture, which, in the open fields of this station, seemed to have a favorable physiological effect. Summarizing his investigations, the author states that dilute solutions may be used at a considerable saving. Thorough and violent stirring is said to break up the colloidal membranes, causing the mixture to settle slowly. Sphere crystals are formed in a short time from the copper salts in ordinary mixtures, and their covering power and adhesiveness are much less than those of col- loidal membranes. A small quantity of cane sugar or glucose tends to preserve indelinitely the physical and chemical character of the fungicide. The copper in the thinner membranes is said to be immediately soluble and fungicidal, while that in the portions adjacent to the lime particles gradually becomes soluble. The lime in the mixture is also claimed to be fungicidal. The action of Bordeaux mixture on the fungus spores is said to result in the killing of the spores, the retardation of their germination, or the putting forth of a short germ tube that is not likely to grow. Bordeaux mixture is claimed to kill largely by contact, the drip water not being highly fungicidal. Under field conditions this fungicide increases transpiration in freshly sprayed plants and increases the size of the cells, the chromatophores, and the nuclei. In the greenhouse or in a climate where neither tipburn, flea beetle injury, nor early or late blights occur, Bordeaux mixture does not seem to be either beneficial or harmful, but is quite unnecessary. A bibliography is appended. ENTOMOLOGY. Miscellaneous notes on injurious insects, P. J. Parrott and H. E. Hodgkiss (New York State Sta. Bui. 423 {1916), pp. 359-387, pis. S, figs. ^).— These notes relate to the biology, economic importance, and treatment recommended for a number of fruit insects, which, though generally of minor importance, may become sufficiently numerous in occasional years to cause considerable damage, namely, the orchard ermine raoths (Yponomeuta malinellus and Y. padellvs), the peach leaf weevil (Anametis granulata), the lesser peach borer (Synan- tJicdon pictipes), the lime-tree winter moth, the gooseberry fruit worm, and a green fruit worm on apple {Oi'aphiphora alia). The orchard ermine moths, an account of which by Parrott and Schoene has been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 557), are being introduced into the State in large numbers by importations of foreign-grown nursery stock, their infestation being largely confined to apple seedlings. Observations of the raining of leaves and other larval activities on apple are noted. The peach leaf weevil is reported to have been present in destructive num- bers during two different years in plantings of young peach trees in Niagara County. The opening buds and margins of unfolding leaves were eaten by the weevil, which deposits its eggs in clusters of from 3 to 40 in concealed situa- tions, such as the folded edges of partially-oxpanded leaves or in recesses caused by a leaf being folded upon itself. Unusual numbers of the larvae of the 550 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.36 lesser peach borer were observed in 1907 and 190S in one orchard of peach and plum trees at Bellona. The notes given relate to their attack, nature of the injury, and habits of the species. The lirae-tree winter moth, which persists from year to year unnoticed In woodlands, appeared in conspicuous numbers in 1912 in fruit plantings. The gooseberry fruit worm occasionally attacks currant plantations, effecting serious losses in fruit yields through tunneling of the berries by the larvae, which draw together fruit clusters and leaves by means of silken threads. Spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris gi'een as the earliest webs were forming gave a large measure of protection from damages by the larvae. Specimens of a type of green fruit worm, common in one orchard, which were reared to maturity proved to be G. alia. Some new or rare fruit pests, F, H. Haix {Neio York State Sta. Bui. 4^3, popvlar ed. {1916), pp. 8, figs. 10). — A popular edition of the bulletin above noted. Potato insects, R. L. Websteb (lotva Sta. Bui. 155, popular ed. {1915), pp. S-30, figs. 85). — A popular edition of the bulletin previously noted (E .S. R., 33, p. 352). The insect fauna of New Jersey greenhouses, exclusive of the Coccidse, H. B. Weiss, {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 2^ {1916), No. 2, pp. 1^^-150).— Forty-nine species, exclusive of the Coccidaj, are listed as occurring in greenhouses in New Jersey. Cacao thrips and die-back in St. Vincent {Agr. News [Barbados], 15 {1916), Nos. 360, pp. 206, 201 ; 310, pp. 222, 223).— A brief report of observations of the cacao tlirips, and die-bach of cacao made by the entomologist and mycologist in St. Vincent, who found that the conditions which are responsible for an out- break of thrips in Grenada (E. S. R., 35, p. 357) have a similar effect in St. Vincent. A synopsis of the genus Oxy thrips, J. D. Hood {Insecutor Inscitiw Menr struus, 4 {1916), No. 4-6, pp. 31-U)- A new Plectrothrips from Jamaica, J. D. Hood {Insecutor Inscitiw Meiv- struus, 4 {1016), No. 1-9, pp. IS-SO, pi. 1). Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphididae, Aleurodidae, and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico, E. P. Van Duzee {Neio York: N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1916, pp. XI +111; rev. in Psyche, 23 {1916), No. 4, pp. 128, 129; Ent. Neivs., 21 {1916), No. 10, pp. 414, 7/75).— This check list, based upon a complete bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico now in manuscript form, includes the systematic arrangement, full synonymy, date of each name, and general distribution of each species in addi- tion to the numbered list of forms. The list enumerates 699 genera and 2,969 species, the Heteroptera being 465 and 1,477, respectively, and the Homoptera, 234 and 1,492. A list is given in the preface of new names proposed. The reviews are by H. M. Parshley and J. R. de la Torre Bueno, respectively. Remarks on Lygus invitus, with descriptions of a new species and variety of Lygus, H. H. Knight {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 10, pp. 345-349, figs. 2).— The author reports finding that L. invitus breeds only on the elm, preferring always the young thrifty plants with succulent shoots. L. communis, here described as new to science and commonly known as the false tarnished plant bug, is a destructive enemy of the cultivated pear and is found commonly on Cornus spp. Life history studies of this pear pest under the name L. invitus by Parrott and Hodgkiss have been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 358). L. communis novascotiensis n. var., which breeds abundantly on apple in Nova Scotia, is also described. 1917] ENTOMOLOGY. 551 The ash leaf hVfg, Neoborus amoenus, E. L. Dickeeson and H. B. Weiss {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 24 (1916), No. 4, pp. 302-306, pi. i).— This consists of de- scriptions of the several stages of and biological notes on N. amoenus, which in- jures the foliage of ash trees and has a much wider distribution in New Jersey than previously recorded. Notes on cicadas from the TJnited States with descriptions of several new species, W. T. Davis {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 24 {1916), No. 1, pp. 42-65, pis. 4, figs. 9). — The author notes 15 species of which 6 are described as new to science. The identity of Eriosoma querci, A. C. Bakeb {Ent. News, 27 {1916), No. 8, pp. 359-366, fig. 1). — Anoecia querci, which occurs on Cornus, is shown to be the correct name for this aphidid. The species has been found to be distinct from the European A. corni. Monarthropalpus buxi in New Jersey, H. B. Weiss {Psyche, 23 {1916), No. 5, pp. 154-156, pi. 1). — The European boxwood leaf miner is reported to occur in widely separated parts of New Jersey. The susceptibility of the eggs of Aphis pomi and A. avense to hydrocyanic acid gas formation, W. A. Ross {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 11, p. 367). — The author has found that when fumigated just before or shortly after the buds begin to swell the eggs of A. pomi and A. avence, as well as the San Jos§ scale, on young trees are destroyed by hydrocyanic acid gas, 1 oz. to 100 cu. ft. (1:1:3), when exposed for 45 minutes. Notes on the Psammocharidae described by Provancher, with description of a new species, S. A. Rohwer {Canad. Ent., 4S {1916), No. 11, pp. 369-312). — Ccropales foxii from Falls Church, Va., is described as new. The shell-bark hickory mealy bug, A. H. Hollingee {Canad. Ent., 48 {1916), No. 12, pp. 411-413). — Under the name Pseudococcvs Jessica the author describes a mealy bug which occurs on hickory at Columbia, Mo. Contributions to the knowledge of the Dactylopiinse of Hawaii, E. M. Ehkhokn {Proc. Hatcaii. Ent. Soc, 3 {1916), No. 3, pp. 231-247).— In this paper the author adds five genera, of which two (Phyllococcus and Nesococcus) are new to science, and eight new species, making a total of 25 species of Dactyl- opiin£E for the Hawaiian Islands. An investigation of the best methods of destroying lice and other body vermin, J. P. Kinloch {Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2892 {1916), pp. 789-792). — In continuing investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 356) the author's experiments have substantiated the report by Bacot (E. S. R., 36, p. 356) that lice do not survive immersion in boiling water, "Several insecticidal powders have been tested, and of these N. C. I. powder [naphthalin, 96 per cent; creosote, 2 per cent, and iodoform, 2 per cent] is the most destructive to lice. Of the three constituents of N. C. I. powder, naphthalin and creosote have each a strong insecticidal action. The insecticidal action of iodoform is feeble. Naphthalin appears, so far as my comparative tests have gone, to be the most suitable basis for use in the preparation of a powder destructive to lice. Commercial naphthalin is more actively insecticidal than pure naphthalin, and it appears that the lethal power of naphthalin for lice is dependent; in great part on the presence of hydrocarbons and coal-tar derivatives other than pure naphthalin. The immediate lethal effect of creosote when mixed with naphthalin is less than that of some other insecticidal liquids, but the longer period during which creosote continues to act more than com- pensates for the initial disadvantage. In addition to its feeble insecticidal activity, iodoform greatly increases the adhesiveness of N. C. I. powder for cloth. The inclusion of iodoform in the powder is accordingly justified, although similar adhesiveness of the powder Is obtainable at less cost by substituting 652 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 tho insecticidally inert but cheaper magnesium silicate for iodoform in tlie powder. " The insecticidal power of naphthalin-creosote powders gradually diminishes wlien they are exposed in the open air. The moist nature of such powders precludes their being used successfully in perforated tins, and it has not been possible to dry the powders and at the same time retain the moist and volatile hydrocarbons and other coal-tar derivatives on which the insecticidal effect mainly depends." Notes on Anoplura and Mallophaga, from mammals, with, descriptions of four new species and a new variety of Anoplura, G. P. Fekkis {Psyche, 23 (1916), No. 4. PP- 91-120, figs. 12). — This paper is supplementary to that pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 253). Notes on the feeding habits of adult Chrysopidae, L. B. Ripley (Ent. News, 28 {1911), No. 1, pp. 35-37).— The author's observations of the feeding habits of adult Chrysopidce have led him to conclude that (1) adults of both sexes feed upon smaller, soft-bodied insects, drink water, and discharge solid excre- ment; (2) unfed females die of starvation, leaving a large portion of their eggs unlaid; and (3) females on the point of starvation eat their own eggs, extracting them from the abdomen as frequently as they are available. A new species of Exoprosopa, F. R. Cole {Ent. Nexcs, 21 {1916), No. 10, p. 463, fig.l). A new species of Tortrix of economic importance from Newfoundland, A. Gibson (Canad. Ent., J,8 {19 tb), No. 11, pp. 813-315, pi. i).— Under the name Tortrix olcraceana the author describes a new lepidopteran, the larvfe of which in July, 1915, were very destructive to cabbage on farms near St. Johns, New- foundland, and on one farm destroyed all of the first and much of the second phintings. A caterpillar on the ears of wheat, W. Sommekville {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lon- don^, 23 {1916), No. 3, pp. 263-23S, fig. i).— The caterpillar of the rustic shoulder- knot moth {Hadena hasilinea, also known as Trachea or Apamea basilinea) is said to have caused a considerable loss of wheat on experimental plats at Oxford. Mosquitoes and man, A. H. Jennings {Science, n. scr., 44 {1916), No. 1128, pp. 201-203).- — A discussion of a paper of the same title by C S. Ludlow.^ New Aedes from the mountains of California, H. G. Dyab {Insccutor In- scitiw Menstruus, k {1916), No. 1-9, pp. 80-90). The earliest name of the yellow fever mosquito, F. Knab {Insecutor lyiscitke Menstruus, ^ {1916), No. 1,-6, pp. 59, 60). Eggs and oviposition in certain species of Mansonia, H. G. Dyar and F. Knab {Insecutor Inscitice Menstruus, 4 {1916), No. 4-6, pp. 61-68, fig. 1). — This paper includes a description of Man.ionia humcralis n. sp. from British Guiana. Mosquitoes at San Diego, California, H. G. Dyab {Insecutor Inscitice Men- struus, Jf {1916), No. 4-6, pp. 46-51). The March fly (Bibio abbreviatus) in grain fields and as a pest of celery, E. H. Stkickland {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 3 {1916), No. 1, pp. 600-603, figs. 3).-— In the autumn of 1913 and of 1914 a large percentage of the celery plants grown at the Dominion Experimental Station at Lethbridge, Alberta, were found to have been damaged extensively by larvae of B. abbreviatus. This appears, how- ever, to be an exceptional feeding habit of these larvae, which, for the most part, feed on decaying material. In the fall of 1914, when the celery was dug it was found that the larvrc had eaten away the soft pulp between the fibro-vascular bundles of the stalks of 1 Science, n. ser., 43 (1916), No. 1118, pp. 784, 785. 1917J ENTOMOLOGY. 553 'Celery to an average depth of t^ in. While the work of a single larva does not extend for more than about i in. between two of the vascular ridges, a large number swarm around infested plants so that the whole of the portion of the plant below the ground, some 9 in. in length, may be affected. Rarely larvae ■burrow deeply into the pulp, thus forming small tunnels. In a typically at- tacked plant five of the largest stalks were seriously damaged and three to a lesser extent, the central stems not being damaged. The attacked areas turn brown during the late summer and autumn, and are the seat of infection for various fungus diseases and small dipterous larvae, such as Drosophila, which soon render the plants unfit for the market. Since the damage is to a large extent incidental to the method of bleaching celery by bringing it into contact with larvge-infested earth, it is recommended that in localities where these larvae occur in large numbers the celery be bleached between boards or prepared paper. What is Tabanus mexicanus? F. Knab (Insecutor Inscitm Menstruus, 4 (1916), A'o. 7-9, pp. 95-100, fig. 1). Two new North American Diptera, R. C. Shannon {Insecutor Inscitiw Men- struus, Jf {1916), No. 4-6", pp. 69-12, fig. 1). Critical notes on Syrphidae, F. Knab {Insecutor InsciticB Menstruus, J, {1916), No. 7-9, pp. 91-95). Further notes on Sjrrphidse, F. Knab {Insecutor Inscitice Menstruus, 4 {1916), No. 10-12, pp. 133-135). Notes concerning Gastrophilus hsemorrhoidalis, R. R. Pabker {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 24 {1916), No. 4, PP- 253-255. fig. i).— Observations of the peculiar shape of the egg of the nose fly or red-talleil hot {G. hcemorrhoidalis) have led the author to suggest that the pain which results when the egg is thrust into the nose or lips of a horse may account for the nervous and sometimes uncontrollable fear shown by the horse when the flies are •' striking." Lithohypoderma, a new fossil genus of oestrids, C. H. T. Town send {Insecu- tor Inscitiw Menstruum, 4 {1916), No. 10-12, pp. 128-130). Some notes concerning overwintering of the house fly, Musca domestica, at Dallas, Texas, W. E. Dove {Jour. Econ. Ent., 9 {1916), No. 6, pp. 528-538). — The observations here reported, all of which were made at Dallas, Tex., have been summarized by the author as follows : "Adult house flies having sufficient food, not subjected to fatal temperatures, killed by Empusa mtiscce, nor destroyed by predators, show increased longevity in indirect proportion to decreases in temperature. The general tendency of adults to seek temperatures above 60° F. necessarily causes a shorter longevity than 91 days, which was obtained in a most favorable abnormal caged condi- tion. The humidity being normal and adults being prevented from warmer tem- peratures, they become inactive at 45°, crawl slightly at 48°, and will volun- tarily fly at 53°. Even previously fed adults, if subjected to freezing tempera- tures, die in less than three days. ' Northers,' causing sudden drops in tempera- ture, are responsible for a large mortality of flies in the vicinity of Dallas, Tex., yet warm periods occur during midwinter which permit depositing. " There is a possibility that epidemics of E. muscdwell, and O. H. Andekson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 28 (1911), No. 2, pp. 501-509, figs. 6). — Experiments conducted at the Indiana Experiment Station are reported, the objects of which were to determine to what extent a calf meal made up of both animal and vegetable feeding materials, rich in protein, could take the place of skim milk, and whether the proteins from wholly vegetable sources are capable of producing growth and development of the calf to the same extent as the proteins from animal sources. Fresh separator skim milk was fed at 98° F. The calf meals were mixed with water (1 : 12 by weight) and fed at the rate of 4 oz. of dry meal at first to 12 oz. on full feed, the mash being fed at a temperature of 98°. The calves had a dry mash of equal parts of ground corn and oats, and alfalfa hay. A sample was taken from each meal at the time of mixing for chemical estimation of the nitrogen content, and from this the amount of nitrogen consumed daily was calculated. The meals used were mixed as follows: Vegetable meal — linseed meal, soy bean meal, cotton-seed meal, and wheat middlings (equal parts by weight) ; home-mixed meal — hominy feed, linseed meal, flour, and dried blood (equal parts by weight) ; vegetable-dried-blood meal — soy bean meal, linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, wheat middlings, and dried blood (equal parts by weight) ; and home-mixed casein meal — hominy feed, linseed meal, flour, and casein (9:9:9:8 by weight). Old-process linseed meal was used in these mix- tures. The feeding experiment in which 4 calves were used was divided into three periods of 29, 25, and 18 days each The rations were changed for each period of the test, skim milk being fed for one period to each calf and oue of the mixed meals to 2 calves for one period, so that each calf received skim milk and two of the mixed meals in the course of the experiment. Of the nitrogen consumed in the different rations the following percentages were retained: Skim milk 40.7, home mixed meal 32, home mixed casein meal 30, vegetable meal 27.3, and vegetable-dried-blood meal 22.6. The gains in grams of body weight per gram of nitrogen consumed for the different rations were skim milk 34.41, home mixed 568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 36 casein meal ration 32.74, vegetable-dried-blood meal ration 26.85, home mixed meal ration 26.17, and vegetable meal ration 26.14. The nitrogen intalie was rather constant per kilogi-am of body weight, the maximum difference being 12 per cent. It appeared that when the nitrogen in the ration was the most suitable for growth the nitrogen excreted was about equally divided between the feces and the urine. Sheep feeding. — VI, Fattening western lambs, 1915-16, J. H. Skinner and F. G. King {Indiana Sta. Bui. 192 (1916), pp. 20; pop. ed., pp. 7).— In these experiments, which are in continuation of those already noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 476), nine lots of 25 lambs each were fed for 100 days, eight of the lots being fed in open sheds and one lot in the barn. The lambs were choice improved Mexicans of excellent quality. The rations fed, in addition to shelled corn, and some of the results obtained are given in the following table : Lamb feeding trials. Lot. Feed consumed per pound of gain. Ration, in addition to shelled corn. Grain. Dry rough- age. Silage. Aver- age daily gain per head. Cost per pound of gain. Final value of lamb per pound. Profit per lamb. Cottonseed meal and corn silage Cottonseed meal, molasses, clover, and corn silage Clover hay Alfalfa hay Cottonseed meal, com silage, and oat straw Com silage and clover hay Cottonseed meal, com silage, and clover hay Groimd soy beans, com silage, and clover hay Corn silage and clover hay fed in barn. . Lbs. 5.48 3.99 4.19 3.87 5.78 4.07 4.00 4.14 4.22 Lbs. 0.58 4.64 7.57 6.55 3.63 4.74 4.65 4.78 4.91 Lbs. 10.77 4.35 7.37 4.52 4.61 4.57 Lbs. 0.175 .256 .24 .26 .172 .247 .243 .239 Cts. 8.86 8.49 8.81 7.87 9.11 8.00 8.26 8.52 8.27 Cts. 10.05 10.40 10.20 10.75 9.65 10.30 10.90 10.65 10.30 Average 4. 33 4.86 4.18 10.37 $0.80 1.29 1.02 1.74 .40 1.31 1.74 1.45 1.22 1.23 In a comparison of corn silage v. corn silage and clover hay for fattening lambs, involving lots 3 and 6, it was found that the addition of silage to a ration of shelled corn and clover hay had no effect on the grain consumption, but that 112 lbs. of silage replaced 65 pounds of clover hay in roughage consumption. Comparing corn silage alone v. corn silage and dry roughage, involving lots 1, 5, and 7, it was found that with tlie elimination of dry roughage from the ration there was a decrease in grain consumption and an increase in silage consump- tion. When oat straw was fed in connection with silage more corn was re- quired to produce a pound of gain than when either silage alone or silage and clover hay were fed. In a comparison of clover hay and alfalfa hay, involving lots 3 and 4, the hay consumption was higher when clover was fed, and the finish on the lambs better when alfalfa was fed. In this test the clover hay was slightly moldy and the alfalfa hay of excellent quality. The addition of cottonseed meal at the rate of 3 lbs. per day for 25 lambs to a ration of shelled corn, clover hay, and corn silage, involving lots 6 and 7, had no effect on the daily feed consumption, but apparently gave a much better finish to the lambs. In substituting a small quan- tity of cane molasses for an equal quantity of corn in a ration of shelled corn, cottonseed meal, clover hay, and silage, involving lots 2 and 7, no marlied effects on the appetites or finish of the lambs were noted. 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 569 Ground soy beans and cottonseed meal were compared as supplements, involv- ing lots 7 and 8. The appetites of both lots were equally good, but the results slightly favored cottonseed meal. In a comparison of open shed v. barn as shelter for fattening lambs, involving lots 6 and 9, no difference was found in grain or hay consumption of the two lots. Silage consumption was slightly greater in the open shed, this being due to the fact that these lambs learned to relish silage sooner than those in the barn. Other data in reference to comparisons of feeds and shelter are given in the above table. The cost of gains and profits were based on the following figures: Initial value of lambs 8.85 cts. per pound ; corn, first month 47.2, second month 54.8, third month 61.7, and^last 10 days 64 cts. per bushel; oats (a small quantity of which was used in accustoming lambs to rations ) 32 cts. per bushel ; and cottonseed meal and ground soy beans $38, molasses .$30, clover and alfalfa hay $12, oat straw $5, and corn silage $4.50 per ton. Ewes' milk: Its fat content and relation to the growth of lambs, E. G. UiTZMAN (t7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 2, pp. 29-36, fig. 1). — Data are reported on this subject from the New Hampshire Experiment Station, covering six distinct breeds and including native sheep and 11 types of first-generation crosses of sheep which may be considered as nonmilk breeds. The fat content of 158 samples of ewes' milk taken at approximately one month after lambing varied from 2.4 to 12.1 per cent, the average being 6 per cent. Averages are given for the breeds and crosses for different age periods. These averages are practically equal for any age period from two to .seven years, vary- ing from 5.3 per cent at seven years to 6.38 per cent at five years. Wide varia- tion was found in the fat content of samples of milk from the first, second, and third lactation periods of individual ewes. The average fat content of all the samples from 46 ewes was for the first year 5.67 per cent, second year 6.03 per cent, and third year 5.81 per cent. A study was made of the growth of suckling lambs of 138 ewes whose milk varied in fat content from 2 to 10 per cent. The highest gains, 37 lbs., were made from milk testing from 2 to 3 per cent fat and the lowest gains, 18 lbs., from milk testing 10 per cent or over. On elimination of these extreme cases the fluctuation in weight increase bore no relation to the fat content of the milk. The limiting factor for growth in these tests was apparently the quantity of milk. Based on close observation, verified by the actual amounts of milk drawn for the determintion of fat, these 138 ewes were classified according to milk yield as high, good, fair, and poor. The average weights of the lambs of these classes were at 4 weeks 14.7, 13.4, 10.8, and 8 lbs. ; at 8 weeks 34, 29.3, 24.6, and 19 lbs. ; at 12 weeks 50.2, 43.3, 35.4, and 30 lbs. ; and at 16 weeks 60.7, 55.3, 45.4, and 39 lbs., respectively. All the lambs had free access to a liberal amount of grain and hay which they ate greedily after they were about 8 weeks of age. A list of the literature cited is given. Feeding pure-bred draft fillies, J. L. Edmonds {lUiiiois Sta. B%a. 192 (1916), pp. 4^6-448. figs. IS). — In this experiment 10 pure-bred Percheron fillies were fed from weanlings to two years of age to determine the efliciency of alfalfa hay. corn, and oats. The experiment began December 8, 1914, and ended when the fillies were turned on pasture May 8, 1916, thus covering two winter and one summer feeding periods. Oats and corn were fed, one-half of each by weight, with alfalfa hay as the sole roughage. During the first winter the uats and corn were ground, and after that whole oats and shelled corn were fed. The pasture was a blue-grass sod, containing a slight mixture of other grasses. Analyses are given of the grain and hay used in the experiment. 85476°— No. 6—17 6 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [VoL 36 Except during the first 28 days, when the fillies were allowed as much grain and hay as they would consume, the grain was restricted In amount so that the hay eaten amounted to 1 lb. or more daily per 100 lbs. of live weight. The results indicated that a liberal proportion of well-cured legume hay should be the foundation for feeding young growing horses, and that enough grain should be fed to produce good growth. It is also indicated that as the individual becomes older the proportion of grain to hay may be decreased and still obtain good gains. In this experiment 0.5 lb. of grain daily per 100 lbs. of live weight was sufficient for proper development except for a short time when the pasturage was scant. The average daily gain per head during the first winter was 1.94 lbs., during the summer 0.85 lb., and during the second winter 1.22 4bs., or 1.33 lbs. for the 518 days. The total gain per head was 690.5 lbs. and the average increase in height 7.96 in. The average total feed consumed during the whole experi- ment was 45.35 bu. of corn, 79.36 bu. of oats, 2.58 tons of alfalfa, and 0.8 acre of pasture per head. The average amount of feed required to produce a pound of gain was during the first winter 5.67 lbs. of grain and 4.27 lbs. of hay, and during the second winter 9.23 lbs. of grain and 13 lbs. of hay. The average weight of the fillies at one year was 1,112 lbs. and at two years 1,548 lbs. On the basis of $11 per ton for alfalfa hay, 50 cts. per bushel for corn. .35 cts. per bushel for oats, and $10 per acre for pasture, the cost per pound of gain was 7.98 cts. for the first winter, 16.04 cts. for the summer, and 16.31 cts. for the second winter. On the same price basis the average total cost of feed per head was $56.07 for the year and $86.88 for the year and five months. Fourth annual international egg laying contest, W. F. Kirkpatkick and L. E. Card {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 87 (1916), pp. 197-2U, figs. 25).— In experimental pens in connection with this contest skim milk was substituted for the beef and fish scrap in the regular ration. Fifty hens oh the regular ration laid 7,380 eggs and 50 hens on the milk ration laid 8,359 eggs. The milk- fed hens consumed 2,000 qt. of milk, valued at $20, and those on the regular ration about 350 lbs. of beef and fish scrap, at a cost of $9. In the main contest the Rhode Island Red eggs averaged 1.6 lbs. per dozen, Plymouth Rock eggs 1.56 lbs., 'White Leghorn eggs 1.52 lbs., Wyandotte eggs 1.47 lbs., and miscellaneous breeds, including Light Brahmas, American Domi- niques. Brown, Buff, and Black Leghorns, Silver Campines, Light Sussex, Salmon Faverolles, White Orpingtons, and Buttercups, 1.56 lbs. The average weight of the eggs for all of the breeds was 1.54 lbs. per dozen. The per- centages of broody hens averaged from 5.9 for the White Leghorns to 69.6 for the Wyandottes, the average for all breeds being 37.2. The average number of days lost each broody period was 20.6. The number of eggs laid per month by the 1,000 hens in this contest varied from 4,070 in November to 18.280 in May. Over 34 per cent of the total eggs for the year were produced in March, April, and May. In the operation of trap nests the number of eggs laid outside the nests varied from 8 in a pen of Orpingtons to 140 in a pen of Wyandottes, the average percentage of unidentified eggs for all the breeds being 3.73. Weight curves showed that all breeds were heaviest on March 1, and, with the exception of the first weighing on November 1, they were lightest on May 1. The 1,820 birds involved in the third (E. S. R., 33, p. 672) and the fourth contests consumed an annual average of 44.4 lbs. of gi-ain per hen or about 2 oz. per day. The feed cost per dozen eggs in the fourth contest was 12.7 cts. for the Leghorns, 12.9 cts. for the Wyandottes, 15.3 cts. for the Rhode Island Reds, and 16.2 cts. for the Plymouth Rocks, the average for all breeds being 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 571 14 cts. per dozen. In this contest it required an average of 4.27 lbs. of masii and grain to produce 1 lb. of eggs. Data with reference to egg production, feed, temperature, etc., are tabulated. How to operate an incubator, J. E. Dougherty {California Sta. Circ. 156 {1916), pp. 8, figs. S). — Detailed directions are given. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Journal of the British Dairy Farmers' Association {Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 30 (1916), pp. 257, figs. 7). — This contains articles by various authors on milk recording in Great Britain, milk substitutes for calves, dairy- ing of the future, dairying in New Zealand, fluctuations in the fat content of milk, the world's progress in dairying, the milking trials of 1915, and other dairying topics. Twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, and twenty-ninth annual reports of the Bernese Dairy School at Riitti-Zollikofen, A. Peter et al. i-fahresber. Molk. Schule Riitti-ZoUikofen, 26 {1912-13), pp. 70, pi. 1; 27 (1913-lJ,), pp. 58, pi. 1, figs. 3; 28 {19H-15), pp. 100, pi. 1; 29 {1915-16), pp. 88, figs. 7).— These are the usual reports (E. S. R., 2S, p. 372). The first-named also includes a discussion of the preparation of rennet, analytical data on the examination of milk by determination of the refractive index, analytical data obtained by the examination of milk by determining the specific gravity of the calcium chlorid serum, and the results of tests of a number of mechanical appliances. The second report gives the results of some tests with a mechanical butter machine, a practical cheese test with a commercial coagulant, the use of fish meal as a feed for swine in conjunction with dairy waste, and the separation of cream by centrifugation. The third report contains experimental results on the use of aluminum con- tainers and the calculation of the food value of dairy waste in the feeding of swine. The last report contains experimental work on the detection of milk adul- teration by watering and analysis of butter and the results of tests of a number of mechanical appliances used in the dairy industry. Experiments in the feeding of dairy cows, J. Dunlop and P. W. Bailey {Midland Agr. and Dairy Col., Rpt. Expts. Feeding Dairy Coics [i9io], pp. 16). — In each of the three experiments here reported, each of which lasted for six weeks, eight Shorthorn cows were fed by the reversal system. The first and fourth weeks of each experiment were allowed for the cows to become accustomed to the rations. In a comparison of hemp-seed cake and linseed cake the cows were fed a basal ration of cabbage, hay, straw, mixed grain, and Egj'ptian cotton-seed cake. In addition they received either 4 lbs. of linseed cake or 4 lbs. of hemp-seed cake per head daily. During the four weeks of the experiment proper the cows on linseed meal gained 58 lbs. in weight and produced 2,043.5 lbs. of milk, con- taining 3.8 per cent of fat. On hemp-seed meal they gained 4 lbs. in weight and produced 2,073 lbs. of milk, containing 3.75 per cent of fat. There was no difference in chui-nability of the milk or in flavor of the butter in favor of either of the rations. The hemp-seed cake had a slightly constipating effect upon the cows. In a test comparing dried yeast with decorticated cotton-seed meal the cows were fed the same basal ration as in the above test and in addition either 3 lbs. of dried yeast or 3 lbs. of decorticated cotton-seed meal per head daily. On the dried yeast ration the cows gained 56 lbs. in weight and produced 572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Vol.36 2,954.75 lbs. of milk containing 3.77 per cent of fat. On the cotton-seed meal ration they gained 120 lbs. in weight and produced 2,913.5 lbs. of milk contain- ing 3.72 per cent of fat. There was no difference in churnability of the milk or in flavor and quantity of the butter in favor of either of the rations, except that the butter made during the feeding of cotton-seed meal was the harder and of a better color. In a test comparing decorticated peanut cake with decorticated cottonseed cake the cows were fed a basal ration of mangels, hay, bran, and dried yeast, and in addition either 4 lbs. of peanut cake or 4 lbs. of cottonseed cake. On peanut cake the cows lost 51 lbs. in weight and produced 3,504.25 lbs. of milk containing 3.86 per cent of fat; and on cottonseed cake they gained 111 lbs. in weight and produced 3,437.25 lbs. of milk containing 3.97 per cent of fat. There was no difference in quality or flavor of the butter from either of the rations, except that the butter churned during the peanut ration period was the softer. Analyses of each of the concentrates compared in the.se tests are given. The raising of dairy heifers, R. R. Kerr (Jour. Dept. Agr. Yictoria, Iff {1916), No. 7, pp. 385-397, figs. 6). — In addition to general directions for and notes on raising dairy heifers, results are given of tests of heifers conducted by the government in Victoria. It is stated that the results of these tests are showing not only the value of breeding and care of animals and their productive quali- ties, but are furnishing the basis for a list of sires showing consistent dairy heredity. Dairying in Uruguay, A. Abella (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 5, pp. 629-637) .—Brief data are given on the number of dairy cattle, milk production and consumption, butter and cheese making, the importation of dairy products, dairy regulations, and cooperation in milk production in Uruguay. The milk problem, .T. J. Dillon {[Vtica, N. Y.: Dairymen's League], 1916, pp. 16.) — This is an address delivered at Utica, N. Y., on September 16, 1916, on the economic conditions surrounding the sale and distribution of milk in New York City and State. The milk supply of Paris by producers' associations, M. Donon {L'appro- visionncuient en Lait de la Ville de Paris par les Assoeiations de Prodtietetirs. Orleans: Imprimerie OrUanaise, 191Jf, pp. 170, figs. 29). — This manual deals briefly with the milk supply and consumption of Paris, the price of milk to pro- ducers, conditions governing the sale of milk, milk syndicates, the organization and operation of cooperative dairies, and the production of hygienic milk. Ap- pendixes give model constitutions of milk syndicates and cooperative dairies, rules governing the collecting of milk, estimates and specifications for the installation of equipment for cooperative dairies, and illustrations of plans and machinery. [Proceedings ninth and tenth annual conferences of the American Asso- ciation of Medical Milk Commissions, 1915 and 1916] {Proc. Ainer. Assoc. Med. Milk Com., 9 {1915), pp. 210; 10 {1916), pp. 2.5b").— These reports give, re- spectively, the proceedings of the ninth annual conference of this association, held at San Francisco, Cal., June 17-19, 1915, and the tenth annual conference, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 9-11, 1916. Reports of various medical milk commissions, the constitution and by-laws of the association, a list of medical milk Commissions in tlie United States and Canada, and papers by various authors on the production of sanitary milk are included. Tlie proceedings for the tenth conference also contain uiethods and standards for the production and distribution of certified milk. 1917] DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 573 Bacteriological examination of the Bombay milk supply, L. L. JosHi {Jour. Dairyinfi [Iiidia}, S (1915), A'O. 1, pp. 5-36, fig. 1). — This paper discusses the sources of bacteria in milk, factors influencing the multiplication of bacteria in milk, tubercle bacilli in milk, bacterial standards for milk in India, and methods and results of the bacteriological examination of a number of samples of buffaloes' and cows' milk from various sources in Bombay. The average number of bacteria in 240 samples of milk bought at random from dairies, milk shops, cattle stables, railway stations, individual milk vendors, etc., in Bombay from April, 1913, to July, 1914, was 36.385,000 per cubic centimeter. A number of samples of milk collected under strict precau- tions from healthy cows and buffaloes and examined immediately gave an average bacteria count of 292 per cubic centimeter, and the tests for lactose fermenters and pathogenic microbes were negative in all cases. Out of 741 samples of Bombay milk examined during four years no tubercle bacilli were found. These results have since been confirmed at the Bombay bacteriological laboratory and the author concludes that tuberculosis is rarely, if at all, con- veyed by milk In India. Essentials for the production of cleaji milk, W. J. Dougan (Hoard's Dairy- man, 1916, Dec. 22, pp. 757, 788, figs. 6). — This is a brief discussion of the essen- tials for the production of high-class milk at reasonable prices. Cooling' milk on the farm, H. F. Judkins (Conn. Agr. Col. Ext. Sew. Bui. 1 (1916), pp. 18, figs. >})• — General directions are given for cooling milk on the farm, including the use of the cooling tank, milk coolers, and mechanical refrig- eration, and the cooling of bottled milk. Some aspects of the physiology of milk secretion, R. L. Hill (Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 49 (1916), Ko. J,, pp. 1,83-510).— Tins is a brief survey of the theories and scientific investigations upon this subject, and an account of recent experiments upon the increase of milk secretion due to the injection ot sub- stances present in the pituitary body. A list of the literature reviewed is given. Rapid method of counting bacteria in milk, W. D. Frost (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1077, pp. 255, 256).— This outlines a rapid method of counting bacteria in milk described below. A rapid method of counting living bacteria in milk and other richly seeded materials, W. D. Frost (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 66 (1916), No. 12, pp. 889, 890, figs. 5). — This paper describes in detail the method noted in the preceding ab- stract. In brief the method is as follows : One-twentieth cc. of milk is mixed with standard nutrient agar and .spread over a definite area of a sterile glass slide. When the agar is hard, this little plate culture is put in the incubator for about six hours under conditions which prevent evaporation. It is then dried, given a preliminary treatment to pre- vent the agar from firmly binding the stain, stained, decolorized, and cleared. When this dried and stained plate culture is viewed under the microscope, the little colonies are definitely stained and appear highly colored on a colorless or slightly colored background. These colonies can be readily counted and the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter calculated. The author states that this method can be used for pasteurized milk, but in case of recently pasteurized and very good milks the time required for in- cubating the plates will probably be from 8 to 12 hours. Counting bacteria in milk in less than eight hours, W. D. Fbost (Milk Dealer, 6 (1916), No. 3, pp. 24-32, 34, 36, figs. 11).— The author reviews the various attempts that have been made to devise a method for the bacteriological examination of milk in a shorter time than that required for the plate method, and gives results obtained by the method noted above. Charts are also given of a number of series of comparative tests showing the variation in bacteria 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, IVol. 36 counts of samples of milk by the rapid method and by the standard plate method. In one series the ratio of the standax'd plate counts to the rapid plate counts varied from 1 : 0.05 to 1 : 7.43 with an average of 1 : 0.96. In nearly two-thirds of the counts the rapid method gave a loM'er count than the standard method. In another series the ratio vai'ied from 1 : 0.02 to 1 : 2.8 with an average of 1: 1.17. Tests by other experimenters are reviewed which show that variations occurring between duplicate plates or between different dilutions in the same sample by the ordinary plate method are often as great as the above. A brief description is also given of a microscopic test for pasteurized milk which has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 113), and results obtained with about 500 samples of milk tested by this method are noted. The author claims that by this method not only freshly pasteurized milk but pas- teurized milk that has become recontaminated can be readily detected. A list of cited literature is given. Comparison of a rapid method of counting bacteria in milk with, the stand- ard plate method, W. D. Fbost (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 3, pp. 273-287, figs. 6). — The method here described and the data reported have been noted from another source (see above). Points in butter factory management under home separation, G. M. Valen- tine (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.}, 13 {1916), No. 1, pp. 17-25).— This paper deals with the problems that arise in the management of gathered-cream butter factories, including weighing, sampling, and testing cream ; neutralizing and pasteurizing ; cooling and refrigeration ; power ; churning and moisture test- ing ; and the keeping of records. A practical guide for the manufacture of butter and cheese, A. De Toth (Chiia Practica de la Pabricacion de Mantequilla y Quesos. [Mexico City]: Sec. Fomento, Colon, e Indus., 1916, pp. 164, fiffs. 65). — General directions are given for making cheese and butter under Mexico conditions. Various experiments in making Cheddar cheese, L. Bibeiatj (Rpt. Dairymen's Asso. Prov. Quebec, 34 {1915), pp. 222-230). — Brief results are given of cheese making experiments conducted by the author at various dairy schools and cheese factories in Quebec during 1914 and 1915. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Practical bacteriology, blood work, and animal parasitology, E. R. Stitt {Philadelphia: P. Blakistori's Son d Co., 1916, 4- ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVII +497, figs. 119). — This is the fourth edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 2G, p. 174). Because of the rapid advances in the subject practically every chapter has been revised and new material added. Portions of some chapters have been entirely rewritten. A new chapter dealing with diseases ot unknown or doubtful origin has been added, in which is discussed the vitamin theory in beriberi and pellagra, as well as recent findings in typhus fever, rat- bite fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, etc. Bacteriological keys, zoological tables, explanatory clinical notes, and an ap- pendix giving directions for the preparation of tissues for examination in micro- scopic sections, the mounting and preservation of animal parasites, the prepara- tion of normal solutions, and the chemical examination of blood, urine, gastric contents, and duodenal fluid, and a brief discussion of disinfectants and insecti- cides are included. The packing for shipment of meat samples for bacteriological examina- tion, L. FiLENSKi {Arb. K. Osndhtsamt., 50 {1915), No. 1, pp. 133-148). — Data submitted show that meat samples to be sent for bacteriological examination 19171 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 575 can be satisfactorily packed in bran. For larger samples wrapping in cotton cloth previously soaked in alcohol is recommended. The use of vinegar, mer- curic chlorid, pickling solutions, borax, and bleaching powder is not recom- mended as practical, although in isolated cases the experimental results obtained were satisfactory. Serums, vaccines, and toxins in treatment and diagnosis, W. C. Bosanqxiet and J. W. H. Eybe {Ne%v York: Funk d Wagnalls Co., 1916, 3. ed., pp. VIII+456, figs. 20). — This volume discusses the subject under the general topics of im- munity and resistance to disease, preparation and administration of sera and bacterial vaccines, sera and toxins in diagnosis, diphtheria, tetanus, snake bite, hydrophobia, smallpox and vaccinia, anthrax and glanders, plague, cholera, enteric fever, dysentery and other bacillary infections, tuberculosis, leprosy, affections due to streptococci, other infections due to cocci, catarrhal affections, diseases due to protozoa, and m.alignant tumors. An appendix on various conditions treated with sera is included. Digested and diluted serum as a substitute for broth for bacteriological purposes, A. Distaso {Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2912 (1916), pp. 555, 556).— The author describes the preparation of a culture medium from sheep or ox serum by digestion overnight with an aqueous extract of pig's pancreas previously activated with an aqueous extract of a small portion of the duodenum of the pig. A luxuriant growth of the Bacillus coli group, streptococcus, staphylococcus, B. subtilis, B. proteus, and B. fluorescens was obtained on the medium. Little or no growth of meningococci was obtained, however. For indol foi'mation the medium yielded the same results as the usual trypto- phane medium. The medium is also suited for sugar tests and by combining with agar can be used to produce a beautiful transparent solid medium. Directions for the preparation of the diluted serum for sugar tests are also submitted. This medium is especially suitable for B. coli and is much cheaper than those commonly used. The effects of serum treated with agar, E. Zunz and M. Gelat {.Jour. Expt. Med., 24 (1916), No. 3, pp. 247-269). — Experiments reported in detail show that the intravenous injection into normal rabbits of horse serum, previously kept for two hours at 38° C. in the presence of 0.2 of its volume of a 0.5 per cent suspension of agar in physiological saline and then separated from the agar by oentrifugalization and filtration, produces a considerable and prolonged fall in blood pressure, expulsion of feces, diminished coagulability in -the carotid blood, and, at times, accelerated respiration. The various symptoms produced are the same as those observed after the intravenous injection of horse serum into a previously sensitized rabbit. Horse serum previously kept for 30 minutes at 56°, and then treated with agar as described, produces no other effect than does the ordinary introduction of horse serum into the veins of a normal rabbit. The experimental results are discussed in some detail. The effect of moderately high atmospheric temperatures upon the forma- tion, of agglutinins, C. E. A. Winslow, J. A. Miller, and W. C. Noble (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 13 {1916), No. 8, pp. 194-197). — The results of experi- ments reported, in which animals were immunized by successive intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of killed typhoid bacilli and kept at temperatures ranging from 29 to 32° C, indicate that the moderately high temperatures tend to lower the power of agglutinin formation in rabbits. Immunity produced by intravascular injections, L. Camxts {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 163 {1916), No. 14, pp. 338-340). — Experiments are reported which show that the time necessary for immunization varies with the dose of vaccine employed. It is not possible, as some have supposed, to suppress the 576 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3o latent phase (incubation period), but the time can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the quantity of vaccine used. The importance of individual varia- tion in the production of immunity is noted. Studies on antibodies. — I, Analyses and nitrogen distribution of a number of antisera, E. J. Banzhaf, K. Sugiuea, and K. G. Falk {Jour. Immunol., 2 {1916), No. 1, pp. 125-135). — This material has been previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 80). Experiments with oil of Chenopodium and cardiac stimulants on the iso- lated frog heart, W. Salant and A. E. Livingston {Amer. Jour. Physiol., J^l {1916), No. 1, pp. 21-38, figs. 10). A further report on thromboplastin solution as a hemostatic, A. F. Hess {Joiir. Amer. Med. Assoc, 67 {1916), No. 24, pp. 1717-1720).— A number of cases are reported in which an aqueous extract of ox brain was successfully used. It is concluded that the thromboplastin is of practical value in controlling hemorrhage wherever it can reach the site of bleeding. In cases of true hemo- philia it may be regarded almost as a specific hemostatic. Its use is indicated in a variety of hemorrhages. In cases where local applications fail the throm- boplastin solution should be injected into the site of hemorrhage. This pro- cedure can be readily resorted to as the solution loses little of its potency as the result of dilution and rapid boiling. In addition to its hemostatic action the extract was found to possess healing properties, actively stimulating granulation and hastening epithelization. Spontaneous amebic dysentery in monkeys, A. Eichhoen and B. Gallagher {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. 3. pp. 395-1,07, figs. 5). — This paper re- ports upon a spontaneous outbreak of a disease in monkeys in which the lesions corresponded closely to those found in amebic or tropical dysentery in man, and in which protozoal organisms occuiTed that had the structure and character- istics of those amebas generally considered the causative agents in human tropical dysentery. The presence of Bacillus typhosus in the blood of rabbits after inoculation into the gall bladder. Lange and Roos {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 50 {1915), No. 1, pp. 57-95). — In a very short time after inoculation of typhoid bacilli into the gall bladder of rabbits the presence of the organisms can be detected in the blood of the ear vein. This migration takes place directly at the point of inoculation or in the immediate tissue through the blood capillaries of the gall bladder. Such a rapid migration does not take place from other organs which are equally as rich in capillaries. Injection of bile into the gall bladder facili- tates the migration, while the subcutaneous injection inhibits it. By direct injection into the liver a similar migration takes place. The animals which have been inoculated in the gall bladder with the organisms become carriers of the organisms, whether the migration was slow or rapid. Where the gall bladder was extirpated shortly after the inoculation (six minutes) the animals did not become carriers. In one animal typhoid bacilli were found in the urine 20 minutes after inoculation. The etiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, S. B. Wolbach {Jour. Med. Research, 34 {1916), No. 1, pp. 121-126, pi. 1). — The author reports the occur- rence of a bacterium in large numbers in the lesions characteristic of spotted fever in experimental animals. " The organism corresponds in some respects with the description given by Ricketts of bodies which he found in the blood of human and experimental cases, and in the tissues and eggs of infected ticks. The classification of the organisms is not yet clear ; of its bacillary form and multiplication by transverse division there can be no question." 1917] VETERIXARY MEDICINE. 577 The etiologry of Bocky Mountain spotted fever. — Occurrence of the parasite in the tick, S. B. Wolbach {Jour. Med. Research, 35 {1916), No. 158, pp. 147-150). — "A parasite has been found in proved infected ticks in large numbers, morphologically identical with the parasite found in the lesions of guinea pigs and monkeys infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. This parasite does not occur in the tissues of ticks proved to be noninfective. " The distribution of the parasite in the infected ticks indicates that the transmission occurs by way of the salivary gland secretions. Transmission by fecal contamination of the wound caused by the tick does not seem possible because of the character of the tick's feces." Equine and bovine streptococci as causal agents of human Infections, A. J. Chalmeks and A. Marshall {Jour. Trap. Med. and Hyg. [London'\, 19 {1916), Nos. 18, pp. 213-215; 19, pp. 225-228) .—The authors here attempt to trace the pathogenic streptococci found in puerperal fever and in sore throats to their sources. The occurrence in the United States of certain nematodes of ruminants transmissible to man, B. H. Ransom (New Orleans Med. and Surg. Jour., 69 {1916), No. 4, pp. 294-298). — In this article the author calls attention to the occurrence in this country of three of the four species of Trichostrongjius which have been recorded as parasites of man, namely, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, and T. probohirus, reference to which has previously been noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 387). Some notes on the encysted larva of the lung distome, S. Yoshida {Jour. Parasitology, 2 {1916), No. 4, pp. 115-180, fig. i).— This further paper on the .subject (E. S. R., 35, p. 384) reports some of the results obtained in a subse- quent study on the cysts of the lung distome in crabs, especially Eriocheir japonicus. Immunity studies on anthrax servun, A. Eichhobn, W. N. Bebg, and R. A. Kelser {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 {1917), No. 2, pp. 37-56, fig. 1). — The authors have fractionated anthrax serum obtained by the hyperim- munization technique previously described by the senior author (E. S. R., 34, p. 579) by the methods commonly used in the fractionation of diphtheria anti- toxin. The anthrax antibodies were found in the pseudoglobulin fraction. The globulin preparations contained the antibodies in a concentrated form, as shown by numerous tests on laboratory animals. Tests on larger animals also proved the presence of antibodies in this preparation. Preliminary data obtained from the use of the serum and globulin in the treatment of anthrax in man showed it to yield very satisfactory results. The methods of analysis of serum and similar preparations with some slight modifications and improvements are described in detail. For the separation of globulin precipitates from their filtrates centrifugalization has been found to be more effective and rapid than filtration. Experiments to determine the changes in the serum proteins during immuni- zation (mule) showed a pronounced rise in the content of total coagulable protein and total globulin, as has been noted by other investigators immunizing against diphtheria, tetanus, and rinderpest virus. The value of a preparation as described, in that a much smaller dose is required which may be safely inoculated intravenously and also as minimizing the danger of anaphylactic shock, is pointed out. The complement-fixation test has been applied to the standardization of the anthrax serum, and while it is considered still to be in an experimental stage its value as an accurate method of standardization Is indicated. The analytical and immunization data are submitted in tabular and graphical form. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, IVol. 3B Simultaneous vaccination against blackleg, F. S. Schoenlebeb {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 11 {1916), No. 10, pp. 706, 797). — The use of a blackleg serum (liltered sterile serum of highly immunized animals) on 2,500 head of calves with practically no loss is reported. The serum is said to have not only protected the animals against the disease but checked it when given in the early stages. The immunity, however, lasts only a few days, so that the administration of the serum must be followed by an inoculation of the virus. As much as 300 cc. has been introduced intramuscularly into one animal without any serious effects. Serological investigational methods as aids in the diagnosis of trypano- some diseases, with special reference to dourine, R. Offermann (Ai'b. K. OsndUtsamt., 50 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-30). — The results of the study reported show that sera obtained from healthy rabbits in many cases were antihemolytic. The regularity of the occurrence of this antihemolytic property could not be established. In the use of rabbit serum in complement-fixation tests it is indi- cated that the serum should be tested before inoculation. Agglutinins which will agglutinate the trypanosomes of dourine were not found in normal rabbit serum. Complement-binding antibodies and agglutinins, how- ever, were found in the sera of rabbits which had previously been inoculated with the trypanosomes. The antibodies did not always appear simultaneously. In general, complement-binding amboceptors were detected earlier than agglutinins. The time of appearance and quantity of antibodies varied with the individual animals and with the course of the disease. The quantity diminished somewhat in the course of the disease but increased again in time. No regularity of this phenomenon could be established. In no case did they disappear completely from the blood stream. Antibodies could be detected in the serum kept under sterile conditions after many months. For agglutination it is stated that a fresh suspension of trypanosomes must be used. The antigen used for complement fixation was found to retain its activity for many weeks if kept in a refrigerator. Complement fixation and agglutination are considered to be valuable diagnostic aids. Since complement fixation yields more satisfactory results it is to be preferred. Foot-and-mouth disease, A. Vbijbueq {Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., JfS (1916), No. 22, pp. 847-865). — This discusses the subject under the topics of virus; virus carriers ; spread of the disease through negligence in handling diseased animals and carcasses, through wild animals, insects, wind, waterfowl, etc. ; clinical symptoms ; severe forms of the disease ; differential diagnosis ; susceptibility ; immunity ; sanitary and hygienic measures ; immune serum ; immunization with attenuated virus ; and simultaneous treatment. Foot-and-mouth disease, E. M. Mulder (Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., JjfS (1916), No. 22, pp. 838-847). — This is a general discussion of the disease from the stand- point of control and eradication. The author considers that the virus of the disease produces a lasting immunity in the animals, as is evidenced by the natural immunity of the offspring. A system of immunization of all male animals which are to be used for breeding purposes is outlined and is considered to be the most rational method for eradi- cating the disease. Foot-and-mouth disease in Friesland, H. Van Staa (Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 4S (1916), No. 22, pp. 825-837, figs. 2).— This is a general review and discussion of the outbreaks of the disease from 1891 through 1915. The data presented show that the outbreaks of the disease during the months of October, November, December, January, February, and March were twice as iai7] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579 great as during the remaining or summer monttis. The virus of the disease is believed to have been introduced, even from the first outbreak, by infected water- fowl, which come into the country from the east in the fall of the year. It is indicated that more infectious diseases are carried by birds than is usually considered. Old and new methods for the diagnosis of glanders, E. Graub {Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 58 {1916), No. 11, pp. 579-595, figs. 2).— This is a general dis- cussion of the various biological methods used in the diagnosis of glanders. The conglutination i-eaction is described and discussed in some detail. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by complement fixation, with special reference to bovine tuberculosis, A. Eichhokn and A. Blumberg {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1017), No. 1, pp. 1-20, fig. 1). — A brief historical resume is given and the preparation of antigens and data obtained in their standardization submitted. An antigen prepai'ed with bacillary emulsion and tuberculin precipi- tate was found to be the most effective in the serological tests. From data obtained with the use of these antigens with 816 bovine, 120 porcine, and 22 human sera, it is concluded that the complement-fixation test in cattle is not so reliable as the subcutaneous tuberculin test. Since a large proportion of the positive cases give only a faint reaction, a very careful titration of the antigen and a most accurate observance of all the details of the technique of the test are necessary. The degree of the reaction could not be considered as an index to the extent of infection. It is thought that the test could l)e employed as a supplementary test in cases of doubtful or atypical reactions to the subcutaneous or other allergic tests, but it is not deemed prac- tical for general diagnostic purposes. The results of the test are affected by subcutaneous injection of tuberculin into healthy animals. This interference may be noted as early as the fourth day following the injection, and may persist for six weeks, or possibly for a much longer time. A list of 43 references of cited literature is appended. The diagnosis of tuberculosis with special reference to the intrapalpebral test, N. Mori (Ann. Staz. Sper. Malattie Infet. Besttame, K. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 289-317). — Experimental data obtained by the use of the various procedures for the introduction of tuberculin Into suspected animals (bovines) are reported, in detail and discussed. It is concluded that the intrapalpebral test is a reliable and easily manipu- lated procedure for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in general practice. Transmission of porcine tuberculosis to man and the reinoculation of calves, H. Markus {Rev. Gen. MM. V^t., 25 {1916), No. 298, pp. 466-478, figs. S). — The case of a veterinarian infected with the tubercle bacillus through a small abrasion on the thumb during the examination of a large number of tuberculous hogs is reported. The micro-organism was isolated from the wound and after cultivation in- jected into calves. The disease was produced in all cases and the diagnosis substantiated by post-mortem findings. The bacteriological, histological, and autopsical findings are described. It is indicated that the case demonstrates that the bacillus of Koch coming from the hog is equally pathogenic for the human organism. Bovine tuberculosis, J. G. Wllls and C. Linch (A^. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 82 {1916), pp. 1875-1956, figs. S^).— This bulletin discusses the subject under the general topics of tuberculosis and its development, dissemination of tuberculosis, tuberculosis in calves, tuberculin, reactions, physical examinations, pasteuriza- tion, and methods of control. A glossary of terms relating to the subject is included. 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Cases of poisoning in cattle by feeding on meal from soy bean after extrac- tion of the oil, S. Stockman {Jour. Cornpar. Path, and Titer., 29 (1916), No. 2, pp. 95-107). — A report of deaths among cows receiving a ration of soy bean meal or calie in a district in the south of Scotland in which 54 of 67 affected cows on nine different farms died led to an investigation of the cause. The symptoms and post-mortem appearances are described and data collected on eight of the farms are reported in tabular form. With these data as a basis, laboratory feeding experiments were conducted with cattle and other animals and are here reported. The feeding of extracted soy cake and meal produced symptoms and post- mortem lesions which were identical with those occurring in the field among cattle fed on similar material. The extracted soy in no case, in practice or laboratory, produced a sudden effect, considerable amounts being consumed and a considerable time elapsing before signs of illness appeared. Tbe smallest amount consumed at the laboratory before the disease appeared was 172 lbs. in 36 days. The shortest time in which the disease appeared was 29 days, during which period 201 lbs. were fed. No animal other than cattle suffered from feeding on this meal or cake, either in practice or at the laboratory. It is pointed out that the very higli temperature (106 to 109° F.) accom- panying the illness seems to exclude the ordinary poisons but does not ex- clude a poison of the ricin class. Specific bacterial infection was excluded by test inoculations, microscopical and bacteriological examinations, and by the sterili.-Jng temperature which was used in the process of manufacture. No castor seeds could be traced in the meal. A wide inquiry shows that the whole soy bean is not poisonous and an in- quiry among manufacturers shows that there is plenty of evidence that soy extracted with naphtha does not cause poisoning; thus it appears that the trouble was caused by the use only of soy extracted with trichlorethylene, although this is not poisonous when given to cattle ir. from 1 to 3 oz. and for long periods. It is suggested (1) that the products from trichlorethylene ob- tained by heat may be poisonous, (2) that the trichlorethylene in contact with soy and heat to drive off the former may form a poison, or (3) that some of the trichloi'ethylene was impure and contained other bodies. Thus it is inadvisable to use trichlorethylene as an extractor. A disease resembling " forage poisoning " in horses and mules wherein oat hay incorporated the primary factor, R. Graham, L. R. Himmelbergeb, and R. L. Pontius (Rept. U. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc., 19 {1915), pp. 22-42, figs. 2). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 681). See also a note by Graham and Himmelbei'ger (E. S. R., 36, p. 280). Studies on forage poisoning, R. Graham and L. R. Himmelbebger {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 {1916), No. S, pp. 385-894, fiffS- 5).— The first part of this paper (pp. 385-388), which deals with the pathologic changes in a disease in horses resembling forage poisoning, is based upon studies of tissues secured from seven horses fatally affected in consequence of feeding on an oat hay in the experiments above noted. " While the pathologic presentations in the various tissues examined are not diagnostic, since no pathognomonic importance can be ascribed to them, the changes found collectively are suggestive of a toxemialike condition in so far as the type of the disease we have studied is concerned." The second part of the paper (pp. 388-394) relates to a pathogenic bacillus, isolated from the same oat hay as was the Bacillus coli-Uke organism above noted, which grew readily under laboratory conditions. Feeding and inoculation experiments indicate that the bacillus is nonpathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, chickens, cats, dogs, and swine. Horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and goats do not succumb to a single intravenous injection, except in rare instances, 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581 but repeated daily injections in horses are followed by nervous manifestations, marasmus, coma, and death. " The symptoms observed in experimental horses following the injection of the sterile filtrate of this bacillus grown on Uschinsky's medium evidence the production of a toxinlike substance as an inherent character of the bacillus isolated from the oat hay, and the results from repeated adminis- trations suggest a systemic cumulative action. Repeated intravenous injec- tions of the bacillus washed from agar slants, sterile filtrates of the culture on Uschinsky's medium, broth cultures by way of the mouth or in the form of enemas produced variable nervous symptoms and death in horses and mules." "A somewhat similar microorganism has been isolated from the chicken excreta found in the oat hay, but its pathogenicity has not yet been established. This micro-organism was not isolated from two apparently wholesome forages ex- amined bacteriologically, but from sorglmra silage obtained from a farm where animal fatalities had occurred with symptoms resembling forage poisoning, a micro-organism with somewhat similar cultural characteristics was obtained. Tlie micro-organism from the sorghum silage possesses pathogenic properties, as observed following inoculation of experimental horses," and reported below. Studies in forage poisoning, R. Graham and L. R. Himmelbkkger (Jour. Compar. Path, and Titer., 29 (1916), No. 2, pp. 101-116).— In continuation of the above studies, the authors report upOn an outbreak in Woodford County, Ky., in December, 1915, in which losses occurred among young cattle fed grain rations and silage. The symptoms in these animals consisted of emaciation, dull languid appearance, incoordination in walking, loss of appetite, diarrhea, decubitus, tem- perature and respiration normal, and pul.se weak. The feeding of the silage, which consisted of sorghum cut about one week before placing it in the silo in August, was discontinued, and no further losses occurred. Fourteen experiments with animals, including cattle, horses, sheep, and goats, were made, in which feeding and inoculation tests were carried out with silage, watery extract of silage, cultures of the bacillus, and sterile filtrates from cul- tures. The bacillus isolated from the silage, but which could not be found in the station sorghum silage, possessed pathogenic properties for some of the ex- perimental animals. " Daily administrations of sterile filtrates of this bacillus grown on a synthetic medium, introduced intrajugularly, and bouillon cultures in the form of enemas produced death in horses, as did also daily drenches of bouillon cultures to calves, with clinical manifestations and gross anatomical changes not unlike those observed in some cases of forage poisoning. The morpho- logical and cultural features of this bacillus are in every major detail analogous to those pos.sessed by a pathogenic organism isolated from an oat hay respon- sible for losses among horses and mules, as demonstrated by feeding experi- ments," as noted above. The etiology of infectious anemia of the horse, Cabbe and VajliJ^e (Rec. MM. V6t., 92 (1916), No. 7, pp. 19S-199; Ann. InM. Pasteur, SO (1916), No. 8, pp. S8S-388; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 4 (1916), No. S, pp. 12^, 125).— This is a sum- mary of work conducted by the authors during the past 12 years, with references to the work of others who have confirmed the authors' original findings incriminating an ultravisible virus as the cause of this disea.se. The authors refuse to admit the unicity of pernicious anemia of the horse and that the disease is only verminous in origin, as reported by Seyderhelm and Seyder- helm (E. S. R., 33, p. 681) and by Ries (E. S. R., 18, p. 584). Report on the investigation into joint-ill in foals existing in the Province of Ontario, F. W. Schofield (Toronto, Canada: Govt., 1915, pp. 16). — This first report Includes tables giving the bacteriological results in 23 cases of joint-ill and the results of vaccine treatment. A specially prepared bacterial vaccine containing Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., and Bacillus abortivus- 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 39 equinus was tested in 170 cases and found to be followed by a decrease in the mortality of more than 50 per cent. Second report on the investig-ation into joint-ill in foals existing in the Province of Ontario, F. W. Schofield {Toronto, Canada: Govt., 1916, pp. 24, figs. 5). — The investigations here reported, in continuation of those above noted, have led to the following conclusions : " The disease joint-ill can be prevented in many cases by the use of a suit- able prophylactic vaccine. The vaccine used in this experiment, while pro- ducing results that are far from ideal, was of definite prophylactic value. The treatment has no untoward effect upon the foal either immediate or delayed. The vaccine should be used in conjunction with the other prophylactic measures in combating this disease. . . . Better results are obtained from the use of vaccines in the treatment of joint-ill than from any other method of treatment. There is much room for improvement as the average mortality is still far in excess of what it should be. . . . "A hemolytic streptococcus is apparently very closely related to the disease Joint-ill. Marked pathogenicity for the rabbit is characteristic of the hemolytic streptococcus of joint-ill. In some of the most severe cases, no organisms could be isolated from the joint fluid or blood. Ingestion infection is quite probable since the presence of streptococci has been foimd in the milk of the dam iden- tical with those recovered from the diseased joints of foals." A nongas-producing strain of the hog-cholera bacillus isolated from an old laboratory culture, C. TenBroeck {Jour. Expt. Med., 24 {1916), No. S, pp. 91S-222). — "In a stock culture of the hog-cholera bacillus, which was passed through a series of rabbits 14 years ago, an organism was found that differs from the original culture in that it fails to form gas from the carbohydrates that are usually attacked by this organism, while acid formation persists. This new strain is agglutinated by an antihog-cholera bacillus serum, and produces in rabbits and mice a disease similar to that caused by the typical cultures. The failure to form gas has persisted over a period of 18 months, and all at- tempts to cause the strain to revert to the original condition have failed." The organism resembles in many respects Bacillus typhosus. Attempts to produce a similar change in more recently isolated cultures by animal passages and changes in environment failed. RURAL ENGINEERING. Seventeenth biennial rei)ort of the state engineer, Colorado, 1913—14, (Bien. Rpt. State Engin. Colo., 17 {1913-14), pts. 1, pp. 261, pi. 1; 2, pp. 350).— This report includes data on the general irrigation situation in Colorado, including financial matters, gives abstracts of reports of the water commis- sioners, reports the results of numerous seepage investigations, and gives the results of measurements of flow made in the Arkansas, Grand, Laramie, Ilio Grande, San Juan, South Platte, Yampa, and White river drainage basins. Surface water supply of Pacific drainage basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin, 1914 {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 392 {1916), pp. 7-200, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Washington, Montana, and Idaho, contains the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the Puget Sound and the upper Columbia River drain- age basins. Profile surveys in Skagit River basin, Washington {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 419 {1916), pp. 5-8, pis. 12). — This report, prepared under the direction of W. H. Herron, contains a plan and profile of Skagit River and certain tributaries above Concrete, Wash., made from surveys in 1915. 1917] EUEAL ENGINEEEIlSrG. 583 Profile surveys along Henrys Fork, Idaho, and Logan River and Black- smith Fork, Utah (C7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 420 (1916), pp. 5-8, pis. 10). — This report, prepared under the direction of W. H. Herron, de- scribes the general features of the Snake River basin and the Logan River basin and gives plans and profiles of Henrys Fork above St. Anthony, of the outlet of Henrys Lake, Idaho, of Logan River above Logan, and of Black- smith Fork, above Hyrum, Utah. Profile surveys in 1915 along the Rio Grande, Pecos River, and Mora River, in New Mexico {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 421 (1916), pp. 5-11, pis. 11 ) . — This report, prepared under the direction of W. H. Herron, con- tains plans and profiles from surveys made in 1915 of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Buckman, N. Mex., and from Embudo, N. Mex., to the Colorado state line, of the Pecos River above Alexander Valle Grant, N. Mex., and of the Mora River from its mouth to the east boundary of Mora Grant, N. Mex. Irrigation field laboratory at Denver, Colorado, R. B. Sleight (Engin. News, 76 (1916), No. 23, pp. 1080-1082, figs. 5).— Tliis laboratory, which is part of the equipment of the Irrigation Investigations Division of the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is described and some of the important features illustrated. Concrete pipe irrigation systems (Jour. Electricity, 57 (1916), No. 12, pp. 219-221, figs. 6). — The manufacture of concrete pipe for use in irrigation dis- tribution systems is discussed, and diagrams are given showing the carrying capacity in cubic feet per second, miners' inches, and gallons per minute of concrete pipe varying in diameter from 6 to 24 in. and with a slope varying from 0.5 to 30 ft. per 1,000 ft. The value of n in Kutter's formula used is 0.0135. [Competitive tests of (commercial) overhead irrigation systems in 1914], E. Krugek and A. Nachtweh (Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., No. 276 (1915), pp. 87, figs. 55). — This paper includes a general discussion of irrigation and irriga- tion systems and a description of overhead irrigation systems with prices. It also reports tests of four commercial types of overhead irrigation systems. Malheur and Owyhee projects, irrigation and drainage, J. T. Whistler and J. H. Lewis (Oreg. Cooper. Work, Dept. Int. U. S. Reclamation Serv., 1916, Feb., pp. XII+13-201, pis. 52, fig. 1). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of Oregon, gives the results of investigations for the irrigation from the Malheur River of Malheur Valley lands in the vicinity of Vale and Ontario, Oreg., and of lands in the vicinity of Nyssa from the Owyhee River. "The Malheur project includes approximately 39,150 acres of irrigable land, of which approximately 31,600 acres are the first development and 7,550 acres a later extension of the first development. . . . The present plans are to use the river as the main distributary. . . . " An agricultural and soil survey of the lands under the proposed project shows the fertility of the lands and at the same time the necessity for drain- age. The long seasons and fertility of the soil make it capable of fairly in- tensive development. . . . The duty adopted for the gravity lands is 2.6 ft. in depth during the irrigating season ; for the pump lands 2.1 ft. in depth for the season. The distribution losses are estimated at 20 per cent of the water taken out at the heads of the laterals. The seepage loss for earth sections is estimated at 1 ft. in depth per day over the wetted area of canals and for con- crete lined canals 1 in. in depth. . . . The yearly diversion use for the develop- ment of the full project or 39,150 acres Is 161,400 acre feet. . . . The reservoir capacity required is 159,000 acre-feet. . . . The total cost of the entire project, including drainage, is $1,438,458, an average cost of approximately $37 per acre. . . . 584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 " The development proposed in the Owyhee Project is the irrigation of about 18,100 acres of land lying partly on both sides of Owyhee River in the vicinity of Mitchell Butte, and in addition the inclusion within the project of about 4,900 acres now served from the Ontario-Nyssa Canal (Shoestring Ditch), which derives its supply for irrigation use by pumping from Snake River. ... A soil and agricultural survey of the area included within the project . . . shows that this area is capable of a fairly intensive cultivation and is as promising as any arid soil in the State which is susceptible of reclamation by irriga- tion. . . . The duty of water adopted for the lands of this project is 2.6 ft. in depth during the irrigating season for the lands under the main gravity canal on the north side of the river and on the lands served from the Ontario- Nyssa Canal. The corresponding duty for all the other lands of the project is 2.1 ft. in depth. Distribution losses are estimated at 20 per cent of the water delivered to the heads of laterals. Canal seepage losses from the heads of laterals to the diversion are estimated at 1 ft. in depth per day over the wetted canal area for unlined canal sections, and similarly 1 in. in depth for lined sections. . . . The cost of the Owyhee Project is estimated at approxi- mately $1,446,000; including capitalization for operation, maintenance, and renewal of pumping plants, and for maintenance of siphons." Flood relief for the Scioto Valley [Ohio], 1916, J. W. Alvord and C. B. BUBDICK (Columbus, Ohio: State, 1916, pp. lXIl]+279, pis. 36, figs. 32).— This report includes the recommendations of the chief engineers for the adoption of the official plan of two detaining basins, " one each on the Scioto above Dublin and the Olentangy above Delaware and channel improvements for the 200,000 second-foot project, costing all told the sum of $10,125,000." Preliminary report on Kearney Vineyard experimental drain, W. W. Weir {California Sta. Bui. 273 (1916), pp. 103-123, figs. Ji).— This report, prepared in cooperation with the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, deals with the drainage of an unproductive quarter section of alkali land, which was originally a vineyard. The soil consists of sandy loam and fine sandy loam, and the alkali content varied in the surface foot from less than 0.2 per cent over most of the tract to 3 per cent over small areas. The principal salts wei'e sodium chlorid and sodium carbonate, with the former predominating. " Observations taken during 1912 and the early part of 1913 showed that at no time during the year was the water table more than 7.5 ft. below the surface, and during June it stood within 2 ft. of the surface. During the entire growing season the water was less than 6 ft. from the surface and for four and one-half months was less than 4 ft. below the surface." The drainage system installed consists of 21,842 ft. of drain, varying in size from 6 to 12 in. tile. The main drain has a fall of 1 in 1,000 and an average depth of about 7 ft. " The lateral system, consisting of eight parallel laterals on the east and nine on the west side of the main, is composed of 6-in. tile at an average depth of 5.75 ft. The laterals are 315 ft. apart." The total cost of the drain was $59.59 per acre. " From measurements taken of the pump discharge it is evident that drainage systems under similar conditions should be designed to remove at least 1 cu. ft. per second for each 100 acres, especially where the drained tract is entirely surrounded by undrained land. Indications are that the lateral drains might have been placed 400 ft. apart. It would have been better had the lateral tile lines been placed 6.5 or 7 ft. deep instead of 5.75 ft. The hardpan, which was known to exist, has not proved to be a material hindrance to the movement or' water. 1917] RUKAL ENGINEERING. 585 " Two years' flooding has been sufficient to reduce the alkali present to an amount which is considered safe for crops. The tests show that although there was originally nearly two and one-half times as much NaCl as Na2C03 in the surface foot of soil this salt is much more easily removed by flooding than the NajCOs, and although the latter has been reduced by 15 per cent there was, at the end of the second year, more than one and one-half times as much NusCOa as NaCl in the surface foot of soil. . . . The tract has been changed, after three years, from that previously described to one producing a crop of ISO tons ot grain hay in 1916." Velocity coefficients for a dredged drainage canal, P. V. Hodges {Engm. News, 76 (,1916), No. 22, pp. 1052, 1053, figs. 6).— Tests of the application of different formulas to the flow of water in a drainage canal 25 miles long, exca- vated by a % cu. yd. dipper dredge in peat soil underlain with clay, are reported. It was found by current meter measurements at two sections that the coeffi- cient n of Kutter's formula varied from 0.0253 to 0.0259, and the velocity as computetl with these values had a variation of 2.5 per cent within the range of this experiment. The coefficient m of Bazin's formula, V= — J RS 0 552-|- 7n' 71 varied from 1.127 to 1.1 04, and the velocity as computed with these values had a variation of 2 per cent. The coefficient C in the exponential formula y= (7/2" *'.§"'" varied 4 per cent. To obtain a formula that applies more closely to the law of flow in tills canal, the formula V=K{RS)'"^'^ was derived, in v.hich K=229.6 The value of the coefficient K varied 1.8 per cent within the range of this experiment. Tlie value of n was found to decrease as the velocity or hydraulic radius incn-asod, the condition of the channel remaining the same. Keduction of seepage losses in a canal through, porous shale, J. H. Mi nek (Reclam. Rec. [t7. S.}, 7 (1916), No. 12, pp. 56S-570, fig. i).— Experiments con- ducted on canals of the Grand Valley Irrigation Project showed the favorable influence of artificial silting of canals in markedly reducing conveyance losses. " The protective measures adopted consisted in excavating the canal through shale to a depth of 1 ft. below the required grade, with a view of allowing silt to accumulate in this extra depth. . . . Part of the earth lining was placed before water was turned into the canal and part afterwards. The work done with the water in the canal was the more effective in that the material compacted better and more quickly and also spread farther out on the canal bottom."' Care and attention necessary for maintenance of metal flumes, F. D. Pylk {Reclam. Rec. [U. S.], 7 {1916), No. 11, pp. 519, 520; ret: in Engin. Rcc, 7.i {1916), No. 21, p. 622). — Experiments with seven paint and tar mixtui'es. includ- ing African black, Egyptian black, elastic gi-aphite, green gi'aphite, tar com- pound, coal tar, and green paint when used as pre.'^ervatives for metal flumes on the Uncompahgre Project, are reported. It was found " that the coal tar, coal-tar compound, and elastic graphite Avere the only mixtures that could stand one season's use, and there was som.e doubt as to the elastic graphite standing another season. It appears from observa- tions on this project and the observations of project managers on other projects that coal tar is the best and cheapest mixture available. In some instances a first coat of water gas tar has been applied before the coal tar with excellent re- sults. In tarring flumes care should be exercised to clean the surface thor- oughly. All joints should be carefully tarred. It may be advisable to hot dip all sheets before they are placed in the flume." 85476°— No. 6—17 7 586 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Bectaiigular wooden flumes, J. C. Stevens {Engin. News, 76 {1916), No. 25, pp. 1160-1162, fig. 1). — "The object of this article is to touch briefly on a few important points, connectefl with the design and constriiction of wooden flumes for irrigation and power purposes, that have not been treated either iu text- books or in technical ai'ticles." Method of making drainage and improvement assessments, P. A. Cuppeb (Enyin. News, 76 (1916), No. 21, pp. 975, 976).— Suggestions for appraisal work in drainage and similar improvement districts are given. The hygiene of water, A. Gartner (Die Hygiene des Wassers. Brunswick: Friedrich Vieiveg & Son, 1915, pp. 952, pis. 11, figs. 93; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 29 {1916), No. 17, WirtschaftUche?- Teil, pp. Ul, i^,?).— This is a hand- book for engineers, waterworks superintendents, chemists, and medical officials. It deals with the sanitary aspects of domestic and other water supplies and with the chemistry and bacteriology of drinking water in general. Features of water- sup))ly systems and apparatus are also dealt with. Disinfection of drinking water by the successive action of sodium hypo- chlorite and hydrogen peroxid, E. Doyen and Toda {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Pai-is], 79 {1916), No. 6, pp. 232, 233; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 10 {1916), No. 19, p. 2487). — Experiments on the treatment of sterilized, distilled river and lake water to which 24-hour cultures of Bacillus coli and Eberth bacillus were added in a minimum amount of 20,000 per cubic centimeter are reported. Labarraque solution containing 7.45 gm. of sodium hypochlorite (equivalent to 3.5.5 gm. of chlorin) per liter and officinal hydrogen peroxid containing 34 gm. hydrogen peroxid per liter were employed. When the Labarraque solution was used in an amount corresponding to 1 mg. of chlorin per liter of water, the water was sterilized in one minute. It is recommended, however, that an amount equivalent to 3 mg. of chlorin per liter of water be used, and that sufficient hydrogen peroxid be added at the end of five minutes to cause the evolution of all the oxygen of the sodium hypochlorite. Impure water treated successively with sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxid was more palatable than that treated with sodium hypochlorite and sodium hyposulphate. The sterilizing action was also much more effective in the former than in the latter case. It is noted that the hydrogen peroxid used had no appreciable bactericidal action. Laboratory manual of bituminous materials, P. Hubbard {New York: John Wiley d Sons, 1916. pp. XI +153, figs. 39; rev. in Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 26, p. 778). — This manual is primarily intended as a laboratory guide for students and others, its object being to describe methods in sufficient detail to enable the performance of the more common and widely used tests with a reasonable degree of accuracy. It is divided into three parts. Part 1 gives general information on definitions of materials, tests, and uses; types and classification of bituminous materials, especially those for road and paving use ; refining processes ; and laboratory methods. Part 2, methods of testing, covers tests for density, consistency, and solubility of other than bitumi- nous aggregates; heat tests; miscellaneous tests; and the extraction of bitumi- nous aggregates and recovery of bitumen and aggregate. Part 3, characteristics of the more important bituminous materials, deals with fluid petroleum products and emulsions, semisolid and solid petroleum and asphalt products, refined tars and tar pitches, creosoting oils or wood preservatives, and bituminous aggregates. Bead material surveys in 1914, L. Reinecke {Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey Mem. 85 {1916), pp. yni+21',, pis. 7, figs. i6).— This report is published in four parts. Part 1 is a description of the various kinds of country roads, of the materials used in their construction, of the different varieties of stone outcropping at the surface of the earth, and of their comparative value as road-making materials. 1917] KUEAL ENGINEERING. 587 Part 2 is a description of certain large deposits of diabase upon the nortli sliore of Laler and a line transverse to the roadway is a maximum." Some factors in the Indiana road problem, G. E. Ma^rtin {Purdue Univ. Dept. Engin., Highway Bui. 2 {1916), pp. 27, figs. 19). — This is a summary and discussion of the various factors affecting the road problem in Indiana, includ- ing road mileage, topography, climate, soil, road materials, population, area, traCric, and finance. Report of the [Iowa] State Highway Commission for the year ended De- cember 1, 1915 {Ann. Rpt. Iowa Uigliway Com., 2 {1915), pp. 221, figs. -55). — This report deals with the organization, administration, road and bridge con- struction work, expenditures, and technical investigations during 1915. Among other technical investigations one year of service tests on highway briilge paints brought out the following tentative results : " First, as a class the coal-tar paints are forming alligator cracks, but as yet are giving good pro*^ection, with a single exception. The coal-tar paint which has been exposed the longest time has more or less completely broken down, and there is evidence of rusting beneath the paint film. Second, the asphalt paints are cracking and ry After rr.m do Sound Slip of driven wheels. Per cent. 3.0 6.3 1.5 3.0 . 5 1.5 3.0 2.5 .5 The more importiint iisuils of ii;(>f lianical plowing tests are given in the following table : llceltanical ploioing tests. Calcu- Disl^'nce Area Fuel con- sumption per hectare. Average draft per Average horsepower utilized at drawbar. Value of laiod horse- pov.er. Plowing depth. Plov, iu<^ width. plov.ed per hour. plowed per hour. square decimeter plowed. coeffi- cient. TO Cm. Meters. Meters. Sq. meters. Kg. Kg. Hp. M. 7 9 3.5 1.00 4,. 572 3, 157 11.2 64.2 .3.74 0.40 14.4 .56 4.032 1,351 44.2 42.9 5.16 .30 15. 0 .64 2,952 1,.340 40.4 43.0 4. .51 .21 19 16.0 .96 2,880 2,040 37.8 35.0 5.73 .28 24.0 .59 2,916 1,217 47.9 43.0 6.57 .31 / 15. 8 1 18.1 13.2 .57 2,952 1,048 99.4 43.0 4.23 .28 17 .59 4,860 1,538 56.6 43.0 8.26 .33 22 1.50 1,728 1,935 22.8 52.6 6.66 .36 12.3 .99 3,132 2,205 36.8 4.5.1 6.38 .16 22 16.1 .99 3,024 2,142 43.8 45.1 8.07 .21 18.0 1.25 2,700 2,290 43.7 44.0 9.90 .29 14.2 1.19 2, 880 2,290 ?0. 1 55. 5 9.90 .25 26 I 15.4 1.17 2,844 2,214 .30.4 55.5 10.52 .27 [ 16.5 1.20 3,060 2,439 28.9 61.2 13.73 .33 Un the equation t^mP, in which <=averagc draft and P=drive-wheel presi?ure on the soil. Public tests of mechanical cultivating apparatus in 1916, P. Buchard {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 {1916), No. Jfl, pp. 260-269, figs. 6).— This report reviews the more important results of mechanical plowing tests made at five different )917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 589 localities in France during 1916. The machines te.sted incliuled tractors, motor [.■lows, and motor cultivators. Mechanical cultivation, R. Dessaisaix {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 29 {1916), Xo. 20, pp. 3^1, 3.^2). — The more important results of plowing tests on hard, dry, calcareous clay soil at Tours, France, with six tractors are given in the follow- ing table: Tractor plowing tests. Number of plow bottoms. Average depth of plowing. Surface plowed per hour. Volume of soil plowed per hour. Fuel consumption. Uorse- power. Per cubic meter of soil plowed. Per hectare plowed 0.16 meter deep. S-16 S-16 12-24 12-20 12-20 s-ie 2 2 3 3 2 2 Meters. 0.158 .166 .146 .173 .193 .151 Square meters. 1,972.60 1,931.42 1,864.51 2,847.76 2,623.41 2,035.20 Cvbic meters. 311.67 320.61 272.21 492.60 507. 47 307. 31 Liters. 0.0275 . 0260 .0276 .OlSO .0140 .0300 Liters. 44.00 41.60 41.76 28.80 22.40 48.00 The more important results of plowing tests with four tractors on tenacious calcareous clay soil containing hills with grades of from 10 to 16 per cent are summarized as follows : Tractor tests on hilly soil. Horse- power. Soil. Number of plows. Width of plowing. Average Average Jtl^pA depth of speed Pj" in plowing, per hour. ^^^^^^ Fuel con- sumption rer hectare. 15 15 16 16 20 Level and hiil v 2 1 2 2 3 Meters. 0..52 .38 .57 .70 .98 Cm. Meters. ' Hectares. 16.6 3,200 1.2 Liters. 52.7 do 19. 0 ' 3, 000 18.0 3,600 14.5 I 3,600 20.0 1 2,800 .9 1.3 1.6 2.0 70.0 50.0 Level and billv 56.0 do 40.0 Eepcrt on demonstrations with motor tractors at York, 1915, J. Gilchkist (f7n.ii;. Leeds and Yo'rk-'ihire Council Agr. Ed. [Pamphlet], 100 {1916), pp. 24, figs. 8; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londan], 23 {1916), No. 6, p. 600). — The general results of one-hour plowing tests on medium loam and uniform sandy loam soils with six internal-combustion tractors ranging in brake horsepower from 16 to 40, one 22-brake horsepower steam tractor, and a 10-horsepower motor plow are reported. The number of furrows plowed at one time varied from two to four. Motor plows and motor plowing, A. Amos {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 76 {1915), pp. 74-91; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 23 {1916), No. 6, pp. 599, 600). — The use of the motor plow to meet war time conditions in England is dis- cu.ssed, and general information is given regarding the organization, cost, and economy of motor plowing. Engine plows, I. A. Weaver (Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 104-109, figs. 4). — This is a discussion of the more important factors enter- ing into the design of engine plows. Experiments on mechanical cultivation at Grignon, F. Beethault {Ann. J^cole Nat. Agr. Grignon, 5 {1914), pp. 5-205, figs, i.^).— This is a detailed re- port of controlled experiments on mechanical cultivation at Grignon during 1913-14, giving results and conclusions. 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 36 N. G. E. A. data sheets compiled by H. R. Bbate {Lal-cmont, N. Y.: Nat. Gas Engine Assoc, 1916, pp. [SIO], figs. iO).— Seven volumes of these data sheets are presented to date, as follows: Volume 1, National Gas Engine Association standards and general engineering data; volume 2, silage cutters; volume 3, feed grinder.-^, gi-inders and crushers, buhr stone, and corn and cob crushers; volume 4, hay presses; volume 5, pumps; volume 6, electrical outfits; and volume 7, tractors. Markets for agricultural implements and machinery in Argentina, F. H. VoN MoTZ {U. S. Depf. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dam. Com., Spec. Agents »S'cr., No. 125 {1916), pp. 86). — This report gives detailed information regarding the market requirements of Argentina for all kinds of farm machinery, supple- mented by data on agricultural conditions and trade methods. Diagram for obtaining number feet B. M. in various timbers, W. R. Roof {Engin. and Contract., 46 (1916), No. 21, p. JfoS, fig. 1).—A diagram is given v^^hich affords a convenient method for obtaining the number of feet board meas- ure for various sizes of timber. The preservative treatment of farm timbers, E. A. Steeling {Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Trade Ext. Dept. Farm Bui. 3 {1916), pp. 11, figs. 6). — This bul- letin deals with preservatives, methods of treatment, preparing timber for treatment, kinds of timber suitable for treatment, conditions requiring treat- ment, and the cost. New roofing materials for rural structures, R. De Saint-jMaukice {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 9-13, figs. 9). — This describes and illustrates and gives woi-king data regarding five different types of composition roofing and zinc roofing, special reference being made to their use on farm buildings in France. Grain storage buildings, K. J. T. Ekblaw {Nat. Lnmber Manfrs. Assoc, Trade Ext. Dcpt. Farm Bui. 2 {1916). pp. 16, figs. S). — This bulletin deals with the features of construction of grain-storage buildings, including the founda- tion, pressure on walls, floors, framing, walls, roof, and general arrangement, and describes and illustrates a small granary, a small corn crib, and a large grain-storage building. Swine houses, K. J. T. Ekblaw {Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Trade Ext. Dept. Farm Bui. 4 {1916), pp. 22, figs. 6). — This bulletin points out the essen- tials of a good swine house and describes and diagrammatically illustrates small portable houses and large permanent houses. Dairy buildings at United States Naval Academy, C. D. Francis {Hoard's Dairyman, 52 {1916), No. 21, pp. 125, 1^4, fig. 1). — A brief description is given of the dairy buildings which are being constructed for the accommodation of about 200 cows on the dairy farm of the U. S. Naval Academy near Annapolis, Md. Shedding' for milch cows on Rhodesian farms, R. C. Simmons {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 13 {1916), No. 5, pp. 67S-68}, pi. 1). — A permanent milch cow shelter of brick, thatch, and hardwood poles is described and diagraraatically illus- trated. Implement sheds, K. J. T. Ekblaw {Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Trade E.Tt. Dept. Farm Bui. 1 {1916). pp. 19, figs. 6). — This paper discusses the design of implement sheds and gives information with illustrations on the open shed, wide inclosed, and two-story types, and space requirements and selection of building material. Farm residence heating', L. W. Eggleston {Trans. Amer. Soc Agr. F.ngin., 9 {191.5), No. 1, pp. 41-49, figs. 10). — The general features of steam and hot water heating of farmhouses are described and illustrated. Electric lighting systems for farm use, O. II. Roth {Trans. Amer. Soc Agr. Engin., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. S^-^O).— The author attempts to classify farm light- 1917] EURAL ECONOMICS. 591 ing systems, his purpose being apparently to advance a step in standardization. The systems are classified as follows: (1) Plants that give light only when the generator and engine are running; (2) plants that give light only from the bat- tery, tl'.e generator being used only for charging the battery; (3) plants that give light from the battery or from the battery and generator combined; and (4) plants that give light either from the battery or generator, or from both. The following general types coming under each class are suggested : Manual — plants that are entirely manually started, operated, regulated, and stopped; semiautomatic — plants that are partially automatic in some one or more features, but not entirely so ; all automatic — plants that are entirely automatic in start- ing, regulating the voltage and charging battery, automatically stopping when the charge is complete or no lights are in use. With reference to voltage, it is stated that " 32 volts has become a standard for small plants having lights in a small area; 115 volts is better if the dis- tribution system covers a (on.sidcrable distance from the plant and if motors other than small household motors are to be used." With reference to speed of generator, it is stated that " if belt driven, 2.300 revolutions per minute or less gives general satisfaction. If direct coimecled to the engine the speed should be lower, perhaps 800 to 1,000 maximum, although experiments are con- tinually being made to produce higher speed engines that are not noisy and hnve a reasonable life." Sewage disposal for country homes, F. F. Frazieu (Kans. Agr. Col. IJxt. Bui. 6 {1916). pp. SO, figs. 6). — This bulletin describes and illustrates the design and construction of small sewage disposal systems consisting of sei)tic tanks and tile absorption areas. The author lays more stre.-ss on the chemical and bac- teriological phases of sewage purification than has been the custom in previous reports by others on the sub.lect, and his reconunendations indicate that some study along that line has been made. RIJE.AL ECOI^OMICS. [A study in social dynamics], J. M. Oilt.ette {Quart. Piihs. Amcr. Statis. Assoc, n. ser.. 15 {1916), No. 116, pp. 345-3S0, figs. 2).— The author lias en- deavored to determine statistically the rate of natural increase and the factors accounting for the increase in the rural and urban population of the United States. He describes in detail the method used and the results obtained. The natural increases as determined by his method are shown in the following table : Rates of birth, death, and natural increase in the United States for the deeade 1900-1910. Division. Birth rate. Death rate. Rale of natural increase. Rural. Urban. Rural. Urban. Rural. Urban. New Enfjlanl 21.0 25.5 25 2 2^4 34.4 :m. 4 .-;':■.. 4 ;.i.6 24.6 30.4 24.4 26.4 24.7 22.5 25.4 25.4 27.0 25.5 20.4 25.2 16.0 14.8 12.8 10.3 15.5 14.7 12.5 10.5 12.0 13.5 17.1 16.8 13.9 12.4 19.4 18.0 16.8 15.0 13.8 16.4 5.0 10.7 12.4 18.1 18.9 19.7 23.9 21.1 12.6 16.9 7.3 Middle Allan! i "■ 9.6 East North Ceiil ral 10. S West North Centrn! 10.1 South Atlantic 6.0 East South Central 7.4 West South Centr.ll 10.2 Mountain 10.5 Pacllc (i.P United Sta*es 8.8 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 His analysis reveals the fact that the increase of 11,826,000 for the urban districts consisted of 924,000 persons added by incorporation, 4,849,000 by immi- gration, 3,637,000 by rural migration, and 2,426,000 by natural increase. The increase of 4,151,000 in the rural districts was due to additions by migration of 1,290,000 and a natural increase of 2,861,000. Some ecouom.ic factors which influence rural education in Wisconsin, E, IMeisritt and K. L. Hatch {Wisconsin Sta. Research Bui. 40 (1916), pp. 51, fiijs. 20). — In this study, conducted in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, it was found that the number of farms in the northern portion of the State were increasing while in the southern portion there was a decrease in the number, the decrease being due to the elimination of farms containing between 20 and 99 acres. The size of the farm family was decreasing, due to the fact that the rural population contained a smaller percentage of those of foreign birth than formerly. In the extreme northern and southern parts of the State there were a large number of schools which had an enrollment of 15 pupils or less. Apparently these small schools in the southern part of the State were results of not only a decrease in the number of farms but also in the size of the farm family. In the northern portion of the State the small school was due to the sparse settle- ment of the rural districts. An effort was made to ascertain the relationship between tenantry and rural education. It was found that there were two classes of tenants in Wisconsin, those who are related to the owners of the farms and those who are not. The former, as a rule, are a more or less permanent class in a community and therefore have a vital interest in the system of education which is being developed. It was found also that the percentage of the total farmers who were tenants and married a specified number of years decreased as the number of years married increased. In other words, there is a ladder by which the tenant farmer passes from the tenant class into that of the farm owner. Since the tenant, as a rule, has been married a smaller number of years than the owner, he naturally has a smaller number of children and a large proportion of them are not of school age. In the study of the school attendance it was found that the city children vvere attending school in relatively greater numbers than rural children between the ages of 6 and 14, while the reverse was true for those between 15 and 20 years of age. The economic conditions under which the country boy and girl live apparently enable them to attend school in larger numbers in the more advanced years, whereas the smaller cliildren in rural districts are unable to attend on account of the distance that many of them live from the schools and the poor conditicm of many of the country roads. The system of education carried on by the public schools and the extension department of the agricultural college was found to provide no training for the boy after he left school until he takes up farming on his own account. This period is generally between the ages of 18 and 25. The returns also indicated that the girls were leaving farms faster than the boys, and that the children were leaving the smaller farms faster than those living on the larger ones. Data as to the value of a high-school education indicated that it was a good investment for the farmer. It also paid the boy who intended ultimately to be a farmer to stick by the farm rather than to engage in another occupation. Additional information was obtained to ascertain what were the sources of incentive to adopt the more progressive agricultural practices, labor incomes of farmers with different types of education, costs of instruction in difTerent types of agricultural schools, etc. 1917] RURAL ECONOMICS. 593 Twelve ways to meet the new economic conditions here in the South, G. W. Oarvek (Alabama Tunkegce Sta. Bui. 33 (1911), pp. S-7).— The author has pointed out how the southern farmer can best succeed under boll-weevil condi- tions. He advises the growing of food for the family and live stock on the farm, the growing of an early maturing type of cottoji, and thorough culture and manuring of the land. The use of a diary for farm accounts, E. H. Thomson (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 782 (1911), pp. IS, figs. 5). — The author believes that the diary may serve two purpo.se.s : (1) To keep those records which are of a financial nature, such as receipts and expenditures ; and (2) to keep those records of farm work and production, such as dates of planting and harvesting, crop yields, feed fed to live stock, etc. The bulletin describes several different kinds of diaries and shows how various farm accounts may be kept in diary form. Report of the commission on land colonization and rural credits of the State of California, E. Mead et al. (llpt. Com. Land Colon, and Rural Credits Cal., 1916, pp. 81). — In this report are discussed the history of laud settlement, methods of financing settlers in California, and methods used in land settlement in European and other countries. Report on the working- of the cooperative societies in Bengal, 1914—15, J. M. MiTRA (Rpt. Work. Coop. Socs. Bengal, 191^-15, pp. 29+II+XXX+3).— The author points out the progress which has been made in the work of these societies, and describes the activities of the central banks, the agricultural and nonagricultural societies, and other forms of cooperative agricultural effort, such as grain banks, cooperative dairies, sugar factories, weavers' societies, and supply societies. Statistical data are given showing the membership of the associations and the amount of business done. Insurance against loss from hail, H. Lagrangk (BhI. Dir. Gen. Agr. Com. et Colon, Tunis, 20 (1916), No. 88, pp. 111-lU).— The author discusses briefly the methods of developing hail insurance and the experience with it in France, Algeria, Tunis, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, and Italy. A summary of the market situation in Boston (City Planning Bd., Boston, Doc. lis (1915), pp. 115, figs. i9).— This report sets forth the sources of Boston's supply of perishable food, the organization of the wholesale and retail trade, internal transportation, problems of general transportation, and an outline of a plan for improving the methods of distributing the food supply within the city. There is also included information regarding the receipts of foodstuffs and prices and an extended bibliography on public markets. [Marketing of live stock], L. D. Haxl (Iowa Yearbook Agr. 16 (1915), pp. 442-445). — The author describes the activities of the Office of Markets and Rural Organization of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in studying the marketing of live stock. Principles of the grain trade of western Canada, C. B. Piper (Winnipeg, Canada: Author, 1915, pp. VII +119). — The author has discussed the method of marketing grain in western Canada under the topics of transportation, inspec- tion, country elevators, terminal elevators, grain exchange and the marketing of grain, financing 4;he crop movement, the Canada Grain Act and Board of Grain Commissioners, and the economic relation of the grain trade to the farm. Wholesale prices, Canada, 1914, R. H. Coats (Canada Dept. Labor, Whole- sale Prices, Canada, 1914, pp. XVII+259, figs. 15). — This report continues the information previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 490), adding data for 1914. Wholesale prices, Canada, 1915, C. W. Bolton (Canada Dept. Labor, Whole- sale Prices, Canada, 1915, pp. XVI +312, figs. 21). — This report continues the information noted above, adding data for 1915. 594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 30 [Agricultural statistics of the United States] {U. S. Dcpt. Com., Bur. For- eUjn and Dom. Com., Stati.'i. Abs. U. S., 38 {1915), pp. 113-151,, 506-511, 518- 528). — There are brought together in this statistical abstract data regarding the number of farms, extent of improved and unimproved land, value of agricu! tural land and buildings, area, production and value of crops, number and value of live stock, total and per capita consumption of important agricultural products, and prices of agricultural products. The data given are for 1915 witli comparative figures for earlier years. English agriculture, B. Skalweit {Ber. Landiv. Reich ■:-.'iducts of the forest, and trees in American history. The principles of feeding farm animals, S. Bttll {New York: The Macmillan Co., 1916, pp. XIX+S07, figs. 87). — This volume aims to present the scientific facts underlyiu;? the art of feeding animals. Somewhat definite rules are given regarding the feeding of different classes of live stock and the formulation of rations. Instead of devoting separate chapters to tlie feeding of the diflerent classes of farm animals, the use of each of the principal feeds for the different species and classes of live stock is discussed. Particular attention is given to the fertilizing values of feeds and rations. The book is intended for use as a college text in general feeding as well as by the farmer who has not had a technical education in agriculture. Judging horses as a subject of instruction in secondary schools, H. P. Bakrows (C7. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. J,81 {1917), pp. 31, figs. i6).— Specific directions are given for teaching the judging of horses, classroom discussion, practice judging, estimating the age of a horse and matters of unsoundness, compara- tive judging, and demonstrations. Poultry production, Vi'. A. Lippincott {Philadelphui: Lea c€ Fehigcr. 1916, 2. ed., rev. and oil., pp. X-\-17-517, pi. 1, figs. 239). — This is the second revised and enlarged edition of this text, previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 570), including Die addition of a chapter on Poultry Diseases and Parasites. Lessons on poultry for rural schools, F. E. Heald {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. J/Glf {1916), pp. 34, figs. 13). — Thirteen lessons on poultry raising, arranged in seasonal .sequence, are outlined, including class study and correlations, rein- forced by practical exercises in or near the school, and the home project. These iessons are preceded by general directions for organizing home or dub project work and supplemented by specimen forms for district poultry surveys and a census, a pupil's monthly summary of the laying flock, monthly account, balance sheet, cropping plans, and poultry club report, a list of publications related to the subject, etc. Mechanical drawing for the farm and agricultural school, G. F. Krogh {Bui. Vniv.Minn., Gen. Ser., No. J,3 {1916), pp. 72, pis. 8, figs. S-}).— This bulletin covers the general principles of drawing, gives a few simple exercises of geometrical construction, gi-aphic methods to show crop yields, etc., maps and topographical drawings, and various methods of representing engineering and architectural data in the form of drawings, and supplies the standardized symbols used in the various lines of drawing for different representations. It has been prepared for use in agricultural schools and for the farm. Agricultural arithmetic, W. T. Stratton and B. L. Remick {Xew York: The Mncmillan Co., 1916, pp. X+239, figs. 50).— This text is adapted to the requirements of advanced classes in rural elementary schools, agricultural high schools, and other liigh schools giving instruction in agiiculture. Its purpose is to present the basic principles of arithmetic by making use of problems met in daily experience in rural communities, including farm ac- counts, graphs and their application, percentage, practical measurements, gain and loss, commission, taxes, insurance, interest, business papers, powers and roots, and ratio and proportion. Rural arithmetic, A. O. Thomas {Neto York: Americun Book Co., 1916. pp. 28S, figs. 93).— In this book, which may be used as an auxiliary text in either grammar or high schools, the principles of arithmetic are applied to the mate- rial with which the farmer comes in daily contact. The problems deal with the parcel post; land measurements; labor, machinery, and crops; feeding; farm animals ; farm records and accounts ; soils and rainfall ; light, fuel, and 598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol.36 water ; building ; taxation, bank account, insurance, and the market ; house- hold economics, etc. Tests for accuracy and speed, 100 proficiency questions, reference tables, and the answers to the problems are included. Household arts and school lunches, Alice G. Boughton (,New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1916, pp. 110, pis. ii).— This report is one of the 25 sections of the report of the Education Survey of Cleveland conducted by the Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation in 1915. It deals with (1) household arts in elementary schools, its growth in the United States, and its growth and present status in Cleveland; (2) the relation of household arts to ele- mentary education; (3) infant hygiene; (4) household arts in Cleveland high schools; (5) the relation of household arts to secondary education; (6) ele- mentary school lunch service; and (7) high school lunch service. MISCELLANEOUS. A brief statutoiy history of the United States Department of Agriculture, F. G. Caivey (f7. /S. Dept. Agr., Off. Solicitor [Pub.], 1916, pp. 26).— A reprint of the article previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 796). Federal legislation, regulations, and rulings affecting agricultural col- leges and experiment stations {U. S. Dept. Agr., States Relations Serv. [Pub.], 1916, pp. -'i-'t). — A revision to August 15, 1916, of the circular previously noted (E. S. K., 3.3, p. 94). Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1916 {Yerniont Sta. Bui. 199 (.1916), pp. 16). — This contains the organization list, a brief announcement concerning the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 191G, and a reix)rt of the director on the publications and work of the station. Tv/enty-ninth Annual Heport of Vermont Station, 1916 {Ver77iont Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. XX-\-126, pis. 68, figs. 105). — In addition to the material noted above as Bulletin 199, this contains reprints of Bulletins 191-193, previously noted, and of Bulletins 194-198, abstracted elsev^iiere in this issue. Concerning certain technical bulletins and concerning the annual report {Vermont Sta. Circ. 11 {1916), pp. 4, fiffS- 8). — A brief statement regarding the distribution of Bulletins 194-201 and the annual report of the station. Index to Popular Bulletins 1 to 100 {Washington Sta., Index Pop. Buls. 1-100 {1916), pp. SO). — This is a combined subject and author index. NOTES. Georgia College. — G. R. Skinner and W. H. Allen have succeeded C J. Goodell and D. J. Taylor as assistant in animal husbandry and supervisor of poultry clubs, respectively. C. A. AVhittle has resigned as editor-librarian, J. M. Purdom, jr., being appointed editor and Miss Nelle SI. Reese, librarian. ■M. C. Gay has been appointed field agent in marketing. Missouri University and Station. — C. E. Mangels, assistant chemist at the Ohio Station, has been appointed instructor in agricultural chemistry and assistant in the station beginning April 1. Mitchell D. Wood has succeeded C. W. Sheppard, who is to take up farming, as assistant in animal husbandry. ITew Jersey College and Stations. — The short cour.ses in agriculture, which closed February 21, A\ere completed by 98 students, 39 being in general agri- culture and dairy farming, 27 in fruit growing and market gardening, 22 in poultry husbandry, and 10 in home economics. J. W. Day has resigned as assistant in agronomy in the college and Ralph ;m. Hubbard as field assistant in horticulture in the state station. Miss Carrie E. Pimm has been appointed assistant extension specialist in hoiue economics. Porto Rico Federal Station, — Harvey E. Thomas, assistant plant pathologist of the Virginia Station, has been appointed scientific a.ssistant in plant pathology. South Carolina Station. — The division of entomology is completing plans for a field laboratory in one of the coastal counties, for the study of nematodes and American mole crickets. Experiments have been continued in regard to tJie making of home boiled concentrated lime-sulphur wash, and a formula has been worked out which gives a very satisfactory Avash of the same specific gravity as the commercial preparations. Twelve additional poultry houses have been constructed to house selected breeding pens of Barred Plymouth Rocks, Single Comb Rhode Island Reds, Orpingtons, and Single Comb Black Minorcas, and the various experimental and breeding pens of heavy-laying Single Comb White Leghorns. Experi- ments are under way to determine the relative value of anthracite coal and kerosene as fuels for heating brooder stoves in the South. A special brooder house has been built for this experiment. Texas College and Station. — The state legislature has established a West Texais Agricultural and Mechanical College of a grade coordinate with the existing institution, as well as a junior college located elsewhere to give two years of high school agriculture and two years corresponding to the freshman and sophomore years of college work. The location of the West Texas college is to be determined by a board consisting of the governor, lieutenant governor, state commissioner of agriculture, state superintendent of public instruction, and two members of the legislature. V. L. Cory, superintendent of the Denton substation, resigned December 31, 1916, and was succeeded on January 25 by C. H. McDowell, a 1912 graduate of the college, previously engaged in farming and extension work in the State. H. Lebeson, assistant chemist, resigned February 20 and was succeeded by Charles Buchwald, and he in turn by G. B. L. Smith. 599 600 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36, 1917] Vermont University and Station. — ^Garcluer Smith Fassett, trustee of the iii- stitution fi'om 1890 to 1914, died January 19 at the age of 85 years. During his entire period of service he was a member of the station board of control and actively associated with the management of the college farm and the construc- tion of many of the buildings. Dominion Experimental Farms. — The new experimental farm at Morden in South IManitoba is to be devoted to experimental work in horticulture on a larger scale than hitherto at any of the prairie stations. Cultural and variety trials and the selection, testing, and breeding of horticultural plants will be carried on. A tract of about 285 acres of land has been secured. Eight acres were planted in the spring of 1916 to apples, plums, cherry hybrids, and small fruits, and considerable nursery seeding was done. Good growth was attained during the summer, although considerable winterkilling is expected. The com- mercial possibilities of small-fruit growing will also be tested. Philippine College of Agriculture. — Otto A. Reinking, of the Colorado Col- lege and Station, has been appointed instructor in plant pathology, and B. M. Gonzalez instructor in animal husbandry. Dr. Manuel Roxas has succeeded Guy Clinton, resigned, as instructor in chemistry. Contributions from the IT. S. Department of Agriculture and the Experiment Stations to American Chemical Journals. — Under the heading of A Census of the Periodical Literature of Chemisti-y Published in the United States, Marion E. Sparks and W. A. Noyes present in the issue of Science for Februai-y 16 a compilation as to the number and pages of the original papers in chemistry published in five of the principal chemical journals of this country during 1909-10 and 1914-15. In the former period the total number of papers was 796, aggregating 9,225 pages, and for the latter period, 1,415 papers and 13,624 pages. It is of interest to note that the publications of the government bureaus, ex- periment stations, etc., which are grouped together, numbered in 1909-10, 93, aggregating 827 pages, and in 1914-15. 253, aggregating 2,247 pages. The re- search papers of the general scientific institutions numbered 43, aggregating 443 pages, in 1909-10, and 133, aggregating 1,277 pages, in 1914-15. Miscellaneous. — A committee of representative agricultural leaders has been appointed by the president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of Great Britain, to advise him on questions pertaining to the increased production of food. Hon. R. E. Prothero is chairman of this committee and among others may be noted Sir Sydney Oliver, F. L. C. Floud and T. H. Middleton of the board, A. D. Hall and W. W. Berry of the Development Commission, and Prof. W. Sonierville. The membership of the committee on agriculture of the U. S. National Research Council is announced as follows : Raymond Pearl, chairman, E. W. Allen, C. L. Alsberg, H. P. Armsby, Eugene Davenport, E. M. East, L. O. Howard, L. R. Jones, W. H. Jordan, K. F. Kellerman, J, G. Lipman, Theobald Smith, W. J. Spillman. and W. ]\I. Wheeler. According to a recent note in Nature, an institute for research in genetics was opened in April, 1916, at Potsdam in connection with the Agi-icultural High School of Berlin. Prof. Erwin Baur is serving as director of the institute. Dr. Johanna Westerdijk has been appointed sissociate professor of phyto- pathology in the University of Utrecht. She is said to be the first woman to receive an appointment of this nature in Holland. Horace Cai-dinell, a 1914 graduate of the Oregon College, has been appointed horticulturist for the Brazilian Government, for work in the comparatively un- developed southern section of the country. o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DraECTOR Vol. 36 MAY, 1917 No. 7 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCl 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Wbathek Bueeau— C. F, Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry— A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Cliief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Aleberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey— E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Koads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rukal Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama — College Station: Aia>urn; J. F, Duggar.i Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.! Alaska— SJtfco; C. C. Georgeson.' Aeeona— TucsoTJ." K. H. Forbes.' AKBiiLNS&a—Fayetteville: M. Nelson.' Caufossu.— Berkeley: T. F, Hunt.' Colorado— J'ofi Collins: C.P. Gillette." Connecticut— State Station: Neio Baven;]^ ^ Jenkins.' Storrs Station: Storrs; J ' " " Delawabe— JVeworfc; H. Hay^va^d.' Floeida— (?a«7ie«riM«.- P. H. Rolfs.' QsoKGis.— Experiment: J. D. Price.' QVAU— Island of Quam: C. "W. Edwards.' Hawah— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.* Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.> IvIlUO— Moscow: J. S. Jones.' Illinois— UrJoJui.- E. Davenport.' Indiana— iia Fayette: A. Gass.' Iowa— ^me«.- C. F. Curtlss.' Kansas— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.' Kentucky— Xain^n.- A. M. Petor.« Louisiana— State Station: BaUm Rouge; | Sugar Station: Audvbon Parfc.l^ ^^ Dodson » New Orleant; I North La. Station: CaWou;i; J Maine— Orono." C. D. Woods.' Maeyland — College Park: H. J. Patterson.' Massachusetts— ^wifters;.- W. P. Brooks.' Michigan— £'ast Lansing: R. S. Shaw.' Minnesota— 177? jiwfi^y Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.' ii.ississven~AgricuUural College: E. E. Lloyd.' Mbsouei— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.' Fruit Station: Mountain Orovc; Paul Eyans.' Montana— 5o2fmo7?.- F. B. Linfield.' Nebeaska— XJncoZn.- E, A. Burnett.' Nevada— BeTW.- S. B. Doten.' New Hampshiee— iJurftom.- J. C. Kendall.' New Jersey— JVew Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.' New Mexico— Sia Director. « Agronomist in charge. » Animal husbandman in charge. * Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations, Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology, SoHs, and FertiUzersj^- H- ^J^^^^^^^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology/^- ^ ' Bq^d ^' ^' ^' T?4^1.1 P^^r^o/J- I- SCHULTE. Field Cropejj ^ l^ckett. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Foods and Human Nutritionj^- ^^j Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming|j^j ^ Moore Veterinary Medicmej™"; A. Hooked- Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education{C- H. Lane^^^^_ Indexes — ^M. D. Mooee. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 7. Editorial notes: Page. The experiment stations and the war 601 The coordination of science and practice in agriculture 604 Recent work in agricultural science 609 Notes 694 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Preliminary notes on the carbohydrates of the Musci, Mason 609 The destruction of pentoses in the course of alcoholic fermentation, Pellet 609 The mode of action of plant peroxidases. Reed 609 The relation between oxidase and catalase in plant tissues, Reed - - 610 Elasticity of coagulimi produced in cows' milk by rennet, AUemann and Schmid 610 A contribution to the bacteriology of silage, Sherman 611 Minutes of evidence taken on edible and oil-producing nuts and seeds 611 Report of Committee on Edible and Oil-Producing Nuts and Seeds 611 Watermelon seed from the Sudan 611 The essential oil of Cinnamomum oliveri, or Brisbane sassafras, Hargreaves 611 A method for the estimation of very small amounts of potassium, Hamburger. . 611 New method for estimating lime and potash in soils, Keitt and King 611 The ammoniacal nitrogen of peats and humus soils, Elhs and Morison 612 Dilute acids and the phosphorus compounds of the soil, Russell and Prescott. 612 The nature of the phosphates contained in mineral phosphates, Robertson 613 I II CONTENTS, [Vol. 36 Page. Loss of phosphoric acid in fusion with ammonium fiuorid, Davis and Prescott. 613 Estimation of calcium in ash of forage plants and animal carcasses, Kuzirian. . 613 A new limestone tester, Hopkins 614 The determination of humus by means of a simplified procedure, lakobsen 6l4 The estimation of carbohydrates, V, Davis 614 New contributions to the analysis of milk, Ackermann 6l4 The composition of cottonseed meal and cotton seed, Fraps 615 Conservation of fruit, fungi, truffles, and vegetables, Forlani 615 METEOROLOGY. Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1916 615 Report of the meteorological station at Berkeley, California, for 1915, Reed. . . 616 Rain and snow fall of Canada, 1903-1913, Stupart 617 Temperatiue observations during the year 1914, Stephansen 617 Temperature changes from terrestrial radiation and relation to gi'owth. Roster. 617 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Agricultural geology, Rastall 617 On taking samples of soil for soil surveys, Russell 617 [Soil studies], Morse 617 Soil survey of Yell County, Arkansas, Deeter and Lounsbury 618 Composition of Hawaiian soil particles, McGeorge 618 Summary of Illinois soil investigations, Hopkins, Hosier, and Bauer 618 Tazewell County soils, Hopkins, Hosier, Van Alstine, and Garrett 619 The principal soil areas of Iowa, Stevenson 619 Soil survey of Grenada County, Mississippi, Tharp and Hogan 619 Soil survey of the Bitterroot Valley area, Montana, Eckmann, and Harrington. . 620 Geology of Cincinnati and vicinity, Fenneman 620 Soil survey of Dorchester County, South Carolina, Latimer et al 620 Soils of Grayson, Lee, McLennan, Titus, and Tyler Counties [Texas], Fraps. . . 620 Soil survey of Smith County, Texas, Schoenmann et al 621 Soil survey of Franklin County, Washington, Van Duyne et al 621 Calcium compounds in soils, Shorey, Fry, and Hazen 621 Studies on the Ume requirements of certain soils. Wild 622 The phenomenon of absorption in its relation to soils, Prescott 622 Definition of soil fertility by means of analysis of plants, Sawin (Sawine) 622 Processes in relation to numification of plant residues, Trusov (Troussoff ) 622 Soil protozoa and their relation to bacterial flora, I, II, Sherman 622 The disinfection of soil, Miege 623 Experiments on the Wisconsin drift soil area, Stevenson and Brown 623 A modified method of green manuring, Hutchinson 623 Peat in 1915, Turp 624 Some sources of potassium, Hirst and Carter 624 Potash as a by-product from the blast furnace, Wysor 625 Potash becomes a valuable cement mill by-product, Hewitt 625 Availability of soil potash, and the preparation of sugar humus, Fraps 625 Solubility of mineral phosphates, Aita 626 The utilization of phosphates by agricultural crops, Truog 626 Report on commercial fertilizers, 1916, Jenkins and Street 627 Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear et al 628 Commercial fertilizers in 1915-16, Fraps 628 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Plants in health and disease, Weiss, Imms, and Robinson 628 The raw materials of the plant kingdom, von Wiesner 628 Physiological characters of plants, II, III, Ivanov 628 The overlapping of the leaf sheath and its lack of value, Conner and Karper. . 628 A contribution to the problem of homotyposis, Harris 628 Inheritance in crosses between Nicotiana langsdorffii and N. alata, East 629 Linkage in Primula sinensis, Altenburg 629 Some correlations in sugar beets, Harris and Hogenson 629 What is happening to the hawthorns? Standish 630 Influence of composition and concentration of the nutrient solution, Ayres 630 Comparison of nutritive solutions in sand and water cultures, Stol'gane 630 1917] CONTENTS. Ill Page. Effect of repeated growing of plants in nutritive solutions, Zhemchuzhnikov . . 631 Influence of alkalinity of a solution on the nitrogenous material, Morozov 631 Significance of potassium ion in synthesis of nitrogen compoimds, Stoklasa 631 Role of calciuni carbonate in the assimilation of ammonia, Morozov 631 Role of ammonia in transformation of nitrogenous material, Prianislinikov 632 The formation of asparagin by Lupinus luteus, Nikolaeva 632 The fixation of free nitrogen by certain fungi, Chambers 632 A new case of symbiosis between a bacillus and a plant, Georgevitch 632 The assimilation of carbon dioxid, Willstatter and Stoll 632 Studies on chemical transformations in leaf of Diospyros kaki, Parrozzani 633 On the assimilation of iron by plants, Sidorin 633 Changes in potatoes during the resting period, Szell 633 Changes in chemical composition of rye under influence of Fusariiim, Pomaekii. 633 FIELD CROPS. Yields of spring grains in Illinois, Burlison and Allyn 634 Grain drying, Bernstein 634 Grading and baling Philippine fibers, Edwards 634 One year of the fiber-grading law, Saleeby 634 Description of the standard grades of Philippine fibers, Saleeby 634 Fiber-grading stations and grading establishments, Saleeby 635 Fiber production in the Philippine Islands during 1915, Saleeby 635 Important legiunes. — I, Peas, vetches, beans, lupine, and lentil, Fruwirth 635 Why alfalfa sometimes fails in Iowa, Jensen 635 Flax culture in South Dakota, Hume, Champlin, and Martin 635 Some varieties of Indian gram {Cicer arietinum) , Howard and Rahman IQian. . 635 Cultural experiments of German Potato Culture Station, 1915, von Eckenbrecher . 636 Cuttings for the propagation of potatoes, Kiessling 636 Potato variety tests at Kloster Hadmersleben, Heine 636 Methods and aims in potato breeding, Holdfleiss 636 Solanum commersonii, the swamp potato, Siebert 637 Sudan grass, Hutcheson, Hodgson, and Wolfe 637 Maniurial experiments with sugar cane in the West Indies, Dunlop 637 Sugar cane on the experimental fields. — Crops of 1914, Harrison et al 637 Sweet clover. Parsons 637 Sweet potato culture, Johnson and Rosa, jr 638 The proportion of grain to straw in varieties of wheat, Pridham 638 Selection plats. — A reminder to wheat growers, Pridham 638 [Seed corrosion and its prevention], Molz 638 The seed situation in Utah, Stewart 638 The seed business in the first year of the war, Heinrich 638 Clover and grass seed for spring sowing, 1916, Heinrich 638 [Computing actual values of clover and grass seed], Heinrich 638 Characteristics of quack grass and western wheat grass, Hiune and Sloan 638 [The control of hedge mustard with finely powdered kainit], Schnitzler 639 Weeds of New South Wales, Maiden 639 HORTICULTURE. Gardeners' dictionary and instructor, Johnson, edited by Eraser and Hemsley . . 639 The complete gardener, Thomas 639 Garden planning and planting, edited by Thomas 639 Gardening made easy, edited by Cook 639 Kitchen and market gardening, Bussard 639 [Overhead irrigation results in 1916], Palmer 640 Cucumber growing, Halligan 640 Commercial onion growing, Sayre 640 The use of brine tank refrigerator cars for fruit shipments 640 The relation of fruit growing to soil fertility, Thompson 640 The Indiana farm orchard operating costs and methods, Woodbury et al 640 On the cause of alternate bearing in the apple, Butler 640 The identification and classification of pears, Luizet 640 Origin and development of hardy, blight-resisting pears. Patten 641 The cherry and its industrial cultiu-e, Hinzenberg 641 Variations of a sexual hybrid of the vine, Baco 641 IV CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Hybrid direct bearers in valley of Rhone in 1916, Desmoulins and Villard. . . . 641 Blueberry culture, White 641 Fertilizer experiments with cranberries in 1916, Schlatter 641 Progress in vegetative propagation of tropical fruits, Wester 641 History of the avocado and its varieties, Condit 641 The cultivation and fertilization of the avocado in Florida, Krome 642 Inherent characteristics of Theobroma cacao, and cacao experiments, Olivieri. . 642 Species and varieties of coffee grown in Java, Wester, trans, by Maury 642 The cultivation of guavas in Gujarat, Kulkarni 642 Effect of fertilizers on the composition and quality of oranges. Young 642 Notes on medicinal plants, Hosking 642 Collection, drying, and cultivation of medicinal plants in Russia, Komarov. . . 642 Notes on cinchona in Java, Wester 643 Bulb growing for amateurs, Thomas 643 Gladiolus studies. — I, Botany, history, and evolution, Beal 643 Gladiolus studies. — II, Culture and hybridization, Hottes 643 Field notes on sweet peas, edited by Morse 643 Everybody's flower garden, Thomas 643 Studies in gardening, Clutton-Brock 644 Garden ornaments, Northend 644 FORESTRY. Studies of the lumber industry, I, Greeley 644 The essentials of American timber law, Kinney 644 Instructions for the scaling and measurement of National Forest timber 644 Historical review of Canada's timber industry, Lawler 644 The forest trees of Canada, Lewis 644 Commercial woods of the Philippines: Their preparation and uses, Schneider. . 644 The trees of North Carolina, Coker and Totten 645 Western yellow pine in Oregon, Munger 645 Hybrids and other new chestnuts for "blight districts. Van Fleet 645 Fourth biennial report of the state forester. Van Hook 645 Report of the state forester for the period ended November 30, 1914, Ferris. . . 645 Annual reports Washington state forester for 1915 and 1916, Ferris and Pape 645 Report state forest administration in South Australia for 1915-16, GUI 645 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Prophylaxis in vegetable pathology, Comes 645 Diseases of cultivated plants, Delacroix and Maublanc 645 Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, Barre 646 Report of the mycological department in Tula for 1913-14, Trusova 646 Fungus parasites in ProAdnce Voronezh in 1912, Bondartsev and Lebedeva 646 Fungus diseases of cultivated plants in Turkestan, Zaprometov 647 A monograph of the Uredinea?, Sydow 647 The wintering of Colcosporiura solidarjinis, Mains 647 The mosaic disease of tomatoes and petunias, Allard 647 A bacterial disease of western wheat grass (Agropyron smithii), O'Gara 647 Notes on an artificial culture of Rhizoctonia crocorum, Diehl 647 Sclerotinia blight, a serious disease of snap beans, McClintock 647 Physiology of Bacterium vialvacearum, Faulwetter 648 A rot of endive, Ritzema Bos 648 Studies upon the blackleg disease of the potato, Morse 648 Potato wilt and tuber rot caused by Fusarium eumartii, Haskell 648 History and cause of the rind disease of sugar cane, Johnston 648 Resistance in fruits, Riaboi 649 The root rot disease of the apple in Virginia, From me and Thomas 649 Temperature relations of apple rot fimgi. Brooks and Cooley 649 Phytophthora rot of pear, Schoevers 649 Peach scab in Netherlands, Schoevers 649 A root disease of prunes, Willis 649 [Reports on grape downy mildew] 650 The development and the treatment of downy mildew in 1915, Capus 650 Diseases of grajjevines in Vardar, Viala 651 Grape diseases in Greece, Viala 651 Observations on the distribution of citrus canker, Mackie 651 1917] CONTENTS. V Page. Spore variation in Neopechia coulteri, Boyce 651 Note on occurrence of jPeridermium balsameum in WasMngton, Schmitz 651 Inoculation of Abies lasiocarpa with Pucciniastrum pristulatum, Weir and Hubert . 651 Successful inoculations of Larix occidentalis and L. europen, Weir and Hubert. . 651 Work on the white pine blister rust in Minnesota, 1916, Washburn 652 White pine blister rust. Does the fungus winter on the currant? McCubbin. . 652 Keithia thujina, cause of serious leaf disease of western red cedar, Weir 652 Note on "spike " disease in sandal, Lushington 652 A possible cause of "spike " in sandal, WTiitehead 652 The occurrence of bamboo smut in America, Patterson and Charles 653 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Annual report of the governor of Alaska on the Alaska game law, 1916, Strong. . 653 The domestic cat, Forbush 653 Rats and rat riddance, Forbush 653 Bacterium tularense 653 Land birds of northern New York, Sawyer 653 The food of West Virginia birds, Brooks 653 The birds of the Isle of Pines, Todd 653 Common insects and plant diseases of farm, garden, and orchard, Rumsey .... 653 One hundred notes on Indian insects, Fletcher 653 [Insects and control measures in South Africa] 653 Notes on insects damaging sugar cane in Queensland, Jarvis 654 Revision of the Japanese termites, Hozawa 654 Transmission of infantile leishmaniasis by fleas, da Silva 654 Native food plants and feeding habits of the cotton stainer in St. Vincent 654 Additional notes on native food plants and feeding habits of cotton stainer 654 Key to nearctic species of Paracalocoria (Heteroptera; Mirida;), McAtee 654 The leafhoppers or Jassoidea of Tennessee, DeLong 654 Observations on the ecology of Coccidse, Teodoro 655 Control of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, del Guercio and Malenotti 655 Statistics on the production of silk in France and elsewhere 655 The white-marked tussock moth, Webster 655 The potato tuber moth, Graf 655 The rhododendron tingid (S tephanitis rhododendri) in Surrey, Green 656 Observations of the biology of Reeurvaria nanella, Mignone 656 Evolution of the color pattern in Lithocolletis, Braim 656 Nem-opteroid insects of the Philippine Islands, Banks 656 The control of the house fly, Blanchard 656 Prevention of fly breeding in horse manure, Copeman 656 Some experiments on house fly in relation to farm maniu-e heap, Eltringham. . 656 Note on helminthic diseases with special reference to house fly, Shircore 657 Filariasis. — Report of two cases in the District of Columbia, Lyon, jr 657 A new enemy of maguey, Gandara 657 The cabbage root maggot and its control in Canada, Gibson and Treheme 657 Breeding the mangold fly and dock fly, Cameron 658 A new species of Agromyza destructive to beans in the Philippines, Malloch. . 658 The scarabeid enemies of sugar cane, Moreira 658 On the value of poison bait for controlling cane gi*ubs, Jarvis 658 Generic synopsis of coccinellid larvae in U. S. National Museum, Boving 658 A bad attack by the mustard beetle on water cress, Roebuck 658 The desert com flea-beetle, Wildermuth 658 Borers infesting the ash, Seaver 659 A new species of Pityogenes, Swaine 659 Observations on the life history and habits of Pityogenes hopkinsi, Blackman .. 659 Thirty-sixth report of Beekeepers' Association of Ontario, 1915 659 Sacbrood, White 659 Descriptions of seven new species of red spiders, McGregor 660 A case of infestation with Dipylidium caninum, Mendoza-Guazon 660 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRiriON. Studies on the digestibility of the grain sorghums, Langworthy and Holmes. . . 660 Digestibility of bread. — II, Salivary digestion of erythrodextrin, Blake 661 Food supply orders [milling of flour] 662 Government control over flour, Jago 662 VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 3G Page, Flour standards, Jago 662 TricMnge in pork and nematodes in butterfish, Stiles 662 [Analyses of] baking powder, McGill 662 Annual report 1916 food and drug department State of Tennessee, Eskew 652 State laws and regulations pertaining to public health adopted during 1915 . . . 663 Convention of Association of American Dairy, Food, and Drug Officials 663 Food values — what they are, and how to calculate them, McKillop 663 Food values, Harcourt 663 Food supplies and prices in war time, with special reference to imports 663 War food societies 663 [Diet in the Kansas State penitentiary], Caton 663 Diet, growth, and composition of the body, Mendel and Judson 663 Ammonia and amino acids with exclusively vegetable diet, Agnoletti 664 Influence of milk and carbohydrate on intestinal flora, IV, Hull and Rettger. . 664 Experimental studies of the intestinal flora, Sisson 665 Influence of fresh and autoclaved milk on neuritis, Gibson and Concepcion 665 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The feeding of animals, Jordan 666 Relative value of certain supplements to corn gluten, Osborne, Mendel, et al. . 666 [Bacteriological examination of feeding stuffs] 666 Inspection of commercial feed stuffs, Smith et al 667 Condimental stock foods and proprietary remedies, Gaessler 667 The breeding of animals, Mumford 667 The maintenance of breeding ewes of mutton and wool sheep, Severson 667 Poultry breeding and management, Dryden 668 Behavior of chickens fed rations restricted to the cereal grains. Hart et al 668 Winter egg production, Lee 669 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Influence of plane of nutrition of cow on composition and properties of milk and butter fat: The influence of underfeeding, Eckles and Palmer 669 Relation of the quality of proteins to milk production. Hart et al 671 Influence of ration on composition of urine of dairy cows, Keitt 672 Report for 1915 of the united dairy experiment farm at Hoorn 673 Milk yield tests in cows, KappeU 673 Certincate-of -record dairy cows. — A world's record, Singleton 673 Regulations adopted by Argentine Rural Society for registering milk records. . 673 An experiment wdth milk veins. Graves 673 The influence of heating on creaming in milk, Burri 674 Streptococcus lacticus on heating milk at 60 to 63° C, Weigmaun et al 674 Testing milk and cream, Tolstrup and Mortensen 674 Why cream tests vary, Ruehe 674 Caring for cream on the farm, Ruehe 674 Care of the cream separator, Ruehe 674 [Chemical comparison of two fermented milk products], Sanna 674 VETERINARY MEDICINE. The principles of pathologic histology, Mallory 674 Veterinary materia medica and therapeutics, Winslow 675 Live stock sanitary laws of the State of Arkansas, Gow 675 Report of nineteenth meeting of United States Live Stock Sanitary Association . 675 Report of the New York State Veterinary College for the year 1913-14 675 Report of the New York State Veterinary College for the year 1914-15 676 Proceedings of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association 676 Annual report of proceedings under diseases of animals acts for 1915 676 Annual report on civil veterinary department, United Provinces, 1916, Oliver. 676 New apparatus for the veterinary laboratory, Mori 676 The preparation of culture media from whole blood, Kelser 676 Methods of raising a low arterial pressure, BayLLss 677 Studies in anaphylaxis, XVIII, XIX, Weil 677 Streptothrix in broncho-pneumonia of rats, TunnicUff 678 Influence of climatic and tellurical factors on certain animal diseases, Kehoe . . 678 Tick bite in stock and its treatment, Symons 678 Anthrax, Lanahan 678 19171 CONTENTS. VII Page. The treatment of glanders with salvarsan, Miessner and Lange 678 The preparation of an antiglanders serum, Crimi 679 Determining trjrpanocidal activity of substances in vitro, Kolmer et al 679 Relationship of infection to chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis, Kolmer et al. . . 679 The tubercle bacillus in the sputum and other body fluids, Bierry 680 Summary of the conclusions reached regarding contagious abortion, Moore 680 The cause of the " spewing sickness " of sheep. Marsh 680 Annual reports of camel specialist for 1914-15 and 1915-16, Cross 680 Biological investigations on hog cholera in southern Italy, Mori 680 The destruction of trichinae by cold, Leclainche 680 Occurrence of giant nematode on liver of dog, Riley and Chandler 681 Botulism, a cause of limber neck in chickens, Dickson 681 RURAL ENGINEERING. The effect of sudden enlargement upon the flow of water in pipes, Rodhouse. . . 681 Value of Kutter's "n" for metal flumes 682 Holding power of nails 682 Friction of bronze on bronze 682 Report on irrigation surveys and inspections, 1915-16 682 State Rivers and Water Supply Commission [of Victoria], report, 1915-16 682 The specific gra\dty of nonhomogeneous aggregates, Hubbard and Jackson, jr. . 683 A new form of specifications for concrete aggregates. Chapman 683 A method of making wear tests of concrete, Abrams 683 The strength of clamped splices in concrete reinforcement bars, Lasier 684 An apparatus for determining soil pressures, Goldbeck and Smith 684 Tests of boilers with bagasse as fuel, Kerr 685 Cereal dust explosions, Dedrick 686 Building code suggestions 687 Building code suggestions 687 Tests of fire retardents, with special reference to shingle roof, von Schrenk 687 The construction of cow houses 687 The construction of dipping tanks for cattle 687 Ice houses and ice supply. White and Griffith 687 Design of bins for materials, McCuUough 687 Farm sanitation, McArthur 687 Sewage piu-ification, Verrifere 687 The performance of biological sewage purification plants, Tatham 687 RURAL ECONOMICS. Proceedings of the ninth Rural Life Conference 688 A rural siu-vey of Lane County, Oreg., Ayer and Morse 688 [Rural reforms in organization of Spanish agriculture], Fernandez de la Rosa. . 688 Semicentennial history of the Patrons of Husbandry, Atkeson 688 History of state agricultural society of South Carolina, Clark et al 688 [Agiicultural law of New York] 688 The federal farm loan system, Myrick 688 The farm mortgage handbook, Robins 688 The land credit problem, Putnam 689 The agricultural bank of the Philippine Government, Manning 689 Cooperation in the New World, Smith-Gordon 689 Report on the cooperative societies in Bihar and Orissa for 1915-16 689 A manual on the preparation of crop forecasts in India 689 Monthly crop report 689 Monthly crop report 689 Missouri crop review for 1916, Nelson 689 Farm lands in New Jersey, Dye and Lipman 689 ''Agricultiu-e in Argentina], Miatello 689 Agricultiu*al statistics of Argentina] 690 Agricultural statistics of Sao Paulo], de Moraes Barros 690 Agricultm-al statistics of Uruguay 690 Acreage and live stock returns of England and Wales 690 Agricultmal statistics of Portugal 690 [Agriculture in Sweden], edited by Guinchard 690 Agriculture [in Japan], Sato 690 VIII CONTENTS. [Vol. 36 Page. [Agriciilture in Chosen] 690 [Agiiculture of New Zealand] 690 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on the Agricultural Instruction Act, 1914-15 690 [Agricultural and forestry institutions in Sweden], edited by Guinchard 690 The Wisconsin county training schools for teachers in rural schools, Larson 690 The training of teachers for agricultural instruction 691 Summer school for teachers 691 Establishment and administration of county agricidtiural schools 691 Agricultural education in secondary schools, Hawkins 691 Women's institutes of Ontario, 1915 692 Some suggestions on the organization of school gardens, Rosenfeld - . 692 A course in agriculture for the high schools of Michigan, French 692 Elementary agriculture, Grim 692 Chemistry of the farm and home, Tottingham and Ince 692 A laboratory manual of soil bacteriology, Fred 692 Sixty-two experiments in crops, Quear 692 The chemistry of the garden. Cousins 693 Practical school and home gardens, Hood 693 Agricultural woodworking, Roehl 693 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1916 693 Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1915 693 Twenty-ninth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1916 693 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 693 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Twenty-ninth An. Rpt. 1916. . 693 Arkansas Station: Bui. 123 (tech.ed.), May, 1916. 640 Bui. 126, 1916 675 Bui. 127, Mar., 1916 687 Colorado Station: Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. 1915. 693 Connecticut State Station: An. Rpt. 1916, pt. 1 627 Hawaii Station: Bui. 42, Jan. 17, 1917 618 Illinois Station: Bui. 193, Dec, 1916 618 Bui. 194, Jan., 1917 614 Bui. 195, Jan., 1917 634 Circ. 190, Jan., 1917 674 Circ. 191, Jan.,1917 674 Circ. 192, Jan., 1917 674 SoU Rpt. 14, Oct., 1916 619 Indiana Station: Bui. 194, Sept., 1916 640 Che. 57, Sept., 1916 640 Iowa Station: Bui. 167, Oct., 1916 623 Research Bui. 32, Mar., 1916. . 613 Cu-c. 31, Dec, 1916 667 Ch-c. 32, Dec, 1916 674 Che 33, Dec, 1916 655 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 160, Oct., 1916 685 Massachusetts Station: ControlSer. Bul.5, Nov.,1916. 667 Che 64, May, 1916 617 Michigan Station: Che 30, May, 1916 640 Missouri Station: Research Bui. 25, Nov., 1916. . 669 Pennsvlvania Station: Bui. 144, Oct., 1916 667 South Carolina Station: Bui. 188 611 Twenty-ninth An. Rpt. 1916. . 646, 648, 672, 693 South Dakota Station: Bui. 169, Nov., 1916 635 Bui. 170, Dec, 1916 638 Texas Station: Bui. 189, June, 1916 615 Bui. 190, June, 1916 625 Bui. 192, June, 1916 620 Bui. 193, Aug., 1916 628 Stations in the United States — Continued. Utah Station: Page. Che 22, Nov., 1916 624 Che 23, Dec, 1916 638 Virginia Station: Bui. 212, Nov., 1916 637 Virginia Truck Station: Bui. 19, Apr. 1, 1916 638 Bui. 20, July 1, 1916 647 Washington Station: West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol. 4, No. 11, Feb., 1917 693 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 41, Nov., 1916.. 626 Wyoming Station: Bui. 110, Sept., 1916 637 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 8: No. 3, Jan. 15, 1917 621, 648 No. 4, Jan. 22, 1917 642, 649 Bui. 418, Western Yellow Pine in Oregon, T. T. Munger 645 Bui. 427, The Potato Tuber Moth, J. E.Graf 655 Bui. 431, Sacbrood, G. F. ^\Tiite. . 659 Bui. 436, The Desert Corn Flea- beetle, V. L. Wildermuth 658 Bui. 470, Studies on the Digesti- bility of the Grain Sorghums, C. F. Langworthy and A. D. Holmes 660 Rpt. 114, Some Public and Econ- omic Aspects of the Lumber In- dustry, W^ B. Greeley 644 Office of the Secretary: Che 71, Winter Egg Produc- tion, A. R. Lee 669 Bureau of Animal Industry: The Cause of the "Spewing Sickness" of Sheep, C. D. Marsh 680 Bureau of Biological Survey: Doe 105, Annual Report of the Governor of Alaska on the Alaska Game Law, 1916, J. F. A. Strong 653 Bureau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop Rpt. — Vol. 2, No. 12, Dec, 1916. 689 Vol. 3, No. 1, Jan., 1917. . 689 IX LIST OP PUBLICATIONS. [Vol. 36 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Forest Service: _ I'age. Instructions for the Scaling and Measurement of Na- tional Forest Timber (rev. July, 1916) 644 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1914 — Soil Siirvey of the Bitter- root Valley Area, Mon- tana, E. C. Eckmann and G. L. Harrington. . 620 Soil Siu-vey of Franklin County, Washington, C. Van Duyne, J. H. Agee, and F. W. Ash- ton 621 Field Operations, 1915 — Soil Survey of Yell County, Arkansas, E. B. Deeter and C. Louns- bury 617 Soil Survey of Grenada County, Mississippi, W. E. Tharp and J. B. Hogan 619 Soil Survey of Dorchester County, South Carolina, W. J. Latimer, J. M. Snyder, and C. Van Duyne 620 Soil Survey of Smith County, Texas, L. R. Shoenmann et al 621 Weather Bvu-eau: llpt.,1916 615 Scientific Contributions: ' Hybrids and Other New Chest- nuts for Blight Districts, W. Van Fleet 645 The Mosaic Disease of Toma- toes and Petunias, H. A. Allard 647 Spore Variation in Neopeckia coulteri, J. S. Boyce 651 Successful Inoculations of Larix Occident alls and L. euro pea, J. R. Weir and E.E.Hubert 651 Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Keithia thujina, Cause of Seri- ous Leaf Disease of Western Red Cedar, J. R. Weir 652 The Occiurence of Bamboo Smut in America, Flora W. Patterson and Vera K. Charles 653 Key to the Nearctic Species of Paracalocoris (Heteroptera; Mii-idse), W. L. McAtee 654 Neuropteroid Insects of the Philippine Islands, N. Banks 656 Generic SjTiopsis of Coccinel- lid Larvae in United States National Museum, A. Bov- ing 658 Temperature and Humidity in the Hive in Winter, E. F. PhilUps 659 Descriptions of Seven New Species of Red Spiders, E. A. McGregor 660 Summary of Investigation on Immunization against An- thrax, A. Eichhorn 675 Hog Cholera Investigations, M.Dorset 675 Advantages of Closer Coopera- tion between Bureau of Ani- mal Industry and State Offi- cials in the Control of Con- tagious and Infectioup Dis- eases, C. Vrooman 675 The Preparation of Culture Media from ^\^lole Blood, R. A. Kelser 676 The Specific Gravity of Non- homogeneous Aggregates, P. Hubbard and F. H. Jack- son, jr 683 An Apparatus for Determining Soil Pressures, A. T. Gold- beck and E. B. Smith 684 > Printed in scientific and teclinical publications outeide the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol.36. Mat, 1917. No. 7. At this time, when the air is surcharged with plans for preparation for war, agriculture occupies an unwonted prominence. The im- portance of making adequate provision to encourage and assure a high scale of production of the necessities of life ranks in the mind of the public alongside of preparation for the actual military operations. Its realization is more keen and intelligent than ever before, growing out of both the experience of Europe and the special part this cotmtry is expected to play at the present time. Very naturally every agency, and especially every institution, has given consideration to the manner in which it can best contribute to the common end at this time. The agricultural institutions have been quick to realize their place and responsibilities and to see the strategic opportunities of the industry they represent. In many of the States they have furnished the initiative and taken the leadership in measures for insuring adequate supplies through agriculture. They have shown how many-sided the problems in this field often are. These problems touch the whole life and organization of the people — economic, social, and even personal. They develop in a remarkably striking way the interrelations of farming and other lines of business — of providing the supplies for the farmer, as well as those resulting from his labor, when and where they are needed, and hence of uniting and correlating the whole fabric of production, trade, and distribution. The manner in which the agricultural institutions of the country, especially the agricultural colleges, have thrown themselves into this effort, with promptness, resourcefulness, and broad intelligent under- standing, shows the element of strength which they supply and the powerful national resource they are. It makes possible, under effi- cient organization and cooperation, a mobilization of agricultural resources the like of which has not been seen in this country; and it brings out in strong light the advantage of the policy the Gov- ernment has pursued in promoting agricultural education and re- search on a national scale and an intimate type of instruction reach- ing out to the individual farmer on his land. The spirit of service so dominant throughout the country has found a quick response in the agricultural experiment stations. 601 602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 The main question is as to just the part they should play. Some workers are feeling that the opportunity there is less than in certain other avenues — that the occasion calls for putting present knowledge into effective use rather than for further accumulation. According to this view, the chief burden will rest most heavily on the exten- sion service and the other agencies for promoting intimately the business of producing food and clothing. But even if this be true, the experiment stations have their part to perform, and it is by no means a small or insignificant one. The experiment station is a practical institution in its final reach and purpose ; it pursues science for the benefit of agriculture, which is a practical art. It is a source of new information, of advanced knowledge, of expert advice and suggestion; it should be the chief original source of such information in its locality. This makes it resourceful in suggestion and extremely helpful in a time when special emphasis is laid on the endeavor to mal^e every effort count in greater food production and the avoidance of loss and waste. Its corps of experts should be found useful in organizing and planning the agricultural campaign, as well as making it efficient through indirect efforts. As organizations, the experiment stations should in effect place themselves at the disposal of the country to do the special work which they are organized for, adapting themselves in considerable measure to the present need. This can be done without seriously interfering with established lines of investigation which would suffer if neg- lected, or very radically changing the general program of activity. Every station has a considerable amount of miscellaneous work and routine activity, flexible in quantity and variable in character. Every station also performs a considerable amount of experimental work and testing designed to give results of quite immediate practical application, and especially adapted to changed economic or local conditions. At a time like thib such efforts may be regulated and directed, and if need be enlarged, so as to aid in an important way in increasing the outcome of agriculture, avoiding loss, and utilizing unusual resources, as has the work of the stations in European countries. Manifestly the first requirement is to recognize the position and the opportunity of the stations at this time, and to a considerable extent this has already been done. They need also to adapt their attitude toward the work in hand, so that they will think and observe outside of the special field they have blocked out and have been following in the past, and will not shrink from interruption if need be. In other words, if they are to realize the full measure of their opportunity they can not remain too exclusively absorbed in their routine investi- gations or the formulated plan for experiment. As leaders of agri- cultural thought, they need to be ready to see the field and take the 19171 EDITORIAL. 603 initiative in doing their special part. This will require that they be watchful, alert, and ready. The effort in the direction of agricultural preparedness has taken the form of increased production of staple crops, live stock, and other food products by farmers, and utilizing land and labor not employed in agricultural production in ordinary times. While this involves especially the services of the county agent and other agencies for direct stimulation and instruction, it also involves supplying these agencies with reliable information and advice which will make the effort productive. Every experiment station will naturally take an especially active practical interest in the movement for more ex- tensive and greater efficiency in production. It will maintain a close contact with these movements through the county agents and other agencies which are in position to know of the farmers' difficulties and to anticipate their needs. Unusual vigilance might well be exercised to see that proper tillage is given, that the heaviest yielding or best adapted varieties are em- ployed, and that improved methods are followed so far as these are known. In some cases investigations can be "speeded up" or at least brought to a point where their conclusions and important teach- ings can be made use of, leaving the more elaborate details to be completed later. The unpublished information of the stations should be brought together and digested, with a view to getting out any facts likely to have special practical importance. High prices will stimulate the farmers to greater effort toward enlarged produc- tion and will frequently warrant the employment of practices which are not now general. Unusual conditions and exigencies will justify unusual methods. The stations can fill a useful place by putting themselves keenly on the alert, bringing their knowledge and their vision to bear in a broad way on the agriculture as carried out in their region, in order to instruct properly the county agents and other advisers of the men in the field. It will be especially desirable to maintain through them a close contact with agricultural practice, and above all to be found ready for cooperation with other agencies in lines which are within their field. It will be well to keep an unusually sharp lookout for both old and new or unidentified crop enemies or other difficulties. And in this direction the stations can exercise their vigilance and place them- selves in position to lend aid and advice promptly. The large losses which are to considerable extent preventable need to be avoided or reduced to the minimum this year. The large amount of study in this country which has made possible more effective control and pre- cautionary measures should now be made available and put into wide operation. Special effort will often be needed to accomplish this, 604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 which can be stimulated and aided by the stations, and they can see to it that failure is not due to lack of placing the knowledge and the means properly before the extension and other publicity agencies. The A^ery fact of unusual efforts at extending agricultural produc- tion, often with a diminished or less expert labor supply, will make it increasingly necessary that aid be given in overcoming obstacles which may appear and in seconding the efforts of the extension forces by the best advice and expert assistance that is to be had. Quite fre- quently, no doubt, the assistance rendered will be in the nature of an experimental demonstration, and its results may be found of intrinsic value as an additional test of the actual efficiency of protective measures. To some extent also investigation can doubtless be shaped to meet special immediate needs. It will be necessary to conserve supplies of fertility and feed as well as of human foods. Some studies may be needed of waste and bad practice, as a foundation for advice for correcting it. In some cases the stations may render a special service by averting disaster from well-meaning but poorly advised attempts which may be made by others to aid the farmers. When so many agencies are offering advice and suggestions, there is an element of danger unless some means of discrimination is at hand which will insure the farmers protection from some of their would-be friends. The present is above all a period for safe and sane advice resting on demonstrated knowledge. It is no time to experiment with the farmer or to en- courage him to experiment in methods or enterprises of uncertain outcome. To supply the basis for this sound advice and procedure is the function of the experiment stations primarily, working through the extension divisions, the county agents, and similar agencies. In general, the activities of the stations may be to a considerable extent directed to taking hold of those things which tend to increase production, conservation, and the maintenance of the resources on which production rests. This does not necessarily mean that estab- lished lines and projects are to be abandoned or left to take care of themselves, but that these may be adjusted as far as possible to other work which is in the nature of exigency. And, above all, the stations should be ready to adapt themselves to the special needs of the hour and fully alive to their opportunity as well as to the general necessity. The war has already directed attention as never before to the inti- mate relations between science and industry, including agriculture, as well as to the vital necessity of fostering these relationships. In Eng- land especially, agitation along these lines has been strong and con- tinuous. Nearly two years ago Sir William Ramsay, in an address before the British Science Guild on the national organization of 19171 EDITOKIAL. 605 science, pointed out the need of a vigorous support of scientific re- search as a war measure. In this he embodied a warning by Dr. Lyon Playfair, sixty-three years previously, in which the latter deplored the holding " to mere experience as the sheet anchor of the country, forgetful that the molds in which it was cast are of antique shape, and ignorant that new currents have swept away the sand which formerly held it fast, so that we are in imminent risk of being drifted ashore." The publication by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of a comparative study of British and German agriculture served to call sharp attention to the lower food producing power of British agricul- ture and the far smaller efltorts given to promoting agricultural in- struction and experimentation. In this paper it was shown that al- though the soil and climate of Germany are the less favorable to agriculture, one hundred acres of land in that country feeds from seventy to seventy-five persons as compared with only forty-five to fifty persons in Great Britain. This advantage of Germany has come about within the last forty years. Various causes are assigned for the change, but a great deal is attributed to the system of agricultural education and research. Thus, the use of artificial fertilizers has largely increased, and according to the article, *' the chief factor in developing the use of artificial manures in Germany was unquestion- ably a well-organized system of technical education. Investigation at the research stations established the precise uses of these manures ; trustworthy advice was supplied by institutions, by peripatetic in- structors, by technical leaflets, and by agricultural newspapers; and the farmer, even the backward Bauer, like other Germans, brought his methods into line with 'Authority.' " Similar testimony has re- cently been given by Professor von Riimker of the Royal Agricul- tural High School of Berlin, who states that " the great progress that agi'iculture has achieved in Germany during the last quarter of a century is the result of the union of practice with science." Early in the present year an important letter from Lord Blyth appeared in the Times^ emphasizing the necessity for the close co- ordination of science with practice in agriculture for the purpose of increasing food production of the country. He proposed the imme- diate appointment of a commission of men of science to devote its entire attention to research and experimentation. Nature reported on January 25 that the formation of such a commission was under consideration and expressed its approval of the undertaking. " Throughout the war," it went on to say, " the agricultural colleges and experiment stations have rendered useful service and have demonstrated more convincingly than ever the close connection be- tween science and agriculture. Indeed, never before has agricultural science had so much recognition as now, either from farmers or from 606 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.36 men engaged in pure science, and it is hoped that the new conditions will do much to strengthen still further the development of scientific agriculture in this country." The movement toward the fostering of industrial research seems to be extending to all parts of the British Empire. The Canadian Government has appointed an honorary advisory council on scientific and industrial research to advise a cabinet committee (including the minister of agriculture) on all matters relating to the extension and coordination of scientific and industrial research. Considerable special development along experimental and demonstration lines in agriculture is also reported from the Dominion. An experimental flax mill has been erected at the Central Experimental Farms, where experimental work is to be begun with a view to developing the in- dustry, and research laboratories are being established in Manitoba and Saskatchewan for emergency studies of grain rust. Ontario, where marked efforts are being made to increase land set- tlement, an agricultural training depot is being organized at one of In Northern Ontario, where marked efforts are being made to in- crease land settlement, an agricultural training depot is being organ- ized at one of the experimental farms for the instruction of returning soldiers, as well as several demonstration farms, a plant breeding station, and an agricultural high school. One interesting phase is the utilization of the labor of interned aliens in this section and also in Quebec for the clearing of timberland for eventual use as an experimental substation. The South Australian branch of the British Science Guild has drawn up plans for a federal institute for original research, designed to give special attention to agriculture and to undertake " research work beyond experimental farming." The guild has realized the importance of studying from a research point of view everything underlying the successful use of the land, including the wellbeing in every respect of the people engaged in farming operations. Its ideas were presented to the Australian premiers, and it is understood that energetic steps are being taken to put some such a plan into effect. Problems relating to engineering, chemistry, coal mining, diseases of cattle, agriculture, bread making, and other matters are on the list in the federal research scheme being worked out by the executive committee of the Advisory Council of Science and Indus- try for the Commonwealth of Australia. The French Academy of Science has proposed and recommended the establishment of national laboratories of scientific research, and a commission of the academy has dealt with the matter of institutions for research in agriculture. In a report presented to the academy toward the close of the last year, the important position of agriculture 1917] EDITORIAL. 607 is described, as well as the great desirability of increasing the farm production per hectare. The commission asserts that the entire system for agricultural encouragement, instruction, and research in France must be reconstructed " from the base to the summit," declar- ing that " it has been definitely shown that the countries which have made the greatest progress and which obtain from their soil the highest returns, are those which have increased the institutions of research and instruction of the highest rank, and have prepared their rural population to appreciate them, to accept them, and to have full ■confidence in science. The report asserts further that " all the great progress realized in the domain of agriculture has had its point of departure in the works and discoveries of science." The commission describes in considerable detail the experiment sta- tion system of the United States, which it commends highly. This system is contrasted with the stations and laboratories in France, for which the government in 1913 voted 339,700 francs (about $68,000), with very small additional revenues from local and similar sources. This sum is shown to be quite inadequate, and to result in limiting the field work and expensive investigations and in restricting con- siderably the routine functions. At present the French station is usually devoted to a single branch of industry. The commission argues for fewer stations located in typical agricultural areas and well organized to cover the various phases of the industries, with specialists in each. It is also suggested that the stations should seek the collaboration of farmers, much as have the Danes in their experimental work. What the commission regards as very serious obstacles are the com- parative isolation of the stations from one another and their lack of central supervision. It advocates the appointment of a permanent superior council to guide and direct the work of the stations, assure the proper use of the funds at their disposal, provide for meetings of their personnel from time to time, publish results of their work and abstracts of material of interest appearing elsewhere, and other- wise correlate and unite the scattered institutions into a national system. The establishment of a well equipped central station charged with work of a strictly scientific nature of interest to the whole coun- try, or of such scope and importance that it could not be carried on to the best advantage at the regional stations, is also favored. The entrance of the United States into the war is of course too re- cent for extensive developments, but attention may be drawn to the appointment of an agriculture committee of the National Eesearch Council and the active participation of agricultural leaders in the many conferences and compaigns which are the order of the day. 89684°— No. 7—17 2 608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Special mention should be made of the St. Louis conference of April 9 and 10, called by the Secretary of Agriculture and participated in by representatives of the Department and sixty-five officials from the agricultural colleges of thirty-two States and twenty State depart- ments of agricidture. Among the many recommendations of this con- ference was one for the appointment of two national bodies, one rela- tively small and to be composed of men of wide knowledge of agri- cultural matters and executive experience for quite constant service in Washington, and the other a large national advisory body of repre- sentatives of the leading agricultural agencies and related interests. The Federal Government has already organized an interdepart- mental committee to formulate a program for food production and conservation, and has a number of plans under consideration. Among these is the material expansion of the work of the Department of Ag- riculture, enlarging its forces for cooperative demonstration work, home economics, the combating of destructive pests, the utilization of methods for the preservation of perishable products, the safeguard- ing of seed supplies for 1918, the market news service, assisting with the labor problem, and otherwise to stimulate production, improve distribution, and promote conservation of the food supply. The ap- pointment of a small body of agricultural leaders to give advice as regards national problems, and the creation in each State of a small central division of food production and conservation composed of representatives of the various agricultural and related interests, as well as the formation of county, township, or urban bodies of similar constitution to work in close cooperation with the State central agency, are also suggested. It is estimated that approximately $25,000,000 will be required to carry these plans into operation. In this brief review no attempt has been made to present a com- plete summary of the existing situation. The aim has been rather to cite some suggestive illustrations of the importance being attached in this great world-crisis to the close coordination of the science and practice of agriculture. It is scarcely necessary to point out that this means for all agricultural research institutions an unusual opportu- nity for service and a corresponding responsibility. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Preliminary notes on the carbohydrates of the Musci, T. G. Mason (Set. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 15 (1916), No. 2, pp. 13-28, fig. i).— In the ex- amination of Polytrichum commune., Thuidium tamariscinum, and Sphagnum cytnbifoUum, the author found dextrose, levulose, and sucrose present, while maltose was found to be dependent on the presence of starch. Invertase was found to be widely distributed, while diastase and maltase were found in P. commune alone. The detection of diastase and maltase was dependent on the presence of appreciable quantities of starch. In P. commune and w ^ In this formula, Rg=gnaTantied purity of eeed; ligXJi.g £p=guarantied germination of seed; i?=actual purity; JS'=actual germination; r=variation in purity; i=variation in germination; and a=Btipulated price. Characteristics of quack grass (Agropyron repens) and western wheat grass (A. occidentale), with special emphasis on the eradication of quack grass, A. N. Hume and S. L. Sloan {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 170 {1916), pp. 497-524, figs. 9). — Quack grass and western wheat grass are described and compared and their habits of growth illustrated. Special emphasis is laid on 19171 HOETICULTURE. 639 the eradication of (jnat^ grass, the following methods being recommended, according to local conditions: Hand digging; smothering with tarred paper or mulch ; summer fallowing ; and grazing or cutting for hay, followed by fallowing. Observations of the results obtained by several farmers, using modifications of the summer fallow system, indicate that the best results are obtained from cultivation during July and August followed by a cultivated crop. The cost of this operation was estimated at $15 per acre, and the fact Is noted that a number of sheep could be purchased for that amount and grazed on the infested land to good advantage. Continued grazing weakens the root stock and brings it nearer the surface. The root system of western wheat grass Is not nearly so strong as that of quack grass, being unable to withstand thorough cultivation. [The control of hedge mustard with finely powdered kainit], Schnitzleb {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 36 (1916), No. U, pp. 8S, 84).— This article Is a discussion of the control of weeds by the use of powdered kainit applied In solution. A list of weeds Is given, arranged in the order of their resistance to this treat- ment. Two points are considered, the degree of influence of kainit on different weeds and why cereals are not Injured by the use of kainit. Three reasons are advanced to show why different weeds are affected in varying degrees, (1) that plasmolysis varies in different plants due to protective struc- tures, (2) that the hairy grovrth on certain plants serves as a mechanical protection, and (3) that the oily coating found on several plants furnishes a protection. The immunity of cereals is attributed to certain cultural charac- teristics, such as the arrangement of the leaves, upright habit of growth, and the high osmotic pressure developed in the cells of the plant. Weeds of New South Wales, J. H. Maiden (Agr. Gaz. N. S. WcU-es, 27 {1916), No. 4, pp. 247-253, pis. 2). — This Is a popular and botanical description of two weeds of New South Wales, the cape weed (Cryptostemma calendulacea) and Hexham scent {Melilotus parviflora), including a brief discussion of cultural characteristics and methods of control. HORTICITLTTmE. Johnson's gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor, Q. W. Johnson, edited by J. Fbaseb and A. Hemsley {Ixmdon: Oeorge Routledge d Sons, Ltd. [191T\, new ed., pp. 923). — The present edition of this old English work, al- though based on the original edition of 1846, has been thoroughly recast and brought down to the year 1917, both from the standpoint of plant nomenclature and cultural practices. Many thousand names of new plants have been added. The complete gardener, H. H. Thomas (London and New York: Cassell d: Co., Ltd., 1916, Jf. ed., pp. XVI+579, pis. 128, figs. 72).— A manual of informa- tion relative to the more desirable hardy flowers, greenhouse flowers, evergreen and blossoming shrubs, fruits, and vegetables, including directions for their culture under glass and in the open. Garden planning and planting, edited by H. H. Thomas (London and New York: Cassell d Co., Ltd. [1915], pp. [VU+ISO, pi. 1, figs. 138).— A popular treatise on the subject. Gardening made easy, edited by E. T. C5ook (London: Cotmtry Life, 1916, 6. ed., pp. 217, figs. 2It). — A popular treatise on ornamental and vegetable gar- dening in the open and under glass, including also a chapter on fruit culture. Kitchen and market gardening, L. Bxjssard (Culture Potag&re et Culture MaraicMre. Paris: J. B. Baillidre & Sons, 1916, 3. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 524, 89684°— No. 7—17 4 640 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.36 figs. 215). — The present edition of the author's work (E. S. R., 15, p. 674), which is one of a series constituting the agricultural encyclopedia published under the direction of G. Wery, has been completely revised to include more recent knowledge relative to amateur and professional gardening practices. [Overhead irrigation results in 1916], E. F. Palmeb {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 (1917), No. 2, pp. 125-127, fig. 1). — Some data are given on tests of overhead irrigation conducted with raspberries and vegetables by the Ontario Horti- cultural Experiment Station, Vineland, in 1916. The results in brief indicate that overhead irrigation may be used with considerable profit during periods of drought. Cucumber growing, C. P. Haxligan {Michigan Sta. Circ. SO {1916), pp. 4). — A revision of Circular 19 of the station previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 145). Commercial onion growing, C. B. Sayee {Indiana Sta. Circ. 57 {1916), pp. 27, figs. 12). — This circular describes the most successful practice in the commercial production of onions on the muck lands of northern Indiana. The subject matter is based upon observations, correspondence, and special field studies conducted by the author in 1915 and 1916, supplemented by observa- tions made by W. E. Lommel in 1915. In addition to details for growing, harvesting, and marketing the main onion crop, information is also given relative to the production of onion sets, onions for pickling, and onion seed, including directions for the control of insects and diseases. The use of brine tank refrigerator cars for fruit shipments {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 {1917), No. 2, pp. IIO-II4, figs. 8). — A summarized account of experi- ments conducted with the brine tank refrigerator car by the Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture during the season of 1916. With the use of 5 per cent salt and crushed ice in conjunction with slatted floor racks a good brine tank car has given very much more satisfactory results than a poor block ice car. The relation of fruit growing to soil fertility, R. C. Thompson {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 123 [tech. ed.] {1916), pp. 3-20). — A technical edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 39). The Indiana farm orchard operating costs and methods, C. G. Woodbury, M. W. RicHABDS, and H. J. Reed {Indiana Sta. Bui. 194 {1916), pp. 3-79, figs. 56). — This bulletin discusses the conditions of success in the renovation and operation of farm orchards, outlines the conditions underlying successful fruit growing in such a way as to enable orchard owners to form a correct judgment in regard to their own opportunities, and presents figures on opera- tion costs in several farm orchards as summarized from records compiled during the last five years. The data on operation costs were secured from eight orchards located in several fruit-growing districts of the State and ranging in size from 4 to 80 acres. The cost of the various operations are given in detail in most cases for each season and averaged for the 5-year period, both for the individual orchards and the orchards as a whole. Summarizing the data as a whole for all of the orchards during the 5-year period the total management cost was $1.37 per tree, $56.68 per acre, 44.7 cts. per bushel, and $1.35 per barrel. The average yield per acre was 232.4 bu. On the cause of alternate bearing in the apple, O. Butlee {Bui. Torrcy Bot. Club, U {1917), No. 2, pp. 85-96, pis. 3, fig. i).— After reviewing the in- vestigations conducted at the New Hampshire Experiment Station, as well as at other state stations and abroad, the author concludes that to obtain regular fruitfulness in apple trees of bearing age the yearly departures from the mean growth must be small. Pruning may be considered as the most potent means of regularizing bearing; in fact, the only really effective means of accomplishing this object 1917J HORTICULTURE. 641 The identification and classification of pears, G. Luizet {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 17 {1916), May, pp. lIt-18; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Internat. Rev. Sod. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 8, pp. 1119, 1120).— An outline is here given of a scheme for identifying and classifying pears that has recently been worked out by L. Chasset and is to be published in full at a later date. Origin and development of hardy, blight-resisting pears, C. G. Patten (Minn. Hort., 45 {1917), No. 3, pp. 97-102, pi. 1, figs. 2).— A popular review of the work of the author and other investigators in the attempt to secure hardy, blight-resisting pears for culture in the United States. The cherry and its industrial culture, A. A. Hinzenbukg (Vishnfa i eia Promyshlennaia Kultura. Petrograd: Imp. Ross. Obshch. Plod., pts. 1 {1914), pp. lOS, figs. 48; 2 {1915), pp. Ill, figs. 65).— Part 1 of this work deals with the description and classification of cherries, together with various cultural op- erations. Part 2 takes up the diseases and pests of cherry trees and methods of control. The methods of harvesting and packing cherries and the prepara- tion of various cherry products are also considered. Variations of a sexual hybrid of the vine by grafting it on one of its procreators, F. Baco {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 163 {1916), No. 23, pp. 712-714). — In continuation of previous studies on variations in grafted grape- vines (E. S. R., 29, p. 148), the author here reports a case in which a hybrid when used as a scion changed its mosaic and general appearance and assumed latent characters of the stock and of one of its maternal ancestors. The hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the Rhone in 1916, A. Dks- MOXiLiNS and V. Villaed {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 38 {1917), Nos. 2, pp. 36-42; 3, pp. 59-62).— In continuation of previous data (E. S. R., 35, p. 41), observations are given for the seventeenth year relative to the behavior of a large number of hybrid direct-bearing grapes, with special reference to their resistance to disease, adaptation to various soil conditions, and relative time of budding. Blueberry culture, Elizabeth C. White {Woman's Nat. Farm and Gard. Assoc, 3 {1917), No. 3, pp. 3-10). — The author describes in detail methods em- ployed in preparing a piece of swamp land for blueberry culture and in the propagation and planting of selected wild blueberries. The work was con- ducted at Whitesbog, N. J., in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agri- culture (E. S. R., 35, p. 647). Fertilizer experiments with cranberries in 1916, P. P. Schlatter {Proc. Amer. Cranberry Growers' Assoc., 47 {1917), pp. 13-16). — A summary of results secured in 1916 in cooperative experiments being conducted under the direc- tion of the New Jersey Experiment Stations (E. S. R., 34, p. 834). The results of the work thus far secured indicate that sandy bogs respond favorably to fertilizer treatment, but that it is unwise to apply fertilizers in any great amount to muck bottom bogs, with the possible exception of those fertilizers carrying phosphorus. The continued increased yield in sandy laud in 1916 is attributed to the residual effect of fertilizer, since none of the plats were fertilized since 1915. Progress in vegetative propagation of tropical fruits, P. J. Wester {Philip- pine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 9 {1916), No. 3, pp. 257, 258).— The author gives brief directions for the propagation of a number of species of tropical fruits. The directions are based upon work conducted at the Lamao Experiment Station. History of the avocado and its varieties in California with a check list of all named varieties, I. J. Condit {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 6 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-21, figs. 5). — In addition to brief historical notes on the avocado in 642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Yol. 36 California, 54 varieties originating in tlie State and 86 varieties originating elsewhere are here listed. The cultivation and fertilization of the avocado in Florida, W. J. Kromk (Cal. Citrogr., 2 (1911), No. 4, pp. 12, 21, 22, fig. i).— The author's methods of cultivating and fertilizing avocado trees as experimentally developed during the past few years are here described. Inherent characteristics of Theobroma cacao, and a summary on cacao experiments, F. E. Oliviebi {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 16 (1916), No. 12, pp. 461-474). — A description of the inherent characteristics of the cacao tree, together with a brief summary of some of the more important investiga- tions dealing with cacao. Note on the species and varieties of cofEee g^own in Java, P. J. Westeb, trans, by H. Mauey (Bui. Hcon. Indochine, n. ser., 19 (1916), No. 121, pp. 624- 637). — A French translation of the author's article previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 745). The cultivation of ^uavas in Gujarat, L. B. Kulkabni (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 79 (1916), pp. 14, pis. 3). — An account of native methods of growing guavas in different sections of Gujarat, including analyses of soil and fruit, estimated data on the cost of growing guavas, and brief suggestions relative to improvement in cultural methods. Effect of fertilizers on the composition and quality of oranges, H. D. Young (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 4, pp. 127-138).— In connection with a continuous fertilizer experiment started by the California Experiment Station in 1907, and which has been reported on from time to time (E. S. R., 36, p. 138), a study was undertaken in 1914 and 1915 relative to the effect of the various fertilizers on the quality and composition of oranges. Analytical data are given and discussed both for Valencia and navel oranges fertilized differently, for oranges grown on light and heavy soil, and fertilized with commercial fertilizer and with organic matter. Other investigations along similar lines are briefly reviewed. Nitrogen was the only element which seemed to exercise a specific effect on the composition of the oranges. No great differences in composition were ob- served between oranges fertilized with commercial fertilizer and with organic matter. Likewise, oranges grown on a light soil and a heavy soil did not show material difference in composition under the same fertilizer treatment. Appli- cations of nitrogen to the soil resulted in a slightly lower amount of sugar, a somewhat coarser fruit, and a little less juice in the orange, regardless of whether the nitrogen was in combination with either potash or phosphoric acid, or both. The effects of nitrogenous fertilizers were greater in the 1915 crops, which were harvested about two months later than the 1914 crops, thus indi- cating that nitrogen produced an effect other than that of merely delaying the time of maturity. A comparison with fruit from similar trees grown outside the fertilizer plats showed a fair agreement of composition and quality. The analyses show a higher percentage of nitrogen from all plats receiving it, while no such effect was obtained with either phosphoric acid or potash. Notes on medicinal plants, A. Hosking (West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 78 (1917), pp. 99-149). — This bulletin discusses the possibilities and limitations of the cultivation and collection from wild sources of medicinal plants in Scot- land, gives directions for growing herbs, and presents a list of hardy herbs, trees, and shrubs used in medicine. Collection, drying, and cultivation of medicinal plants in Russia, V. L. KoMAEOv (Sbor, Sushka i Razvedenie Lekarstvennykh Rasten'il v Rossii. Peiro- grad: Dept. Zeml., 1916, 2. cd., pp. 128, pis. 66). — A manual of information rela- tive to the collection, drying, and cultivation of medicinal plants, including 19171 HORTICULTURE. 643 descriptive lists of plants adapted for culture in different parts of Russia and reports from experimental cultures undertaken as a result of the distribution of seeds and plants in different parts of the country. Notes on cinchona in Java, P. J. Wester {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 9 (1916), No. Jf, pp. 273-277, pis. S).— A brief account of methods employed in growing cinchona in Java, based on a report made by the author in 1915 after a visit to Java. Bulb growing' for amateurs, H. H. Thomas {London and Neto York: Cassell d Co., Ltd., 1915, pp. VIII +151, figs. H8). — A popular treatise on bulb culture under glass and in the open, with suggestions relative to varieties adapted to different seasons and situations. Gladiolus studies. — I, Botany, history, and evolution of the gladiolus, A. C. Beal (iV. Y. State Col. Agr., ComeU Univ., Ext. Bui. 9 {1916), pp. 93-188, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This is the first contribution on gladiolus studies undertaken by the department of horticulture in 1910 and later continued by the department of floriculture of Cornell University in cooperation with the American Gladiolus Society. The present bulletin traces the development of the gladiolus up to the present time. The subject matter is discussed under the following headings : Botany of the gladiolus ; history of the genus ; evolution of the gladiolus, including history of garden species, hybrid gladioli, and history of gladiolus in America ; and bibliography of the gladiolus, including botanical works, special works, references to history and development, color plates and figures of gladiolus species, hybrid gladioli, and horticultural varieties. Gladiolus studies. — H, Culture and hybridization of the gladiolus, A. C. HoTTEs (A^. Y. State Col. Agr., Cornell Univ., Ext. Bui. 10 {1916), pp. 189-271, pi. 1, figs. 29). — In continuation of the above, the present bulletin discusses the culture and hybridization of gladiolus, the subject matter being based on four years' observations made at the trial grounds of the American Gladiolus So- ciety at Cornell University, on conversations and correspondence with many gladiolus experts, and on a review of the literature of the subject. The following phases are discussed : The gladiolus as a cut flower and as a garden subject ; soils for the gladiolus ; fertilizers and their use ; time and manner of planting; spring and summer culture; the gladiolus bloom; ideals in flower and in growth; hybrids and hybridization, including a general dis- cussion, crossing technique, and suggested improvements ; gathering and plant- ing seeds ; methods of propagation ; indoor culture ; Insect and animal pests ; and gladiolus diseases. An extensive bibliography of related literature is appended. A report on varieties tested at Cornell University will be issued at a later date. Field notes on sweet peas, edited by L. L. Moese {San Francisco, Cal.: C. C. Morse d Co. [1916], rev. ed., pp. 220, figs. 12). — The present edition of this work includes 1,870 varietal names of sweet peas that have been listed either in American, British, or Australian publications. Historical notes are given on the various classes and types, the varieties are listed according to color and preference, and the varieties are then described with reference to the intro- ducer, year of introduction, color and character of bloom, and similar varieties. Notes are also given on Mendelism in sweet peas, culture, and insect troubles. Everybody's flower garden, H. H. Thomas {London and New York: Cassell d Co., Ltd., 1916, pp. y 11+152, figs. 118). — A popular treatise on ornamental gardening, including information relative to the development of various types of gardens and plants adapted for each. 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Studies in gardening, A. Clutton-Bbock [New York: Charles Scrihner's Sons, 1916, pp. XXXVlII-\-S31). — An American edition of tlie author's work, edited and annotated by Louisa Y. King. The work as a whole comprises a collection of some 30 articles upon both the theory and practice of ornamental gardening that originally appeared in the form of letters in the London Times. Garden ornaments, Maky H. Nobthend (New York: Duffield d Co., 1916, pp. [X/]+i78, pis. 32). — A popular work dealing with the treatment of the garden path and border, steps, entrances, seats, and other garden accessories, such as the pergola and arch, bird baths, pools, sundials, fountains, etc. FORESTRY. Some public and economic aspects of the lumber industry. — Studies of the lumber industry, I, W. B. Gbeeley (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. II4 {1917), pp. 100, pis. 3, figs. 14 ) . — This comprises the first report on a study of the conditions in the timber-using industries conducted by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Corporations and later with the Federal Trade Commission. The investigation as a whole was conducted to obtain the facts necessary to an understanding of the lumber industry and the further development of a public forest policy. The present report presents a general view of the whole investigation under the following general headings : The industrial side of forest conservation, present conditions in the lumber industry, why the lumber industry is unstable, how the public is concerned, what the situation calls for, the use of public timber, and a public forest policy. Detailed studies are to be presented in subsequent publications. The essentials of American timber law, J. P. Kinney (New York: John Wiley d Sons, Inc., 1911, pp. XXI-\-219-\-X). — A presentation of the existing laws regarding trees and their products as property, with certain observation.s and references to historical development deemed necessary to an understanding of the reasons for existing laws. The general interpretation of the laws is accompanied in each ca.se by page citations to the compiled laws of the dif- ferent States on the subject. Instructions for the scaling and measurement of National Forest timber (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., 1916, pp. 94). — The instructions contained in this pamphlet are supplementary to the National Forest Manual (E. S. R., 26, p. 340) and are intended for use in the administration of timber sales, timber settlements, timber trespass, free use, and other administrative use. Historical review of Canada's timber industry, J. Lawlek (Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract, Agr., 7 (1916), No. 9, pp. 1227- 1234). — The author sketches the genesis and development of timber regulations in Canada since the French regime. The forest trees of Canada, R. G, Lewis (Intei-nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], In- ternat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 9, pp. 1234-1241).— A list is given of the coniferous and deciduous tree species of Canada, including brief notes on some of the more important timber species. Commercial woods of the Philippines: Their preparation and uses, E. E. ScHNEiDEB ([Philippine] Btir. Forestry Bui. 14 (1916), pp. 274, V^-^- 10, figs. 12). — This bulletin replaces Bulletin 11 of the Bureau of Forestry (E. S. R., 28, p. 439). The scope of the work has been considerably extended by the addition of much new material and related material gathered from various publications. The principal works consulted are here listed. The subject matter is discussed under the headings of forests, timber supply, markets; properties of wood, methods of conversion, working and finishing, 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645 preservative treatment; uses; methods of identification; and species descrip- tions. Data on the mechanical properties of 34 Philippine woods, shipping weights, grading rules, and lists of woods based on the durability of sapwood are appended. The trees of North Carolina, W. C. Coker and H. R. Totten (Chapel Hill, N. C: W. C. Coker, 1916, pp. 106). — This work contains popular descriptions of the trees of North Carolina, including a key for the identification of the species. Western yellow pine in Oregon, T. T. Mungek (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. ^18 {1911), pp. 48, pis. 7). — An account of the western yellow pine in Oregon, dis- cussing its distribution and abundance, distinguishing characteristics, climatic and soil requirements, reproduction, effects of fire, sources of injury other than fire, character of the stands, growth, characteristics of the wood, utilization of yellow pine forests, logging and milling, planting, and management. Volume tables for western yellow pine, instructions for marking timber in the yellow pine region, and instructions for brush burning under the selection system of cutting are appended. Hybrids and other new chestnuts for blight districts, W. Van Fleet {North. Nut Growers Assoc. Proc, 7 {1916), pp. 54-58). — A paper on this sub- ject read before the annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, Washington, D. C, in September, 1916. Fourth biennial report of the state forester, J. C. Van Hook {Blen. Rpt. State Forester, Mont.. 4 {1915-16), pp. 55, pi. 1, figs. 15). — A report of activities dui'ing the fiscal years 1915 and 1916, including information relative to timber resources and timber industries of the State, qualities and uses of the more important Montana woods, progress in wood preservation, fire protection, in- structions for farm and city tree planting, and brief descriptions of some of the mountain forests of Montana as places for recreation. Report of the state forester to the State Board of Forest Commissioners for the period ended November 30, 1914, E. W. Feeris {Ann. Rpts. Wash. State Forester, 1913-14, pp. 29). — This report deals primarily with private, state, and federal activities in forest protection in Washington forests during the biennial period ended November 30, 1914. Annual reports Washington state forester for the years ending November 30, 1915 and November 30, 1916, E. W. Ferris and F. E. Pape {Ann. Rpts. Wash. State Forester, 1915-16, pp. 41, pls. 6). — These reports deal primarily with fire protection work conducted during 1915 and 1916. Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Aus- tralia for the year 1915—16, W. Gnx {Ann. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Av^t., 1915-16, pp. IS, pis. 6). — A statistical review relative to the administra- tion and management of the state forests of South Australia, including data on alterations in forest areas, planting and other forest operations, revenues, ex- penditures, etc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Prophylaxis in vegetable pathology, O. Comes {La ProfUassi nella Patologia Vegetate. Naples: R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 1916, pp. IIS). — This comprises a short introduction, historical in character, and two main sections. The first of these deals with susceptibility as related to climate, soil, cultivation, and nitro- gen manuring. The second deals with resistance as related to the various regions of the plant, to the chemistry of the tissues and juices, to oxidases, to selection, and to phosphate fertilizers. Diseases of cultivated plants. Nonparasitic diseases, G. Delacroix. Para- sitic diseases, G. Delacroix and A. Marblanc {Maladies des Plantes Culti- v6es. Maladies non Parasitaires. Maladies Parasitaires. Paris: J. B. Balli^re 646 EXPERIMENT STATION BEOORD. [Vol. 36 & Sons, 1916, vol. 1, pp. XII +^0, figa. 115; vol. 2, 2. ed., pp. U7, fiffS- 656).— These volumes form a part of the agricultural series prepared under the direc- tion of G. Wery. The first treats of nonparasitic diseases, or those the causes of which are not definitely known. It also contains chapters on parasitism, symbiosis, immunity, etc. The second volume describes and discusses bacterial and fungus diseases, as well as the injuries and abnormalities produced by Cuscuta, mistletoe, etc. The earlier edition of the second volume has already been noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 146). Report of the botanist and plant pathologist, H. W. Babbb (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 16-20). — The lines of investigation reported upon are essen- tially the same as those previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 643). In the study of cotton anthracnose, methods of securing disease-free seed have been given attention, field selections, hot water treatments, and field tests with old seed having been made. By careful selection, removal of diseased bolls before picking, and the treatment of seed from disease-free stalks with sulphuric acid before planting, it has been found possible to eliminate anthrac- nose, even from some of the badly diseased varieties. Further tests of old seed kept in the office and laboratories show that three-year-old seed gives disease-free plants. Seed claimed by farmers to have been kept for three years In sheds and barns did not give as satisfactory results as were obtained at the station. Further spraying tests with Bordeaux mixture gave results similar to those reported previously. The excessive rains during July seriously interfered with the work on the investigation of cotton shedding, but It was found that excessive soil moisture during the blooming season caused as much shedding and as great injury to plants as do long periods of drought. During the past year soil temperatures have been taken, and records of temperatures from different depths are avail- able in connection with other physiological data. The investigation of the angular leaf spot of cotton has been continued along the same lines as indicated In Bulletin 184 of the station (E. S. R., 35, p. 652), and considerable data secured with reference to the occurrence of the disease, its abundance and spread, methods of dissemination and infection, conditions under which Infection takes place, etc. Brief notes are given of preliminary work on the breeding of cotton, re- forestation of the coastal plain, and cooperative exi)eriments with this Depart- ment In the production of cotton and cowpeas resistant to wilt and root knot. Report of the mycological department of the entomological station in Tula for 1913-14, N. P. Tbusova {Abs. in Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Ross., 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 122, 123). — The author gives a list of fungus diseases observed in Province Tula, Russia, in 1913-14, and points out the influence of meteoro- logical conditions on their development. This was especially remarkable in case of the late blight of potatoes, which was very severe In 1913 and practi- cally absent In 1914. Of particular Interest Is the statement that soda gave satisfactory results In combating the American gooseberry mildew. Fungus parasites in Province Voronezh collected in the summer of 1912, A. BoNDARTSEv (BoNDARZEw) and L. Debedeva (Abs. in Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Ross., 1 (1915), No. 4, p. 124). — In connection with descriptions of a number of parasites collected by the authors In the summer of 1912, particular interest Is said to attach to the finding of Peronospora polygoni on buckwheat, as this may be identical with Peronospora sp. found on the same host in France. Many new species are added to the class of imperfect fungi, some of which are illustrated and described. 19171 DISEASES OP PLANTS. 647 Some observations on fungus diseases of oiltivated plants In Turkestan, N. G. Zapkometov {Otchet Prakt. Mikol. Turkest. Ent. Sta., 1914; 0't>s. in Mat. Mikol. i Fitopatol. Ross., 1 (1915), No. 4, pp. 125, 126). — Special attention was given by the author to diseases which appeared to be very prevalent In orchards and vineyards of Turkestan. Much damage was done to grapevines by the spotted anthracnose, the disease caused by Cercospora vitiphylla, and Oidium. Among other diseases noted, apple scab and leaf and twig curl of peaches, apricots, and almonds are reported as abundant. A monograph of the TJredineae, P. and H. Sydow (Monographia JJredir nearum seu Specierum Omnium ad Hunc Usque Diem Cognitarum Descriptio et Adum^bratio Systematica. Leipsic: Bomtraeger Bros., vol. 3, Nos. 1 {1912), pp. 1-192, figs. 83; 2 {1914), PP- 193-416, figs. 76; S {1915), pp. 417-726, figs. 36).— These three numbers deal descriptively and systematically with Pucciniacese, Melampsoraceae, Zaghouaniacese, and Coleosporiaceae through the several species. The wintering of Coleosporium solidaginis, E. B. Mains {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 371, 372).— According to the author, C. solidaginis has been found wintering over in the rosette leaves of Solidago sp., both as mycelium and uredospores. The mosaic disease of tomatoes and petunias, H. A. Aixabd {Phytopathology 6 {1916), No. 4, PP- 328-335, figs. 2).— While engaged in the study of the dis- tribution of the virus causing mosaic disease in tobacco plants, the author also carried on parallel experiments with tomatoes and petunias affected with the same disease. In comparison with the disease obtained by inoculation with the virus of mosaic-diseased tobacco, tomato or petunia plants inoculated with the virus of other solanaceous plants affected with the mosaic disease show no appreci- able difference in the incubation period, symptoms, etc. With the exception of slight variations in the external symptoms produced in these host plants, the author considers that the mosaic disease of tobacco affects the petunia and tomato in quite the same manner as it affects the tobacco plant. A bacterial disease of western wheat grass (Agropyron smithii), P. J. O'Gaba {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 341-350, pis. 5).— A detailed ac- count Is given of an investigation of a bacterial disease of wheat grass due to Aplanohacter agropyri n. sp., a preliminary account of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 349). Notes on an artificial culture of Bhizoctonia crocorum, W. W. Diehi, {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 336-340, fig. i).— The author reports hav- ing grown R. crocorum from alfalfa on synthetic media and having found that the fungus made a very slow growth on the media used. The peculiar cultural characteristics of the organism are considered to indicate that its metabolism, in artificial cultures at least, is affected by an accompanying species of Fusarium. Sclerotinia blight, a serious disease of snap beans caused by S. libertiana, J. A. McClintock {Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. 20 {1916), pp. 419-428, figs. 4). — A popular account is given of a disease of snap beans caused by S. libertiana, which appeared in tfie vicinity of Norfolk, Va., in 1915. The disease developed after a period of several days of hot, damp weather, and the fungus appeared upon the stems, branches, leaves, and pods, causing considerable loss. In ad- dition to the attack in the field, secondary losses were caused by the fungus on diseased pods spreading to healthy pods in transit to market. Experiments in the control of the disease showed marked variation in re- sistance to the blight, some varieties being almost wholly unaffected. For con- trc* of the trouble the author recommends the burning over of the fields so as to destroy as much rubbish as possible and the rotation of crops, avoiding 648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 the planting of beans, lettuce, cucumbers, eggplants, etc., which are known to be attacked by this fungus. Physiology of Bacterium malvaceanun, R. C. Faulwettek {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. ^9-64). — Results of a laboratory study on the physiology of B. nialvacearuni, the cause of the angular leaf spot of cotton, are given, the studies having been conducted in the hope that some insight into the factors as related to parasitism might be secured. In order to obtain data regarding parasitism it is considered important to know the normal physiology of the parasite, its development, dissemination, and control. The author describes the morphology and physiology of the organism when grown in various media, the inhibiting factors of its growth, viability in cultures, etc. A rot of endive, J. Ritzema Bos (Tijdschr. Plant enziekt&n, 21 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 169-186). — A rot of endive is described as due to the fungus Marssonia panattoniana. Studies upon the blackleg' disease of the potato, with special reference to the relationship of the causal organisms, W. J. Mokse {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 {1911), No. 3, pp. 79-126). — After giving a historical review of this potato disease, its character and appearance, geographic distribution, economic aspects, etc., are described. On account of its resemblance to a disease reputed to be due to different species of bacteria, the author has made a study at the Maine Experiment Station of the various organisms that have been isolated and described, in different parts of Europe and Canada, as being the cause of the blackleg of the stem of the potato and the attendant decay of the tubers. For this purpose material for study was obtained of Bacillus atrosepticus, B. phytophthorus, B. solanisaprus, and B. melanogenes, comparisons being made with material isolated by the author from diseased potatoes in Maine. The morphology, cultural relations, physical and biochemical characters, and patho- genicity of the different species are described at length. From the tests made under the same conditions the author concludes that cultures received under the names B. atrosepticus, B. solanisaprus, and B. melanogenes, together with three strains of organisms isolated from potato plants in widely separated parts of Maine are apparently identical and should be classed as one species, or at most, as strains of a single species. The organ- isms received from two sources, under the name B. phytophthorus, proved to be not alike, nor did they agree with that species as originally described. Concerning the nomenclature of the species the author has adopted the name B. atrosepticus, and a revised description of the organism is given. Potato wilt and tuber rot caused by Fusarium eumartii, R. J. Haskell {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 321-327, figs. 3).— The author reports on the pathogenicity of a species of Fusarium on the vines as well as on the tubers of potato plants. The disease was first noted on tubers in the winter of 1914, and a fungus isolated which seems to be identical with that described by Carpenter (E. S. R., 84, p. 246). As a result of pure culture inoculations, both in the greenhouse and out-of-doors and on sterilized and unsterilized soil, it is demonstrated that F. eumartii may produce both a wilt of the potato vine and a rot of the tuber. History and cause of the rind disease of sugar cane, J. R. Johnston {Jour. Bd. Comrs. Agr. P. R., 1 {1911), No. 1, pp. Il-Jf5, pi. i).— The symptoms of the rind disease of sugar cane due to Melanconium sacchari are described. The author claims that this organism is a wound parasite capable of infecting cane only through wounds or cane that is in an otherwise unhealthy condition. It may, however, become actively parasitic on certain varieties of cane which are characterized by weak, soft growth. 19171 DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649 For the prevention of the disease the planting of hardy varieties, the adoption of methods that will reduce the moth borer, and the grinding of cane before it is overripe are recommended. Two related fungi, M. saccharinum and M. iliau, both of which have been reported as attacking cane, are not considered as causing the rind disease. A bibliography of the subject is appended. Resistance in fruits, D. Riaboi (Bml. Vrcd. Selsk. Khoz. [e. {Massachusetts Sta. Control Ser. Bui. 5 (1916), pp. 4-69). — Brief comments are made upon the results of feeding stuffs inspection in the State during the year ended September 1, 1916, and the results are given of the analyses of cottonseed meal, linseed meal, corn oil cake, coconut meal, peanut meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, malt sprouts, brewers' dried grains, yeast and vinegar grains, red dog flour, wheat middlings, wheat bran, corn meal, corn bran, hominy meal, dried beet pulp, buckwheat bran, meat scrap, beef scrap, digester tankage, bone meal, fish scrap, fish meal, clover meal, alfalfa meal, and mixed and proprietary feeds. A brief article on the net weights of feeding stuffs is appended, together with tabulated wholesale cost data of feeding stuffs for the year. Condimental stock foods and proprietary remedies, W. G. Gaessleb {lotva Sta. Circ. 31 (1916), pp. 2-4)- — Advice is given against the indiscriminate pur- chase and use of condimental stock foods and tonics. The breeding of animals, F. B. Mumford (Neto York: The Macmillan Co., 1917, pp. XVII +310, pis. 32, figs. 17).— In this manual for students and breed- ers of animals the author discusses the principles of genetics as they apply to the practice of animal breeding in accordance with the conclusions of biolo- gists. Emphasis is placed upon those principles and practices that belong peculiarly to the province of the animal breeder, while not neglecting the lessons and illustrations to be drawn from the field of plant breeding. The maintenance of breeding ewes of mutton and wool sheep, B. O. Sex'eb- soN (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 1J,J, (1916), pp. 3-20, figs. 6).— This bulletin is a summary of experiments upon the maintenance of breeding Shropshire and Delaine-Merino ewes begun at the station in 1911. The results secured during 1911-1913 have already been noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 171; 35, p. 565). During the winter periods 1913 tc 1916 the sheep used were a few of the ewes remaining from the former tests and some of their offspring. The Shropshire pens, lots 1 and 2, consisted of 8 ewes each in the winter of 1913-14 and 10 ewes each in the winters of 1914-15 and 1915-16. The Delaine-Merino pens, lots 3 and 4, consisted of 6 ewes each in the winters of 1913-14 and 1914-15 and 8 ewes each in the winter of 1915-16. During the three winters 1913 to 1916 the different lots received the same grain mixture as the corre- sponding lots during the earlier period except that no cottonseed meal was fed. The roughage consisted of alfalfa hay for lots 1 and 3 and corn silage and alfalfa hay for lots 2 and 4. For lots 2 and 4 the alfalfa hay was limited to 2 lbs. per head daily for lot 2 and to 1.75 lbs. for lot 4 in 1915-16, and the silage to 2 lbs. per ewe daily in 1913-14. In 1914-15 the grain mixture was not fed previous to lambing and only to ewes that yeaned. During the summers the ewes were alternated on two pastures every two weeks. They flocked together without any grain except for a few weeks prior to and during the breeding season. The average annual cost of maintenance of these ewes from December, 1913, to May, 1916, including interest, depreciation, and mortality risk, with alfalfa hay at $15 per ton, was $9 for lot 1, $7.59 for lot 2, $8.29 for lot 3, and $7 for lot 4. The average percentages of lambs by the ewes that yeaned were 195, 163, 115, and 126, and the percentages of lambs raised by ewes that yeaned were 110, 95, 95, and 100, respectively, for the four lots during the three years. The average weight of the lambs at weaning time for the four lots was 58.78, 59, 57.6, and 53.1 pounds, respectively. The average weight of fleece per ewe was 8.56 lbs. for lot 1, 7.66 for lot 2, 12.3 for lot 3, and 11.13 for lot 4. The average loss in weight per ewe during the three winter periods was 23.72 lbs. for lot 1, 19.87 for lot 2, 9.38 for lot 3, and 6.63 for lot 4. During the 668 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 summers of 1914 and 1915 the average gain in weight per ewe was 37.2 lbs. for lot 1. 33.52 for lot 2, 23.91 for lot 3, and 26.45 for lot 4. It is concluded that " alfalfn hay at $15 per ton is too expensive as a sole roughage for breeding ewes of these types. Alfalfa hay with a grain mixture of 0.25 lb. per ewe daily produces vigorous lambs, results in a greater growth of wool, and stimulates a greater milk flow than a ration of corn silage. a)falfa hay, and grain. When alfalfa hay is fed without grain to breeding ewes prior to lambing the lambs are weak at birth and the ewes give less milk than with grain. ... A ration of alfalfa hay, corn silage, anfi a limited grain mixture is more economical by 15.6 per cent than alfalfa as a sole roughage, and is satis- factory for pregnant ewes. " Ewes fed no grain prior to lambing produced stronger lambs and gave more milk [when silage supplemented alfalfa hay]. Except for the 1915 crop of lambs, when no grain was fed prior to lambing, the lambs of lots 1 and 3, fed nl- falfa hay as a sole roughage, carried a higher condition of flesh and made more rapid gains than those in lots 2 and 4, respectively. ... A greater amount of manure was produced by ewes fed alfalfa hay as a sole roughage. . . . " The lambs produced by the Delaine- Merinos were heavier at birth than the Shropshire lambs, due to a small proportion of twins. The Delaine- Merino lambs were hardier at birth and the ewes required less care than did the Shropshires. The cost of maintenance per ewe decreases with the in- crease in number of ewes in a flock to a unit of at least 40 ewes. . . . .Shrop- shire lambs are worth from 50 to 75 cts. more per 100 lbs. live weight than Delaine-Merino lambs. . . . "A high percentage of good market lambs is the most important factor in profitable sheep raising. Exercise and care of breeding ewes are as important as feeds in increasing the percentage of lambs. . . . Feed racks which pre- vent seed and chaff from getting into the fleece increase the value of wool from 1 to 2 cts. per pound." Of the average income that was realized from the four lots during the last three years of the experiments when 100 per cent lambs were raised, 65.6 per cent was for mutton and 34.4 per cent for wool. Poultry breeding and management, J. Dryden (Neio York: Orange Judd Co., 1911, pp. XIV-\-lt02, figs. 188). — This book, which contains a large number of illustrations and is of special interest to students of poultry culture and to poultry farmers, treats of the subject under the following chapter headings : His- torical aspect, evolution of modern fowl, modern development of the industry, classification of breeds, origin and description of breeds, principles of poultry breeding, problem of higher fecundity, systems of poultry farming, housing of poultry, kind of house to build, fundamentals of feeding, common poultry foods, methods of feeding, methods of hatching chickens, artificial brooding, marketing eggs and poultry, and diseases and parasites of fowls. The behavior of chickens fed rations restricted to the cereal grains, B. B. Habt, J. G. Halpin, and E. V. McCJollum (Jour. Biol. Chem., 29 (1917), No. 1, pp. 57-67, pi. 1).- — The experiments reported in this paper include observations extending through two years. It was found that chickens started at half the normal weight could make slow growth, maintain themselves, and produce fertile eggs on rations limited to corn meal, gluten feed, and calcium carbonate, or wheat meal, wheat gluten, and calcium carbonate. These results are in marked contrast to those with swine or rats where these rations resulted in loss of weight and cessation of oestrum, and with wheat to a condition resembling polyneuritis. " It is apparent that the mineral requirements at least, and possibly the re- quirements for the other normal nutritive factors, are not the same for chickens 1917] DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. 669 as they are for mammals. Further, the chicken's ability to tolerate, without disaster and without modification of the ration, the toxic material of wheat speaks for a metabolism distinct from that of swine or rats. " Where half-grown chickens were used there was no important improvement in the rates of growth or egg-lying capacity by supplementing the grains with either salts, casein, or butter fat, or a combination of the three, as contrasted with the results secured with the grain, grain protein concentrate, and calcium carbonate ration. The protein level in all cases was approximately 12 per cent. On all of these rations the number of eggs produced, although fertile, was limited. This fact, at variance with the best results of practice where animal protein concentrates have proved of great value as supplements to cereal grains for a large egg production, would suggest that either the higher plane — 20 to 25 per cent — of protein intake of superior quality secured in practice by the use of the animal protein concentrates (meat scraps, milk, etc.) explains these differences, or else the latter contribute certain factors neces- sary for large egg production which the cereal grain concentrates or casein fail to carry. The matter needs further investigation." Winter egg production, A. R. Lee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 71 (1917), pp. 4)- — Suggestions are given for the stimulation of winter egg pro- duction in pullets and to some extent in hens by proper methods of feeding, housing, and handling. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The influence of the plane of nutrition of the cow upon the composition and properties of milk and butter fat: The influence of underfeeding, C. H. EcKLES and L. S. Palmer (Missouri Sta. Research Bui. 25 (1916), pp. 3-107, figs. 15). — The investigations reported in this bulletin are in continuation of those already noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 774). In these experiments three pure-bred Jersey, one pure-bred Holstein, one pure-bred dairy Shorthorn, and two pure-bred Ayrshire cows were used. Six- teen experimental feeding periods were carried out with these cows, six of which were begun immediately after parturition, four within 30 days after parturition, and six somewhat later in the lactation period. In addition five experimental periods with the above cows, involving the reduction of a super- normal plane of nutrition, and seven experimental periods with cows other than the above, involving physiological underfeeding, are discussed. The three types of underfeeding considered are those in which (1) the plane of nutrition of the cow is reduced to subnormal, (2) the plane of nutrition is reduced but not to subnormal, and (3) the cow is unable for physiological reasons to consume sufficient food to support the milk flow immediately after parturition. Of the factors which influence the effects of underfeeding on the composition and properties of milk and butter attention is given to (1) the stage of lactation period of the cow, (2) the degree of underfeeding, (3) the character of the ration, (4) the state of flesh of the cow, (5) the plane of nutrition of the animal previous to underfeeding, and (6) the length of the underfeeding period. Data connected with the experiments are tabulated and shown graphically in the appendix. The following conclusions are drawn : "A subnormal plane of nutrition causes a cow in lactation to lose more or less weight, depending on the state of flesh of the animal, the degree of under- feeding, and the length of time the animal is underfed. " The effects of a subnormal plane of nutrition on the milk flow depend upon the stage of the lactation period at the time of underfeeding. Cows subjected 670 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.36 to a subnormal plane of nutrition immediately after parturition maintain their milk flow at u nearly constant level under the most adverse conditions. In one experiment a constant flow was maintained for 30 days with sufiicient food for body maintenance only. A decline in milk flow accompanies even moderate underfeeding when the lactation period has reached a certain stage. The exact point when this occurs was not determined in the experiments. The explana- tion of this difference in the elfect on the milk flow is believed by the authors to rest on the conception that the milk flow of the cow is stimulated by two factors, (1) chemical, (2) nervous. The former is more or less independent of the food supply and predominates for a period of time after parturition. The latter is almost entirely dependent on the food supply and predominates, or replaces the chemical stimulus, after the lactation period has attained a certain stage. " Physiological underfeeding and reduction in the plane of nutrition from a high to a normal plane is invariably accompanied by a marked increase in the percentage of fat in the milk, especially when the cow has a surplus store of fat on her body. In the case of physiological underfeeding there is almost invariably an actual increase in the yield of milk fat, as well as in the per- centage in the milk [E. S. K., 27, p. 280]. The efi'ects of an induced subnormal plane of nutrition on the percentage and yield of fat in the milk are variable, an increased fat percentage sometimes resulting, in other cases there being no change, while in others an actual decrease in the percentage of fat results. The factors that appear to cause these variations are the state of flesh of the animal, the degree of underfeeding, and the season of the year in which the experiment is conducted. "A subnormal plane of nutrition at times affects the percentage of protein in the milk. In some of the experiments conducted there was a decline in the percentage of casein, while in others the total protein only was affected. In the latter cases the percentage of ash in the milk also decreased. None of the types of underfeeding influenced the percentage of lactose in the milk. "All types of underfeeding have marked effects on the physical and chemical constants of the butter fat, which are characterized by a decline in the Reichert-Meissl number and saponification value and an increase in the iodin value. Three types of results were noted with respect to the effects on the melting point of the butter fat, (1) increase in melting point, (2) stationary melting point, and (3) decrease in melting point. These differences are ex- plained by the facts that in the group of experiments with increased melting point the decline in the volatile fatty acids was relatively greater than the increase in the oleic acid. In the group of experiments with constant melting point, the changes in the two kinds of fat constituents offset each other with respect to their effects on the melting point. In the group in which the melt- ing point declined, the increase in oleic acid was relatively much greater than the decline of the volatile fatty acids. "The proportion of volatile fatty acids in butter fat has a much greater influence on the melting point than the proportion of oleic acid. This was strikingly shown in several of the underfeeding experiments, in which marked changes in the melting point of the fat occurred with variations in the Reichert- Meissl number in spite of the fact that the iodin value remained abnormally high throughout the experiment. " The more important factors influencing the effects of underfeeding on the fat constants are the character of the ration, the degree of underfeeding, and the length of the underfeeding period. Corn silage and other feeds which in- crease the volatile fatty acid content of butter fat, affect the degree of abnor- mality of the fat constants accompanying underfeeding, but not their amount of 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 671 change. The effects of underfeeding on the fat constants appear to reach a limit with a subnormal plane of nutrition of about — 40 per cent. Long con- tinued underfeeding results in more or less recovery of the fat constants from the most abnormal values, but the recovery is never complete. " The increase In the percentage of milk fat and the changes in the character of the fat which accompany underfeeding are not satisfactorily explained by the hypothesis that underfeeding causes a transfer of tissue fat to the mammary glands. Blood fat analyses made during the height of physiological underfeed- ing in the case of two cows failed to show any increase in the amount of fat carried by the blood stream in comparison with normal conditions in the same animals. " As a basis for the explanation of the effects of underfeeding on the percent- age of fat in milk and on the composition of the fat, the hypothesis is advanced that the synthesis of milk fat in normal amount and its synthesis with normal composition are independent physiological functions. The production of the normal amount of milk fat is controlled by the activity of the lipases and other enzyms which accelerate this synthetic reaction in the mammary gland, and is influenced greatly by changes in the general metabolic activity of the body, particularly by the changes that affect the fat metabolism. By this hypothesis it is possible to explain the normal variations in the percentage of fat in the milk, the variations which occur with extreme weather conditions (which have a particularly strong influence on the general energj' metaboUsm of the animal), as well as the variations in the effects of underfeeding on the percentage of fat in the milk, especially those that appear to be related to the fatness or thinness of the cow. The synthesis of milk fat of normal composition is controlled by variations in the amount and kind of material presented to the milk glands by the blood stream, from which the normal constituents of milk fat are formed, particularly those which especially characterize the milk fat, namely, the vola- tile fatty acids. A further extension of this phase of the hypothesis is limited by the lack of knowledge as to which constituents of the blood are utilized for the formation of normal milk fat. " The effects of underfeeding on the composition and properties of milk and butter fat show the importance of controlling this factor in feeding experi- ments involving the effects of specific feeds on the composition of milk and butter. The effects of underfeeding must be taken into account in the inter- pretation of all data involving variations in the composition of milk and butter fat due to specific conditions of the cow, specific environments of the cow, changes in the feed of the cow, or to feeds of specific character. " The variations in the composition and properties of milk and butter fat with underfeeding of the cow may have an important bearing on the use of such milk for human food, particularly as food for infants. Lack of data on this phase of the problem, however, makes it impossible to state how much bearing the results have in this connection." Further studies of the relation of the quality of proteins to milk produc- tion, E. B. Habt, G. C. HuMPHRirsf, and A. A. Schaal {Jour. Biol. Chem., 26 (1916), No. 2, pp. 457-4^1, fiffs. 4)- — Id continuation of previous studies (E. S. R„ 33, p. 275), data are here presented on the comparative value for milk production of the proteins of gluten feed, linseed meal, distillers' grains, casein, and skim milk powder. Three pure-bred Holsteins of large milking capacity and not with calf were used In the experiments. Each animal was placed on one ration for a 4-week period with immediate change to another concentrate, thus involving each individual cow in from 16 to 20 weeks of observation. Each ration contained approximately 2 lbs. of digestible protein of which 50 per cent. 89684°— No. 7—17 6 672 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.86 came from the particular concentrate under investigation. Tlie total protein intake constituted about 10 per cent of tlie dry matter of tlie ration and the nutritive- ratio was about 1 : 8. With a daily production of from 40 to 45 lbs. of milk containing from 10 to 12 per cent of total solids, a negative nitrogen balance persisted throughout the experiments, this negative balance being very much larger with the gluten feed ration than with any of the other concentrates. Only during the period of skim milk powder feeding was one of the animals storing nitrogen. " In spite of this long negative balance milk secretion continued at the expense of catabolizing tissue. The total yield and total solids of the milk declined slightly after two months of continuous negative nitrogen balance. " There was a marked difference in the utilization of the concentrates : Gluten feed showed a percentage efficiency of 45, oil meal 61, distillers' grains 60, casein 59, and skim milk powder 60. These data represent the efficiency in the mixture used. " Possible errors in calculation may arise from the supplementing effect of the catabolizing tissue, thereby raising the figures above their true value, but nevertheless they do have comparative worth. . . . These studies furnish additional evidence that the nutritive ratio or plane of protein intake for milk production may vary according to the nature of the concentrates and basal ration used." The influence of the ration on the composition of the urine of dairy cows, T. E. Keitt {So7ith Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 57-^8).— In these investiga- tions, three lots of 1 aged cow and 1 heifer each were fed from June 19, 1913, to March 18, 1915. Lot 1 received a balanced ration of linseed meal, corn meal, and wheat bran; lot 2 cottonseed meal and linseed meal (1:4); and lot 3 cottonseed meal. The rations of all the lots were supplemented with pasturage and corn silage when the pasturage was scant. The urine of each of the animals was secured for various 24-hour periods throughout the experiment and the amounts voided per diem, together with the urea content, are tabulated. Analytical data are also tabulated for the urine of each cow for each of these 24-hour periods, regarding the specific gravity, acidity, chlorids, phosphates, albumin, acetone, sugar, indican, total solids, ash, free ammonia, nitrogen, lime, and color. In the case of the cow in lot 1 there seemed to be a direct relation between the color of the urine and its specific gravity — the higher the specific gravity the deeper the color. A short time before calving the specific gravity of the urine ran very low and at this time all of the constituents were quite low, probably due to large dilution. There seemed to be no definite relation between the total ash content and the content of lime and of phosphorus. The total solids varied in a general way with the specific gi-avity. The phosphorus content of the urine of the heifer in this lot was lower than that of the cow, but the contents of nitrogen, urea, free ammonia, and lime were higher. The contents of nitrogen, urea, and free ammonia ran lower in these two animals than in those fed the highly nitrogenous feed, indicating that a highly nitrogenous feed throws more work on the urinary system of the animal and that the excess of nitrogen above the balanced ration is metabolized. With lot 2 the relation between color and specific gravity did not hold. There was not much lowering of the specific gravity of the urine previous to calving in this lot. After two months of the experiment had elapsed there was a noticeable increase in the urea content of the urine of this lot, this being true Irrespective of the fluctuations in volume of the urine voided. This was true of all animals receiving high protein rations, but it did not hold good for the animals on the balanced ration. 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 673 The carrying of a fetus seemed to have some bearing on the content of lime and phosphorus in the urine, this being especially noticeable in the aged cows. Immediately after calving the urine of the cow in lot 1 greatly increased in lime and phosphorus content. Later the lime and phosphorus contents became lower. With the cow in lot 2 there was a great increase in phosphorus content imme- diately after calving, but the lime content remained low. Beginning a month after this cow was bred again there was a marlved decline in phosphorus and lime. The contents of lime and phosphorus were greatly increased after the second calving. The content of both lime and phosphorus in the urine of the cow in lot 3 was comparatively low during pregnancy, and there was a noticeable Increase in the lime content after calving. The phosphorus content of the urine of the heifer in lot 1 increased after the birth of her first calf, and the lime content after the second calf. With the heifer in lot 2 the lime content increased after calving. The phosphorus content liad been high and continued so. Report for 1915 of the united dairy experiment farm at Hoom (Verslag Ver. Exploit. Proefsuivelboerderij Hoom, 1915, pp. 103, pis. 2. figs. 7). — This con- tains a financial report of the institution, together with results of an experi- mental test of two milking machines, and studies to determine whether the fat in cheese exercises an influence on the ripening, the proteoclastic power of lactic acid cocci, the production of cleavage products of lactose by lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus lacticus) in milk and whey, the normal gas formation in cheese, the Duclaux method for determining fatty acids, and the " cracking " of Edam cheese. Milk yield tests in cows, J. Kappeli {Milchw. Zentbl., 45 {1916), No. 2, pp. 17-24). — Tabular experimental data of the milk yielded by cows at the Berne- Liebefeld experiment station during the years 1899-1914, together with data relative to the feed received, are submitted and discussed. It is concluded in general that for determining the total milk yield for any period of lactation weighing the milk once every two weeks is satisfactory and yields average results which are accurate enough for all practical purposes. Certifi.cate-of-record dairy cows. — A world's record, W. M. Singleton {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 13 {1916), No. 4, pp. 293, 294, fiff- 1).—The .Jersey heifer, Mere, commenced milking at the age of 1 year and 346 days, and pro- duced in 1 year 12,164 lbs. of milk containing 663.64 lbs. of fat. This is said to be a world's record for the production of milk fat for animals of this age. Regulations adopted by the Argentine Rural Society for registering milk records of dairy cows {An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 51 {1916), No. 1, pp. 74-76; abs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 {1916), No. 6, pp. 856-858) .—This gives the text of the resolutions adopted by the Argentine Rural Society for the registering of milk records of dairy cows which are recognized as suitable for forming milking strains. An experiment with milk veins, R. R. Graves {Hoard's Dairyman, 52 {1916), No. 20, pp. 687, 717, figs. 6). — In the experiment here briefly reported the milk veins of two cows were ligated in order to determine whether the posterior mam- mary veins would carry all the blood from the udder. With one of the cows, which had been in lactation about 18 months, there was no shrinkage in milk flow following the tying of one vein, and only slight shrinkage following the tying of the other vein a week later. In the case of the other cow, whicli had been in milk a little over two months and had a daily milk production of about 44 lbs., the milk flow was only slightly lowered, due to the tying of the milk veins. Postmortem examinations of these cows showed that the posterior mammary veins were about as large as the anterior veins. The author suggests that 674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 undue emphasis is attached to the milk veins in the score cards of the various breeds of dairy cattle. The influence of heating on creaming in milk, R. Bukbi {Milcfiw. Zentbl., 45 {1916), No. 3, pp. 33-39). — Experimental data are submitted which show that a preliminary heating of the milk below its boiling point markedly shortens the time for complete creaming. Pasteurization at 61° C. (141.8° F.) for 30 minutes produces a very rapid and complete separation of the cream. Heating at higlier temperatures increases the creaming time. The practical significance of the results in regard to the determination of the correct temperature for pasteurization is indicated. The behavior of Streptococcus lacticus on heating milk at 60 to 63° C. (modem pasteurization), H. Weigmann, A. Wolff, Makg. Trensch, and M. Steffen (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'\, 2. AM., 45 {1916), No. 1-5, pp. 63-107).— The results of the investigation show that after lieating milk for 30 minutes at from 60 to 63° C. (140 to 145.4° F. ) the lactic acid bacteria are present, in general, in a much larger proportion to the remaining organisms than in the raw milk. The same was found on heating the milk for only 10 or 20 minutes. Milk drawn in the stable was found to contain a proportionately larger number (about double) of the acid bacteria than milk drawn in the field, while the number of acid organisms which survived pasteurization was from four to five times as great in the stable milk. In spite of the larger proportion of acid bacteria in the pasteurized milk than in the raw milk the time of suuring was considerably longer than in the raw milk. From experimental data in this connection it is concluded that the acid bacteria in the pasteurized milk were attenuated both with respect to reproduction and fermentation. The creaming of the pasteurized milk was found to be much more rapid and also more complete than in the raw samples. The detailed bacteriological data are submitted In tabular form and dis- cussed in some detail. See also a previous note by Aj'ers and Johnson, jr. (E. S. R., 29, p. 73). Testing milk and cream, M. R. Tolstbup and M. Mortensen (loiva Sta. Circ. 32 (1916), pp. 2-8, figs. 14). — Brief directions are given for testing whole milk, cream, and skim milk for fat by the Babcock method, together with some common causes for poor tests and reasons for variations in cream tests. Why cream tests vary, H. A. Ruehe (Illinois Sta. Circ. 192 (1917), pp. 2). — This circular gives in a concise form information as to the cause of variations in cream testing. Caring for cream on the farm, H. A. Ruehe (Illinois Sta. Circ. 190 (1917), pp. 2, fig. 1). — Brief suggestions are given. Care of the cream separator, H. A. Ruehe (Illinois Sta. Circ. 191 (1917), pp. 2). — Suggestions deemed helpful to separator operators are offered. [Chemical comparison of two fermented milk products], A. Sanna (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 49 (1916), No. 2, pp. 73-88) .—The Sardinian fermented milk product, " miciuratu " or " gioddu," is compared with the Egyptian product " leben " or " laben raieb." VETERINARY MEDICINE. The principles of pathologic histology, F. B. Mallory (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1914, PP- 677, figs. 497; rev. in Jour. Bad., 1 (1916), No. 5, pp. 550, 551). — This book, which treats of pathology from the morpholojiic point of view, consists of two parts, the first relating to general pathologic histology (pp. 17-410) and the second to special pathologic histology (pp. 411-662). The review Is by F. P. Gay. 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 675 Veterinary materia medica and therapeutics, K. Winslow {New York: WiUiam R. Jenkins Co., 1916. 7. cd., rev., p-p. [/4]+78i).— This is tlie seventli revised edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 20. p. 1183). Much new data relating to therapeutics have been added, together with a number of medicinal agents not previously included and a complete section on poisons and antidotes. Spinal anesthesia is considered in detail for the first time. Live stock sanitary laws of the State of Arkansas, R. M. Gow {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 126 (1916), pp. 1^).— This consists of the text of the state laws, the regulations of the board of control of the station regarding them, notes on the laws and regulations, etc. Report of the nineteenth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association {Rpt. U. S. Live Stock Sanit. Assoc, 19 (1915), pp. 194, figs. 2). — The papers presented at the annual meeting of the association, held at Chicago, December 2 and 3, 1915, include the following: A Disease Re- sembling " Forage Poisoning " in Horses and Mules Wherein Oat Hay In- corporated the Primary Factor, by R. Graham, L. R. Himmelberger, and R. L. Pontius (pp. 22-42), previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 580) ; The Ad- visability of State-wide Compulsory Pasteurization, by W. B. Barney (pp. 42-45) ; Summary of Investigation on Immunization Against Anthrax, by A, Eichhorn (pp. 45-56) ; Infectious Pneumonia of Cattle (Hemorrhagic Septi- cemia), by A. T. Kinsley (pp. 56-59) ; Hog-cholera Investigations. Ijy M. Dorset (pp. 59-74) ; Official Control of the Production and Distribution of Commercial and State Serum, by C. J. Sihler (pp. 74-78) ; Tick Eradication, by C. A. Cary (pp. 79-81) ; Advantages of Closer Cooperation Between Bureau of Animal Industry and State Officials In the Control of Contagious and In- fectious Diseases, by C. Vrooman (pp. 81-83) ; The Use of Concrete in Sanitary Farm Equipment, by N. K. Wilson (p. 84) ; Cooperation with Bureau of Animal Industry in the Control and Eradication of Contagious and Infectious Dis- eases, by O. H. Eliason (pp. 85-89) ; Inspection of Live Stock for Interstate Movement, by D. F. Luckey (pp. 89-96) ; Sanitation in Connection with Trans- portation of Live Stock, by A. J. Davies (pp. 96-101) ; Disinfection of Local Stockyards and Farm Premises, by F. A. Bolser (pp. 101-103) ; and Effective Quarantine as a Factor in Controlling Foot-and-mouth Disease, by U. G. Houck pp. loa-112). The following papers presented before the conference on foot-and-mouth disease at Chicago, November 29-30, 1915, and previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 74), are included in the appendix: An Ideal State Law for Cooperation Between State and Federal Authorities in Work of Eradicating Contagious Animal Diseases, by C. J. Marshall (pp. 143-147) ; What General and What Specific Rules Should Be Observed in Fixing the Periods and Duration of the Different Forms of Quarantine Against Foot-and-mouth Disease, by V. A. Moore (pp. 147-153) ; Economic Effect on Business Men as well as Farmers of Temporary Outbreaks and of Permanent Presence of Live Stock Disease, by A. J. Glover (pp. 153-159) ; and Quarantine Zones or Units, by J. I. Gibson (pp. 159-161). Report of the New York State Veterinary College for the year 1913—14 (Rpt. N. T. State Vet. Col., 1913-14, pp. SIO, pis. 15).— The following papers are included in this report: The Diagnosis of Open Cases of Tuberculosis, by D. H. Udall and R. R. Birch (pp. 55-105) ; A Study of Hog-cholera Trans- mission, by R. R. Birch (pp. 106-114) ; Contagious Abortion of Cattle (pp. 115-162) ; Suggestions for the Repression of Abortion, Sterility, and Mam- mitis in Cows and of White Scours in Calves (pp. 163-174), and The Cause, Prevention, and Treatment of Retained Placenta in the Cow (pp. 175-188), by W, L. Williams; An Improved Technique for the Handling of Fistulous 676 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. tVol. 36 Withers, by W. L. Williams and J. N. Frost (pp. 189-199) ; An Outbreak of Septicaemia Hemorrhagica Among Cattle in New York State (pp. 200-206) (E. S. R., 34, p. 478), and A Review of the Principal Methods Used to Standardize Bacterins (Bacterial Vaccines) with Special Reference to the Use of the Hemocytometer (pp. 207-219), by C. P. Fitch; The Determination of Anthrax by Means of the Thermo-precipitation Reaction (pp. 220-2.54), Tuberculosis in Pheasants (pp. 255-260) (E. S. R., 34, p. 386), and A Cysto- adenoma in a Fowl (pp. 261-268), by E. M. Pickens; and The Location of the Accessible Lymph Glands in Cattle with Reference to Physical Diagnosis, by E. Sunderville (pp. 269-276). Report of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University for the year 1914-15 {Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col., 19U-15, pp. 22It, pis. 24) — The following papers are included in this report: Preliminary Report on the Recognition of Swamp Fever or Infectious Anemia in New York State, by D. H. Udall and C. P. Fitch (pp. 50-62) (E. S. R., 34, p. 280) ; Researches upon Contagious Abortion of Cattle, by W. L .Williams (pp. 63-101) ; Report on the Conglutination Test with Special Reference to the Diagnosis of Glanders, by C. P. Fitch (pp. 102-115) (B. S. R., 34, p. 781) ; Instructions in Selecting, Packing, and Shipping Tissues for Laboratory Examination, by E. M. Pickens (pp. 116-128) ; A Preliminary Report on Verminous Bronchitis in Dogs, by H. J. Milks (pp. 129-135) ; Uncinariasis in Dogs, W. E. Muldoon (pp. 136-141) ; The Structural Changes that Occur in Certain Nonspecific Inflammations of Joints, by S. A. Goldberg (pp. 142-181) ; The Limitations of Tuberculin in Detecting Tuberculous Infected Animals, by V. A. Moore (pp. 182-189) ; Physiologic Relations — Poultry, by P. A. Fish (pp. 190-204) ; and Lobar Pneumonia, So-called, in Domesticated Animals, by S. H. Burnett (pp. 205-220). Proceedings of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association (Proc. Wis. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1 {1916), pp. 161, figs. 5). — A report of the first annual meet- ing of the association, held at Madison, .January 18-20, 1916. Annual report of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, the mar- kets and fairs (weighing of cattle) acts, etc., for the year 1915 {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], [Vet. Dept.], Ann. Rpt. Proc., 1915, pp. 44)- — This consists mainly of the report of the assistant secretary, animals division, A. W. Anstruther, on the work during the year with hog cholera and the recurrence of foot-and-mouth disease. Statistical tables relating to the number of animals In Great Britain, number exported from Ireland to Great Britain, number imported from and exported to foreign countries, and diseases among animals in Great Britain are appended. Annual report on the civil veterinary department, United Provinces, for the year ended March 31, 1916, E. W. Oliver (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. United Prov., 1916, pp. 77+22+2). —This is the usual annual report (E. S. R., 34, p. 777). New apparatus for the veterinary laboratory, N. Moki {Ann. Stas. Sper. Malattie Infet. Bestiame, R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 2 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 209-234. figs. 14). — An apparatus for keeping liquids hot during filtration, an apparatus for sterilizing surgical instruments with steam, a container for use in sterilizing and conserving rubber stoppers used for serum vials, a new model serum vial, a culture flask for growing micro-organi.sms in either solid or liquid media, a support for the serum container used during the filling of a syringe, a device for holding animals (rat or mouse) during Inoculation, and a support for surgical Instruments during autopsies arc described In detail. The preparation of culture media from whole blood, R. A. Kelser {Jour. Bact., 1 {1916), No. 6, pp. 615-617). — The author describes in detail the prepa- ration of a medium from whole fresh beef blood. In a comparative test with 19171 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 677 beef bouillon, in which various types of organisms, including streptococci, staphylococci, Bacillus typhi, B. diphtheria, B. anthracis, B. tuberculosis, B. abortus, B. mallei, etc., fungi, and saccharomyces, were \ised, in all cases where a noticeable difference of growth was observed it was in favor of the blood media. The medium can be used in preparing various modifications and on account of its low cost and ease of preparation it is strongly recommended. Methods of raising a low arterial pressure, W. M. Bayliss {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 89 (1916), No. B 617, pp. 380-393).—" When the arterial pressure is low from loss of blood, it can not be brought back, except to a certain degree, by the injection of saline solution in volume equal to that of the blood lost. But if the viscosity of such solutions is raised to that of the blood, a return to normal height is possible. The effect of saline injec- tions is also much less lasting than that of solutions containing gum or gelatin. The difference in this case is due to the osmotic pressure of the colloids, by which loss of water by the kidneys and to the tissues is prevented. Solutions containing gum do not produce edema in artificial perfusion of organs. " When the fall of blood pressui'e is due to peripheral vasodilatation, gum or gelatin solutions, although more effective than pure saline, produce a much less permanent rise than in cases of loss of blood. No signs of heart failure could be detected and the cause of the fall of the raised pressure to its original height is still obscure. The combination of a small dose of barium chlorid, as recommended by Langley,* with a moderate amount of gum solution was found to be the most satisfactory method in such cases and no diminution of vasomotor excitability resulted. " The view that fall of arterial pressure produces peripheral vasoconstric- tion by means of nervous channels, and that rise of arterial pressure produces vasodilatation was confirmed by artificial perfusion of a limb." Studies in anaphylaxis, XVIII, XIX, R. Well (Jour. Immunol., 2 {1916), No. 1, pp. 95-124, figs. 5). — Two studies are reported, continuing previous woi'k (E. S. R., 34, p. 778). XVIII. The mechanism of delayed shock (pp. 95-108). — Experimental data submitted show that there is, in actively sensitized guinea pigs in which the circulating blood has been largely replaced by normal blood, a delayed reaction on the intraperitoneal injection of antigen. Circulating antibody is not a factor in the production of delayed shock, since the simultaneous injection of antibody intravenously and of antigen intraperitoneally does not induce an- aphylactic symptoms. " The isolated uterus effectively reproduces the picture of delayed shock if the antigen is very gradually added from a burette. " The factors in the mechanism of acute and of delayed shock are identical, namely, the reaction of cellular antibody with freshly introduced antigen. In the case of acute shock the reaction is immediate, owing to the sudden intro- duction of antigen, which is, as a rule, accomplished by the intravascular route. In the case of delayed shock the reaction is delayed, owing to the cumulative effect of the gradual absorption of antigen, as from the peritoneal cavity." It is indicated that the gradual mode of reaction of the cells may possibly explain some of the symptoms of infectious diseases. XIX. Simultaneous injections of antigen and antiserum. — The anaphylatoxin theory of anaphylaxis (pp. 109-124). — Characteristic anaphylactic symptoms have been produced in guinea pigs, in exceptional cases only, by the simul- taneous but separate injection of antigen and antibody intravenously. In rab- »Jonr. Physiol., 45 (1912), No. 4, pp. 239-260. 678 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.86 bits characteristic anaphylactic symptoms have never been induced by separate simultaneous injections. " The injection of previously prepared mixtures of antigen and antibody frequently produces violent anaphylactiform symptoms in guinea pigs and in rabbits. This is due to certain cliemical alterations (' anaphylatoxius ') which may also be produced by incubating normal serum in vitro with a great variety of substances, such as agar, starch, heterologous serum, etc. The injection of these latter substances intravenously has never been shown to produce anaphylactic symptoms. It appears, therefore, that serum in the test tube reacts quite differently from plasma of the circulating blood. " The interaction of antigen and of antibody in the circulating blood does not give rise to toxic substances (anaphylatoxius) and does not produce an- aphylactic symptoms. Anaphylaxis, by which is meant the reaction of the previously treated animal to a fresh injection of antigen, is always and in- variably mediated by cellular antibody, and by that alone." Streptothrix in broncho-pneumonia of rats similar to that in rat bite fever, Ruth Tunnicliff {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 19 (1916), No. 6, pp. 767-772, pis. 3).— " A streptothrix similar to Streptothrix muris-ratti, isolated from the blood of patients with rat bite fever, has been observed in smears and isolated in pure culture from the lungs of rats with broncho-pneumonia. An increase in op- sonins and agglutinins for this organism has been found in infected rats. Acute lesions have been produced in the lungs of rats inoculated intraperitoneally with cultures of this organism." > The influence of the climatic and tellurical factors on the distribution and M spread of certain animal diseases, with special reference to the conditions occurring in South Africa, D. Kehoe (So. African Jour. Sci., 12 {1916), No. 11, pp. 47^-501). — This discussion relates particularly to tick and insect borne diseases and those caused by helminths. Tick bite in stock and its treatment, S. T. D. Symons {Agr. Oaz. N. S. A Wales, 27 {1916), No. 11, p. 767).— In the coastal areas of Australia the scrub 1 tick (Ixodes holocyclus) is troublesome to young stock and in many cases fatal to foals, calves, pigs, dogs, and cats, particularly in the autumn and early spring. Although not producing death in the case of adult horses and cattle, its bite causes considerable irritation and pain. When attached the ticks may be destroyed by dropping turpentine or kerosene upon them. A laxative should be administered to the affected animals at once and followed by a stimulant. | Anthrax, J. A. Lanahan (N. T. State Indus. Cam. Spec. Bui. 79 (1916), pp. \ 22, pis. S, fig. 1). — This reports upon the occurrence of anthrax in New York State, the causes of the outbreaks, and methods of control and eradication. The treatment of glanders with salvarsan, especially suspicious horses, and its influence on the production of antibodies, H. Miessnbib and W. Lange (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchmclir., 24 (1916), No. 14, pp. 127-lSO; abs. in Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Intemat. Rev. Sci. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 6, p. 849). — The results of the treatment of eight animals in a test of the value of salvarsan and neosalvarsan are reported in detail. Animals which manifested no ap- parent symptoms of glanders, but whose blood indicated its presence, were used. Blood examinations were made before and after the injection in order to ob- serve the effect of the drug on the formation of antibodies. In general the authors conclude that it is impossible to cure glanders with either salvarsan or neosalvarsan. No very conclusive results were obtained by the blood examinations or by the serological tests. In using the agglutination test, however, a reduction of anti- bodies In the sick animals was observed shortly after the injection, with a con- 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679 siderable increase a short time afterwards. The use of salvarsan or neosalvar- san might thus be of value in detecting the presence of the disease in horses. The preparation of an antiglanders serum, P. Ceimi {Ann. Staz. Sper. Malattie Infet. Bestiamc, R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 237- 255). — Tlie experiments reported demonstrate that an excellent serum against glanders can be produced by inoculation of the hog, sheep, horse, or cow. The serum produced was obtained by the subcutaneous injection of a virulent broth culture of Bacillus mallei. The injections were started with an initial dose of 10 cc., and for each succeeding injection double the amount previously used was injected until 6 liters of culture were used. The injections were made at periods ranging from 7 to 15 days apart. The injection of the antiserum obtained into a pigeon which had previously been inoculated with a virulent culture of B. mallei showed it to possess marked prophylactic and curative properties. Used in doses of 0.25 cc. the serum pro- duced the recovery of a pigeon 48 hours after the first injection of 0.1 cc. of a virulent culture, while the control bird was killed in 60 hours. The serum pro- longed the time of death of a pigeon which had received a 0.1 cc. dose of viru- lent culture the previous day. The serum used solely as a prophylactic in doses of 0.1 cc. conferred an im- munity on pigeons which lasted several months. The serum taken from an animal four months after the last injection of the virulent culture was, as might be expected, almost completely deprived of its immunizing properties. Various methods for determining the trypanocidal activity of substances in vitro and their relation to the chemotherapy of experimental trypanoso- miasis, J. A. KoLMEB, J. F. ScHAMBEKG, and G. D. Raiziss (Jour. Infect. Dis- eases, 20 (1911), No. 1, pp. 10-21). — "Trypanocidal tests in vitro have been found of distinct value in chemotherapeutic researches in experimental try- panosomiasis. Substances exerting a profound trypanocidal activity in vitro are likely to prove trypanocidal in vivo, provided the drug is sufficiently non- toxic to be administered in adequate dosage. With the combined in-vitro-vivo method ... it has been found possible to detect the trypanocidal activity of new compounds which were without effect in vivo in amounts but slightly less than the sublethal dose." Salvarsan has been shown to possess a high trypanocidal activity in vitro. A trypanocidal activity by mercurials which is not apparent in vivo tests has been demonstrated by in vitro methods. In the combined in-vitro-vivo method described, equal parts of varying dilutions of the material are mixed with blood trypanosome emulsion and kept at 37 to 40° C, when the whole or a part is injected intraperitoneally into white rats to determine the degree of trypano- cidal activity. As a part of the drug is injected its action is both in vitro and in vivo. Care must be exercised, however, against the administration of lethal doses of the drug. The numeric relationship of infection to the chemotherapy of experimental trypanosomiasis, J. A. Kolmee, J. F. Schambeeg, and G. D. Raiziss (Jour. Inject. Diseases, 20 (1917), No. 1, pp. 35-44). — Experiments reported demon- strate that in the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis an important relation exists between the number of trypanosoraes injected into the test animal and the trypanocidal activity on the part of the drug. This relationship is par- ticularly evident with respect to the amount of drug necessary to effect com- plete sterilization. The importance of this relationship to the results of chemotherapeutic experi- ments, particularlj in comparative tests, is indicated. 680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. IVol. 86 The tubercle bacillus in the sputum and other body fluids, H. Biekky {Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. IParis], 163 (1916), No. 21, pp. 6J8-62i).— Directions and brief notes on the isolation of tubercle bacilli from the blood, pleural exu- date, and spinal fluid are submitted. Summary of the conclusions reached regarding contagious abortion, V. A. MooKE {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 12 {1911), No. 2, pp. 78-80). — A discussion before the annual meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association, held at Chicago, in December, 1916. The cause of the " spewing sickness " of sheep, C. D. Maksh {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. [Pub.}. (1916), pp. 4, fig. 1). — Heavy losses have oc- curred on the sheep ranges in the Wasatch Mountains in Utah from what is known locally as " spewing sickness." The description of symptoms given by sheepmen has coi'responded very closely with those known to result from poisoning by the death camas (Zygadenus veneiiosus) . Investigations conducted in 1915 Iiave, however, shown quite conclusively that the spewing sickness of that summer was not caused by death camas but was due to another plant, namely, Dugaldia hoopesii, known locally as " sneezeweed." The present preliminary paper has been prepared with a view to furnishing sheepmen with information to enable them to recognize the plant and be on their guard against it. It is said to grow at elevations of from 7,000 to 10,500 ft., ranging from Wyoming in the North to Arizona and New Mexico in the South, and as far west as California. It is a rank-growing plant, and in some localities has largely taken possession of extensive areas on the range. " The marked symptoms of poisoning by Dugaldia are depression, weakness, salivation, nausea accompanied with vomiting, and a weak, irregular pulse. Diarrhea is common, and bloating is a prominent symptom in sheep poisoned on the range. The effect on the pulse is especially characteristic, and it is evident that the toxic principle in large doses has a specific effect on the heart. ' While all parts of the plant are poisonous, experiments seem to indicate that the flowers are somewhat more so than the leaves. It is thought probable that cases of acute poisoning are rare, but it is known that sheep may be poisoned by eating from 2.5 to 3 lbs. in a single day, although most cases of range poison- ing are the result of feeding extending over several days or perhaps two or three weeks. Thus far no medicinal remedy can be recommended, and the main reliance must be placed upon prevention. Annual reports of the camel specialist for the years 1914—15 and 1915-16, H. E. Cross (Ann. Rpts. Camel Specialist [Punjab], 1914-15, pp. 21; 1915-16, pp. 27, figs. 11).— The usual reports (B. S. R., 32, p. 184) dealing with the diseases of camels in the Punjab. Biological investigations on hog cholera in southern Italy, N. Moki (Ann. Stas. Sper. Malattic Infet. Bestiame, R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 191-206, figs. 2). — A disease similar to the disease prevalent in hogs was produced in young healthy pigs by the subcutaneous injection of the diluted serum of the sick hogs which had previously been passed through a Berkefeld filter. Similar results were obtained by ingestion of the virus or by subjecting the animals to exposure to diseased hogs. Animals which i-ecovei-ed from an infection produced by subcutaneous Injection of the filtered virus were found to be Innuuue to a possible infection by ingestion of the virus. The virus which originally produced the disease In healthy animals later produced antibodies in animals which had recovered from an Infection. It is Indicated that the disease which exists In southern Italy is probably the same as that recognized in America as hog cholera. The destniction of trichinse by cold, E. Leclainche (Rev. 06n. MM. V^t., 25 (1916), No. 293, pp. 198-206; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 29 1917] ETJBAL ENGINEERING. 681 (1916), No. 2, pp. lSS-186). — This is a review of the literature relating to the effect of cold upon trichinae, including the work of Ransoro. previously noted (B. S. R., 34, p. 680). The occurrence of the ^ant nematode on the liver of a dog, W. A. Riley and W. L. Chandler (ComeU Vet., 6 {1916), No. 4, pp. 209-212, pis. 2).— The authors record a case of parasitism of the liver of a South Carolina dog by Dioctophyme renale, together with the pathological conditions which it induced. Botulism, a cause of limber-neck in chickens, E. C. Dickson {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 {1911), No. 5, pp. 612, 613). — Investigations of outbreaks of botulism due to the consumption of home-canned com, string beans, apricots, etc., which resulted in the death of human beings as well as of chickens fed on remnants of the materials indicate that botulism may be a cause of limber-neck in chickens. Anaerobic bacilli, which had all the morphological and cultural characteristics of Bacillus botuUntis, were obtained from the gizzards of several of the fowls. The fact that the B. botulinus toxin may be formed in certain vegetables and fruits without the addition of animal protein may explain the occurrence of this disease of domestic fowl under conditions in which access to spoiled meats can be excluded. RTTRAL ENGINEERING. The effect of sudden enlargement upon the flow of water in pipes, T. J. RoDHOusE {Cornell Civ. Engin., 25 {1916), No. 2, pp. 49-61. figs. 3). — Experi- ments on the effect of the flow of water of sudden enlargement of 1 and 1.5 in. pipe to a pipe whose diameter is 2.096 in., and a study of the action of the Pitot tube under disturbed conditions, are reported. The following conclusions are dra\vn : " The Pitot tube measures with a fair degree of accuracj', always within 2 or 3 per cent and more frequently within 1 per cent, the velocities of flow in a pipe where the resultant motion of the water throughout the entire cross sec- tion at the point where the tube is inserted is a forward motion, and where the distribution of velocities is symmetrical about the axis of the pipe. The Pitot tube is a means by which eddies or whirls caused by obsti'uctlons in the pipe may be detected, but it will not measure with any degree of accuracy the dis- charge of a pipe when inserted in the immediate region of such eddies. " The rating coefiicient of discharge of the Pitot tube for normal conditions can not be applied in the case of abnormal conditions produced by sudden en- largement where eddies exist, but immediately below the region of eddies the rating coefficient of discharge may be applied with a fair degree of accuracy. The eddies produced by sudden enlargement of section extend for the short dis- tance of only about 2 or 3 diameters below the enlargement. The disturbance caused by sudden enlargement of section produces abnormal conditions in the distribution of velocities which continue down the pipe for a distance of about 35 diameters. " The ratio of the mean velocity to the velocity at the center, -^, increases in value, in the case of sudden enlargement, from a minimum near the point of enlargement to a maximum at a point about 11 diameters downstream, after which it begins to gradually decrease, approaching the value of the ratio for flow in straight pipe at a distance of 85 diameters below enlargement. The loss of head due to sudden enlargement may be expressed by the equation, Hb=K( -l)-2^ a constant times the theoretical loss by Borda's formula, and in making the observations for the total loss due to this disturbance, a 682 EXPEEIMEKT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 31 distance of at least 35 diameters of the downstream section, below the enlarge ment must be included. The value of the coefficient K is very nearly the sam^ in the two cases of enlargement investigated, and is approximately 0.97. " The Pitot tube reversed, i. e., the impact point turned downstream, gives negative pressure head which, reduced to velocity, negative, gives a value whose ratio with the velocity in the upstream direction is fairly constant for any given form of tube. But the relative values of the downstream readings to the ui stream readings for different forms of tubes vary greatly. The maximum nega tive pressure or suction action at the impact point of the Pitot tube occurs whei the direction of the axis of the opening Is approximately pei-pendicular to th^ direction of flow." Value of Kutter's "n" for metal flumes (Reclam. Rec. [U. S.], 8 (1917) No. 1, p. 37). — Tests made on the North Plattt- and Uncompahgre irrigation" projects to determine the value of the coefficient n in Kutter's formula for metal flumes are reported. " The results indicate that 0.012 is a fair average value for n in flumes with smooth interior, and that 0.013 may be considered amply safe for design." HoldiBg power of nails (Engin. Rec, 75 (1917), No. 2, p. 71). — From experi- ments on the holding power of 16d. and 20d. nails in a direction perpendicular to the length of the nail in which 2 by 12 in. yellow pine planks were nailed to fir sills and sheared off, a safe loading of 210 lbs. for 16d. and 250 lbs. for 20d. nails was assumed for use in the heel plates of the wooden flumes on the West Okanogan Irrigation Project. Friction of bronze on bronze (Reclam. Rec. [U. S.], 8 (1917), No. 1, p. S6).— Experiments on the coefficient of friction of bronze on bronze to be used in estimating the power required in the operating mechanism for large high- pressure sluice gates are reported. The tests were made on gates at the Path- finder, Arrowrock, and Elephant Butte dams, all of which are provided with cast bronze bearing surfaces and are operated by oil pressure on pistons moving in cylinders mounted on the gate bodies. The results are given in the following table : Oate tests. Size of gates (larger dimension vertical). Head on center of gates. Average time of opening Average time of closing. Friction coefficient. Dam. Average for open- ing stroke Maximum for opening stroke. Average for dosing stroke. Maximum for closing stroke. Pathfinder Arrowrock Elephant Butte.. Fret. 4.42X7.5 5X5 3.92X5 Feet. 12 48.5-^4.8 107.3 Minutes. 16.0 10.0 5.2 Minute*. 14.0 11.0 4.2 0.420 .310 .336 a440 .420 .383 a290 .290 .254 0.310 .340 .268 Beport on irrigation surveys and Inspections, 1915—16 (Dept. Int. Canada, Irrig. Branch Rpt. 1915-16, pp. 86, pis. Jf). — This includes the reports of the Superintendent and Commissioner of Irrigation and of the chief field in- spector ; a summary report on duty of water and irrigation crop reports ; and reports on bench marks, on the C3rpress Hills, Western Maple Creek, and Calgary irrigation districts, on international waterways, and on the Leth- bridge Northern Irrigation Project, for 1915-16. State Rivers and Water Supply Commission [of Victoria], eleventh annual report, 1915—16 (Victaria Rivers and Water Supply Com. Ann. Rpt., 11 (1916), pp. 39, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A statement of the work and expenditures of the commia- slon for the financial year 1915-16, and estimates for 191&-17, 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 683 The specific gravity of nonhomogeneous aggregates, P. Hubbabd and F. H. Jackson, Jb. {Atner. Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 16 {1916), pt. 2, pp. S78-402, figs. 6; abs. in Cement Era, lit (1916), No. 9, pp. 4MS. fiff^- 6).— The object of this investigation was to study methods in common use, or those which gave promise of being most satisfactory, for the determination of apparent and true specific gravity of mineral aggregates, with a view to ascertaining if possible what method is most generally applicable to all classes of materials and also the most accurate. The methods studied were as follows: (1) The ordinary displacement method as conducted by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, (2) the Chapman method for single specimens, (3) the Goldbeck method, (4) the Hubbard- Jackson method, (5) the Chapman wire-basket method, (6) the Le Chatelier method for fine aggregates, and (7) the Jackson method for fine aggregates. Descrip- tions of these tests in detail, together with illustrations, are given. Sixteen samples of crushed rock, three samples of crushed slag, a sample of gravel, and three samples of sand were used in the investigation. The following con- clusions were drawn : "(1) In the case of rock and slag an appreciable variation may exist between apparent specific gravity and true specific gravity, depending upon the absorp- tion of the material. (2) It is impracticable by any of the methods studied to determine the apparent specific gravity of samples composed of fragments smaller than 0.5 in. in diameter. (3) Methods employing single test specimens are not safe to use for determining the specific gravity of nonhomogeneous aggregates, even when the average results of three apparently representative samples are taken. (4) In the case of nonhomogeneous aggregates consisting of fragments of not less than 0.5 in. in diameter, all of the methods employing 1,000-gm. samples are satisfactory and can ordinarily be depended upon to give check results by different operators working upon the same sample to within one in the third significant figure. (5) When determining the specific gravity of extremely nonhomogeneous aggregates, it is recommended that the average of not less than three tests, made upon different 1,000-gm. samples, be reported. (6) When it is desired to obtain as nearly as possible the apparent specific gravity of aggregates consisting of a mixture of coarse and fine par- ticles, it has appeared advisable to separate a weighed sample of the material by means of a 0.5-in. screen, and to make an apparent-specific-gravity determi- nation upon not less than 1,000-gm. of the coarse fraction and a true-specific- gravity determination upon not less than 50-gm. of the finer fraction. The approximate apparent specific gravity of the whole sample may then be cal- culated from the results obtained." A new form of specifications for concrete aggregates, C. M. Chapman (Amer. Soc. Testing MateriaU Proc., 16 {1916), pt. 2, pp. 180-193).— This paper proposes that instead of specifying that concrete aggregates, particularly sand, be of a certain fixed minimum standard of quality, the specifications be made to read in effect as follows: The materials used shall be of such quality and shall be used in such proportions as to produce a concrete which shall show a compressive strength of 2,500 (or 2,000 or 1,500) lbs. per square inch at the age of 28 days under standard test. A brief outline of the manner in which this form of specification is utilized in practice is also given. A method of making wear tests of concrete, D. A. Abbams {Amer. Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 16 {1916), pt. 2, pp. 194-208, figs. 6; abs. in Engin. and Contract., 46 {1916), No. 5, pp. 102, 103. figs. 4).— A brief review of tests use^J for determining the wearing resistance of concrete and concrete aggregates, especially for use in the wearing surface of roads, is given, and a method Is 684 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. [Vol.36 described for conducting wear tests on concrete blocks 8 in. square and 5 in. thick by means of the Talbot-Jones rattler. The strength of clamped splices in concrete reinforcement bars, E. L. Lasier {Avier. Soc. Testing Materials Proc., 16 (1916), pt. 2, pp. 209-238, figs. 12; abs. in Engin. and Contract., 45 {1916), No. 26, pp. 518, 519, fig. 1; Engin. Rec., 74 {1916), No. 2, pp. 48, 49). — " U-bolt clamped splices of both 17- and 21-in. lengths of splice were tested to determine the load at first slip and the maximum load the splice would resist. Three different classes of splices were thus tested, (1) lap splices not embedded in concrete, (2) butt splices not embedded in concrete, and (3) lap splices embedded in concrete. The rein- forcement steel in all cases consisted of 1-iu. square cold twisted bars. " The loads necessary to produce first slip had a range of from 7,000 to 50,000 lbs. The maximum loads which the splices withstood varied from 23,000 to 69,000 lbs. The ratios of load at first slip to yield point of bar for clamped splices not embedded in concrete varied from 12 to 21 per cent, and for splices embedded in concrete from 53 to 83 per cent. Ratios of maximum load to tensile strength of bar ranged from 31 to 61 per cent for unembedded splices, and from 79 to 95 per cent for embedded splices. The conclusions which may be drawn from the tests are as follows : " The 4-in. difference in lengths of lap tested, of one bar upon the other, apparently does not affect the rigidity or strength of the splice. The clamped lap splices not embedded in concrete sustain, on the average, a slightly greater load before first slip, and a larger maximum load, than the clamped butt splices. Splices consisting of two bars of opposite twist probably sustain a greater load before first slip, and a larger maximum load, than do splices in which the bars have like twist. " When U-bolt clamped lap splices (of the type, size, and lengths reported upon) are embedded in masses of concrete similar to those of the test speci- mens, the splices may be expected to withstand a stress before first slip equal to at least one-half the yield point stress of the continuous reinforcement bar. Also, the maximum strength of such splices is probably equal to at least three- fourths of the tensile strength of the bar. When U-bolt clamped lap splices (of the type and lengths reported upon) are embedded in relatively large masses of concrete, It is reasonable to suppose that first slip would not occur, or the splice would not completely fail, before the yield point or tensile strength, respectively, of the reinforcement steel had been reached ; for in such cases the splices would undoubtedly fail only by the pulling out of the bars along the grooves (either through untwisting or through direct shear), and not by splitting of the surrounding concrete. In either case, unlike the results in the tests, the clamps would remain embedded in the concrete, unless the concrete prism directly compressed by the area of the upper or lower clamps were pulled out also, a condition which is not in the least likely to occur \vith a relatively large mass of concrete. Hence for purposes of design, it is probable that such U-bolt clamped lap splices, embedded in concrete under conditions ordinarily obtaining in actual practice, could safely withstand a unit load equal to the allowable unit stress in the steel reinforcement bars." An apparatus for determining soil pressures, A. T. Goldbeck and E. B. Smith {Amer. Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 16 {1916), pt. 2, pp. S09-319, figs. 5; abs. in Engin. News, 16 {1916), No. 8, p. 339, fig. 1; Engin. Rec, 74 {1916), No. 2, p. 48, fig- 1). — This paper describes an apparatus for measuring the pressure under earth fill or against walls. A small cell having a thin brass annular diaphragm is buried at the desired position with pipe and electrical connections to an air supply and electrical equipment. Air pressure within the cell equilibrates the external soil pressure as indicated by breaking the elec- 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 685 trical contact and the pressure is read on a pressure gage. Typical calibration results are given. Tests of boilers with bagasse as fuel, E. W. Kerb (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 160 {1916), pp. 58, figs. 5).— Continuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 115), data are presented obtained from several series of boiler tests made at sugar factories during the grinding seasons of 1909, 1910, 1914, and 1915. The general purpose of these tests was to study the fuel economy of bagasse as affected by varying the size and form of the combustion chamber, the air supply, the amount of overload, and the size of grate. In 1909 twenty tests were made in five sugar factories, seventeen of which were on bagasse-burning boiler plants and the remaining three on oil-burning plants. The first plant has one 300-horsepower Stirling boiler with 3,000 sq. ft. of heating surface for bagasse and four 125-horsepower horizontal return tubular boilers for oil. The second factory has eight horizontal return tubular boilers for bagasse, making a total of 9,097 sq. ft. of heating surface and giving 758 horsepower. The third factory has four horizontal return tubular boilers for bagasse, each having 1,260 sq. ft. of heating surface, making a total of 421 horsepower. The fourth factory has nine boilers for bagasse, having a total of 16,600 sq. ft. of heating surface and a capacity of 1,383 horsepower. The fifth factory has five internally fired boilers with a total of 1,500 horse- power. All the bagasse boilers have Dutch oven furnaces. The tests on these plants showed that decreasing the load on heavily over- loaded boilers resulted in increased economy. Little change in economy could be produced by attempts to reduce the air supply by closing the ash pit doors or the fuel hopper doors. However, regulation of the draft by means of the stack damper resulted in a substantial increase in economy. An increase in evaporation of 26 per cent resulted from halving the furnace draft In a plant having a very high chimney by partially closing the flue dampers. The best fuel economy was found in furnaces having the highest temperatures. The highest furnace temperatures were invariably in the furnaces having the highest rates of combustion and the highest carbon dioxid content in flue gases. The power development by the boilers with bagasse as fuel varied from 0.89 to 1.12 horsepower per ton of cane per 24 hours, the average being 1.02. The total power development in the plant burning oil and bagasse to- gether was 1.8 horsepower per ton of cane per 24 hours. In 1910 a series of tests was made in connection with experiments on the question of bagasse drying. The tests were all made on a Stirling boiler with 1,000 sq. ft. of heating surface. It was found in these tests that boiler efficiency is lowered by excessive draft. Forced draft gave higher efficiency than stacked draft. This is attributed to the fact that the blower causes reduced vacuum in the furnace and consequently less inleakage of air. The stack heat loss was very high, the average being 45.16 per cent. In 1914 and 1915 tests were made for the purpose of securing data regarding the effect of rate of combustion, volume of combustion chamber, form of com- bustion chamber, methods of feeding bagasse, and leakage of air into the setting upon boiler efficiency. Special attention was also given to the question of flue gas analysis. The tests were made upon four typical bagasse boilers and settings. It was found that no particular advantage was indicated in tests of a boiler with a combustion space of unusual size and form. Higher efficiencies were obtained with a boiler having a much smaller combustion space. The highest efficiencies were obtained with higher rates of combustion. The high- est rate of combustion obtained in any of the tests was 225 lbs. of bagasse per square foot of grate surface per hour in a setting with a large combustion 686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 space. It was further found that with a large grate and open setting, together with a bagasse feeder that excluded air poorly, it was easy to have too much stack vacuum. On the other hand, it was found that a relatively small grate, in connection with a close setting and a hopper that excludes air, not only can be operated efficiently with high draft, but actually requix'es it. With reference to flue gas analysis, it was found that the loss due to in- complete combustion of carbon was in most cases small as compared with the loss due to excess air. In practice it was found that if the damper is so set as to obtain a very high percentage of carbon dioxid by reducing the air there is danger of incomplete combustion due to lack of air in portions of the fuel bed. The horsepower actually developed per ton of cane ground per 24 hours varied from a minimum of 1.16 where the fiber in the cane and the efficiency were low to a maximum of 1.44 where both the fiber and efficiency were high. In practically all cases the tests showed that boilers operated at overload gave efficiencies equal to or greater than when operated at rated or underload. Cereal dust explosions, B. W. Dedbick (Oper. Miller, 21 (1916), No. 12, pp. 452, 453; Miller's Rev., 35 (1911), No. 12, p. 332). — Conclusions drawn from in- vestigations conducted at the Pennsylvania State College, in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of the Interior, are as follows : " Hard substances, such as pieces of iron, nails, and stones, while producing sparks in passing between the grinding disks of attrition mills or other forms of disk mills along with material being ground produce no explosions, as the spark does not seem to possess sufficient intensity of heat or surface to cause ignition, and are almost instantly out as soon as emitted. . . . " Matches are not more dangerous than the metal or stone substances in the case of disk mills or millstones, because they are fired almost instantly when coming in contact with the plates at the eye and smothered out before issuing from the mill. None of the matches were ignited when issuing from the mill. With rolls it is possible for the match to become ignited while passing between the rolls and cause a fire or possible explosion, the match stick lodging and burning, furnishing sufficient flame and heat surface. " The spark or arc produced by static electricity does not seem to possess sufficient heat to ignite or cause an explosion of material or cereal dust as ordinarily produced in flour or cereal mills. . . . Only an electric arc, a naked flame, as a torch or lamp or burning match, apparently gives sufficient surface contact and heat to cause ignition of dust and cause an explosion which may produce merely a flash or an explosion more or less violent. "An Initial explosion may propagate and cause a flame to travel quite a long distance through conveyors and spouts. A conveyor does not seem to offer any obstruction to the flash or flame traveling through it or along its length. A damper in the spout below the mill is quite effective in preventing the flame from passing into the spout or conveyor below, so far as it relates to the ordinary light explosion, but it is possible for the flame in some instances to pass by the damper with a heavier explosion, though the force of the explosion or flash is checked or confined to the immediate vicinity of the damper. Another damper following the first would undoubtedly prevent any fiame from reaching the spout or conveyor. " When a secondary explosion follows It Is generally more violent or possesses more force than the first explosion and is of wider extent. "Dust in motion, as agitated by the blowing fan or caused by the jarring down or the sudden fall or cave in of. flour or feed sticking around the side of 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 687 bins, Is more liable to cause an explosion when a naked light comes in contact with it than the dust quietly floating in a room or bin." Building' code suggestions (Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Engin. Bur. Tech. Letter 4 {1916), pp. 12, figs. 10). — Fire stops, careful workmanship, and proper selection of materials are discussed as safeguards in frame dwelling con- struction. Building code suggestions (Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Engin. Bur. Tech. Letter 5 (1916), pp. 11, figs. 9). — Chimneys, smoke pipes, and fireplaces are dis- cussed in their relation to the fire hazard in dwellings, and detailed provisions for incorporation of these features in building codes are given. Tests of fi.re retardents, with special reference to tlie shingle roof, H. and A. VON ScHEENK (Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Engin. Bur. Tech. Letter 2 (1916), pp. 4< fiffs. 2). — Preliminary tests of fire retardents for use on shingle roofs are reported. The tentative conclusion is drawn that " several compounds are now avail- able which, if properly applied to wooden shingles, will give a shingle roof a very high degree of fire resistance. These same compounds at the present time have every guaranty of permanence, so far as this can be determined from a chemical investigation. They are insoluble in water and give a roof a pleasing appearance. For interior work, or for such places where direct weathering is of secondary importance, a very considerable number of compounds can be recom- mended, ranging from good mineral paints to more expensive materials." The construction of cow houses (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries ILondon], Leaflet 241 (rev.); Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londcml, 23 (1916), No. 5, pp. W-4o9, figs. 4).— This article deals with the principal factors to be considered in the construction of cow houses in England, as follows : Site, general construction of buildings, internal design, air and floor space, ventilation, and lighting. The construction of dipping tanks for cattle (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IS (1916), No. 4, pp. 523-534, P^- 2). — Specifications and working drawings of a serviceable and economical dipping tank are presented and discussed. Ice houses and ice supply, F. M. White and C. I. Gbiffith (Nat. Lumber Manfrs. Assoc, Trade Ext. Dept. Farm Bui., 6 (1916), pp. 23, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives general information on ice harvesting and ice houses and dis- cusses factors in the construction of ice houses, including size, insulation, foundation and floors, walls, doors, and ventilation. Designs for a farm ice house, a combination ice and cold storage room, and a homemade ice box are included. Design of bins for materials, E. McCcnxouGH (Cement Era, 15 (1917), No. 1, pp. 4^H^ fiQ- !)• — This article deals with the design of circular reinforced concrete bins for grain, coal, and other materials. Curves of data are included. Farm sanitation, C. L. McAbthxjr (Arlcansas Sta. Bui. 127 (1916), pp. S-24, figs. 9). — This bulletin deals with the location of farm buildings, the farm water supply, farm privies and sewage disposal, disinfection, flies and mos- quitoes, and disposal of waste material and dead carcasses. Sewage purification, H. VEBRifisE (Ann. Fonts et Chauss4es, 9. ser., 32 (1916), pt. 1, No. 2, pp. 159-224, figs. 2).— This article deals at some length with causes of the pollution of surface waters, the dangers of such pollution, self purifica- tion of surface waters, and circumstances making artificial purification of sewage necessary. Some theoretical considerations bearing on the performance of biological sewage purification plants, G. T. P. Tatham (Jour. Soc Chem. Indu^., 35 (1916), No. 13, pp. 711-715; abs. in Chem. Abs., 10 (1916), No. 21, p. 2779).— A theoretical discussion of the mean time of contact of sewage liquid with filter- 89684°— No. 7—17 7 688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. t Vol. 36 ing material and the relation between the degree of purification and mean time of contact is given, together with the results of tests on fine and coarse, shallow and deep filters. Theoretical laws and tabular data are derived which are suggested for use in the design of sewage purification systems. The laws indicate " that the puri- fication should not even theoretically be directly proportional to the mean time of contact. The relations given involve only one constant a [oxygen avidity constant] which Is dependent jointly on the nature of the sewage liquor and the method of purification adopted. ... It is the numerical measure of the rate at which the sewage pollute is oxidized when it is present in unit concentration." The equations and tables " give mathematical expression to the fact . . . that the size of the plant required to give a specified degree of purification increases very greatly per unit increase in the percentage purification as the latter itself increases. . . . Given the flow, it has been shown that the mean time of contact is proportional to the liquid content of the purification plant, and this in turn depends on the biological conditions obtaining inside the filter and on the physi- cal nature of the filtering medium." RURAL ECONOMICS. Proceedings of the ninth Bural Life CJonference {Alumni Bui. Univ. Va., 3. ser., 9 (1916), No. 4> PP- in-^dS). — This volume contains abstracts of the papers read at the ninth annual conference held at the University of Virginia summer school, in 1916, and relating principally to rural school and church problems. A rural survey of Lane County, Oregon, F. C. Ayek and H. N. Morse ( Univ. Oreg. Bui., n. ser., 13 {1916), No. 14, pp. 109, figs. 32). — This survey relates primarily to the rural and educational conditions found in Lane County. [Rural reforms in the organization of Spanish agriculture], G. Fernandez DE L&. Rosa {Bol. Agr. T6c. y Econ., 8 {1916), Nos. 85, pp. 41-50; 86, pp. 157- 166; 87, pp. 221-230; 88, pp. 318-324; 89, pp. 396-405; 91, pp. 583-593) .—The author discusses some of the causes for the lack of progress in Spanish agri- culture, and advocates the federation into a national organization of all agencies working for agricultural improvement. Semi-centennial history of the Patrons of Husbandry, T. C. Atkeson {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1916, pp. XII-{-364, P'«- 24)- — In this volume, are recounted the activities of the Patrons of Husbandry from the initiation of the order in 1865 to date, together with statements regarding its principal officers. History of the state agricultural and mechanical society of South Caro- lina, W. A. Clark, W. G. Hinson, and D. P. Duncan {Columbia, S. C: The R, L. Bryan Co., 1916, pp. XXII+S06, pis. 15).— This volume gives the history of the society from its foundation in 1839, and describes its activities and the men connected with it as officers. [Agricultural law of New York] {N. T. Dept. Agr. Bui. 83 {1916), pp. 1955-2145). — There have been brought together in this bulletin the laws of the State which affect agriculture. The federal farm loan system, H. Myrick {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1916, pp. 239). — The author explains the various provisions of the Federal Farm Loan Act and gives the full text of the act together with amortization tables. The farm mortgage handbook, K. N. Robins {Garden City, N. Y.: Double- day, Page d Co., 1916, pp. XIII +241). —The author describes the methods used by institutions dealing in farm mortgages in granting the mortgage and in its sale to the public. He points out some differences between the placing on sale of farm mortgages and those of other types. 191T1 RURAL ECONOMICS. 689 The land credit problem, G. E. Putnam (Bui. Univ. Kans., 17 {1916), No. 18, pp. 101). — The author discusses land mortgage credit in the United States, the rural credit movement, and credit for landowners, tenancy and land tenure reform, and the Federal Farm Loan Act. The agricultural bank of the Philippine Government, J. L. Manning (Ann. Rpt. Treas. Philippine Islands, 1914, pp- 52-58). — In these pages are described the activities of the bank, with a statement of its resources and liabilities showing the progress made during the six years of its existence. Cooperation in the New World, L. Smith-Gordon (Better Business, 1 (1916), Nos. 3, pp. 212-222; 4, pp. 296-314; 2 (1916), No. 1, pp. 54-73).— The author describes the various types of cooperative agricultural organizations found in his travels through the eastern and central parts of the United States. Report on the working of cooperative societies in Bihar and Orissa for the year 1915-16 (Rpt. Work. Coop. Socs. Bihar and Orissa, 1915-16, pp. 4+36-\-8-\-2, pi. 1). — This report continues the information previously noted (B. S. R., 36, p. 290). A manual on the preparation of crop forecasts in India (Dept. Statis. India, Manual Crop Forecasts India, 1916, pp. 4+II+4G)- — In this publication are discussed the history and development of crop forecasts, copies of the instruc- tion sheet regarding the preparation of the forecasts for various crops, and the methods in use in certain provinces. Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 2 (1916), No. 12, pp. 121-1 40, figs. 12). — In this number are given the acreage, average yield, total production, value and monthly prices of the principal farm crops by States, a revised estimate of the acreage contracted for by canneries, the condition of winter truck crops, the condition of winter wheat and rye sown in the autumn of 1916, the estimated farm value of important products and the range of prices of agricultural products at important markets, the production of cab- bage, tobacco, sugar beets, and beet sugar during 1916, a series of tables show- ing the production of the principal agricultural products by States and the monthly prices, and other data. Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., S (1917), No. 1, pp. 12, figs. 8). — This number contains the usual data regarding the estimated farm value of important products and the range of prices of agricultural products at important markets, together with data showing the number and value of live stock on farms January 1, the exports of horses and mules, monthly prices of milch cows, calves, beef cattle, sheep, lambs, hogs, wool, and bulls, also index numbers of prices of meat animals. Statistical data are also shown giving the prices of live stock by ages and classes. Data are given showing the condition of truck crops, stock of potatoes on hand January 1, the yearly marketings of live stock, etc. Missouri crop review for 1916, W. L. Nelson (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 14 (1916), No. 12, pp. 26, figs. 5). — In this report are given the acreage, average and total yield, average farm price of principal farm products December 1, 1916, and the number of live stock being fed compared with previous years. Farm lands in New Jersey, F. Dye and J. G. Lipman (Trenton, N. J.: State Bd. Agr., 1916, S. rev. ed., pp. 51, pU. 11). — In this revision (E. S. R., 31, p. 390) the authors discuss by counties the natural characteristics and adapta- bility to various farm crops of the farm lands, and also include special chap- ters on the climate and the fruit and vegetable, canning, poultry, and shell- fish industries. [Agriculture in Argentina], H. Miateixo (Bol. Min. Agr. [Argentina}, 20 (1916), No. 7-8, pp. 537-567, figs. 36).— The author outlines the development of animal and crop production and discusses agricultural colonization and im- 690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3fl migration, transportation of agricultural products, and manufacturing indus- tries allied to agriculture. [Agricultural statistics of Argentina] (Extract. Estadis. Argentina, 1915, pp. 3^2-353). ^In these pages the area, pi'oduction and value of the principal crops for 1915 are given, with comparative data for earlier years. [Agricultural statistics of Sao Paulo], P. de Mobaes Baeros {Relat. Sec. Agr., Com. e Ohras Pub. Sao Paulo, 1914, pp- 101-133, pis. 3). — In these pages are given data as to the production, imports, and exports of important agri- cultural products. Agricultural statistics of Uruguay (Estadis. Agr. [Urngiiay], 1915, pp. XIV +134). — In this report are shown the movement of agricultural products, the area and production of the principal crops, the number of live stock and the number slaughtered in 1915, and comparative data for earlier years. Acreage and live stock returns of England and Wales (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr. Statis., 51 (1916), No. 1, pp. 36). — This report con- tinues data previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 590). Agricultural statistics of Portugal (Estatis. Agr. Portugal, No. 4 (1914), pp. 272). — In this volume are given statistical data for minor subdivisions relating to rural population, soil, climate, area and production of crops, number of live stock, and consumption of animal products. [Agriculture in Sweden], edited by J. Guinchard (In Sioeden. Stockholm: Govt., 1914, 2. ed., vols. 1, pp. 1-81, 111-124; 2, pp. 27-165, figs. 85).— In these volumes are discussed the topography, climate, flora, fauna, rural population, rural husbandry, agricultural credit, and agricultural legislation. Agriculture [in Japan], S. Sato (Japan Year Book, 1916, pp. 331-350). — These pages continue the information previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 92). [Agriculture in Chosen] (Ann. Rpt. Refortns and Prog. Chosen (Korea), 1914-15, pp. 118-129, pis. 4)- — These pages continue the information previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 792). [Agriculture of New Zealand] (New Zeal. Off. Yearbook 1915, pp. 493-594, pis. 2, figs. 2). — These pages continue the data previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 395) adding data for 1915. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on the Agricultural Instruction Act, 1914—15 (Canada Dept. Agr. Sess. Paper 15c (1916), pp. IV +5-214). — This report comprises a summary showing the chief purposes for which the funds hitherto available under this act have been expended in the various provinces of the Dominion, and a review by provinces of the work carried on during the past fiscal year, including financial statements showing receipts and expenditures under the Agricultural Education Act of 1912, and the Agricultural Instruction Act to March 31, 1915. Appendixes relate to the rural school and school consolidation in Canada and the United States ; school instruction in agriculture, farm mechanics, and home economics in Canada and the United States; farm demonstration work in the United States ; women's work in Canada, etc. [Agricultural and forestry education institutions in Sweden], edited by J. Guinchabd (In Sweden. Stockholm: Govt., 1914, 2. ed., vol. 2, pp. 119, 125- 135, 187-189, figs. 2). — An account is given of the historical development and present organization of agricultural education institutions, including agricul- tural, forestry, and veterinary high schools, agricultural schools, forestry schools, dairy schools, people's high schools, farmers' schools, schools of agri- cultural economy for women, and farriery schools. The Wisconsin county training schools for teachers in rural schools, W. E. Laeson (U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 17 (1916), pp. 40, pis. 4, figs. 2).— This bulletin 1917] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 691 contains a brief history of these schools, the text of the county training school law, and a report, including statistical data, on the provisions for buildings, courses of study, experience and preparation of teachers, preparation of students, the worls done by graduates of these schools, the work of these schools outside of training of teachers, advantages of the training school as an institution for training country teachers, suggestions for improving the work of these schools, and other institutions in Wisconsin preparing teacliers for country school work. There are now 30 county training schools in Wisconsin, in which country school conditions are kept constantly in mind. Every school gives at least 20 weeks to the study of agriculture and some give as much as a year ; nature study is emphasized throughout the course, practically all of the schools have introduced in some form the study of rural sociology and rural economics, and many give domestic science and manual training; seven have actual practice departments in connection with their institutions, while the remainder secure practice work in the public schools of the village or city in which they are located. The training' of teachers for agricultural instruction {Agr. Oas. Canada, S (1916), No. 10, pp. 9 16-92J^).— This is an account of the present status of the training of teachers for agricultural instruction in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatche- wan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Summer school for teachers (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 3 {1916), No. 10, pp. 925- 932, figs. 2). — A report is given on the summer schools for teachers of agricul- ture held in 1916 in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Information relating' to the establishment and administration of county agricultural schools and agricultural departments (Bui. Bd. Ed. Mass., No. 23 (1916), pp. SO). — This bulletin contains comparative statements, aided in several instances by parallel columns, with reference to the authorization, control, organization, location, equipment, courses of study, qualifications of teachers, methods of instruction, conditions of admission, employment of pupils, expenditures of money, and digest of the pi-ocedure required for state approval and reimbursement, of county agricultural schools and agricultural depart- ments in high schools, to indicate the requirements and advantages of both. The text of an act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of an inde- pendent agi-icultural school, an example of a farm bureau memorandum of agreement, a memorandum regarding the classification of expenditures of state- aided vocational agricultural schools, and an example of per capita cost returns, are appended. Agricultural education in secondary schools, L. S. Hawkins (Univ. State N. Y. Bui. 62Jt (1916), pp. 87, pis. 29, fig. i).— This is an account of agricul- tural education in secondary schools in New York. It deals with (1) labora- tory and field instruction, including poultry class projects at the Hamburg and Highland high schools, a farm crops class project at the Le Roy High School, a dairy class project at the Perry High School, a joint project by the agricultural and home making departments at Lowville, and stock judging at Canton and Alfred; (2) home projects, (3) summer work of the teachers of agriculture, (4) the summer conference of teachers of vocational agriculture at the New York State College of Agriculture, including an outline of a four- year course in agriculture being tried out; (5) apprentice teacher training by the New York State College of Agriculture (E. S. R., 33, p. 795) ; (6) courses in home making; (7) extension work; and (8) the growth and devel- opment of agricultural instruction in a small high school. 692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3fi Women's institutes of Ontario, 1915 (Rpt. Women's Insts. Ontario, 1915, pt. 1, pp. 191). — This report contains the proceedings of the annual conventions of 1915, selected papers, and statistical data. The work now comprises 892 branches with a membership of about 30,000. Some suggestions on the organization of school gardens, A. H. Rosenfeld (Rev. Indus, y Agr. Tucuman, 6 (1915), No. If, pp. 139-11,8) .—In this discussion the author distributes school garden instruction over three years and suggests the work to be undertaken in each. A course in agriculture for the high schools of Michigan, W. H. French {Mich. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. Bui. U {1915), pp. 76, figs. 3).— This bulletin contains an outline of a course in agriculture for the high schools of Michigan. It includes suggestions and syllabi on the several subjects to be taught; sug- gestions to school officers on the qualifications and time of employment of teachers of agriculture, rooms and equipment, etc., and suggestions to teachers on methods of instruction, including extension work, school and home projects, field trips, etc. The course in agriculture is elective and includes one unit in each grade of the high school, thus making a four-year course. Each agricul- tural subject constitutes a half unit. There should be daily recitations for two or three days each week, other days being given to laboratory work and to study and observation in the experiment plat and on farms. An agri- cultural reference library and sample score cards are appended. Elementary agriculture, J. S. Gkim {Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1916, pp. XVI+490+12, pi. 1, figs. 336). — This book consists of five parts, viz, rural life and activities, the soil and its improvement, crops, stock, and farm economics, with practical questions, suggested home exercises, suggestions to teachers, and references to the literature at the end of eacli chapter. Charts showing the distribution of United States products, lists of farm journals and magazine articles, a sample constitution and by-laws of a boys' pig club, directions for the use of Farmers' Bulletins, a report of a pupil's project, etc., are appended. Chemistry of the farm and home, W. E. Tottingham and J. W. Ince {St. Paul, Minn.: Webb Publishing Co., 1916, pp. 434, figs. 115).— This text, for secondary schools giving instruction in agriculture, comprises five chapters in general chemistry to serve as a foundation for the succeeding chapters on chemistry as applied to the plant and its products, the soil, fertilizers, farm manure, the animal and its products, feeding of animals, dairy products, human food and dietetics, and miscellaneous materials of importance in daily life. Each chapter ends with a summary and review questions. The book concludes with 126 laboratory exercises, and appendixes containing a list of supple- mentary books and bulletins, data on soils and feeding stuffs, required chemicals and apparatus, etc. A laboratory manual of soil bacteriology, E. B. Fred {Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1916, pp. 170, figs. IS). — This laboratory manual Is intended primarily for students of soil bacteriology, soil chemistry and physics, and plant pathology, it being assumed that the student has had pre- vious training in general bacteriology and chemistry. The manual consists of exercises in soil bacteriology which, as far as possible, are planned to give quantitative results, formulae and methods, a list of apparatus for one student, a list of some of the more important books and journals treating of bacteriology, and laboratory rules. Sixty-two experiments in crops, C L. Queab {Muncie, Ind.: Industrial School Service, 1916, pp. S9, figs. 45). — This laboratory manual has been pre- pared for the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of the public schools. The experiments are arranged in four sections, viz, plant composition, cereal crops, forage crops, and plant economics, following somewhat carefully in the order 19171 MISCELLANEOUS. 693 of topics presented the following psychological principles: (1) The instincts which characterize the pupil during his adolescent period, (2) the ideas and experiences which he has formerly acquired which relate themselves in such a way as to help him in the clear grasp of agricultural facts, (3) the economic phase, and (4) habits previously acquired by the pupil. The chemistry of the garden, H. H. Cousins (London: Macmillan d Co., Ltd., 1916, rev. ed., pp. XIX-j-143). — This small volume treats the subject in a nontechnical way under the following chapters : How plants grow, the air, the soil, the fertility of the soil, manuring, organic manures, artificial manures, garden manuring, fungicides, and insecticides. Practical school and home gardens, G. W. Hood (Lincoln, Nebr.: Long and Co., 1916, pp. [61+181, figs. 114). — This book is suitable for school work be- tween the sixth and twelfth grades and for home gardening. Chapters are devoted to the value of a plant, planning the garden, the seed and how to plant it, the soil and its treatment, the hotbed and the cold frame, plants that should be started in the hotbed or the cold frame, spray material and spray machinery, vegetables grown for their roots, vegetables grown for their green parts, vegetables grown for their fruit and seed, and perennial vegetables. At the end of each chapter are review questions and references to literature. Directions are added for making 24 gardens, including suggested plans and records. Agricultural woodworking, L. M. Roehl (Mihvaukee, Wis.: The Bruce Pub- lishing Co., 1916, pp. 137, figs. 122). — This is a group of problems for rural and graded schools, agricultural high schools, and the farm workshop. They in- clude plans and lists of material required for making practical articles used in the home and about the farm, hog, poultry, and pigeon houses, a silo form, implement shed, corncrib, combined dairy and horse barn, combined horse and cow barn, plan for a farmstead, etc. A number of these problems ap- peared in a pamphlet entitled Manual Training for the Rural Schools (B. S, R., 36, p. 96). MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1916 (Alabama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 2S). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and reports of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1915 (Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1915, pp. 30). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station, and departmental reports. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1916 (South Caro- lina Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 64). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, departmental reports, of which that of the botanist and plant pathologists is abstracted on page — , and two special articles ab- stracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 4 (1917), No. 11, pp. 16, figs. 2).— This number contains brief articles on the following subjects: Udder Diseases and Their Treatment, by J. W. Kalkus ; Celery Culture in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl ; and Breeding for Egg Production, by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. -Shoup. NOTES. Arkansas TTniversity. — The state legislature has appropriated $481,000 for the ensuing biennium for the divisions of liberal arts, agriculture, engineering, and education. This is an Increase of approximately 50 per cent over any previous appropriation. An act was also passed whereby the university will hereafter be maintained by a special tax of four-ninths of one mill on all taxable property in the State. Delaware College and Station. — The state legislature has appropriated a total of $285,890.27 to the college for the ensuing biennium. Among the items author- ized are $125,000 for the new dormitory at the women's college, $32,000 per annum for the maintenance of that college, $32,000 for a new heating plant, $14,000 per annum for general maintenance, $10,000 per annum for the mainte- nance of the agricultural department, $7,890.27 for agricultural extension, and $4,000 to replace the loss of revenue due to the transfer of the fertilizer control work to the State Board of Agriculture. Hawaii College. — Dr. J. F. Illingworth has resigned as entomologist to accept an entomological position in north Queensland for a three-year period, begin- ning about June 1. Illinois TTniversity. — A field of 32J acres, located near Elizabethtown in Hardin County, has been presented to the university for experimental purposes by a donor whose name is withheld. This is the twenty-sixth tract to be given the university for agricultural work. In addition two pieces of land have been purchased and 16 are under lease, making 44 fields under cultivation by the college of agriculture in different parts of the State. Indiana Station. — Director Arthur Goss, who has been at the head of the station since 1903, has resigned, effective September 1, to give his entire atten- tion to his extensive farming interests near Vincennes. Iowa Station. — A. A. Dowell, instructor in animal husbandry, has resigned to assume charge of the department of animal husbandry in the University of Alberta, vice Kenneth McGregor, who is to engage in farming. Kansas College and Station. — A law was recently passed abolishing the state boards of control, educational administration, and corrections, and creating a single board in their stead. The new board consists of five members of whom the governor is chairman, and will have charge of all state educational, benevo- lent, and penal Institutions beginning July 1. Provision is also made in the act for the appointment for all institutions under its jurisdicton of & general man- ager at a salary not to exceed $6,000 per annum. The legislature has appropriated $80,000 to the college for the purchase of land to be used for animal husbandry, dairy, and poultry farms, and $50,000 for an addition to the agricultural building. Warren Knaus, of the class of 1882, has given to the entomolgical museum of the college his extensive collection of Coleoptera. M. N. I.(evlne, research assistant in plant pathology at the Minnesota Station, has been appointed assistant plant pathologist. 694 1917] NOTES. 695 Louisiana Stations. — W. R. Griflang has been appointed assistant plant pathol- ogist. Michigan College and Station. — V. M. Shoesmith, professor of farm crops and farm crop experimentalist at the station since 1910, has accepted a position as superintendent in the development of a 4,300-acre tract of land near Grand Rapids. Massachusetts College and Station. — Dr. A. E. Cance, head of the department of agricultural economics, has been granted leave of absence to work in co- operation with the New England Committee of Food Supply, which is endeavor- ing to organize a more efficient system of distributing food products. Miss Lorain P. Jefferson, research secretary of the division of rural social science, has been appointed acting head of the department during his absence. P. A. Waugh has been granted six mouths' leave of absence beginning April 1 to tal£e up work as consulting landscape architect in the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In this capacity he will visit many of the National Forests with a view to suggesting means tc conserve their natural beauties and outline a general policy for the landscape treatment of forest areas. Robert S. Scull has been appointed assistant chemist beginning February 1. Minnesota TTniversity and Station. — The division of agricultural biochemistry has completed its organization and equipment for instruction and research in plant chemistry. Opportunity is now afforded for graduate work in this sub- ject leading to the M. S. and Ph. D. degrees. The research projects available for investigation in 1917-18 include the strength of wheat flour, the chemistry of resistance to disease in plants, the enzyms of fruits and their relation to ripening processes, the chemistry of pollen, and protein investigations. The resignations are noted of J. Russell Winslow, assistant in the division of agricultural biochemistry, effective January 31 ; E. C. Higbie, superintendent of the West Central School and substation at Morris, effective July 31 ; and F. J. Piemeisel, research assistant in plant pathology, to become scientific assistant in the Office of Cereal Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Missouri University. — Recent appointments include Roy Hastings and Paul B. Naylor as assistants in agricultural extension, and T. S. Townsley, formerly assistant in poultry husbandry at the Kansas College, as extension instructor in poultry husbandry. Nebraska Station. — R. R. Spafford has been appointed assistant in farm man- agement. Nevada University and Station. — The term of office of regents of the univer- sity has been extended to ten years instead of from two to four years, one regent henceforth being elected every two years for the full term. The legisla- ture made an appropriation of $2,000 for general running expenses of the station. Rutgers College. — Under a recent act of the state legislature the scientific departments of the college have been designated as the State University of New Jersey. New Mexico College and Station. — Dr. George E. Ladd has resigned as presi- dent and has been succeeded by Dr. A. D. Crile. The station has received an increase of $2,500 per year in its State appro- priation from the recent legislature. J. G. Hamilton, assistant agronomist has resigned, effective March 1, to become county agent in Valencia County. Cornell University. — A series of news notes for the use of the press dealing with the use of our agi'icultural resources, such as the need of supplying the staple foods, the increase of food production and elimination of wastes in marketing, the development of home gardens, and the lessening of food wastes 696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 and other wastes on the farm and in the home has been begun. These new notes supplement the regular series of press bulletins, which will be continued as heretofore. North Carolina College and Station. — The station officials are cooperating with the extension division to promote a campaign for safe farming. The State seems to be well aroused as to the advantages of producing food and feed crops on the home farm, several thousand letters having been received requesting information as to the proper cultivation, fertilization, etc., of these crops. The question of the home garden has aroused especial interest among both city and country people. E. E. Culbreth, assistant in the division of markets and in charge of the accounting systems of the credit unions, has resigned to accept a commercial position. Dr. I. M. Hawley has been appointed nursery inspector. Ohio Station. — W. C. Boardman and O. H. Smith, assistants in the soil survey, have resigned. Sidney Bliss has been appointed assistant in the department of soils. Oregon College and Station. — O. G. Simpson, assistant professor of dairy manufactures and dairy manufacturing specialist, has resigned to become manager of the Oregon Cooperative Dairy Exchange. J. O. Beck has been appointed instructor in dairying, vice D. C. Howard, who has been appointed county agent of Columbia County. Pennsylvania College. — A tract of 60 acres adjoining the present experi- mental orchard is to be developed with a view to affording Instruction to students in the commercial operations of fruit growing. About 20 acres will be planted to apples, 7 to peaches, 4 to grapes, 8 to small fruits, 1 each to pears, plums, and cherries, and 3.5 to nuts, while 5 acres will be used for variety tests and studies of the botanical species from which the fruits have sprung. It is planned to provide eventually a foreman's house and facilities for spray- ing, packing, etc. The courses are to be so arranged as to permit of spending half-day periods at the orchard. J. B. Scherrer, of the New Hampshire College and Station, has been appointed assistant professor of vegetable gardening extension, effective April 15, and J. Martin Fry, assistant in agricultural extension, beginning February 1. Ralph A. Waldron, instructor in botany, has resigned to take up graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania. Porto Rico Federal Station.— Harvey B. Thomas, assistant plant pathologist at the Virginia Station, has been appointed plant pathologist. South Carolina College and Station. — H. W. Barre has been appointed director of research, beginning April 4. He will thus become director of the station, vice J. N. Harper, whose resignation has been previously noted, but not dean of the college, that office having been dropped for the present. "Utah College and Station.— A. W. Ivlns of Salt Lake City, J. W. Knight of Provo, Mrs. Lois C. Hayball of Logan, A. G. Barber of Logan, and Frank B. Stephens of Salt Lake City have been appointed to the board of directors, vice Thomas Smart, J. Q. Adams, J. M. Peterson, Annie K. Hardy, and Joseph Quinney, jr. The policy of the State toward the college and station was slightly changed by the last legislature by substituting for the continuous appropi ' tion method the inclusion of estimates In the governor's budget. A substantitilly increased appropriation for the ensuing blennlum was granted, of which the station re- ceives $7,500 additional and the extension work $5,000 additional, together with $G1,100 for buildings and Improvements and $6,000 for pure bred live stock and pasture. 19171 NOTES. 697 Washington Station. — A state office of farm markets has been established, attached to the station. The director is to be appointed by the director of the station with the approval of the governor. The study and improvement of market conditions is to be taken up and a market news service will be main- tained. The act carries an appropriation of $15,000 for the biennium. Dr. I. D. Cardiff has resigned as director of the station, his resignation to take effect during April. West Virginia "University and Station. — Under the will of the late Lawrence A. Reymann the station receives an estate of about 931 acres of improved land and a herd of about 125 pure bred Ayrshire cattle, the total value being about $120,000. The land is located on Capon River, in Hardy County near the Vinginia line, and is well equipped with buildings, farm machinery, etc., in- cluding a recently constructed cheese factory. The purpose of the gift is ex- pressed as to promote, develop, and advance the science of agriculture in its most comprehensive scope, and in addition to give special attention to the breeding and development of Ayrshire cattle. The station obtained possession March 1, L. F. Sutton being placed in charge as superintendent. Wyoming Station. — Earl O'Roke, instructor In zoology at the University of Kansas, has been appointed assistant zoologist and parasitologist beginning March 1. Canadian Experimental Farms. — An experimental flax mill has been erected at the Central Experiment Farm at Ottawa and is being equipped for compre- hensive experimental work in fiber manufacture. Field work with flax and hemp is also to be conducted at Ottawa, several branch stations, and clsewh )re, in an attempt to determine the areas in Canada suitable for the industry and to work out problems connected with its development. Research laboratories for special studies of grain rust are being established at Brandon, Manitoba, and Indian Head, Saskatchewan. W. P. Fraser, assistant biologist in Macdonald College, has been appointed to take charge of this work. Agricultural Development in Ontario. — In a special effort to populate and bring under cultivation large areas in northern Ontario, an agricultural high school and demonstration farms at New Liskeard, a government creamery at the same place, a 50-acre demonstration field near Matheson, and a plant breed- ing station at Ft. William are to be established. W. R. Leslie, a graduate of the Manitoba College, is to take charge of the breeding station. Plans are also under way for the necessary buildings and equipment ^or a new agricultural school to be established, through the Ontario Department of Agriculture, near Kemptville in eastern Ontario. It is intended to give useful and practical instruction in agriculture to young men between the ttvis ol 16 and 25 who have left school and domestic science instruction to young women. It is not proposed to duplicate anything already being done in the Province unless to some extent the first two years of the course at the Ontario Agricul- tural College. The regular course will not be longer than two years and there may also be a number of short courses. Special provision has been made in Ontario for the obtaining of homesteads by returning soldiers. These soldiers will first be sent to an agricultural train- ing depot being established at the government experimental farm at Monteith, where they will receive instruction. When a sufficient number have been trained, a farm colony will be opened at some point along the railway in charge of a competent superintendent. Farms containing not over 80 acres will be laid out and so planned as to bring the various farm hou.ses as closely to- gether as possible. A 10-acre tract will be cleared on each farm, and when this is completed the farm may be allotted free of charge to a soldier. He may also receive machinery, live stock, etc., to the value of $500, this being 698 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 reimbursable within twenty years. Tlie final title to the land wilU be given after five years. The community system will be followed in supplying horses, other stock, and implements, and cooperative methods of buying and selling will be used. Other plans for placing soldiers on the land are also under consideration. Agricultural Instruction in Western Canada. — In 1916 the provincial ministry of agriculture of British Columbia, which until then had always been united with some other ministry, was made a separate and distinct department and placed in charge of William Manson. During the past year 90 acres of the agricultural college site at the University of British Columbia have been cleared and prepai'ed for cropping and for a botanical garden. A collection of upwards of 26,000 specimens, representing nearly 800 species, of the native flora of British Columbia, which has been made during the past four years by John Davidson, the Province botanist, is to be transferred to the university campus, as a nucleus for a botanic garden. The last session of the legislature appropriated sufficient funds to permit of a beginning to be made in the erection of suitable farm buildings and the pur- chase of live stock and equipment. Regular degree courses in agriculture will not be offered in the college during the present academic year, but it is hoped that a series of short courses will be given, including the course on the scientific basis of agriculture offered as an elective last year (E. S. R., 34, p. 696). F. M. Clement, who for several years has been director of the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland, Ontario, has been appointed professor of horticulture and P. A. Boving, who for the past three years has been in charge of root investigations at MacDonald Col- lege, assistant professor of agronomy. Agricultural instruction has recently been introduced into the high schools of British Columbia in a systematic way. The first class in the Province was organized in September, 1915, and was followed by similar instruction in four other high schools in September. 1916. The instruction is being given by agri- cultural specialists, and is attended by a total of about 130 boys and girls. A two-year course has been outlined for these schools including the study of soils, fertilizers, and drainage ; fodder, grain, and root crops ; vegetable and flower gardening ; fruit growing ; animal and poultry husbandry ; dairying and bee keeping ; farm accounting and marketing ; farm mechanics for boys : and special practice in the purchase and preparation of foods for girls. Equipment costing about $400 is available in each school, with from one-half to one acre of laud for experimental and demonstration plats. The salary of the instructor is paid by the provincial department of education, and the remaining expenses by the local authorities. The Alberta Department of Agriculture began extension work in agriculture last spring with district agents in the field at various points in the Province. The minister of education is cooperating to the extent of making the time of the classes in school available to the agents for the carrying on of the work in cooperation with the teacher and inspector. The plan is to have the pupils take actual part in the growing of garden crops, the raising of chickens, and the feeding and management of young stock on their own farms. Initial group instruction in the laying out, planning, and general cultivation of the home gar- den is given in the schools, where leaflets and bulletins, seeds, and a limited number of eggs are distributed. Competitions in caring for stock are carried on and the season's program culminates in a fall fair held in conjunction with the district fair or at the most convenient school or village center. The work is being conducted in five centers and about 100 schools are taking part in It. 1917] NOTES. 699 Agricultural Progress In Latin America. — A law recently enacted in Colombia provides for the establishment of a series of stations in which agricultural investigations, such as experiments and demonstrations, application of chemical fertilizers, and the cultivation and acclimatization of plants, will be carried ou and exhibits will be made of modern agricultural machinery and tools. Each station will maintain a special agricultural meteorological bureau and be equipped for the study of insects injurious to plants, for analyses of soils and waters, and for the importation and distribution of seeds, plants, fertilizers, and animals for breeding purposes. It is also expected to issue a monthly bulletin as the official organ of these stations. A proposition is under consideration in Argentina for the establishment of a central institution for experimental work in agriculture under the immediate direction of the minister of agriculture. This institution would be located in the capital and would contain at the start an agricultural chemical laboratory, an office for seed control, an office for the study and inspection of agricultural machinery, an office of agricultural botany, an office of vegetable pathology and agricultural entomology, and a meteorological observatory. According to the Bulletin of the Pan American Union a practical school of agriculture has been opened at Aconcagua, in Chile, and steps have been taken to found an agricultural school for women in the Province of Aconcagua. In Costa Rica a professional school fr girds was inaugurated on June 1, 1916, in San Jos§, equipped for giving practical instruction in domestic arts and science and such other subjects as may be deemed desirable. The agricultural school at Challapata, Bolivia, for the instruction of the natives has been moved to Rosario Plantation, near the town of Challapata, and enlarged. It is announced that the Department of Fomento, in Mexico, has decided to establish a nursery for tropical plants in one of the States of the Republic bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. The principal feature of this nursery will be to furnish to small farmers the most desirable varieties of tropical food plants suitable for cultivation on the east coast of Mexico, such as bananas, mangos, pineapples, alligator pears, lemons, oranges, etc. A national school of domestic arts for women, patterned after the Swiss schools of domestic science, has been founded in the City of Mexico by the department of public instruction. Cambridge University. — A proposal to establish an institute of agricultural mechanics has been formally approved by the university senate. It is proposed to establish this institute in connection with the schools of engineering and agriculture with financial support from the Development Fund. The employ- ment of an engineer as director and an agriculturist as an assistant director has been authorized. Amsterdam Colonial Institute. — According" to a note in Nature, there has been a movement in progress in Holland for the establishment of a colonial institute in Amsterdam commensurate with Dutch colonial interests, and adequately representative of the important part which Holland has taken in the prosecu- tion of research in tropical agriculture and forestry. The promoters of the new institute have been able to secure the transfer of the economic collections, publications, and staff of a small but important colonial museum at Haarlem to the Amsterdam institute. The latter is at present housed in temporary quar- ters, but about $643,200 is available for the construction of buildings and the installation of the new institute. It will apparently be supported mainly by subsidies from the government, the province of North Holland, and the city of Amsterdam, and by subscriptions from private individuals and firms. In 1914 700 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [vol.36 the ordinary annual expenditure was $36,582, but for 1915 the estimate was $31,356, the reduction being due to war economies. The present organization of the institute comprises three sections, viz, eco- nomic (which is practically the Haarlem museum transferred to new quarters), anthropological, and tropical hygiene. A site for the new buildings has been secured on the Oosterbegraafplaats, where a building to house the administra- tive offices and the economic and anthropological sections will be erected. A special building for the section of tropical hygiene will be constructed as a part of the buildings of the Hygienic Institute of the University of Amsterdam, with which this section will work in close cooperation. The institute has issued a number of publications, including a concise history by Dr. Sirks of research in natural science in the Dutch East Indies in Koloniaal Instituut te Amster- dam, Mededeeling, No. VI. AfdeeUng Handels-museum, No. 2. Necrology. — Charles A. Muntz, the distinguished French agricultural chemist, died recently at the age of 71 years. He was widely known for his studies on air, soil, and agricultural products generally. Professor Muntz was of Al- satian birth and began his scientific career with Boussingault. His first im- portant work was in connection with Schloessing in 1878, showing the bio- logical nature of nitrification. Subsequently he made additional studies of nitrification, as well as working on mannit and other sugars and the nutrition of animals. He was the author of many scientific articles, a treatise on manures, etc. The death in January is reported of Professor J. B. Auguste Chauveau, noted for his researches in comparative physiology and pathology, at the age of 90 years. Professor Chauveau's pathological work dealt mainly with the nature of contagion and viruses. He was especially well known as a physiologist, notably for work in glycogenesis and sugar utilization. He was one of the founders of Journal de Physiologie et Pathologic G6niral, and the author of the well known treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals. George Massee, mycologist and head of the cryptogamic department at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, until his retirement in 1915, died February 17, aged 67 years. He had been a frequent contributor on raycologi- cal subjects for many years. Miscellaneous. — The home economics subsection of the Association of Amer- can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations has appointed a committee to investigate the status of research in home economics at these institutions. The committee consists of Jliss Louise Stanley, University of Minnesota ; Miss Amy L. Daniels, University of Wisconsin ; Miss Edna N. White, Ohio State Uni- versity; Miss Ruth Wheeler, University of Illinois; Dean Mary E. Sweeny, University of Kentucky ; and Dr. C. F. Langworthy, U. S. Department of Agri- culture. Sir Arthur Lee has been appointed director general of food production in Great Britain, Hon. E. G. Strutt, scientific technical expert, and A. I). Hall, agricultural adviser. A. D. Hall has also been appointed permanent secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, vice Sir Sidney Olivier resigned. The fifth annual conference of the American Association of Agricultural Col- lege Editors will be held at Cornell University, June 28 and 29. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHTJfGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, 20 Cents Per Yeab A U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 JUNE, 1917 No. 8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOTERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE J917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Wbathee Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief. BuEEAt OF Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. BxnsEAU OF Plant Industry — ^W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn: J. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: Uniontovm: L. H. Moore.' Tuskegee Station: Tu9kegee Imtitute; G. W. Carver.* Alaska— Siifco.- C. C. Georgeson.' Abizona— r«c«on: R. H. Forbes.' AnsxsSAS—Favetteville: M. Nelson. > CAUTOB.VU.— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt. > Colorado— i^iort Collins: C. P. Gillette.i Connecticut— State Station: New naven;\^ „ . ^. Btorrs Station: S/om; }E. H. Jenkins." Delaware— iVftrorfc." H. Hayward.i Flozidjl— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs, i QzouQU.— Experiment: J. D. Price.' GvAii— Island of Guam: C. W. Edwards." Hawah- Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgat©.' Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; S. P. Agee.' Idaho— AfoMow.- J. 8. Jones.' Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.' INDUNA— ia Fayette: A. Goss.' lovhr—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.i KxmaAS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardlne.' Kentuckt— ieiJn^n; A. M. Peter.' LOUISLANA— State Station: Baton Rouge; 1 Sugar Station: Audubon Park.L ^^ ^^^^ , New Orleans; J North La. Station: Calhoun; j llADfE— Orono.- C. D. Woods.' Maryland— C3o/Z«?e Pork; H. 3. Patterson.' MASSACHrsETTS— .^TOfterif.- W. P. Brooks.' Michigan- £(M< Lansing; R. S. Shaw.' Minnesota- t7niP€r«/3/ Farm, St. PauJ: A. F. Woods.' iii33i3sim— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd.' Missoxnti— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.' Fruit Station: Mowntain Grove; Paul Evans.' Montana— Bozcman.- F. B. Llnfield.J Nebraska— XfncoZn.- E. A. Burnett.' Nevada— iJejw.- S. B. Doten.' New Hampshire— DurftaTn.- J. C. Kendall.' New Jersey— iVew Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.' New Mzxico— State College: Fabian Garcia.' New York- State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Station: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.< North Carouna— College Station; West Raleigh:^^ ^ Klleore.' State Station: Raleigh; i ' ' North Bakotl— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— Fooi^er.-C. E. Thome.' Oklahoma— S««joa^er.* W. L. Carlyle.' Oregon- OorroMt*.- A. B. Cordley.' Pennsylvania- State College: R. L. Watts.' State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H. P. Armsby.' Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.« Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower. J Rhode Island— iri»v» fiff- 1, "'op -^)- — This survey, made in co- operation with the California Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an area of 2,517,120 acres in western California. " Topographically the area em- braces a series of elongated valleys, separated by high hills or mountains, all extending in a general northwest-southeast direction. The valleys are some- what irregular in outline and range in extent from a few square miles to about 200 square miles. They are usually well drained and consist of nearly level to very gently sloping surfaces with occasional minor stream bottoms." " The soils of the valleys are principally recent alluvial soils. . . . Those of the hills and mountains are mainly residual and vary with the character of the underlying rocks. Much of the high mountainous area is too rough and broken for agriculture." Forty-three soil types are mapped, of which the Altamont loam and clay loam and the Altamont, Mariposa, and Sites loams and clay loams cover 20.9 and 20.1 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Grant County, Indiana, L. A. Hxjbst, W. I. Watkins, W. E. Thabp, E. Hertenstein, and P. Middleton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 36, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation vrith the Indiana Department of Geology, deals with the soils of an area of 263,680 acres in northeast central Indiana, which consists of a level to undulating plain broken only along the streams. "Artificial drainage has been installed extensively in the more poorly drained sections of the county." In addition to muck and peat, nine soil types of six series are mapped, of which the Clyde silty clay loam, Crosby silt loam, Miami silty clay loam, and Miami silt loam cover 34, 20.3, 18.5, and 14.5 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Starke County, Indiana, E. J. Gkimes, W. Barrett, and T. M. BusHNELL (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 42, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Indiana De- partment of Geology, deals with the soils of an area of 197,120 acres in north- western Indiana, the topography of which is very flat except for scattered dune- like ridges and Irregular areas of sand. " The county lies almost entirely within the Kankakee plain. . . . Practically all the flat lands throughout the county originally were poorly drained. ... A large total area is yet unre- claimed." Including muck, 10 soil types of 6 series are mapped of which the Plainfield fine sand, Clyde fine sand, Clyde fine sandy loam, and muck cover 31, 17.4, 17.1, and 16.7 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Sioux County, Iowa, E. H. Smies and W. C. Bean (C7. 8. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 37, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Iowa Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an area of 489,600 acres in northwestern Iowa, the topog- raphy of which varies from undulating to sharply rolling. The surface is that of a broad loessial plain. Drainage is well established. The soils are grouped as loessial, glacial, terrace, and first bottom soils. Excluding river wash and rough broken land, 9 soil types of 6 series are mapped, of which the Marshall silt loam covers 80.8 per cent of the area. Soil survey of Ripley County, Missouri, P. Z. Hxjtton and H. Kbusekopf {V. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. S6, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Missouri Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an area of 399,360 acres in southeastern Missouri, lying in the Ozark region. 722 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 The topography of the uplands varies from level to very hilly. " In general, J the western part of the county, west of the Current River, is the more broken, ^ and large areas are too rough and rocky to cultivate. The southeastern corner of the county is in the Mississippi lowland region. The western part of the county is thoroughly drained by the Current River and its tributaries, and the eastern and northern parts by the Little Black River and its tributaries. The drainage of the Mississippi bottoms is poorly established, there being numerous sloughs and abandoned stream channels." The soils of the county are mainly of residual and alluvial origin, with a small area of loessial origin. Including rough stony land, 17 soil tjipes of 9 series are mapped, of which the Clarksville gravelly loam, stony loam, and silt loam and Decatur gravelly loam cover 20.3, 19.8, 18.3, and 10.8 per cent of the area, respectivey. Soil survey of Lamoure County, North Dakota, A. C. Anderson. F. Z. HUTTON, T. M. BusHNELL, M. Thomas, and M. E. Stebbins (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 191^, pp. 53, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the North Dakota Experiment Station and the Agricultural and Geological Survey and issued January 30, 1917, deals with the soils of an area of 729,600 acres in southeastern North Dakota. The eastern and central parts are mostly undulating prairie, and the western part is gently rolling to hilly. " Surface drainage is not well established, but Is in most places sufficient where assisted by percolation into the subsoil. . . . The soils of the county fall into four general groups — glacial, glacial-lake and river-terrace, river flood-plains, and eolian soils." Including rough broken land, 25 soil types of 10 series are mapped, of which the Barnes silt loam, the Barnes loam, and the Williams loam cover 51.9, 15.3, and 11.9 per cent of the area, respectively. Soil survey of Cambria County, Pennsylvania. B. B. Derrick, A. L. Pat- kick, and D. C. Wimer {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1915, pp. 32, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State College and Experiment Station, deals with the soils of an area of 445,440 acres in southwest central Penn.sylvania lying mainly in the Allegheny Plateau. The topography is uneven to hilly and even mountainous in places. All parts of the county are said to be reached by drainage ways. The upland soils of the county are of residual origin and the rest of alluvial origin. In addition to rough stony land, 10 soil types of 5 series are mapped, of which the Dekalb gravelly loam, stony loam, and silt loam cover 41.7, 20.6, and 14.1 per cent of the area, respectively. A soil survey of the proposed Palouse Irrigation Project, H. F. Holtz {Washington Sta. Bui., 133 {1916), pp. S-I4. pis. 6). — This survey deals with the general characteristics and agricultural value of an area of 103,000 acres In southern Franklin County, Wash. The topography is rolling. The survey was divided into seven areas, and mechanical and chemical analyses and determina- tions of the water-holding capacity were made of representative soil samples from each area. Analyses of one hundred West Virginia soils, F. E. Bear and R. M. Saxtee {West Virginia Sta. Bui. 161 {1916), pp. 36, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives a pre- liminary statement regarding the most prominent soil series of West Virginia, together with the analyses of 100 representative soil samples chosen from cer- tain sections of the State. The latter are taken to indicate that many of the soils analyzed are seriously deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter, and Itme, while most of them are fairly well supplied with potash. It was found that 50 per cent of the soils analyzed contained less than 1,000 lbs. of phosphorus per acre to a depth of 6 2/3 in., over 40 per cent contained 1917] SOILS FERTILIZERS. 723 less than 2,500 lbs. of nitrogen, and 90 per cent showed a lime requirement averaging over 1 ton of limestone per acre. Eighty per cent of the soils con- tained more than 20,000 lbs. of potassium per acre to plow depth. Recormoissance soil survey of northeastern Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. GrELB, C. Thompson, C. B. Post, A. L. Buseb, L. R. Schoenmann, and A. E. Taylor {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 47 {1916), Soil Sei\ 12, pp. 87, pis. 11, figs. S). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, deals with the soils of an area of 3,902,720 acres in northeastern Wisconsin, including Forest, Florence, Marinette, Oconto, Langlade, and Shawano counties. The surface features are character- istic of a glaciated region and the topography varies from level to rolling. The soils are of glacial origin. Including peat, muck, and rock outcrop, 27 soil types of 11 series are mapped, of which the Kennan silt loam and fine sandy loam cover 22.9 and 10.9 per cent of the area, respectively, and peat 9.8 per cent. Reconnoissance soil survey of north, part of north-central Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib, T. J. Dunnewaxd, C. B. Post, W. C. Boabdman, A. R. AxBERT, A. E, Taylob, L. R. Schoenmann, and C. Thompson {Wis. Oeol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 50 {1916), SoU Ser. 16, pp. 80, pis. 11, figs. S).— This survey, made in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, deals with the soils of an area of 2,707,200 acres in north-central Wisconsin, including Vilas, Oneida, Price, and Iron counties, five townships of Ashland County, and six townships of Rusk County. The surface features are characteristic of a glacial region and the topography varies from level to rolling and hilly and broken. The soils of the area range in texture from sands of low agricultural value to loams and silt loams. Twenty-eight soil types of nine series are mapped, of which those of the Kennan series are the most extensive. Soil survey of Columbia County, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib, G. W. CoNP,EY, and A. E. Taylor {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist Survey Bui. 49 {1916), Soil Ser. 14, pp- 84, pis. 5, figs. S). — This survey has been noted from the Field Operations of the Buie:;u of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture for 1911 (E. S. R., 31, p. 513). Soil survey of JefEerson County, Wisconsin, A. R. Whitson, W. J. Geib, O. J. Noer, and A. H. Meyeb {Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bui. 48 {1916), Soil Ser. 13, pp. 78, pis. 4, figs. S). — This survey has been noted from the Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1912 (E. S. R., 34, p. 322). Notes on soils analyzed, B. C. Aston {Jour. Ayr. [New Zeal.}, 13 {1916), No. 1, pp. 36-41). — Chemical analyses of 44 samples of New Zealand soils are reported and discussed. Soils and crops of Nova Scotia {Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nova Scotia. 1915, pt. 3, pp. 206, figs. 40). — This compilation includes the following special articles bearing on soils : Geological Formations and the Soils of Nova Scotia, Humus, the Most Important Element iu a Fertile Soil, The Conservation of Soil Mois- ture, Farm Yard Manure, and Commercial Fertilizers, by M. Gumming; The Chemistry of Nova Scotia Soils in Relation to the Geological Formations, Chemical and Physical Characters of tlie Soils of Nova Scotia, and Lime in Relation to Agriculture, by L. C. Harlow ; and Underdrainage, by B. H. Landells. Terracing and drainage of hill soils by the " Kotak " system, G. F. J. Bleu {Terra-sseenng en Draineering op Berggronden volgens Jiet "Kotak" systeem. Surabaya, Java: Nedcrland.-Ind. Landh. Syndicaat, 1916, pp. 9). — This is a paper presented at the General Dutch Indian Soil Congx'ess, October, 1916. 94087°— No. S— 17 3 724 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Terracing and drainage to prevent erosion of Java hill soils used for the cul- tivation of tea and coffee are discussed, and the so-called " Kotak " system of terracing practiced is described. In this system small rectangular terraces are employed instead of long terraces with ditches. For coffee a terrace 12 ft. square, with one tree in the middle, is usually constructed, while for tea a terrace 8 ft. square, with four plants, is used. An open drain is placed at the foot of the terrace. The importance of soil ventilation on the alluvium, A. Howard {Agr. Jour. India, Indian Hci. Cong. No., 1916, pp. 46-52).— The importance of soil aeration in preventing the yellowing of peach trees, in increasing and hastening the effect of green manuring, and in aiding the maturing of crops is discussed. Notes on the presence of nitrates in orchard soils, J. H. Gourlby and V. D. Shunk {Neto Ham.pshire 8ta. Tech. Bui. 11 {1916), pp. 3-Sl, figs. 9).— Experi- ments on the effect of sod, tillage, and liming on the presence of nitrates in light orchard soil with very sandy subsoil are reported. It was found that " the formation of nitrates is greatly reduced in a sod orchard and from a fertility standpoint is the first limiting factor." Stirring the soil readily increased the rate of nitrification and under a good system of tillage nitrates were usually present in excess of the needs of the trees. Lime also consistently increased nitrification. Moisture was not the limiting factor in the sod plats. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 44). Some effects of oxygen and carbon dioxid on nitrification and ammonifl.- cation in soils, J. K. Plummeb (Ne\c York Cornell Sta. Bui. 384 {1916), pp. 305-330, figs. 5). — Experiments with Dunkirk clay loam soil on the influence of oxygen and carbon dioxid on ammoniflcation and nitrification are reported. It was found that vigorous nitrification takes place in sealed flasks as long as there is a supply of oxygen. Of the soil gases studied, oxygen was found to be the limiting constituent. "There is an optimum mixture of this gas (one containing from 35 to 60 per cent of oxygen) for nitrification." From the losses of oxygen from the gas mixtures, it is considered certain that there are other forms of oxidation than that caused by the nitrate bacteria. A large quantity of carbon dioxid was produced when lime was used, amount- ing in some instances to nearly 20 per cent. The greatest production of this gas accompanied the point of maximum nitrification. Ammonium sulphate, when applied to the soil without the addition of lime, produced only slight in- creases in nitrification even after incubation for a period of 28 days. " The small quantity of carbon dioxid formed under such conditions would tend to indicate that ammonium sulphate, when applied to this soil alone, depresses the action of the carbon-dioxid-producing bacteria as well. Taking the results as a whole it can not be said that carbon dioxid has any material effect on nitri- fication so long as oxygen is present in the atmosphere. It is of little conse- quence whether the oxygen is diluted with the inert gas nitrogen or with carbon dioxid. When the supply of oxygen becomes limited and anaerobic con- ditions are produced, denitrification sets in and this continues until practically all the nitrates are destroyed. In no case with these experiments was the com- bined oxygen liberated in the elementary form during the processes of denitri- fication." The results with the distillation method for the determination of ammonia showed that there is no optimum content of oxygen for the production of this compound. The results of all mixtures, except the very high concentrations of oxygen, were practically the same. It seemed to make little difference whether the soil readily increased the rate of nitrification and under a good system of dioxid. Under purely anaerobic conditions, caused by an atmosphere of pure 1917] SOILS FERTILIZEES. 725 carbon dioxid, there was somewhat less ammonia produced than when oxygen was present at the beginning. Ammonia was formed in rather large quantities under such conditions. Nitrate determinations showed that nitrates are pro- duced in ammonification tests even though the organic content is high and the period of incubation is short. A list of 27 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. The cause of the disappearance of coumarin, vanillin, pyridin, and quino- lin in the soil, W. J. Robbins (Science, n. ser., 44 (1016), No. 1147, pp. 894, 895). — It was found that when soil in pots was treated with coumarin, vanillin, pyridin, and quinolin separately at a concentration of 1,000 parts per million, the numbers of micro-organisms increased enormously after three months and after, in some cases, an initial decrease in numbers. Additions of the substances to sterile soils and to sterile soils inoculated with nonsterile soil showed that after two months' incubation the growth of wheat plants from sterile seed was not affected in the inoculated soils, but the toxic prop- erties of the compounds were still evident in the sterile soil. These results are taken to indicate that the disappearance of the compounds was due chiefly to biological causes. In this connection three species of bacteria were isolated, one of which uses pyridin as a source of nitrogen, and oae vanillin and one coumarin as sources of carbon. The formation of soda in the soil, E. V. Bobko (Is ResuVt. Yeget. Opytov Lab. Rabot (Rec. Trav. Lab. Agron.), Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst., 10 (1914), pp. 355-365, pi. 1; Izv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou), 22 (1916), No. 2, pp. 115-125). — Artificial zeolite washed with a solution of sodium chlorid yielded small but measurable quantities of soda, and the quantity of soda increased with the length of time of the reaction and with an increase of the amount of zeolite. If an excess of sodium salt was added the process of the formation of soda was depressed, but was restored when the washing was repeated. Loss of fertilizers by leaching, S. E. Coixison and S. S. Walker (Florida Sta. Bui. 132 (1916), pp. 20, figs. 5). — Five years' experiments on the loss of fertility constituents in the drainage water of fertilized and unfertilized sandy soils in four large steel tanks previously described (E. S. R., 25, p. 117) are reported. The authors conclude that under Florida conditions and with soil similar to that used in this experiment " newly cleared land when exposed to heavy rain- fall soon loses much of its fertility through leaching. The fertility of the soil may be maintained by growing legumes and applying fertilizers. Much of the loss may be prevented by growing crops. The gi*eatest loss of fertility from unfertilized soils occurs with the nitrogen, which leaches through in considerable quantities. Nitrification of the soil organic matter, thus changing the nitrogen to a form readily lost by leaching, proceeds rapidly in cultivated soils under Florida conditions. " Phosphoric acid and potash are lost in small quantities from the unfertilized soil, since they are present largely in insoluble forms. Lime is lost in con- siderable quantity, thus bringing about an acid condition in the soil. " When cultivated soils are fertilized with a complete fertilizer, the element lost in largest amounts by leaching is nitrogen. Nitrate of soda leaches more rapidly and in larger amounts than sulphate of ammonia or dried blood. Nitrate of soda should be used in small amounts at frequent intervals and usually as a top-dressing. " Distribution of rainfall influences to a considerable extent the amounts of the fertilizing constituents which leach through. Soils similar to that used in this work have the capacity for fixing large quantities of phosphoric acid ap- 726 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 plied in the form of acid phosphate. Such soils have the capacity for fixing considerable potash, but this power is soon exhausted, and afterwards rela- tively large amounts of potash are lost through leaching." [Use of manures in Germany], T. H. Middleton (In The Recent Develop- ment of Oerman Agriculture. London: Bd. Agr. a/nd Fisheries, 1916, pp. 36, 37). — It is stated that " the chief immediate cause of the increased productivity of German soil is the increase in the use of artificial manures." Between 1890 and 1910 the total consumption of artificial fertilizers in Germany is stated to have risen from 1,600,000 to 6,000,000 metric tons. There was a tenfold increase in the use of potash and a threefold increase in the use of basic slag. " The chief factor in developing the use of artificial manures in Germany was unquestionably a well-organized system of technical education. Investigation at the research stations established the precise uses of these manures; trust- worthy advice was supplied by institutions, by peripatetic instructors, by tech- nical leaflets, and by agricultural newspapers," and the farmer, even the back- ward peasant, brought his method into line with the instruction so given. It is pointed out that Germany has the advantage not only of great deposits of potash salt but vast tracts of light soils specially benefited by potash manures, and hence very successful results have been secured from the intelligent use of such manures. Some effects of soluble humus on the growth of plants, W. B. Bottomley (Assoc. Franc Avanc. Soi., Compt. Rend., IfS (19U), pp. 969, 970).— This is a summary of a number of experiments made by the author with bacterized peat. A vegetation experiment on the availability of nitrogenous fertilizers in an arid soil, C. B. Lipman and W. F. Gericke (Soil Sci., 2 (1916), No. 6, pp. 575-581). — Vegetation experiments with barley on an arid .'sandy soil are re- ported which showed " the low-grade organic nitrogenous fertilizers and sul- phate of ammonia to be far more available than dried blood. This confirms the values as to relative availabilities of these fertilizers obtained by laboratory nitrification method. Nitrates, and especially nitrate of calcium, are far less available in the soil than are the other fertilizers with the exception of dried blood, which is about equal to nitrate of soda but superior to nitrate of calcium. " These data furnish further evidence in support of the proposal to adopt the nitrification method in some form for the determination of the relative avail- abilities of fertilizer and soil nitrogen and for determining the needs of a soil for available nitrogen." A list of references to literature on the subject is given. Ammonifiability versus nitrifiability as a test for the relative availability of nitrogenous fertilizers, C. B. Lipman and P. S. Burgess (Soil Sci., 3 (1917), No. 1, pp. 68-75). — Araraonification and nitrification experiments with 22 soils, principally arid, and tested with dried blood, high-grade tankage, steamed bone meal, cottonseed meal, and fish guano, are reported. "The ammonifiability data gave the fertilizers in question the reverse position as to availability from those given them by the nitrifiability data." It is concluded that " the ammonifiability data of fertilizer nitrogen in soils are not useful indicators of the nitrifiability data on the same fertilizers in the same soils. . . . The nitrifiability of a given form of nitrogen should be the most reliable laboratory criterion which we can employ. The laboratory results are now being confirmed by vegetation experiments. Hence there appears to be no reason against adopting nitrifiability as the criterion of availability of nitrogenous fertilizers, for purposes of arid soil conditions at least." Eight references to literature bearing on the subject are appended. Technological-chemical research on superphosphates, U. Pratolongo (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], 6 (1916), No. 3-4, pp. 59-112, figs. 4; abs. in Jour. Soc. 1817] SOILS FEKTILIZEBS. 727 Chem. Indus., 35 {1916), No. 20, pp. 1073, 1974).— A number of samples of super- phosphate were examined chemically and with a petrographic microscope, and experiments were made on the conditions of equilibrium of the system, lime, phosphoric- acid, and water at 75 and 100° O., and on the influence of various factors on the physical properties of superphosphate. Contrary to the generally accepted view, the calcium sulphate present In superphosphate prepared from mineral phosphates usually existed mainly or entirely as anhydrate. Only in rare instances was it present chiefly or solely as the dihydrate. In bone superphosphate, on the other hand, the dihydrate was present more frequently. Monocalcium and dicalcium phosphates occurred usually only in the hydrate form, but the anhydrous salts were also sometimes present. The physical properties of superphosphate are considered to depend chiefly on the amount of the liquid phase which is always present. The liquid phase Is defined as the sum of the free water and the free phosphoric acid. Analyses of numerous commercial samples of superphosphate indicated that in general the best products in regard to dryness and friability are those in which the liquid phase is less than 15 per cent. Products containing from 15 to 18 per cent of liquid phase were still dry and friable, those containing 18 to 25 per cent were slightly moist and caked when compressed, while those containing more than 25 per cent of liquid phase were moist and caked readily. A discussion of the technical preparation of superphosphate is also included. The preparation of superphosphate from phosphorites, N. P. Koblikov {Iz Rezul't. Veget. O^pytov Lab. Rabat (Rec. Trav. Lab. Agron.), Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst., 10 {1914), pp. 16-22). — A supei-phosphate containing 16.2 per cent of water-soluble phosphoric acid was prepared from Perm phosphorite and one containing nearly 12 per cent was prepared from Saratov phosphorite. Causes that influence the solubility of slowly soluble phosphates in citric acid, A. AiTA (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rmne], 6 (1916), No. 3-4, pp. 119-131, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Jndiis., 35 (1916), No. 20, p. 1074). — Experiments are reported which showed that the solubility of the phosphoric acid of mineral phosphates in 2 per cent citric acid was diminished in the presence of sodium silicate or magnesium silicate, but increased in the presence of ferrous sulphate or manganous sulphate in proportion to the concentration of the latter. In the presence of ferric sulphate, ferric chlorid, or aluminum sulphate the solubility increased more rapidly than the concentration of the added salts. It is con- sidered probable that the phosphoric acid of basic slag is present as tricaleium phosphate, and that its relatively high solubility in citric acid is due principally to the effect of the aluminum and ferric ions present. From this, it follows that the difference in price between the phosphoric acid of basic slag and of mineral phosphates is not justified, and that the Wagner citric acid test can not be considered satisfactory since it does not take into account the influence of secondary constituents on the solubility of phosphoric acid. Valuation of water-soluble v. citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, E. J. Peanke (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 9 (1917), No. 1, pp. 54, 55). — This is a critical review of reports from the New York, New Jersey, and New England state ex- periment stations in which the author attempts to show that the higher trade valuation for water-soluble phosphoric acid over citrate-soluble phosphoric acid Is unwarranted. He points out that " the retail cost of ' available ' phosphoric acid in acid phosphate decreases as the proportion of water-soluble to citrate- soluble increases. At present valuations for total phosphoric acid the organic phosphates cost actually more per unit of citrate-soluble than does the available in acid phosphate. Agricultural considerations are ruled out by definition fi'om any connection with trade values, which are only market quotations." 728 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr RECORD. fVol. 3G The Garrison and Philipsburg phosphate fields, Montana, J. T. Pahdee (U. S. Geol. Survey BtiJ. 640-K (1911), pp. 195-228, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This is a report of an investigation of two phosphate beds covering the northeastern part of Granite County and a small adjoining part of Powell County in southwestern Montana. It is stated tliat " workable deposits of high-grade rocli phosphate (contain- ing 60 per cent or more tricalcium phosphate) occur in both tlie Garrison and Philipsburg fields. That in the Garrison field lies from 6 to 10 miles north of the town of Garrison and is easily accessible, and the portion considered as available to mining contains by estimate 97,000,000 long tons. . . . About one- third of the amount lies above the natural drainage levels, and much of the por- tion can be very readUy extracted by means of adits driven along the phos- phate bed." [Biotite, phonolite, and similar mineral substances as sources of potash for plants], P. V. Chikikov (T. C. Tcpiirikov) (Iz Resul't. Veget. Opytov Lab. Rabot (Rec. Trav. Lab. Agron.), Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst., 10 (1914), pp. 366-370; Izv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou), 22 (1916), No. 2, pp. 126-130). — Experiments are reported which indicate that biotite and muscovite, and rocks containing nepheline and biotite, are very good sources of potash for plants ; on the other hand, orthoclase and other forms of feldspar contain potash in a very unavailable form. Ammonium salts which increase the availability of phosphorites do not give like results with the slightly soluble potash minerals. The potash of artificial zeolite, which is very available in solutions containing salts of other bases, becomes almost unavailable if the possibility of exchange of the potash of the zeolite and other bases is removed. The effect produced by various potash minerals on plants is proportional to their power of exchanging potash with other bases. Blast-furnace slag- as a source of bases for acid soils, J. W. Ames (Mo. BuI. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 12, pp. 359-362) .—Pot experiments are reported, the results of which are taken to indicate " that furnace slag is not as efficient as limestone or lime. The use of slag as a substitute for either on acid soils is not recommended in any other than an experimental way. To obtain the same effect on acid soils as would result from moderate application of lime or ground limestone, a much larger amount of slag would be required." The fertilizer value of city waste. — I. The composition of garbage, VV. J. O'Brien and J. K. Lindemuth (Jour. Indus, and Engvn. Chcin., 9 (1917), No. 1, pp. 49-54).- — Analyses of 75 samples of garbage taken at regular intervals throughout a year in the District of Columbia showed that there was an unim- portant seasonal variation in the moisture content, the maximum falling In July and the minimum in April. " This seems to be a product of a seasonal change both in diet and rainfall. It fails to show that it is of sufficient magni- tude seriously to affect the commercial success of a garbage-rendering plant. " The analysis of 128 samples of garbage taken from 16 sections, of known characteristics, of the city through a range of time of four or five months failed to show any marked or consistent variations. The conclusion is indicated that the kitchen refuse from the establishments of the various cla.s.ses of inhabitants is essentially alike in content of fats and the elements of fertilizer value. This is without regard to relative quantities. Its importance lies in the fact that it tends to refute the prevalent opinion that the garbage of certain cities can not be rendered profitably because of the nature of its inhabitants." Commercial fertilizers, 1916, C. D. Woods et al. (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 80 (1916), pp. 137-196). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 1,112 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected for 1917] AGRIOULTUEAL BOTANY. 729 inspection in Maine during 1916. It was found that on tlie whole the" fertilizers analyzed were well up to the guaranty. Analysis of fertilizers for 1916, B. E. Cueey and T. O. Smith (New Hamp- shire Sta. Bui. 179 {1916), pp. 10). — This bulletin contains the results of actual and guarantied analyses of 140 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected for inspection in New Hampshire during 1916. It is stated that a little less than half the brands inspected carried 1 per cent of potash. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Experimental studies in the physiology of heredity, F. F. Blackman et al. (Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 85 {1915), pp. 233, 23//).— This is the re- port of a committee of the association, giving a summary of the work being carried on by R. P. Gregory and H. B. Killby, by the latter alone, by Miss Gairdner, and by Edith R. Saunders (E. S. R., 34, p. 822). The studies on the genetics and cytology of the tetraploid races of Primula sinensis have been continued, and progress has been made in the recognition and testing of the heterozygous types AAAa, AAaa, and Aaaa. The phenomena of coupling and repulsion have been further studied in both the diploid and tetra- ploid races. The work has been continued on beans and vegetable marrows, on wall flowers and Tropseolum, and on foxgloves and stocks. In case of the last named, it appears possible to show how an ever-sporting type may be synthesized from a true breeding individual. Further progress has been made in the study of the inheritance of the half-hoary character and in the identification of theo- retical types not found in commercial material. Evidences indicate that exces- sive percentages of doubles quoted by growers are due to unconscious selection and that the actual output of doubles is not in excess of that required by theoi-y. The calculation of linkage intensities, R. A. Emerson {Amer. Nat., 50 {1916), No. 595, pp. 411-4^0, fig. 1). — Discussing the methods in use for esti- mating the intensity of linkage, the author presents formulas for use in the approximation of gametic ratios directly from the Fj data, without the use of coefficients of association and without respect to whether coupling or repulsion is involved. A single formula leading to accurate results in either case is given, together with others developed from this fundamental formula. Morphology and evolution of leaves, O. F. Cook {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 15, pp. 537-547) .—The author, discussing the primitive function of leaves and the course and results of specialization in the variously related structures, states that leaves of angiosperms show a primary division into a basal sheath and an expanded blade supported thereby, as represented in leaves of palms, grasses, and other plants. The organs usually described as petioles appear to have arisen through the narrowing of the base of the blade or the primitive sheath. The name foot is suggested as appropriate for the specialized portion of the leaf sheath that serves as a petiole, both petiole and foot being represented in several families named. The author considers also as speciali- zations of the primitive sheath element such structures as stipules, bud scales, bracts, ligules, pulvini, and probably even the blade itself. Preliminary observations on the nature and distribution of the statolith apparatus in plants, Miss T. L. Pbankard {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 85 {1915), p. 722). — Statoliths, or bodies free to fall within the cell (statocyte) which contains them, are found in various forms in different parts of plants throughout a wide range of classification. These bodies are not universally connected with the presence of starch. Statoliths are often chloroplasts and 730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 for this form the term chlorostatolUhs is proposed. Statoliths may be special- ized in shape, size, or behavior of the nucleus. The statolith apparatus consists of the whole system of statocytes occurring in the various tissues of the plant, or else of cells themselves forming a tissue, for which the term statenchyma has been proposed. Modifications and transi- tional forms occur. The statolith is considered by the author as an intensive mechanism, the simplest form of statocyte being the living cell itself, the highest a cell containing relatively heavy bodies differentiated as to size and mobility. Between these extremes occur may transitional stages. The influence of gaseous pressure on growth, Ethel McClennan {Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. ser., 28 (1916), No. 2, pp. 2^5-250).— Seedlings of Pisum arvense, observed while growing in a moist atmosphere at different air pres- sures, showed retardation usually In one day, the amount of retardation corresponding somewhat to the pressure. The plant accommodates itself to the pressure and the growth rate gradually rises. The mechanical effect of pressure upon turgor appears to be negligible as a factor determining growth. The influence in this connection of an increase in the oxygen dissolved in the tissues has not been determined. Concerning the transformation of pigments of plastids in (the) living tis- sues of plants, V. N. Liubimenko (Lubimenko) (Izv. Imp. Akad. Nank {Bui. Acad. Imp. Soi. Petrograd), 6. ser., 9 {1915), No. 10, pp. 933-935).— This is a preliminary report of the results of investigations which will later be published in detail. The author states that all the transformations of pigments of plastids in the living tissues of i)lants are determined by the activities of oxidizing and re- ducing enzyms of the cell protoplasm, and the accumulation of a given pigment depends on the relation between the energy of oxidizing and reducing reactions in the cell. Particularly, the quantity and accumulation of chlorophyll In plastids in the presence of normal food supply is determined by the intensity of oxidizing reactions in the cell. This also explains the connection between greening and temperature. Light does not play a direct part in the chemical transformation of leuco- phyll into clilorophyll, nor is there a direct correlation between the quantity of chlorophyll and the energy of growth. The author emphasizes the presence of a special enzym in the juices of the green plants provisionally termed by him antioxidase. It paralyzes the oxidizing action of peroxidase on the pigments of plastids and, unlike peroxidase, is highly sensitive to antiseptics. Morphological differentiation of the organisms of the higher green plants, it Is said, is accompanied by their physiological differentiation in the sense of different intensity of oxidizing reactions. From the physiological viewpoint, plastids show a considerable independence with regard to the cell protoplasm and may be compared with leucocytes in animal bodies. Concerning the mechanism of photosynthesis, A. A. Kikhtee (Richter) and E. M. KoLLEGORSKAfl {Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk {Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petro- grad), 6. ser., 9 {1915), No. 5, pp. 457-467). — A new method for quantitative studies of photosynthesis is described by the authors, in which a specially con- structed apparatus and cultures of Photohacterium italicum were made use of. They come to the conclusion that plants differing in their ecological relations i-equire the same initial intensity of light for the decomposition of carbon dioxid. It is noted, however, that with those plants which are enabled to concentrate light by n)eans of special anatomical arrangements the intensity of light neces- sary for the separation of oxygen in photosynthesis may be much lower than with plants lacking such arrangements. 1917] AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 731 The distribution of reducing sugar in beets, H. Peulet {Bui. Assoc. Clam. Sucr. et nistUL, S3 {1916), No. 7-9, pp. 161-169).— It is stated that the pro- portiou of reducing sugars in beet root is nearly the same in the middle as in the upper and lower portions, and iu the yellowed as in the normally colored beets of the same field. How^ever, the proportion varies from time to time and may be small in mature roots. Studies upon the maturity of grains, I, A. BlagovieshchenskiI (Blago- \'ESCENSKij) {Isv. Imp. Akad. Nauk {Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petrograd), 6. ser., 10 {1916), No. 6, pp. 42S-4S4, fig. 1). — This investigation deals with synthetic reactions which take place in maturing seeds and ultimately lead to the forma- tion of certain higher compounds, .such as proteins, starch, and cellulose. The horse bean {Yici-a faba miiwr) w-as selected for these studies for the reason that it contains approximately equal amounts of proteins and starch and very little fat. The analyses of the contents were made at several different stages of maturity, and the results are given in detail. The ash content showed an increase in absolute quantity and a decrease in percentage. The same phenomenon was observed with the general amount of nitrogen. Starch, on the contrary, steadily increased both absolutely and rela- tively as the process of ripening advanced. The same changes occurred in the amount of cellulose. It was noted also that similar synthetic reactions take place in the seeds during their ripening under artificial conditions — that is, after they are sepa- rated from the mother plant. [Report of the research assistant in plant physiology], R. P. Hibbaed {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 274-276). — In connection with his studies on the absorption of solutes, with special reference to balanced solutions, the author found in water cultures with wheat and peas that a solution containing only potassium phosphate, calcium nitrate, and magnesium sulphate produced as good results the first five weeks of growth as where additional salts were used. The effect on photosynthesis in corn and cucumber plants of a nutrient solution lacking a single element has also been studied, and it is claimed that the amount of photosynthate in leaves can not always be taken as an indication of vigor. On the interpretation of the results of water culture experiments, W. Stjxes {Ann. Bot. ILondon'l, SO {1916), No. 119, pp. 427-^36) .—Thx^ is mainly a discussion of the differences between the results and conclusions arrived at by the author in a previous contribution (E. S. R., 33, p. 223) and those offered by Miss Brenchley (E. S. R., 35, p. 436). The effect of vanillin and salicylic aldehyde in culture solution and the action of chemicals in altering their influence, J. J. Skinneb {Plant World, 19 {1916), No. 12, pp. S71-378, figs. 3).— In the experiments reported, the effect of vanillin on the growth of cowpeas and on the absorption of nutrients from the solution and the action of manganese in altering the effect of vanillin and salicylic aldehyde were studied. In the first series of experiments, vanillin was shown to be detrimental to the growth of cowpeas, and the absorption of salts was also less from the solu- tions containing vanillin than from the controls without that compound. Con- sidering all the cultures, the phosphate absorption w^as reduced 21 per cent, the nitrate 10, and the potash 33. In studying the effect of manganese on vanillin and salicylic aldehyde, wheat seedlings were employed. It was found that the harmful action of these sub- stances was partially overcome by manganese, even when this was present in small amount. Antagonism between manganese and iron in the growth of wheat, W. E. ToTTiNGHAM and A. J. Beck {Plant World, 19 {1916), No. 12, pp. 359-370, figs. 732 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. [Vol.36 2). — The authors report on a study of the effects of equimolecular proportions of manganous and ferric chlorids on the growth of two varieties of wheat plants in water cultures. Knop's solution was used as the culture medium, and two M M concentrations were employed of each salt, T'qqq and innnQQ • The study was limited to the antagonistic relations between manganese and iron in the belief that the chlorotic effects due to manganese might indicate interference with the role of iron in the production of chlorophyll. Attention is particularly called to the prevalence of the toxic effect of man- ganese over iron at the low plane of supply. It is shown that for the growth of roots even the low plane of manganous chlorid is toxic. When the higher concentrations were used, ferric chlorid exerted stronger effects than mangan- ous chlorid upon the growth and color of the varieties of wheat. Electromotive phenomena in plants, A. D. Waller et al. {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Set., 85 {1915), pp. 218-226, figs. 2). — This is a committee report of studies by A. D. and A. INI. Waller, regarding investigations of the electrical measure- ment of the vitality of vegetable tissues. In pursuance of experiments de- scril)ed in a previous report (E. S. R., 32, p. 522), the authors have endeavored to estimate the relative vitality of the plumules and radicles of seedlings by measuring the voltage of the blaze currents excited by single induction shocks, employing for this purpose seedlings of Hordeum vulgare. Tests were applied to the separated plumule and the radicle respectively on the fourth and on the sixth day of germination. The results are given in tabular detail. Alterations of temperature are said to give rise to considerable alterations in the magnitude of blaze currents and of electrical conductivity, so these obser- vations were made within the range of 18 to 20° C. The seeds must be soaked for a certain time before they will give off their full blaze current. The elec- trical response of a plumule of H. vulgare is of considerably higher voltage than that of a radicle. In consequence of excitation, the electrical resistance of a plant is diminished. The diminution is attributed to the chemical dissociation which has given to the blaze current. It is greater after strong than after weak excitation and the increased conductivity appears to be in relation with the magnitude of the previous blaze current. The work during 1915 was intended to ascertain whether the blaze currents can be used as a practical test of the germination value of seeds. The result of such tests to peas are considered to show that an average blaze current of 0.03 or 0.04 volt indicate a high class seed, of which about 97 per cent would germinate, individual peas out of the series tested ranging in response from 0.01 or 0.02 to 0.07 or 0.09 volt. The electrical test is much quicker than the germi- nation test and is thought likely to become a practical means to ascertain quickly the germination value of seeds in the market. The authors are still engaged In making tests on different varieties of seeds. Tlie effect of electrical stimulus on the permeability of plant cells, R. KoKETSU {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 30 {1916), No. 355, pp. 26^-266).— Experiments are briefly noted in which it is claimed to have been shown that, by the applica- tion of electrical stimulus, the plasma membranes of epidermal cells are ren- dered more readily permeable to dissolved substances. The influence of defoliation on the development of sugar beet, H. Pellet (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., S3 (1916), No. 7-9, pp. 150-161, figs. 2).— It is considered as proved, by the tests here described, that defoliation of beet influences the weight and sugar content of the root. This result is more marked as removal of the leaves is more frequent and more complete, the production of the new leaves thus drawing upon the materials in the root. 1917] AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 733 The effect of insecticides on flowering plants, A. F. Shreibeb (Rchkeibeb) {Trudy Biuro Prikl. Bot. {Bnl. Airpl. Bot.), 9 {1916), No. 4, pp. 115, 176).— The spraying of Calendula officinalis with a decoctiou of aloes and Yeratrum alhum for the control of the cabbage moth {Mamestra brassicw) is said to have shown no unfavorable effect on the flowers or the development of seeds. Snow cracks on trees as an indication of the amount of bending, T. Maekawa {Bot. Mag. ITokyo], 30 {1916), No. 353, pp. 179-184, pi. i).— The author has recorded his observations on the effects of wind in cracking the ice and snow on the base, body, and branches of different species of trees during the progress of a violent snowstorm in Sapporo, Japan, February 24, 1915. The meteorological data for the period are also detailed in connection there- witli. The ecological significance of soil aeration, W. A. Cannon and E. E. Fbee {Science, n. ser., 45 {1917), No. 1156, pp. 178-180).— -The authors report inde- pendent laboratory investigations on the relation of plant I'oots to the composi- tion of the soil atmosphere and especially to a deficiency of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxid in this atmosphere. Basing their conclusions upon these experiments, the authors consider it probable that soil aeration must be added as a factor of no less importance in plant growth than temperature and water. In many semiarid regions shallow basins without outlet occur, the central portions of which are flooded during the rainy seasons but are dry for most of the year. It is characteristic of these regions that they are void of plant life during most of the year and that no perennials are to be found in the lowest places, even where there is no excess accumulation of salts in the soil. It is suggested that the probable reason for the absence of plant life in such regions may be directly traceable to insufficient soil aeration at a time when the soil is suitably moist and at a temperatux'e suitable for the growth of plants. About these playas are fre- quently observed well-marked bands or zones of plant life and it is thought that tliese represent the unlike response of the roots of the plants comprising the difterent zones to the atmosphere of the soil. Distribution of the cacti with especial reference to the role played by the root response to soil temperature and soil moisture, W. A. Cannon {Amer. Nat., 50 {1916), No. 595, pp. 435-44^) .—-This is an examination of the evidence obtainable as drawn from various sources, one discussed at some length in this connection being the report of the Australian Prickly Pear Traveling Com- mission (E. S. R., 33, p. 134). While soil moisture is an indispensible condition for the presence of cacti, temperature appears to be a very important limiting factor. Shallow placing of the roots subjects the plant to both high and low extremes of temperature and gives it access to the moisture resulting from very slight rainfall. An effective growth takes place only at relatively high soil temperatures when a certain but highly variable amount of moisture is present in the soil. The determination of the superficial position of the root system of cacti is thought possibly, from studies not yet published, to result from the plant's response to the oxygen supply of the soil. Osmotic pressure in roots and leaves of plants with respect to the moisture contents of their habitats, V. S. Il'in (Iljin), P. S. Nazakova (Nasakova), and M. K. OsTKovsKAfA {Isv. Imp. Akad. Naulc {Bui. Acad. Imp. Soi. Petro- grad), 6. ser., 9 {1915), No. 8, pp. 749-768).— The authors have constantly ob- served a very close connection between the degree of osmotic pressure and the amount of moisture placed at the disposal of plant cells. They find that the higher the moisture content of the soil, the lower is the osmotic pressure in the roots. It is lower in meadow plants than in prairie (steppe) plants and stiU 734 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36' lower in swamp plants. Osmotic pressure in the leaves is frequently higher than that in the roots and is not always correlated with the latter, but is deter- mined by conditions of humidity. Transpiration and assimilation in steppe plants, V. S. Il'in (Iljin) {Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk {Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petrograd), 6. ser., 9 (1915), A'o. 4. PP- 346-367, fig. 1). — The rates of transpiration and assimilation and their rela- tionship in various prairie plants were studied and determined. Absolute quan- tities obtained at a given time and for a given amount of material were reduced to one hour per 1 gm. of dry weight and the amount of water which plants transpire for each cubic centimeter of decomposed carbon dioxid was calcu- lated. The results of 15 experiments were identical. They show that the plants adapted to a dry habitat are capable of a better usage of moisture and lose less water per unit of decomposed carbon dioxid than is the case with mesophytes. The mesophytes are uneconomical in the use of water and are compelled to close the stomata in order to lessen transpiration, thus considerably reducing or even completely checking assimilation, while in xerophytes under the same conditions these processes are going on at a normal rate, Mesophytes, how- ever, under their normal moisture conditions, quite often lose less water than do xerophytes in their natural habitat, although the rate of transpiration of the former would rise to a high degree if they were transferred to the condi- tions normal for xerophytes. With regard to water requirements and the ability to withstand drought, the author puts the steppe plants studied in the following order : Stipa capillata, Centaurea sibiricu, Phloniis pungens, Caragana frutescens, Centaurea orientalis, and, possibly, Amy.gdalus nana, the first one being the most, and the last one the least resistant. Teratological notes. — I, Abnormal seedlings, A. D. Hardy {Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. ser., 28 (1916), No. 2, pp. 2JiO-244, P^- 1)- — IQ this and papers to follow it is intended to record occurrences of interest to specialists in vegetable teratology which the author has observed within the past few years. The present paper discusses polycotyly, polyphylly, bifurcation of axis, cohesion of cotyledons, and other abnormalities. In future papers his purpose is to deal with heterotaxy and morphological deviations in foliage, etc., in older plants, particularly with reference to indigenous flora. Identity of cohoba, the narcotic snuff of ancient Haiti, W. E. Sai"Foed (Joiir. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6 {1916), No. 15, pp. 547-562, figs. 3).— The results are given of a study of cohoba, a narcotic snuf¥ which the aborigines of Haiti in- haled through a bifurcated tube for its intoxicating or hypnotic effects. The snuff hitherto thought by many writers to be a form of tobacco was in reality prepared from the seeds of the tree Piptadenia peregrina, resembling mimosa, which is widespread in South America and elsewhere. The intoxicating prin- ciple is at present unknown. A fungus producing hydrocyanic acid and benzoic aldehyde, H. Guyot {[TravS\ Inst. Bot. Univ. Geneve, 9. ser.. No. 3 {1915), pp. 22-24, fl9- i).— A fungus, supposed to be a new speces of Mucor, has been studied on different substrata. It produces considerable amounts of benzoic aldehyde and of hydro- cyanic acid. FIELD CROPS, Report of division of farm crops, V, M. Shoesmith and F, A. Spkagg {Michi- gan Sta. Rpt., 1916, pp. 285-292). — Rotation and fertilizer experiments that have been iu progress for the 5-year period 1911-1915 are briefly reported. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 735 The investment of $5.73 in a complete fertilizer applied to wheat gave a crop Increase for the rotation having a net profit of $13.51. The use of acid phos- phate and muriate of potash showed a net profit of $12.79. Acid phosphate alone has given slightly better results than nitrate of soda and acid phosphate, and also than raw rock phosphate. Large increases in yield of both corn and wheat from the use of manure are noted, together with the high values placed on the manure on the basis of these increases. The net vahie of yard manure per ton was estimated to be $2.68 and that of stall manure $3.15. By the addition of 200 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre the net value of stall manure was increased to $6.26 per ton after paying the cost of the fertilizei-. Results of top-dressing and plowing under manure for wheat indicated a value »f manure for top-dressing of $5.54 per ton and when turned under of $6.15 per ton. Further data are given showing the average yields and the average annual values of various crops grown continuously or in rotation for the purpose of de- termining the cost of producing them. A general review of crop improvement work given by F. A. Spragg, includes notes on selection work with wheat, beans, peas, and alfalfa. Investigations in inheritance of shape and size in beans are noted. The data obtained to date indicate a Mendelian segregation of one pair of characters in size inheritance, large size being dominant. Individual alfalfa plants were observed setting new leaves on old stems that had been defoliated by leaf spot, the plants attaining maturity and .setting seed. The progeny of the best of these plants is being propagated. The extension to nursery work of methods involving the coeflflcient of yield previously described (E. S. R., 34, p. 735), is noted. [Field crop experiments], F. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. 'West Indies, Rpt. Bot. Sta. [etc.] Antigua, 1914-15, pp. 5-20). — Variety tests with sweet potatoes, cassavas, eddoes, tannias, yams, corn, and cotton are reported, as well as tillage experiments, distance-of-planting tests, fertilizer experiments, and plant breed- ing experiments with corn. The plant breeding experiments consist of selec- tion work on local corn, acclimatization of imported varieties, and the propa- gation of new varieties. In cotton selection work a hybrid has been developed from a cross of Sea Island with St. Eustatius which gives much promise for the future. Brief notes are given on onions, soy beans, garden beans, and peas. Report on field experiments, 1914, R. M. Wilson and J. H. Smith {Essex Ed. Committee, Rpt. Field Expts., WlJf, pp. 5-.5^). — This is a report of co- operative field experiments conducted in Essex for 1914, including variety tests with winter wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, mangels, corn, and peas, several experiments noted below, and some minor experiments with sorghum, alfalfas, and western-wolths grass. It was found that a change of seed had considerable influence on the potato crop and that seed secured from Scotland gave the best results. Fertilizer tests with mangels indicated that nitrate of soda and acid phosphate increase the yields. Basic slag proved superior to acid phosphate on heavy soils. Marrow- Stem kale and kohl-rabi proved superior to the other green crops tested, due to their drought-resistant qualities. Some notes are given on the feeding value of different types of flax, together with a brief discussion of the cultivation and harvesting of the crop. Riga seed grown in Holland is recommended for plant- ing. In fertilize!- tests with pasture land applications of sodium nitrate gave better results than acid phosphate. Fall-sown grains in Maryland and Virginia, T. R. Stanton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 786 (1917), pp. 23, figs. 5).— This discusses methods and 736 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 practices relative to tlie growing of fall-sown grains in Delaware, Maryland, A^'irginia, and West Virginia, with recommendations as to the best varieties of the various grains to gi'ow, based on tests made with winter wheat (bearded and beardless), winter spelt and emmer, winter rye, winter oats, and winter barley. Seed-flax production, C. H. Clark {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 785 (1917), pp. 19, figs. 9). — This discusses the methods and practices of flax- seed production in the United States, emphasizing not only the value of flax on new sod but also its possibilities in the older agricultural districts. Flax varieties grown in the United States are roughly divided into (1) seed flax, (2) short fiber flax, and (3) textile fiber flax. In tests at 10 stations in the nortliern Great Plains area west of the Red River valley, where flax wilt is not serious, the seed-flax varieties have given uniformly better results than the short fiber flaxes. North Dakota No. 155, or some selection from it, has usually given the highest yield, while North Dakota Resistant Nos. 52 and 73 and similar strains have also proved excellent varieties. In subhumid sections farther east. North Dakota Resistant No. 114 and Primost (Minnesota No. 25) have been widely di.stributed. Tests with flax in a 6-year rotation of 3 years of alfalfa and 1 year each of corn, flax, and sugar beets In comparison with flax grown continuously have been conducted at the Belle Fourche and Huntley experiment farms (E. S. R., 33, p. 829 ; 36, p. 132). At Huntley the average yiehl of flax in the rotation for the first 4-year period was 25.8 bu., the highest yield being 31.3 bu. The average yield of continuously cropped plats was 10.1 bu., and the highest yield 14.5 bu. The yield of the continuously cropped field has increased each year. Similar results were obtained at the Belle Fourche station. The 1914 flax plat in the 6-year rotation yielded 21.4 bu., while the yield of the continuously cropped plat was 7.5 bu. A rotation similar to the above in the irrigated rotation series at the Scotts- bluff experiment farm has not given as satisfactory results, due largely to un- favorable weather conditions. These tests are being continued. Change of sex in hemp, F. J. Pkitchard (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 7, pp. 325-329, fig. 1). — The differences of opinion regarding the effect of external stimuli upon sex ratios led the author to undertake investigations with hemp in an effort to determine the following: (1) Can sex ratios of dioecious plants be altered by modifying conditions external to their germ cells? (2) Is the altera- tion thus obtained limited to individuals of one sex? (3) How do results har- monize with the Mendelian conception of sex determination? The hemp plant was employed because it is almost wholly composed of dis- tinctly unisexual individuals, although monoecious individuals (which were dis- tinctly female in type) also appeared. The plant's physiological equilibrium was disturijed by the removal of flowers and other vegetative parts and by the injection of the following chemical substances into the stem : Calcium nitrate 0.1, zinc sulphate 0.1, dextrose 5, maltose 5, peptone 1, asparagin 0.5, potassium iodid 3 per cent, pyridin hr' formic acid TgnQn' acetic acid ^> hq' sodium hydrate hqa' tqq' njn Two hundred and sixty-three plants were mutilated by the removal of flowers, flower bu3s, leaves, and portions of the stem. The tops of 20 were bagged and 60 others received injections of the above-named chemi- cals. The discussion covers the results obtained from two years' experimental work. Alteration of sex occurred under several dift'erent treatments, the removal of parts being the only factor, however, common to all the sex-developing responses. 1917] FIELD CROPS. 737 Of the 163 plants which produce flowers after treatment, 29 developefl some flowers of the opposite sex. Four of these plants were males and 25 females. It is evident that the sex of hemp is alterable by the removal of flowers. Although only a few male plants produced pistils, they constituted from 14 to 21 per cent of the total number of males producing flowers after mutilation, while the females were very responsive to the stimulus of flower removal. In the second year's experiments every female mutilated produced stamens. These results seem to indicate that sex is not wholly a matter of zygotic constitution but that both males and females are potential hermaphrodites, as believed by Darwin and Strasburger. Rice variety studies, E. van Drent (Dept. Landh. Suriname Verslap, 1915, pp. 62-66). — This is a brief account of some rice variety trials, including a study of the plat arrangement employed. Each of the five varieties tested were .sown in three parallel plats, the planting distances being 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ft., respectively. Brief notes are given on the cultural characteristics of each variety with special reference to their resistance to wind. No conclusions as to the best distance for planting could be drawn, but the experiments will be continued in 1916 with two varieties, using the same system of plats, and from these it is hoped to obtain definite results. [Sugar cane] {Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Sta. Proc, S5 {1915), pp. 20-26, 64-80, 86-113). — Progress in variety testing at the Waipio substation and in cooperative field tests is reported. Leguminous seeds are being distributed for the production of gi'een manure crops. The most desirable crops for this pur- pose are san hemp and the Bengal bean. Reports of the committees on cultiva- tion, fertilization, and irrigation on irrigated plantations and on cultivation and fertilization on unirri gated plantations are given, together with a discussion thereof. Breeding' sugar cane {.Jour. Heredity, 7 {1916), No. 9, p. 405). — This is a brief note on sugar cane breeding in Porto Rico. Hand pollination has been found almost impossible, due to the smallness of the flower, the height at which the inflorescence is produced, and its brittletiess. Wind pollination has been accomplished by planting a pollen-sterile variety on the leeward side of a pollen-fertile variety. Studes in Indian sugar canes. — II, Sugar cane seedlings, including some correlations between morphological characters and sucrose in the juice, C. A. Barber {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 8 {1916), No. 3, pp. 103-199, pis. 32, figs. 2). — This gives a detailed account of studies of sugar-cane seedlings. In an effort to increase sugar production in India, sugar-cane seedlings have been propagated at Coiuibatore in Madras, where the cane flowers profusely. The seedlings obtained are enumerated and described by periods, representing the periods of seed production. Variations in nine morphological characters, viz, vigor and size, general habit of growth, erectness of young shoots, tillering, leaf types, width of leaf, color of leaf, color of cane, and thickness of cane, and in the sucrose percentage in the juice are discussed in detail. A number of cor- relations between the morphological characters of the seedlings and the richness of their juice have also been studied. These correlations are as follows: Leaf width and sucrose, length of leaf and sucrose, leaf nodule and sucrose, thickness of cane and sucrose, length of cane and sucrose, cane module and sucrase, leaf width and thickness of cane, leaf width and total weight of .seedling, leaf width and tillering, and color of cane and sucrose. Production of sugar in the United States and foreign counti'ies, P. Ei-liott {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 413 {1917), pp. 7(?).— Statistics are given for the United States and 37 other countries on the production of cane and beet sugar for the period from September 1, 1903, when the Brussels Convention went into effect, 738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 to the close of the sugar j'ear 1912-18, with a comparison of the preceding decade. The total world production of both beet and cane sugar increased from about 11,000,000 tons in 1893-94 to . 20,000,000 tons in 1912-13. The average annual world output for the decade 1904-1913 was 16,419,000 tons, as compared with 11,498,000 tons foT the preceding decade. The production of beet sugar for these two periods shows an increase of 34 per cent, while cane-sugar production increased 40 per cent. This latter increase was largely due to improved indus- trial conditions in Cuba, where alone an Increase of 152 per cent was realized. An increase of 85 per cent was realized in Java. It is estimated that over 12,000,000 acres are harvested annually to produce the world's sugar supply, this acreage being about equally divided between beets and cane. The yield of sugar beets per acre has varied from 1,800 to 3,900 lbs., while cane sugar has varied from 2,000 to 9,000 lbs. Hawaii and Java exceeded all other countries in the production of sugar per acre, amounting to 4.5 to 5 tons for some years in Hawaii. These countries also led in the production of cane, averaging about 40 tons per acre. The United States had the highest production of beet sugar per factory employee, so far as data are available, the output amounting to 59.8 tons annunlly as compared with 22.97 tons for Hun- gary, 20.61 for France, 13.95 for Austria, 11.42 for Russia, and 19.09 for cane sugar for Hawaii. During 1904-1913 78.9 per cent of the world's output of sugar was produced in 11 countries, as follows: British India, 14.5; Germany, 13.6; Cuba, 10.3; Austria-Hungary, Java, and Russia, 8 each; United States and France, 4.7 each; Hawaii, 3 ; and Belgium and the Netherlands, 1.5 each. Cuba exceeded all other countries in the exports of sugar for the last decade, while the United States exceeded all other countries in imports. The United States also led all other countries in the consumption of sugar, with an increase of 42.9 per cent over the preceding decade. During the decade 1904-1913 Aus- tralia exceeded all other countries in per capita consumption of sugar, amount- ing to 112.96 lbs. Statistics for each country are discussed in detail. Manuring of swedes with different phosphatic manures; purchase of basic slag (Univ. Col. N. Wales, Bangor, Dept. Agr. [Puh.'\, 6 (1914), pp. 7).— These experiments were begun in 1913 at eight centers in North Wales to determine whether basic slag should be purchased on the basis of total phosphorus or on the amount of phosphorus soluble in a 2 per cent citric acid solution and the comparative value of basic slag, acid phosphate, and mineral phosphate as a fertilizer for swedes on North Wales soils. The experiments are to be con- tinued further, but the results obtained thus far indicate that basic slag will give as good results as acid phosphate if used in such quantities that the crop receives an equivalent amoiint of phosphorus soluble in 2 per cent citric acid, and that mineral phosphates, if finely ground, are to be recommended for swedes. Manuring of swedes with different phosphatic manures ( Univ. Col. N. Wales, Bangor; Dept. Agr. [Pub.], 6 {1915), pp. 4)- — A continuation of the ex- periments noted above indicates that a liberal application of phosphatic fer- tilizers is essential for the production of swedes, and that basic slag and acid phosphate have produced the highest yields. The suppression of characters on crossing, R. H. Biffen {Jour. Qenetics, 5 {1916). No. 4, pp. 225-228) .—Thifi article deals with the study of the asso- ciation of the mouse-gray color occurring in the glumes of the Rivet wheat (Triticum turgidum) and the presence of a quantity of hairs on the glumes. It is offered as a contribution to the information by Bateson and Pellew (E. 1917] FIELD CEOPS. 739 S. R., 34, p. 41), in which it is shown that a group of characters introduced by one of the orifeiiial parents failetl to affect the Fj generation. The author lias found that all gray-chaffed wheats are rough-chaffed, but that all rough-chaffed wheats are not gray. In the Fa generation in crosses of Rivet wheat with Polish wheat (T. polonicum) having white glumes, over 2,000 plants raised from 20 separate Fi crosses had the identical glume color of Polish -wheat. Cases are cited where red-grained varieties, in which the parents bred true to color, when crossed produced white-grained varieties. The sup- pression of a dominant character in the Fj generation, from parents showing dominant characters only, is thought to be more frequent in wheats than it appears to be at present. It is suggested that this suppression may be due to the existence of more than one determining factor for the dominant character (in this case, color), and that consequently two factors determining the reces- sive character may occasionally meet in the zygote, thus completely suppressing the dominant. Work in connection with Egyptian wlieat, G. C. Dudgeon and G. Boliand (3Iin. Agr. Egypt. Tech. and Sci. Serv. Bnl. 7 {1916), pp. 9).— This bulletin out- lines investigations being conducted with native and imported wheat at the Gheezeh School of Agriculture, together with a discussion of the results ob- tained thus far. The native types are of the Baladi variety. Imported seed from England, America, Russia, Cyprus, Australia, and Sudan, were sown be- tween November IS and December 1, 1914. These varieties were badly infested with rust and in 1915 only three native varieties and the Muzaffarnagar wheat of India were sown. Of these varieties the White Baladi gave the highest yield. An experiment was also undertaken to determine the rate of seeding and the comparative value of plowing in and harrowing in the seed. The same variety was used in all tests, and a rate of 6 kelehs per feddan (2.5 bu. per acre) harrowed in gave the best results. A series of experiments to determine the best method of treating seed for the prevention of smut included treatments with copper sulphate solutions varying in strength from 0.5 to 10 per cent and with Cyllin from 1:2,000 to 1 : 250. The results obtained indicate that all the treatments greatly reduced smut infection, but that the copper sulphate solutions stronger than 2 per cent and all the Cyllin solutions were too strong and reduced germination. Carman's wheat-rye hybrids, C. E, Leighty (Jour. Heredity, 7 (1916), No. 9, pp. Jf^O-427, figs. 4). — This is a comprehensive summary of the work of Elbert S. Carman, a former editor of the Rural New Yorker, in his attempts to establish a wheat-rye hybrid. The fact is brought out by the author that many of the supposed hybrids in the Rural New Yorker series show no trace of rye characters and that only one variety originated from a real wheat-rye hybrid. This variety, known as No. 6, is an actual descendant from the true wheat-rye hybrid obtained in 1883. Seed reports, 1914, 1915, J. W. Kellogg and H. E. Gensler (Penn. Dept. Agr. Buls. 258 {1915), pp. S5 ; 276 (.1916), pp. 35, figs. 5).— A report of the seed inspection for 1914 and 1915 is given. A copy of the seed law, directions for sampling seed, and the standards of purity used in seed testing are included in the report for 1914, while in that for 1915 100 noxious weed seeds found in farm seeds are described and illustrated. Results of seed tests for 1916, F. W. Taylob and F. S. Pkince (New Hamp- shire Sta. Bui. 180 (1916), pp. 18). — This reports the analysis of 84 samples of seed collected by the station during the year 1916, and other data. Michigan weeds, W. J. Beal (Michigan Sta. Bui. 267, 2. ed. (1915), pp. 181, figs. 248). — This is a revised edition of a bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 343), following the American Code of Nomenclature in the second edition 94087°— No. 8—17 4 740 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.36 (1913) of Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Canada as a standard for the botanical names. Kill garlic and wild onion by oil spraying, A. D. Selbt and D. R. Van Atta (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 12, flp. 355-S58, figs. 2).— The eradication of Allium vineale and A. canadense in Hamilton County, Ohio, by the use of fuel oil as a spray is briefly discussed. Similar work conducted by the Indiana Experiment Station (E. S. R., 31, p. 739) with orchard heating oil is noted. Eradication of bracken (Univ. Col. N. Wales, Bangor, Dept. Agr. [P«&.] 5 (191I^), pp. 7). — This publication reports further experiments, conducted on six experimental farms, in the eradication of bracken in pasture lands. The indications are that by the end of the second year the bracken had been nearly exhausted by repeated cuttings, while the grass had been stimulated by the application of lime and manures. Improvement of hill and peaty pastures; eradication of bracken (TJniv. Col. N. Wales, Bangor, Dept. Agr. [Pub.] S (1915), pp. 8). — Experiments have been laid out at 15 centers for the treatment of poor pastures on peaty or hilly ground with basic slag, ground limestone, rock phosphate, and acid phosphate. The general results to date indicate that basic slag and rock phosphate improve pasture conditions, while lime used alone has had little or no effect. Experiments with the eradication of bracken have been continued with much the same results as noted above. HORTICTJLTITRE. On the problem of extra root nutrition and treatment of trees, V. LftiBi- MENKo (LuBiMENKo) (Zap. Imp. Nikitsk. Sada [/2is over under favorable conditions. Further experiments showed that the development of the calloused condition depended largely upon the maintenance of a uniform condition of relative humidity. Callous developed more rapidly at a high temperature, such as 95°, than at a low temperature, such as 60°. With the daily humidity fluctuating from 50 per cent to 95 per cent very little development of callous was observed. With uniformly high relative humidity of about 90 per cent comparatively little loss of weight in the fruits was observed irrespective of the temperature during the storage. The lemons also developed a smoother texture, lighter color, and better commei'cial appearance than where a condition of low relative humidity, e. g., 70 per cent, was maintained, or where the relative humidity fluctxiated considerably during the storage. On August 4, 1916, a box of hard, ripe Bartlett pears was placed with the lemons in one of the curing rooms, where temperature and humidity records were taken for 30 days. At the same time a similar lot of pears was placed in a family storage room without regard to temperature or humidity. The pears in the family storage room t\irned yellow and ripened perfectly by August 10, whereas the pears in the lemon room remained hard and green until the end of the experiment on September 3. At the beginning of the experiment these pears were exposed to a temperature as low as 83°. For the most part after this date the temperature was very high, reaching 100° on August 27. The relative humidity was uniformly high, being 96 per cent on August 17 and ranging from 85 to 96 per cent between August 5 and August 21. The humidity was below 80 per cent only nine days out of the period. Sample pears removed from the lemon room from time to time ripened within six or seven days from the date of withdrawal. In lieu of further observations no definite explanation is offered why the pears were held for .30 days at the high temperatures recorded without ripening or deteriorating. The investigators believe, however, that the condition of high relative humidity was a controlling factor in retarding ripening. Statistics of fruits in principal countries, H. D. Ruddiman (JJ. B. Dept. Agr. Bui. 483 (1911), pp. 40). — A brief statistical survey of pi'oductiou, exports, and imports of fruits for the United States and other important producing, exporting, and consuming countries. The data given are based upon figures taken from official sources, usually from publications of the countries treated. Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding' Farm in 1916, C. Haralson (Minn. Hort., 45 (1917), No. 2, pp. 49-55, pi. 1, figs. 2). — A brief progress report on breeding work with apples, strawberries, raspberries, grapes, plums, and cherries, with discus^on following. 742 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Report on investigations of the botanical laboratoi*y of the Imperial Nikitsky Orchard in 1912 (Zap. Imp. Nikitsk. Sada [IAlta'\, No. 6 {19U), pp. 183-200, pis. 5). — Experiments in crossbreeding with peaches, apples, pears, and grapes are reported. Experiments in the production of parthenocarpic apples and pears by pre- venting pollination were for the most part negative, only one apple and four pears being secured. Experiments in ringing fruit branches resulted in a rapid dying off of the branches and consequent loss of fruit. A study of the influence of seeds of the apple on the development of the pericarp showed a close rela- tion between seeds and pericap development. The greater the number of seed the greater was their influence on the pericap. Apple grov/ing (Mass. [Bd.l Agr. Bui. 2, 5. ed., rev. (1916), pp. 258, pis. 25, figs. 31). — Some of the ai'ticles in the previous edition of this bulletin (E. S. R., 30, p. 739) have been superseded by new ones and a number of other new articles relating to apple growing have been added. The subject matter as a whole has been revised where deemed necessary. The apple in Canada, its cultivation and improvement, W. T. Macoun (Caimda Expf. Farms Bui. 86 (1916), pp. 136. figs. 25).— This bulletin records the results of experimental work with the apple at the Central Experimental Farm and branch farms and stations of Canada, and gives information relative to best methods of propagating apples, varieties recommended, and the planting and care of orchards. The experimental data recorded deal largely with investi- gations with seedling and cross-bred apples, yields of individual trees of the same varieties, the closely planted Wealthy apple orchard, and other work previously reported on from time to time (E. S. R.. 33, p. 236). Harvesting, packing, and marketing the apple crop, A. F. Mason (Penn. State Col. Ext. Circ. 50 (1916). pp. U, flffS- 34).— A popular treatise on the sub- ject, including illustrated descriptions of various types of grading and sizing machinery. Sending apples by parcel post, P. Thayeb (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 12. pp. 377-382, figs. 6). — An account of the station's experience in marketing apples by parcel post during the past three years. The styles of packages used are illustrated and described and the results of shipping tests for each year are given. The results in general show that apples when not too ripe and when well packed will carry to almost any distance with little or no injury. For short distances, as within the second postal zone, and for .small quantities parcel post is much cheaper than express. For large quantities or greater distances express rates are cheaper. To insure profit packages must be put up in quantities in advance of orders. The native pears of North Africa, L. Trabut (Bui. Sta. Forest. Nord Afrique, 1 (1916), No. 4. pp. 115-120, pis. 4, figs. 3). — Observations on the geo- graphic distribution of pears native to North Africa. Problems and opportunities in the fig industry, J, E. Coit (Cal. Citrogr., 2 (1917), No. 5. pp. 6, 7. figs. 3). — An outline of some of the problems in fig culture under investigation by the California Experiment Station. Statistics on the production of grapes in 1916 (Estadistica de la Produccidn Viticola en el Ano 1916. Madrid: Govt., 1917, pp. 6). — The usual statistical re- port on the production of grapes and wine in various regions and Provinces of Spain (E. S. R., 35, p. 744) during the year 1916, including comparative data for the five years commencing in 1912. Tropical pomology. — A new field for horticulturists, W. Popenoe (UtUv. Cal. Jour. Agr., 3 (1916), No. 6, pp. 221-228, figs. 2). — Popular suggestions are 1917] HORTICULTURE, 743 given relative to tlie possibilities of improving various tropical fruits and meth- ods of growing them. The navel orange of Bahia; with notes on some little-kxiown Brazilian fruits, P. H. DoRSETT, A. D. Shamel, and W. Popenoe {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 445 (1917), pp. 35, pis. 24, fig. 1). — In addition to an account of the origin, his- tory, and culture of the navel orange of Bahia, together with the introduction of the Washington navel orange of Bahia into the United States, notes are given on other citrus fruits and miscellaneous fruits grown at Bahia, citrus fruits and other fruits growing In the region around Rio de Janeiro, and fruits of the highlands and semiarid regions of Minas Geraes and Bahia. Compara- tive analyses of navel oranges grown at Riverside, Cal., and at Bahia, Brazil, made by H. C. Gore, are included. The use of commercial fertilizers, J. F. Bbeazeau; (Cal. Citrogr., 2 (1917), No. 5, pp. 4, 5). — A popular discussion of some of the fundamentals of fertilizer practice, with special reference to citrus groves. The pomegranate, R. W. Hodgson (California Sta. Bui. 276 (1917), pp. 163- 192, figs. 15). — An account of the pomegranate with reference to its range of culture in the United States, history, botany, horticultural varieties, climatic requirements, propagation, soils, orchard management, yields, returns, uses, dis- eases, insect pests, and other troubles. Planting pecans, budding, grafting, and transplanting pecan trees, J. A. Evans (Tex. Agr. Col. Ext. Sew. Bui. B-85 (1917), pp. 32, figs. S).— Practical instructions on budding, grafting, planting, and transplanting pecans are given, including information relative to varieties adapted to different sections of the State. Profitable herb growing and collecting, Ada B. Teetgen (London: Country Life, 1916, pp. XI-\-lSO, figs. 16). — A compilation of information gleaned from publications issued by departments of agi'iculture in different countries concern- ing the culture, yield, profitable marketing, and kinds of medicinal plants and herbs. Observations and experiments in poppy culture and the production of opium in the Province of Valladolid, Spain, C. Benaiges de Aeis (Bol. Agr. T4c. y Econ., 9 (1917), No. 97, pp. 55-63). — Notes on poppy and opium produc- tion in general, including experimental results obtained on the Valladolid Farm. The dahlia, L. K. Peacock (Berlin, N. J.: Peacock Dahlia Farms [1917], 5. ed., pp. 80, pi. 1, figs. 62). — A practical treatise on the habits, characteristics, cultivation, and history of the dahlia, including also descriptive lists of varieties. Parks: Their design, equipment, and use, G. Burnap (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1916, pp. 328, pi. 1, figs. 167). — A treatise on the principles of park design, comprising as a whole a guide for town and city officials intrusted with the development and maintenance of parks, a reference work for landscape architects and superintendents in designing parks, and a general work for the enlightenment of the public. The principles of design are here illustrated by photographs of parks in various cities and countries. The successive chapters discuss park design in city planning, bringing up a park the way it should go, principles of park design, " passing-through " parks, neighborhood parks, recreation parks, playgrounds in parks, efl5gie.s and monu- ments in parks, architecture in parks, decorative use of water, planting design of parks, park administration in relation to planting design, seats in public parks, disposition of flowers in parks, and park utilities. The food garden, W. F. Rowles (London: Eeadley Bros. [1917], pp. 324, pis. 28, figs. 50). — A manual on the culture and conservation of fruits and vege- tables, with special reference to the home garden and greenhouse. 744 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. [Vol.36 rrom garden to pantry, Nellie R. de Lissa (London: Simpkm, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent d Co., Ltd. [1916), pp. 110). — A small practical treatise on the culture, harvesting, and home conservation of vegetables and fruits. Vegetable growing, J. G. Boyle (FhiladelpMa and New York: Lea d Febiger, 1917, pp. IX +17-350, figs. 154). — A text-book and treatise on the principles and practice of vegetable growing, with special reference to the home garden. Report of the bureau of insecticides and fungicides for the year 1915, S. K. Johnson et al. (Columbus, Ohio: State, 1916, pp. 37).— This report con- tains tabulated analyses of insecticides and fungicides inspected under the Ohio insecticide and fungicide law in 1915, together with short articles relating to inspection work, the text of the Ohio insecticide and fungicide law, and a fruit-growers' spray calendar. FORESTRY. Forest terminology (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 1, pp. 68-101). — A list of terms in forestry compiled by a committee of the Society of American Foresters, together with a statement of principles guiding the committee in choosing terms. A number of the terms appearing in Bulletin 61 of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (E. S. R., 17, p. 373) have been ruled out in the present list as either ill chosen or not necessary. The situation, B. E. Feknow (Jour. Forestry, 15 (1917), No. 1, pp. 3-14). — A review of progress made in forestry in the United States as a policy, science, and art during the past 30 years. Sixth biennial report of the state forester of the State of California, G. M. HoMANs (Bien. Rpt. State Forester Cat., 6 (1915-16), pp. 56, figs. 17).— A re- port of activities during the biennial period 1915-16, including information relative to forest fire protection work by private, state, and federal agencies; city tree-planting work and legislation for its promotion ; data on private euca- lyptus plantations ; and recommended legislation. A short paper on Summer Homes on the National Forests, by C. DuBois, is also included. Biennial report of the forestry conimission for the years 1915—16, W. R. Bkown et al. (Bien. Rpt. Forestry Coin. N. H., 1915-16, pp. 177, pis. 19). — A report for the biennial period 1915-16 giving a synopsis of the gi'owth and present status of the state forestry work and reviewing recent progress along the following lines : The forest-fire service ; reforestation ; operations on the national, state, and municipal forests in New Hampshire; and educational and special projects. The state forest laws and data on the fire-service organiza- tion are appended. Division of forestry and parks, F. B. Moody (Bien. Rpt. State Conserv. Com. Wis., 1915-16, pp. 69-138, figs. 23). — A report of activities for the biennial period 1915-16 relative to forest protection, work on the state parks, forest- planting operations, and assistance rendered to private owners. The text is given of the forest-fire plan for protection of headwaters of the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers, as developed by the Wisconsin Conservation Commission in cooperation with the Federal Government and others, together with papers by G. L. Harrington on State Forest Nurseries and on the Extent, Value, and Use of Wisconsin Woodlots. It contains the decision of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin restricting land purchases for extending the State Forest Reserve and reviews the forest fire protection work. Continuous forest production of privately owned timber lands as a solu- tion of the economic difaculties of the lumber industry, B. P. Kirkland (Jour. Fm-estry, 15 (1917), No. 1, pp. 15-64).— li\ this paper the author reviews 1917] FORESTRY. 745 existing conditions affecting the lumber industry, with special reference to destructive competition ; presents data to justify forestry as a permanent busi- ness proposition ; and emphasizes the importance of organized control, whether by public or private agencies. Suggestions are given relative to methods of con- trolling the lumber industry. Farm woodlot timber: Its uses and principal markets, G. N. Lamb (Purdue Univ. Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 51 (1916), pp. 24, ftffs. 2). — An account of the native commercial species, their uses, specifications, marljet prices, and important marliets for woodlot products. The subject matter is based on a study of Indiana woodlots conducted by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Department of Agricultural Extension of Purdue University. Trees planted by new machine replace railway snow fences, H. Smith (Engin. News, 77 (1917), No. 11, pp. 432, 43S, figs. 4).— Planting plans used in forming wlndbrealis in place of snow fences along the Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie Railway are given. A tree-planting machine successfully used in this worli is illustrated and described. The Christmas tree industry, E. Secrest (ilo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 12, pp. 371-374, fig. 1). — Popular suggestions are given relative to the planting, care, and marketing of Christmas trees. The greenheart of commerce, C. D. Mell (Amer. Forestry, 22 (1916), No. 269, pp. 288-291, figs. 6). — A popular account of the greenheart tree (Nectandra rodicEi), of the Gulanas and Venezuela, relative to its distinguishing charac- teristics, exploitation, mechanical properties, and commercial importance. True mahogany, O. D. Mell (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 474 (1917), pp. 24, pis. 3, figs. 4)- — An account of the true mahogany (Swietenia spp.) with reference to its common names, geographical distribution, general cliaracteristics of the wood, characteristics of the wood from different regions, market value, uses and supply. Importations to the United States, methods of logging and trans- portation, botanical characteristics, and minute characters of the wood. The author concludes with a list of cabinet woods from various countries which resemble true mahogany in one or more characters and are frequently mar- keted as mahogany. Contribution to the knowledge of red quebracho, J. B. Galarza (Trah. Inst. Bot. y Farmacol., Buenos Aires, No. 32 (1915), pp. 69, pis. 2, figs. 31). — An account of the red quebracho (Schinopsis spp.), with reference to its botany, histology, geographic distribution, exploitation of lumber and tannin extract, physical and chemical properties, commerce, and uses. Data on mechanical tests of the wood are given and the strength values compared with various other Argentine woods. Analytical data are also given showing the tannin content of numerous samples. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Lumbering in the sugar and yellow pine region of California, S. Bebey (f7. S. Dept. Agr. Bxd. 44O (1917), pp. 99, pis. 14, fig. i).— The introductory part of this bulletin gives a general account of the region, the forest, types of operations, labor, camps, and factors affecting the cut. Part 2 treats in detail of logging operations, including the preparing of logs for transport, the various stages of transportation, and woods supervision. Part 3 discusses the manu- facture of lumber, and part 4 deals with general cost factors, consideration being given to overhead charges, depreciation, and the costs of typical opera- tions. An annotated list of the forest trees of the Hawaiian archipelago, V. MacCaughey (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 44 (1917), No. 3, pp. 145-157).— A check list to the Hawaiian arborescent flora. 746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 British-grown timber and timber trees, A. D. Webster (London: William Rider d Smi, Ltd., 1916, pp. XII+16.i, pis. 41, fig. i).— A concise description of each species, together with notes as to their value for ornamental and economic planting, including an account of the soils suited to their cultivation, the uses to which the timber is applied, the current value of the wood, etc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. [Report of the research assistant in plant pathology], G. H. Coons (Michi- gan Sta. Ri}t. 1916, pp. 265-274).— The author describes the various lines of work in progress during the year, particular attention having been paid to the cause and control of a certain limb and twig disease of the apple. The disease in question was found to be due to Plenodomus fuscomaculans, and preliminary accounts of some of the phases of the investigation have already been given (E. S. R., 34, p. 647; 35, p. 653) in connection with investigations carried on under the author's direction. Considerable advance has been made in the study of bean diseases and their control, and while preventive treatment by hot water or chemicals has given little promise for the control of bean anthracnose and blight, it has been found possible by the planting of resistant varieties to escape serious losses. In con- nection with this investigation, the feasibility of growing beans for seed pur- poses in western regions where blight does not exist has been demonstrated. Some notes are given on investigations of potato diseases, particularly a wilt due to Fusarium, the efficiency of some forms of sterilization of soil in connection with the growing of celery, and miscellaneous pests of potatoes, grain, and vegetables. Among the vegetable diseases reported upon is a fruit rot of tomato, from which a yellow bacterial organism has been isolated that seems to differ from Bacterium michiganense, especially in the fact that no wilting of the stem occurs. [Plant diseases in Uganda, 1915], R. Fyffe (Ann. Rpt. Bot., Forestry and Sci. Dept. Uganda, 1915, pp. 5, 6). — It is stated that Para rubber trees suffered considerably during the year from attacks on the roots by Fomes semitostus and Hymenochwte noxiu. The former is found to propagate itself only by means of mycelium. Both are controlled by trenches isolating affected areas, by sprinkling lime around affected trees, and by exposing the roots to the sun's rays. A few pods of cacao (Theobroma cacao) affected with brown rot (Phytopli- thora faheri) were burnt, this being considered to be the best means for con- trol of the disease. Costa Rica coffee plants were found to be susceptible to Hemileia vastatrix as are any of the other varieties of coffee cultivated in this country. A variety of coffee grown from seed obtained from the Sese Islands appears to be the most resistant yet tried, except perhaps a single old tree of Coffea liberica said to be very robust but of slow growth. Phytopathological work in the Tropics, J. R. Johnston (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 38i-386).— Attention is called to the necessity of phyto- pathological studies in the Tropics, and some of the work in progress is briefly described. A plan is outlined for a greater amount of cooperation in investiga- tions and a better coordination of efforts for the control of plant diseases in the American Tropics. Tacultative heteroscisra of Peridermium harknessii and Cronartium quer- cus, F. D. Feoaime (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 4II, ^12).— The author criticizes the conclusion of Meinecke (E. S. R., 36, p. 454) regarding facultative heteroecism in these two rusts and states that the cases cited do not meet the 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 747 requirements which would establish this claim. The ability of these rusts to exist in the absence of an alternate host plant is indicated, but this alone does not constitute autcecism nor facultative hetercecism. Studies of the genus Phytophthora, J. Rosenbaum {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (,1911), No. 7, pp. 233-276, pis. 7, figs. 13; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 3 {1917), No. 3, pp. 159-163) .—Basea on cultural and other studies of 11 of the 13 described species of Phytophthora, a tentative key is presented for the identification of the species. Mechanism of tumor growth in crown gall, E. F. Smith {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 5, pp. 165-188, pis. 62).— A detailed account is given of experiments pi'eviously reported (E. S. R., 36, p. 46), with sugges- tions as to what is believed to be the proximate cause of the abnormal cell proliferation in crown gall. The experiments described are considered to have an important bearing not only on the production of crown gall and other tumors in plants but also on the origin of animal tumors. The author believes that in the local osmotic action (possibly, in some stages, chemical action also) of various substances thrown into cells and diffusing from them in all directions, as the result of the metabolism of a feeble intra- cellular parasite or symbiont together with the resultant counter movements of water and food supply, there is, in crown gall at least and presumptively also in animal neoplasms, an explanation of tumor growth. Intoxicating bread, N. A. Naumov {Elin. Zeml. [Russia], Trudy Biuro Milcol. i Fitopatol., Uchen. Kom., No. 12 (1916), pp. 216, pis. 8, fig. 1). — This publica- tion represents a further progress report of work on the disease of grain called " drunk bi-ead " (E. S. R.. 35, p. 845), The author has made extensive studies of this disease, especially the relation of the causal organisms to the hosts, their biology, and possible control meas- ures. It is definitely stated that this trouble of cereals is due to the activities of two species of Fusarium, F. roseum and F. suhulatum, which attack rye, wheat, oats, and barley, not infrequently in quite alarming proportions, as much as 88 per cent of infection having been observed on barley in 1912. Infected seed and infected soil are the chief sources of the disease, while humidity and high temperature are the main factors in the spread of the epidemic. Diseased seed is recognized by the presence of the fungus mycelium in the grains. Posi- tive results were obtained in artificial inoculations of soil, seedlings, and heads with conidia and ascospores and also in artificial Inoculations of soil and shoots with the mycelium. If the infected grain is stored under ordinary conditions for a period of three years, the mycelium completely loses its vitality. Dry heat for 24 hours at 66° C. (150.8° F.) for rye and at 60° for wheat, oats, and barley, while with- out effect on the vitality of the seed, kills or at least greatly weakens the fungus mycelium imbedded in the grains. Other control measures recom- mended are seed selection, general sanitation, and proper crop rotation. Soak- ing of the affected seed in various fungicides was not found to be efficient, except when the spores or the mycelium of the parasites were present on the surface of the grains. Glume rust of wheat, P. Berthault (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 29 (1916), No. 15, pp. 256, 257). — An unusually severe outbreak of glume rust on wheat is noted as causing much loss to the crop of 1916. Several known cereal rust fungi, their modes of propagation, and protection therefrom are discussed. Crown gall of alfalfa in France, G. Arnatjd (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 29 (1916), No. 17, pp. 291, 292, fig. 1).—A description is given of alfalfa crown gall and the mode of development and propagation of the causal fungus (Urophlyctis alfalfa;), with a short account of the appearance of this disease 748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 In various countries since it was first noted by Lagerlieim near Latacunga, Ecuador. Tliere is added a discussion of related species and of diseases, more or less similar, of oilier plants. Diseases of asparagus and of melon, G. Aenaud (Ann. 8erv. Epiphyties, Mem. et Rap., 2 (1913), pp. 273-284, figs. 9).— The author reports a study on the fungus causing a disease of young asparagus plants, described as Alelanospora asparagi n. 9p., also on a disease of melon. The conidial form of the latter, previously described under several other names, is supposed to belong to the genus Fusarium, the perfect stage of which may be a Melanospora found in connection therewith. Fungus and bacterial diseases of clover, A. A. flcHEVSKii (Jaczewski) (Min. Zeml. [Russia], Bvuro Mikol. i Fitopatol., Uchen. Kom. [Pub.], 1916, pp. 64, figs. 25). — The author gives a list and descriptions of about 30 distinct diseases affecting the clover plant in Russia. The majority of these are more or less known in the United States but special attention is called to two parasitic diseases, namely, a crown rot due to Fusarium, trifolii n. sp., and a blossom mold caused by GEdocephalmn (Botrytis) anthopMlum n. sp. The mycelium of the latter parasite penetrates the seeds, thus carrying the disease from year to year and malting its control difficult. The blossom mold canker (Sclerotinia trifoUorum) and anthracnose (Glceo- sporium cauUvorum) are considered the most serious troubles of clover and are widely distributed throughout the country. Rusts and leaf spots, although quite prevalent, do not cause material damage. Control measures, general as well as specific to individual diseases, are briefly mentioned. A list of 28 saprophytes, frequently associated with the diseased tissues, is appended, in order to assist observers in recognizing the primary cause of the trouble. A new disease of the flowers of red clover and its relation to seed produc- tion, A. S. BoNDAETSEV (BoNDARZEw) (Zap. Sta. Isp. Si^m: Imp. Bot. Sad. (Ann. Samenpriif. Anst. K. Bot. Gart. Peter Grossen), 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 23, pis. 3, figs. 6). — The author reports on a fungus attack on the flowers of the red clover. The cause of the trouble Is said to be Botrytis antJiophila n. sp. The mycelium permeates the entire plant, growing intei'cellularly, and it produces its conidia in the anthers of the flowers, causing abnormal pollen grains of low germinative power. The mycelium has also been found within the seed coats, indicating that the disease may be seed-borne. Infected plants produce less seed than normal ones, and its specific weight is somewhat lower, but the ger- mination of diseased seed was higher than that of sound seed. The forage production of the plants was not found to be influenced by the fungus. A technical description of the fungus is given. Belation of soil temperature to infection of flax by Fusarium lini, W. H. TiSDALE (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 412, 413). — In connection with an experimental study of flax wilt, the author has determined that the critical temperature for infection of flax by F. lini is about 15 to 16° C. (59 to 60.8° F.). [Report of the assistant in plant pathology ], J. H. Muncie (Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 276, 277). — A brief account is given of work caiTied on by the author on control measures for anthracnose and blight of beans. Attention is also called to a stem disease of beans that has caused serious damage to the crop. The stem is attacked at the first node, the plant is girdled, and it usually breaks over when the beans are about half mature. This disease is receiving furthei- study. Celery leaf spot (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 60 (1916), No. 1556, p. 196).— In a summary of results of recent experimentation regarding the prevention and control of leaf spot of celery, which is said to have been particularly prevalent IQlT^l DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749 in England this year, it is stated that, while hydrogen peroxid proves efficacious in this connection, it is unstable, deteriorating if kept. Corrosive sublimate of 0.1 per cent strength, used to soak the seed for half an hour (after softening for an equal period in warm water), is very successful. If infection appears on careful daily scrutiny during the growth of the plant, Bordeaux mixture should be used, after removal of the leaves most affected. As spores of the fungus (Septoria petroselini apii) do not survive for more than two or three years, seed of such age is fairly safe, if germinable. A collar disease of pea, F. Gu^guen (Ami. Serv. Epiphyties, Mem. et Rap., 2 (1913), pp. 302-309, figs. 15).— The author reports a study of a pea disease in the neighborhood of Paris, ascribed to a Fusariuni said to have been considered by van Hall (E. S. R., 15, p. 375) as the conidial form of Neocosmospora vas- infecta pisi. He discusses the character of the lesions, the microscopic aspects of the fungus, its culture, and its capacity for infection. The reappearance of Phytophthora infestans during the growth of the potato plant, J. Eriksson (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 16S (1916), No. 4> pp. 97-100). — Giving the results of recent studies, the author states that the blight fungus, P. infestans, does not appear for three or four months after plant- ing, or until about the time when the blooms appear. In Sweden, the time of the primary outbreak in open fields may vary from the middle of July to the first of September, according to meteorological conditions. Moist weather favors the disease, whicii very quickly becomes general. The spots appear to be independent of each other. Under glass, if the tubers are planted in Janu- ary the blight may appear by the middle of April, when the plants are as fully developed as those in the open fields late in summer, causing some check to growth and some deformation of the plants. The changes occurring within the first day in the development of the parasitic organism, from the supposedly symbiotic or mycoplasmic stage, are described in some detail. A Melanconiuni pai-asitic on the tomato, W. H. Tisdale (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 390-394, figs. S). — A more detailed account is given of a disease of tomatoes which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 49). In connection with this study, a Melanconium morphologically identical with the tomato parasite was found growing saprophytically on onions in the same greenhouse. The specific identity of the fungus has not been determined, but should the disease become of economic importance, it is expected that further study of the organism would be made. The results of the experiments show that the fungus grows readily on tomato fruits when introduced through wounds, and that it is also able to attack unin- jured fruits if the moisture conditions are suitable for germination and growth. There is said to be some indication that the disease Is spread in the greenhouse by white flies. A parasitic saccharomycete of the tomato, A. Schneidek (Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 5, pp. 395-S99, figs. 4).— The author reports having isolated, from tomatoes obtained in a restaurant in Berkeley, Oal., an organism which proved to be a saccharomycetous ascomycete. The affected tomato presented a slightly depressed area of about 2 cm. in diameter and of a peculiar dull, reddish-brown color. The epidermal tissue was somewhat shriveled, but the hypodermal tissue as well as the parenchymatous tissue underneath appeared nearly normal. The fungus is a true parasite, as it develops in and on living tissues but will not develop in the presence of decay. Upon the death of the tomato tissues, the organism at once enters upon a very active spore formation. A note on Phytophthora infestans occurring on tomatoes, S. P. Wiltshiee (JJitiv. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1915, pp. 92, 93). — A 750 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr RECORD. [Vol. 36 fungus attacking severely tomato stems and finally the whole plant showed no external differences from P. infestans on potato, but it gave only a slight degree of Infection on potato plants, P. infestans from potato produced no infection on tomato, the form appropriate to which is thought to be a physiological differen- tiated strain of P. infestans. Spraying and dusting tomatoes, F. D. Fkomme and H. E. Thomas {Virginia Sta. Bui. 21S (1916), pp. 3-U, figs. S ) .—Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 25, p. 548), the results are given of a comparative study of the efficiency of different spray materials and especially of some fungicides applied in the dust form for the control of the leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) and the late blight (Phytophthora infestans) of tomatoes. The fungicides used were 4:5:50 Bordeaux mixture, superfine sulphur to which arsenate of lead was added, and two proprietary fungicides. The results obtained show that none of the fungicides gave satisfactory con- trol of the Septoria leaf spot, only about 15 per cent increase in uninfected leaves being noticed for the sprayed plants over tlie checks infected with the fungus. For the late blight and fruit rot, both the liquid and dust applications proved effective for controlling the diseases. Sulphur applied in dry form was the least effective of all the materials used. No foliage or fruit injury was pro- duced by any of the applications. Dusting and spraying nursery stock, V, B. Stewart {New York Corfiell Sta. Bui. 385 {1911), pp. S35S61, figs. 9). — Preliminary investigations having given very successful results for the control of various leaf diseases of nursery stock by dusting (E. S. R., 34, p. 747), the author conducted further trials in 1916 on a more extensive scale, in which a dust mixture composed of 90 parts of finely ground sulphur and 10 parts of powdered arsenate of lead was em- ployed in an attempt to control the leaf blotch of horse chestnut, leaf spots of currant, plum, cherry, and quince, apple scab, and mildew of rose. The results obtained show that, if properly applied, dust sprays will control these diseases in the nursery. The dusting method is considered slightly more expensive, but the applications of the dust mixture can be made in a much shorter time and more thoroughly than can spraying mixtures applied with the usual machines employed by nurserymen. A black rot of apples, G. T. Spinks {Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1915, pp. 94--96). — In cases of rot showing different colors ap- parently corresponding purely to differences in variety of the apples affected with Monilia fructigena, it is suggested that the color relation depends upon the tannin content or upon the mechanical texture of the apple, but further investigations on this point are in progress. A spot disease of apples, B. T. P. Bakkek {Univ. Bristol, Ami. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1914, PP- 97-99).— A brief description is given of a spot disease noted in the winters of 1913 and 1914 as prevalent on certain varieties of apples grown at the institute. It is said to resemble in some ways Jonathan spot and bitter pit of apples in the United States. Microscopic examination shows fungus hyphee which kill neighboring cells but do not penetrate deeply. The identity of the causal organism has not been determined. There appears to be some penetration of the cuticle by the fungus hyphse, especially at weak spots. Internal conditions do not appear favorable to the continued develop- ment of the fungus. Fungus and other diseases of stone fmiits, G. P. Darnell-Smith and E. MacKinnon {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 26 {1915), Nos. 7, pp. 589-598, i)ls. 8; 9, pp. 749-753, figs. 4)- — Notes are given on peach leaf curl {Exoascus defor- mans), brown rot {Monilia fructigena, the conidial stage, Sclerotinia fructi- gena, the ascigerous stage, being unknown in Australia), rush {Puccinia 1917] DISEASES OF PLANTS. 751 prunispinosm) , and peach freckle, black spot, or scab {Cladosporium, carpo- pMlum), as regards their relations, behavior, and control. Plum diseases, E. Rabat^ {Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, Mem. et Rap., 2 (1913), pp. SJfiS^S). — This is a brief account of observations regarding brown rot {MonUia cinerea) of plum, which was followed by plum pockets {Exoascus prvni), resulting in serious loss in the neighborhood of Agen. Comparative tests with fung-icides ag'ainst grape downy mildew, G. Caruso (Atti R. Acoad. Econ.. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 12 (1915), No. 2, pp. 150- 155). — Tests carried out during the months of May to July, 1914. as described in connection with rainfall, are said to show that about the same protection against grape downy mildew is given by nine sprayings with a 1 to 1.5 per cent preparation of a copper product, recommended by the electrical and electro- chemical society of Caffaro, as by the same number of sprayings with a 0.5 to 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture. Second series of comparative tests with fungicides against grape downy- mildew, G. Caruso (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., IS (1916), No. 2, pp. ^1-55). — The work above noted was continued in 1915, the frequency and abundance of precipitation necessitating 10 treatments extending from May 12 to Aiigust 11. A degree of superiority of Bordeaux mixture at 0.5 to 1 per cent over the competing compound at concentrations lower than 1 to 1.5 per cent was again demonstrated. A bacterial disease of the gooseberry, B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove (Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1915, pp. 91-99). — Specimens of gooseberry bushes diseased in a peculiar manner were found to contain an organism apparently identical with that described in connection with a disease of pear (E. S. R., 33. p. 148). The outbreaks may be conditioned by such factors as the influence of weather on susceptibility. A new remedy for American gooseberry mildew, I. E. Barbarin (Reprint from Zap. Simferopol. Otd. Imp. Ross. Obshch. Sadov., No. 151 (1915), pp. 10). — The author has continued his studies (E. S. R., 34, p. 842) of arsenical com- pounds as fungicides. The results of field spraying experiments with sodium arsenate in 1915 fully corroborated the positive evidence previously secured in laboratory stucjies. Four applications of this compound, one before, three after the blossoming period, with intervals of from 10 to 20 days, held in check the gooseberry mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uvce). The author recommends making the spraying solution not stronger than 1 gm. of sodium arsenate to 3 liters of water, and solutions of 0.5 to 0.75 gm. in the same amount of water are considered preferable. There seems to be very little danger of burning the leaves of the gooseberry plant. As this danger is quite serious in case of some other plants, the use of sodium arsenate for these is not recommended until dehnite methods are discovered to prevent burning of the leaves. Studies on diseases of mulberry in 1913, G. Arnaud and C. Secr£tain (Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, Mem. et Rap., 2 (1913), pp. 233-265, figs. 19).— This is a report of studies regarding mulberry gummosis (Bacterium mori), leaf rust (Cylindrosporium mori), dieback (Nectria cinnaharina) . sclerotium disease (Sclerotinia libertiana) , a root disease shov.-ing symptoms analogous with those of the root rot due to Armillaria mellea (which is also described as destructive), and a dropsy or gummosis of the trunk sometimes showing concretions of oxalate of lime crystals, along with other factors influencing diseases of mulberry. " Canker " and " dieback " disease of mulberry, E. S. Salmon and H. Wormald (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 60 (1916), No. 1548, pp. 95, 96, figs. 5).— A de- scription is given of a dieback of mulberry twigs due to their being partly or 752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 wholly ringed by a fungus which is said to be Fusarium lateritvum. This has been hitherto regarded as a harmless saprophyte. Eelworm in daffodils, A. J. Bliss (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 60 {1916), No. 15^1, pp. S3, 84). — The author cites experiences which are thought to justify the belief that the disease of narcissus bulbs attributed by Massee to Fusarium hulbigenum (E, S. R., 30, p. 354) is really due, at least in large part, to the nematode TyJencTius devastatrix. He advises the use of a light, sandy soil known to be free from nematodes, good cultivation and drainage, avoidance of farmyard manures, careful examination of bulbs before setting, careful handling, shallow planting, and removal of all suspected bulbs. Leaf spot rot of pond lilies caused by Helicosporium nymphaeanim, F. V. Rand (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 6, pp. 219-^32, pis. 4). — An account is given of an irregular spotting and decaying of leaves of pond lilies, which was first noticed in the spring of 1913. The causal organism has been isolated and its pathogenicity demonstrated by successful inocula- tion into 9 species of Nymphsea. The fungus is described as a new species under the name H. nympha;arum. Spraying experiments with ordinary Bordeaux mixture and soda Bordeaux mixture have been conducted with successful results on a commercial scale. Studies on chestnut tree diseases, V. Ducomet (Ann. Serv. Epipht/ties, Mem. et Rap., 2 {1913), pp. 101-108, figs. 3). — Discussing the geographical distribu- tion and extension of the disease called back canker, its causation, and pro- tective measures, the author expresses doubt as to its being caused exclusively by Melanconis modonia {M. perniciosa) and its Coryneum form, as a disease apparently comparable is associated with Cyfodiplospora castanecp. Treatment of the soil by disinfecting it with carbon bisulphid and by the ad- dition of chemical fertilizers failed to check the progress of the disease, but cutting away the diseased upper portion of a tree infected with Coryneum ap- parently stopped its progress. It is thought that Melanconis is not primarily the causative parasite. Of the Japanese varieties showing resistance to black canker, two proved to be susceptible, though in different degrees, to oak tree Oidium. Black canker of chestnut and the restoration of the chestnut, A. Peunet {Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, Mem. et Rap., 2 {1913), pp. 67-100, figs. 5; abs. in Alpe [Italy'i, 2. ser., 3 {1916), No. 6, pp. 168-177, fig. Jf).— The author gives an account of the parasitic character and the effects of black canker, ink disease, or black root of chestnut. This has been known in northern Italy since 1842 and since noted throughout a large part of Mediterranean Europe and as far west as the Azores, but probably not in Asia Minor or Africa. The author discusses the attempts made to restock areas where the chestnuts have been destroyed, by use of the common chestnut and of Asiatic (particularly Japa- nese) species which appear more or less resistant to this disease; also by the use for stocks of other trees resistant to black canker. A method to induce sporulation in cultures of Botryosphaeria beren- g'eriana, J. Matz {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 5, pp. 387-389, fig. i).— The author states that B. berengeriana seldom forms spores in ordinary cultures. It was discovered that by sterilizing and inoculating pieces of pecan twigs and covering these with paraffin after inoculation pycnidia containing pycnospores were readily produced. Phacidium infestans on western conifers, J. R. Weir {Phytopathology, 6 {1916), No. 5, pp. 413, 414). — The author reports the occurrence of P. infestans on Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. concolor, and Pseudotsuga taxifolia, and states that in the Western Hemisphere it seems to occur chiefly between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude. In Sweden it is stated that the 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753 fungus rarely occurs below the sixtieth degree of latitude. So far the fungus has not been discovered in forest nurseries, but from the fact that natural reproductions succumb very readily to attack it is considered a possible menace in all nurseries where firs are grown. Pinus ponderosa and P. Jeffrey!, hosts for Razoimiofskya americana, J. R. Wexb {Phytopathology, 6 (1916), No. 6, p. 414)- — In addition to P. contorta and P. banksiana, the author reports the above species as host plants for this dwarf mistletoe. A preliminary report on the occurrence of western red rot in Pinus pon- derosa, W. H. Long (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 490 {1911), pp. 8).— A more extended account of investigations already noted (B. S. R., 35, p. 655). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Nematode parasites of mammals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, and Hyracoidea, M. C. Hall {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50 {1916), pp. 1-258, pi. 1, figs. 290). — This systematic work includes descriptions of 2 superfamilies, 5 subfamilies, 1 tribe, 8 genera, and 11 species new to science. A list of hosts and their parasites, a bibliography of 16 pages, and a complete index are included. Diagnosis of plague in rats, C. L. Williams {Pub. Health Rpts. ITJ. S.'\, SI {1916), No. SS, pp. 2199-2205) .—" In the presence of an epizootic of plague, macroscopic examination alone for the detection of rodent plague results in appreciable error; the microscopic examination of smears should therefore be employed as a supplement to the naked-eye diagnosi ' rodent plague when the epizootic declines. This error is greater toward the o.id of an epizootic and is of particular Importance when eradicative measures are being employed. By routine examination of smears a materially Important number of infected rata may be discovered that would otherwise pass undetected." Propagation of wild duck foods, W. L. McAtee {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 465 {1917), pp. 40, figs. 35). — This bulletin supersedes Biological Survey Circular 81 and Department Bulletin 58, previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 757; 30, p. 545). Beport of the entomological department, J. Troop {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 41, 42). — In observations made in breeding cages and in the orchard with the codling moth it was found that the moths did not appear at any definite time but extended over a period of more than two weeks. In examinations made of orchards of progressive fruit growers it was found that they had prac- tically no trouble with the codling moth, thus indicating that the trouble which certain growers experienced was local and probably due to faulty spraying. An outbreak of flea beetles on corn took place in Orange County and the southern part of Lawrence County, the corn being attacked when from 2 to 4 in. in height. In experiments with washing powders as insecticides it is stated that Pearline and Snow Boy both spread well, kill all aphids hit, and do not injure the plants. It is recommended that Pearline be used at the rate of two table- spoonfuls to a pint of water and Snow Boy at the rate of one tablespoonful to a pint of water. Report of the south, coast laboratory, B. G. Smyth {Rpt. Bd. Conirs. Agr. P. R., 4 {1915), pp. 45--50). — This report relates particularly to biological studies at Santa Rita of eight species of scarabeid beetles known to injure sugar cane or to be found in sugar-cane fields in Porto Rico, namely, Lachno- stema " grande," L. " media," L. " pequena," lAgyrus tumulosus, Strategus titanu^, S. quadrifoveatus, Dyscinetus trachypygus, and D. barbatus. The com- 764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 plete life histories of the eight species have been worked out from egg to adult, and a tabular summary is given of the average time in days and the maximum and minimum periods for each stage of the beetles. It was found during the year that two distinct varieties of Ldchnostema " grande " and of L. " media " occur on the island. It is said to be necessary to fumigate the holds of the boats bringing cane from the Dominican Republic, due to the fact that in that Republic the leaves of the cane are eaten by the caterpillar of a butterfly (CaUsto archebates), which is a source of severe injury to the plant. [Contributions from the phytopathological service at Wag'eningen] (Meded. Phytopath. Dienst Wagening&n, 1916, Nos. 1, pp. IJf, pis. 3; 2, pp. 14, pis. 3; S, pp. 22, pis. 3). — These papers relate, respectively, to the twig borer or budworra (Incurvaria capitella) of currants, the " red worm " (Lampronia rubiella) of raspberries, and the small winter moth (Cheimatobia brumata). Maps showing the distribution of these insects in the Netherlands are included. [Italian entom^olog'ical communications] (Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 2. ser., 12 (1914), pp. 223-^58, 391-418, 4^5-616, 655-S82, 711-720, pis. 3, figs. 117). — The papers here presented that relate to economic entomology are: De- scription of a New African Coccinellid (Serangium giffardi n. sp.) (pp. 223- 236), previously noted (B. S. R., 32, p. 453), and Investigations of an African Phorid (Aphioclupta xantina), with Particular Consideration of the External Anatomy of the Larva (pp. 237-258), by G. Grandi; Agriculture and Malaria in the Valley of the Bnza, by G. Rossi (pp. 391-418) ; Contribution to the Knowledge of the Termites of West Africa, by F. Silvestri (pp. 475-616) ; A Disease of the Larva of Porthesia chrysorrhcea in the Province of Campobasso, by B. Majmone (pp. 655-661) ; Notes on Two Microphagous Coccinellids, Thea 22-punctata and Vibidia 12-guttata (pp. 663-672), Will the Mediterranean fruit Ply (CeratUis capitata) Develop in Italian Lemons? (pp. 673-676), pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 259), and Some Experiments with Eccoptogaster (Scolytus) amygdali, E. rugul-osus, and E. pruni. Serious Enemies, Respec- tively, of the Almond, Peach, and Plum (pp. 677-682), by G. Martelli; The Control of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnuUfera and Icerya purchasi in the Province of Messina, by A. Drago (pp. 711-717) ; and Studies and Observations on the Control of Sooty Mold of Citrus and the Olive by Means of Lime-sulphur in the Province of Messina during 1911, by F. Portale (pp. 719, 720). Pests of orange trees and other Aurantiacese, G. Bondab (Insectos Damni/n- hos a' Agriciiltnra. — ///, Pragas da^s Luranjeiras e Outras Auranciaceas. Sao Paulo: Duprat d Co., 1915, pt. 3, pp. 47, figs. 28; rev. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 (1916), No. 6, p. 201).— This third paper (B. S. R., 30, p. 657) is a summary of information relating to citrus insects in Brazil. On some animal pests of the Hevea rubber tree, E. B, Green {Trans. S. Internat. Gang. Trop. Agr. 1914, vol. 1, pp. 608-636). — A summary of the more important mammal and insect enemies of rubber. Entomophagous insects and their practical employment in agriculture, A. Beelese (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. Rev. Soi. and Pract. Agr., 7 (1916), No. 3, pp. 321-332).— A brief review of the subject. The causes which affect the toxicity of arsenicals employed in agriculture, J. Battail (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 37 (1916), No. 19, pp. 448- 452; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 (1916), No. 7, pp. 307, .W8).— While the insecticidal value of the arsenical salts in general use in agriculture is pro- portional to the amount of arsenic they contain, their order of toxicity is modi- fied by the varying degree of solubility and the presence of a toxic metal or of impurities. Their arrangement in order of toxicity and the percentage of 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 755 arsenic is as follows : Arsenate of lime 37.9, lead arsenate 16.7, sodium arsenate 36, arsenite of copper 34.5, iron arsenate 33.6, and copper arsenate 32 per cent. Temies gestroi as a pest of the Para rubber tree, H. C. Pratt {Trans. 3. Intemat. Cong. Trop. Agr. lOlJ^ vol. 1, pp. 637-640). — A brief account of the injury caused by this termite. [Use of d'Herelle's bacillus (Coccobacillus acridiorum) in the control of Schistocerca peregrina] (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 30 (1916), Nos. 5, pp. 200-242, figs. 11; 7, pp. 319-329, figs. 4; 8, pp. 388-421, figs. 7; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 {1916), Nos. 8, p. 351; 10, pp. 41O, 41I ; 11, p. 4SI). —The several papers reporting upon the biological method of controlling S. peregrina are by liltienne Sergent (p. 209-224) on a trial campaign in the valley of the Upper Tafna, mixed commune of Sebdu (Department of Oran), Algeria — the existence of a natural infection which produced immunity (May, June, and July, 1915) ; by M. B^guet (pp. 225-242) on a trial campaign in Algeria from December, 1914, to July, 1915, and more particularly in the Barik region (Department of Constantino) ; by Musso (pp. 319-329) on a trial campaign in the region of Bougzoul-Msiline, mixed connnune of Boghar. Algeria, in May and June, 1915 ; and by H. Velu and A. Bouiu (pp. 388^21) on an attempt to destroy S. peregrina in Morocco. The Tingitoidea of Ohio, H. Osborn and C. J. Drake {Ohio State Univ. Bui., 20 {1916), No. 35, pp. 217-251, figs. 28).— This synopsis of the "lace-bugs" of Ohio includes descriptions of 2 genera and 11 species new to science. Twenty- two species representing 12 genera are recorded, several of which have not as yet been collected within the State. Review of the Philippine Membracidse, W. D. Funkhouser {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. D, 10 {1915), No. 6, pp. 365-405, pis. 2. figs. 3).— This synopsis of the membracids recognized from the Philippines includes descriptions of new genera and species and a bibliography of the literature. The green bug or spring grain aphis (Toxoptera graminum), S. W. Bil- siNG {Texas Sta. Circ. 13 {1916), pp. 5-8, figs. 2). — This circular contains in- formation concerning the green bug and its control that is based on observations made during a trip of inspection through the wheat-growing sections of the State during the latter part of January and the first part of February. Elm leaf rosette and woolly aphid of the apple, Schizoneura lanigera (americana in part), Edith M. Patch {Blaine Sta. Bill. 256 {1916), pp. 329-344, pis. 5).— This revised edition of Bulletin 217, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 548), contains such changes as bring the subject up to date. A contribution to our knowledge of the white flies of the subfamily Aley- rodinse (Aleyrodidge), A. L. Quaintance and A. C. Baker {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 51 {1917), pp. 335-445, pis. 46, figs. 10).— The present paper, a con- tinuation of the the authors' work on the classification of the Aleyrodidas (E. S. R., 31, p. 755), includes descriptions of 10 subgenera and 36 species new to science. The coccid enemies of the vine, J. Feytaud {Bui. Soc. Etude et Vulg. Zool. Agr., 15 {1916), Nos. 1-2, pp. 1-11, figs. 4; 3-4, pp. 21-27, figs. 2; 5, pp. 43-46, figs. 2; 6, pp. 52-54, flff- 1; 7, pp. 65-74; 8, pp. 88-90).— Of the many coccids noted, Pulvinaria vitis, Lecanium persicce, Targionia vitis, and Dactylopius vitis are the most important in France. The San Jose scale, H. R. Painter {Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 41 {1916), pp. 3-7, figs. S). — A brief popular account. The agricultural importance of the mycosis of Chrysomphalus dictyos- permi, L. Savastano {R. Stas. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, Bol. 21 {1916), pp. 8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 {1916), No. 6, p. 222 ) .—Reports 94087°— No. 8—17 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 by citrus growers of the disappearance of C. dictyospermi in Calabra led to investigations which showed this to be principally due to the scale being at- tacljed by a fungus of the genus Cladosporium. Problems connected with the new Egyptian cotton pest, Gelechia gossy- piella, the pink bollworm, L. H. Gough (Trans. 3. Internnt. Cong. Trop. Agr. 19U, vol. 1, pp. 385-398). — Substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 854). Note on a machine to kill Gelechia larvae by hot air, and the effects of heat on Gelechia larvte and cotton seed, L. Gough (Min. Agr. Egypt, Tech. and Sci. Serv. Bui. 6 {1916), pp. 15, pis. S; ais. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. A, 4 (1916), No. 11, pp. 472, 473). — This is a description of a hot-air machine con- sisting mainly of a furnace for the generation of the hot air, a hot-air chamber through which the seed passes, and a motor. The results of work with the pink bollworm, reported in tables, show that there is ample limit for regula- tion of the temperature in such a way as to kill the worms without damaging the seed. Life history of the codling moth in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico, A. !>. Ql'aint.^nce and E. W. Geyek (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 429 (1917), pp. 90, figs. 17). — This is a report on life history studies of the codling moth conducted by the division of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations of the Bureau of Ento- mology in continuation of those previously noted (E. S, R., 33, p. 559). In the work at Roswell, N. Mex., in the Pecos Valley, special attention was given to the biology of the pest during 1912 and 1913 and to extensive spraying opera- tions, but during 1914-15 the worlj was limited to orchard experiments. The codling moth produced three generations in this valley during 1912. while In 1913 a partial fourth brood of larvae developed. In 1912 pupation of the overwintering larvae began March 15 and continued for about one month, while in 1913 the first pupa was observed March 23 and pupation continued for 51 days. During 1912 the moths of the spring brood appeared April 12 and continued to emerge to May 28. In 1912 oviposition of the spring brood of moths began April 16, continuing 45 days, while In 1913 the first eggs of this brood were noted INIay 1. " The time required for first-brood eggs to hatch In 1912 was 9.05 days, with a range of 5 to 13 days, whereas in 1913 eggs of this brood hatched on an average in 5.96 days, with a range of from 4 to 11 days. First-brood larvae In 1912 fed on an average 21.52 days, and In 1913, 24.45 days. The pupal stage of the first brood In 1912 averaged 12 days, and In 1913, 11 days. Moths of the first brood In 1912 were out June 9 and continued to emerge until July 22. In 1913 first moths were out June 8, the period of emergence lasting until July 10. First-brood moths in 1912 oviposited over an average period of 4.45 days, and in 1913 5.7. The life cycle of the first generation In 1912 required on the average 51.14 days, and In 1913, 46.91 days. " Second-brood eggs In 1912 averaged 5.62 days for Incubation, with a mini- mum of 4 and a maximum of 8 days. The incubation period of eggs of this brood in 1913 was on the average 4.9, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 7 days. The feeding period of second-brood larvae in 1912 averaged 21.23 days, and in 1913, 19.7 days. The pupal stage for second-brood pupae in 1912 averaged 11.23 days and in 1913, 11.06 days. The life cycle for the second generation of the codling moth in 1912 averaged 41.26 days, and in 1913, 41.04 days. " Eggs of the third brood in 1912 averaged 5.75 days for the incubation period, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 9 days. In 1913 the incubation period for eggs of this brood averaged 5.36 days. During 1912 third-brood larvae fed on an average of 26.55 days with a range of from 15 to 56 days, whereas in 1913 the average feeding period for tliis brood was 20 days, the range 1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 757 being from 15 to 28 days. The pupal stage of the third brood in 1912 required on an average 14.94 days, with a minimum of 11 and a maximum of 20 days. The average length of this .stage in 1913 was 11.4 days, with a minimum of 7 and a maximum of 17 days. The life cycle of the third generation of 1912 re- quired on an average 48.57 days with a range of from 36 to 62 days, and in 1913, 43 days with a range of 34 to .58 days. " Fourth brood eggs were in evidence in 1913 on August 20. and oviposition continued to September 8. The incubation period, on an average, was 7.9 days. The feeding period of fourth-brood larvae in 1913 averaged 38.36 days, with a minimum of 25 days and a maximum of 53 days. All of these larvfe passed the winter as such. . . . " Successful band records were made during 1913 at Roswell. Artesia, Lin- coln, and Santa Fe. From available data the conclusion is drawn that at Lincoln there occur two full generations and a partial third, while at Santa Fe, a more northerly location, there appears to be but one complete generation, followed by a partial second." The results of spraying operations during 1913-14 have been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 252). Sorosporella uvella and its occurrence in cutworms in America, A. T. Speare (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 8 (1917), No. 6, pp. 189-194, pl- 1, fig. 1). — This preliminary paper reviews the present status of knowledge of the fungus parasite S. uvella (agrotidis), records its presence in the United States, and presents some evidence to show that it is not entomophthoraceous. The form was originally described from Russia in 1886 as Tarichium uvella, but there are no records of its occurrence in Europe since 1888. The report by Gibson of its occurrence in Ottawa, Canada, is said to be the only Ameri- can record (E. S. R., 34, p. 251). The author's observations of its morphology and cultural characteristics here reported are based upon parasitized larvae and a pupa of a cutworm (Euxoa tessellata) collected at College Park, Md., in June and July. Observations on the Lestophonus, a dipterous parasite of the cottony cushion scale, H. S. Smith and H. Compere (Mo. Bui. Com. Eort. Cal., 5 {1916), No. 10, pp. 384-390, figs. 9).—Cryptochcetum monophlebi, popularly known in California as the Lestophonus, is an important adjunct in the control of the cottony cushion scale in California. In the px-esent paper the author re- ports upon the discovery of this parasite in Australia and its introduction into California, its distribution and abundance in California, and Its blologj'. It is common in Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Sacramento counties, and fairly so in Santa Clara County. While by nature it is more erratic than Vedalia, at times it becomes very abundant, occasionally infesting more than 90 per cent of the scale. There are five or six generations of the parasite during the year. Observations on the life history of Pterodontia flavipes, J. L. King (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9 (1916), No. 3, pp. 309-321, pis. 2).— A report of a study of the biology of this dipteran, the larvae of which parasitize spiders, an epeirid (Epeira sericata), and a lycosid, probably Lycosa pratensis. Anopheles infectivity experiments. — An attempt to determine the num.ber of persons one mosquito can infect with malaria, M. B. Mitzmain (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 31 (1916), No. 35, pp. 2325-2335, pis. 2).— A series of 17 infectivity experiments (E. S. R., 35, p. 759) in which human beings were employed to test the infectibility of Anopheles punctipennis with Plasmodium vivax re- sulted in 14 cases of malarial fever. " The sporozoites in the mosquitoes used developed 10 to 22 days after the definitive hosts were given an opportunity to bite a patient harboring a scanty number of mature tertian gametocytes. 758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 " In an attempt to infect several persons with a single specimen of A. puncti- pennis, one mosquito proved to be the sole infective agent in one experiment, and one proved to be the sole infective agent in three experiments. These two specimens when applied to the same person transmitted the infection in five cases, while one of them used with a third mosquito succeeded in infecting four persons. " In these experimental inoculations it was demonstrated that in nine in- stances in which two mosquitoes succeeded in transmitting malaria at least one of the pair was capable of causing the disease when used singly. It was demonstrated in 11 experiments that short exposure to bites was sufficient to cause successful transmission of the disease. In all of the successful inocula- tions only tertian infection was reproduced. P. vivax was demonstrated micro- scopically." Wireworm control, J. N. Fkench {Mo. Bui. Com. Eort. Cal, 5 {1016), No. 6, pp. 225-235, figs. 3). — Wireworm injury in the Oxnard district of California is said to be confined from a commercial standpoint almost entirely to the beet and bean crops, $100,000 being a conservative estimate of the damage done during the season of 1914. The injury during 1915, due to the warm weather which prevailed during the growing season and to the control work, was reduced to about half that amount. Hmonius caHfornicus was the most injurious species, though at least three others were found associated with it in some instances. The present paper reports upon control work carried on in this district during the years above mentioned. The work with poison baits proved entirely unsatis- factory. In soil fumigation work it was found that a very small dose of cyanid would kill the pest, provided it was put into the soil below the worms and the top of the ground packed to hold the gas, but the destruction in every case was slow, requiring from three to seven days. There was practically no dif- ference in the action of cyanid in solution and that used in the powdered form, and there was comparatively little difference between the results obtained with the stronger doses and with the weaker ones. Of the control measures tested, which included the use of poisoned baits and deterrents, soil fumigation, and catch crops against the larva?, fall plowing against the pupfe, and the straw-trap method for the adult, the author has found the straw method of catching the beetles to be the most promising from the standpoint of permanent success. In combating the worm.s, the potato catch crop method is recommended in preference to the cyanid method, because It is much cheaper and has also been more thoroughly worked out and tested on a much larger scale. A combination of the straw-trap method working against the beetles and the potato catch crop method against the worms should be especially effective. Powder-post damage by Lyctus beetles to seasoned hardwood, A. D. Hop- kins and T. E. Snyder {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 77S {1917)., pp. 20, figs. IS). — This publication describes methods which have been found effective in preventing the losses caused by Lyctus beetles, with a view to inducing a more general adoption of them throughout the country, as well as to show the character and extent of the damage. A revision of the family, including notes on their habits, has previously been noted (E. S. R., 25. p. 261). Foul brood reg'ulations, F. B. Paddock {Texas Stn. Circ. 14 {1016), pp. 3-5). — These regulations, which supplement those of Circular 11 previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 657), became effective on September 1, 1916. The Texas foul brood law and foul brood regulations, F. B. Paddock (Texas Sta. Circ. 11 {1916), pp. 20).— This circular brings together the text of the Texas foul brood law and the several regulations since promulgated, 1917] FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION". 759 including those which became effective on March 1, 1917, thus superseding Circulars 8 and 11 (E. S. R., 34, pp. 454, 657) and Circular 14 noted above. The Cresson types of Hymenoptera, E. T. Ckesson {Mem. Anier. Ent. Soc. No. 1 {1916), pp. i^i).— This paper contains a complete list of the species of Hymenoptera described by the author, arranged alphabetically under each family, with reference to the original description, sex, number of the type specimen, locality and condition of the specimen, etc. Types of 2,737 species are given in the list. A list of the entomological writings of the author ar- ranged in chronological order is appended. Tetrastichus bruchophagi, a recently described parasite of Bruchophagus funebris, T. D. Ukbahns {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Ayr. Research, 8 {1917), No. 7, pp. 277-282, pi. 1). — This is a report of studies made in California of T. bruchophagi, described by Gahan (E. S. R., 31, p. 355), which is the most im- portant of several new parasites which attack B. funebris in alfalfa seed (E. S. R., 32, p. 454) throughout the alfalfa seed-growing districts of central California. T. bruchophagi is a parasite of considerable importance in these districts, having destroyed in 1913 about 52 per cent of the chalcis fly larv?e infesting alfalfa seed. This parasite is known to occur in other States as far east as Virginia. While normally an external parasite it has in several instances been found completely inclosed within the host larva. It has not been observed to para- sitize the pupal stage. This parasite hibernates in the larval stage within infested seeds of alfalfa in which it has attacked its ho.st. It appears to be the first parasite of this host to appear in the fields in early spi'ing, and is one of the first to transform to the pupal stage and emerge as adult with the approach of warm spring weather. The eggs are deposited on the surface of the host larva, the ovipositor being forced into the seed pod and infested seed. Under the most favorable condi- tions the development of the larva does not require more than 10 days, the prepupal stage about 48 hours, and the pupal stage an average of 17.7 days. Where conditions are favorable there are from two to four generations in a single season, although under the less favorable hot and dry desert conditions the species frequently has only a single generation in a season. Note on Bhogas kitcheneri, L. H. Gough {Trans. 3. Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr. 1914, vol. 1, pp. 433, 434, pis. 2).— A report of further observations of this parasite of Earias insulana and Ephestia cautella (E. S. R., 32, p. 156). Structure of the eg'g and early stag'es of development in some hynienop- terous parasites, P. Silvestri {Bol. Lab. Zool. Oen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portia, 10 {1915), pp. 66-88, pis. 6, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc, No. S {1916), pp. 290, 291). — The author reports studies made of five species of Chalcidida?, namely, Encyrtus mayri which parasitizes the eggs of the lepldop- teran Oecophyllembius neglect us; Encarsia partenopea and Prospaltella {Dolo- resia) coniugata which parasitize species of Aleyrodes ; P. berlesei which para- sitizes the female of the West Indian peach scale ; and Anaphoidea luna which parasitizes the eggs of Phytononnis variabilis. » FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Changes in fresh beef during cold storage above freezing, R. Hoagland, C. N. McBkyde, and W. C. PowiCK {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 433 {1917), pp. 100, figs. 2). — The investigation here reported was undertaken to study the changes in fresh beef when stored at temperatures above freezing, with special reference to the effect of such changes upon the wholesomeness of the product ; to deter- mine the causes of the changes taking place under the above conditions ; and to 760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 determine the length of time that fresh beef could be held in cold storage at temperatures above freezing and remain in wholesome condition. Three dis- tinctive lines of investigation were planned — autolysis experiments with fresh beef, cold-storage experiments with fresh beef, and a study of the factors affecting the length of time that beef could be held in cold storage. The results of the aseptic autolysis experiments showed the following : Physi- cal changes were not marked and consisted chiefly of a slight softening of the tissues, an exudation of juice, and a change in color of the meat. Total soluble extract or total solids decreased early in the experiments and later increased, while the ash of the extract showed appreciable although not regular increases, which corresponded roughly with similar increases in the total soluble phos- phorus. The acidity of the samples showed appreciable increases toward the close of the experiment. The changes taking place in tlie nitrogenous com- pounds consisted in general of an increase of total soluble nitrogen and a con- version of the higher forms of soluble nitrogen compounds into simpler combina- tions. Appreciable increases were noted in total soluble phosphorus and in soluble inorganic pliosphorus, together with corresponding decreases in insoluble and in soluble organic phosphorus. There was no development of free hydrogen sulphid during the course of the experiment. The cold-storage experiments with fresh beef included bacteriological and his- tological studies and also physical and chemical studies of the meat during storage. The following conclusions are drawn from the bacteriological and histological tests : "Certain bacteria (chiefly micrococci) may be normally present in the car- casses of healthy animals slaughtered for beef. These bacteria possess no pathological significance and do not appear to multiply in the cold-stored car- casses, provided the cold-storage room is maintained at the proper temperature. Bacteria and molds grow on the surface of cold-storage carcasses but do not penetrate to any great depth (less than 1 in. in 177 days) ; bacteria apparently are not concerned in the changes leading to increased tenderness in cold-stored meats. Microscopic sections failed to show any noticeable histological changes in the muscular tissue after 77 days of storage." " The chemical changes that took place in the muscular tissue of beef held in cold storage at temperatures above freezing for periods ranging from 14 to 177 days consisted chiefly in increases in acidity ; in proteose, noncoagulable, amino, and ammoniacal nitrogen ; and in solulMe inorganic phosphorus ; while decreases occurred in coagulable nitrogen and in soluble organic pliosphorus. On the whole these changes were of a progressive nature. The chemical changes that took place in the fatty tissues of the beef consisted chiefly in marked increases in the acidity of the kidney and external fats." These changes were similar in nature to, but less in extent than, those caused by enzymatic action when lean beef underwent aseptic autolysis for periods ranging from 7 to 100 days. " The chemical changes that took place in the muscular tissue of the beef during storage were without appreciable effect either upon tlie nutritive value or the wholesomeness of the edible portions of the product ; but the changes that took place in the kidney fat and external fatty tissue after the longer periods of storage rendered them unsuitable for human consumption. . . . " The chemical changes which took place in the muscular tissues of the beef during storage may be regarded as largely due to enzym action. The principal effect of storage upon the organoleptic properties of the beef was a marked increase in tenderness of the meat. This change did not appear to progress appreciably after the beef had been held in storage for from two to four weeks. While the flavor also changed, individuals would 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION'. 761 probably not agree as to whether the change was in the nature of an Im- provement or a deterioration. " On the wliole it would appear that the chemical changes that occurred during the storage of beef in these experiments did not appreciably affect the nutritive value of the meat when the period of storage was limited to that customarily employed in commercial practice. Indeed, even when the period of storage was greatly prolonged, evidence is lacking to show that the nutri- tive value of the meat was diminished. Yet, in view of the more extensive chemical changes that took place during the longer periods of storage and on account of the deficiency of our knowledge regarding the nutritive values of the various cleavage products, it is by no means impos.sible that the nutritive value of beef may be decreased by unduly long periods of storage. . . . " Beef was held in cold storage at temperatures above freezing in an experimental cooler for as long as 177 days, whereas it was possible to hold beef in storage in a cooler in a modern packing house for only 55 days. The shorter storage period in the second instance was due to the much higher humidity of the packing-house cooler as compared with the experimental cooler. " The length of time that fresh beef can be held in cold storage at tem- peratures above freezing and remain in wholesome condition is dependent upon a number of factors, among which the temperature and humidity of the storage room and the character of the beef are of the most importance. " In light of the various factors that affect the length of time that fresh beef can be held safely in cold storage at temperatures above freezing, it is clearly impracticable to attempt to insure the wholesomeness of the product merely by limiting the duration of storage. The wholesomeness of cold- stored beef must be judged by other considerations besides the length of time that the product has been held in cold storage." Eg'gs and their value as food, C. F. Langwortht {JJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 471 (1917), pp. 30, Jigs. S). — This bulletin summarizes data regarding the nature, food value, and uses of eggs, and the effects of handling, storing, and marketing eggs upon their value in the household. It is essentially a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 128 (E. S. R., 13, p. 166), the material contained therein having been brought up to date and presented in a somewhat different form. Practical milling tests, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta. Circ. 15 {1017), pp. 11, figs. 4)- — This investigation was carried on to determine whether or not the milling tests made with the experimental mill at the college represented the results which ai'e obtained in the commercial milling of wheat. Data are given regarding the milling of wheat at a small commercial mill doing a grist business and also regarding comparative milling and baking tests made at the station on samples of wheat obtained from the mill. It was found that the results at the commercial grist mill did not differ materially from those at the experimental mill. The higher percentage of total flour obtained at the experimental mill was ascribed to the better cleaning- up at the end of each cut-off than in the case of the commercial grist mill. The distribution of chlorin in cereals and dry leg'unies, Balland {-Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 7. ser., 15 {1917), No. k, pp. 105-107).— The experimental method by which chlorin in cereals and dry legumes was determined is briefly described. Data are given regarding the chlorin content of a number of cereals and dry legumes. Recipes for the preparation of the dasheen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. [Circ], 1916, pp. 4). — Suggestions are given for the preparation of dasheens, together with a compilation of recipes. 762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 [Food and drug inspection], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson {North Da- kota Sta. Spec. Bui., 4 {1917), No. 10, pp. 243-258, fig. i ) .—Analytical data are reported regarding several samples of miscellaneous foods and drugs. The results are reported of the inspection of grocery stores, meat markets, res- taurants, etc., and miscellaneous information regarding various pure-food topics is included. Eighth annual report of the board of food and drug commissioners {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Food and Drug Comrs. R. I., 8 {1916), pp. 35). — The work of the com- mission during the year ended December 31, 1916, is summarized. It included the inspection of a large number of samples of miscellaneous foods and drugs. Report of the Dairy and Food Department [of Iowa], W. B. Baeney {Rpt. Dairy and Food Dept., loiva, 1916, pp. 12, figs. 12). — This publication reviews the work of the department for the year ended October 31, 1916. This included the examination of 4,479 samples of foods, drugs, stock feeds, paints, and oils ; the examination of 14,356 samples of milk and cream ; and the inspection of a large number of establishments where foods are prepared and sold, as well as the routine inspection of weights and measures. The publication contains con- siderable information on the relative value and cost of different foods and a report of the work of the Iowa State Dairy Association for 1916. A discussion of a sim^jle steam sterilizer for farm dairy utensils is also in- cluded. Directions are given for the construction and operation of this sterilizer. A summary of the market situation in Boston, P. T. Cherington et al. {Boston City Doc. 118 {1916), pp. 115, figs. 19). — This is a preliminary report of the Market Advisory Committee to the Boston City Planning Board. It includes a summary of the work done, and embodies several suggestions for de- tailed study along three lines, which include investigations of a general nature, a study of retail markets, and a study of wholesale markets, including terminal problems. The appendix of the report contains the following material : Sources of and Methods of Handling Perishable Food Products in the Boston Market, by T. C. Huff and W. E. Lusby ; Summary of Some of the Main Features of the Or- ganization of Boston's Fruit and Produce Trade, by T. C. Huff; A Study of a Public Market System for Boston, by E. D. Pratt, C. P. Putnam, and E. A. Teeson ; A Study of the Eight Agencies by Which the Perishable Food Supply of Boston is Retailed, by the Women's IMunicipal League, Mrs. W. M. Wheeler, assisted by Suzanne Wunderbaldinger and numerous investigators ; and A Study of Some of the Effects of Cold Storage on the Egg Trade of Boston, 1904-13, by A. C. James. It also contains tables of miscellaneous statistics regarding food receipts, food prices, eggs, cold-storage data, etc. The report is concluded by a bibliography compiled by C. C. Williamson, which includes 28 pages of references on markets and marketing, cost of living and food prices, municipal slaughterhouses and meat supply, cold storage of food products, transportation and distribution of food products, and coopera- tion, with special reference to food products ; and an outline of study adopted by the subcommittee as its plan of work. Education in economy [of foods], C. A. Spooler {Pomona, Cal.: Author, 1917, pp. 248, pis. 22). — This book contains information regarding the selection of meats, poultry, fish, and provisions, together with suggestions regarding their preparation for the table. The book is illustrated by a number of plates showing the different cuts of meat. Planning of meals, Lelia McGuire {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.}, 12 {1916-17), No. S, pp. 16). — A popular treatise on food requirements and food selection for variety, which contains suggested menus. 1917] FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION". 763 Misguided appetite and the high cost of living, A. E. Perkins (Mo. Bui Ohio Sta., 1 {1916), No. 12, pp. S63-310, fig. 1).—A more or less popular article dealing chiefly with the food requirements of the body and the use of milk and skim milk in the diet. Electrical cooking and heating, Edna Groves (Jour. Electricity, 38 {1917), No. 4, pp. 116-118, fig. 1). — This article discusses essentially cost data. [Report of the] nutrition laboratory, F. G. Benedict {Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington, Year Book 15 {1916), pp. 273-285). — The work of the laboratory during the year 1916 is reviewed. Various additions to the laboratory equipment are described and brief outlines are given of the investigations in progress. The latter include a study of metabolism during muscular work, metabolism in rectal feeding with alcohol and simple sugars, the influence of moderate amounts of alcohol on psychological processes, metabolism in diabetes, metab- olism of normal infants, influence of environmental temperature on metabolism, etc. A list of the publications issued by the laboratory during the year is given, together with brief abstracts of the same. On the role of organic acids in the process of peptic digestion, I. V. Bel- GOWSKY {Zap. Helsk. Khoz. Irifit. I in/). Petra I {Mem. In.st. Agrcm. Emp. Pierre I), 1 {1916), pp. 70-100). — This publication reports experiments carried out to determine whether or not an acid medium is necessary for a normal course of digestion and whether the activity of the peptic ferment is possible only in the presence of acids. It was also desired to obtain some information on the r51e of the various acids in digestion. From the experimental data reported the conclusion is drawn that lactic, butyric, propionic, acetic, and valerianic acids, present in the digestive juice in a quantity corresponding to 0.25 per cent of hydrochloric acid, can not replace the latter. With reference to the influence of organic acids on pepsin, it is stated that the acids are more or less passive as regards albumin, and in some cases butyric acid decreases the activity of the pepsin. Pellagra {Kansas City, Mo.: Burton Publishing Co., 1916, pp. 362, figs. 49). — The first part of this publication contains a contribution to the etiology and pathogenesis of pellagra by G. Alessandrini and A. Scala, which has been translated from the Italian by E. M. Perdue. This reports the results of ani- mal experiments and other data, from which the authors concluded that pellagra " is the effect of a chronic intoxication which is caused by silica in colloidal solution in water of determinate compositon, and, therefore, may be also defined as a disease caused by colloidal minerals." The second part of the publication is a review of the pellagra situation in the United States, which is considered from the theory of colloidal silica brought out in the earlier part of the publication. The subject matter of this book is not in accordance with the generally accepted results of workers on pellagra in this country. Studies in pellagra {Pub. Health Sew. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 106 {1917), pp. 5-102, pis. 7). — Three papers are presented. I. Tissue alteration in malmitrition and liellagra, by J. Sundwall (pp. 5-73, pis. 7). — The results are reported of the examination of tissue obtained at necropsies of pellagrins and of tissue obtained at autopsies of certain animals which had been fed various diets with a view to producing, if possible, symp- toms and tissue changes which are found in pellagra. The conclusion is drawn from these observations that the tissue alterations, including the degenerative changes in the nervous system occurring in the animals as a result of malnu- trition, were strikingly similar to those observed in pellagrous tissue. The author states that there could be no objection from a pathological standpoint to the classification of pellagra along with rickets, scurvy, and beri-beri as a 764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 dietary disease. Rigid examination of tissues from pellagrins revealed no micro-organism that could be regarded as a specific etiological factor. " Pellagra, then, possesses no characteristic cell alterations, but the patho- logical changes are those resulting from malnutrition. Consequently, it is erroneous to assume that certain substances such as silicates, aluminates, etc., are the etiological factors of pellagra, as some have done, because of the patho- logical changes that have been induced as a result of the administration of these substances. . . . " The pathological changes in tissues in malnutrition are very similar, whether resulting from (a) no food, (b) unbalanced diets, (c) mild circulating toxins which interfere with nutrition of cells. In (a) congestion and fatty degeneration were more pronounced, while in (b) more pigment (hemosiderin) was present." A bibliography is appended. II. Cultivation experiments tcith the blood and spinal fluid of pellagrins, by E. Francis (pp. 75-SO ) .—Anaerobic cultivation was carried out on the blood of 21 pellagrins and on the spinal fluid of 16 pellagrins. " The results of the ex- amination of the cultures were negative; the cultures either remained sterile or an occasional tube showed a growth which was evidently a contamination." III. Further attempts to transmit peUagara to monkeys, by E. Francis (pp. 81-102). — Attempts to transmit pellagra to laboratory animals (monkeys) by the inoculation of various materials obtained from pellagrins are reported. Of the 94 animals experimented upon only one showed any indications which even suggested pellagra. This exceptional case is described in detail, and the author states that the results of this investigation furnislied no support for the view that pellagra is an infectious disease, Th.e production in dogs of a pathological condition which, closely resembles human pellagra, R. H. Chittenden and F. P. Underhill {Proc. Nat. Acad. Set., 3 (1917), No. S, pp. 195-197). — By feeding laboratory animals (dogs) upon a diet consisting of boiled dried peas, cracker meal, and cottonseed oil or lard a diseased condition which closely resembled human pellagra was produced. The ingestion of suitable quantities of meat caused these symptoms to disap- pear. The intake of a large quantity of peas was found to be less detrimental than smaller amounts. It was more difficult to produce these symptoms in the ani- mals when a diet containing meat, cracker meal, and lard was fed, and for the production of the diseased condition the meat intake had to be reduced to a certain undefined minimum. The conclusion is drawn that the abnormal condition is due to a deficiency of some essential dietary constituent or constituents. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Palm kernel cake, C. Ceowther (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 23 (1916), No. 8. pp. 734-749). — This gives a summary of investigations by others at the Uni- versity of Leeds upon the merits of palm nut kernel cake and meal as a feed- ing stuff. On account of the difficulties of mastication and swallowing of palm kernel cake due to its grittiness cattle and sheep did not readily take to this feed. These difficulties were overcome where the palm kernel cake was fed with twice its weight of other cake. In laboratory and farm tests, palm kernel cake compared favorably in keeping quality with most of the oil cakes used on the farm. In digestion experiments with sheep, palm kernel cake gave the follow- ing average percentages of digestibility : Total dry matter 74.2, organic matter 75.9, protein 91, fat 97.5, nitrogen-free extract 83.1, and crude fiber 37.1. The 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 765 corresponding percentages for palm kernel meal were 75.5, 76.7, 90, 96.4, 86, and 44.8; and for undecortlcated Egyptian cottonseed cake 57.7, 58, 74.7, 100 (?), 62, and 84.9. The composition and estimated digestible nutrients of these feeds are given. In an experiment with five cow?; a slight increase in the fat content of the milk was produced on feeding palm kernel cake. This increase was more pro- nounced in the evening milk than in the morning milk, and varied greatly with individual cows. From an examination of samples of the milk fat of two of the cows in this test it was concluded that the feeding of palm kernel cake exercised an effect upon the composition of the milk fat such as might be ob- tained by the passage of some ingredients of palm kernel oil into the milk fat. Commercial feeding stufEs, A. J. Patten, E. F. Beegek, A. E. Smoll, and E. A. De Windt {Michigan Sta. Bui. 276 {1916), pp. S-72).— In addition to notes on the requirements of the state feeding stuffs law, results are tabulated of the analyses of 1,060 samples of feeding stuffs collected in the State during 1916, including cottonseed meal, cottonseed feed, linseed meal, flaxseed meal, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, gluten feed, gluten meal, hominy feed, corn feed meal, cracked corn, blood and bone meal, meat meal, meat scrap, digester tankage, granulated bone, beef scrap, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, barley bran, pea bran, wheat, oat, and rye middlings, and mixed and proprietary feeds. Commercial feeding stuffs, 1915—16, [and] Texas feed law, B. Youngbi.ood {Texas Sta. Bui. 194 {1916), pp. 5-351). — Analyses are given of cottonseed meal, cottonseed cake, cold pressed cottonseed, cold pressed cottonseed (made fi-om bolly seed), linseed meal, peanut meal, peanut cake, corn feed meal, corn chop, corn bran, hominy feed, milo maize chop, milo maize meal, Kafir corn chop, Kafir corn meal, feterita chop, wheat bran, wheat shorts, barley chop, rolled barley, crushed oats, rice polish, rice bran, cowpea and hull chops, alfalfa meal, dried beet pulp, dried brewers' grains, distillers' gi-ains, fish meal meat scrap, meat meal, digester tankage, bone chop, and various mixed and proprietary feeds, together with other u.seful data. The text of the law regu- lating the sale of feeding stuffs in Texas is included. Sheep husbandry in Oklahoma, W. L. Caelyle and D. A. Spencer (Okla- homa Sta. Bui. Ill {1916), pp. 3-47, Jigs. i2).— This bulletin treats in a general way of the sheep industry of Oklahoma, breeds of sheep, management of the farm flock, and common sheep troubles and their treatment, and gives results of a number of feeding experiments with sheep at the station, together with general directions for fattening and marketing sheep. Notes are given on the progress of an experiment started at the station in 1909 in which an effort is being made to produce a type of sheep suitable for Oklahoma conditions by crossbreeding Dorsets, Shropshires, and Merinos. The station produced 46 early lambs in the fall of 1913 and sold several of them on the Easter market in Kansas City in the spring of 1914. The total cost of producing the lambs at the farm was $4.60 per lamb. The freight and commission charges averaged 70 cts. per lamb, making the average total cost per lamb by the time they were placed on the market $5.30. The receipts per lamb were $7. In a feeding experiment during the winter of 1912-13 a lot of six ewes con- suming an average of 4.94 lbs. of silage and 0.51 lb. of cottonseed meal per head daily made an average daily gain of 0.39 lb. per ewe for 49 days. During the same period another lot of six ewes on an average daily ration of 2.97 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 0.98 lb. of corn chop made an average daily gain of 0.53 lb. per ewe. No difference could be observed in the health and vigor of the ewes and lambs in the two lots. 766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 In a test in 1914-15, comparing cottonseed meal with alfalfa hay as supple- ments for cane silage for breeding ewes, a lot of ten ewes fed an average daily ration of 5.85 lbs. of cane silage and 0.5 lb. of cottonseed meal, made an average daily gain of 0.4 lb. per ewe for 105 days. During the same period another lot of ten ewes fed an average daily ration of 4.87 lbs. of cane silage and 1.5 lbs. of alfalfa hay gained 0.16 lb. per ewe daily. The nine ewes that lambed in lot 1 gave birth to 13 lambs, three of which were strong, six of medium vigor, two were weak, and two were born dead. Only eight ewes lambed in lot 2, and from these eight were nine lambs, five of which were strong, two of medium vigor, one weak, and one dead. A comparison was made of ewes of different breeds and crosses on a main- tenance ration of alfalfa hay and corn and Kafir corn siiage in 1915-16. The experiment lasted from 79 to 84 days for the different lots. The average daily gain and feed cost per ewe for the dilferent lots were as follows: Lot 1, con- sisting of nine pure-bred Shropshire and four cross-bred Shropshire-JNIerino ewes, 0.107 lb. and 1.76 cts. ; lot 2, consisting of 17 pure-bred Dorset ewes, 0.19 lb. and 1.91 cts. ; lot 3, consisting of eight pure-bred American Merino and five pure-bred Rambouillet ewes, 0.193 lb. and 1.71 cts. ; lot 4, consisting of 12 Fi Shropshire-Dorset ewes, 0.202 lb. and 1.84 cts. ; lot 5, consisting of 10 Fi Merino- Dorset ewes, 0.19 lb. and 1.89 cts. ; and lot 6, consisting of 15 ewes that were the offspring of pure-bred rams and cross-bred ewes, 0.16 lb. and 1.65 cts. No conclusions are drawn from this experiment. In an experiment comparing corn silage with alfalfa hay as roughage for fattening lambs a lot of six pure-bred and cross-bred wether lambs fed an average daily ration of 3.18 lbs. of silage and 2.03 lbs. of a mixture of Kafir corn and cottonseed meal (2:1 by weight) gained 0.42 lb. per head daily for 63 days at a cost of 6.82 cts. per pound of gain. During the same period another lot of six wether lambs of the same breeding, on an average daily ration of 2.88 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 2.03 lbs. of the above grain mixture, gained 0.55 lb. per head daily at a cost of 7.53 cts. per pound of gain. The market finish of both lots was practically the same. In another test beginning October 22, 1913, 30 pure-bred and cross-bred lambs averaging about 92 lbs. per head were divided into two lots of 15 lambs each and fed for 49 days. These lambs had received grain on pasture and were in good condition. Lot 1, on a mixture of Kafir corn silage, alfalfa hay, and corn chop, made an average daily gain of 0.69 lb. per lamb at a cost of 3.96 cts. per pound of gain. Lot 2, led the same mixture as lot 1 and in addition 0.234 lb. of cottonseed meal per head daily, made an average daily gain of 0.62 lb. per lamb at a cost of 4.24 cts. per pound of gain. In another test with 20 pure-bred Shropshire lambs, cottonseed meal was compared with alfalfa hay as supplements for cane silage and Kafir corn chop. The ten lambs receiving an average daily ration of 2.95 lbs. of silage, 1.19 lbs. of Kafir corn chop, and 0.49 lb. of cottonseed meal made an average daily gain of 0.35 lb. per head for 84 days at a cost of 7.11 cts. per pound of gain. During the same period, the ten lambs fed 3.02 lbs. of silage, 1.13 lbs. of alfalfa hay, and 1.23 lbs. of Kafir corn chop per head daily, made an average daily gain of 0.46 lb. per lamb at a cost of 5.74 cts. per pound of gain. Sheep husbandry in the Pacific Northwest, \V. Hislop and C. E. Howell (Washingt07i Sta. Bui. 134 U917), pp. S-24, figs. i2).— This bulletin, which is based upon replies to a circular letter sent to the members of the Washington Wool Growers' Association, gives information as to the actual range practice in the sheep industry in the Pacific Northwest. The answers received represent 201,010 head of ewes, approximately one-half of the sheep population of the State. Of these 85 per cent have a foundation of Merino blood. Of the ewe 1917] AN"IMAL PRODUCTION-. 767 flocks 14.3 per cent were Lincolns. I^incoln rams are being used by 44.2 per cent of the breeders reporting, Shropsliire rams by 32.6 per cent, Hampshire rams by 23.09 per cent, and Rambouillet rams by 7.6 per cent. The lambing percentage varied from 70 to 130, the average being 92.32. The weight of the lambs when they reached market varied from 60 to 85 lbs., the average being 73.5 lbs. The weight of fleece of the ewes varied from 7 to 11 lbs., the average being 9.5 lbs. In reference to the annual cost of keeping a ewe, one man who has a band of 2,000 ewes estimated that it co.st 75 cts. per ewe. This was the lowest estimate given. The highest was $5, and the average $2.59. Other topics summarized are number of ewes per ram, time of weaning lambs, time and place of marketing lambs, the wool market, causes of death in range sheep, and kind of feed used. Experiments in the disposal of irrigated crops through the use of hogs, J. A. HoLDEN (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 488 (1917), pp. 25, figs. 3).— This bulletin reports in detail experiments conducted from 1912 to 1915, inclusive, at the Scottsbluff experiment farm in western Nebraska, for the purpose of obtaining information on the practicability of using alfalfa as hog pasture, the value of different quantities of grain when fed to hogs on alfalfa pasture, the compara- tive values of corn and ground barley when fed to hogs on alfalfa pasture, and the practicability of hogging down corn. Progress reports of these tests have been noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 170). Summarizing the whole series of experiments, it is stated that " in three years' experiments, including eight lots of hogs, in which alfalfa pasture was supplemented with a 2 per cent ration of corn, an average gain of 3,181 lbs. per season was made from an acre of alfalfa pasture and 7,844 lbs. of corn. It required an average of 2.47 lbs. of corn in addition to alfalfa pasture to pro- duce 1 lb. of pork. If the gains are valued at 7 cts. a pound and corn at 60 cts. a bushel, or $1.07 a hundredweight, the average annual return was $138.75 per acre of alfalfa pasture. If the corn fed is valued at 60 cts. a bushel and the alfalfa pasture at $15 an acre the average cost of 100 lbs. of gain was $3.11. If the average yield of the alfalfa plats in the same field is assvmied to repre- sent the yield of the pastured plats the begs paid an equivalent of $25.13 per ton of hay. " In two years' experiments with alfalfa pasture, with and without supple- mental feed, an average annual return of $45.08 per acre was secured where no supplement was used, as compared with .$70.20 where a 1 per cent ration of corn was used, $128.49 from a 2 per cent ration of corn, $121.96 from a 2 per cent ration of barley, and $168.25 from a 3 per cent ration of corn. The rate of gain and the carrying capacity of the pasture increased with the quantity of grain fed. Ground barley appeared to be as good, pound for pound, as shelled corn as a feed for hogs on alfalfa pasture. " Sows and pigs on alfalfa pasture, with a 2 per cent ration of grain, made an average gain of 1,574 lbs. per acre of alfalfa pasture from May 1 to July 1, or a net return of $66.84 per acre. When corn was used the return varied from $54.11 to $69.97 per acre, and when barley was used the return was $77.76 per acre. " In three years' experiments, hogging corn without supplementary feed pro- duced an average of 896 lbs. of gain, worth $65.72 per acre, or $1.50 per hundred- weight of the estimated yield of corn. " In two years' experiments, hogging corn without supplementary feed pro- duced an average of 744 lbs. of gain, worth $52.08 per acre, as compared with 930 lbs. of gain, worth $65.10, where the hogs had access to alfalfa pasture, and 1,029 lbs. of gain, worth $72.03, where the hogs were fed tankage in addition to the corn. Where no supplementary feed was used the hogs paid $1.34 per hun- 768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 dredweight for the estimated yield of corn, as compared with $1.55 per hundred- weight where the hogs had access to alfalfa pasture, and $1.50 per hundred- weight where tankage was used. The use of either alfalfa or tankage resulted in more rapid and cheaper gains than were secured where no supplementary feed was used." Fattening swine on rice by-products, H. E. Dvorachek et ax. {Arkansas Sta. Bill. 128 (1916), pp. 24. fig. 1). — Results are reported of five experiments carried on at the station to determine the relative feeding values of corn, rice polish, and rice bran for fattening swine when fed alone, in various combina- tions, and when supplemented with various protein supplements. The pigs were fed in pens in the station hog house and had access to dry lots, mineral matter, and water. In the first three experiments the feeds were mixed with water at the time of feeding and fed as a thick slop. In the fourth and fifth experiments the full day's feed was mixed with water in barrels in the evening, one-half of this mixture being fed the next morning and the other half the next evening. The cost of gains was based upon the following prices per hundred- weight for feeds: Com chop, $1.50; rice polish, $1.40; rice bran, $1.10; wheat shorts, $1.40 ; tankage, $2.50 ; skim milk, 25 cts. ; and buttermilk, 25 cts. The following table gives the rations fed and some of the results obtained in the five experiments: Pig feeding trials. Ex- peri- ment No. Ill IV liOt No. Rations fed; weight propor- tions. Average daily gain per head. Com chop, tankage (9:1)... Rice polish, tankage (9:1).. Rice bran tankage (9:1)... Rice polish, rice bran, tank- age (9 : 9 : 2) Com chop, rice polish, rice bran, tankage (3:3:8:1). Rice polish, rice bran, tank- age (6 : 3 :1) Com chop, tankage (9:1)... Rice polish, tankage (9 : 1)... Rice Ibran tankage (9:1) Rice polish, rice bran, tank- age (9 :9 :2) Com chop, rice polish, rice bran, tankage (3:3:3:1). Rice polish, rico bran, tank- age (3 : 6 : 1) R ice bran Rice bran, wheat shorts(l : 1) Rice bran, wheat shorts, tankage (6:3:1) Rice bran, tankage (9:1) Com chop Rice bran Rice polish Com chop, rice bran, rice polish (1:1 :1) Rice bran, rice polish (1:1).. Rice bran, rice polish (2 : 1).. R ice bran, rice i>oUsh (1:2).. Rice bran, rice polish (1 : 3) . Com chop, tankage (9 : 1 to 12:1) Rice bran, tankage (9 : 1 to 12: 1} Rice polish, tankage (P : 1 to 12:1) Com chop, buttermilk . . . Rice bran buttermilk Rice polish, buttermilk. . Com chop , sk im milk Rice bran, skim milk Rice polish, skim milk . . . Pounds. 1.17 1.23 1.27 I.IR 1.39 1.26 1.48 1.26 1.2S 1.16 1.36 1.14 1.10 1.03 1.33 1.13 1.30 1.46 1.63 1.72 1.40 1.66 1.49 1.72 1.21 1.07 1.41 1. IS 1.20 1.55 1. 2S 1.26 1.64 Feed consumod pcrpound of gain. Pound:i. 4.358 3.754 4.488 4.920 4.311 4.018 3.782 3.636 4.478 3.991 4.240 4.286 5.272 5.794 4.700 5.308 4.754 4.227 3.580 3.627 4.044 3.702 3.903 3.580 4.136 4.612 3.420 7.003 6.867 5.299 8.675 8.807 6.749 Cost per pound of gain. Cents. 6.97 5.67 5.56 6.77 6.25 5.72 5.96 5.49 5.55 5.48 5.70 5.80 7.25 7.14 4.65 5.01 4.83 5.05 4.44 5.07 4.74 6.57 5.66 5.12 6.59 4.93 4. G9 6.64 5.28 4.90 Length of e.x- periment. Daps. Average weight per pig at begin- ning. Pounds. Number of pigs per lot. 1917] ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 769 In the tankage lots in experiment 5 tlie ratio fed was 9 : 1 during the first six weeks and 12 : 1 during the last six weeks. " In the lots where skim milk and buttermilk were used a like change in proportions was made." The authors state that " hogs scour severely when fed large quantities of rice polish when it is dampened just before feeding. The addition of lime water checked the scours. In lots where the rice polish was thoroughly soaked for 12 and 24 hours, no scouring occurred. " These experiments were all conducted on fairly well grown shotes for fattening purposes, and no indications of incomplete nutrition were noticeable, such as have been reported by some where rice polish was used alone for grow- ing pigs. Rice polish is not as palatable as corn chop, especially during the close of the fattening period. Hogs go off feed readily at that time. When fed with skim milk and buttermilk great gains and an excellent finish are possible." Detailed data for each lot in the five experiments are tabulated by periods in the appendix. Breeds of swine, F. G. Ashbbook (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 165 (1917), pp. 16, figs. 14). — This gives information concerning the various breeds of swine, their origin, general appearance, development, and adaptability. How to select a sound horse, H. H. Reese (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. "779 (1917), pp. 26, figs. 36). — This gives concise information on the selection of sound horses by thorough, systematic examination, and points out by means of illustrations how to observe blemishes, vices, faultj' conformation, unsound- ness, general characteristics, and the indications of age in horses. A study of the effect of cottonseed meal v. beef scrap upon the egg pro- duction, fertility, and vitality of poultry, B. A. Ahrens (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 112 (1917), pp. 3-20).— T\\e first of these experiments with White Leghorns was begun in November, 1914. In this test there were three lots of ten pullets and two cockerels each. These birds were bred at the station from sires and dams of strong constitutional vigor. Each of the lots received a grain ration of Kafir corn and whole wheat, equal parts by weight. In addition, lot 1 received a mash of millrun, corn chop, beef scrap, and bone meal (7:6:2:1); lot 2 a mash of millrun, corn meal, cottonseed meal, and bone meal (6:6:3:1); and lot 8 a mash of millrun, corn chop, cottonseed meal, and bone meal (3:3:9:1). The nutritive ratios of the rations were, for lots 1 and 2, 1:4.5, and for lot 3, 1 : 3.5. The chicks hatched from the different lots were kept sepa- rate from birth and fed on the same type of ration as their parents, due allow- ance being made for changing the exact composition of the ration to meet the requirements of the growing period. During this test the health of the birds was excellent. One pullet from lot 3 died of roup and one male from the same lot died from the effects of being crop bound. In a preliminary test of all eggs laid for three weeks before February 2, 1915, the following percentages of fertility were found after seven days incuba- tion : Lot 1, 75.7 ; lot 2, 97.4 ; and lot 3, 100. The incubation records from Feb- ruary 2 to July 10, 1915, showed that of 711 eggs set from lot 1, 89.5 per cent were fertile, 82.8 per cent of which hatched ; of 535 eggs set from lot 2, 90.8 per cent were fertile, 48.7 per cent of which hatched ; and of 334 eggs set from lot 3, 87.7 per cent were fertile, 31 per cent of which hatched. From November 18, 1914, to November 17, 1915, lot 1 produced 1,394 eggs at a profit of $5.05; lot 2, 998 eggs at a profit of $1.35 ; and lot 8, 744 eggs at a profit of 46 cts. During the season of 1915-16 these birds were rearranged into six lots to eliminate the effect of difference in stock, except that the birds in the original lot 3 were carried along as lot 3 in this test. Lots 1 and 4 were fed the same ration as lot 1 of the former season, lots 2 and 5 the same as lot 2 of the former season, and lots 3 and 6 the same as lot 3 of the former season. 770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Summarizing incubation records during the season it was found that of 250 eggs set from lot 1, 90 per cent were fertile, 55 per cent of which hatched. The corresponding figures for the other lots were as follows: Lot 2, 230, 90, and 54.1 ; lot 3, 206, 92.2, and 46.3 ; lot 4, 262, 88.5, and 56 ; lot 5, 197, 91.3 and 48.3; and lot 6, 243, 98.5, and 43.9. From November 18, 1915, to May 17, 1916, the hens in lot 1 laid 636 eggs at a profit of $3.40 ; lot 2, 552, at a profit of $2.67 ; lot 3, 404, at a profit of $1.63 ; lot 4, 730, at a profit of $6.25 ; and lot 5, 431, at a profit of $3.63. The egg production record of lot 6 is not given. The author states that the mortality was much higher in the chiclis from the lots fed cottonseed meal, both in the normal and excessive amounts, than in those from the lots fed beef scrap. Analyses of each of the feeds used are given. Cost of raising Leghorn pullets, A. G. Philips {Indiana 8ta. Bui. 196 (1916), pp. 20, figs. 6; popular eel., pp. 8, figs. -If)- — The experiments reported in this bulletin covered four seasons' worlj and involved several thousand White Leghorn chicks. The chicljs were reared in 8 by 8 ft. A-shaped colony brooder houses, heated by gasoline, in yards covered with blue grass and clover. After the heat was removed, each brooder house with its chicks was moved to a lot 130 by 150 ft. plaated to young fruit trees, the rows of which were intertilled with corn. The grain ration consisted of sifted cracked corn, sifted cracked wheat, and steel cut oats, equal parts by weight, until the chicks reached a weight of 0.7 lb. each, when the grain was changed to cracked corn and whole wheat. The dry mash consisted of a mixture of bran, shorts, corn meal, and meat scrap (2:2:2:1) to which was added a small quantity of charcoal and ground dry bone. Green feed, grit, and skim milk were fed in abundance. When the cockerels weighed about 1.25 lbs. they were removed to a fattening pen and finished for market. Detailed data of one of the five experiments are tabulated and compared with the average results of all the experiments. It was found that the cost of a pullet up to the time of laying varies largely with feed prices. The average gross cost of raising pullets in these tests was 43.4 cts. When the profit from the cockerels was credited, the net cost of the pullets varied from 24.3 to 50.5 cts., the average being 38.1 cts. It took 1.8 eggs to produce a Leghorn chick, the cost of which when hatched was 5.7 cts. To 12 weeks of age the chicks in these tests consumed 5.96 lbs. of feed and 5.07 lbs. of milk per head, or 3.59 lbs. of feed and 3.41 lbs. of milk at a cost of 8.4 cts. per pound of gain. The average weight per pullet in the five experiments at 168 days of age was 2.75 lbs. The percentage of mortality varied from 8 to 29.5 in the different experiments, the average being 17. In these experi- ments 100 pullets were raised from every 457 eggs set. Plans are given of the Purdue shed-roofed colony brooder house. Temperature experiments in incubation, A. G. Philips {Indiana Sta. Bui. 195 {1916), pp. 31, figs. 5; popular ed., pp. S, figs. 5). — These experiments were planned for the purpose of determining the influence of different temperatures in the incubator on brown and white eggs, the upper and lower temperature limits of artificial incubation, and the influence on temperature readings of placing thermometers at different heights in the machine. Four 150-egg incubators were used. They were of the hot-air type, supplying heat by both radiation and diffusion, and moisture by a sand tray underneath the egg trays. The five thermometers used were standard incubator thermome- ters, generally known as hanging, standing, touching, and Inovo. The hanging thermometer was suspended from the top of the incubator, 2 in. above the center of the egg tray. The standing thermometer was on a metal stand in the center, 1917] ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 771 toward the front of the machine, the bulb on a level with the top of the eggs but not touching them. The touching thermometers were two in number, one on brown and one on white eggs, near the standing thermometer. The bulbs of these were on a level with the top of the eggs and touching them. The Inovo thermometer, which is supposed to register the temperature of the germ in an egg, was placed near the other thermometers. Four experiments were made with each incubator, one in 1913, one in 1915, and two in 1916. Brown and white eggs from White Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn pullets, respectively, were used. Except in the first experi- ments the eggs were so selected as to eliminate all possible influences on the hatch by some particular hen or because of the age of the eggs. The machines were run at the following temperatures as registered by the standing ther- mometer during the first, second, and third weeks : Machine No. 1, 100, 101, 102° F. ; machine No. 2, 101, 102, 103° ; machine No. 3, 102, 103, 104° ; and ma- chine No. 4, 103, 104, 105°. The following table gives some of the results obtained : Results of incubation experiments tcith white and brown eggs. Machine No. Eggs set. Eggs infertile. Dead germs. Clucks dead in sheU. Chicks hatched. \\'Tiite. Brown. White. Brown. White. Brown. White. Brown. White. Brown 1 225 295 296 296 225 300 300 300 IG 23 22 27 26 37 40 34 9 27 8 25 17 38 31 50 36 37 70 131 56 59 70 135 164 208 196 113 126 2 166 3 151 4 89 No reason from the standpoint of incubation was found for the poor showing of the brown eggs as compared with the white eggs. It was found brown and white eggs need the same temperature. Machine No. 1 produced 69.3 per cent of vigorous chicks to fertile eggs ; machine No. 2, 69.5 per cent ; machine No. 3, 64.4 per cent ; and machine No. 4, 30.5 per cent. In every test machine No. 2 produced the largest, plumpest, and best chicks. The chicks in machines Nos. 1 and 3 were very similar, but those in No. 4 were poor and weak in every hatch. The average weekly temperatures for the four experiments as recorded by the different thermometers in incubator No. 2, with which the best hatches were obtained, were as follows: Average temperatures in machine No. 2. Kinds of thermometers. Period. Standing. Touching on white eggs. Touching on brown eggs. Hanging. Inovo. 'F. 100.9 102.1 103.0 T. 101.5 102.6 103.7 °F. 100.9 102.4 103.4 °F. 104.7 104.9 104.3 °F. 98 0 Second week 99.8 101.2 102.0 102.6 102.2 104.6 99.7 It is stated that the incubator records show that the temperatures were held practically to the desired point daily. 94087°— No. 8—17 6 772 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 38 With the type of incubator used in these experiments it was found that " if a touching thermometer is used it should be 0.5° higher than a standing, regard- less of color of eggs. If a hanging thermometer is used it should be run on an average of 2° higher than a standing, with a greater difference the first week and a less difference the third week. The Inovo should be run about 2.2° lower than a standing." In a minor experiment in connection with one of the main experiments it was found that " a temperature with a standing thermometer of 100.5° the first week, 101.5° the second, and 102.5° the third week compares well in tem- perature and hatching results with a hanging thermometer temperature of 103° for three weeks." In an experiment run in duplicate in 1911 with two of the experimental incu- bators and using white eggs, machine No. 1 was controlled by a standing ther- mometer and run at 101, 102, and 103°, respectively, for the three weeks, and machine No. 2 by the Inovo thermometer and run at 100.5° for the three weeks. The average hatching record of machine No. 1 was as follows : Eggs set, 147.5 ; infertile eggs, 9.5; dead germs, 8.5; dead in shell, 27.5; and chicks hatched, 102. For machine No. 2 the corresponding averages were 149, 12, 7.5, 25.5, and 104. In this experiment incubator No. 1 was kept reasonably near the desired tem- peratures by the standing thermometer, the average for the three weeks being 102.2°. At the same time the Inovo thermometer in this machine registered 08.3° the first week, 99.6° the second, and 101.1° the third, averaging for the whole period 99.6°. In incubator No. 2, controlled by the Inovo thermometer, the temperature registered 100.4° the first week, 100.6° the second week, and 100.6° :he third week, averaging for the whole period 100.5°. The standing thermometer in this machine registered 103° the first week, 102.7° the second week, an 1 102.3° the third week. In this test the standing thermometer tempera- tures of tlie two machines varied only 0.5°, but one increased during the hatch- ing period and the other decreased, yet the hatches were similar. The results of this experiment tend to show that 100.5° is not the only temperature de- sirable with an Inovo thermometer. The data in connection with these experiments are tabulated and discussed in detail. Goose raising, H. M. Lamon and A. R. Lee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 161 {1911), pp. 16, figs. 8). — Information is given in reference to the appearance and adaptability of the different breeds of geese, together with details as to breeding, feeding, and marketing. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Beport of the dairy husbandry department, O. F. Hunzikeb (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 29-li0). — In testing rations for milch cows three lots of 5 cows each were fed six rations for ISO days. All the rations contained ground corn and corn silage, and in addition ration 1 contained cottonseed meal and alfalfa hay, ration 2 cottonseed meal and soy-bean hay, ration 3 linseed meal and alfalfa hay, ration 4 linseed meal and soy-bean hay, ration 5 gluten feed and alfalfa hay, and ration 6 gluten feed and soy-bean hay. It was found that " a ration used in milk production, which contains ground corn, corn silage, and a leguminous hay requires but a limited amount of protein-carrying concentrates in order that it may be properly balanced. The three protein-carrying concentrates used in this experiment affected the cost of the rations less than any other of the four feeds of which the ration was com- posed. When fed in connection with alfalfa hay, cottonseed meal was the most economical source of protein, gluten feed ranking second and linseed meal 1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 773 standing third. . . . Alfalfa hay was 12 per cent more economical as a milk- producing roughage than soy-bean hay when both were selling at the same price per ton. This does not take into account the greater quantity of soy-bean hay refused, due to its impalatable characteristic. " The cost of milk was affeqted to the greatest degree by varying the price of corn ; the hay was of next importance, the corn silage ranked third, and the protein-carrying concentrates fourth. The hay and corn exerted almost the same influence upon the cost of milk. The use of soy-bean hay "caused an increase in body weight and a decrease in daily milk and butter-fat production. " Properly balanced rations are, approximately, equally efficient in the pro- duction of milk and butter fat per unit consumption of dry matter. The nu- tritive ratio of a ration may be varied within reasonable limits without ma- terially affecting the productive power of the ration." In the experiment to determine the effect of cotton.seed meal and linseed meal upon the breeding power of dairy heifers (E. S. R., 34, p. 775), 16 heifers fed in winter a ration of wheat bran, corn silage, and alfalfa hay supplemented with 3.103 lbs. of cottonseed meal daily were bred an average of 1.06 times each, the average age at time of conception being 1 year, 7 months, and 6 days. Nine- teen heifers fed the same as the above lot, except that 3.055 lbs. of linseed meal replaced the cottonseed meal, were bred an average of 1.8 times each, the average age at conception being 1 year, 7 months, and 26 days. In experiments upon the pasteurization of cream for butter making it was found that in the case of sour, gathered cream that is not neutralized pas- teurization at 145° F. for 20 minutes is the most satisfactory process from the standpoint of germ-killing efficiency and quality of butter. In studies upon the changes occurring in butter and milk fat during storage it was found that the proteins are gradually hydrolyzed into simpler compounds. During this hydrolysis, amino acids are formed as one of the decomposition products. The degree of hydrolysis depends upon the initial condition of the proteids, the quantity of hydrolizing agents present, and the tempei'ature at which the butter is kept. The percentage of gain in proteid nitrogen not precipitated by phosphotungstic acid was 4.157 for raw cream butter, 3.465 for butter from cream pasteurized at 145° for 20 minutes, 3.161 for butter from cream pasteurized at 165° flash, and 2.99 for butter from cream pasteurized at 185° flash. Little variation was found in the constants of the fat of stored butter with the exception of the acid value, which showed a marked increase in the raw cream butter and smaller increases in butters from cream pas- teurized at different temperatures. Bacteriological analyses made of the cream and butter in connection with the pasteurization experiment show that pasteurization at 145°, holding process, " gives the greatest killing efficiency for all varieties of micro-organisms pres- ent. The flash system at 185° gives next best killing efficiency but does not give uniform results. The flash system at 165° shows lowest killing efficiency for all varieties of micro-organisms and is the most variable of the three methods." Preliminary studies upon the cause of oily flavor in butter from cream pas- teurized at 185° indicate that this condition is due to a combination of the high degree of heat in the presence of high acidity. Notes are given on the activities of the department in the testing of pure- bred dairy cows and creamery inspection work. Feeding and management of dairy calves and young dairy stock, W. K. Brainerd and H. P. Davis {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 777 {1917), pp. 19, figs. 5). — In addition to a detailed discussion of this subject, brief information is given on calf diseases. 774 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Milking machines: A study of the practical operation of 108 milking machines in Jefferson County, New York, F. E. Robebtson and C. W. Gil- bert (Jefferson Co. [N. Y.], Farm Bur. Bui. 7 {1916), pp. 12).— A brief report is given of a study of the operation of 108 milking machines representing seven different makes in Jefferson County, N. Y. The study was conducted during very hot weather in July and August, 1916. In order to compare hand milking with machine milking information was also accumulated from 51 different milkers, including men, women, and boys relating to the time required to milk out 100 lbs. of milk by hand. It was found that with the different makes of milking machines it required from SO to 126.5 minutes to milk 100 lbs. of milk per unit, as compared to 68 minutes by hand. Under the same conditions the different units milked from 6 to 7.5 cows per hour as compared to 6.9 cows per hour by hand. These data include the customary time required to start the engine, place the teat cups on the cows, change the units from cow to cow, and care for the milk in the usual manner. The strippings after milking with a mechanical milker aver- aged less than 1 lb. per cow. The most efficient combination of operators and units seemed to be where one operator used four single units or two double units, although greater speed was made with other combinations. One operator using three single units obtained 100 lbs. of milk in 28.8 minutes, while one operator using two double units obtained 100 lbs. of milk in 32.4 minutes. It took from 15 to 20 minutes daily on the average to properly cleanse the milking machines. Market milk contests and dairy surveys, L. H. Cooledge (Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 251-255). — Results are given of a number of market milk con- tests, market cream contests, and sanitary surveys of milk plants, dairy farms, and milk plant water supplies made in a number of places in the State during the year for the purpose of establishing a proper basis for educational and ex- tension efforts in connection with milk production and marketing. A sanitary survey of the milk plants and farms supplying milk for the city of Flint, Mich., showed an average score of 58.3 for the milk plants, none of them scoring above 75. The average score of 40 dairy farms was 59.4, only one of which scored above 75. In connection with this survey a milk contest was held in which the milk samples were taken from v\^agons without previous warn- ing. Of the 18 samples examined only one scored above 90 and nine below 60. During the following March a second milk contest was held at Flint, in which 31 per cent of the samples scored above 90 and none below 60. This contest included samples prepared for the contest and samples taken from wagons without warning. Bacteriological analyses of water made in connection with these dairy sur- veys showed that 37 per cent of the city water samples and 70 per cent of the samples of rural dairy water supplies examined were sewage polluted. A plea for uniformity in municipal milk regulations, L. P. Bkown (Milk Dealer, 6 (1917), No. 4, pp. 2Jf, 26, 28, 30-32, 3Jf).—ln this paper, which was read before the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors at Springfield, Mass., the author compares the milk regulations of 17 of the larger cities of the United States, and shows by means of tables the lack of uniformity in the requirements of the various cities for the production of sanitary milk. Report of the committee on methods of appointment of dairy and milk inspectors and their compensation, E. Kelley (Milk Dealer, 6 (1917), No. 4, pp. lS-20, fuj. l).—ln this report, read before the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors at Springfield. Mass., tabulated data with brief com- 1917] DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 775 ments are given of information received from 31 States and 102 cities concern- ing methods of appointment and compensation of dairy and milk inspectors. Reliability of the bacteriological analysis of milk, H. W. Conn (Milk Dealer, 6 (1917), No. 4, pp. 50-56). — In this paper, read befoi-e the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors at Springfield, Mass., the author dis- cusses the reliability and significance of bacteriological milk analysis. A sum- mary is given of an extensive series of tests made during the last three years in a considerable number of laboratories to determine the amount of variation in the analysis of milk that may be introduced by conditions beyond control. The results of 20,000 analyses show that by standard methods used in rou- tine laboratories by ordinary laboratory assistants variations of from 25 to 30 per cent in the analysis of identical samples of milk may be expected to occur. Where special care is taken by experts a much closer result is obtained. How- ever, in view of the enormous range in number of bacteria occurring in different samples of milk this amount of variation in the results of bacterial counts is con- sidered of no real significance. "A bacteriological analysis of milk can not be relied upon to give actual numbers of bacteria, but only approximate num- bers. . . . " The bacteriological analysis of milk is not to be taken as indicating in itself either a condition of safety or a condition of danger, but only as a warning. Good, clean, fresh milk will have a low bacterial count, and a high bacterial count means dirt, age, disease, or temperature. A high bacterial count is there- fore a danger signal, and justifies the health ofiioer in putting a source of sup- ply with a persistently high bacterial count among the class of unwholesome milk. " B:icteriological analysis offers the only means of grading milk according to its sanitary character. A grading system applied to the milk industry is the great desideratum for the improvement of the industry in the future from the standpoint of the producer, the dealer, and the consumer." Why cream tests vary and how to produce first-grade cream, E. O. Chaltts {Union So. Africa In, it. Agr. [Puh.], 82 {1915), pp. 21, figs. 9).— The autlior explains the various points connected with the successful operation of cream separators and reports the results of several series of tests with a 45-gal. sepa- rator to ascertain the cause of vai'iations in cream tests. In testing the effect of variations in the speed of separators, using milk test- ing 4.3 per cent fat and separating at a temperature of 86° F., it was found that turning the handle 60 revolutions per minute, the prescribed speed, gave cream testing 54 per cent fat and turning at 55, 50, and 45 revolutions per minute, gave creams testing 46, 31, and 26 per cent, respectively. Irregular turning produced cream testing 44 per cent fat. In separating milk testing 3.5 per cent fat at 86 to 90° when the separator handle was turned at 60 revolutions per minute, cream containing 34 per cent fat was obtained, and when turned at 74 and 40 revolutions per minute 52 and 20 per cent creams, respectively, were obtained. Turning the handle irregularly produced 27 per cent cream. In a test in which milks of different fat contents were separated under iden- tical conditions, the separator being turned at 60 revolutions per minute and the milk separated at 88°, milk testing 4.8 per cent fat produced 49 per cent cream, and milk testing 2.9 per cent produced 38 per cent cream. The final experiment had to do with the effect of temperature of the milk upon the fat content of the resulting cream. Using 3.7 per cent milk and turn- ing the separator at 60 revolutions per minute, milk separated at 90° produced 42 per cent cream, and milk separated at 80 and at 74° produced 51 and 52 per cent creams, respectively. Notes are given on the care of cream on the farm. 776 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.36 Marketing creamery butter, R. C. Potts and H. F. Meyeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 456 (1917), vp. S7, figs. i7).— General information is given regarding tlie packing, shipping, and marketing of creamery butter, based on a general sur- vey in over 50 cities. The more complex economic phases of butter marketing are not discussed. The authors state that "a knowledge of the various market requirements, marketing methods, and marketing facilities Is essential for the successful mai-keting of creamery butter. Particular attention should be given to the market requirements as regards quality of butter and size and style of pack- ages. Critical markets require a clean-flavored, firm-bodied, vi^ell-made piece of butter for vs'hich they pay the highest prices. Butter of inferior quality is discriminated against by critical buyers and usually sells at prices consider- ably below the better grades. " The use of neat and attractive containers, standardized to a uniform size and style, is highly desirable both for local and foreign markets. Carelessly packed butter has not only a poor appearance but also usually brings a lower price. The branding of bulk-butter packages (tubs and cubes) with the gross, tare, net weight, and churning number greatly facilitates the handling and In- spection of butter in the market. The use of consumers' packages for butter is increasing. A standardization of these, particularly the cartons, is es- pecially desirable. " Market grades for butter have been established by a number of wholesale produce organizations. While these conform quite closely to a uniform standard it is generally conceded that butter which will pass in some markets for a certain grade may be classed differently in another, owing to a different standard of quality which the butter inspector may use. The employment of butter inspectors and the maintenance of market inspection is at present pro- vided in the wholesale markets by the organizations of wholesale butter dis- tributors." Statistics of cold-storage holdings of butter in 1914 indicate that 81 per cent of the butter stored is delivered into storage during May, June, July, and August. The deliveries out of storage are more gradual. The average length of storage is approximately 6.2 months. " The cost of financing and handling butter in storage is approximately one-fourth cent per pound per month. " Regular, scheduled refrigerator rail service is provided for butter in the more highly developed dairy sections. Express service often is employed for shipping to near-by markets and may be used in combinations with refrigerator freight service in reaching the more distant markets. Cooperation among creameries has proved of value in obtaining and using refrigerator service where creameries ai'e located in close proximity to each other. " State brands for butter which creameries are permitted to use when they have complied with State requirements have been adopted by Minnesota, Iowa, and Michigan. They are intended to convey a guaranty of purity and quality in the butter which will be of mutual benefit to both the producer and the con- sumer. The establishment of brands is essential for effective advertising or in retaining the identity of the manufacturer of a product. Appropriate adver- tising and salesmanship are also two vital factors in successful market dis- tribution. In marketing a branded product it is highly important that a sani- tary and attractive package be used and that a certain standard of quality be maintained." VETERINARY MEDICINE. Beport of the veterinary department, R. A. Craig (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 67, CS).— The in. ubutiou for two weeks of filtrates ublained by passin.u hog-cholera blood through Pasteur-Chamberland and Berkefeld filters resulted 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 777 in a slight cloudiness and a very noticeable precipitate. Microscopic examina- tions of the filtrates showed an increase in the so-called granules. An increase in the albumin content of the filtrates during the incubation period was also observed. Examination of the filtrate after the removal of this albumin did not show the presence of the granules. Five pigs which were removed from their mothers at birth and fed by hand were injected intravenously and intraperitoneally with 60 cc. of a hog-cholera blood filtrate. Three similar animals were used for controls. After four days both the inoculated and control pigs were bled and the blood examined micro- scopically. No difference was observed between the blood of the two sets of animals. The inoculated pigs on post-mortem examination showed slight hemorrhages in the lungs, lymphatic glands, and kidneys. The control pigs showed hemorrhagic foci in the kidneys, a condition which has been shown to be common in young pigs. An attempt to attentuate hog-cholera blood by passage through rabbits and using a virus prepared by extracting the carcasses of injected rabbits with physiological salt solution and passing it through a Pasteur filter was unsuc- cessful. Six of the eight pigs inoculated with this virus died of acute hog cholera and five exposure check pigs also died. Hog-cholera blood dried over sulphuric acid lor periods varying from 10 to 15 days and subjected to heat of from 40 to 42" C. for periods of from four to seven days did not produce the disease. No immunity, however, was conferred, as the inoculated pigs died later when exposed to hog cholera. The work to determine the relative virulence of hog-cholera blood at different periods of the disease, as previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 783), was continued. The data are reported in tabular form. Of 156 samples of blood tested for infectious abortion in cattle by the agglutination test, 96 yielded negative results and 60 positive reactions. Report of the veterinary department for the biennial period, July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1914, J. I. Gibson {Bien. Rpt. Yet. Surg. Iowa, 9 {1913-14), pp. 36). — This report includes data i-elating to hog cholera control work in Dallas County, Iowa, and rules and regulations adopted by the animal-health com- mission of the State. Fifteenth report of the Live Stock Sanitai'y Board and chief veterinary inspector of Maryland, 1914—15, L. Hickman et al. {lBicn.'\ Rpt. Live Stock Sanit. Bd. and Chief Vet. Insp. Md., 15 (1914-15), pp. 45, figs. 7).— This report deals with the occurrence of and control work with infectious diseases of animals in Maryland, reporting at length on the occurrence of and eradication work with foot-and-mouth disease during the recent outbreak. Proceedings of the fifteenth annual convention of the North Dakota Veterinary Association (Proc. N. Dak. Vet. Assoc., 15 (1916), pp. 46). — The greater part of this report is taken up by a paper on Sterility in Cattle, by W. L. Williams (pp. 15-39). Annual report of the veterinary service for the year 1915, W. Littlewood (Ann. Rpt. Vet. Serv. Egypt, 1915, pp. Vr+59; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 4. PP- 192-196). — The several sections of this, the usual annual report (E. S. R., 36, p. ISO), deal with contagious diseases, the work of the veterinary pathological laboratory, and the work of the school of veterinary medicine. A Note on Spraying of Cattle with Special Dips for the Eradication of Ticks, by H. Cooper (pp. 45-48) ; a census of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, pigs, horses, mules, donkeys, etc., in Egypt during 1914 as compared with that of 1915 ; and the return of animals slaughtered in the principal abattoirs during the year are appended. 778 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. [Vol.36 Directions for preparation of veterinary specimens for examination, M. Francis (Texas ^S'?a. Virc. 16 (.1916), pp. 7, figs. S).—A brief descriptive account. Studies on the blood proteins. — I, The serum globulins in bacterial infec- tion and immunity, S. H. Hurwitz and K. F. Meyer (Jour. Expt. Med., 24 (1916), No. 5, pp. 515-5^6, figs. 7). — The results of the investigation reported are summarized as follows : " The progress of an infection is usually associated with marked changes in the serum proteins. There may be an increase in the percentage of the total protein during some stage of the infection, and there is usually a change in the albumin-globulin ratio with an increase in the total globulins. This rise may antedate the development of any resistance by a considerable period of time. The nonprotein constituents of the blood show fluctuations with a tendency to rise as the infection progresses. " The process of immunization is in almost all instances associated with a definite increase in the globulins of the blood, and in some cases with a com- plete inversion of the normal albumin-globulin ratio. This may be produced both by living and dead organisms and by bacterial endotoxins. Massive doses usually result in an upset which shows no tendency to right itself during the period of observation. A rise in the globulins has been shown to occur long before the animal develops immune bodies in any appreciable concentration ; and where the globulin curve and antibody curve appear to parallel one an- other it can be shown by a careful analysis of both curves that there is a definite lack of correspondence at various periods of the experiment. Ani- mals possessing a basic immunity show a more rapid rise in the globulin curve following inoculation." No parallelism was observed between the leucocytic reaction and the globulin reaction. The globulins may be as high during periods of leucopenia as during the period of a leucocytosis. As striking an increase in the serum globulins is produced by bacterial endotoxins as is produced by living and killed bacteria. This would seem to indicate tliat a bacterial invasion of the organism is not absolutely essential for the globulin changes, and that the toxogenic factor in infection and immunity must play a part in the production of the changes noted. " Inflammatory irritants injected intraperitoueally also result in a globulin increase. In this case the changes produced may best be explained by the toxogenic effect produced by the protein-split products resulting from the inflammatory condition. Intraperitoneal injections of killed bacteria give rise to a more rapid increase in the serum globulins. Tlie rapidity of the re- sponse following intraperitoneal as compared with intravenous injections doubt- less stands in intimate relationship to the neutralizing power possessed by the blood serum, and perhaps to the more extensive surface of absorption follow- ing injection by the intraperitoneal route." Experimental observations on the pathogenesis of gall-bladder infections in typhoid, cholera, and dysentery, H. J. Nichols (Jour. Expt. Med., 24 (1916), No. 5, pp. 497-514). — The results of investigations with the common duct fistula method in the rabbit lend support to the theory of the productiou of gall-bladder lesions in typhoid by a descending infection of the bile from the liver. " More bacilli appear in the bile with increased doses, and more gall- bladder infections are obtained by increased doses. More bacilli appear in the bile after mesenteric vein injection than after ear vein injection, and more lesions result under the first condition. More bacilli appear in the bile after injection of the same dose in immunized animals than in normal animals, and more lesions also result in immunized animals." 1917] VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 779 The fate of the micro-organisms after their appearance in the bile seems to be largely determined by the antiseptic properties of the bile which are largely due to its allialinity. It appears possible to protect the rabbit against gall- bladder infections, at least to some degree, by the previous injection of sodium bicarbonate. Alkaline therapy is suggested in the prevention and cure of gall-bladder carriers. A comparison of tho " defibrination " and " oxalate " methods of serum preparation as applied to hemorrhag'ic septicemia and anthrax sera to- gether with some analyses of buffalo and hill bull blood, R. V. Noreis {Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 60 (1916), pp. 15). — The results of the investigation submitted in detailed tabular form show that the oxalate method gives a con- siderably increased yield of serum as compared with the defibrination method in the preparation of hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax sera. Serum pre- pared by the oxalate method is also greatly superior in appearance to that obtained by defibrination and centriiugalization. In the case of buffalo blood the oxalate procedure saves considerable centrifugalizing, which is of practical importance in the preparation of large quantities of sera. With hill bull blood the corpuscles do not settle, and the blood must be centrifugal ized. A series of bleedings taken at short intervals was found to increase the yield of serum progressively, the third bleeding giving the largest percentage of serum. An- alyses of normal buffalo and hill bull blood indicated that the chief point of dif- ference was the considerably larger percentage of globulins in the serum from the hill bull blood. Anthrax or charbon, H. J. Washburn {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 784 (1911), pp. 16). — This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 439, previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 381). The diag'nosis of tuberculosis by means of tuberculin with special refer- ence to the intrapalpebral method, N. Mori (Atti R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 6. ser., 67 (1915), pp. 71-89). — This material has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 36, p. 578). Experiments on cattle plag'ue, C. Todd and R. G. White (Cairo, Egypt: Govt., 1914, pp. IX+133, figs. 136). — This is a report of work carried out for the commission nominated by the Council of Ministers April 13, 1912. The several parts of the report deal with the localization, etc., of rinderpest virus in the animal body, methods of the transmission of the disease and tenacity of virus outside the body, general considerations on the nature of the causal organism, a bibliography on the subject, meteorological data, and details of the experiments. An appendix includes a brief abstract of the results ob- tained. Hog cholera, M. E. Tabusso (Bol. Min. Fomento [Peru~\, II, (1916), No. 4, pp. 5-23). — This is a general discussion with special reference to observations of the disease in Peru. The topics considered are spread of the disease, etiologj', clinical forms, diagnosis, therapy, and prophylaxis. Tuberculosis of hogs, J. R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 781 (1917), pp. 19, figs. 4)- — This is a revision of the circular previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 684). The topics discussed are the prevalence and economic importance of the disease, methods of infection, symptoms of tuberculosis in hogs, the tuberculin tests, lesions, and preventive measures. Osseous cachexia and verminous cachexia of equines.- — Cylicostomiasis, C. CoNKEUR (Bui. Sac. Path. Exot., 9 (1916), No. 8, pp. 600-633; abs. in Trap. Vet. Bui., 4 (1916), No 4, pp. 181-184) .—This is a discussion of a disease of horses, mules, and asses occurring in Brazil, known as " cara inchada " or 780 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 *' bighead," which is apparently the disease known elsewhere as osteoporosis or osteomalacia. In a number of cases examined post-mortem the author always found innumerable small worms of the genus Cylicostomum, in addition to others. Considering the disease to be of verminous origin he has applied the name cylicostomiasis. Pseudo-epizootic encephalomyelitis of the horse, G. Uebain {Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 9 {1916), No. 8, pp. 557-561; abs. in Trop. Vet. Bui., 4 {1916), No. 4, pp. 18Jf, 185). — This article relates to a highly fatal disease of equines in Parana, Brazil, known as " peste de cegar " (blindness disease), which is characterized by the following symptoms : Blindness ; circular movements fol- lowed by a unilateral paralysis ; immobility, the animal remaining for hours without moving; and a stage of excitability, depression, coma, and death. The affection is said to differ from Borna disease. The author is of the opinion that it is caused by a fungus of the genus Aspergillus found in corn. Further investigations of the etiology and control of infectious abortion in mares, E. S. Good and W. V. Smith {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 204 {1916), pp. 331-396, pis. 8).— This bulletin gives a brief historical review of other investi- gations ; compares the disease of infectious abortion in the mare and cow ; gives a history of the studs and cases investigated ; and takes up the morpho- logical, cultural, and physiological characteristics of Bacillus abortivo-equinus ; agglutination and complement-fixation tests ; agglutination and complement- fixation tests to determine tlie relationship, if any, of B. abortivo-equinus and other organisms belonging to subgroup II of the colon-typhoid group ; inocula- tion experiments ; production of a hyperimmune serum for infectious abortion in mares ; experiments in immunizing animals with a bacterin made from B. abortivo-equinus; and the effect of methylene blue, hexamethylenamin, carbolic acid, and potassium permanganate on B. abortivo-equinus. The authors have isolated B. abortivo-equinus from nine different studs of aborting mares and one stud of aborting jennets. By cultural, agglutination, and complement-fixation tests the organism has been found to be distinct from the other pathogenic organisms of subgroup II of the colon-typhoid type. The organism varies in its physiological property of splitting lactose and saccharose, as previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 785). A 0.1 per cent solution of potassium permanganate was found to destroy the organism in one minute, and a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid in the same time. A 1 : 1,000 solution of methylene blue destroyed the organism in five minutes, while a saturated solution of boric acid required three hours for the destruction of the germ. It is indicated that all of these solutions, in the strengths mentioned, can be used as douches and not injure the mare. Subcutaneous injections of B. abortivo-equinus produced abortions in guinea pigs and rabbits, and an intravenous injection of this organism produced abortion in the hog and sheep. The feeding of large amounts of the germ to a pregnant sow, however, produced no injury. The feeding of the organism to pregnant ewes did not produce abortion. Small doses injected intravenously into hogs resulted only in lassitude, while a large dose given intravenously and repeated produced death. The organism could be recovered from the internal organs of the animal. The intravenous injection of 1 cc. of a physiological salt sus- pension of B. abortivo-equinus into a pregnant mare produced abortion in 12 days in one case, and the injection of 2 cc. of a similar suspension into another pregnant mare produced abortion in 10 days. A suspension of the organism in sterile water mixed with ship stuff and fed to a pregnant mare produced a persistent diarrhea which would not yield to medical treatment and resulted in the death of the animal 20 days after receiv- ing the dose. The organism was recovered from the heart blood of the mare 1917] VETERINARY MEDICINE. 781 and the liver of the fetus, thus " demonstrating to our satisfaction that the organism had passed through the intestinal walls to the blood stream of the mare and fetus, and would have produced abortion had the mare lived." A bacterin prepared by suspending the organism which had been grown on plain agar in physiological salt solution and heated to 60° C. for two hours protected rabbits against 10 times the lethal dose of the organism. The sub- cutaneous injection of rather large doses of the bacterin in pregnant mares produced no bad effects other than an occasional abscess at the site of inocula- tion. The animals so treated delivered live healthy colts. The injection of increasing doses of bacterin followed later by the subcutaneous injection of increasing doses of the live organism caused a pregnant mare to deliver a live, tilthough weak, colt which soon developed into a strong animal. The drastic treatment had a depressing effect on the mare, but she later recovered and four mouths afterwards was in excellent condition. The results obtained with the hyperimmune serum have been previously /loted (B. S. R., 35, p. 80). It is indicated that, " in the light of our present investigations, a bacterin made of the B. abortivo-equimis injectetl subcutaneously will, if given to a pregnant mare in proper and increasing doses, do no harm and will, in all probability, immunize her against the disease of infectious abortion if the bacterin be administered before the disease is contracted in a natural manner. In the production of this bacterin we grow the B. abortivo-equinus on agar slants. The culture is then washed three times with normal salt solution in a centrifuge." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, p. 779; 35, p. 885). The avenue and development of tissue-infection in intestinal tricho- moniasis, P. B. Hadley {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 168 (1916), pp. 3-64, pls. 11, figs. 2). — In continuation of the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 483), the author reports upon the manner in which the flagellates responsible for in- testinal trichomoniasis penetrate the cecal epithelium and enter the sub- epithelial tissues, there to produce characteristic lesions, and describes the course of the infective process. "As a result of a more or less fluid condition of the cecal content the flagel- lates multiply in vast numbers by autogamous reproduction and finally mi- grate into the crypts of Lieberkilhn, where they tend to gather at the terminal branches and produce a marked bulging of the fundi. " Either through pressure or natural invasive power, or both, the free motile flagellates (trophozoites) penetrate the goblet cells, froce out the nucleus, or push it to one side, break through the base of the cell, subsequently through the basement membrane, and enter the connective tissue of the mucosa. A large number of flagellates may penetrate the same rift in the epithelial wall and subsequently become disseminated. " With the further passage of flagellates through the epithelial wall they tend at first so to congregate as to separate the epithelial wall of the fundus from the basement membrane and from the core of the villus. The first mechanical effect upon the epithelial cells of the fundus is the production of a ragged, fringed appearance at the basement end. " Either as a result of the mechanical damage brought about by the earliest of the invading flagellates or due to the effect of toxic metabolic products, the epithelial cells at the fundus of the crypts become further disorganized, permit other flagellates to pass, probably through intercellular rifts, and finally de- generate, leaving at the site of the fundus only free nuclei^ Uular debris, and flagellates. Sometimes the epithelium of the fundus if pushed downward through the crypt-space without becoming fully disorgani7ad. 782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 " Through the subsequent migration of round cells and endothelial or other phagocytic cells into this region, the area (the crypt-space) becomes consoli- dated. At the same time many of the flagellates are surrounded by endothelial cells, while others proceed to invade further the core of the villus and the muscularis mucosije. The terminal portions of the epithelium usually remain intact at this stage. "At this point the motile forms of the flagellates for the most part disappear, and further multiplication in the tissues is continued by autogamous reproduc- tion. At the beginning of this stage of development most of the parasites lose both the membrane and flagella, together v\'ith other organelles which charac- terize the trophozoite, and appear as tbe round or oval bodies, staining pink with eosin, which are regarded by Smith as amebas (Amoeba meleagridis) . " With the continued invasion of other crypts, followed by similar consolida- tions, the deep-lying cecal epithelium becomes to a large exeut destroyed, the entire mass of cecal tissue becomes parasitized, fusions with adjacent struc- tures may occur, and secondary bacterial infections intervene. A secondary flagellate invasion of the ceca may occur through the outer serous covering as a result of contact-infection from the liver. " With the further progress of the infection the parasites disseminate through the reticular tissues of the core of the villi and produce a sort of ' reverse in- fection,' attacking from the rear the epithelium overlying the terminal portions of the villi. With the gathering of parasites between the wall and the basement membrane the epithelium is first straightened and finally forced off. This is the culmination in the process leading to a more or less complete destruction of the cecal epithelium and a liberation of some of the parasites into the cecal canal. " In explanation of the circumstances leading to the active invasion of the crypts, the data at present in hand make it appear probable that an earlier diarrheal condition present in the lower intestine and ceca is mainly respon- sible for the great multiplication of the flagellates (autogamy) in the cecal canal and for the subsequent invasion of the crypts. It seems much less pi'ob- able that the flagellates in themselves can be regarded as the cause of the initial diarrheal state. . . . " True amebas, chiefly A. intestinalis, are frequently present in the ceca, sometimes in numbers, but only in exceptional cases can it be concluded that they are of pathogenic significance in the production of cecal lesions. Aside from those cases in which it is identical with the schizont stage of Eimeria avium, A. meleagridis must be regarded as the late trophozoite (rounded) stage of the intestinal flagellate, Trichomonas." Meningo-encephalomyelitis of fowls (? spirillosis), G. Urbain (Bill. Soc. Path. Exot., 9 (1916), Ao. 8, pp. 561-563; abs. in Trap. Tei. BuL, ^ (1916), No. 4, p. 185). — This article relates to a disease which affects a few adult fowls in most poultry runs in the State of Parana, Brazil, where it is known locally as " ar." Fowl plag'ue in ducks, L. Cominotti (Clin. Vet. [Alilan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 39 (1916), No. 5. pp. 129-135, figs. 2; abs. in Trap. Yet. Bui., 4 (1916), No. 4, p. 176). — This reports upon a study of an outbreak of fowl pest or plague among ducks on the lake of the Public Gardens of Milan in which 50 per cent of the birds became affected. The paper includes a review of the literature. The studies led to the following conclusions: " Fowl plague may attack wild ducks placed in the same conditions as domesticated birds. The clinical form in which the disease manifests itself in these animals is the nervous form. The morl>id anatomy of the disease shows nothing characteristic. The virus can not be found in the blood or in 1917] RUEAL ENGINEERING. 783 the internal organs, even wJien quantities exceeding those employed in working with the disease in geese are used. It is found, however, in the central nervous system. " The transmission of the infection to fowls is possible by means of sub- cutaneous injection of emulsions of the cerebral substance of infected ducks. On the contrary it is not possible to transmit it to the domesticated duck however large a dose of virus is employed, either by ingestion, intravenous inoculation, instillation on to the conjunctiva, or even by intracerebral in- oculation." RURAL ENGINEERING. Hydraulic flow reviev^ed, A. A. Barnes {New York: Span d Chamherlnin, 1916. pp. XI+158, pl'^. 12, figs. 1.5). — This is a book of reference to standard experiments on the flow of water in pipes, channels, notches, weirs, and circular orifices, together with new formulas relating thereto derived from the author's experiments. Part 1 deals with the experimental determination of the coefficients in the logarithmic formula for the flow of water in various kinds of pipes and chan- nels. Part 2 deals with the measurement of water by means of triangular notches, weirs, and circular orifices, and with the abolition of the varying coefficient. From his experiments the author draws the conclusion that flowing water always obeys one fundamental law. "As distinct from the various types of formulas which at present exist for representing isolated sets of results these new equations form one family, the individual members are all descended from the fundamental formula : v=K m" H^. Further, this equation is directly related to the formula for all classes of pipes and channels in which the in- troduction of the length in the direction of flow merely causes the formula to be written : v=K m"' j/3, in which i=^." Li A bibliography and working tables and diagrams are included. A striking feature of this book is that no recognition is given certain recent American works bearing on the subject, especially those from the U. S. Reclamation Service and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Hydro-electric power. — -I, Hydraulic development and equipment, L. Lyn- don {Nexc York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1916, vol. 1, pp. VII+499, pi. 1, figs. 234). — It is the author's purpose in this book " to produce a work for the guid- ance of engineers in the practical design of hydroelectric plants, which would have the characteristics of accuracy, clearness, and completeness. Scientific discussions of various hypotheses and theories have been omitted except in cases where their incorporation in the text has been essential to the under- standing of the subjects treated. ... A number of new and original for- mulas appear for the first time here. Among these may be mentioned the exact formulas for solid dams and for the magnitude and location of the resultants of forces acting on dams." The successive chapters are as follows : General conditions, flow in streams, weirs and orifices, power variation and storage, artificial waterways, pipe lines and penstocks, dams, movable crests for dams, headworks, water wheels, and speed regulation of vi'ater wheels and abnormal penstock pressures. Mathe- matical tables for practical use are appended. Convenient form of hook gage, R. B. Sleight {Engin. Neics, 77 {1911), No. 4, pp. 15.5, 156, figs. 2).- — This article describes and illustrates a convenient hook gage developed by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture and used by its Irrigation Investigations Division. 784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Profile surveys in the Colorado River basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico (U. S. Gcol. Survey, Water-Svpply Paper 396 {1911), pp. 6, pis. 43). — This report, prepared under the direction of W. H. Herron, contains a plan and profile of Green River above Fontenelle, Wyo. ; Green River from the Colorado state line to Horseshoe Bend. Utah ; Green, Duchesne, Uinta, and White rivers in the vicinity of Ouray, Utah ; Green River from mouth to Gunni- son Butte, Utah ; Grand River from Green River to Castle Creek, Utah ; Grand River from Gra'nd Junction, Colo., to Castle Creek, Utah; Grand River from Kremmling to Glenwood Springs, Colo. ; Gunnison River from Cimarron Creek to Gunnison, Colo. ; and Gila River in the vicinity of Cliff and Redrock, N. Mex. Irrigation in Florida, F. W. Stanley (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. ^62 {1911), pp. 62, pis. 6, figs. 10). — This builetin deals with the history of irrigation in Florida, and states that in 1915, 25,500 acres of truck crops and citrus groves were irri- gated in Florida. The main conditions making irrigation necessary in Florida are said to be the uneven distribution of the rainfall and the character of the soils. Soil moisture determinations in citrus groves and trucking sections showed that after the moisture content has fallen below 3 per cent the available supply is ex- hausted. " It is apparent that cultivation in the open spaces has had a marked effect upon the soil moisture." However it is shown " that both cultivated and noncultivated gi'oves have depleted their available moisture supply from the soil, which evidently can be supplied only by rain or irrigation. ... It ap- pears that it would pay to cultivate the groves during the dry weather if all possible moisture is to be conserved. . . . " Practically every part of the State is well supplied with water for irriga- tion purposes in the form of lakes, streams, or wells. The rivers are little used as an irrigation supply, either by means of diversion ditches or through the use of pumping plants, but the lakes and wells are used extensively both for irriga- tion purposes and for domestic supply." The important types of irrigation practiced in F'lorida are described as (1) subirrigation, (2) overhead spray, (3) grove irrigation, which includes many different systems, and (4) furrow irrigation, applicable both to truck crops and to citrus groves. It is noted " that where there are uniform conditions of soil, water supply, and cropping, similar methods have been followed. This is true especially of the sections where flowing wells have been obtained. . . . What appears to be most needed to encourage the construction and operation of irriga- tion plants in Florida is a knowledge of cheaper installation for the higher and sandier groves, with cheap and efficient methods of distribution. Such methods are needed in many of the truck gardens and In many of the groves that lie on the lower elevations." Tests of soil moisture content made to determine the best heads of water and length of time to be allowed for furrow irrigation are also reported. Tests in a grove in very dry sandy soil showed the rapid dovioiward trend of the water when applied by the flood method. It is noted " that practically no water was lost by percolation or seepage below the sixth foot until more than an hour after the water had been turned off ; after that time there was some loss. Water was run down a broad furrow at the rate of about 75 gal. per minute for 30 minutes." It is also shown " that water will disappear rapidly below the sixth foot if run too long. The lateral distribution is very slight, hardly a foot on either side from the edge of the furrow." Wl>en water was run only 15 minutes there was no waste of water below the third foot. Tests made with different heads showed that the distance water will run down furrows is de- pendent on the head provided there is some grade to the furrows. " Experi- 1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 785 ments in a grove at Orlando showed that heads of 25 gal. per minute were ade- quate for ideal furrow-Irrigation methods." Experiments with low-pressure pipe systems are also described and some important points in the design and equipment of an irrigation plant are dis- cussed. Investigations in cost and methods of clearing land, M. J. Thompson {Min- nesota Sta. Bill. 163 {1916), pp. 31, figs. 26). — Investigations on the methods and cost of clearing 15 acres of cut-over timberland at the Northeast Demonstra- tion Farm and Experiment Station are reported. The land averaged more than 200 stumps to the acre, these having a diameter of about 12 in. at the base and 10 in. at the cut-off. Sixty per cent of the timber was green. The soil is a somewhat stony clay loam with a clay subsoil, generally reddish, but in some places bluish gray. The timber was about 57 per cent balsam, 16 per cent birch, 13 per cent pine, 6 per cent cedar, 3 per cent tamarack, 1 per cent spruce, 1 per cent balm of Gilead, and 3 per cent miscellaneous. The lower grades of dynamite were used on all kinds of stumps except green birch, for which 60 per cent was found most efficient. The land was divided into three tracts of 5 acres each. On tract 1 the clearing was forced with dynamite. On tract 2 the stumps were first split with small charges of dynamite and then pulled with a machine. Tract 3, after being brushed out, was seeded to clover and timothy for pasturage, and clearing with dyna- mite was postponed 5 years, until 1918. The following conclusions from prog- ress results were drawn : " Cost and method are determined largely by the character of the soil and the kind of vegetation. The returns in forest products, cordwood, pole wood, fence posts, and saw logs cover the cost of brushing and other clearing work up to the stumping stage. The cost per stump for blasting and pulling on tract 2 was almost identical with the cost of explosives alone on tract 1. The cost of clearing was much less on tract 1, since much less labor was required in piling and burning the stumps. " The cost per stump for removal was least for the man-power machine, slightly greater for the horse-power machine, and greatest for dynamite (this was for green timber and did not include the cost of piling, which makes the use of dynamite the cheapest method by a good margin). . Some relation may apparently be established between the size of the stump and the size of the charge required to remove it. " The man-power puller has a limited field where the conditions correspond to those at the Northeast Station. It works to best advantage on the small new farm where the farmer has very limited means. ... It is evident that under conditions existing on the average farm in the region of the station dynamite is usually to be preferred to the stump puller, either alone or in combination. " The plan of clearing being followed on tract 3 will not only be carried out at a lower cost but is actually giving a larger net return in pasturage the first year than has been realized from the first crops from land on which the clearing has been forced. . . . " Following the removal of stumps from cut-over timberlands, on account of the shallow covering of vegetable matter, care should be taken to plow shallow the first time and to take immediate steps to increase the humus by seeding the land to clover and grasses, using barley or oats for a nurse crop." Public road mileage and revenues in the Southern States, 1914 {XJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 387 {1917), pp. 52+LXXI, fig. i).— This bulletin is a compila- tion which shows mileage of improved and unimproved roads, sources and amounts of road revenues, and bonds issued and outstanding, and presents a 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3G description of the systems of road administration, fiscal management, and other factors affecting road improvement in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The total revenues applied to roads and bridges in the Southern States in 1914 amounted to $52,516,559.73, including state appropriations, amounts de- rived from local taxation, and expenditures from bond issues, both State and local. The total county and district road and bridge bonds outstanding on January 1, 1915, amounted to $64,639,060.83. The total road mileage as of January 1, 1915, vs^as 814,565, of which 73,594.78 miles, or 9.03 per cent, were surfaced. This does not include streets in incorporated cities and towns. Of the surfaced I'oads 29,287.88 miles were sand clay, 21,377.37 miles were mac- adam. 17,440.02 miles were gravel, 1,994.36 miles were bituminous macadam, 1,924.68 miles were shell, 379.81 miles were brick, 273.24 miles were concrete, and 917.42 miles were surfaced with other materials. Earth, sand-clay, and gravel roads, C. H. Mookefield {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 463 (1917), pp. 68, pis. 5, figs. 24). — This bulletin gives general information on the location and design of roads and deals with the construction, maintenance, and cost of earth, sand-clay, and gravel roads. ' With reference to grades, " tests made by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering indicate that, on a level road average farm horses un- trained to the road can exert a steady pull for several consecutive hours equivalent to from 0.08 to 0.1 of their own weight without undue fatigue, and that by resting at intervals of from 500 to 600 ft. they can exert a pull equiva- lent to about 0.25 of their weight, provided the foothold is good. The tests also indicate that with a well-constructed wagon the pull required to move a gross load of 1 ton over a level road varies about as foUow^s: Loose-sand road, 315 lbs.; average dry earth road (varies greatly), 150; firm earth or sand-clay road, 105; average gravel road, 80; and first-class gravel or macadam road, 55. . . . " For economy the maximum grade for any particular road should be fixed with due regard for the type of surface to be employed. Where the road is through deep sand, a horse of [1,255 lbs. weight], by extraordinary exertion, could pull his allowable continuous load of 760 lbs. for level grades up a short grade of about 10 per cent, while in the case of a firm earth or sand-clay road the allowable continuous load for level grades is 2,285 lbs., and the steepest grade up which the horse could possibly pull this load is about 5 per cent. For average gravel roads the corresponding comparison would show a maximum grade of about 4 per cent. . . . According to the best current practice, where the road is or is expected to become of sufficient importance to warrant a highly improved surface, the maximum grade usually is fixed with reference to this feature about as follows: Coastal plain and prairie regions, 2 to 3 per cent; average rolling country, 4 to 6 ; and hilly or mountainous regions, 6 to 8." In dealing with gravel roads the results of a number of tests made on gravel obtained from various parts of the country with reference to its suitability for use in road surfaces are given. " In general, it has been found that satisfac- tory gravel will conform to the following limits as to percentages of fine and coarse material: (1) Material retained on a ^-in. sieve 55 to 75 per cent, (2) material retained on a |-in. sieve not less than 15 per cent, (3) material (clay) passing a 200-mesh sieve for the surface course 8 to 15 per cent, and (4) mate- rial (clay) passing a 200-mesh sieve for the foundation course 10 to 15 per «ent. The sand content should be at least twice as great as the clay content. 1917] KUKAL ENGINEEEING. 787 and the sand and clay, when thoroughly mixed, should he sufficient to fill the voids between the larger gravel particles." An appendix on typical specifications is included. Earth roads and the oiling of roads, H. A. LaRue (Univ. Missouri Bui., Ill (1916), No. 16, pp. 29, figs. iO).— This bulletin deals with the construction, grading, and maintenance of earth roads, and with the history and general con- siderations as to oiling roads and selection of road oils, and with methods of oiling earth, macadam, and gravel roads. The principal items in the proper oiling of earth roads are summarized as the " proper drainage of both surface and subsurface, heavy grading done at least one season in advance of oiling, proper shaping of the roadway to form a good crown and gutters, maintenance of the surface with the road drag for some time previous to oiling to insure compact and smooth roadway, carefail removal of dust before oiling (this is of the utmost importance), proper method of applying oil (includes thorough mixing of oil in earth), use of the right kind of oil (quality of oil can be de- termined only by proper tests), and proper maintenance after oiling and re- newed oiling as needed." Width of wag'on. tires recommended for loads of varying magnitudes on earth and gravel roads, B. B. McCoemick (V. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 12 (1911), pp. 6, figs. 6). — "The recommendations in this circular relating to widths of wagon tires suitable for use on country roads of earth and gravel, as well as upon those of a more improved type, are based upon two factors, (1) the unit weight for width of tire commonly used for road rollers, and (2) the results secured from a large series of traction tests conducted by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, extending over several years and made in widely scattered localities throughout the United States. . . . " From the curves shown the following conclusions may be drawn for well- constructed dry earth roads: With a gross load of 5,000 lbs. the unit draft decreases with the width of tire up to and including the 5-in. width. The unit draft decreases directly as the weight per inch width of tire decreases, until a weight of 2-50 lbs. per inch of tire is reached. . . . The fact that the draft for a 6-in. tire is larger than that for a 5-in., in all cases shown, merely indicates that there is no advantage in increasing the width of tire beyond a certain point, and there may be a disadvantage in so doing. It is not advisable to exceed in any vehicle a unit weight per inch of width of tire in excess of that possessed by a standard road roller. " While there has been in the past, and to a certain extent still is to-day, wide variation in sizes and types of wagons marketed by the different manu- facturers, it is believed that five sizes of wagons will be sufficient to meet all the needs of farming operations and all general work except the heaviest trucking and certain specialized hauling, which is likely to be confined to city pavements. These five sizes are (1) a one-horse wagon having a gross load capacity of 2,000 lbs. and a skein from 2 J to 2| in., (2) light two-horse wagon A\-ith a skein approximately 2i in. and a gross carrying capacity of 3,500 lbs., (3) medium two-horse wagon with a skein not exceeding 3 in. and designed for a gross load of 4,500 lbs., (4) standard two-horse wagon with a skein of 3f in. and a gross carrying capacity of 6,800 lbs,, and (5) heavy two-horse wagon having a skein of 3^ in. and gross load capacity of 7,.500 lbs." The widths of tire recommended for these five sizes of wagon are respectively 2, 2*, 3, 4, and 5 in. '"'■^^ "As there is considerable differ^ce in the practice of manufacturers regard- ing the size of skein used on the various types of wagons, it is recommended that wagons be not designated by size of skein but according to the gross load 94087°— No. 8—17 7 788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 capacity and that a name be adopted for each of the sizes. It is further rec- ommended that the gross carrying capacity of the wagon be shown by stencil or plate on the back of the rear axle." Tests of large reinforced concrete slabs, A. T. Goldkeck and B. B. SiiiTH (Proc. Amer. Concrete Inst., 12 {1916), pp. S2Jt-334, figs. 7).— Tests of three reinforced concrete slabs to determine the distribution of stresses and the effective widths are reported. Each of the three slabs was made of 1:2:4 gravel concrete, machine mixed, and was reinforced witli 0.75 per cent of plain square steel bars with no transverse reinforcing. The slabs were 32 ft. wide, of 16 ft. clear span, with a 10 in. bearing width on each support. Test* were begun at the age of abeut 28 days and were continued periodically until the time of breaking. One slab was broken at the age of about six months ; a second at about five months ; and a third at three months. The deformation values for each slab and for the different load values are shown graphically. Each curve is plotted from the deformation values measured perpendicular to the supports and spaced along the center line parallel to the supports. The general shape of the curves for all loads is the same for the concrete and the steel. One of the important facts brought out is that the time element is a very large and important factor in determining stress values and their distribution from the fiber deformations. " Concrete exhibits a marked fl»w or molecular adjustment under working stresses extending over time periods of several weeks." From a series of experiments on the flow of concrete it is pointed out that " when concrete is subjected to a compressive fiber stress of 700 lbs. the immediate fiber deformation is only about 50 per cent of what it will be if the stress is maintained for three weeks. Within 24 hours after the application of the load the deformation has increased an additional 20 per cent ; during the first hour the deformation may show a change of 5 per cent or more. Furthermore the recovery of the deformations, after the removal of the load, is slow and not complete. "All tests for stress and deformation values in concrete must be conducted only with a full realization of the importance of the time factor. The immedi- ate fiber deformation is the value which should be used, and not the value obtained after a long-time suspension of the load, nor that wliich contains the effect of several applications and removals of loads." From the data on effective width obtained when considering thickness and load and its distribution it is noted that " there is a general tendency for the effective width to increase slightly with the increase of load. Also the effective width seems to vary inversely as the thickness of the slab. In the light of the information available at the present time we should be safe in using a value for the effective width equal to 0.7 of the span. This will probably result in the design of a somewhat thinner slab than is usual ; but the fiber stress values and the large ultimate breaking loads of these slabs are an indication of the safety of such designs." A milk house for Texas, L. Rhodes {Texas Sta. Circ. 15 [1916), pp. 5-7, figs. 4). — This circular describes and illustrates with plans a milk house to be built near the dairy barn and sufficient in size to provide room for handling the milk from 20 or more cows. Principles of poultry house consti-uction, M. C. Kilpatkick {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 12 {1916-11), No. 2, pp. 32, figs. 37).— It is the pur- pose of this bulletin to discuss briefly the fundamental principles which should be considered in the housing of poultry, and to present a number of plans of poultry houses for various purposes which are well adapted to Ohio condi- tions. 1917] EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. 789 RURAL ECONOMICS. Agriculture after the war, A. D. Haix (London: John Murray, 1916, pp. VIII-\-lS7, figs. 3). — The author discusses the present status of agriculture in England and Wales. He concludes that " in the interests of the nation as a whole it is necessary to grow at home a larger proportion of the food we consume: (1) As a national insurance in time of war ; (2) to derelop our internal resources and reduce our foreign indebtedness, a matter which becomes of greatest moment in war time; (3) to increase the agricultural population as a specially valuable element in the community. . . . " Five methods are outlined for obtaining a more intensive cultivation of the soil and providing employment upon the land. These are the establishment of large industrialized farms working on a considerable area with all the economic advantages of organization and scientific management, the establishment of colonies of small holders linked together by a coei>enitiTe organization, the intensification of the methods of existing occupiers, the reclamation and settle- ment of waste and undeveloped areas, the establishment of certain subsidiary agricultural industries." Farming in the blue grass region, J. H. Arnold and P. Montgomery ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. ^8% {1917), pp. 29, fiffs. IS).— It was found that specialized farms, those of the tobacco, stock, or dairy type, moderately diversified, are the most efficient in this region and that the general mixed farms, more highly diversified, are the least eflBcient. While diversity has a vital relation to the profits in this region here as elsewhere, it appears that in the blue grass region the specialized farms have found in moderate diversity the right degree for maximum profit. " Only 34 i^er cent of the farms of this type could be counted as distinctly successful, while the stock-with-tobacco type had about 58 per cent successful. The dairy type, of which there were only 10, showed 70 per cent successful, with a higher average labor income and higher efficiency than any other type. Of the other three types, about 50 per cent of the farms were successful. " The general mixed type is evidently organized on the wrong basis to be profitable. It has about the same proportion of its receipts from tobacco as the stock-with-tobacco type, but the percentage area in tobacco is very much smaller, only about 4.4 per cent, while the stock-with-tobacco type has an aver- age of about 8 per cent of its area in tobacco. With the exception of tobacco, there seems to have been a failure to dispose of the crops raised, either by marketing them profitably or by utilizing them to advantage through live stock. Many with lai'ge farms and large capital seem to have been satisfied with bare interest on their investment, which was adequate for a comfortable living. These men made no effort to make the farm a business success. The tobacco area and much of the area of other crops on such farms was in most cases culti- vated by cropper labor, which relieves the owner of much responsibility. . . . " The farmer who can command but a small area of land should, in order to make his farm most profitable, specialize in tobacco or, where market conditions permit, in dairying. On farms of from 230 to 360 acres in size the best results can be obtained by organizing on the basis of the stock-with-tobacco type, which emphasizes live stock but cultivates an area in tobacco large enough to utilize labor resources to advantage and to isecure the advantage of diversity." Agriculture in the Imperial Valley, W. E. Packard {California [Sta.] Giro. 159 {1911), pp. 70, figs. 20). — This circular was prepared to give both new and old settlers in southern California information as to tlie best methods to be followed in farming there. The author describes the soil characteristics, cli- 790 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 matic conditions, water supply, irrigation, and the adaptability of a large number of crops to this region, indicating the best methods for growing, the usual yields obtained, market ability, and the most usual insect pests and dis- eases found. Soil analyses are included. Facts about Georgia, compiled by L. N. Geldekt {Atlanta, Gn.: Ga. Chamber C(ym., 1916, pp. 277, flgs. 185). — In this volume are discussed the resources of the State, its agriculture, manufactories, mining, and forestry. The cost of living on Minnesota farms, 1905-1914, F. W. Pexjk {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 162 {1916), pp. SSI, figs. 10).— The farms from which this data were gathered are those previously mentioned (E. S. R., 32, p. 6S8). The total average cost of living (food, labor, equipment, fuel, and rent) was $816.63 per family, or §162.12 per person. Of the total cost, cash groceries constituted 24 per cent, farm produce 22.1 per cent, labor 28.7 per cent, equip- ment 5 per cent, fuel 7 per cent, and rent 13.2 per cent. The actual cash spent annually per person for farm living was $54.08, or 82.6 per cent of the total cost. Of this amount 72 per cent was for the purchase of food and the rest for fuel and labor. Of the total value of food 52 per cent was spent for groceries, 38.7 per cent representing animal products from the farm, and 9.3 per cent vegetables grown on the farm. Details are given for the different areas and for the different items of expense. Labor requirements of live stock, A. Boss, F. W. Peck, and T. P. Coopeb {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 161 {1916), pp. S-JfS, figs. 8).— The records upon which this bulletin is based were obtained from the same sources as those mentioned above (E. S. R., 32, p. 688). The authors have summarized their findings as follows : Total hours required annually per head of live stonJc. Kind of stock. Northfield. Marshall. nalstad. 1,92'D-acre farm. Average, all farms. Man. Hojse. Man. Horse. Man. Horse. Man. Horse. Man. Horse Hours. 78.8 143. 0 17.3 12.5 3.3 124.0 Hours 3.6 39.6 ""'2.'6' .4 5.5 Hours. 72.2 12.S.0 7.0 9.0 2.3 145.0 Hours. 9.9 27.7 '"'i-i' .0 10.0 Hours. 97.4 158. 2 13.5 27. 6 5.0 141.0 Hours. ll.S 22.4 ""'■i.'i' .7 8.6 Hours. 91.5 228.7 12.8 21.8 Hours. 13.7 25.8 "■■i.'a" Hours. 83.7 148.0 11.1 12.1 2.9 141.2 Hours. 9.6 31.8 Miscellaneous cattle. 2.6 Sheen .6 Fowls (100) 265.0 9.6 Details are also given showing the distribution of labor requirements by months not only for live stock but also for crops. Farmers' elevators in Minnesota, 1914—15, E. D. Durand and J. P. Jensen {Min7icsota Sta. Bui. 164 {1916), pp. 43, figs. 5). — This report indicates that on January 1, 1916, there were 296 cooperative elevators in the State, which constituted aljout one-fifth of the total number of elevators and local mills buying grain from farmers. The bulletin points out their geographic distri- bution, extent of business transacted, membership, capital stock, receipts, expenses, profits, and commodities handled other than gi-ain. The returns indicated that the cooperative elevators received two-fifths of the grain handled by all elevators in the State, and that the operating expenses were 2.6 per cent of the gross receipts, and the profits 2.7 per cent. Of the commodities handled by elevators, 112 reported the handling of coal, 88 feed. 71 flour, 51 twine, 30 salt, 17 seed, and 13 machinery. A small number of others reported the handling of wood, lumber, tile, cement, fencing, and oil. A list of the farmers' elevators in Minnesota is included. 1917] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 791 [Mutual insurance companies in Illinois] {Ann. Ins. Rpt., Ins. Supt. III., 48 (1916), pt. 1, pp. 86-103). — These pages contain data regarding the status and transactions of the local mutual fire, cyclone, tornado, and wind-insurance companies during the year 1915. Information for prospective settlers in Alaska, C. C. Geoegeson {AlasJca Stas. Circ. 1 (rev., 1917), pp. 30, pis. 5). — This circular continues the informa- tion previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 295) regarding agriculture in Alaska, and adds data regarding the new homestead laws and the regulations issued by the Secretary of Agriculture for the protection of deer, moose, caribou, sheep, and mountain goats. Public rang'e lands — a new policy needed, R. Adams (Amer. Jour. Sodol., 22 (1916), No. 3, pp. 324-351). — The author discusses the results of the present policy of range land management and suggests changes which are deemed necessary to bring about better social and economic conditions. The discussion relates primarily to conditions in Nevada. [Agriculture in Canada] (Canada Yearbook, 1915, pp. 1ST-22S, pis. 2). — Statistical data are given for Canada regarding the climate, meteorology, average and total yield and value of the principal crops, number of live stock, stocks of wheat, prices, and freight rates, and the production of principal crops and forest products, and the number of live stock of the principal countries of the world. Information regarding agriculture in Pinar del Rio, Cuba, A. Fontana (In forme General sohre las Condiciones Economico-agricolas Actuales de la Zona de la Costa Norte de la Provincia de Pinar del Rio, desde Guanajay a Chuane. Habana: Sec. Agr., 1916, pp. 63, pis. 5). — In this report are discussed the topography, climate, distribution of cultivated plants and their production, and economic conditions affecting agricultural development in this localty. Report and tables relating to Irish agricultural laborers (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1915, pp. 20). — This report continues the in- formation previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 289). [Agriculture in Denmark], W. J. Hab\'ey and C. Reppien (In Denmark and the Danes. London: T. Fisher Umvin, Ltd., 1915, pp. 103-116, pi. 1). — In these pages are discussed the system of land tenure, typical Danish farms, the co- <;j (^rative dairy, methods of production and distribution of rav/ milk, and the application of scientific methods to the farming in Denmark. [Agricultural statistics of Spain] (An. Estad. Espaha, 2 (1915), pp. 64- 111). — In these pages are given, by provinces, the area, value, and production of the principal crops, together with the number of live stock. [Agricultural statistics of Spain] (An. Estad. Espaha, 2 (1915), pp. 64- E. A. NoEBS and F. Eyles (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., IS (1916). No. 6, pp. 784-799, pi. 1). — In these pages are given, by Provinces, the total land area, the culti- vated area, and the area in the principal crops grown by Europeans, with comparative data for earlier years. Australia for farmers (Melbourne: Dept. External Affairs, 1915, pp. 163, pi. 1, figs. 176). — In this volume there have been discussed in a popular manner the physical features, climatic conditions, crops grown, methods of havesting and marketing, and live stock production. It also contains information regard- ing the assistance which is given to agricultural settlers. AGSICUITURAL EDUCATION. The agricultural college, P. A. Waugh (New York: Orange Judd Co., 1916, pp. XI 1 1 -{-260). — This is a discussion, from the point of view of the teacher, of the agricultural college — its purposes and ideals, organization, physical and 792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 financial problems, organization of instruction, specialization in agriculture, coursos of study (materials and arrangement, methods of teaching, extension teaching), the experiment station, and special problems and methods (farm experience, field camps, field excursions and field laboratory work, judging work, and the summer vacation). In summarizing, the author holds that the two main purposes and ideals of agricultural schools and colleges are to give technical training, primarily, and personal human culture. There are two principal methods of providing the technical training, the first offering a broad foundation of science upon which a superstructure of technique can be built, and the second beginning with ob- servation and practice and calling upon science for necessary explanations. The former has been the more common in the past but is considered pedagogi- cally and practically inferior to the second, Inasmuch as science should follow agriculture in the curriculum. In the author's opinion the course of study should be made up by a board of specialists more or less trained in the problems of education. For securing correlation of departmental work the following three principal methods are found in vogue: (1) The formation of large departments with many specialist assistants; (2) the grouping of related departments into larger divisions headed by deans or division chiefs; and (3) the obliteration of depart- ment lines and the organization of the work about men or problems. It is recommended that the different forms of agricultural teaching, viz, graduate teaching, the bachelor's or four-year cour.se, the two-year course, the short courses, and extension teaching, should be more clearly separated than they have been in the past. Graduate work in technical agriculutre, now greatly needed, should bo organized on a different basis and pursued by quite different methods than is the work in existing graduate schools which are adapted to science teaching. For the immediate future such agricultural graduate courses should give considerable normal school work. As regards specialization, which has been a great factor in the development of the agricultural college, no department should give more than 10 under- graduate courses. The technical subjects (agriculture, horticulture, and do- mestic arts) are essential for vocational training and must command the whole curriculum, while all other subjects must support them and be taught in sympathy with the professional point of view. With reference to pedagogical methods now in use, in the author's opinion the professional field camps offer one of the best methods in sight for technical instruction in agricultural and horticultural subjects. The textbook method is better in the lower grades, l)ut should not be used alone. The lecture roethod is the poorest and should be used as little as possible, while the new type of laboratory work, called the project method, is worthy of wider application, not only in high schools but in college work. Finally, however, more depends on the teacher than on the pedagogical methods adopted. The colleges are deemed justified in making farm experience a requirement tor matriculation, but unless the students lacking such experience are strictly excluded, the college should make serious effort to supply the deficiency before graduation. Report of a survey made for the Milwaukee Taxpayers' League, W. Matscheck (Madison, Wis.: Wis. Effioiency Bur., 1916, pp. 75). — This survey of the Milwaukee County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy con- tains a report on the organization, history, land, buildings and equipment, students, graduates, courses of study, teaching staff, teaching, extension activi- ties, school farm, and school finances, with a discussion and recommendations and a sununary of findings. 1917] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 793 Canada's intellectual status and intellectual needs, A. Bakee {Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, S. ser., 10 {1916), pp. XXXIX-LXXII).— In this dis- cussion of the intellectual status and needs of the people of Canada the autlior Includes a review of the extent to which technical and agricultural instruction has been introduced into the various Provinces. Agricultural education and research in Canada, F. T. Shutt (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 10 {1916), Sect. Ill, pp. 1-17).— The author discusses the status of agriculture in Canada, the value of science in agricul- ture, and the improvement of the practice of agriculture in Canada through education, demonstration, and research. [Agricultural education and research in the Province of Quebec, 1914-15] {Rpt. Min. Agr. Proc. Quebec, 1915, pp. XX+28Ji, pis. 53, figs. 8).— This report on the progress in the work of the department of agriculture for the Province of Quebec in 1914-15 includes an account of the werli of the agricultural and domestic-science schools, experiiaent stations, and extension work under tlie control of the department. Seport of the schools' division of tke experiiaental union, S. B. McCeeauy {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 37 {1915), pp. ^9-^0). — A general survey is given of the origin, purposes, aad accomplishments of the schools' division of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union. This division, begun in 1909, is a cooperative association in education which grew out of this union and the nature-study department organized as a part of Macdonald Institute in 1904. School gardens, 1915, J. C. Magnan {Lcs Jardins Scolaires, 1915. Quebec: Min. Agr., 1916, pp. 16, pis. 6; Rpt. Min. Agr. Prov. Quebec, 1915, pp. 213-227, pis. 4)- — 111 this report of progress in school garden work in the Province of Quebec the author discusses some difficulties met and their solutions and interesting results. It is shown that the nuraber of 'pupils taking school-garden work increased from 425 in 1906 to 9,308 in 1914, and the number of schools having gardens from 60 in 1907 to 284 in 1914. The teaching of household science {Agr. Gaz. Canada, S {1916), No. 12, pp. 1093-1103). — This is an account of the present status of instruction in home economics in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Agricultural education for women {Rpt. Agr. Ed. Conf. [Gt. Brit.], 1915, pp. 8Jt) . — This report on agricultural education for women in England and Wales is based on an inquiry made at the request of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. It considers (1) the conditions affecting the instruction of women in agrieiilture, including the scoi)e of agi'icultural education and the different classes of women for whom agricultural instruction is needed; (2) the existing facilities for the insti'uction of women in agriculture, classified as itinerant instruction, farm schools or institutes, agricultural and horticultural colleges, and university institutions; and (3) women's agricultural institutes. The conference concludes that itinerant instruction should take the form of organized classes rather than that of lectures, and every part of a county should be covered in a definite cycle of years. The number of farm schools or fixed courses of instruction should be so increased as to provide one for every county or two counties. A systematic long course for women, covering all branches of agricultural work (practical and scientific), should be organized at one of the existing agricultural colleges. Scholarships from itinerant classes to farm schools and from farm schools to collegiate institutions, as well as for the daughters of the larger farmers and professional men at collegiate centers, should be provided. Home economics should form part of the cur- riculum in every organized course. A training course for poultry teachers 794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 should be given at one of the existing agricultural colleges and a national examination in poultry be held. At least two women members should be added to the county committees of agricultural education and a woman should be employed in inspection work by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the organization of women's institutes should be encouraged. Summaries of oral evidence before the conference, statistics on the employ- ment of women in agriculture, and a memorandum by the secretary on the facilities for agricultural education for women in England and Wales, the ex- tent to which women are and might be employed in a.gricultural work in Eng- land and Wales, with particulars of the farm operations performed and par- ticulars of scholarships free to women students in agricultural courses in 1914-15, are appended. Agricultural reeducation of the maimed (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 6 {1916). No. Jf9, pp. /fOl-424, figs. 28). — This number is devoted to a description of the facilities in France for the agricultural reeducation of soldiers maimed in the war. Our field and forest trees, Maud Going (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Co., 1916, pp. [10'i-{-2^2, pis. 18, figs. S.5). — This book, which is intended for the high school student and the " man in the street," treats of the various parts of the tree, together with their functions, wasteful lumbering and tree diseases, the relation of woods, river, and the rain, the uses of wood, and the question of a wood famine, forest fires, U. S. National Forests, Canadian forest reserves, and the forester and his work. The book is arranged in seasonal sequence for the convenience of the teacher and endeavors to avoid technical terms and phrases. Exercises in poultry husbandry for high schools, W. E. Evans and F. G. Behrends (llthaca, ?.'. Y.: Authors, 1916], pp. 7S, fig. 1). — Thirty-nine labora- tory exercises in poultry husbandry, adapted to the needs of high schools, are outlined. They include a poultry survey and a study of the fowl, parasites, incubation, brooding, the egg, the preparation of poultry products, poultry houses, feeds, identification of varieties, a visit to a poultry shov.', and a critical examination of a poultry farm. Two-week schedules for 10 students in a poultry course, in conjunction with farm shop work, are suggested. An ap- pendix in 30 parts, consisting of questions and references to literature, may be used for review or as work in connection with the student's preparation for the home project. List of workers in subjects pertaining to agriculture and home economics in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and in the state agriciiltural col- leges and experiment stations (U. S. Dept. Agr., List of Workers in U. 8. Agr., 1917, pp. 88). — This is the annual organization list of workers along these lines (E. S. R., 34, p. 94), corrected to January, 1917. MISCELLANEOUS. Report on agricultural experiment stations and cooperative agricultural extension work in the United States for the year ended June 30. 1915 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Rpt. Agr. Expt. Stas. and Coop. Agr. Ext. Work, V. S., 1915, pp. 321+.%4, pis. 12). — This report, prepared by the States Relations Service, consiists of two parts. Part 1 includes the usual report on the work and expenditures of the agricul- tural experiment stations in the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam, together with detailed statistics compiled from oflicial sources as to tlie organization, revenues, additions to equipment, and expendi- tures of the stations. 1917] MISCELLANEOUS. 795 The total income of the stations during the fiscal year 1915 was $5,286,382.53. Of this amount $718,679.91 was derived under the Hatch Act, $719,699.06 under the Adams Act, $2,129,604.04 from State appropriations, $23,003.49 from indi- viduals and communities, $343,087.66 from fees, $514,220.47 from farm prod- ucts, and $716,466.87 from miscellaneous sources. The value of additions to the equipment of the stations was estimated at $1,135,980.04, of which $537,665.45 was for buildings. The stations employed 1,857 persons in the work of administration find in- quiry. Of this number 892 were also members of the teaching staff of the colleges and 466 assisted in farmers' institute and other extension work. Dur- ing the year the stations published 1,676 annual reports, bulletins, and circu- lars, aggregating 30.867 pages, and these were distributed to 1,114,261 addresses on the regular mailing list. Part 2 comprises a report on the receipts, expenditures, and results of co- operative extension work in agriculture and home economics in the United States. Of this, pages 13-144 are devoted to Extension Work in the South, pages 145-326 to Extension Work in the North and West, pages 327-334 to Farmers' Institute Work, 1915, by J. M. Stedman, and pages 335-353 to sta- tistics of farmers' institute and extension work. The text of the Smith-Lever Act is appended. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1916 (Indiaiui Stn. Rpl. 1916, pp. 100, figs. S). — This contains the organization list, reports of the di- rector and heads of departments, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a financial statement for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and for the remain- ing funds for the period ended September 30, 1916. Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1916 (Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1916, pp. 241-868, figs. 111). — This contains reports of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year, the experi- mental features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue ; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910 ; and reprints of Bulletin 275, Special Bulletins 74-79, Technical Bulletins 20-27, and Circulars 28-30, all of which have been previously noted. Monthly Bulletin of the Ohio Experiment Station (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 1 (1916), No. 12, pp. S53-S91, figs. 15). — This contains several articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and Winter Heating of Peach Orchards, by W. J. Green. NOTES. CalifornJa TJniyersity and Station, — A state survey of crop and lire stock conditions in California and tlie possibility of increasing production was con- ducted during AprU by members of the staff of the College of Agriculture, co- operating with the various state officials, the Forest Service of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, and others. Recent promotions and changes in title include the following: As professors, L. D. Batchelor in plant breeding (in the Citrus Substation and Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture at Riverside), B. A. Etcheverry in irrigation engineering, and C. L. Roadhouse in dairy industry ; as associate profeissors, R. L. Adams and P. B. Kennedy in agronomy, and D. N. Morgan in agri- culture (and assistant to the director of the station) ; as assistant professors, H. S. Baird in dairy industry (at the University Farm at Davis), G. P. Gray in entomology (and chemist in the insecticide laboratory), W. H. Heilemann In agricultural extension, A. H. Hendrickson in pomology, G. W. Hendry in agronomy, P. L. Hibbard in agricultural chemistry, and W. P. Tufts in pomology (at the Univerislty Farm) ; and as instructors, E. O. Amundsen and J. W. Mills in agricultural extension, J. R. Beach in veterinary science, Earl Bisbee in dairy industry, A. W. Christie in agricultural chemstry, W. C. Dean \n soil technology, P. T. Peterson in veterinary science (in charge of serum manu- facture), and W, L. Sweet in pomology. George H. Hart has been appointed professor of veterinary science; J. C. Bradley, of Cornell University, assistant professor of entomology for one year in exchange with E. C. Van Dyke ; H. M. Butterfield, instructor in agricultural extension ; R. W. Hodgen, instructor in citriculture ; G. F. Fermery, assistant in agricultural engineering; and J. C. Martin, assistant in agricultural chemistry. Leave of absence was granted for the ensuing year to H. S. Fawcett, associate professor of plant pathology In the Citrus Substation and Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture, and to N. L. Gardner, assistant professor of botany, from July 1 to January 1, 1918. Delaware College and Station. — The increased state appropriations to the agricultural department have made possible a considerable enlargement of the station staff. A new division of plant physiology has been organized, with Ernest M. R. Lamkey, Ph. D., of the University of Illinois as its head, be- ginning about April 16. W. J. Young has been appointed assistant In horti- culture beginning April 1, C. E. Neff, assistant in agronomy beginning April 16, and M. O. Pence, assistant state leader of county agent work In the ex- tension service, beginning July 1. Georgia College. — John M. Purdom, jr., was succeeded as editor, May 1, by H. T. Maddux. Idaho ITniversity.— President M. A. Brannon has tendered his resignation. Massachusetts College. — About 40 acres of laud, previously not used for production purposes, are to be under cultivation to Increase the food supply. A part of this area has been In lawn and another tract was originally set aside for recreation purposes. College credit for the remainder of the term has been granted to students enlisting In military or other forms of mobilization duty, or to engage In food- production service. On May 1 only about 100 students remained at the insti- tution. 796 [Vol. 36. 1917] NOTES, 797 The attendance at Fiirmers' Week this year reached over 800. Klnnevota University. — On May 5, after a general exodus to engage in vari- ous forms of agrricultural or military service, only 30 men were left in the College of Agriculture. Many of these were enrolled in three special short courses instituted for preparing traction engineers, extension field assistants, and directors of school and community gardens. Nebrai^a TJniTersity and Station. — Under an act of Ck)nfress, signed March 3, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to transfer to the university for use in dry land experiments, a tract of about 800 acres of public land adjoining the Scottsblufif Substation. New Jersey College and Stations. — An act of the recent legislature changes the method of appointment of members of the board of managers of the State Station. The new system provides for a board of 21 members, one from each county. This change from the basis of appointment by Congressional districts is expected to increase the representation of the rural sections on the board. Julian Milier and A. M. Hulbert have succeeded L. G. Gillam and W. H. McCallum, respectively, as extension specialist in fruit growing and state leader of boys' dub work. W. S. Krout has resigned as as.sistant in plant pathology to become field plant pathologist in the Massachusetts Station. Charles H. Nissl^y has been appointed specialist in the extension division. Cornell TTniversity. — The legislature has appropriated $779,401 for the Col- lege of Agriculture for the ensuing year, in additi«n to an earlier emergency grant of $55,910 for the present year and $42,000 for printing. Of the new appropriation, $34,000 is allotted for new constructloB and improvements, of which $12,000 is for an additional unit to the central heating plant, $7,000 for a new piggery, and $1,000 for a packing shed on the pomology grounds. The university graduated on March 29 all seniors in good standing who might wish to serve their country in military service or industrial pursuits, and granted " leave of absence without prejudice " to other students under the same conditions. By April 27, 507 leaves of absence had been granted in the College of Agriculture and further leaves were being issued at the rate of from 25 to 30 per day. Of those already granted, 144 students were in the Army or Navy or in munitions plants, 10 were under military training at the university, and 353 were on farms or other agricultural activities. R. I. Scoville, instructor in dairying, has resigned to become assistant pro- fessor in dairy manufactures ia the Oregon College, beginning in March. B. W. Shaper, instmctor in extension teaching, has been appointed assistant director of the extension service at the Massachusetts College, beginning March 1. Ben- jamin Smith has been appointed assistant in plant pathology. Oklahoma College and Station. — A science building to cost $100,000 was authorized by the last legislature. Glen Briggs, student assistant in the college and station, resigned March 27 to become agronomist at the Guam Station, and has been succeeded by Roy T. Hoke of the senior class. Porto 2.ico Federal Station. — William P. Snyder has been appointed plant breeder. South Dakota College and Station. — Appropriations made by the state legis- lature include $80,000 for an armory, $100,000 for the completion of Agricul- tural Hall, $10,000 for a health laboratory, $10,000 for the manufacture of hog cholera serum, $20,000 for a fireproof stock judging pavilion, $3,000 for a poultry department, $10,000 for the purchase of pure bred live stock, and $5,000 for feeding experiments with live stock. This is the first appropriation made by the State for experimental work. It is desired to take up some experiments vdth poultry, as this is becoming an important industry in the State. 798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.36 Thomas D. Potwin of Lemon has been appointed a member of the Regentc of Education, vice A. M. Anderson of Sturgis. 11. S. Department of Agriculture.— Dr. B. T. Galloway of the Department and President R. A. Pearson of the Iowa College have been appointed assistants to tlie Secretary of Agriculture. Dr. Galloway's duties are primarily to act as the representative of the Department in matters connected with the Council of National Defense, while President Pearson will especially assist the Depart- ment in keeping in touch with the state boards of food production and con- servation which are being organized. A departmental committee, consisting of R. A. Oakley, chairman, L. M. Estabrook, W, A. Wheeler, J. E. W. Tracy, Wm. Stuart, C. P. Hartley, A. J. Pieters, and C. W. Warburton, has been appointed to secure information as to the available supplies of seed for staple food crops, and to devise methods of meeting shortages in particular regions. A survey by the Department of the farm-labor situation in the various States is contemplated. Steps are also being taken to place a representative in each State to cooperate with other agencies in organizing farm labor and assist farmers in receiving an adequate supply. Two new divisions have been established in the Bureau of Animal Industry beginning May 1. One of them is the tuberculosis eradication division, to take charge of work which is to be considerably enlarged under the new appropria- tion act. The other is the tick eradication division, which will deal exclusively with this campaign, leaving the field inspection division free to devote itself to the enforcement of the cattle transportation laws and the combating of mis- cellaneous animal diseases. Fourth National Conference on Uural Education. — This conference was held at the University of Pennsylvania, April 8 to 11, under the auspices of the U. S. Bureau of Education. The attendance was about 175, representing over 20 States. The opening day's session dealt with religious agencies in rural life and rural education. The remainder of the program considered a nation-wide plan for the improvement of rural schools and the development of rural leadership. Among the resolutions adopted were those favoring means to provide more adequate preparation of rural teachers, the consolidation of rural schools where practicable, and the maintenance of a teachers' home and a demonstration farm of five or more acres as part of the school property. The utilization of the country school as an Intellectual, industrial, educational, and social center for community organization, the readjustment of courses of study in elementary and secondary schools to adapt them to the needs of rural life, and the provi- sion of high school ediication for all country boys and girls without severing home ties, were also advocated. A special recommendation for the present emergency was for the mobilization of the boys of high school age in cities and tawns into an industrial army as farm cadets, to be employed by farmers during their busy season under state and national supervision and to receive school credits as well as pay for their labors. Agricultural Education and Research in Great Britain. — A movement is on foot to raise a fund of $750,000 for the erection of new science buildings at the University College of North Wales " as a memorial to the men of North Wales who have fallen in the war." A gift of $100,000 has already been secured. It is announced that special prominence is to be given in the new buildings to agriculture and forestry. The Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye, England, has organized a re- search and advisory department distinct from the teaching side of the college and governed by a separate representative committee, composed in part of re- 1917] NOTES. 799 search workers at the institution and in part of other scientific men. Some of the work in progress and in contemplation includes problems connected with the general practice of fruit growing, the biological study of flax, the conservation of fruits and vegetables, pasture studies, diseases of sheep, hop breeding, and fungus diseases and insect pests and their treatment by spraying. Agricultural Education and Experimentation in China. — Considerable atten- tion is now being devoted in China to agricultural education and experimenta- tion in vjirious classes of institutions. An experiment station was located at Peking in 1907 under the control of the board of agriculture, industry, and com- merce. An experimental tract of nearly 300 acres is available, and departments of crops, soils, animal husbandry, horticulture, floriculture, entomology, botany, forestry, bacteriology, and biology have been put in operation. In 1908 an agricultural college was organized in connection with the station, but this was disbanded in 1915. Subsequently an agricultural college and experiment station was established at the capital of each province along much the same lines as at Peking, and many other stations in addition. There are now reported to be 130 stations in the 22 provinces, of which 31 are in Chihli, 25 in Szechwan, 15 in Hu-Loug- Kiang, 7 in Hupeh, and 7 in Kwangtung. Among these are two cotton experiment stations, one at Cheng Ting Hsien, Chihli, and one at Nan T'ung Chou, Kiangsu, with a third under consideration at Tung Haing Chou, Hupeh. Experiments are being conducted at these stations in seed selection, seed distribution, plant harvesting, soils and manures, treat- ment of pests, and cotton weaving. A corps of students is also being trained at these stations. H. H. Jobson is in charge of the organization of the cotton work, with H. K, Fung as associate. Stock-raising experiment stations have been established at Kalgan and Shih Men Shan, Anhui. These are expected to study the improvement of breeds of domestic animals, promote the breeding and sale of stock and stock raising enterprises, and the cultivation of forage crops. Considerable attention is also being devoted to forestry in China. A depart- ment of forestry was organized in January, 1916, with a forestry commissioner in each province. Forestry experiment stations and training schools have been established at Ch'ang Ch'in Hsien, Shantung, and in the Temple of Heaven at Peking, The university at Nanking has maintained a college of agriculture and a school of forestry for several years. This is an American-supported institu- tion, and in 1915 had enrolled about 70 students in agriculture, A colonization association has been organized under its auspices, with provision for the reser- vation of about 35 acres in each colony for a model farm. A tract already pur- chased on Purple Mountain, just outside Nanking, is to be used as an experi- ment station in connection with the different colonies. An agricultural experiment station was opened at Nanhsuchou, Anhwei, in 1915, as a part of the American Presbyterian mission station. Agricultural work was taken up at this institution partly as a practical way to teach Chris- tianity, partly to make friends, and partly to improve economic conditions. The station is located on the railway between Nanking and Tientsin, and at- tempts to serve an area of about 6,000 square miles and from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 people. The farming methods in use are those of from one to two thousand years ago. Special prominence is being given in the experimental work to seed selection, better tillage methods, more and better fertilization, drainage, and animal husbandry. The work is to be largely of a demonstration nature during the present pioneer stage, and will also include an agricultural 800 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36. 1917] school, a school farm, and short \\inter courses for farmers. J. Lossing Buck has been in charge of the agricultural work at the station from the outset. Necrology. — Professor Herbert W. Conu, widely known as a pioneer worker in dairy bacteriology in tliis country, died at Middletown, Connecticut, April 18. Professor Conn was born at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, January 10, 1859, was graduated from Boston University in 1881, and received the Ph. D. degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1884. His long period of service was spent entirely with Wesleyan University, commencing as instructor in biology in 1884, as assistant professor from 1886 to 1889, and subsequently as profes.sor of biology. He was also bacteriologist of the Connecticut Storrs Station from 1890 to 1896, a member of the Board of Control of the Connecticut State Sta- tion since 1!X)8, director of the Cold Spring Harbor Biological Laboratory from 1889 to 1907, and director of the laboratory of the Connecticut State Board of Health since 1905. He was likewise closely associated with the New York Milk Committee and niimerous health organizations and related bodies. Professor Conn's work covered a large range of scientific inquiry, but he specialized in the bacteriology of dairy products. He wa* one of the earliest workers in this country on problems connected with certified milk, the use of pasteurized cream and pure bacterial cultures in butter making, and the bac- teriological examination of municipal milk supplies. He was the author of several text books, mostly on bacteriological subjects, of which his Agricul- tural Bacteriology is especially well known. He had also contributed over 150 scientific memoirs and other articles, many of these appearing in publica- tions of the Connecticut Storrs Station. He was one of the founders, and for 15 years president, of the Society of American Bacteriologists. New Journals. — Abstracts of Bacteriology is the title of a new bi-monthly abstract journal published by the Society of American Bacteriologists, with A. Parker Hichens as editor, George H. Smith as associate editor, and a numerous corps of abstract editors and abstractors. The initial number con- tains, in addition to abstracts of current literature and book reviews, a list of the periodicals to be reviewed and a summary of the scientific proceedings of the eighteenth annual meeting of the society, held at New Haven, Connecticut, December 27-29, 1916. With the year 1917 Forestry Quarterly, which completed its fourteenth vol- ume in December, 1916, will be amalgamated with the Proceedings of the Society of Am€rica7i Foresters under the title Journal of Forestry. The new magazine is to be published in eight monthly issues, containing approximately as many pages a» the two original publications together. It is announced that the character of the new journal will remain essentially the same as the present publications. Veterinary Review is a new quarterly published in London and Edinburgh, with Dr. O. C. Bradley, principal of the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College of Edinburgh, as editor. The initial number contains a brief article by R. G. Linton on Feeding and Economy, and about 95 pages devoted to abstracts of current veterinary literature, book reviews, and an extensive bibliography. The Journal of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture, Porto Rico, is being published under the direction of W. V. Tower, director of the Insular Experiment Station, and with John A. Stevenson as editor. The initial number contains A List of the Coccidse of Porto Rico, by T. H. Jones, and History and Cause of the Rind Disease, by J. R. Johnston. The Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor of Cuba is publishing a monthly periodical known as Agriculture. This publication is to be devoted entirely to agricultural extension articles for the purpose of bringing the farmers into close touch with agricultural progress. ADBITI9NAL C9PIBS •r THIf P¥J»LI0ATIOX MAT BE PROCTEBD TRQii TBS SUPERINTENDENT OF B0CUM1KT3 OOVERNMENT PRINTING OFTieK "WASHINGTON, D. C. At 15 CENTS PKR COPY STrBSCRin!»M Price, p«r Volums or NmK M0UBEBS Airs INDBX, 81. ▼ Issued June 30, 1917. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 9 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFPICB 1917 D. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureau$, Weathbb Bxjheau— C. F. Marvin, Chief. BcEEAU OP Animal Inditstky— A. D. Melvin, Chief. BuBBAU OF Plant Industky— W. A. Taylor, Chief. FoBEST Sebvice — H. S. Graves, Forester. BuBEAir OF Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. BtJBEAtr OF Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. BuBEAU OF Ceop EsTrMATEB— L, M. Estabrook, ^fatfeticion. BuBEAC OF Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. BuBEAV OF BioLooicAL Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineebing — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office op Experiment Stations— E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Al^BAMA— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.i Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore. Tuskegee Station: Tutkeget InstituU; Q,W. Carver.! Alaska— Sttka; C. C. Georgeson.' AxaoJUA.— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.* AsKAJiakS—FayetUvUle: M. Nelson.' CAUronsik—BerMey: T. F. Hunt.' COLOBADO— JP'ort Collitu: C. P. Gillette.' Connecticut— State Station: New Haven; 1 j. g Jenkins.' Storrs Station: Storrs; > ' ' Delaware— iVeworfc; H. Haywwd.'. FLORroA— GolTjescftZe; P. H. Rolls.' QxovLQiK— Experiment: J. D, Price.' Qvku— Island of Ouam: C. W. Edwards.' Hawah— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.' Sugar Planters' Station: Bonolulu;B., P. Agee. Idaho— Afoscoto.* J. S. Jones.' Illinois— Vrbana: E. Davenport.' Indiana— Xo FayeUe: A. Qoss.' Iowa— iimes; C. F. Curtlss.' Kansas— Afonftottan; W. M. Jardlne.' KsSTVCKy—Lezi-ngton: A. M. Peter.* LOUISUNA— State Station: Baton R Nebraska— XincoJn; E. A. Burnett.' Nevada— 2?«no; S. B. Doten,' New Hampshire— Durftam; J. C. Kendall.> New Jersey- iV«w Bru-nswiclt: J. Q. Llpman. New Mexico— State CoUtge: Fabian Garcia.' New York— State Station: Oeneva; W. H. Jordan.' Cornell Statioa: Ithaca; A. R. Mann.* North Carolina— College Station: IFMt Raletgh;\^ ^ Kllgore ' State Station: iJoJevft; I ' ' North Dakota— .li^rfcuttMrol College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome.' Oklahoma— S Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN. Ph. D.. Chief, Office of Experiment Statiom. Assistant Editor: H. L, Knight. EDITORIAL DEPABTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — E. H. Nollau. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers jj^*-^" truixinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology |^y* e. boyd7' TTi- 1^ /-I /J. I. SCHULTE. Field Crops I J j^ l^-ckett. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Economic Zoologj' and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. D. V. M. „ ^ ^ „ 1VT ^ .^. C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Se. Foods and Human ISutrition ^ ^ Lang Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming j^j j^ Moore. Veterinary Medicine{^;^- Hook^k- Rural Engineering — R. W. Texillinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education j^' H. ^ane^^^^^^ Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. 36, NO. 9. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 801 Notes 899 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY. Work of the chemical and yeast culture laboratory, Seifert et al 801 On the presence of invertase in cane sugar. Pellet 802 The autolysis of grapes, Pantanelli 802 A study of the yeasts of wine, Kayser 802 Relative influence of microorganisms and plant enzyms on corn silage. Lamb . 802 Cytological researches in the fermentation of a fruit "compound, " Donna 802 Plant dls, I, II, Ivanov _ ;-.-----. 802 Chemical composition of certain ethereal oils of Russian origin, Pigulevskii. . . 803 Some new oil seeds derived from American palms, Bray and Elliott 803 Plum oil and its relation to other oils of the genus Primus, Ivanov 803 Physiological characters of Malvaceae. — Oil and fiber, Ivanov and Kokotkina. . 803 The character of seeds of different varieties of cotton, Ivanov and Moshkova. . . 804 Globulin obtained from seeds of Gossypium hirsutum, Pomaskii 804 Leucin anhydrid, a product of the water hydrolysis of protein. Graves et al — 804 ^^ , An iodin addition product of cumarin, Dox and Gaessler 804 -*• Carbon monoxid, occurrence free in kelp {Nereocystis luetkeana) Langdon 804 ^ 98133°— No. 9— 17 1 I n OONTENTS. [Vol.36 Page. Ancient Irish oak, Richards 804 Photomicrographs of crystallizable chemical salts, Doubleday 804 Some laboratory conveniencea, Perkins 805 Carbon dioxid absorption apparatus. Wesson 805 Apparatus for the recovery of bromin, Collings 805 Note on the recovery of molybdic acid, Rudnick and Cooke 805 Notes in regard to titration of sulphuric acid, Gyzander 805 Handling a standard Solution of barium hydrate, HajTies 805 The use of the Cottrell precipitator in treating phosphate rock, Ross et al 806 The determination of total phosphorus in bone ash, Pilz 806 A colorimetric method for COg in air, HigginS and Marriott 806 The determination of small amounts of arsenic, Beck and Merres 806 New procedure for methyl alcohol in presence of ethyl alcohol, Reif 806 The determination of raffinose in the presence of sucrose, Pellet 806 Estimation of pentose or pentosans by Fehling's solution, Baker and Hulton. . 807 Determination of sugar in hay and turnips, Kiistensen 807 The determination of fat in cacao products, Lange 807 The alcohol test in milk, Kolthoff 807 The detection of added water in milk, Durand ._ 807 Action of various animal charcoals on pure and irnpure sugar solutions. Pellet. . 807 The occurrence and determination of citric acid in wine, Wohack 808 Identification of lactic acid in biological products, Phelps and Palmer. 808 Turbidity in beverages containing maltose and glucose, Homberger and Marvel . 808 The concentration of lime juice by freezing 808 The utilization of olive pomace, Cruess and Christie 809 Utilization of Imperata cylindrica in the paper industry, Vignolo-Lutati 809 Removal of barium from brines in salt manufacture, Skinner and Baughman. 809 The theory of drying and its application to the new dry kiln, Tiemann 809 METEOROLOGY. Climatic conditions in Maryland, as related to plant growth, McLean 809 Weather forecasting. Bliss 811 Weather observations, Farley 811 [British rainfall in 1916] Mill 811 Results of rainfall observations in New South Wales, 1909-1914, Hunt et al. . . 811 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Analyses of boils of Jones County, Worsham, jr. , et al. . . ." 812 Soil survey of White County, Indiana, Bushnell and End 812 Soil survey of Newton County, Missouri, Sweet et al 812 Soil survey of Alleghany County, North Carolina, Burke and Lambert 813 Soil survey of Hampton County, South Carolina, Beck and Goodman 813 [Soil studies at the Wisconsin Station] 813 [Soils] Burgess 813 Combinations of soils in plain and mountainous regions, Neustruev 813 Separation of oxids of iron and aluminum in soils of Finland, Aamio 813 Ferrification in soils. Brown and Corson 813 Contributions to our knowledge of soil fertility, XII-XIV, Greig-Smith 814 The organic matter of the soil, II, Gortner 815 Influence of A^arious cations on absorption of ammonium ion by soil, Miyake. . 816 Effect of irrigation water and manure on the soil, Harris and Butt 816 Influence of bacteria in manure on green manm-e, Lipman and Blair 817 Farm manures. Dustman 817 Report on the fertilizer industry, August 19, 1916 817 Observations on the availability^ of nitrogen in fertilizers, Lipman 818 The availability of nitrogenous materials, Lipman and Blair 818 Nitrogen utilization in field and cylinder experiments, Lipman and Blair 819 Lime as a factor in the utilization of nitrogen, Lipman and Blair 819 Banana stalks as a source of potash, Billings and Christie 820 Production of potash in 1916 820 Vegetation experiments: Basic slag v. other phosphates, Lipman and Blair 820 Relative availability of acid phosphate and raw rock phosphate, Conner 820 Raw phosphate/ock as a fertilizer, Thome 820 Sulphur oxidation in soils and its effect on mineral phosphates, Lipman et al . . 821 The actioii of calcium carbonate on acid phosphate, Magi-uder 821 1917] CONTENTS. HI Page. Value of the calcium phosphates in the vicinity of Monterey [Mexico], Flores. 821 Phosphates and phosphatic marls, Heimburger 821 Limestone marls and shells, Heimburger 821 Preliminary report on the marls and limestones of Mississippi, Logan 821 Agricultural lime analyses, Patterson and McDonnell 821 Cost of crushing limestone on the farm, Herron 821 Cost of ground limestone, Montgomery 822 Special fertilizer analyses, 1916, Rose and Wilson 822 Official fertilizer analyses, 1916, Rose and Wilson 822 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, 1916, Haskins, et al 822 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The physiology of cell division, Haberlandt 822 On the liquid pressure theory of the circulation of sap in plants, Baker 822 Cryoscopic constants of expressed vegetable saps in deserts, Harris et al 823 Depression of freezing^ point in triturated tissues, Hibbard and Harrington 823 Studies of protoplasmic permeability, I, Delf 823 Further studies on foliar transpiring power in plants, Bakke and Livingston . . 824 An index to represent both moisture and temperature conditions, Li\dngston. . 824 The respiration of partly dried plant organs. Smith 824 Physiological studies on the maturation of seeds, Ivanov 824 The formation of auximones from nitrogenous organic substances, Bottomley . . 825 Location of spore masses in Uredinese and value in classification, Grebelsky.. 825 Succession and ecology of epiphytic bryophytes in Denmark, Olsen 825 Inheritance of eye pattern in beans and its relation to type of vine. Surface. . . 826 Factors influencing the weight of the bean seed ,11, Harris 826 Selective partial sterility in double-throwing stock and petunia, Saunders 826 Application of the pure- line concept to bacteria, Cole and Wright 826 Nitrocultures and their commercial application, Harrison 827 FIELD CROPS. Contributions to agronomic terminology, II-IV, Ball and Piper 827 Relative precision of formulas for calculating normal plat yields, Stockberger. . 827 The root systems of agricultural plants. Miller 827 [Work with field crops in 1916] 827 Experiments with farm crops, App 829 [Field crops work on county farms in Ohio in 1915], Montgomery et al 829 Report of the Bugyi experimental plat for the year 1914-15, Thompstone 830 Experiments with spring cereals at Moro, Ore^., Stephens 830 Seeding winter grains in furrows to prevent winterkilUng, Salmon 831 The effect of clipping on the root development of alfalfa, McKee 832 Com. — Varieties and Limiting factor tests, season 1916, Hutchinson 832 Com, yields per acre and prices, by States, 60 years, 1866-1915 832 Cotton. — Varieties and Limiting factor tests, 1916, Hutchinson 832 Report on the manuring of mangels. Porter and McWilUam 833 A classification of the varieties of cultivated oats, Etheridge 833 Studies on oat breeding, III, Surface 834 Irish potatoes in Florida, Spencer 835 Yield and nitrogen of soy beans as affected by inoculation, Lipman and Blair. . 835 Composition of sugar beets at various stages of the season, Zitkowski et al 835 Sugar-cane culture for sirup production in the United States, Yoder 835 Effect of rate and date of sowing on yield of winter wheat, Jardine 835 Wheat, yields per acre and prices, by States, 50 years, 1866-1915 836 Table for converting weights of separations into percentages, Boemer 836 Report of the department of seed analysis, Helyar 836 An alien weed 836 HORTICULTURE. [Report of horticultural investigations], Blake and Connors 837 [Report of heredity investigations], Halsted 838 Inheritance studies in garden plants, Owen 838 Truck crops. Green and Riggs 839 A chemical study of the asparagus plant, Morse 839 Connecticut Valley onion supply and distribution, Cance et al 840 IT CONTESTTS. [Vol. 36 Page. Root hardiness of fruit trees • - 840 The cost of producing apples in western Colorado, Thomson and Miller 841 The cost of producing apples in Hood River Valley, Thomson and Miller 841 The mulched -basin system of irrigated citrus culture, Briggs et al 841 The mulch-basin system , Briggs, Jensen, and McLane 842 A humidifier for lemon-curing rooms, Shamel 842 Shade trees, characteristics, adaptation, diseases, and care. Stone 842 Fumigation of greenhouse plants with hydrocyanic acid, Saescer and Borden. . 842 FORESTRY. A forest census of Alabama by geographical divisions, Harper 843 Thirteenth annual report of the State forester [of Massachusetts], Rane 843 The present and future of Pennsylvania's forests, Elliott 843 Tree planting on agricultural estates and roads, Brown 843 The Central Provinces forest manual 843 The relation between forests and atmospheric and soil moisture in India, Hill . . 843 Seed selection in the cultivation of Hevea brasiliensw, Beadle and Stevens. . . 843 Ecology of sal. — III, Soil aeration and water cultures. Hole and Singh 844 Our wattles, Wollaston 844 Investigations of the rotting of slash in Arkansas, Long 844 Yields from the destructive distillation of certain hardwoods, II, Palmer 844 Poles purchased, 1915, McCreight 844 Handbook on wood preservation 844 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Transmission of diseases by seeds, Blaringhem 844 Chemotropic reactions in Rhizopiis nigrkans, Graves 845 Discovery of internal telia produced by a species of Cronartium, Colley, 845 Discussion of certain plant diseases, Barrett 845 Report of the department oi plant pathology, Cook et al 845 Investigations on plant diseases] - 845 Plant diseases in British Guiana], Bancroft 846 Plant diseases in Tasmania], NichoUs ._ 846 A physiological study of two strains of Fusarium, Link 846 The part played by the seed in the dissemination of potato diseases, Quanjer. . 847 Nature, dissemination, and control of phloem necrosis, Quanjer et al 847 Report of potato spraying experiments for 1915, Lint 847 Report of the potato scab experiments, 1915, Lint 848 Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, Wilson 848 A squash disease caused by Choanephora cucurbitarium, Wolf 848 Arsenical injury through the bark of fruit trees, Swingle and Morris 849 Diseases of deciduous fruit trees, Smith 849 Peach yellows and little peach at Vinelahd, Blake and Connors 849 Plum pockets, Rabate 849 Little leaf of the vine, Bioletti and Bonnet 849 Control of Oidium or vine mildew, Bioletti 850 Spraying pineapple plants on manganese soils with iron sulphate, Johnson 850 Citrus canker investigations at the Singalong Experiment Station, Dor^dand 850 Notes on the citrus canker, Wester 851 Diseases of the Lime tree, Harrison, Bancroft, and Bodkin 851 A Phoma disease of lavender, Brierley 851 The extension of Marsonia rosse on rose bushes, Chifflot 851 Roesleria pallida, Bayliss-Elliott and Grove 851 [Hevea dieback in Sumatra], Vriens 852 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. A history of British mammals, Barrett-Hamilton and Hinton 852 Gopher destruction, Grisdale 852 The control of voles in Italy, Splendore 852 Destruction of oysters by crabs. Nelson 853 Insect enemies, Ealand 853 Mushroom pests and how to control them, Popenoe 853 1917] CONTENTS. V Page. Pests of sugar cane in British Guiana, Hutson 853 General report on insect pests for the year 1915, Moore 853 Some new or Ut.tle-known enemies of fruit trees, Kemner 853 Insects injurious to pine and fir trees in Sweden, Tragardh 853 Measm-es against flies, mosquitoes, Lice, and other vermin, Maxwell-Lefroy 853 Twenty-ninth report of the State entomologist of IlLLnois, Forbes 853 Entomological report for 1915, Cory 854 Report of the department of entomology, Headlee 854 [Entomological investigations] 855 Thirty- first report of the State entomologist of New York, 1915, Felt 855 [Report of entomological investigations] 856 Notes on early stages and life history of the eai-wig. Chapman 857 Combating Schistocerca peregrina in Morocco in 1916 by biological method, Velu . 857 Calocoris angustattis, Ballard 857 The rose leaf hopper ( Typhlocyba rosse) and a new egg parasite, Tullgren 857 Solubility of the scale of Lepviosaphes ulmi, MauUk 857 Machine for treatment of cotton seed against pink bollworm. Storey 857 Peach borer observations at Vineland, Blake and Connors 857 A codling moth trap, Siegler 858 The effect of cold upon malaria parasites in the mosquito host. King 858 Report on mosquito work for 1915, Headlee 858 Biology o^ two tacliinids wMch have an intramuscular stage, Thompson 858 Sarcophagafroggatti, n. sp. — A new sheep maggot fly, Taylor 858 On the life liistory and structure of Telephorus liturattis, Payne 858 Notes on the 12 -spotted cucumber beetle, Sell 859 The rose flea-beetle {Haltica probata), Moznette 859 Otiorhynchus sulcatus, an enemy of pot plants, Kemner 859 The leaf weevil (Polydrusus impressifrons) in New York, Parrott and Glasgow. . 859 Notes on the control of the wMte pine wee\dl, Graham 859 An Indian ant introduced into the United States, Wheeler 859 Two new genera of North American Entedoninse (chalcid flies), Girault 859 The privet mite in the South, McGregor 859 The life history and habits of Tychius 5-punctatus, Grandi 860 FOODS — HUMA>f NUTRITIGN. Digestibility of some v^etable fats, Langworthy and Holmes 860 Studies on the digestibility of some animal fats, Langworthy and Holmes 860 The soHdity of oysters. Nelson 861 Copper content of green ovsters, Nelson 861 General statistics of the [Alaska] fisheries in 1915, Bower and Aller 862 Some new constituents of milk. — II, The phosphatids, Osborne and Wakeman . . 862 Milk: A cheap food, Rose 862 Colloidal swelling of wheat gluten and milling and baking, Upson and Cahin . . 862 Turnips, beets, and other succvilent roots, and their use as food, Langworthy 863 The nutritional value of the banana, Myers and Rose 863 [Germicidal effect of spices] 863 Nutritive value of agar agar and its use as a jellifying medium, Fellers 864 A study of American beers and ales, Tolman and Riley 864 The vitamin content of brewers' yeast, Seidell 864 [Food and drug inspection] 864 Cleaning silver by contact with aluminum, Lang and Vv'alton, jr 865 [Report on] nutrition, Osborne and Mendel 865 Lectm'es on nutrition under auspices of Washington Academy of Sciences, 1916. . 865 Studies in the physiology of the respiration, I , Pearce 865 Review of recent Literature on abnormal metabolism in infants, Gamble. 865 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. [Nutrition investigations at the Wisconsin Station] 865 Experiments with sheep, Riggs 867 Forage crops [for hogs], Minkler 867 [Problems relating to pork production] 868 The use of the self-feeder, Minkler 868 Swine husbandry, Eastwood 869 VI CONTENTS. [Vol. 86 Page. Report of the department of poultry husbandry, Lewis and Thompson 869 Influence of close inbreeding 870 The production of eggs for hatching, Atwood 871 The incubation of hen eggs, Atwood 871 Brooding and feeding Little chickens, Atwood 871 Turkey raising, Weiant 871 Report of the department of biology. Nelson 871 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Report of the department of dairy husbandry, Cook 871 Efficiency of protein concentrates for milk production. Hart and Humphrey. . . 872 Straw for growing dairy heifers, Morrison et al " 873 A study in the cost of producing milk on four dairy farms. Cooper et al 873 Dairying industry of Ontario, Taggart 874 Third report of the commission on milk standards 874 Milk and cream regulations, Weld et al 874 Advantages of carbohydrate medium in bacterial examination of milk, Sherman . 876 A. T. C. classimeter, Charron 875 The effect of feeding on the composition of butter, Cranfield 875 Why gelatin is required and its effect on quaUty [of ice cream], WilUams 875 Correct payment for cheese factory milk by the Babcock teBt,"Sammis 876 Comparison of the imported and domestic Swiss cheese, Sammis 876 Effect of silage on quality of Swiss cheese, Sammis 876 Cheese making in Vermont, Ellenberger 877 Skimming -whey at Vermont cheese factories, Ellenberger and Tolstrup 877 The pasteurization of skim milk and whey as food for calves, Moore 877 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Anaphylaxis to the separated proteins of horse serum. Dale and Hartley 877 The action of hypochlorites and allied substances on proteins, Milroy 877 Effect of various chemical substances on the hemolytic reaction, Sherwood 878 The passive transference of nonspecific antibodies, Olitsky and Denzer 878 Comparative examination of blood of certain Australian animals, Buchanan . . . 879 The occurrence in nature of certain yeastlike fungi, Emig 879 Reports of civil veterinary department, Assam, 1914-15 and 1915-16, Harris. . . 879 Reports of civil veterinary department, Bihar and Orissa, Quinlan 879 Report on the civil veterinary department, Burma, for 1916, Evans 879 Regulations adopted and the live-stock sanitary law of Alabama, 1916 879 Notes on fowl pest and foot-and-mouth disease, Belfanti and Ascoli 879 Bacillus anthracis-sy inptomatici and alUed organisms, Todd 880 The conglutination reaction in the diagnosis of glanders, Scotti 880 Piroplasmosis and other parasite diseases in the Balkans, Markoff 880 Cell proliferative changes in diagnosis of rabies, Mardenbergh and Underbill . . 880 Rabies eradication in Nevada, Piper and Sans 880 Proposed law for immunization of cattle and carabaos in Philippines, Martin. . 881 The diagnosis of open cases of tuberculosis, Udall and Birch 881 Tuberculosis of fowls 881 Special report on diseases of cattle 881 Some facts about abortion disease, Schroeder and Cotton 881 The present status of the abortion question, Eiclihorn and Potter 882 Contagious abortion of cattle, Eichhorn and Potter 883 Practically significant facts about abortion disease, Schroeder and Cotton 883 Possibilities and limitations in control of al^ortion, Marshall 883 Occurrence of onchocerciasis in cattle and associated animals. Sweet 883 Serum studies on hog cholera 884 [Hog cholera inoculations with serum globulin], Minkler " 884 Special report on diseasies of the horse 884 [Poultiy disease obstjrvations], Lewis and Thompson 884 Campaign to eliminate bacillary white diarrhea 884 Intradermal test for Bactenum piillorum infection in fowls. Ward and Gallagher. 884 Poultry farm disinfection, Paige 885 American records of Dioctophyme renale, Hall 885 1917] CONTENTS, VII RURAL ENGINEERING. Page. Thirteenth biennial report of the State engineer of Wyoming, 1915-16, True. . 885 Second report on the water powers of Alabama, Hall 885 Surface-water supply of the lower Mississippi River basin, 1915 885 Ground water for irrigation in the Morgan Hill area, California, Clark 885 Critical judgment and use of the waters of the pampas, Mazza 886 The di\ining rod : A history of water witching, ElUs 886 Irrigation module investigations, 1913 886 Spray irrigation, Williams 887 Tests of irrigation pumping plants, Piatt 888 The draining of orchard land. Ward 888 [Iowa] laws relating to drainage, 1916, compiled by Elliott 888 [Analyses of water samples, 1916], Heimburger 888 Drinking water, Charron 888 Nitrites in potable water, Bado and Bernaola 889 Purification of drinking water with calcium hj^pochlorite, Bado and Dasso 889 Sixth biennial report of State highway commissioner of Washington, 1916, Allen . 889 Third annual report of the country roads board of Victoria 889 Regulations respecting highways, 1916, McLean 889 Road construction for township road superintendents and overseers, McLean. . 889 County roads, Macdiarmid 889 Helpful suggestions for sui'veying country highways, Baird 889 A step toward the rational design of concrete pavements, Morse 890 Possibihties of rural business from transmission lines, Burtis and Paine 890 A gasoline tiller, Perkins 891 Farm buildings and building constxniction in South Africa, Cleghorne 891 The reconstruction of farm buildings in devastated areas, de Saint-Maurice 891 . Mechanics of the household, Keene 891 Domestic "water supply 891 House equipment for running water, Mowry 891 Privies and cesspools, Wigley and Knowlton 892 Disposal of sewage in rural school districts, Gillespie and McNaught 892 RURAL ECONOMICS. Land tenure in the United States, with special reference to Hlinois, Stewart . . 892 Tenancy in the South, Merrill 893 An economic study of farming in Sumter County, Ga., Dixon and Hawthorne. 893 Farm management survey [of Monmouth County, N. J.], App 893 The possible Wajnie County farm, Thome 893 The resources and opportunities of Montana, Maxwell 894 How the Federal Farm Loan Act benefits the farmer, Thompson 894 The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society 894 Agricultural credit in France, Souchon 894 Cotton as a world power, Scherer 894 Report on the storage and handling of wheat in bulk in South Australia 894 Monthly crop report 894 [Agricultural statistics of Finland] 894 Agricultural and live-stock statistics of Finland 895 Annual report of the department of agriculture, Uganda, 1916 895 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. [Teaching agriculture in high schools throughout the United States] 895 Agricultural education in Argentina, Dawson, jr 895 [Agricultural instruction in Austria and Denmark] , edited by Miltner and Vital . 895 Agricultural instruction in Denmark, von Ramult 896 Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1915 896 Technical education in tropical agriculture 896 Education through farm demonstration, ELnapp 896 The home demonstration work, Creswell 896 The junior home project work. Griffin 896 The organization of the school farm, Ostermayer 896 School fairs " 897 Nature in farming, Paterson 897 VIII CONTENTS. [Vol. 86, 1917] Page. Field crops for the cotton belt, Morgan 897 [Tree study] 897 The science and art of home making, Lyford 897 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916 898 Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1915 898 Report of the director for 1916, Lipman 898 County experiment farms in Ohio, 1915 898 Work of the experiment station and extension service for 1916 898 The Department of Agriculture of the Union of South Africa 898 Manual of agricultural laws, compiled and edited by Annin 898 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Delaware Station: Bill. 116 (An. Rpt. 1916), Feb. 1, 1917 898 Florida Station: Bui. 133, Feb., 1917 835 Hawaii Federal Station: Press Bui. 51, Dec. 13, 1916... 850 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 169, Sept., 1916 840 Bui. 170, Sept., 1916 842 Bui. 171, Dec, 1916 839 Control Ser. Bui. 6, Dec, 1916. 822 Circ. 65, Sept., 1916 884 Circ. 66, Aug., 1916 886 Nebraska Station: ResearchBul. 8, June30, 1916. 862 Research Bui. 9, Sept. 15, 1916. 846 New Jersey Stations : Bui. 298, Nov. 1, 1916.. 855,868,898 An. Rpt. 1915 811, 817, 818, 819, 820, 829, 836, 837, 838, 845, 847, 848, 849, 853, 854, 857, 858, 861, 867, 868, 869, 871, 884, 893, 898 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 386, Jan., 1917 848 Mem. 10, Oct., 1916 833 Ohio Station: Bui. 303, Sept., 1916 821, 822, 829, 839, 867, 869, 898 Bui. 304, Nov., 1916 893 Bui. 305, Nov., 1916 820 South Carolina Station: Bui. 189, Jan., 1917 832 Bui. 190, Jan., 1917 832 West Virginia Station: Circ. 24, Dfec, 1916 871 Circ. 25, Jan., 1917 871 Circ. 26, Feb., 1917... 871 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 275 (An. Rpt. 1916), Jan., 1917 813,827, 840, 845, 856, 863, 865, 870, 872,873,876,881, 884, 898 Bui. 276, Jan., 1917 876 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 8: No. 8, Feb. 19, 1917 849 No. 9, Feb. 26, 1917.. . . 816, 845, 848 No. 10, Mar. 6, 1917. . ....... 802, 849 Bui. 486, Sugar-cane Culture for Sirup Production in the United States, P. A. Yoder. 835 U .S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Bui. 492, An Economic Study of Farming in Sumter County, Ga., H. M. Dixon and H. W. Haw- thorne 893 Bui. 493, A Study of American Beers and Ales, L. M. Tolman and J. G. Riley 864 Bui. 494, A Humidifier for Lemon Curing Rooms, A. D. Shamel. . . 842 Bui. 495, Spray Irrigation, M. B Williams 887 Bui. 496, Investigations of the Rotting of Slash in Arkansas, W. H. Long 844 Bui. 498, Experiments with Spring Cereals at the Eastern Oregon Dry-farming Substation, Moro, Oreg., D. E. Stephens 830 Bui. 499, The Mulched-basin Sys- tem of Irrigated Citrus Culture and Its Bearing on the Control of Mottle-leaf, L. J. Briggs, C. A. Jensen, and J. W. McLane 841 Bui. 500, The Cost of Producing Apples in Western Colorado, S. M. Thomson and G. H. Miller. 841 Bui. 501, A Study in the Cost of Producing Milk on Four Dairy Farms, Located in Wisconsin Michigan, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina, M. O. Cooper, C. M. Bennett, and L. M. Church 873 Bui. 503, Tm-nips, Beets, and Other Succulent Roots, and Their Use as Food, C. F. Langworthy 863 Bui. 505, Digestibility of Some Vegetable Fats, C. F. Lang- worthy and A. D. Holmes. ..... 860 Bui. 507, Studies on the Digesti- bility of Some Animal Fats, C. F. Langworthy and A. D. Holmes. . 860 Bui. 508, Yields from the Destruc- tive Distillation of Certain Hard- woods, R. C. Palmer 844 Bui. 509, The Theory of Drying and Its Application to the New Hu- midity-regulated and Recircu- lating Dry Kiln, H. D. Tiemann. 809 Bui. 513, Fumigation of Orna- mental Greenhouse Plants with Hydrocyanic-acid Gas, E. R. Sasscer and A. D. Borden 842 z LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, [Vol. 36, 1917] U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Bui. 514, Wheat, Yields Per Acre and Prices, by States, 50 Years 1866-1915 Bui. 515, Corn, Yields Per Acre and Prices, by States, 50 Years, 1866-1915 Bui. 516, Table for Converting Weights of Mechanical Separa- tions into Percentages of the Sample Analyzed, E. G. Boemer Bui. 517, An Intradermal Test for Bacterium fullorum Infection in Fowls, A. R. Ward and B. A. Gallagher Bui. 518, The Cost of Producing Apples in Hood River Valley, S. M. Thomson and G. H. Miller. Bui. 519, Poles Purchased, 1915, A. M. McCreight Farmers' Bui. 789, Mushroom Pests and How to Control Them, C. H. Popenoe Farmers' Bui. 790, Contagious Abortion of Cattle, A. Eichhom andG. M. Potter Farmers' Bui. 791, Turkey Rais- ing, A. S. Weiant Farmers' Bui. 792, How the Fed- eral Farm Loan Act Benefits the Farmer, C. W. Thompson Bureau of Animal Industry: Special Report on Diseases of Cattle (rev. ed., 1916) Special Report on Diseases of Horse (rev. ed., 1916) Bureau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 3, No. 2, Feb., 1917 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1915 — Soil Survey of White County, Indiana, T. M. Bushnell and C. P. Emi Soil Survey of Newton County, Missouri, A. T. Sweet, E. S. Vanatta, and E. W. Knobel Soil Survey of Alleghany County, North Carolina, R. T. A. Burke and H. D. Lambert Soil Survey of Hampton County, South Carolina, M. W. Beck and A. L. Goodman Weather Bureau: Bui. 42, Weather Forecasting, with Introductory Note on Atmospherics (2 ed.), G. S. BUss 836 832 836 841 844 853 883 871 894 881 884 894 812 812 813 813 811 U.S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions: i Page. The Use of the Cottrell Pre- cipitator in Treating Phos- phate Rock, W . H . Ross et al . 805 Identification of Lactic Acid in Biological Products, I. K. Phelps and H. E. Palmer. . . 808 Removal of Barium from Brines Used in Manufacture of Salt, W. W. Skinner and W. F. Baughman 809 Contributions to Agronomic Terminology, II-IV, C. R. Ball and C. V. Piper 827 Relative Precision of Formu- las for Calculating Normal Plat Fields, W. W\ Stock- berger 827 The Effect of Clipping on the Root Development of Al- falfa, R. McKee 832 The Mulch Basin System, L. J. Briggs, C. A. Jensen, and J. W. McLane 842 A Codling Moth Trap, E. H. Siegler 858 The Effect of Cold Upon Ma- laria Parasites in the Mos- quito Host, W. V. King 858 Two New Genera of North American Entedonina^ (chal- cid flies), A. A. Girault 859 The Privet Mite in the South, E. A. McGregor 859 Cleaning Silver by Contact with Aluminium, H, L. Lang and C . F . Walton , j r .. . 865 Why Gelatin is Required and Its Effect on Qualitv [of Ice Cream], 0 . E . Williams 875 Rabies Eradication in Nevada, S. E. Piper and E. R. Sans. . 880 Some Facts about Abortion Disease, E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton.. 881 The Present Status of the Abor- tion Question, A. Eichhom and G. M. Potter 882 Practically Significant Facts about Abortion Disease, E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton 883 American Records of Diocto- phyme renale, M. C. Hall 885 Development of Special Agri- cultural Schools in the Lnited States, C. H. Lane. . 895 Education through Fai-m Dem- » onstration, B. Knapp 896 The Home Demonstration Work, Mary E. Creswell .... 896 1 Printed ia scientific and technical publications outside tlie Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. 36. Abstract Number. No. 9. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Work of the chemical and yeast culture laboratory, W. Seifeet et al. (Programm u. Jahresber. K. K. H6h. Lehranst. Wein- u. Obstbau Klosterneu- burg, 1912-13, pp. 103-155, fig. 1; 1913-U, pp. 106-157, pi. 1, figs. 2; 1914-15, pp. 76-89; 1915-16, pp. 8^-115, fig. 1). — These pages contain tabular analytical data relative to the total acidity, solids, total sugars, and invert sugar of the wines and musts handled at the institute from 1912 to 1916. The report for 1912-13 also deals with the results of a study on the Inversion and disappearance of tartaric acid, the determination of tartaric acid in the presence of citric acid, the advantage of using pure yeast cultures for fermenta- tion of musts from partly fungus-diseased grapes, further tests on pure yeast fermentations, the refermentatlon of strong wines to an alcohol content of 13 per cent by volume, the action of pure nitrogen on musts and wine, the action of chloroform and mustard oil on the alcoholic fermentation of grape must, decolorization with " Eponite " and French decolorizing charcoals, and the re- sults of tests of some mechanical appliances. That for 1913-14 contains the results of a study of wine and must concentration by freezing, the cooling and airing of young v. ine to accelerate its ripening, the formation of volatile acids during the fermentation of a sterile, a pasteurized, and an untreated apple juice, the formation of volatile acids during fermentation with juices of increas- ing sugar content, the effect of yeast on tartaric acid during fermentation, the adaptation of yeast to the presence of sulphurous acid, the influence of chloro- form and mustard oil on the alcoholic fermentation of grape must, the action of sulphurous acid on the coloring substances in red wine, decolorization tests with certain commercial charcoals, the cleaning of casks which have stood un- used for some time, and descriptions of a wine sampler and a pasteurizing ap- paratus. That for 1914-15 presents the results of a study on the adaptation of yeast to sulphurous acid and the use of pure yeast cultures for refermentations. That for 1915-16 includes the results of a study of the formation and disap- pearance of acetaldehyde In grape must during and immediately following fer- mentation, the preparation of vinegar from wine by Pasteur's method or the rapid procedure, the possibility of wine extracting sulphur diosid from the wood of paraffined casks, partial neutralization of wines with calcium carbonate, conserving empty casks with alcohol and formaldehyde, rinsing of wine bottles with sulphurous acid, the removal of grape seeds from husks, the lowering of temperature to accelerate the ripening of the wine, and replacing the air of bottles with carbon dioxid before filling are reported, 801 802 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 3« On the presence of invertase in cane sugar, H. Pellet {Bui. Assoc. CMm Sucr. et Distill., 33 {1916), No. 10-12, pp. 263-266) .—The author has observeiT that either a pure or impure solution of sucrose on standing for some time be comes inverted even in the presence of toluene. The inversion is greatest ii the pure solution. If the sucrose solution is previously boiled no inversion takes place. The maximum temperature for the action was found to be froir 55 to 57° C. To prevent such loss during the process of cane sugar manufacture the use oi concentrated solutions, rapid heating to a temperature of from 90 to 100°. oi the use of alkali and a lower temperature to destroy the invertase ar€ recommended. See also a previous note by Lewton-Brain and Deerr (E. S. R., 21, p. 420), The autolysis of grapes, E. Pantanelli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 48 (1915), No 10-11, pp. 183-821, figs. S). — Having found in earlier experiments that th( must of ripe or overripe grapes contains a protease, the action of which appears to increase when the grapes are dried in the air, further experiments wen conducted on the autolysis of the protein of the normally ripened grape anc the decomposition of the carbohydrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions It was found that there was an autolysis of the albumin and a decompositioi of the sugars and acids to a limited degree in ripe grapes (removed from th« plant and kept whole) when exposed to the air, and to a greater extent whei immersed In sterile water. It is concluded that under anaerobic conditieudicular juxtaposition with the moldboard of the plow. " This rotor is operated by a gasoline motor. The engine turns the rotors at high speed, tJie teeth of the rotor engaging the soil as it comes from the moldboard, and pulverizes or disintegrates the soil per- fectly, throwing it out at the rear, thoroughly mixed Avith the sod, weeds, grass, manure, and any otlier form of surface growth or fertilizer which happens to be present, all forming a perfect seed and root bed." Farm building's and building construction in South Africa, W. S. H. Cleg- HOBNE {New York and London: Longmans, Green d Co., 1916, pp. XXIII-\-325, pis. 5, figs. 218). — This book, prepared for farmers, students, teachers, and agri- cultural engineers, with special reference to conditions in South Africa, deals with the general arrangement and design of farm buildings, building materials, details of construction, stables, sanitary dairy sheds, bull boxes and exercise yards, small butter making and cheese making dairies, piggeries, silos, a reser- voir, cattle and sheep dipping tanks, sheep shearing sheds and yards, a small cottage, and a cool storage room, the protection of buildings from lightning and white ants, etc. An api^endix is also included containing .sections on the calculation of horizontal reinforcing bars (hoops) in the wall of the silo, a design of a reinforced concrete tank or reservoir, and the calculation of gradua- tions showing the volume of liquid in a cattle dipping tank at various depths. The reconstruction of farm buildings in devastated areas, R. de Saint- Maurice {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 7 {1911), No. 1, pp. 9-11, figs. 8).— Methods of reconstruction of farm buildings in localities in France devastated by the war are described. Mechanics of the household, E. S. Keene {[Agricultural College, N. Dak.: Author, 1911], pp. 234, figs. 211). — This publication, prepared as a contribution to physics, contains the following chapters : The steam-heating plant, the hot- water heating plant, the hot-air furnace, temperature regulation, management of the heating plant, plumbing, water supply, sewage disposal, coal, atmospheric humidity, ventilation, lighting and heating with gasoline, acetylene gas ma- chines, and gaseous and liquid fuels. Domestic water supply {Colo. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bui., 1. ser., No. 108 {1916), pp. 11, figs. 5). — This is a popular bulletin on the subject, in which five steps in the process of providing running water in the farmhouse are described. These vary from the cold water supply over a sink in the kitchen to a bathroom and hot and cold water supply outfit. The use of the windmill for pumping is also described. A feature at variance with accepted sanitary practice which is recommended is the so-called gravel waste pit, situated close to the house and well, and used for the disposal of waste water. It is stated that " the waste pit consists of a hole, say 3 ft. across and 5 to 6 ft. deep, which is filled with gravel. This can be near the house in nearly every case, because only wash water and similar waste waters will be run into this pit." House equipment for running water, J. L. Mowry {Univ. Minn., Col. Agr., Ext. Bui. 61 {1916), pp. 8. figs. i2).— This bulletin briefly describes gravity, 892 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 bydropneumatic, and pneumatic water systems and the hydraulic ram. and describes and illustrates fittings used in water supply and heating systems. Privies and cesspools, C. G. Wiglej- and M. Knowlton (Pub. Health News N. J., 2 {1916), No. 5, pp. 141-158, figs. 9). — This article deals with privies, cess- pools, and leaching cesspools, and includes diagrammatic illu.^trations of dif- ferent types of each. Disposal of sewage in rural school districts, C. G. Gillespie and Makgaket S. McNaught (Cal. Bd. Ed. Bui. 11 {1916}, pp. 16, figs. 7).— This report deals in general with rural school sanitation and very briefly discusses sanitary privies and septic and Imhoff tank systems for rural school sewage disposal. ETJRAL ECONOMICS. Land tenure in the United States with special reference to Illinois, O. L. Stewart {Univ. III. Studies Soc. Sci., 5 {1916), No. 3, pp. 135, figs. 22).— The author discusses in general the situation regarding land tenure for the United States as a whole, and conditions in Illinois in detail. Among his conclusions are the following: " It appears that the forms of tenure have been phases accompanying, limited by, and modifying the conditions and changes in the agricultural economy of the State. The prevalence, sectional character, and growth of farming by ten- ant operators is chiefly governed by the real value of the shares of the owners and tenants in the surplus of operation. Tenancy forms a sort of cumulative index of the effectiveness of the desire of the ownei-s to escape the operation of their land, and of the ineffectiveness of the desire of tenants to become owners. " Share tenancy has been more prevalent than cash tenancy, though cash ten- ancy predominates in the northern part of the State and has been more char- acteristic of tenants who were advanced in years and who were operating farms whose owners were resident at a considerable distance from their farms. . . . " The farms of no single form of tenure can be held to be superior in all ways. Managed farms had the highest value in buildings and live stock per acre, and farms of owners were characterized by the highest value of implements and machinery per acre. In values of domestic animals the farms of tenants were below the average, when either the total value or the value per head is con- sidered. The farms of tenants were largely devoted to the production of the money crops. This was particularly true of share tenant farms. Yields were superior in the case of farms operated by managers and by cash tenants. . . . " It was shown by the age statistics that young operators were more generally characterized by tenancy, especially on the share basis, and that young owners were most heavily encumbered. Advancing years tended to replace share with cash tenancy, tenancy with ownership, and encumbrance with freedom from mortgage debt. The latest census data, however, indicate that an influence is at work restraining this movement. . . . " Fai-ming efliciency in the future will probably consist to a greater extent in the ability to increase net profits through cooperative dealing with the market. The eflSciency test must, therefore, rule more strongly against operators of the tenures whose characteristics are oppo.sed to successful cooperative effort on their part. " It is not necessary, however, that the farmers of other tenures operate as efficiently as the owners themselves would operate. If owners prefer to have their land operated by others than themselves, and if their holdings are .sufii- ciently large, they may content themselves with the financial disadvantage resulting from their refusal to operate their own land, . . . 1917] RURAL ECONOMICS. 893 " The test of productive efficiency may be somewliat slow in acting and costly but it bids fair in the long run to penalize unsound farming regardless of the tenure of the operators, and to guaranty, therefore, the survival of the best forms of tenure and of the best individual operators." Tenancy in the South, F. A. Merrill (Bui. State Normal School [Athens, Ga.], 4 {1916), No. 1, pp. 14, fig- !)• — The author discusses in general the ten- ancy problem of the South and concludes with the following statement : " To our tenants we ai'e indebted for our wonderful agricultural productive- ness and we must draw our farm leases in such a way that we may aid them in keeping their hard-earned pittances at home. We must evolve some leasing system that will protect our people and that will not place a premium upon the importation of the very necessities of life. The problem of the South has ceased to be one solely of production and has resolved itself into one of wealth reten- tion." An economic study of farming in Sumter County, Georgia, H. M. Dixon and H. W. Hawthorne {U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 492 (1917), pp. 64, figs. 6).— The authors summarize the results of this study as follows: "Farm profits on these farms for the year of the survey (1913) were in direct proportion both to the number of acres in crops and the yield of cotton per acre. On farms of approximately the same size labor incomes were high when the yield of cotton was high and low when the yield was low. On owner farms of approximately the same size labor incomes were high when the per- centage of crop area in cotton was high, and vice versa. The white farmers of the area are getting a much higher yield per acre than the colored farmers. " Cotton occupies 59 per cent of the tilled area of the farms surveyed, and [at 12 cts. per pound] returns 89 per cent of the total farm receipts. Corn occupies over one-fourth of the tilled area and was grown on every farm visited. Oats are the principal small-grain crop and are also used for hay and pasture. Cowpeas for hay and seed occupy about half as much land as corn. About 85 per cent of the land utilized for a second crop in 1913 was in cowpeas. " The cost of producing cotton, computed for 534 farms, was found to average about 10.5 cents per pound of lint. The cost of producing cotton on these farms decreases with increase in size of farm. The relative rate of reduction in cost due to increase in acreage is greater for the farms ranging from small to medium than for those ranging from medium to large. The cost of pro- ducing cotton on these farms decreases with increase in yield per acre. The reduction due to increased yield is relatively greater for farms with yields ranging from low to medium than for farms with yields ranging from medium to high. On farms with high yields of cotton per acre the cost per acre was high, but the cost per pound low. "Aside from work stock, hogs constitute the most important class of live stock. . . . " In efficiency in utilizing labor, mules, and machinery the large farms have a great advantage over the small ones. On the small white-owner farm one mule works 10 acres of cotton and 11 acres of other crops, while on the large farm one mule works 19 acres of cotton and 10 acres of other crops." Farna management survey [of Monmouth County, New Jersey], F. App (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. 184-193, pi. 1). — These pages contain data obtained in the survey previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 492). Attention is drawn to the large amount of capital required in this region to conduct a profitable farming business. The possible Wayne County farm, C. E. Thorne (Ohio Sta. Bui. 304 (1916), pp. 209-225, figs. 2). — The author has analyzed the results obtained from his 894 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 3t> fertilizer experiments at Wooster to determine wliettier tliej' could be profitably applied to other Wayne County farms. He concludes that it would pay the farmers to apply more fertilizers even if less laud could thereby be cultivated, also to purchase a part of the fertilizers to be used by tenants. The resources and opportunities of Montana, S. Maxwell {Helena, Mont.: State, 1916 ed., pp. 191, figs. 93). — In this volume are described the agricul- tural, forest, and climatic conditions and the opportunities for further develop- ment and settlement in Montana. How the Federal Farm Loan Act benefits the farmer, C. W. Thompson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 192 {1911), pp. i2).— This points out the main provisions of the act (E. S. K., 35, p. 101) and shows how farmers can take advantage of it. The Jewish agricultural and industrial aid society {Jewish Agr. and Indus. Aid Soc. Ann. Rpt., 1915, pp. 61; 1916, pp. 60). -^In these two annual reports are discussed the activities of the society, the advancement of the agricultural inter- ests of the Jewish race through the granting of loans, and the education and placing of Jewish laborers on farms. Agricultural credit in France, A. Souchen {Evreax, France: C. H6rissey, 1911, pp. 10). — In this publication, prepared for distribution at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition, the author has given a brief history of the laws relating to long and short term credit and their provisions. He has also included a model law for local and district agricultural credit associations. Cotton as a world power, J. A. B. Scherer {New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1916, pp. 10+452)- — The author traces the history of the use of cotton in the world's industry and its influence upon the social and economic life of the different nations. Report on the storag'e and handling of wheat in bulk in South Australia {Adelaide, So. Aust.: Govt., 1915, pp. 55, /j/s. 19, figs. 3). — In this report some of the disadvantages of handling wheat in bags are pointed out. It is consid- ered that the bulk system is better than the bag system because the excessive loss on bags to the farmer can be eliminated, wheat can be handled more quickly and cheaply between the farm and expoil wharf, more econoiuical use* of railway rolling stock will result, bulk elevators will save and provide more economical use of land area and wharf frontage at ports, and by reliable and disinterested government operated inspection the grading and weighing system will encourage the farmer to grow the best grades, and the financing will be done with less difficulty, more uniformity, and greater readiness. There is also included a paper by James Spelman on the handling of grain in Canada. Monthly crop report {U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 3 {1911), No. 2, pp. 13-20, fig. 1). — This number contains the usual data as to the estimated farm value of important products and the range of prices of agricultural products at important centers. In addition there are given special data regarding the methods of gathering grain crops, the extent of winter oats grown in the South- ern States, wool production in 1916, the trend of prices and yield per acre of crops, the estimated value of farm production in 1916, the proportions of the total corn crop consisting of white, yellow, and mixed varieties, the condition of truck crops in the Southern States, etc., and special articles on the sizes of the family and farming in Iowa County, Wis., and alsike clover growing. [Agricultural statistics of Finland] {Bidr. Finlands Off. Stntis., Ill, Nos. 7 {19 U), pp. 161; 8 {1915), pp. 11,5; 11 {19 16), pp. /.^S).— These volumes contain data regarding the yield of crops and number of domestic animals by govern- ment and minor subdivisions, operations of creameries, wages of agricultural laborers, and monthly prices of agricultural products. 1017] AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 895 Agricultural and live stock statistics of Finland {Statis. Arshok Finland, n. ser., 13 {1915), pp. llS-lJfS). — These pages coutiaue the data previously noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 497). Annual report of the department of agriculture, Uganda, 1916 {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Uganda, 1916, pp. 62). — This report continues information previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 291), adding data for the year ended March 31, 1916. AGEICULTUEAL EDUCATION. [The teaching of agriculture in high schools throughout the United States] {Quart. Alpha Zeta, 14 {1916), No. 5, pp. 82, figs. 30).— This issue is devoted to articles showing along what lines secondary agricultuuQl education has been developed in the different States, especially with reference to method of organization of instruction, the school plant and the political area to be served by the different types of schools as follows : Agriculture in Alabama High Schools, by W. C. Blasingame ; Agriculture in California High Schools, by W. G. Hummel ; Agricultural Education in Indiana, by Z. M. Smith ; Agri- cultural Education in Maryland, by J. B. Metfsger ; The Massachusetts Home- project Plan of Vocational Agricultural Education, by R. W. Stimson ; Agri- culture in the Secondary Schools of Michigan, by W. H. French ; Agriculture in the Public High Schools of Minnesota, by A. V. Storm ; Agriculture in Mon- tana High Schools, by C. A. Bush ; Agricultural Education in the State of New York, by L. S. Hawkins; Agriculture in the Secondary Schools of North Dakota, by W. A. Broyles ; Agriculture in New Hampshire High Schools, by G. H. Whitcher ; Vocational Agricultural Education in Pennsylvania, by L. H. Dennis; Development and Present Status of Agriculture in Secondary Schools of Texas, by J. D. Blackwell ; Agricultural Education in the State of Vermont, by F. B. Jenks; Agriculture in the High School of Wisconsin, by H. N. God- dard; and Development of Special Agricultural Schools in the United States, by C. H. Lane. Agricultural education in Argentina, W. Dawson, Jr. {U. 8. Dcpt. Com., Com. Rpts., No. l.i {1917), pp. 201-204) .—A brief review is given of the present status of agricultural education facilities in Argentina since the foundation of the first school of agriculture and stock raising at Santa Catalina on August 6, 1883. The instruction is classified as follows: (1) Higher — colleges of agriculture and veterinary science at the universities of Buenos Aires and La Plata; (2) that dependent on the Direction General of Agricultural Education, including four special schools for vine culture and wine making, agriculture and zootechnics, rural administrator, and agriculture and sugar making, re- spectively ; seven practical schools of agriculture ; 5 agronomic and 9 experi- ment stations, as well as 4 substations ; district agronomists ; and a farm school for women at Tandil, Buenos Aires; and (3) other miscellaneous national, provincial, and private institutions. The 1916 budget for the Direction General of Agricultural Education contained an appropriation of $917,591, devoted almost exclusively to curx-ent expenses, salaries, etc. To encourage the maxi- mum production in farm schools for educational and financial reasons the institutions are now authorized to distribute 50 per cent of the net profits among their staff and pupils, the remaining 50 per cent being devoted to improving the establishment. [Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and Denmark], edited by R. MiLTNER and E. Vital {Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 30 {1916), No. 1-2, pp. IV+II4+LXII). — In addition to several articles noted elsewhere, this issue contains an article on The Reform of the Final Examination at the Agri- cultural Intermediate Schools [in Austria], by E. Vital; statistics and organi- 896 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr KECOED. [Vol.36 zation lists of the faculties of the agricultural and forestry education iastitu- tions in Austria in 1915-16 ; and a review of agricultural literature. Agricultural instruction in Denmark, S. R. von Ramult (Land u. Forstto. Unterrichts Ztg., 30 {1916), No. 1-2, pp. 84-88).— This is an account of the pi-esent status of agricultural instruction in Denmark. Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1915 {Aarsber. Offentl. Foran.it. Lundhr. Fretnme, 1915, III, Statsforanst., pp. LX-^819, pis. 3. figs. 82). — This is the annual report on the work of the various government agencies for the promotion of Norwegian agriculture, including chemical, seed, and milk control stations, experimental farms, sheep farms, daii'y and horti- cultural schools, the school of home economics for training teachers, itinerant instructors, etc. Technical education in tropical agriculture (Trans. 3. Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr., 1914. vol. 1, pp. 1-56). — These transactions include the papers in full on technical education in tropical agriculture, among others Agricultural Edu- cation in the Punjab, and A Note on Six Years' Experience in Teaching Agri- cultural Science in Northern India, by J. H. Barnes ; and Agricultural Educa- tion in the Gold Coast, by W. H. Patterson. Education through farm demonstration, B. Knapp (Ann. Artier. Acad. Polit. and Soc ScL, 61 (1916), No. 156, pp. 224-2^0) .—The author traces briefly the origin and history of the development of the sy.stem of farm demonstration teaching through men and women county agents. The home demonstration work, Mary E. Ceeswell (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 67 (1916), No. 156, pp. 241-249).— An account is given of the organization and development of the home demonstration work conducted in the 15 Southern States under cooperative agreement between the several state colleges of agriculture and the States Relations Service of this Department. A systematic 4-year program of work has been adopted. The junior home project work, F. L. Griffin (Cornell Countryman, 14 (1917), No. 4, pp. 283-286, figs. 2). — The author describes the junior home pro- ject work just being introduced into the rural and graded schools of the State of New York. The work is organized and developed by the state department of education and is directed and supervised locally by the superintendents of schools. The New York State College of Agriculture is supplying the necessary directions and subject matter to the project students and their teachers. The projects — potato and corn growing, vegetable gardening, poultry raising, dairy herd record keeping, foods and clothing — may be undertaken by boys and girls in the seventh and eighth grades, or by those twelve years of age and over whether attending school or not. A complete junior project consists of a definite amount of school study, at least 45 minutes a week or its equivalent, and supervised home work which must be visited at least three times during the season by the superintendent of schools or by some qualified person designated by him. A project notebook nmst be kept and a final report filed with the superintendent of schools. A pupil who successfully completes a junior home project and is recommended by the superintendent of schools will receive one regent's count toward high school graduation. An agricultural project requires a calendar year for its completion, and a pupil may receive only one credit each year for two years for doing junior project work. The organization of the school farm, A. Ostekmayeb (Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., SO (1916), No. 1-2, pp. 1-17).— The author discusses the func- tions of the school farm, i. e., instruction primarily, demonstration, and in- vestigation. 1917] AGEICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 897 la his opinion the school farm should be conducted as a model farm, but need not provide everything that is desirable, this resulting in what may be called a " museum farm " which is occasionally seen. One type of farming, adapted to local conditions, should be pursued, the variations in which to suit different local conditions can be explained in the theoretical instruction. The farm should be organized for profit and should be under the direction of the instructor in farm management and bookkeeping. The extent of the farm practice should be confined to the aims of the in- struction of the school with which it is connected. These aims should be to gain (1) manual skill in farm operations. (2) a survey of the individual branches of the farm, i. e., of soil and animal production, and (3) a survey of the whole farm — its organization and management, together with the funda- mental reasons and conditions for success. These objects can be accomplished more thoroughly on a school farm than on a private farm. The methods of farm practice adapted to the farm schools and the agricultural intermediate schools in Austria are briefly discussed. School fairs (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 4 (1911), No. 1, pp. 48-73, figs, il).— This is a report for the past year on the progress of school fairs in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Mani- toba, Alberta, and British Columbia. Nature in farming', J. W. Patekson (Melbourne, Aust.: Lothian Book Pub- lishing Co., 1916, pp. XVI +221, figs. i37).— This book, adapted for the use of •schools and colleges and of the farmer as a source of reference, discusses scientific principles in their relation to farm practice, including plant growth, climate, soils, manures, drainage, irrigation, cereal, leguminous, root, and other crops, rotation of citips, insect enemies and fungus diseases, farm animals, feeds and feeding, wool and other fibers, milk and its products, and micro-organisms and decay. Field crops for the cotton-belt, J. O. Morgan (Ne^o York: The Macmillan Co., 1911, pp. XXVI +456. figs. 75). — This book presents the science and art of field crop production in the South and has been written primarily to meet the needs of the college student and also to be of service to the farmer and the general reader. It treats in considerable detail of cotton and corn, as regards classification, description, and physiology of plant, principal species, varieties, breeding, soils, climatic adaptations, fertilizers, manures and rotations, tillage, harvesting and marketing, and insect enemies and diseases. In less detail oats, wheat, rye, barley, rice, sorghums, sugar cane, and the peanut are similarly considered. Each crop is taken up separately. [Tree study] (Davcy Inst. Tree Surgery Instr. Book, 1914, Xo. 13, pp. 24, figs. 7; 1915, Nos. 14, pp. 23, figs. 11; 16, pp. 19, figs. 15; 17, pp. 19, figs. 21; 18, pp. 32, figs. 31; 19, pp. 23. figs. 19; 20, pp. 20, figs. 20; 21, pp. 24, figs. 26; 22, pp. 22, figs. 25). — This series of lessons includes studies in landscape forestry, fruit growing, and tree surgery. The science and art of home making, Cakrie A. Lyford (Ann. Anier. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 67 (1916), No. 156, pp. 40-46).— The author briefly dis- cusses the school in the study of home making, the home cottage or apartment as a laboratory, points of empliasis in the curriculum, the development of a unified curriculum, and the growth of the movement. " To-day home economics is taught in all of our state agricultural colleges to which women are admitted ; in practically all of our state normal schools, and in more than 3,000 high and grade schools. It has become a popular course in private schools but is not yet included in the curricula of the leading women's colleges. Correspondence courses of collegiate grade are carried on by four 898 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36, 1917] State institutions. In four states — Louisiana, Oklalioma, Iowa, and Indiana — tlie teacliing of liome economics in all public schools is required by law. In many of the normal schools brief courses are required of all women students to give them a broader perspective for their general teaching, to enable them to introduce courses in the rural schools, and to prepare them for housekeeping. State supervisors of home economics have been appointed in four States. Eleven other States have some special system of home economics supervision. Twenty-three States have prepared courses of study in home economics for the common schools, . . . " The funds made available by the Smith-Lever Act have led to a great increase in the amount of extension teaching in the rural districts. Women's clubs and other organizations are furthering the study of homemaking in towns and cities. The public press recognizes the movement as of universal interest." MISCELLANEOUS. Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916 {Delaicare Sta. Bui. 116 {1917), pp. 31). — This contains the organization list and the report of the director on the work and publications of the station. It includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, as well as a report of the extension service. Annual S,eport of New Jersey Stations, 1915 (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1915, pp. XXVni-\-39-ff, pis. 55).- — This contains the organization list of the stations, a financial statement for the State Station for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1915, and for the College Station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, a report by the director and departmental reports, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Reports of the fertilizer inspections have been noted in Bulletins 285 (E. S. R., 34, p. 625) and 287 (E. S. R., 35, p. 128), and feeding stuffs in Bulletin 283 (E. S. R., 34, p. 665). Report of the director for 1916, ,1. G. Lipman (Neio Jersey Stas. Bui. 298 (1916), pp. 51). — This contains the organization list and a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. County experiment farms in OMo, 1915 (Ohio Sta. Bui. 303 (1916), pp. 207, figs. 28). — Reports on the Miami, Paulding, Clermont, Hamilton, Washington. Hancock, Trumbull, and Mahoning county experiment fai-ms for 1915 are given. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The work of the experiment station and agricultural extension service for 1916 (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 275 (1917), pp. 92, fiys. ^i).— Part 1 of this report, by H. L. Russell and F. B. Morrison, deals with the work of the station, the experimental features not previously reported being abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Part 2, Carrying Agricultural Science to the Farm, by H, L. Russell and K. L. Hatch, reports on the extension activities. Part 3 contains brief summaries of the station publications of the year, and part 4, a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. The Department of Agriculture of the Union of South Africa: A short account of its history, organization, and activities (Pretoria: Oovt., 1915, pp. 32). Manual of agricultxiral laws, compiled and edited by R. E. Annin (Boston: State Bd. Agr., 1916, pp. 195).— A compilation of the Massachusetts laws deal- ing with agriculture as they stood at the prorogation of the legislature in 1916. NOTES, Connecticut State Station. — Wuldo L. Adr.ms has been appointed chemist, be- ginning May 1. Montana College. — A law passed by the last legislature appropriated $10,000 for the reimbursement of the cost of transportation to and from their homes of students at the college, the state university, the state school of mines, and the state normal college. Expenditures not exceeding $5 are excepted. The purpose of the act is to equalize the cost of attendance at these institutions to students coming from distant parts of the State. New Mexico College and Station. — Cleave W. Humble, a 1017 graduate of the cxillege, has been appointed assistant agronomist, vice J. G. Hamilton, whose resignation has been previously noted. North Dakota College. — A school of education has been organized with four courses covering four years and two courses covering two years for completion. The four-year curricula are designed for teachers of agriculture, the mechanic arts, science, and vocational and rural school administration, while the two- year curricula are for teachers in consolidated schools and special teacliers. Arland D. Weeks, professor of education, has been appointed dean of the new school. Ohio State University. — The first class of three-year students in the College of Agriculture was gi-aduated March 16. The class numbered 62, of whom 52 will return to the farm, 5 will take up market gardening, and 5 cow testing association work. The total enrollment in this course is now 225, which is somewhat smaller than was anticipated. AVm. L. Clevenger, instructor in dairying, has resigned to accept a position with the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in connection with its demonstration work in dairy manufactures in Tennessee and North Carolina. South Carolina College and Station. — Dr. F. H. H. Calhoun has been ap- pointed director of resident teaching. C. C. Newman, professor of horticulture and horticulturist, has been put in charge of the college farm. This farm com- prises about 600 acres and is used in growing food for the students and feed and pasture for the live stock at the institution. Texas College. — The junior agricultural college, established by the last legis- lature as previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 599), lias been located at Stephen- ville, about 100 miles southwest of Fort Worth. The buildings and grounds of the John Tarleton College have been acquired for the purpose, and the citizens of Stephenville and Erath County have donated 500 acres of land additional, to be used for experimental and demonstration v/ork in connection with the institution. They have also subscribed $25,000 for a student loan fund. A second junior college has been established at Aiiington, between Fort Worth and Dallas. The property of a small military academy has been traiis- ferred to the State, and efforts are under way to secure local contributions for additional aid and a student loan fund. 899 900 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36, 1917] Provision lias been made for a state educational survey by a board consisting of the presidents of the state university, the A. & M. College, the College of In- dustrial Arts, and one of the state normal schools, the state superintendent of public instruction, aud the state commissioner of agriculture. A report is to be submitted to the next legislature. An appropriation of §2,000,000 was also granted by the legislature for the benefit of the rural schools. Agricultural Education and Research in Latin America. — School and So- ciety announces that a Pan-American university has been established in the Republic of Panama. The trustees are to consist of the Secretary of Public Instruction of Panama and the diplomatic representatives of the American Re- publics or their delegates, together with similar representatives of other nations which may maintain chairs in the university. It is hoped that the institution may be of international value, especially along the lines of medicine, law, and agriculture. In Venezuela, a presidential decree of March 12, 1917, creates an experimental station of agriculture and forestry, with an acclimatization garden, to be located near Caracas, and intended to serve as a model for other such stations to be established in other parts of the Republic. The objects of the station are the improvement of the methods of cultivation of the principal agricultural products of the country ; the introduction, selection, and distribution of seeds ; experi- ments in reforestation ; the suitability of soils to crops and of crops to the various regions ; and practical work for the training of agricultural foremen 9nd forest rangers. H. Pittier, until recently with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been appointed in charge of the station and will also superin- tend the making of a survey of the unoccupied land of the Republic, which has recently been ordered. The Council of Public Instruction of Ecuador has arranged to establish an agricultural class connected with the faculty of science of Central University at Quito. The professor in charge of this course is also to edit an official bulletin to encourage the study of agriculture. Organization of Agricultural Work in Java. — Agricultural work in Java is mainly organized under the Department of Agriculture, Industry, and Com- merce, for which appropriations of about $3,000,000 per annum are available. The agricultural work consists of 14 main bureaus besides several experiment stations. Two of these, the experiment station for tea culture at Buitenzorg and for tobacco at Klaten are in close relation with the department, although supported in part by planters or their associations. Less closely related to the department, but receiving some of its funds, are the station at Salatiga, devoted to local work on coffee, cacao, etc. ; that at Malaug, occupied chiefly with coffee and rubber ; aud that at Djember, principally devoted to tobacco and rubber. There are also two stations without official relations, the sugar-cane station at Passoeroean with its six substations, and the Deli tobacco station at Medan, Sumatra. Efforts are taken, however, not to duplicate these activities. Some of the principal enterprises within the department are the bureau of forestry, the botanic gardens, the institute for phytopathology and plant breed- ing, an office of agrogeology and agricultural chemistry, the veterinary institute and service, a laboratory of microbiology, aud special work with rubber, coffee, and cinchona. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE •WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription PRice, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 Issued October 20, 1917. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A, C TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. 36 INDEX NUMBER EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OrnCE 1917 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Scientific Bureaus. Weather Burbau— C F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chiff. Bureau of Plant Industry— W- A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton ^^Tiitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology— L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological .Survey — E. W. Nelson, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Bureau of Markbts-O. J. Brand, Chi^f. States Relations Service— A. C. True, Director. OFFICE OF Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.' Canebrake Station: Uniontown; F. R. Ciirtis.i Tustegce Station: Tuslcegee Institute; O, W. Carver.' Alaska— Siffca: C. C. Georgeson.* Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forties.' ARKAN.SA9— jFayrf?«ri?Zr M. Nelson.' CKLrBG9mK—Berl.eley: T. F. Hunt.' Colorado— Fort CoUins: C. P. Gillette.' COOTfECnCUT— State Station: New Havm;}^^ ^ ^^^.^^ , StorrS Station: Storrs; > Pela-wake— JVeicorJc H. Hayward.' Florida- GaJne«iiiZZa' P. H. Rolfe.' Georgia.— EiperimejU; J. D. Price.' GvxM— Island of Guam: C. W. Edwards.i Hawad— Federal Station: Honolulu; T. M. Westgate.' Sngar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P Agec.' Is /lKO— Moscow: J. S. Jones.' Illinois— UrbaTMi.- E. Davenport.' ImnkVK— Lafayette: A. Gos9.' loM^jL—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.' K.Ky;sAS— Manhattan: W. JI. Jardinc.' Kentucky— LMJ«^«on; A. M. Peter .< LoinsiANA- State Station: Baton Rov^e; j Sugar Station: Audubon ParkL^. ^^ jy^^^^jyi New Orleans; I North La. Station: Calhoun: ] Maine— Orcmo; C. D. Woods.' MKRTULSn— College Park: H. J. Pattorson.' Massachusetts— '4 TOftcr.'C W. P, Brooks.' Michigan— .East Lansing: it. S. Shaw.' UmyissoxA—UrUversUij Farm, St. Paul- R. W. Thatcher.i Mississipn— jtprtcu7 7 i >, >B.W. Kdgore.' State Station: Raleigh; ) North Dakota— .A^ncwWwraZ College: T. P. Cooper.' Ohio— 1Foo«.,692. Quick, H., 500. Quinlan, D.,879. Quinn,C. W.,258. Quinn, G.,442. Quinney, J.,jr.,696. Rabak, F.,344,416. Rabate,E.,751,849. Rahman Khan, A., 635. Raiziss, G.D.,679. Ralston, G.S., 140. Ramaley, F., 434. Rambaut, A. A.,208. Ramsay, A. A., 113. Ramsey, J. T., 440. Ramsay, W., 604. Ramsey, G. B.,542. Ramult, S. R. von, 896. Rand, F. V., 752. Randall, J. A., 194. Randall, W.W., 14. Rane,F.W., 297, 454,843. Rangel, E.,544. Rankin, W.H., 53, 540. Ransom, B. H.,577. Rasmuson,537. Rastan,R.H.,617. Ratcli£f,J.A.,500. Rather,J. B.,12, 299. Ravaz, L.,546. Ravemia, C.,329, 432. Read, F.W., 840. Read, W. J.,4S9. Reddick, D., SIT, 351, 546. Beed, E. 0., 509. Reed, G. B., 224, 503, 609. 610. Reed, H. J., 640. Reed, I. W., 835. Reed. R.C., 295. Reed, W. F.,jr., 19. Reed,W.G., 418, 419,616. Reese, H. H., 769. Reese, L. F., 197. Reese, M. J., 397. Reese, N.M., 599, Reich, M., 334. Reichel,J.,381. Reichert, E.T.,222,411. Reid,F. R.,124. Reif, G.,806. Remecke, L., 586. Reinking, O. A.,600. Reinle, G. G., 277. Remick,B.L.,597. Rensselaer, M. van, 194, Reppien, C.,791. Rettger, L.,664. Renter, K., 509. Rew, R. H., 290, 393. Reymann, A.,697. Reynolds, R. R.,78. Rhodes, L., 788. RiaboI,D.,649. Ricci, R., 220. Rice, F. E.,2]. Rich. J. P., 363. Rich, W.R.,98. Richards, M. W., 640. Richards, P. A. E., 804. Richardson, A. E. V., 437, 440,441. Richardson, C. H., 156, 460. Richardson, M. W.,354. Richter, A. A., 730. Richter, H. G.,656. Richter, O., 225. Ricome,P. J., 141. Riddick,\V.C.,500. Ridgway,C. S.,311. Riehm,E.,542. Rigg, G.B.,320,448. Riggs, E. J.,839,867. Rijn, J. J. L., van, 291. Rikhter, A. A., 730. Riley, H.W., 390. RUey,J. G.,864. Riley, W. A., 86, 681. Riley, W.E., 394. Ringelmaim, M., 86, 588. Riolle,T.,130. Ripley, L.B., 552. Ritchie, A. H., 457. Ritchie, J., 273. RitzemaBos, J.,648. Ritzman, E. G., 569. Roadhouse, C. L., 474, 796. Roark, R.C.,299. Robbins, W. J., 328, 432, 725. Robbius,\V.S.,280. Roberts, G., 198. Robertson, A*. K., 296. Robertson, B. F.,299. Robertson, F. E., 774. 19171 INDEX OF NAMES. 915 Robertson, G. S.,613. Robertson, T. B., 108, 263, 366, 504. Robins, K. N., 688. Robinson, J. S., 421, Robinson, W., 628. Rock, J. F., 539. Reekie, W. A., 621. Roetwood, L. P., 58. Rodhain, J., 359. Rodhouse, T. J., 681. Roebuck, A., 658. Roehl, L.M.,96,693. Rogers, C, 502. Rogers, L. A., 284. Rogers, T. C, 488. Rohwer, S. A., 258, 551. Relet, A., 538. Rollins, H. M., 46. Rolston, W. A., 388. Roof, \V. R., 590. Roop, J. H., 268. Roos, 576. Rorer, J. B.,149. Rosa, F. de, 443. Rosa, G. F. de la, 688. Rosa, J. T., jr., 638. Rosby, M., 167. Rose, A. R.,863. Rose, D. H., 148. Rose, F., 596, 862. Rose, R.E., 467, 561,822. Rosen, H.R., 357. Roseubaum, J., 146, 249, 747. Rosenblum, E. I., 12. Rosenfeld, A. H., 300, 692. Rosenheim, M. C, 112. Ross, B.B., 300. Ross, R. 1,1., 539. Ross, W. A., 551. Ross, W.H., 805. Rossi, G., 754. Rost,C.O.,514. Roster, G., 617. Rostovtsefl, V. N., 89. Rostovtsev, V. N., 89. Roth, C.H., 590. Rothgeb, B. E.,229. Rothschild, N. C, 257. Rowles, W. F., 743. Roxas, M. L.,412,600. Ruck, K. von, 182. Ruck, S. von, 182. Ruddiman, H. D., 741. Rudnick, P., 805. Rudolph, B. A., 452. Ruediger, G. F., 177. Ruehe, H. A., 674. Riimker, von, 605. Runsey, W. E., 653. Running, T.R., 282. Ruprecht, R. W.,98. Russ, E. A., 467. RusseU, E. J., 114, 119, 519, 612, 617. Russell, G. A., 206, 416. RusseU, H. L., 898. Rust, E. W., 300. Sabashnikov, A., 325. Sabin, F. R., 478. Saflord, W. E.,220, 433, 734. Saillard, E., 508, 716. St. John, L., 587. Samt-Maurice, R. de, 590, 891. Salant, W., 262, 467, 576. Saleeby, M. M., 634, 635. Salmon, E. S., 751. Salmon, S.C, 38, 831. Salter, R. M., 15, 220, 318, 324, 722. Sammis, J. L., 378, 876. Sanders, G. E., 240, 456, 535. San Juan, A. C.y, 230. Sanna, A., 674. Sans, E. R.,880. Sasscer, E. R., 842. Sato, S., 690. Satta, G., 13. Saunders, E. R., 826. Saunders, W. P., 719. Savage, E. S., 596. Savage, W. G., 489. Savastano, L., 755. Sav\Tn, P., 622. Sawine, P., 622. Sawtelle, D. W., 192. Sawyer, E. J., 653. Sawyer, G. C., 125, 126. Sayre, C. B., 640. Sayre, R., 202. Scala, A., 763. Scales, F.M., 504. ScaUone, C.C.,206. Scatchard, G., 13. Schaal, A. A., 174, 671. Scbaffer, J. M., 413. Schaffnit, E., 47. Schalk, A. F., 81. Schamberg, J. F., 679. Schanz, F., 224. Schenk, P. J., 236. Scherer, J. A. B., 894. Schermerhom, L. G., 837. Scherrer,J. B.,696. Schindler, L. M., 190. Schlatter, F. P., 641. Schleusser, O. W., 138. Schmaltz, J. H., 124. Schmeisser, H. C, 483. Schmid, H., 610. Schmidt, C.L. A., 504. Schmitz, H., 651. Schmitz, N., 500. Schneider, A., 538, 749. Schneider, E. E., 644. Schneider, P., 438. Schneller, M. A., 114. Schnitzler, 639. Schoder, E. W., 282. Schoenleber, F. S., 499, 578. Schoenmann, L. R., 20, 621, 723. Schoevers, T. A. C.,649. Schofield, F. W., 581, 582. Schollenberger, C. J., 711. Schorger, A. W., 144. Schomagel, H., 480. Schreiber, A. F., 733. Schrenk, A. von, 687. Schrenk, H. von, 46, 687. Schroeder, E. C, 881, 883. Schroeder, J., 414. Schroeder, J. P., 325. Schultz, E. S., 249. Schultze, W., 257. Schulze, B., 218. Schumacher, H., 263. Schurig, O. R., 490. Schwarze, C. A., 250. Schweis, G. G., 53. Schweizer, K., 412. Scoates, D., 190. Scobey, F. C, 281. Scott, J. H., 19. Scott, J. P., 196. Scott, L. B., 537. Scott, P. R., 560. Scott, V. E., 95. Scotti, G. B., 880. Sco\-ille, R. I., 797. Scrimgeour, J., 45. Scull, R. S., 695.- Seal, J. L., 348. Sears, F. C.,494. Seaton, L. F., 397, 400. Seaton, R. A., 188. Seaver, F. J., 659. Secrest, E., 745. Secr6tain, C, 751. Sedgwick, T.E., 292. Seeley, D. A., 719. SeideU, A., 314, 864. Seidler, L., 122. Seifert, O., 354. Seifert, W., 801. Selby, A. D., 396, 740. Sell, R. A., 859. Semichon, L., 452. Sen, J. N., 463. Sergent, E., 356, 755. Severin, S., 515. Severson, B. O., 667. Severy, H. W., 194. Sewell, M. C, 197. Shackell, L. F., 4C. Shamel,A. D., 141, 241, 537, 741, 743, 842. Shannon, R. C, 255, 553. Shantz, H. L., 225. Shaper, B. W., 797. Shapleigh, B. E., 497. Shapovalov, M., 49. Sharp, D., 151. Sharp, L. T., 117. Shaw, C. F., 197. Shaw, F.J. F., 318, 448. Shaw, H. B., 450, 522. Shaw, N., 509. Shaw, P. E., 419. Shaw, S. B., 184. Shaw, W. M., 413. Shear, C. L., 240, 24C, 545, 548. Sheather, A. L., 382 Shedd, C. K., 400. 916 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 30 Sheets, E. W., 167. Shelb, S. H., 559. Sheppard, A. L., 563. Sheppard, C. W., 599. Sherfesee, W. F., 44, 347. Sherman, H. C, 13, 315, 316. Sherman, J. M., 611, 622, 875. Sherman, L. K., 186. Sherrard, G. C, 232. Sherwood, N. P., 381, 878. Shibata, K., 329. Shireore, T. O., 657. Shirras, G. F., 92, 291. Shive, J. W., 31, 328. Shoesmith, V. M., 695, 734. Shorey, E. C, 299, 621. Shoup, G. R., 75, 97, 195, 373, 396, 473, 498, 693. Shoup, Mrs. G. R., 75, 97, 195, 373, 396, 473, 498, 693. Shreve, F., 27. Shull,A.F.,252. Shull, C. A., 319. Shulov, I., 136. Shunk, V. D., 724. Shutt, F. T., 19, 24, 26, 27, 37, 63, 65, 86, 120, 793. Shvetsov, K. N., 712. Sibbald, H. G., 659. Sibley, J. L., 94. Sidener, C. F., 203. Sidorin, M. I., 633. Siebert, 637. Siegler, E.H.,858. Sihler, C. J., 675. Sill, W. H., 446. SUva, P. da, 654. Silveira, A. A. da, 346. Silvester, R.W., 295. Silvestri, F., 754, 759. Simmermacher, W., 438, 439. Simmonds, N., 60, 61, 62, 360, 361, 560. Simmons, R. C, 590. Simon, I., 276. Simonsen, W. E., 85. Simpson, F. M., 164. Simpson, H. H., 168, 470. Simpson, O. G., 696. Sims, J. S., 19, 418. Singleton, W. M., 673. Sinkinson, E., 504. Sirks, 700. Sisson, W. R., 665. Skalweit, B., 594. Skinner, G. R., 599. Skinner, J. H., 564, 568. Skinner, J. J., 124, 214, 424, 731. Skinner, W. W., 809. Sladen, F. W. L., 58, 158, 669. Slater, L. C, 415. Sleight, R.B., 583, 783. Sloan, S. L., 638. Smalley, H. R., 191. Smart, T., 696. Smies, E.H.,621, 721. Smith, A. H., 466. Smith, A. M., 824. Smith, B., 797. Smith, C, 381. Smith, C. E., 55. Smith, C. M., 313, 412, 501. Smith, C. 0., 352, 452, 453, 541. Smith, C. P., 442. Smith, E. B., 684, 788. Smith, E. F., 46, 747. Smith, E. H., 451. Smith, E. M., 345. Smith, F. H., 196. Smith, G. B. L., 599. Smith, G. E., 313. Smith, G. H., 800. Smith, G. 0., 484. Smith, G. P. D., 750. Smith, G. S. G., 256. Smith, H., 702, 703, 745. Smith, H. C, 663. Smith, H. E., 25.5. Smith, H. G., 45. Smith, H. S., 53, 757. Smith, J. B., 98. Smith, J. F., 493. Smith, J. G., 295. Smith, J. H., 735. Smith, J. M., 123. Smith, J. W., 298. Smith, K., 167. Smith, L., 252, 332. Smith, L. B., 455. Smith, L. R., 337. Smith, 'M. J., 99. Smith, O. C, 504,713. Smith, O. H., 696. Smith, r. H., 667. Smith, R. E., 545, 849. Smith, R. G., 814. Smith, S., 428. Smith, T., 600. Smith, T. L., 488. Smith, T. 0., 729. Smith, W. B., 506. Smith, V/. v., 483, 780. Smith, Z.M., 895. Smith-Gordon, L., 689. Smoll, A.E., 765. Smulyan, M. T., 197. Smyth, E. G., 753. Snapp, R. R., 595. Snodgrass, M. D., 469. Snodgrass, M. S., 435. Snowden, R. E., 187. Snyder, J. M., 620. Snyder, T. E., 758. Snyder, W. P., 797. Somerville, 447. Sommer\nlle, W., 552, 600. Sorauer, P., 150. Souchen, A., 894. Soule, A. M. G., 159, 467, 563. Spafiord, R. R., 417, 695. Spaflord, W. J., 441. Spangenberg, M., 438. Sparks, M. E., 600. Spaulding, P., 548. Speare, A. T., 757. Spears, H. D., 268. Speight, R., 220. Spelman, J., 894. Spence, E. R., 98. Spencer, A. P., 88, 835. Spencer, D. A., 765. Spiegel, L., 411. Spillman, W. J., 227, 297, 600. Spinks, G. T., 750. Spitzer, G., 567. Splendore, A., 852. Spooler, C. A., 762. Spragg, F. A., 335, 338, 734, 735. Spring, F. G., 345. Staa, H. van, 578. Stage, H. H., 856. Stahl, J. L., 97, 195, 498, 693. Stakman, E. C, 146, 246. Standfuss, R., 509. Standish, L. M., 630. Stanford, E. E., 245. Stanley, F. W., 784. Stanley, L., 700. Stanton, E. M., 384. Stanton, T. R., 735. Staples, W. D., 291. Starcher, G. C, 196. Starr, C. G., 192. Stau, B., 469. Stauffacher, H., 278. Stead, A., 429. Stebbing, E. P., 143. Stebbins, M. E., 722. Stedman, J. M., 194, 195, 795. Steensma, F. A., 412. Steflen, M., 674. Stephansen, E., 617. Stephansky, V. K., 356. Stephens, D. E.,830. Stephens, F. B., 696. Stephens, J .W. W.,152. Sterling, E. A., 46, 590. Stevens, A. W., 19. Stevens, F. L., 452. Stevans, H. P., 843. Stevens, J. C, 586. Stevens, N. E., 548. Stevenson, J. A., 800. Stevenson, W. H., 619, 623. Stewart, C. L., 892. Stewart, F. C, 530. Stewart, G., 638. Stewart, J. T., 186. Stewart, R., 299, 423, 487. Stewart, V. B., 351, 750. Stiles, C. W., 662. StUes, W., 731. Stlmson, R. W., 198, 895. Stitt, E. R., 574. Stockberger, W. W., 127, 827. Stockdale, F. A., 200. Stockman, S., 580. Stoddard, E.M., 39, 52. Stoklasa, J., 631. Stol'gane, A. A., 630. Stolhane, A. A., 630. 1917] INDEX OF NAMES. 917 StoU, A., 632. Stone, C.E., 491. Stone, G.E., 419, 431, 842. Stone, H. B., 384. Stone, J. A., 158. Stone, P. M., 536. Stone, R.E., 246, 360. Stone, R. W., 124. Stone, "W. C, 296. Stookey, E. B., 97, 195, 396, 425, 498. Storey, G., 348, 857. Storm, A. V., 895. Stouder, K. W., 85. Stout, A. B., 523. Strahan, C. M., 187. Stratton, W. T., 597. Strauss, J. F., 155. Street, J. P., 627, 663. Strickland, C, 479. Strickland, E. H., 456, 552. Strickland, G. G. 20. Strong, J. r. A., 653. Strutt, E. G.,700. Stuart, C. P.O., 241. Stuart, W., 798. Stubblefleld, B. M., 413. Stubblefleld, G., 184. Stubenrauch, A. V., 397. Stuckey, H. P , 344. Studhalter, R. A., 99. Stupart, R. F., 510, 617. Sturtevant, 302. Sturtevant, A. P., 98. Sturtevant, G., 142. Subramania Aiyer, P. A., 116. Sugiura, K., 80, 576. SulKvan, M. X., 464, 502. Sunder^ille, E., 676. Sundwall, J., 763. Surface, F. M., 826, 834. Sutherland, B., 428. Sutton, L. F., 697. Swaine, J. M., 659. Swann, H. K., 251. Swann, W. F. G., 419. Swanson, C. O., 115, 201. Sweeney, M. E., 195, 700. Sweet, A. T., 812. Sweet,E. A., 460. Sweet, G., 883. Sweet,J. E., 562. Sweet, W. L., 796. Swezey, O. H., 257. Swingle, D. B., 849. Swingle, W. T., 241, 433. Sydow, H., 647. Sydow, P., 647. Syme, 501. Sjrmons, C. T., 466. Symons, S. T. D., 678. Szfll, L., 136, 633. Tabusso, M. E., 779. Taft, L. R., 194. Taggart, G. R.,874. Takahashi, Y., 148. Takayama, S., 419. Tallman C, 290. Taluqdar, J. M., 233. Tammes, T., 434. Tanberg, A. P., 13. Taruffl, D., 393. Tatham, G. T. P., 687. Taubenhaus, J. J., 250, 251, 544. Taylor, A. E., 20, 511, 723. Taylor, D. J., 294, 599. Taylor, F., 191, 493. Taylor, F. H., 858. Taylor, F. W., 739. Taylor, G., 19, 209. Taylor, G. B., 562, 663. Taylor, J. L. B., 446. Taylor, M.G.D., 374. Taylor, T. U., 384. Taylor, W. A., 503. Tchirikov, T. C., 728. Teesdale, C. H., 46. Teeson, E. A., 762. Teetgen, A. B., 743. Tempany, H. A., 200. Templeton, G. S., 563. Tenani, M., 718. TenBroeck, C, 682. Teodoro,G.,655. Tharp,W.E.,619,721. Thatcher, R.W., 197. Thayer, P., 237, 341, 742. Theobald, F. v., 152, 253. Thorn, C, 130. Thomas (Miss), 595. Thomas, A. O., 597. Thomas,A. W.,710. Thomas, H. E., 599, 649, 696,750. Thomas, H. H., 535,639,643. Thomas, L.M., 533. Thomas, M.,722. Thompson, C, 723. Thompson, C.C, 20. Thompson, C. W., 894. Thompson, G.E., 38. Thompson, J. I., 171. Thompson, M. J., 785. Thompson, R. C, 39, 640. Thompson, W. C, 869, 884. Thompson, W. H., 263. Thompson, W. R., 858. Thompstone, E., 830. Thomson, E.H., 593. Thomson, S. M., 443, 841. Thome, C. E., 38, 297, 820, 893. ThSmer, W., 42i. Thrams,W.D.,502. Throckmorton, R. I., 115. Thrun.W. E.,16. Tiemann, H. D.,809. Tiller, R. J., 548. Tillman, B.W., 20. Tisdale, W. H., 49, 748, 749, 845. Titus,E. G.,100, 197. Tobey,E.R.,98. Toda, 586. Todd, A., 378, 477. Todd, A. R., 561. Todd, C, 779. Todd, L. C, 880. Todd, W. E.G., 653. Tolley, H. R., 718, 719. Tolman, L. M., 661, 864. Tol'skSt, A., 510. Tolsky, A. , 510. Tolstrup, M. R., 674, 877. Tongco, G.C. y,231. Torrance, F., I79, 275, 478. Torre, G. D., 477. Torre Bueno, J. R. de la, 550. Totani, G.,265. Toth, A. de, 574. Tothill, J. D., 456. Totten, H. R.,645. Tottingham, W. E., 23, 217, 692, 731. Tourney, J. W., 96, 243. Tower, W. v., 800. Townsend, C, H, T., 255, 256, 553, 554. Townsend, C, O., 197. Townsley, T. S. , 695. Traaen,A, E.,513. Trabut, L.,149, 742. Tracy, J. E.W., 798. Tracy, S.M., 297. Trag&rdh, I., 853. Traube,J.,29. Traum, J.,82, 383, 474. Travelbee, H. C.,542. Treheme, R. C, 456, 457, 657. Trensch, M.,674. Trescot,T. C.,300. Troop, J., 753. Trouard-RioUe, 130. Troussoff, A.,622. Trowbridge, C. C., 129. Trowbridge, P. F., 300. True, A. C., 393. True, J. B., 885. True, R. H., 127, 128. Truelle,A.,444,717. Truninger, E., 426. Truog, E., 626. Trusov, A.,115,622. Trusova, N. P.,646. Trussoflf, A., 115. Tufts,"\V. P.,139, 796. Tullgren, A., 857. Tully, W. H., 500. Tunnicliff , R., 678. Tupper,W. W.,222. Turconi, M., 251. Turner, B.B., 201. Tinner,!. D., 268. Turner, W.F., 356. Tumor, C, 290, 595. Turp, J. S., 624. Twiss, B. O., 194. Udall, D. H., 675, 676. 881. Ugarte, J. P., 142. Uhler,W, D.,90. Underbill, B. M., 80, 880. Underbill, F. P., 161, 162, 164, 764. Upson, F.W., 421, 862. Urbahns, T. D., 256, 259, 759. Urbain, G., 780, 782. 918 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOKD. [Vol. 36 Vageler, H., 520. VaUlard, 181. Valentine, G. M., 574. Valine, 581. Valvassori, V.,319. VaaAlstine, E.,20,619. VanAtta, D. R.,740. Vanatta, E.S.,511,812. Vance, J. H., 384. van den Broek, M., 236. Van der Bijl, P. A., 48, 247. VanderByl,P. A.,4S,247. Van der Haar, A. W., 713. van der Laat, J. E., 141, 452. Van der Lek, H. A. A., 847. Van der Linden, T., 415, 716. van Drent, E., 141, 737. Van Duyne, C, 620, 621. Van Duzee, E. P., 253, 550. Van Dyke, E. C, 796. Van Es, L.,81. Van Fleet, W., 645. van Harreveld-Lako, C. H., 219. Van Helten, W. M., 324. Van Hook, J. C, 645. Van Leersum, P., 538. Van Metre, R., 46. Van Ormun, J. L., 186. VanRijn, J. J. L.,291. Van Scoyoc, H. S., 285. Van Slyke, L. L., 299. Van Staa, H., 578. Van Wisselingh, C, 501. Van Zwaluwenburg, R. 11., 354. VanZyl,J. P., 720. Vaughan, R. E.,249. Vayssifere, P., 355. Vedder, E. B.,264. Velu, 483. Velu, H., 755, 857. Verri^re, H., 687. Verteuil, J. de, 141, 537. Viala, P., 651. Viereek, H. L., 259. Vignolo-Lutati, F., 809. Villard, V., 641. Vinal, W. G., 395. Vincent, G.E.,98. Vintilescu, J.,109. Virgilii, F., 392. Vital, E., 895. Voegtlin,C., 464,865. Voelcker , J . A ., 517, 518, 519, 520. Vogt, P. L., 92, 491. Vogu6, (Marquis) de, 300. Voitkevich, A., 475, 506, 511. Volch, W. H., 535. Voorhees, E. B., 119. Voorhees, J. H., 119. Voorhies, E.G., 173, 369. Voronikhin, N. N., 245. Vriens, J. G. €., 852. Vries, H. de, 222. Vrijburg, A., 578. Vrooman, C., 298, 410, 675. VuiUet, A., 355. Vuk, M., 466. Waddell, N., 100. Waggaman, "W. H., 17. "Wagner, P., 217. Wagner, R. J., 541. Waid, C. W., 535. Waid, E. D., 295. Wakeman, A. J., 862. Waksman, S. A., 21, 214, 221, 422. Waldron, R. A., 696. Walker, E., 196. Walker, F. F., 79. Walker, G. B., 471. Walker, J. T. A., 379. Walker, L. S., 822. Walker, S.S., 725. Walker, W. B., 190. Wall de Kock, G. van de, 252. Waller, A. D., 732. WaUer, A. M., 732. Waller, O. L., 88. Walpole, G. S., 111. Walsingham, F. G., 445. Walters, E. H., 12. Walters, J. A. T., 230, 236. Walters, J. D., 390. Walton, C. F., jr., 266, 865. Walton, R. C, 50, 149. Walton, W. R., 252, 254, 359. Wang, CO., 362. Warburton, C. W., 198, 798. Ward, A. R., 280, 884. Ward, J. M., 888. Ward, R., 637. Warren, G. F., 2, 298, 696. Warth, F. J., 323. Washburn, F. L., 652. Washburn, H. J., 779. Washburn, R. M., 558, 559. Washburn, W. F., 206. Watanabe,C. K., 163. Waters, H. J., 193, 195. Watkins, W. I., 721. Watson, E. A., 179, 275. Watson, E. B., 420. Watson, J. R., 459. Watson, W. J., 285. Watts, F., 735. Waugh, F. A., 695, 791. Way, A. E., 139. Weatherwax, P., 430, 524. Weaver, I. A., 589. Weaver, O. W., 98. Webb, J. L., 359. Webb, W. L., 285. Webber, H.J. ,5. Webber, W. W., 98. Weber, F., 224. Webre, S. J., 387, 388. Webster, A. D., 544, 746. Webster, A. L., 186. Webster, R. L., 550, 655. Weed, C. M., 152, 394. Weeks, A. D., 899. Wehrbein, H., 85, 280, 478. Weiant, A. S., 871. Weightman, R. H., 419, 718, 719. Weigmann, H., 674. Weil, R., 677. Weir, J. R., 651, 652, 752, 753. Weir, W. W., 584. Weiss, F, E., 628. Weiss, H. B., 54, 152, 252, 550, 551,555. Welch, E. G., 143. Weld, I. C, 874. Wells, C. A., 367. Wells, H. G., 164. . Wells, S. D., 17. Welty, E., 595. Wenholz, H., 439. Wentworth, E.N.,371. Werenskiold, N., 87. Werkenthin, F. C, 434. Wery, G., 640, 646. Wessels, P. H., 327. Wessling, H. L., 506. Wesson, L. G., 805. West, R., 381. Wester, D.H., 503. Wester, P. J., 641, 642, 643, 851. Westerdijk, J., 600. Weston, R. S., 87. Westover,H. L.,95. Wetmore, A., 455. Whedon, J. T., 537. Wheeler, H. J., 2. Wheeler, R., 700. Wheeler, W. A., 798. Wheeler, W. M., 600, 859. Wheeler, (Mrs.) W. M., 762. Whelan, A. J., 441. Whetzel, H. H., 540. Whipple, O. B., 231, 236. Whistler, J. T., 282, 283, 385, 485, 583. Whitcher, G. H., 895. White, A., 197. White, E. A., 539. White.E.C, 641. White, E.N., 700. White, F.M., 687. White, G. F., 659. White, G. G., 100. White, R. G.,779. White, W., 275. White, W. H., 153. WTiitehead, T. A., 652. Whitfield, F. M., 187. Whitman, R. B., 287. Whitmore, W. G., 99. Whitney, M., 210, 323. Whitson, A. R., 422, 723. Whittier, A. C, 79. Whittle, C. A., 599. Wickson, E. J., 237. Wickware, A. B., 179, 275. Wiegand, K. M., 596. Wiesner, J. von, 628. Wig, R. J., 286. Wigley,C. G.,892. Wilcox, E. A., 562. Wilcox, E.V ., 296. Wilcox, H. L., 383. 1917] INDEX OF NAMES. 919 WUd, L. J., 322, 622. Wilder, L.B., 142. WUdermuth, V. L., 55, 658. Wiley, H. W., 63, 299. Wilkinson, A. E., 236. Williaman, J. J., 317. Williams, A. D., 284. Williams, B., 321. Williams, C. B., 196, 323, 532. Williams,C. G. ,396. Williams, C.L., 753. Williams, F.E., 284. Williams, G.S., 282. Williams, I. C, 44. Williams,!. L., 365. Williams, L.R., 474. Williams, L. T.,556. Williams, M.B., 887. Williams, O.E., 875. Williams, R.R. 314. Wmiams, W. L., 82, 675, 676, 777. Williams, W.W., 383. Williamson, C.C, 762. Williamson, R. T., 360. Willis, M. A., 649. Willits,R.L.,546. Wms,J. G.,579. Willstatter, R.,127,632. Wilson, C. P., 99. 416. Wilson, E.H., 446, 539. Wilson, F. A., 446. Wilson, F.T., 822. Wilson, G.W., 149. Wilson, H.C., 441, Wilson, I. D., 100. Wilson, J. H., 336. Wilson, J. K.,848. Wilson, N. K.,675. Wilson, R.M., 735. Wilson , W . , 401 , 410, 703. Wiltberger, P. B.,500. wntshire,S. P.,749. Wimer, D.C.,722. Windisch,K.,176. Wlnkjer,J. G.,561. Winn, A. F., 456. Winslow, C. E. A., 419, 575. Winslow.C. P.,46. Winslow, F.G.B., 560. Winslow, J. R., 695. Winslow, K.,675. Winston, R. A., 420. Winter,©. B.,14. Wintersberger, J., 180. Wirt,G.H.,44. Wise.L.E., 12, 467,468. Wisker,A.L.,51. Wisselingh, C. van, 501. Withers, W. A., 494. Woglum,R.S.,55,97. Wohack,r. ,808. Wojtkiewicz, A. , 475, 506, 511. Wolbach,S. B.,576,577. Wolcott,G.N.,252. Wolf, F. A., 450, 452,848. Wolfe, T.K., 335, 637. Wolff, A., 674. Wolff, J., 127. Wolkoff, M. I.,21. Woll,F.W., 170, 173,369. Wollaston,T.C.,844. Wood, B.S., 294. M'ood,F.,263. Wood, M.D., 599. Wood,W. B.,358. Woodbury, C. G.,640. Woodbury, T.D., 447. Woodhead,G.S.,82. Woodhouse, E. J., 254. Woodin, G.C.,500. Woods, A. F.,295. Woods, C. D., 297, 563, 728. Woodward, S. M.,186. Woolsey, T. S.,jr.,143. Works, G. A., 198. Worle, 147. Wormald,H.,751. Woronichin, N. N., 245. WorsdeU, W. C, 430. Worsham, W. A., jr., 812. Wriedt,C,,371. Wright, A. H., 828. Wright, A.M., 261. Wright, B.B., 562. Wright, C.H., 319. Wright, H.H., 419. Wright, R.C., 197, 524. Wright, R. P., 291. Wright, W.R., 826. Wrightson,J.,100. Wulzen, R.,468. Wunderbaldinger, S., 762. Wynne, S.W., 346. Wysor,R.J.,625. Yampolsky, C.,522. Yanovsky,E.,12. Yeager,A.F.,237,239. Yingling, H. C.,55. Yoder, P. A.,835. Yoshida, S.,577. Young, A. W., 166. Young, F. D., 19. Young, H.D., 642. Young, W. J., 796. Youngblood, B.,2,765. Yuncker, T. G., 525. Zade, 231. Zalygin,G. I.,713. Zapparoli,T. V.,233. Zaprometov, N. G. , 647. Zavalla, J. P.,717. Zavitz, C. A. , 531, Zentmire,Z.,562. Zetek,J.,460. Zhemchuzhnikov, E. A., 631. Zimmerman , J. G., 399. Zimmermann, H., 334. Zinsser, H., 81. Zitkowski, H. E.,835. Zon,R.,143. Zook, L. L.,439. Zuntz, N. 563. Zunz, E.,276,575. ZwaluwenbuTg, R. H. van, 354. Zwick,W.,478. Zly, J. P. vm, 720. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the publi- cations of the respective State experiment stations; "Alaska," "Guam," "Hawaii," and "P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada; and "U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Abac4— culture experiments 229 fiber, anatomy of 229 standard grades 634 Abbatoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.) Abbotana clemataria, studies, Mass 54 Abderhalden reaction, studies 380, 381 Ablerus— clisiocampx, notes 556 perspeciosus n.sp., description 259 Abortion- contagious, control in England 275 contagious, dissemination 277 contagious, in Canada 179 contagious, in cattle 82, 383, 675, 676, 680, 881, 882, 883 contagious, in cattle, U.S.D.A 883 contagious, in cattle, immunity 481 contagious, transmission by milk 480 infectious, in cattle, Ind 777 infectious, in mares, Ky 780 infectious, in swine 483 Abscission in plants 225 Absorbents, eSect on soils 214 Absorption, review of investigations 622 Acacia — descriptive notes 45 of Australia, description 844 Acetaldehyde in grape must 801 Acetic acid — efifect on calcium phosphate 712 effect on hemolytic reaction 878 r61e in digestion 763 Acetone, effect on hemolytic reaction 878 Achorcutes armatum, remedies, N.J 854 Achrysocharelloidea, occurrence in North America 557 Acid phosphate. (See Superphosphate.) Acidimetry, indicator for 13 Acidosis, effect on creatin elimination 161 Acids- absorption by plant tissue 433 amino. (See Amino acids.) effect on germination of seeds 29 effect on lime requirement of soils, Mich . . 210 fatty, determination 673 localization in fleshy fruits 110 mineral, action on natural phosphate rock 711 organic, action on pepsin 763 role in digestion 763 volatile, determination in wine 112 volatile fatty, determination 506 Page- Acorns, germinating 242 Acridiidse injurious in north Georgia 252 Acroajstis batatx, studies, Del 544 Actinomyces scabies, studies 847 Actinomycetes — as affected by inorganic salts 526 function in soils 518 Actinonema rosx — notes 348 treatment, Can 453 Adams Act, decade of work under 301 ^cidium spp., telial stages 245 Aedes, new, of California 552 Aerological station, Drexel, U.S.D.A 419 African coast fever, blood observations in 479 Agar— for bacteriological use 131 nutritive value and use 864 sources, preparation, and composition. . . 716 Aggregates, nonhomogeneous, specific gravity 683 Agricultural- and mechanical society of South Carolina, history 688 arithmetic, textbook 597 bank of Philippines 689 chemistry. (See Chemistry.) clubs, decUne in Oklahoma 94 colleges, laws concerning, U.S.D.A 598 colleges, organization lists, U.S.D.A 794 colleges, treatise 791 colleges, workandexpenditures, U.S.D.A. 794 (See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) cooperation in Bengal 593 cooperation in Bihar and Orissa 290,689 cooperation in Denmark 392 cooperation in United States 689 cooperation in Vermont 92 credit in Ajmer-Merwara 392 credit in British India and Dutch East Indies 493 creditin California 593 credit in France 894 creditin North Carolina 289 credit in Tuscany 392 credit in United States 289, 688, 689, 894 credit in United States, U.S.D.A 894 development in northern Ontario 697 economics. (See Rural economics.) education — boys' and girls' club work in 297 for women 793 in Argentina 895 921 922 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Agricultural— Continued. Page, education — continued, in Canada 793 inChma 799 in Gold Coast 896 in Great Britain 595,798 in India 896 in Massachusetts 93 in New South Wales 292 in Nova Scotia 193 in Philippines 495 in Saskatchewan 291 in Scotland 394 in Victoria 292 in Wales 495 institutions in Sweden 690 purpose 193 vocational, in United States 701 (See also Agricultural instruction.) engineering, bibliography 400 experiment stations. (See Experiment stations.) experiments, coordination of effort in 7 extension and experiment stations, rela- tion 498 extension in Alberta 698 extension in high schools 293, 595 extension in Netherlands 95 extension in United States, origin and development 896 extension, school credit for 293 implement sheds, construction 590 implements, data sheets 590 implementsin Argentina 590 implements, purchasing cooperatively ... 290 mstruction— home project work in 896 in Austria and Denmark 895 in Canada 495,690, 793 in Denmark 896 in high schools 594, 691, 895 in high schools of Michigan 692 in Ireland 596 in Michigan 495 in Netherlands 95 in North Carolina 596 in Philippines 292 in secondary schools 691 in western Canada 698 papers on 198 (See also Agricultural education.) insurance in New England, Mass 192 investigation, examples of 306 investigations in Netherlands 95 investigations, physics in 106 investigators, training 101 journals, new 800 laborers in Ireland 791 law in New York 688 lawsin Massachusetts 898 laws in North Dakota 493 legislation, yearbook 393 machinery as affected by European war . . 86 machinery, data sheets 590 machinery in Argentina 590 mechanics in Cambridge University 699 meteorology. (See Meteorology.) Agricultural— Continued. Page. Organization Society, report 392 phosphate. (See Phosphate, insoluble.) production and trade in Great Britain and Ireland 291 production in Austria 291 products, marketing 91, 392 products, marketing in western Canada . . 493 products, prices in Canada 593 products, valuation on dry matter con- tent, U.S.D. A 92 reeducation of soldiers 794 research and experiment 5 research in Canada 793 research in Great Britain 798 research in Scotland 394 resources and opportunities in Vermont . . 290 resources of Georgia 790 resources of Montana 894 resources of Rhode Island 93 schools, drawingfor, U.S.D.A 597 schools in United States 895 schools, purposes and ideals 792 statistics— in Argentina 690 in British India 291 in England and Wales 393, 690 in Finland 894,895 in Galicia and Bukowina 93 in Germany 494 in Ireland 393, 494 m Java and Madura 594 in Kentucky 290 in Missouri 689 in Netherlands 393 in Portugal 690 in Queensland 393 in Russia 594 inSao Paulo 291,690 in Spain 791 in Switzerland 393 in United States 594 in Uruguay 690 tenancy in IlUnois 892 tenancy in the South 893 Agriculture— at American Association for the Advance- ment of Science 2 Department of. (See United States De- partment of Agriculture.) elementary, textbook 692 in Alaska, Alaska 791 in Argentina 689 in Australia 93,791 in California 93 in Canada 791 in Ceylon 393 in Chosen 690 in Denmark 791 in England 594 in England and Wales 789 in Germany 291 in Hawaii 291 in Imperial Valley, Cal 789 in India 494 in Ireland 594 in Japan 594, 690 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 923 Agriculture— Continued. Page. in Latin America 699 in New Zealand 690 in North Carolina 494 in Norway 896 in Pliilippines 93 in Pinar del Rio, Cuba 791 in Portuguese Angola 393 in Scotland 291 in Spain 688 in Sweden 690 relation of eugenics to 92 relation to climate and soils 417 relation to manufacturing in New Eng- land 391 relation to native vegetation in Peru 27 school exercises in 596 science and practice in 2,604 textbook 394 tropical, technical education in 896 Agrilus sinuatus. (See Pear-tree borer, sin- uate.) A gromyza destructor n .sp. , description 658 Agronomy — problems in 197 terminology in 827 Agrotis ypsilon. (See Cutworm, black.) Air- conditioning apparatus, description, Kans 152 upper, of Australia, U.S.D. A 19 (See also Atmosphere.) Akron (Colo.) field station, description, U.S.D.A 33 Alabama College— and Station, notes 196,397 Station, report 693 Alanin in yeast protein 501 Alaska Stations, report 497 Albumin- egg, in baking powders 561 labile, relation to living protoplasm 225 Alcohol— amyljUsein milkfattests 507 determination in fermenta tion mixtures. 50 effect on psychological processes 763 effect on solution of casein by sodium hydroxid 108 substituting for sucrose in fixed diet 364 Alcoholic specimens, keeping 252 Aldehydes in soils, harmful effect 424 Ale, composition, U.S.D.A 864 A leurocanfhus woglumi, remedies 457 Aleyrodidse— classification 755 of British Guiana 252 Alfalfa- composition as affected by maturity and curing methods 201 crown gall, notes 747 crown wart, studies 543 culture experiments 332, 735 culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 131, 132 culturein eastern United States, U.S.D.A 95 culture in Iowa. . , 635 4050°— 17 4 Alfalfa — Continued. Page. culturein New England 335 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 cutworms affecting, Nev 53 diseases, notes 543 ensiling with corn. Can 76 fertilizer sxperiments. Mass 121 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 829 fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 for pigs 370 for pigs, U.S.D.A 133,170,171,767 for sheep, U.S.D.A 169 green manure for, U.S.D. A 133 growth and nitrogen-fixing power on acid soils. Wis 514 growth as affected by alkali, Utah 118 harvesting and shrinkage, U.S.D.A 132 harvesting at different stages, Kans 171 hay, digestibility, N. Mex 470 hay for work horses, Kans 171 hay V. oat straw for steers, Can 269 inoculation 197 inoculation experiments 335 insects affecting 152 irrigation experiments 886 leaf spot, notes, Mich 735 leaf spot, studies 450 meal, analyses, Can 65 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, Ky 258 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, Mich 765 meal, analyses, N.J 157 meal, analyses, Tex 755 root development as affected by clipping 832 seed, inspection in Maryland, Md 442 selection experiments, Mich 735 sickness, notes 541 Spanish, culture and identification 36 transpiration in, U.S.D.A 226 varieties, Alaska 435,436 varieties, Nev 36 varieties, U.S.D.A 133 varieties. Wis 828 white spot, notes. Conn. State 47 wilt disease, description. Can 47 winterkilling, Wis 828 yellow-flowered, studies, U.S.D.A 334 yeUow leaf blotch disease 248 Algae, destruction in drinking water 183 Algaroba tree, culture experiments, P.R 340 Algocyan, notes 202 Alkali— and salt industry, treatise 428 bush ash, analyses 429 destructive action on vitamins 465 effect on creatin elimination 161 production in soils by denitrification 321 salts, effect on crop growth, Utah 118 soils or lands. (See Soils, alkaU.) Alkalimetry, indicator for 13 Alligator pears. (See Avocados.) Allodus, North American species 542 A llograpta obliqua, notes. Me 460 Allspice, germicidal effect, Wis 864 924 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 Almond— Gloeosporium disease, notes 453 leaf and twig curl 647 Almonds- crown gall resistance in 352 pollination, Cal 139 Alternaria sp.— on sweet cherries 452 temperature relations, U.S.D.A 649 Aluminum- dairy utensils, tests 571 determination 203 phosphate, fertilizing value, "Wis 626 Alunite as a source of potash, U.S.D.A 17 A mblyteles putus, notes. Mass 54 Ambrosia beetles Injurious to sal 360 American — Association for the Advancement of Ag- ricultural Teaching 198 Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence 1 Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 194 Association of Medical Milk Commissions . 572 Farm Management Association 297 Road Builders' Association 90 Society of Agricultural Engineers 397 Society of Agronomy 197 Wood Preservers' Association 45 Ameromyzobia aphelinoides n.g. and n. sp., de- scription 556 Ametastegia glabrata as an apple pest, U.S.D.A 461 Amino acids— and carbohydrates, reaction between 412 effect on cobra venom hemolysis 276 in stomach and intestines on vegetable diet 664 Ammonia- absorption by soils 219, 425, 816 assimilation by plants 631,632 determination 413 determination in urine 316 distillation from water 15 distilling, aeration method 504 distribution in soils 425 in peats and humus soils 612 in stomach and intestines on vegetable diet 664 retention by soils 299 Ammonification — in soUs, N.Y.Comell 724 in soils, methods of studying 214 in soils, nature 513 Ammonium — nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 818 nitrate, fertilizing value. Wis 626 salts, effect on solubility of phosphates... 626 sulphate, effect on carnations 446 sulphate, fertilizing value. . 134, 332, 338, 637, 833 sulphate, fertilizing value. Mass 121 sulphate, fertiUzing value, N . J 818 sulphate for arid soils 726 sxilphate for grass land 438 sulphate for sugar cane soils 219 Amaba melcagridis, notes, R.I 782 Amsterdam Colonial Institute, notes 699 A mygdalus nana, drought resistance 734 Amylase in ripening horse beans 526 Amylases — action on soluble starch 315 substrate for testing 310 A nagrus bartheli n. sp., description 857 Analytical methods, editing 299 Anametis granulata, notes, N.Y.State 549 Anaphoidea luna, studies 759 Anaphylaxis — produced by sensitization through vagina 277 studies 677 Anasa andresii, notes 55 Ancylis nubeculana, sindi^s, U.S.D.A 254 Anemia- equine, studies, Nev 79 infectious, inhorses 581 infectious, in New York 676 Anesthesia, effect on hemolytic reaction 878 Anesthetics, effect on permeability of plant tissues 29 {See also Ether and Chloroform.) Animal- breeding, manual 667 diseases, control in United States 675 diseases, diagnosis 575 diseases, dissemination in South Africa. . 678 diseases, immunization 575 diseases in Assam 879 diseases in Bihar and Orissa 879 diseases In Burma 879 diseases in Canada 179, 275 diseases in Egypt 180, 777 diseasesin England 275 diseases in Great Britain 378, 676 diseases in Iowa 777 diseasesin Maryland 777 diseases in Massachusetts 79 diseases in United Provinces 676 diseases, protozoan, notes 880 diseases, transmission by insects 479 diseases, treatise 477, 478 (See also specific diseases.) husbandry, courses in 595 nutrition, subnormal plane. Mo 669 parasites of man, treatise 152, 354 parasitology, treatise 574 production, bibliography 468 species, identification 380 tissues for laboratory examination 676 Animals — classification 411 fur-bearing, laws relating to, U.S.D.A.. . 455 1 aboratory, nutrition of 161 of AustraUa, blood examination 879 (See also Live Stock, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) AnisaTidrus pyri, notes, U.S.D.A 258 A nobium rufipes, notes 853 Anoecia querd, notes 551 A nopheles — punctipennis as a host of tertian Plas- modia) infection 255 punctipennis, infectibility 757 Anopheles, transmission of malaria by 460 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 925 AnoplocephaJaperfcliata, notes 183 Anoplura n. spp., descriptions 552 Anoplura of North American mammals 253 Antennulariella fulginosa n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 245 Anthocyanin markings and cell mutation. . . 222 Anthocyanins, constitution 127 ArUhonomus signatv^. {See Strawberry wee- vil.) A rUhothrips verbasci, parthenogenesis in 252 Anthrax— controlin England 275 diagnosis 676 immunization 675 in Great Britain 378 in man, studies 277 notes 678 notes, U.S.D.A 779 serum, immunity studies, U.S.D.A 577 serum, preparation 779 spores, disinfection in tannin eflBuent 180 symptomatic. {See Blackleg.) Antibodies — nonspecific, passive transference 878 of spores 380 studies 80, 576 A nticarsia gemmatilis, life history 459 Anticyclones in United States, U.S.D.A 718 Antigen and antiserum, simultaneous in- jections 677 Antigenic action of separated horse serum proteins 877 Antiglanders serum, preparation 679 Antineuritic subst ances, isomerism in 314 Antipyrin, periodids of 313 Antiseptics, action on pus and pure cultures . 479 Antitoxins, concentration, 178, 179 Ants- Argentine, control in California 60 control in dwellings 555 white. {See Termites.) Apamea basilinea, notes 552 Apanteles — canarwa?, notes, U.S.D.A 155 sp., notes, U.S.D.A 655 Apatefrancisca, notes, F.R 355 Apheleachus olemtus, description, Conn. State 52 Aphididae- leaf feeding, on pines 459 on apples in Great Britain 253 Aphiochseta xantina, notes 754 Aphig — opena, breeding experiments 253 avenx, notes, U.S. DA 458 gossypii. {See Melon aphis.) malifoUse, studies, U.S.D.A 357 pomi-mali. {See Apple aphis.) pommella n. sp., description 253 sorW, notes, U.S.D.A 357 Aphis- eggs, destruction with hydrocyanic acid gas 551 green, notes, Alaska 457 woolly, studies. Me 755 AphTophoTaparaMela,Ute history, Me 458 Page. A phthomonas infestans, description 278 Aphthous fever. {See Foot-and-mouth dis- ease.) Aphycoideus io, notes 556 Apis rMllifera. {See Bees.) Aplanobacter agropyri n.sp., description 647 Apple — aphids in Great Britain 253 aphids, notes, N.J 854 aphis, banded, remedies, Wis 857 aphis, remedies, N.J 855 aphis, rosy, studies, U.S.D.A 356 bitter pit, relation to irrigation 50 black root rot, description 147 black rot, studies 750 black rot, studies, U.S.D.A 148 blister spot, notes 148 bug, green, studies 457 canker, notes 541 caterpUlar, yellow-necked, notes, Ohio.. . 358 diseases in Tasmania 846 flower wilt and young fruit rot 148 industry in United States, U.S.D.A 536 juice, fermentation 801 leaf rollers, notes 457,855 leaf-sewer, studies, U.S.D.A 254 maggot, notes 856 mildew, notes 541 orchards, cost of establishing 444 orchards, mulching, Ohio 396 powdery mildew, treatment 350 red bugs, food plants 356 red bugs, notes 856 root rot in Virginia 351, 649 rosette, notes 351 rot fungi, temperature relations, U.S.D.A. 649 rot, notes, Conn. State 47 rots, temperature relations 147 scab, notes 347, 647 scab, resistance to 649 scab, treatment 50, 351 scald, studies 148 seed chalcid, studies, U.S.D.A 461 spot disease, description 750 tree tent caterpillar, egg par? sites 656 tree trunks, introduction of solutions into 740 trees, ringing, W.Va 536 wood-stainer, notes, U.S.D.A 258 Apples- advertising 494 alternate cropping 140, 640 as a soiu-ce of alcohol 508 breeding, Md 444 breeding experiments 741 bud development as affected by summer pruning, Oreg 239 cost of production, U.S.D.A 443, 841 crab. {See Crab apples.) crossing experiments 742 crossing experiments, Alaska 442 culttu-e experiments 240 culture experiments, Alaska '443 culture experiments, Mont 237 culture in Canada, Can 742 cultiu-e in Massachusetts 742 districts and varieties, U.S.D.A 536 926 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Apples— Continued. dried, examination 466 dusting and spraying costs 53 dusting r. spraying 351 fasciation in, N.J 837 fruit-spur system, Oreg 239 gross vascular anatomy 140 harvesting and marketing 742 Inflorescence and fruit of , N .H 331 internal structure, Oreg 41 limb and twig disease of, Mich 746 marketing by parcel post, Ohio 742 plant food removed by. Ark 39 pruning experiments, Oreg 237 pruning experiments, W.Va 535 spraying 535 spraying experiments 240 storage 240 varieties, Can 742 winter injury 431 Apricot- leaf and twig ciul, notes 647 scab or black spot, notes 845 seeds, oil content 803 sour sap disease, notes 451 Apricots — dried, examination 466 localization of acids and sugars in 110 Aprostocetus ivhUmani n. sp., description 259 Aqueous solutions, ice crystallizations from, U.S.D.A 419 ArabLnose, decompositon by yeast 609 Arachidic acid, detection 414 A rchips cerasivorana, notes 856 Areca — nut mahali disease, treatment 48 palm disease, notes 348 A rgyresthia conjugella, notes, .\laska 457 Argyrophylai albincha, description 359 A ristida adscensionis, analyses 334 Arithmetic, textbook 597 Arkansas University, notes 694 Armillaria mellea — studies 751 treatment 846 Army worm — fall, notes, U.S.D.A 254 notes, N.J 854 Arrhenal, use against Texas fever 384 Arsenic- detection 203 detection in bees 59 determination 300, 806 determination in Insecticides 299 water-soluble, determination in lead arsenate 715 Arsenical Injury tlirougK bark of fruit trees, U.S.D.A 849 Arsenicals, toxicity, factors affecting 754 Artesian water for irrigation in Montana 486 Artichoke, Jerusalem, as food, U.S.D.A 561 A scochyta ly coper sici on greenhouse tomatoes . 250 Ash- borer, notes 659 determination of alkalinity 204 leaf bug, notes 551 Ashes, weed, effect on tobacco soils 513 Asparagln, formation by lupines 632 Asparagus — breeding for rust resistance, Mass 138 chemical studies. Mass 839 fertilizer experiments. Mass 121, 138, 839 fly, remedies 355 Aspergillus — niger, fixation of nitrogen by 632 niger group, studies, U.S.D.A 130 oryzx, amylase of 13 Aspidiotus — destructor, notes, P.R 355 perniciosus. (See San Jos6 scale.) Association of— American Dairy, Food, and Drug Offi- cials 561, 663 Official Agricultural Chemists 298 A sympiesieUa India n.sp., description 557 Atmometer, porous cup, description 226 Atmosphere- horizontal and vertical movement, U.S.D.A 718 upper, ionization, U.S.D.A 419 Atmospheric — moisture, relation to forests 843 pressure. (See Barometric pressure.) refractionat Mount Hamilton, U.S.D.A.. 19 temperature. (.See Temperature.) Aulacaspis ros,T. (See Rose scale.) Aurora of September 30, 1916, U.S.D.A 419 Auxanometcr, description 226 Auximones, formation 825 A veni spp., classification, N.Y.Cornell 834 Avocados — budded , tests 537 culture in Florida 642 fertilizer experiments 642 freezing-point lowering in cell sap, U.S.D.A 343 history in California 641 oil content, Cal 138 varietal standardization 537 varieties 641 Azotobacter in Hawaiian soils 215 Babcocktest, notes, Iowa 674 Bacillus — abortivo-equinus, studies, Ky 780 abortus in swine 483 abortus lipolyticus, notes 882 abortus, pathogenicity for human beings. 277 amylovorus, investigations, Ohio 50 amylovorus, longevity 50 amylovorus, pear stocks resistant to 51 amylovorus, studies 351 amylovorus, transmission by bees 59 amylovorus, treatment 3-J7 anthracis-symptoviatici and allied organ- isms, gas production by 880 atroscpticus, description, U.S.D.A 648 coli communis, relation to broncho-pneu- monia 384 coli from horse, cow, and man 379 enteritidis, accidental infection by 380 Todicicola of soy beans, studies, N.Y. CorneU 848 1917) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 927 £aa7i!M«— Continued, Page. radkicola, studies 517 solanisaprus, notes, Can 250 sotto, B. alvei, and B. megaterium, iden- tity 380 suipestifer, agglutinins for in hog cholera serum 280 tracheiphilus, studies 249 Bacteria — and plants, symbiosis between 632 as affected by ultraviolet rays 526 chitin and cellulose in 501 colon type, in oat hay 2S0, 580 colon type, in surface water 284 determination in soils 31 diastase and invertase activity 31 effect on soil phosphorus 515 growth in raw and pasteurized niibc 475 in milk, soils, water, etc. (See Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) intracellular digestion 379 nodule, studies 517 pure-line concept 826 resistance to germicides 177 r61e in silago fermentation. U.S.D.A 802 spore-forming, insoils 517 Bacteriology- textbook 130 treatise 177, 574 Bacterium, hydrogen-oxidizing, in swamp soils 1 16 Bacterium — malvacearum, notes 541 malvacearum, studies, S.C 648 mori, studies 751 pitymysi n. sp., description 852 pitHorom, intradermal test, U.S.D.A 884 pyogenes in polyarthritis of swine 280 solanacearum, wild hosts of 245 stewarti, notes 55 tularense in rabbits 653 tumefaciens, resistance of Prunus to 352 tumefaciem, studies 541 Bagasse, fuel value. La 685 Baking- powder, analyses 662 powder, egg albumin in 561 soda, effect on vitamin content of bread . . 465 Balsam bark, use for paper specialties 417 Bamboo — disease, description 251 smut in United States 653 Banana- disease, studies, P.R 352 disease, treatment, P.R 347 diseases, descriptions 452 diseases, notes 46 leaf spot disease, notes 347 rot, notes 449 stalks as a soiu-ce of potash 820 weevil, notes 158 Bananas— nematodes affecting 347 nutritive value 863 Baoanusia africana n. sp., description 260 Barbituric acid as a precipitant for furfural . . 318 Boris torquatus, notes, P.R 354 Barium— Page. " hydroxid solutions, handling 805 in tobacco and other plants 202 removal from brines 809 Bark- louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell scale.) use for paper specialties 417 Barley- analyses , Can 65 bacterial disease, notes, Wis 845 blindness, notes 541 bran, analyses, Mich 765 bread, making 159 chop, analyses, Tex 765 culture experiments, Alaska 436 culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 33,830 culture in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 cultxu'e under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 diseases, treatment 247 diseases, treatment. Wis 845 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 effect on milk production in cows, Cal 173 fall-sown, in Maryland and vicinity, U.S.D.A 736 fertilizer experiments 217, 529, 726 fertiUzer experiments, N.J 818 fertilizer experiments. Wis 626 germination as affected by depth of plant- ing 437 hybridization experiments, Alaska 436 hming experiments. Can JT pollination 527 ratio of grain to straw 218 rolled, analyses, Tex 765 seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 134 seeding in furrows 831 Septoria disease, notes 48 varieties 529, 735 varieties, Alaska 435, 437 varieties. Can 32 varieties. 111 634 varieties, Mich 335 varieties, Nev 36 varieties, U.S.D.A 33, 34, 132, 133, 227, 830 Bam trusses, stresses in 399 Bams, planning 399 Barnyard manure — conservation 723, 817 fertilizing value 217,228,533,833 fertilizing value, Mass 121 fertilizing value, Mich 735 fertilizing value, N.Dak 425 fertilizing value, Ohio 829 fertilizing value, R.I 528 residual effect, Ohio 829 use 817 Barometric pressure, effect on plant growth . . 730 Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Bassus gibbosus, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Bat guanos — analyses and fertilizing value, P.R 325 examination 319 Batrachedra rileyi, notes 56 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Bean— Page. anthracnose, treatment, Mich 748 blight, treatment, Mich 748 diseases, studies, Mich 746 root diseases, studies 248 seedlings, primordial leaves in 221 stem disease, notes, Mich 748 weevil, studies, N.J. 855 Beans— abortiveness in relation to position in pod, N.J 838 Bengal, as a green manure 737 correlation studies 826 culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, P.R 340 culture in Antigua 735 cultiu-ein Porto Rico, P.R 341 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 doubling cotyledons and leaves in 331 field, description and agricultural value.. 635 glucosid formation by 329 inheritance in 729 inheritance in, N.J 839 inheritance of eye pattern in 826 inheritance of shape and size in, Mich 735 limitation studies, N.J 839 microscopic character 714 mutation in 138 nutritive value 68 salicylicacid reaction 63 selection experiments, Mich 735 snap, Sclerotinia blight of, Va.Truck 647 tetracotyledonous race 522 varieties, Alaska 437 varieties, Can 32 velvet. (.See Velvet beans.) weight in relation to number of pods per plant 826 Bedbugs— as affected by cold and starvation, Nev. . 53 destruction with cyanid gas 456 fumigation experiments, Nev 53 notes, U.S. D. A 153 relation to relapsing fever 356 Bee- disease, notes 258 disease, notes, Nev 53 sacbrood disease, U.S.D.A 659 Beech- timber estimating tables for 345 winter foliation 224 Beef- brisket fat, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 changes in during cold storage, U.S.D.A. 769 scrap, analyses. Mass 647 scrap, analyses, Mich 765 Beekeepers' Association of Ontario 659 Beekeeping — in Canada, Can 58, 158 in North Carolina, U.S.D.A 555 treatise 158 Beer, composition, U.S.D.A 864 Bees- arsenic in 59 crossing experiments 258 pollination of plums by , Cal 536 Bees— Continued. Page. pollination of primes by, Cal 536 queen, rearing, Wis 857 relation to fire blight 59 wintering, N.J 855 wintering in Canada, Can 58 wintering outdoors 158 Beeswax of Philippines, analyses 711 Beet- disease, new, in northern France 543 pulp, dried, analyses, Ind 268 pulp, dried, analyses, Ky 268 pulp, dried, analyses. Mass 667 pulp, dried, analyses, N.J 167 pulp, dried, analyses, Tex 765 seeds, germination tests 339 seeds, germination tests, NJ 837 sugar, detection in cane products 112 Beetles- injurious to fruit and flowers 654 longicorn, in Austraha 360 of Philippines 257 Beets— as a source of alcohol 508 cell size in 229 color zones in, N.J 837 fertilizer expenments 217 fertihzer experiments, U.S.D.A 132 field or fodder. (See Mangels.) food value, U.S.D.A 863 pollination studies 522 reducing sugars in 731 sugar. (See Sugar beets.) varieties, N.J 837 varieties, Nev 36 Begonia leaf blight nematode. Conn. State. . . 52 Belladonna, culture, Cal 538 Benzaldehyde, manufacture 300 Benzoic — acid, effect on hemolytic reaction 878 acid, manufacture 300 Benzyl alcohol, utilization by plants 329 Berljeridaceee, oils and alkaloids of. 628 Beriberi- relation to diet 264 re\"iew of investigations 161,363 Bermuda grass, root system 438 Berries, mold on. Wash 195 Berseem as a forage plant 167 Beschalseuche. (See Dourine.) Betel- diseases, notes 348, 449 \-ine leaves, analyses and bleaching 110 Beverages- examination, N.Dak :J62 treatise 63 turbidity 808 Bibio abbrei-iatus, notes 552 Bibliography of— Abderhalden reaction 381 agricultural and industrial education 291 agricultural engineering 400 animal diseases 478 animal parasites of man 152, 354 ammal production 468 biology 366,468 birds of Isle of Pines 653 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 92^ Bibliography of— Continued. Page. Bordeaux mixture, Vt 549 cereal diseases and pests 542 chemistry 600 Coccidae 655 coccinellid larvae 658 colloidal solutions 108 country life, farm, and small town 93 dairying 468 diptera, parasitic 359 dust preventives 188 energy transformations in germinating seed 525 entomological writings of E . T . Cresson . . 759 fertilizers, effect of 446 fiber measurements 345 food supply of Germany 263 food supply of Great Britain 263 forestry education 97 forests of Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 243 gaseous exchange of animals and man 266 gladiolus 643 grape leaf-folder, U.S.D.A 156 grape phylloxera 357 heredity in blue-gray cattle, Iowa 168 housefly dispersion 57 hunger control in health and disease 363 intestinal flora in relation to diet 665 least squares, U.S.D.A 420 light requirements of trees, Vt 242 lipoids in human blood 365 locusts, N.Y.Comell 153 markets 593 markets and food supply 762 microparasites of insects 355 milk as a food 862 milk in infant feeding, Vt 559 milk production cost accoimts 272 Navajo country 485 nematode parasites of mammals 753 nicotin as an insecticide 152 nitrification in semiarid soils, U.S.D.A. . 423 nitrogen nutrition of mold fungi 527 nutritional deficiency diseases 663 oats, classification, N . Y.Comell 834 ornithology, British 251 pellagra 764 Physalospora cydonise, N.Y.Cornell 251 plant nutrition and manuring 114 plant physiology 429 pollination in field crops 527 potash from blast furnaces 625 potash resources of United States 26 potato tuber moth, U.S.D.A 656 pruning, W.Va 536 quebracho 745 redspider, U.S.D.A 557 rinderpest 779 root systems of agricultural plants 827 root tubercles, N.Y, Cornell 848 roots of herbaceous plants 223 ruralsocial surveys 288 Sclerostomidae of horses 280 silage fermentation, U.S.D.A 802 skim milk and whey for calves 877 soil acidity 505 soil fungi 215 Bibliography of— Continued. Page. sterility in fruits, Ga 344 sugar-beet thrips, U.S.D.A 153 sugar cane rind disease 649 sugar utilization by plants 125 sulphur oxidation in soils 821 Syrphidae of Maine, Me 460 tea 241 timothy leaf smut, N.Y.Cornell 543 trees, germination and early'growth 447 tuberculosis, avian 480 uterine diseases in cattle 279 vitamifls 363 water flow in pipes, channels, etc 783 weevils of northeastern America 157 wood-boring crustaceans 46 wood preservation 844 zoology 151 Bighead or osteoporosis in horses 780 Biliary fever. (See Piroplasmosis.) Binocular magnifier 97 Bins, reinforced concrete, construction 687 Biology, general, bibliography 366, 468 BiosUres rhagoletis, notes 259 Biotite as a source of potash 728 Birch-wood dust as a feedmg stuff 563 Birds- attracting, U.S.D.A 151 cecal and liver infections in, R.I 483, 781 dipterous parasites of 359 migratory, protection, U.S.D.A 151 of eastern North America 151 of Isle of Pines 653 of Northern New York, guide 653 of southeastern United States, U.S.D.A. 151 of United States, census, U.S.D.A 151 of West Virginia, food habits 653 relation to mammalian tuberculosis 81 relation to man, treatise 152 Bituminous materials, laboratory manual 586 Blackberries — fertOizer experiments. Mass 121 sterility in, N.C 444 Blackhead— in turkeys 179,384 in turkeys, R.I 484 Blackleg- immunization 578 vaccines, strength and composition 180 Blackseed— for lambs. Can 66 for pigs. Can 68 Blacksmith Fork, Utah, profile survey 583 Blast- furnace slag for acid soils, Ohio 728 furnaces, potash from 625 (BlastobasU) Holcocera iceryxella, notes 56 Blood— and bone meal, analyses, Mich 765 culture media from 676 dried. (.See Dried blood.) fat and sugar content as affected by hy- drazin 164 fluids, role in digestion of bacteria and red blood corpuscles 379 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, N.J 167 930 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Blood— Continued. Page. meal, composition and feeding value 369 of Australian animals 879 pressure, raising 677 proteins, studies 778 samples, collecting and preserving 82 serum, albumin and globulin fractions ... 13 Blowfly larvaj, reaction to light 256 Blue grass- composition and digestibility 469 history in United States 529 Blueberries — breeding experiments, Alaska 443 culture 641 dried, analyses 502 Body- composition, relation to diet and growth. 663 surface and heat production, relation 64 surface area, measuring 64 tissues and fluids, salts of 804 Bog water, toxicity 320 Bollworm. {See Cotton boUworm.) Bombycomorpha pallida, notes 654 Bombyx mori. (See Silkworms.) Bone- chop, analyses, Tex 765 granulated, analyses, Ky 268 granulated, analyses, Mich 765 ground, analyses, Ind 2GS meal, analyses, Mass 667 meal, fertilizing value, N.Dak 425 meal steamed, for arid soils 726 Books on- agricultural arithmetic 597 agricultiu-al colleges 791 agricultural legislation 393 agriculture 39 J agriculture, elementary 596, 692 agriculture in E ngland and "Wales 789 animal breeding 667 animal diseases 477, 478 animal parasites oi man 152, 354 bacteriology 130, 177 bacteriology, blood work, and animal parasitology 574 beekeeping 158 birds in relation to man 152 birds of eastern North America 151 birds of northern New York 653 bituminous materials 586 botany 429 bridges, concrete 285 bulb culture 643 canning and preserving 113 canning of fruits and vegetables 717 cereal foods 560 chemical calculations 411 chemical constitution and physiological action 411 chemistry of the farm and home 692 cherries , 641 church and country life 92 climate of France 610 clothing 497 clothing and health 396 coconuts 445 colloidal solutions 108 Books on— Continued. Page. concrete 188, 285 cotton as a world power 894 country towns 288 crops 692 dahlias 743 diagnosis 412 dog diseases 183 farm animals, feeding 597,666 farm buildings 891 farm mortgages 688 farming 897 federal farm loan system 688 fertilizer industry 124,817 fertilizers 119 field crops for the cotton belt 897 food and nutrition 396, 497 food, beverages, and toilet accessories... 63 food selection 762 food values 663 food supply in England 290 forestry 143, 242, 596 lorestry for rangers and woodmen 446 fruit and vegetables, conservation 615 fruit maiketing 443 Iruit propagation 140 gardening 535, 639, 693, 743, 744 gardening, market 639 gardening, ornamental 142, 143, 639, 643, 644 garden ornaments 644 gas engines 287, 587 gaseous exchange of animals and man 266 geology, agricultural 617 herbs 743 histology, pathologic 674 home economics 497, 598 home economics teaching equipment 396 horseshoeing 182 horticulture 137 household mechanics 891 hunger control in health and disease 363 hydro-electric power 783 insects, injurious 236,355 insects, injurious, in Great Britain 853 lameness in horses 280 land problem in Great Britain 392 Malta fever 382 manures 119 meat curing and sausage making 114 meteorology 509 milk pasteurization 274 milk production cost accounts 271 milk supply of Paris 572 parks 743 pathology, special 378 pellagra 763 pigs, large white English 371 pine-barren vegetation in New Jersey 539 plant anatomy, pathological 46 plant diseases 236,540,645 plant kingdom raw materials 628 plant nutrition and manuring 114 plant physiology 429 plont teratology 430 plants, colonial 142 plants in health and disease 628 poultry 697,668 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 931 Books on— Continued. Page. protozoa, pathogenic 177 roads and pavements 285 roots of herbaceous plants 223 roses 242 rural economics 390 salt and alkali industry 428 salts, crystalllzable, photomicrographs. . . 804 school gardening 693 school lunches 562, 598 serums, vaccines, and toxins 575 sheep diseases 182 smithing and forging 287 soil bacteriology 692 soils 114 sweet peas 643 tea 241 timber laws in United States 644 timber of Great Britain 746 tobacco 142 tree wounds and diseases 544 trees 794 trees of North Carolina 645 tuberculosis, immunization 182 vegetable growing on muck land 236 veterinary therapeutics 675 water flow in pipes, channels, etc 783 water hygiene 686 waterworks 87 wattles of Australia 844 weevils of northeastern America 157 wood preservation 844 woodworking, agricultural 693 Boophilus annulatus. (See Cattle ticks.) Bordeaux mixture- effect on potatoes 147 effect on transpiration from abscised leaves and potted plants, U.S.D.A 454 preparation and use 16 preparation and value, N.H 353 studies, V t 548 Borers, fiat-headed, affecting forest trees, U.S.D.A 554 Boric acid, occurrence in foods 466 Boron, effect on wheat and barley 520 Botanical research at Carnegie Institution. . 327 Botany, textbook 429 Botflies, notes 456 Botor tetragonoloba, notes, P.R 340 Botryodiplodia theobromx, notes 852 Botryosphxria bererigeriana, induced sporula- tion in 752 Botrytis — anthophila n.sp., description 748 cinerea. (Sec Grape gray rot.) parasitica, introduction into United States : 245 sp. on greenhouse tomatoes 250 Botulism, relation to limber-neck in chickens . 681 Boxwood leaf miner, European 551 Boys'— agricultinral clubs in Oklahoma 94 club work manual for rural teachers 294 club work, school credit for 293 clubs, gardening for 496 Brachystola magna. {See Lubber grasshop- per.) Bracken, eradication 740 Bran— Page, analyses. Can C5 determination of smut spores in 46 (See also Wheat, Rye, etc.) Brassicajuncea, studies 22S Bread — as a food 464, 466 black, making 159 determination and distribution of mois- ture in 506 digestibility 661 making, notes 663 making, j^east nutriments in 261 mustiness in 261 substitutes for diabetic patients 560 white, nutritive value 158 Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods.) Brewers' — grains, dried, analyses, Ind 268 grains, dried, analyses, Ky 268 grains, dried, analyses. Mass 667 grains, dried, analyses, Mich 765 grains, dried, analyses, N.J 167 grains, dried, analyses, Tex 765 yeast, nutritive value 864 Brewery products, composition, U.S.D.A ... 864 Brick- mortars, tests 286 pavements, monolithic construction 384 Bridge paints, tests 384,587 Bridges- concrete, specifications 285 inspection and maintenance 386 motor-truck loads for 489 steel, paints for 384 Brome grass— awnless, culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, Alaska 436 cultvure under dry farming 529 Bromin, recovery from laboratory waste liquors 805 Bromoacetylglucose, preparation 313 Bronchitis, verminous, in dogs 676 Broncho-pneumonia, contagious 384 Bronze on bronze, friction coefficients 682 Brooder houses, colony, construction, Ind. . . 770 Broom corn- culture experiments, U.S.D.A 34 dwarf, culture, U.S.D.A 229 varieties, U.S.D.A 133, 831 Brown-tail moth- control 456 control in Massachusetts 843 jBrwcAws— obtectus. (See Bean-weevil.) pisoTum. (See Pea- weevil.) Brush, pulling, piling, and scattering, U.S. D.A 844 Bryophytes, epiphytic, on trees in Denmark. 825 Bucculatrix thurberiella, notes 56 Buckwheat- bran, analyses, Mass 667 chlorin requirement 439 culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 133 feed, analyses, N.J 167 fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 427 932 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 B uck wheat— Continued . fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 hulls, analyses, Ind 268 middlings, analyses, Ind 26S middlings, analyses, N.J 167 offal, analyses, N.J 167 varieties, Alaska 437 varieties. Can 32 Bud moth, lesser, studies 656 Buffalo blood, analyses 779 Bug yi experimental plat, report 830 Building code suggestions 687 Bulbs, culture, treatise 643 Burette support, description 805 Butter- analyses 571 and lard, comparative value for growth. . 160 changes in during storage, Ind 773 creamery, manufacture and marketing, U.S.D.A 275 creamery, marketing, U.S.D.A 776 detection of pigments in 16 factories, management 574 fat. {See Fat and Milk fat.) machine, mechanical, tests 571 making on the farm, U.S.D.A 95 manufacture 574 marketing, Wis 376 mold growth in 176 oily flavor in, Ind 773 shrinkage in cold storage, Cal 176 substitutes for 466 Butterfish, nematodes in 062 Butternut posts, preservation 244 Butyric acid, r61e in digestion 763 Cabbage- club root, notes 541 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 839 maggot, notes 456 maggot, notes, Alaska i 457 root maggot, remedies. Can 657 utilization of sugar by 125 varieties, Mont 237 varieties resistant to Fusarium 248 worm, notes, U.S.D.A 254 yellows, resistant strains, Wis 845 yellows, studies 248 Cacao— brownrot, notes 746 characteristics 642 ctilture experiments 141, 537,642 culture experiments, P.R 343 dieback, notes 550 diseases, notes 46, 347- fertilizer experiments 141, 537 husks for cows. Can 76 insects affecting 457 thrips, notes 550 witches' broom, notes 149, 846 Cachexia, osseous and verminous, in equines. 779 Cactus- culture experiments 332 distribution in relation to soil tempera- ture and moisture 733 slabs, analyses, Cal 173 Cactus— Continued. Page. spineless, for cows, Cal 173 spineless, for lambs, Cal 170 Cajanus indictis, culture experiments 830 Calaphis n. spp., descriptions 357 Calaphls, synopsis 357 Calcium- carbonate, composition and solubility.. . . 713 carbonate, effect on plant growth 22 carbonate, eflect on soil potash, Tex 625 carbonate, effect on superphosphate. . . 325,821 carbonate, role in assimilation of am- monia 631 chlorid, eflect on concrete 286 cyanamid, decomposition in presence of water 426 cyanamid, lertilizing value.. . . 232, 332, 427, 833 cyanamid, fertilizing value, N.J 818 cyanamid, storage 426 cyanamid, use 427 cyanamid, valuation 426 determination 112 determination in ash 317 determination in ash, Iowa 613 determination in presence of phosphoric acid and iron 14 hypochlorite, purifying action on water. . 889 in normal urine 366 insoils, U.S.D.A 621 nitrate, fertilizing value 134, 232, 833 nitrate, fertilizing value, Wis 626 nitrate for arid soils 726 output, urinary and fecal, in normal men. 365 phosphate, decomposition by acetic acid. 712 phosphate in vicinity of Monterey, Mexico 821 salts, effect on solubility of phosphates. . . 626 salts, toxicity in soil 515 sulphate. (See Gypsum.) Calendula officinalis, adventitious buds, N.J. . 837 Calf diseases, notes, U.S.DjV 773 California- Station, report 195 University and Station, notes 397, 796 Caliato archebates, notes 754 Calliphora ert/throcephala, "critical" point for. 265 Calocoris angustatus, life history and control. 857 Calotermes lucifugus attacking grapes 651 Calves- dairy, feeding and management, tJ.S.D.A 773 feeding experiments 370, 567 feeding experiments, Cal. . . .' 369 feeding experiments. Can 75 feeding experiments, Ind 565 variation in weight, Ind 566 Calycanthus occidentalis, volatile oil of 206 Cambridge University, notes 699 Camel diseases in Punjab 680 Camellia japonica, stomata of 223 Camnula pellucida, notes, N.Y.Cornell 153 Campoplex phthorimsese, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Canada Experimental Farms- notes 600,697 report 97 Canals. {See Ditches.) 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 933 Page. Canaries, care and management, U.S.D.A. . . 455 Cane- borer bee tie, studies 257 sugar, distillation 508 sugar, inversion 802 Canine distemper. (See Dog distemper.) Canker, notes. Wash 498 Canned foods, inspection 663 Canning— and preserving, recipes 113 home and farm, Cal 509 industry in New Jersey 689 treatise 717 Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.) Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.) Cape weed, description 639 Capnodium cilricolum, notes 851 Carabaos, immunization in Philippines 881 Caragana/rutescens, drought resistance 734 Carbohydrate distillates, reducing action 15 Carbohydrates— and amino acids, reaction between 412 determination 614 effect on intestinal flora 664 effect on protein metabolism 364 in mangel leaves 125 in potato leaves 126 metabolism, r61e of leucocytes in 265 of Musci 609 specificity 41 1 utilization by green plants 125 Carbon — black, eflect on plant growth,Ala. College. 212 black, effect on soils 214 determination in carbon dloxid 15 determination in soils 15, 711 dioxid, absorption apparatus 805 dioxid and oxygen, effect on nitrogen transformation in soils, N.Y.Cornell ... 724 dioxid, assimilation by plants 632 dioxid, determination in air 806 dioxid, eflect on hemolytic reaction 878 monoxid in kelp 804 Carbureters for burning kerosene 288 Cardiac stimulants, tests 576 Caribou, protection in Alaska, Alaska 791 Carnation- mildew, notes 547 plant bearing flowers of two colors, N.J 837 white tip, notes, Conn. State 47 Carnations, fertilizer experiments 445 Carob pods for skim-milk calves, Cal 369 Carotin — detection in oleomargarine 16 toxicity 164 Carotinoids, plant and animal, relation 411 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.). Carrichtera annua, description 442 Carrots — analyses. Can 65 culture experiments 228 culture experiments. Can 32 food value, U.S.D.A 863 Carthamus tinctorius, studies 228 Cassava— as food, U.S.D.A 561 dieback, notes 541 fertilizer experiments 332 varieties 735 Casein- efficiency for mUk production. Wis 872 heated, nutritive value 160 protein for milk production 671 solution by sodium hydroxid 108 Casaida pallidula, studies, U.S.D.A 57 Castnja therapon in New Jersey 54 Castor beans, culture experiments 830 Catalase — and oxidase reactions, separation 503 relation to oxidase in plant tissue 610 role in plant respiration 329 Catch crops, notes 529 Caterpillar, range, studies, U.S.D.A 55 Cats, destruction of wild life by 653 Cattle— anaphylactic shock due to ox warble ex- tract 478 as affected by excessive wheat feeding. Wis 866 blood meal for 369 blue-gray, inheritance in, Iowa 168 deficiency diseases of 161 disease in Sierra Nevada foothills, Nev.. 79 diseases, diagnosis 676 diseases, report on, U.S.D.A 881 feeding experiments, Kans 167 grazing experiments. Can 270 immunization in Pliilippines 881 insurance in India 290 labor requirements, Minn 790 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning with soy-bean meal 580 pure-bred, in Montana, Mont 470 raising in Alaska, Alaska 469 ticks, control in United States 403 ticks, eradication 777 ticks, eradication, U.S.D.A 95 (See also Ticks.) Cauliflower ring spot, notes. Mass 145 Cauliflowers — mulching experiments, Mont 237 varieties, Mont 237 Caviar, detection of preservatives in 561 Cecidology, science of 456 Cecidomyia oxycoccana, studies. Mass 54 Cedar, western red, leaf disease of 652 Celeriac, food value, U.S.D.A 863 Celery- blights, notes 349 culture in western Washington, Wash. . . 693 late blight, treatment 450 leaf spot, treatment 748 premature seeding, Mont 237 Cell division, physiology of 822 Cellose, acetylated derivatives, optical rota- tory powers 202 Cellulose- decomposition in soils 30 occurrence in bacteria 501 934 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. [Vol. 36 Cement— Page. mills, potash from 625 mortar contaimng lime, tensile strength. . 286 Centaurea spp., drought resistance 734 Centrifuge, use in analytical chemistry Ill Centrosema plumieri as a green manure 324 Cephalothecium roseum, temperature rela- tions, U.S.D.A 649 Cerambycid larvae, determination of abdom- inal and thoracic areas 258 Cerambyx heros^ biology 257 Cercis canadensis, relation between ovules and seeds 628 Cercospora — medicaginis, dissemination 450 mmx, notes 347 raciborskii, notes 348 sp. on grapes 541 sp. on jute 348 vaginx, notes 846 vitiphylla, notes 647 Cereal- diseases and pests, review 542 dust explosions 686 foods, history 560 mildew, notes 846 products, determination of acidity 299 rust in Denmark 247 rusts in South America 542 rusts, studies 542 Cereals — culture in Wyoming 33 determination of smut spores in. 146 disease resistance in, Kans 145 identification 541 spring-sown, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 830 spring-sown, varieties, U.S. DA 830 (See also Grain and specific kinds.) Cereus flowers, self-warming in 226 Cerodonta dor salts, studies, U.S.D.A 256 Ceromasia sphenophori, introduction Into Ha- waii 257 Ceropales foxii n. sp., description 551 Cesspools, construction 892 Ceutorhynchus marginatus, notes 555 Chsetocnema cctypa, studies, U.S.D.A 658 Chxtothynum colchicum n. sp., description 245 Chalcidids, new, from Maryland 556 Chalcis calUphoTx, description 360 Chalepus dorsalis, notes 257 Chalk, use on clay soils 519 Champagne, effervescence 113 Changa, notes 355 Charbon. (See Anthrax.) Charcoals, action on sugar solutions 807 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) Cheese- box, description 874 chromogenic microorganisms of 477 composition and quality 663 curing. (See Cheese, ripening.) Edam, "cracking" of 673 factories, instruction and inspection. Can . 476 gas formation in 673 making e.xperiments in Quebec 574 making in Mexico 574 Cheese— Continued. Page. making in Vermont 877 making, notes, Cal 176 manufacture with definite fat content 176 marketing 378 mold growth on, Cal 176 ripening in relation to fat content 673 robbiola, bacterial flora 477 Swiss, as affected by silage feeding,Wis. . S76 Swiss, imported v. domestic, Wis 876 Cheiloneurus albicornis, description 259 Cheimatobia brumata, notes 754 Chelonus shoshoneanorum, notes, U.S.D.A... . 655 Chemical- calculations, textbook 411 constitution and physiological action, treatise 411 Chemistry- bibliography 600 colloidal, in immunology 178 of the farm and home, textbook 692 Chenopodium oil as a cardiac stimulant 576 Chermes cooleyi, life history 456 Cherries- breeding experiments 741 culture, U.S.D.A 444 culture experiments, Alaska 443 culture, treatise -. 641 localization of acids and sugars in 110 pollination, Cal 139 varieties, Mont 237 Cherry- leaf beetle, notes 856 leaf spot, investigations 149 leafspot,new,in United States 452 leaf spot, treatment. Wis 845 tree trunks, introduction of solutions into 740 worm, ugly nest, notes 856 Chestnut — bark disease in Massachusetts 454 black canker, studies 752 blight, control in Massachusetts 843 blight fungus as affected by taimin,N.J. . 149 blight in Pennsylvania 454 blight , notes 150 blighted timber, cutting out. Conn. State 52 borer, remedies 856 canker, studies, U.S.D.A 548 flakes, preparation and use 367 tree disease in Ard&che 149 Chestnuts, blight resistant 645 Chick pea, culture in India 635 Chicken- blood, dried, analyses, Ind 268 fat, digestibility, U.S. D.A 860 pox, notes. Wash 498 Chickens- feeding experiments 372, 668 feeding experiments, Ind 770 feeding experiments. Miss 373 limber-neck in 681 poisoning with rose chafer 281 (See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.) Chicks— as affected by pituitary substances 468 brooding, W.Va 871 cost of raising, Can 72 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 935 Chicks— Continued. Page. early v. late hatching, N.J 870 growth under laboratory conditions 373 raising onnew land, Mass 173 Chicory— inulin coagulating substances in 127 pollination studies 523 Witloof , forcing 443 Children, light farm work for 496 (See also School children.) Children's gardens. (See School gardens.) Chilies. (See Pepper.) Chinch bug, false, remedies, U.S.D.A 154 Chinch bugs, studies. 111 153 Chitin, occurrence in bacteria 501 Chloramin-T , action on proteins 878 Chlorin in cereals and dry legumes 761 ChloTis — gayana , leaf structure 331 gayana , root system 438 spp. , analyses 334 Chloroform- action on grape must fermentation 801 as a stimulant in soil extracts 815 effect on hemolytic reaction 878 Chlorophyll- relation to magnesium 225 retention in autumn leaves 225 Chlorosis — in plants, U.S.D.A 432 in plants, notes 847 of plants in nutrient solutions 633 Chlorostatoliths, notes 730 Choancphora cucurbitarum, studies, U.S.D.A. 848 Chocolate, microscopical examination 506 Cholesterol- absorption, mechanism 265 addition to fat-deflcient diet 366 Cholus — cattlevarum n.sp., description 360 cattleyx n.sp., description 555 Chondrosamin, isomeric pentacetates of 202 Chortophaga viridifasciata, notes, N.Y. Cornell. 153 Christmas trees, culture and marketing, Ohio. 745 Chrysanthemum- gall fly, notes 59 midge, notes 856 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi — mycosis of 755 pinnuligera, remedies 754 remedies 655 Chrysopidae, feeding habits 552 (JJirysops spp., transmission of fllaria by 86 Church and country life, handbook 92 Chymase in Solanum elsegnifolium 412 Cicada, periodical, notes 856 Cicadas in United States 551 Cicer aTietinum, culture In India 635 Cimez lectularius. (See Bedbugs.) Cinchona — culture 538 culture in Java 643 mopo disease, notes 145 Cinnamomum oliveri, essential oil of 611 Cinnamon, germicidal effect, Wis 863 Citric acid- determination 317 determination in milk 415 Citric acid— Continued. Page. effect on germination of seeds 29 occurrence and determination in wine ... 808 Citronella— grass, fertilizer experiments 332 grass residue, analyses and fertilizing value 417 oil, production 417 Citrus- canker, control in Florida 52, 352 canker, identification 352 canker in Philippines 651 canker, investigations 850, 851 canker, quarantine in United States 245 fruits, bud variations in 538 fruits, culture in Brazil 241 fruits, culture in Brazil, U.S.D.A 743 fruits, fertilizer experiments, Cal 139 fruits, fertilizers for 743 fruits, insects affecting 457, 754 fruits, inspection in Florida 467, 864 fruits, irrigation, U.S.D.A 784 fruits, irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A.. 841 fruits, mulching experiments, U. S.D.A.. 841 fruits, peeling machine for, U.S.D.A 416 (See aUo Oranges, Lemons, etc.) knot, notes 846 mite, description 261 sooty mold, remedies 754 sour scab, studies 352 white fly . (See White fly . ) Cladospormm — carpophilum, notes 649, 751 caTpophilum, studies, U.S.D.A 545 cilri , notes 348 citri, studies 353 cucumerinum, studies 248 Clam shells, crushed, analyses. Can 27 Clams, examination, Me 159 Clastoptera spp., life history, Me 458 Claviceps— paspali, life history and poisonous proper- ties, U.S.D.A 449 sclerotia, toxicity 179 Clemson College, notes 197, 696, 899 Ckonus mendicus, notes 355 Climate — effect on agricultm-e 417 of France 510 of Montana 894 of southeast Russia 510 of western and equatorial Africa 208 relation to agricultural production in Australia 209 relation to desert mountain vegetation . . 27 relation to plant growth 809 (See also Meteorology.) Climatic — index for plants 824 phenomena, frequency curves, U.S.D.A . 718 Climatological data. (See Meteorological ob- servations.) Climatology. (See Meteorology.) ClitOTta cajanifolia as a green manure 324 Clothing— and health, textbook 396 manual.. — 497 936 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Page. Cloud, tower, at San Juan, P. R., U.S.D.A. . 19 Cloudiness in France, U.S.D.A 719 Clover- bur, leaf spot of 450 culture experiments. Can 32 culture on Wisconsin drift soil, Iowa 623 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 diseases in Russia 748 fertilizer experiments 217 fertilizer experiments, Mass 121 fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 growth and nitrogen-flxing power on acid soils. Wis 514 hay, energy value, U.S.D.A 469 irrigation experiments, Nev 35 leaf tyer, identification, Ohio 97 meal, analyses, Mass 667 red, culture experiments, Alaska 435 rotation experiments, Ohio 829 seed, dry and soaked, measurement 339 seed , germination and purity tests 638 seed, inspection in Maryland, Md 442 seed, valuation 638 sickness, studies 348 sweet. (Sec Sweet clover.) utilization of sugar by 125 white, history in United States 529 wilt disease, description, Can 47 Cloves— as affected by storage 562 germicidal effect. Wis 863 leaf spot disease 348 Coal tar dyes— eflect on health 262 separation 714 Coat color. (See Color.) Cobra venom, hemolysis by 276 Coccidae — in Barbados 252 leaffeeding, on pines 459 morphology and physiology 655 CoccinelUd larvae in U. S. National Museum . 658 Coccohacillus acTidioTum,us^ against locusts. 356, 755 Coccomyces hkmalk, studies 149 Coccophagus aleurodki n.sp., description 555 Coccus citricola, remedies 357 Cochylis moth — investigations 355 notes 460 Cockerels, feeding experiments. Can 70 Cockroach, remedies 457 Cocoa, microscopic examination 506 Coconut — bud rot, notes 47,846 butter, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 diseases, notes 46 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, Mass 667 meal, analyses, N J 167 oU, dJgestibiUty, U.S.D.A 860 products as a substitute for butter 466 products, examination 319 toddy in Ceylon 466 Coconuts- fertilizer experiments, P.R 340 handbook , 445 Page. Cod-liver oil, biochemistry 262 Codiaeum flowers, sexual variations in 130 Codling moth— hymenopterous parasites, Nev 53 life history 853 life history, U.S.D.A 756 notes 4.56 remedies 855 remedies. Wis 856 studies, Ind 753 trap, description 858 Coelopisthoidea, notes 556 Coffee— anthracnose, treatment 846 as affected by storage 562 culture and preparation for market 142 culture experiments 141 disease, notes 746 diseases, treatment, P.R 347 Excelsa, culture in Java 241 fertilizer experiments, P.R 343 industry in Java 642 leaf disease , notes 347 leaf weevil, notes, P.R 354 scale insects affecting, P.R 354 transplanting, P.R 342 varieties, P.R 342 Cohoba, studies 734 Cold storage — bibliography 762 effect on fresh beef, U.S.D.A 759 effect on trichinae 680 Coleoptera of Philippines 257 Coleosporiaceae, monograph 647 ColeospoTium solidaginis, wintering 647 College curriculum, change of stress in 393 Colleges. {See Agricultural colleges.) ColletotTichum — otTamerUaTium , notes 544 /afcoium, notes 541 gloeosporioides, notes 851 lagenarium, studies 248 sp. on coffee 846 sp. on Licttala grandis 348 Colloidal solutions, treatise 108 Colon bacilli from horse, cow, and man 379 Color- analysis, reagents used in, U.S.D .A 714 inheritance in sorrel horses 270 Colorado — River basin, profile surveys 784 Station, report 693 Columbia River, aimual rise, U.S.D.A 19 Columbine- leaf miner, studies 57 wilt disease, studies 251 Commimity centers, suggestions for 92 Composts— as an aid to soil building 197 inoculation with soil, Del 516 Concrete — aggregates, specifications 683 as affected by calcium chlorid 286 construction, college instruction in 400 construction, treatise 188 insanitary farm equipment 675 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 937 Concrete— Continued. Page. pavements, design 890 pipe for irrigation 583 reinforcement bars, strength tests 684 slabs, reinforced, tests 788 treatise 285 wear tests 683 Condensers, laboratory reflux, comparison. . . 413 Conifer — leaf cast, studies 52 seedlings, damping off, U.S.D. A 547 seedlings, white spot of 449 Conifers — natural root grafting 144 of Japan 539 Connecticut State Station- notes 499, 899 report 97 Conopid3e, notes 255 Conotrachclus cratsegi. (See Quince curculio.) Contingency, multiple and partial, theories. . 166 Convict labor for road work, U.S.D.A 386 Cookers, flreless, construction and use, U.S. D.A 467 Cookery, history of 497 Cooking— by electricity 763 lessons in 497 Copper- effect on plant growth 520 in green oysters, N.J 861 sulphate, effect on algse in drinking water 183 Copperas. (See Iron sulphate.) Copra cake meal, analyses, N.J 167 Coral sand, examination 319 Cordyceps — clavicipUis n. sp. , description 48 n. sp., notes 153 sp. on flies 360 ( Cordylohia) Stasisia rodhaini, notes 359 Corimelsena ptUicaria. (Sec Negro bug.) Com — and cob meal, analyses, N.J 167 anomalous seeds and bud sports in 134 as affected by Diplodia zex 247 billbug, southern, notes 157 bran, analyses, Ind 26S bran, analyses. Mass 667 bran, analyses, N.J 167 bran, analyses, Tex 765 breeding experiments 735 breeding experiments, N.J 838 chop, analyses, Tex 765 composition at different stages, N.Dak.. 36 cracked, analyses, Ky 268 cracked, analyses, Mich 765 culture, U.S.D.A 95 culture experiments 332, 735 cultiue exi)eriments, Ohio 829 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 132, 133 culture in dry-land regions, U.S.D.A 439 culture in New South Wales 439 culture in North Carolina 95 culture on Wisconsin drift soil, Iowa 623 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 determination of acidity, U.S.D.A 414 Com— Continued. Page. dietary deficiencies 360 distance experiments, Kans I3i distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 drought-resistant strains, Kans 131 dry rot, studies 48 ear characters Ln 197 ear rot, transmission by insects 55 ear worm, dust sprays for 56 feed meal, analyses Ind 268 feed meal, analyses, Ky 268 feed meal, analyses, Mich 765 feed meal, analyses, Tex 765 fertilizer experiments 229, 735 fertiUzer experiments, Ala.College 212 fertilizer experiments , Iowa 623 fertilizer experiments , S.C 832 fertilizer exx)eriments. Wash 425 fertilizer experiments. Wis 626 flea-beetle, desert, U.S.D.A 658 flea-beetle, notes, Ind 753 flowers, morphology 430 for silage, culture experiments, Can 32 Fusarium disease, studies, Iowa 348 germ meal, analyses, Ind 268 germination as affected by depth of plant- ing 437 gluten, protein supplements for 666 grades for, Ky 268 grading 230 green manuring experiments 518 ground, analyses, Can 65 hogging down, Ohio 869 hogging down, U.S.D.A 171,767 improvement in Philippines 629 inheritance of seed characters 521 irrigation, U.S.D.A 439 irrigation experiments 886 kernels, fasciation in 335 leaf miner, studies, U.S.D.A 256 liming experiments 230 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, N.J 167 meal, energy value, U.S.D.A 469 meal, nutritive value as affected by mill- ing 464 nematode infection of 150 nutritive properties 158 oil cake, analyses, Mass 667 plant food removed by, Ark 40 pollination 527 protein, nutritive value 865 protein, supplements for 560 root system 827 rotation experiments, Ohio 829 rotation experiments, R.I 528 sampUng and grading, U.S.D.A 836 seed, preservation 439 seed selection, Utah 638 silage. (See Silage.) stover, frozen, analyses. Can 65 transpiration and photosynthesis 525 transpiration in, U.S.D.A 226 utilization of sugar by 125 varieties 529, 735 varieties, HI 135 varieties, Kans 131 938 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 Com— Continued. Page. varieties, Mo 135 varieties, Nev 36 varieties, N.J 829 varieties, Ohdo 829 varieties, S.C 832 varieties, U.S.D.A 132 varieties. Wis 828 weight ratios, Kans 131 worm, small pink, notes 56 jields and prices, 1866-1915, U.S.D.A 832 Corncobs, effect on soil potash, Tex 625 Cornell University, notes 695, 797 Cornstarch, effect on intestinal flora 665 Correlation — coefficients, discussion 166 theories for meteorology and agriculture, U.S.D.A 419 Corticium — lilacofuscum, notes 347 salmonkolor, notes 852 vagum solani, treatment. Can 47 vagum solani, treatment, U.S.D.A 547 CoTvus frugilegus, feeding habits 354 Corythaica monacha, notes, P.R 354 Cosmetics, treatise 63 Cosmopolites sordidus, notes 158 Cost of li\'ing— bibliography 762 on Minnesota farms, Minn 790 Cotton — angular leaf spot, studies, S.C 646 anthracnose and bacterial spot, rela- tion to weather 248 anthracnose, studies, S.C 646 bollworm, pink, remedies 756, 857 breeding experiments 230 breeding experiments, S.C 616 conference, West Indian 530 crossing with other Malvaceae 804 culture, Ala. Tuskegee 593 culture, U.S.D.A 630 culture experiments 227, 830 culture in Egypt 36, 37 culture under irrigation, U.S.D.A 133 diseases in Barbados 540 fertilizer experiments, S.C 832 ginning, U.S.D.A 191 irrigation experiments 886 leaf-bUster mite, dispersal 261 machinery 400 market prices and qualities, U.S.D.a 493 marketing in the seed, U.S.D.A 289 production in United States 230 red spider, studies, U.S.D.A 557 root rot, studies 146 Sealsland, U.S.D.A 530 Sea Island, selection experiments 332 seeding experiments 36, 37 shedding, studies, S.C 646 stainer, investigations 654 use and influence, treatise 894 varieties 735 varieties, S.C 832 Cottonseed- analyses 804 cake, analyses, Tex 765 Cottonseed— Continued. Page. cake, effect on composition of butter 875 cake, Egyptian, digestibility 765 changesin, during storage 12 cold pressed, analyses, Ind 268 cold pressed, from bolly seed, analyses, Tex 765 composition, Tex 615 feed, analyses, Ind 268 feed, analyses, Mich 765 globulin from 804 hulls, analyses, Ind 268 hulls, analyses, Tex 615 meal, analyses 571 meal, analyses. Can 65 meal analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, Ky 268 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, Mich 765 meal, analyses, N.J 167 meal, analyses, Tex 765 meal as an incomplete feeding stuff 367 meal, composition, Tex 615 meal, decomposition in soils 116 meal, distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 meal, effect on activity of soil fungi 215 meal, effect on breeding power of heifers, Ind 773 meal, for arid soils 726 meal, for egg production, Okla 769 meal, for laying hens. Miss 373 meal, for pigs, Miss 471 meal, inosit phosphoric acid of. 299 meal, milling, Tex 615 meal t'. velvet beans for steers, Ala.Col- lege 563 oil, digestibility, U,S.D .A 860 oil industry 124 oil, toxic effect on rats 61 products as human food 865 treatment for pink bollworm 857 valuation on dry matter content, U.S.D.A 92 varietal characteristics 804 Cottonwood borer, studies, U.S.D.A 157 Cottony cushion scale- parasite of 757 remedies 754 Coumarin— disappearance in soils 725, 732 effect on plant growth, Ala.Colltge 212 iodin addition product of 804 Country- homes, lighting and heating 491, 590 homes, sewage disposal for 591 homes, water supply for 284, 390, 891 life clubs 595 Ufe, handbook 92 life, problems of 93 towns, treatise 288 County- agricultural schools, administration 691 experiment farms in Ohio, Ohio 898 training schools for teachers in V\'isconsin. 690 training schools in Alabama 94 Cover crops — effect on nitrification in soils, Cal 118 for orchards, Wis 840 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 939 Cow— Page. champion dairy 473, 673 houses, construction 687 manure, analyses, Can 120 manure, analj'ses, Ohio 323 sheltersin Rhodesia 590 testing associations, value. Wash 195 Cowpea and hull chops, analyses, Tex 765 Cowpeas — breeding experiments, 8.0 646 culture experiments, P.R 340 culture in Philippines 230 culture on "Wisconsin drift soil, Iowa 623 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 fertihzer experiments, Hawaii 427 liming experiments 229 New Era, selection experiments 230 Cows- advanced registry, statistical weighting for age 272 as affected by underfeeding, Mo 669 dairy, judging, U.S.D. A 194 dairy, judging, Wis 473 feeding experiments. .. 174,273,374,571,765,875 feeding experiments, Cal 173 feeding experiments. Can 75 feeding experiments, Ind 772 feeding experiments, Mo 669 feeding experiments, N.J 871 feeding experiments, Wis 872 home-grown v. purchased feeds for, N . J . . 872 improvementin Victoria 572 irrigated pastures for, U.S.D .A 173 labor requirements, Minn 790 management and feeding. Wash 473 mineral metabolism 297 osage oranges for 374 rations for. Pa 374 records. (See Dairy herd records.) retained placenta, cause and treatment . . 675 sterility in 675, 777 testing, Ind 773 testing in Argentina 673 vegetable-'ivory meal for, U.S.D. A 368 Crab apples of upper South Carolina 140 Crabs— as a host of lung distome 577 destruction of oystersiby, N.J 85^ CramhiLsluteolellus, notes 856 Cranberries — breeding experiments, Alaska 443 culture experiments. Mass 43 culture in Canada, Can 240 culture in Massachusetts 141 fertilizer experiments 641 fertilizer experiments. Mass 44 insects affecting. Mass 54 protection against frost. Mass 43 storage experiments. Mass 43 Cranberry — diseases, studies. Mass '. . . 51 false blossom, notes, U.S. D.A 240 fruit worm, studies. Mass 54 Crataegus, variability and hybridization in. . . 630 Cream- care on the farm 775 care on the farm. 111 674 4050°— 17 5 Cream— Continued. Page. classimeter, description 875 digestibility, U.S. D.A 860 grading and labeling.. 176 homogenization 275 market, contests, Mch 774 pasteurizatiou for butter making, Ind . . . 773 regulations in United States 874 separation by centrifugation 571 separators, care, Dl 674 testing, Ind 78 testing, Iowa 674 tests, variations in 775 tests, variations in, 111 674 Creameries — inspection in Illinois 467 inspection in Indiana, Ind 78, 773 ins tniction and inspection in Canada 476 management 574 management, U.S.D. A ; 275 Creatin metabolism, studies 161 Creatinin excretion as affected by meat feed- mg. 264 Creosote — analyses 244 oils, toxicity and volatility 711 Cronartium — quercuum and Peridermium harknessii, association 454, 746 ribicola in New York 53 ribicola, production of internal telia, U.S.D.A 845 Crop- forecasts in India 689 reports, U.S.D.A 92,193,392,689,894 rotations. (See Rotation of crops. ) statisticsin Missouri 689 yield, forecasting 209 . Crops- growth as affected by alkaU, Utah 118 laboratory manual 692 marketing 91 (See also Field crops.) Crossties— service tests 46 woods suitable for 46 Crotalaria — juncea as a green maniue 232 spp, as a green maniue 324 a-Crotonic acid, studies, U.S.D.A 12 Crown gall- studies 541 studies, U.S.D.A 747 Crucifer club root, notes 349 Crucifers, wild and cultivated, hybridization . 130 Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.) Cryptocephalus incertus, studies. Mass 54 Cryptochietum vionophlebi, studies 757 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, notes 456 Cryptostemma calendulacea, description 639 Crystallization, notes 804 Ctenocephalus amis, relation to leishmaniasis . 654 Cucimiber— angular leaf spot, studies 249 beetle, twelve-spotted, notes 57, 859 diseases, studies 2!S fly, notes ,..,,.,..,... 6''4 940 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Cucumber— Continued. Page. mosaic disease , studies 349, 350, 543 mosaic or white pickle disease, notes, Conn.State '. 47 root knot, notes 349 Cucumbers- culture, Mich 640 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 839 Culex — brehmei n.sp., description 359 quinque/asciatus, range in United States . 657 CulicidiE. (See Mosquitoes.) Cultivators, mechanical, tests 189 Culture — media from sheep or ox serum 575 media from whole blood 676 solutions, aerating 524 Culverts, inspection and maintenance 386 Currant twig borer or bud worm, notes 754 Ciu'rants, fertilizer experiments. Mass 121 Curriculum, change of stress in 393 Cutworm — army, in southern Alberta 456 black, remedies 254 variegated, remedies 56 Cutworms- fungus parasite of, U.S.D. A 757 injiuious to alfalfa, Nev 53 Cyanamid industry 124 Cyanid gas, use against insects 456 Cyclone insurance, mutual, in Illinois 791 Cyclones in perspective, U.S.D. A 419 Cylicostomiasis in equines 779 Cylindrosporium mori, studies 751 Cymatophora sulphurea, studies. Mass 54 Cymbopogon citratus, culture, U.S.D.A 538 Cynodon plecto stachyum, analyses 334 Cystoadenoma in a fowl 676 Cystospora batata n.g. and n.sp., description, Del 544 Cytodiplospora castanex, notes 752 Dactyloctcnium segyptiacum, analyses 334 Dactylopiinae of Hawaii 551 Dactylopius vitis, notes 755 Dacus vertebratus, notes 654 Dahlia — inulin coagulating substance in 127 treatise 743 Dairies, inspection in Virgima 63 Dairy- appliances, tests 571 barns, construction 190 bams, construction. Can 91 buildings at U. S. Naval Academy farm . 590 extension work in Nevada 95 farming, notes. Wash 195 farms, cropping systems for. Wash 498 farms, sanitary control, Mich 774 herd records 673 herd records, N.J 872 herd records, U.S.D.A 873 herd records, value, N.C 76 industry in England and Wales 376 industry in New Zealand 273 industry in Ontario 874 inspection, common sense in 474 inspection v. bacterial testing 273 Dairy— Continued. Page, inspectors, appointment and compensa- tion 774 instruction in Illinois high schools 595 law in California 474 production, costs. Wash 396 rations, computing, Pa 374 school at Rtitti-Zollikofen, report 571 stock, young, feeding, U.S.D.A 773 utensils, steam sterilizer for 762 waste for pigs 571 Dairying- bibliography 468 in GreatBritain 571 in New Zealand 571 in Uruguay 572 Daisy, yellow, inheritance of variations in. . . 522 Darluca filum, notes 541 Dasheens as food, U.S.D.A 561, 761 Datana — integtrrima, notes, Ohio 358 ministra, notes, Ohio 353 Date palm offshoots, rooting 142 Datura, breeding experiments, N.J 838 Deaminization by tyrosinase 412 Deer, protection in Alaska, Alaska 791 Delaware — College and Station, notes 694, 796 Station, report 898 Denitriflcation — as affected by soil moisture 513 in sandy loam soils 321 Department of agriculture of Union of South Africa 898 (See also United States Department of Agriculture.) DermacentoT venustus — paralysis followtag bite of 180 studies 158 Dermatobia hominis, egg disposal in 359 Desiccator, electrically heated vacuum 504 Desmiafuneralis. (See Grape leaf-folder.) Desmodium gyroides as a green manure 324 Desmopsis n. g. and n. spp., descriptions 433 Dewberries, sterility in, N.C 444 Dhaincha as a green manure 232 Diabetes— . metabolismln 763 pancreatic, in dogs 562 Diairotica — duodecim-punctata, notes 859 vittata. (See Cucumber beetle, striped.) Diagnosis, chemical and microscopical, trea- tise 412 Dianthidium — arizonicum, notes 360 n. sp., description 258 Diarrhea — bacillary white, in chicks 281 bacillary white, in fowls. Mass 884 bacill&ry wliite, in fowls, U.S.D.A 884 epidemic, relation to flies 156 Diarthronemyia hypogxa, notes 59,856 Diastatic action, determination in starch solu- tions 329 Diaulinus intermedius n.sp., description 260 Dibrachys, notes 556 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 941 Page. Dibrachjs spp., notes, U.S.D.A 655 Dideafasciata, notes 460 Diet- deficiencies, correcting 161 economical, description 363 effect on intestinal flora 664, 665 fat-deficient, effect on growth of white mice . , , 366 in cotton mill villages in the South 465 in Kansas State Penitentiary 663 relation to beriberi 264 relation to growth and body composition. 663 relation to pellagra 464, 466 vegetarian, notes 467 vegetarian, studies 60,664 (See also Food.) Dietary- changes, effect on output of urinary con- stituents 162 factors, isolation 61 substances, regulatory, distribution in plants 61 substances, regulatory, formation in the animal body 62 Digestion, acid medium for 763 Digitalis leaf spot, notes. Mass 145 Digitaria horkontalis, analyses 334 Dihydroxystearic acid.effecton plant growth, Ala. College 212 Dineutes, predacious on mosquito larvae 57 Dioctophyme renale — in Uver of a dog 681 in United States and Canada 86, 885 Dionaea, leaf closure in 129 Dioryctria abietella, notes 856 DiorymeUus Ixvimargo n.sp., description 555 Diospyros kaki, leaf coloration 633 Diplodia zex, studies 48, 247 Dipping tanks, construction 687 Diptera— attraction to ammoniao 460 classification 255 larvae, biology 359 new North American 553 parasitic, of Africa 359 Dipterous larvae and pupaR, notes 460 Dipylidium caninum in an infant 660 Diseases — deficiency, review of investigations 363,663 of animals. (See Animal diseases.) of plants. (See Plant diseases.) transmission by flies 460 Disinfectants, standardization 379 Disodium phosphate, effect on carnations 446 Dissosteira Carolina, notes, N.Y.Comell 153 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distem- per.) Distillers' grains- analyses, N.J 167 analyses, Tex 765 dried, analyses, Ind 268 dried, analyses, Ky 268 dried, analyses. Mass 667 dried, analyses, Mich 765 dried, distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 dried, eflaciency for milk production. Wis. 872 protein for milk production 671 Ditches, small lined, construction 282 Ditching with dynamite 89 Divining rod, history 886 Dock- false worm as an apple pest, U.S.D.A 461 fly, breeding experiments 658 Dodder seed — anatomical determination 442 removal from clover seed 339 Dog- diseases, treatise 183 distemper, skin reactions in 381, 382 Eck-fistula, complement content 381 Doloresia conjugata, studies 759 Domestic art or science. (See Home eco- nomics.) DoTyphorophaga abenans n. sp., description. . 255 Dough materials, conservation 464 Dourine— diagnosis 179, 275, 382, 578 outbreak in Saskatchewan 1 79 Drainage- assessments, suggestions for 586 canals, velocity coeflBcients 585 in Oregon 186, 283, 385, 485, 583 in Wisconsin, Wis 813 law in Iowa 8S8 legislation, need of 384 notes 723 notes, Tex 89 notes. Wash 396 of alkali land, Cal 584 of alkali soils, U.S.D.A 186 of hill soils 723 of irrigated lands 399 of Java tea soils 320 of orchard lands 888 papers on 186 projects, organization and financing 187 utilization of small waterfalls for 89 Drawing in agricultiu'al schools 597 Drexel aerological station, U.S.D.A 419 Dried blood — ammonificatlon in soils 25 availability in soils, N . J 819 decomposition in soils . j 116 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 effect on activity of soil fungi 215 effect on carnations 445 fertilizing value. Mass 121 fertilizing value, N.J 818 for arid soils 726 Drought intensities, graphic representation, U.S.D.A 718 Drug law in South Dakota 63 Drugs- inspection 561 inspection in Florida 467, 864 insi)ection in Iowa 762 inspection in Maine 467 inspection in North Dakota, N. Dak ^. 262,362, 467, 762 inspection in Tennessee 662 Dry farming — in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 in Utah, Utah 528 in Wyoming 529 942 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 Page. Drying, theory of, U.S.D.A 809 Ducklings- cost of raising, Can 73 disease of, Can 85 Dugaldia hoopesit, toxicity toward sheep, U.S.D.A 680 Durum wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Dust- explosions in cereal mills 686 prevention experiments, U.S.D.A 188 preventives, Iiibiiography 188 Dwellings, fire hazard in 687 Dyes- coal tar, separation 714 fat-soluble, effect on health 262 methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 714 Dyestufls, vegetable, in Madras 319 Djmamite — ditching and digging holes with 89 use in clearing land, Minn 785 Dyscinetus spp., notes 753 Dysdercus — delauneyi, investigations 654 sutUTcllus. (See Cotton stainer.) Dysentery- epidemic, relation to flies 156 spontaneous amebic, in monkeys 576 Earthquake — in Alabama, U.S.D.A 719 in North Carolina, U.S.D.A 19 in 1916, U.S.D.A 719 Earthworms — in Indiana 251 parasites of 359 Earwig, life history 857 East coast fever. (See African coast fever.) Eccoptogaster spp., notes 754 Echidnophaga gallinacea, notes 554 Economics, nural. {See Rural economics.) Eddoes, varieties 735 Education- agricultural. (See Agricultural educa- tion.) in relation to agriculture 595 role of school gardening in 94 vocational. Federal aid 701 Egg- albumin in baking powders 561 laying contest, Conn.Storrs 570 production, breeding for. Wash 693 production, physiology, U.S.D.A 73 production, studies. Mass 173 white, effect on creaming abiUty of milk, Iowa 76 yolk fat, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 Eggplant- breeding experiments, N.J 839 insects affecting, P.R 354 tortoise beetle, studies, U.S.D.A 57 Eggs- Chinese preserved, analyses 362 ducks', preservation in China 362 dwarf, studies, Me * 473 dwarf, studies, U.S.D.A 73 fall and winter production, Wash 195 fertility. Can 71 Eggs— Continued. Page. food value and uses, U.S.D.A 761 for hatching, production, W.Va 871 for hatching, shipping. Can 70 incubation, W.Va 871 incubation experiments, Ind 770 preservation experiments, N.J 870 production in winter, U.S.D.A 669 variation in shell color, N.J 870 weight in relation to dimensions, Can 73 weight of, Conn. Storrs 570 Elachertodomyia, erection 859 Elasmus — aspidiscse n.sp., description 556 mordax n.sp., description 556 Electric- equipment for farms 400 heating units and ranges, descriptions. . . 562 Ught and power for rural service 890 hghting systems for farms 590 Electrical conductivity of solutions, measiue- ment 503 Electricity- atmospheric, variations at sunset and sun- rise, U.S.D.A 419 effect on crop growth 227 for cooking and heating 763 Electromotive phenomena in plants 732 Elephant grass, composition and culture 230 Elevators, cooperative, in Minnesota, Minn. . 790 Elm leaf— beetle, Ufe history 461 rosette, studies. Me 755 Embryo sac as a colloidal system 526 Emersonopsis, erection 859 Emmer— culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 34, 133, 830 culture in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 fall-sown, in Maryland and vicinity, U.S.D.A 736 varieties. Can 32 varieties. 111 634 varieties, U.S.D.A 33,132,830 Empoasca mali, relation to fire bUght 351 Einpyreuma lichas, notes, P.R 355 Encarsia partenopea, studies 759 Encephalomyelitis in horses 780 Encyrtus mayri, studies 759 Endive- forcing 443 rot, description 648 Endothia parasitica — and related species, U.S.D.A 548 as affected by tannin, N.J 149 notes 150 Energy transformations in germinating seeds 525 Engineering, agricultural. (See Agricultural engineering.) Engines- gas, operating 687 gas, short-course instruction in 400 gas, treatise 287 internal combustion, cooler for 287 1917] INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 943 Engines — Continued. Page. internal combustion, fuels for 399 truck and tractor, notes 588 Enterohepatitis, infectious. (See Blackhead.) Entomological Society of Ontario 456 Entomology — economic, in British Empire 251 life zones in 456 Enzym action, starch as a substrate for 315 Enzyms — of the large intestine 366 role in silage lermentation, U.S.D.A 802 Epilachna— borealis. (See Squash lady beetle.) dregei, notes 654 Epitrix spp. affecting tobacco in Porto Rico". . 3.55 Eragrustis spp., analyses 33 1 ErannistiUaria. (See Lime-tree winter moth.) Erepsin, protein cleavage by 108 Eriocheir japonicus as a host of limg distome. 577 Eriopliyes n.sp., notes 261 Eriopus floridensis, notes, P.R 355 Erisoma— lanigera, notes 253 querci, identity 551 Erysiphe graminis, notes 8!6 Erythrodextrin, sah vary digestion 661 Essential oils. (See Oils, essential.) Ether- effect on hemolytic reaction 878 still, description 504 Eticalyptus— aastraliana n.sp., description 45 platypus, essential oil of 710 Eucalyptus, descriptive notes 45 Euchlsena and Tripsacum, hybrid between. . 27, 28 Eudemis bolrana, notes 460 E udemis moth, investigations 355 Euderomphale fu3cipennis n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 557 Euderus columbianm, notes 556 Eugenia, smithii, essential oil of 710 E ugenics and agriculture 92 Eulecanium persicx. (See Peach-scale.) Eupelminus coleopterophagus n.sp., descrip- tion 259 Euphorocera floridensis, notes 255 Euproctis chrysorrhcea. (See Brown-tail moth.) Eurytoma — ctenodactylomyii n. sp., description 556 n.sp., description 557 Eutermes morio, remedies, P.R 355 Euthamia carolifiiana, volatile oil of 206 Euthrips pyri. (See Pear thrips.) Euxesta notata, larvse of 359 Euxoa ridingsiana, notes, Nev 53 EuzeniUiopsis diatrxx n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion 554 Evaporation— from soils, U.S.D.A 421 kinetic theory, U.S.D.A 719 measurement 220 observations, U.S.D.A 719 Evergreens, cultiu-e 535 Evetria huoliana, notes, N.J 854 E was, maintenance experiments, Pa 607 Eiioascus — Page. deformans, notes 347, 750 pruni, notes 751 pruni, treatment §49 Eioprosopa n.sp., description 552 Exorista pyste, notes, U.S.D.A 155 Experiment- station workers, training 102 stations and extension institutions, re- lation 498 stations and the war 601 stations, contributions to chemical journals 000 stations in China 799 stations, laws concerning, U.S.D.A 598 stations, organization lists, U.S.D.A 794 stations, work and expenditures U.S.D.A .' 794 (See also Alabama, Alaska, etc.) Experimental farms in Canada 296 Extension work. (Sfe Agricultural extension.) Extractor tor plant material, description 413 Fan weed, notes, Mont 442 Fannia spp., "critical" point for 256 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farm- accounts, diary for, U.S.D.A 593 animals. (See Live Stock and Animals.) buildings, hollow clay blocks for 399 buildings, location, Ark 687 buildings, reconstruction in France 891 buildings, roofing for 590 buildings, treatise 891 homes, water supply for 28 «, 390, 891 houses, cost 400 houses, heating 491, 590 kitchens, plumbing for 390 laborers. (See Agricultural laborers.) lands in New Jersey 689 loan act. Federal 289,493 loan act. Federal, benefits of, U.S.D.A. . 894 loan associations, organization 289 machinery. (Sef .Vgricultural machinery.) management in eastern Nebraska, Nebr. . 391 management in New Zealand 493 management, papers on 29S mechanics, instruction in 496 mortgages, handbook 688 premises, disinfection 675 prize competitions 93 products. (See Agiicultural products.) sanitation, Ark 687 tenancy. (See Agricultural tenancy.) work for discharged soldiers 392 Farmers — institutes in United States 194 institutes in United States, U.S.D.A 795 labor incomes 491, 492 National Congress of United States 288 negro, foods for, Ala. Tuskegee 562 winter schools for. Wash 396 Farming — in Alaska, Alaska 494 in blue grass region, U.S.D.A 789 in eastern Nebraska, Nebr 391 in Minnesota, Minn 790 in Missouri 93 944 EXPERIMENT STATION EBCORD. [Vol. 36 Farming— Continued. Page. in Monmouth Co., N.J 893 in southeastern Ohio, Ohio 396 inSumterCo., Ga., U.S.D.A 893 in time of war 290 on cut-over lands of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, U.S.D.A 190 on muck lands, U.S.D.A 191 profitable, factors in, Mo 190 textbook 897 imder boll-weevil conditions, Ala.Tus- kegee 593 (See also Agriculture.) Farms- cost accounts on, N.Y.Comell 191 electric lighting systems for 400, 590 in Vermont 290 live stock capacity. Wash 474 value of food, fuel, and use of house, U.S.D.A 289 water suppUes for, Ark 687 water supplies for. Can 86 Farmsteads, planning 400 Fasciola — liepatka, distribution in Canada 86 magna, new host for 86 Fat- animal, digestibiUty, U.S.D.A 860 determination in avocados, Cal 139 determination in cacao products 807 determination in milk 507 vegetable, digestibiUty, U.S.D.A 860 Fat-soluble A— distribution in plants 61 formation in animal body 62 Fats- melting-point, determination 15 physical and chemical constants 502 rancid, biochemical reaction 109 use in the home, U.S.D.A 462 Fatty acids. (See Acids.) Feces, hydrogen ion concentration 365 Federal Farm Loan Act 289,493 Feeding— of animals, treatise 597, 666 standards, notes. Pa 374 Feeding stuSs — amino acid content, Ky 268 analyses 63 analyses. Can 65 bacteriological examination 666 condimental, purchase and use, Iowa 667 energy values. Pa 367,374 energy values, U.S.D.A 469 inspection and analyses, Ind 268 inspection and analyses, Ky 268 inspection and analyses. Mass 667 inspection and analyses, Mich 765 inspection and analyses, N.J 167 inspection and analyses, Tex 765 Inspection in Florida 467, 804 inspection in Iowa 762 inspection in Maine 467 mspection in Maine, Me 563 inspectionin Vermont, Vt 563 law in Texas. Tex 765 manurial residues 120 Feeding stuffs— Continued. nonprotein nitrogen in 205 nutritive value, comparison 666 precalculating costs 271 war, notes 367 (See also specific ki-nds.) Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.) Feldspar as a source of potash 728 Fence posts, preservation 244 Fermentation— cytological researches 802 in baking industry 464 mixtures, preparation 509 Ferments. (See Enzyms.) Fern- Boston, variation in 434 leaf bUght nematode. Conn. State 52 scale, notes 252 Ferric phosphate, fertilizing value. Wis 626 Ferrous phosphate, fertiUzing value. Wis 626 Fertilizer- experiments, methods of conducting 121 (See also special crops.) industry in United States 817 requirements of soils. (See Soils.) Fertilizers — analyses 124, 521, 628, 711, 822 availability 818 conservation 723 effect on carnations 445 effect on composition of asparagus. Mass . 839 effect on nitrification in soils, Cal 118 effect on nitrogen content of soils 218 effect on oranges, U.S.D.A 642 effect on soil aldehydes 424 for Wayne County farms, Ohio 893 handbook 124 inspection and analyses, Cal 326 inspection and analyses, Coim.State 627 i nspection and analyses. Mass 822 inspection and analyses, Me 728 inspection and analyses, N.H 729 inspection and analyses, N .J 429 inspection and analyses, N.Y.State 520 inspection and analyses, E.I 327 inspection and analyses, S.C 125 inspection and analyses, Tex 628 i nspection and analyses, Vt. 521 inspection in Florida 467, 822, 864 inspection in Maine 467 inspection in Ohio 124, 521 inspection in Pennsylvania 628 inspection in Porto Rico 521 long-continued use. Mass 122 loss by leaching, Fla 725 nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous fertilizers.) phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) potash. (See Potash.) purchase and use 220 radio-active, examixiation 414 remedying scarcity of. 220 residual effect, Ohio 829 residual effect, W.Va 324 sampling 299, 711 treatise 119 use, Can 24 use,Vt 520 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 945 Fertilizers— Continued. Page. use, Wasli 425 use in citrus groves 743 use'in Germany 726 use in relation to weather 510 utiUzation by plants 217 {See also specific materials.) Fescue, red, culture experiments, Can 32 Festuca rubra, composition and digestibility. 469 Feterita— chop, analyses, Tex 765 grain, digestibility, U.S. D.A 661 Fiber- crude. {See Cellulose.) of Malvaceae 803 plants in PhiUppines 336 Fibers— of Philippines, grading and handling. . 634,635 production in Philippines 635 Fidiobia rugosifrons n.sp., description 556 Field- crops, cost of production 441 crops for the cotton belt, textbook 897 crops, insects affecting 457 crops, pollination 527 {See also special crops.) experiments, methods 627 peas. {See Peas.) V. laboratory experiments in soil biology. 213 Figs- culture in Arizona, Ariz 341 culture in California 742 sycamore, in Egypt 445 Filaria bancrofii in District of Columbia 657 Filaria, transmission by Chrysops 86 Filter, paper pulp, for separation of soUds from liquids Ill Fir- Douglas, fiber measurements 345 Douglas, parch bhght or scorching of 547 Douglas, productive capacity 243 Douglas, tolerance for lime.... 447 Douglas, unit stresses for 91 thinning experiments 345 timber estimating tables for 345 Fire— blight, dissemination by insects 351 blight, investigations, Ohio 50 bUght organism, longevity. 50 blight, studies 250 blight, transmission by bees 59 blight, treatment 347 insmance, mutual, in Illinois 791 retardents, tests 687 Fireless cookers. {See Cookers, tireless.) Fires, forest. {See Forest fires.) Firs, insects affecting 853 Fish- conservation by freezing 509 detritus as a feeding stuff 273 fat, digestibiUty, U.S.D.A 860 guano for arid soils 726 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, Tex 765 meal for pigs 671 oil soap sprays, wetting power and efQ- ciency, U.S.D.A 455 Fish— Continued. Page. scrap, analyses. Can 65 scrap, analyses, Ind 268 scrap, analyses. Mass 667 scrap, analyses, N.J 167 selection and preparation 762 Fisheries, statistics in Alaska 802 Fistulous withers, treatment 675 Flask-shaking machine, description 413 Flavone derivatives in plants 329 Flavoring extract, examination 362 Flax- cross-breeding experiments 434 culture and handling. Can 230 culture and harvesting 735 culture experiments 335 culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 33, 132 culture in South Dakota, S.Dak 635 culture in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 culture in Wyoming 33 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 feeding value 735 inheritance of wilt resistance in. Wis. . ... 845 meal, analyses. Can 65 pollination 527 root system 135, 223 rotation experiments, U.S.D.A 736 seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 134 varieties 530 varieties, Alaska 437 varieties. Can 32 varieties, S .Dak 635 varieties, U.S.D.A 33,34, 132, 133, 736 wilt, studies 748 Flaxseed— as affected by freezing 136 meal, analyses, Mich 765 oil, chemistry of, N.Dak 206 production, U.S.D.A 736 Fleabeetles — affecting tobacco in Porto Rico 355 notes, N.J 854 Fleas- destruction with cyanid gas 456 new, of America 257 relation to leishmaniasis 654 Flies- habits and parasites 256 house. {See House fly.) muscoid, notes 554 relation to gastro-intestinal diseases 156 remedies 853 transmission of disease by 460 white. {See White flies.) Flood control- in California 186 in Scioto Valley, Ohio 584 papers on 186 Floriculture, review of investigations 539 Florida University and Station, notes 98 Flour- determination of smut spores in 146 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 feed, analyses. Can 65 946 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Flour— Continued. Page. feeding, analyses, N.J 167 from Egyptian wheats 159 loss due to fermentation 464 low-grade, analyses, Ind 268 milling orders in Great Britain 662 nutritive value as affected by milling 464 red dog, analyses, Mass 667 standards in Great Britain 662 testing laboratory, constant-temperature cabinet for 714 valuation on dry matter content, U.S.D.A 92 Flower — bulbs. (See Bulbs.) gardens, school, in India 395 Flowers, night-blooming, self-warming in 226 Flumes- metal, preservatives for 585 wooden, design and construction 586 Fly larvae, destruction in horse manure, L.S.D.A 156 Fomes — lucidus, notes 348 semitostus, notes 746, 846, 851, 852 Food— and health, textbook 497 ash, alkahnity and phosphoric content . . 204 boric acid in 466 cereal. (See Cereal foods.) coloring substances, separation and iden- tification. U.S.D.A 714 combmation, errors in 663 extracts, composition 663 for hotels, sanitary control 561 industry, control 663 inspection in Florida 467, 864 inspection in Illinois 467 inspection in Iowa 762 inspection in Maine 467 inspectioninNorth Dakota, N. Dak. 262,362 762 inspention in I'hiladelphia 63, 64 inspection m Rhode Island 762 inspection La Tennessee 662 inspection in V irgtnia 63 inspection in Wyoming 363 laboratory manual 396 law in South Dakota 63 laws in United States 663 methods of analysis 411 of natives of Mailu, British New Guinea. 363 preservatives. (See Preservatives.; prices in war time 263,663 production in Ireland 594 products, variation in weight or measure. 5G1 requirements of the body, Ohio 763 selection, treatise 762 supply, bibliography 762 supply of Boston 593 supply of England, treatise 290 supply of Germany 203 supply of Great Britain 263,663 supply of United Kingdom 392 supply imder war conditions 263, 290, 663 treatise 63 values, treatise C63 Food— Continued. Page. vitamin-free, nitrogen balance with 159 (See also Diet.) Foodstuffs, valuation of dietary components. 61 Foot-and-mouth disease — causative organism 278 control in G reat Britain 275,378, 676 control in Maryland 777 control in United States 675 immimization 879 studies 578 virulence of blood in 382 Forage- crops, cultiue experiments, Can 32 crops, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 133 crops, culture in Wyoming 33 crops for pigs, N.J 867 crops for pigs. Wis 866 crops, seed selection, Utah 638 (See aJso special crops.) plants of Brazil 529 poisoning in horses 280 poisoning, studies 580, 581 production on lawns and parks 439 Forficvia auricularia, life history 857 Forest- administration. (See Forestry.) depredations and utilization 297 fires, apparatus for fighting 448 fires in I-eimsylvania 44 fires in Texas 41 fires in United States in 1915, U.S.D . A . . . 448 fires in Vermont 539 fires in Washington 645 fires, insurance against 448 insects in India 355 la^vs of China 347 laws of New Hampshire 744 longicom beetles in Australia 360 nurseries in Wisconsin 744 production, continuous, on private land . 744 rangers, handbook for 446 Research Institute at Dehra Dun 539 resources of Montana 894 soils. (See Soils.) trees. (See Trees.) Forestry- education in United States % education institutions in Sweden 690 in California 744 in Chaux and Faye de la Montrond, France 346 in Georgia 790 in Great Britain 143 in India 346, 448, 843 in Massachusetts 843 in Montana 645 in mountain communities 242 in New Hampshire 744 in New Zealand 44,448 in Philippines 44 in Queensland 346 in Russia 346 in South Africa 346 in South America 143 in South Australia 645 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 947 Forestry— Continued. Page. in United States 744 in Vermont 539 in Washington 645 in Wisconsin 744 instruction in Austria and Denmark 895 landscape, lessons on 897 soil aeration in 44, 844 terms in 744 textbook 596 treatise 242 Forests- close utilization 539 conservation, U.S.D.A 644 conservation in United States 96 discontinuous light in, Vt 242 National, grazing resources 242 National, management 346 National, summer homes in 744 National, timber sales, U.S.D.A 644 of Alabama 843 of Pennsylvania 843 of Philippines 644 of Porto Rico, U.S.D.A 243 of the Andes 27 of Worcester Co., Massachusetts 447 relation to atmospheric and soil moisture. 843 relation to conservation of snow, Nev 17 relation to rainfall 346 relation to snow retention 143 relation to stream flow 346 tropical, utilization 145 Forging and smithing, handbook 287 FoTsythia viridissima, sclerosis of 251 Foul brood, control in Texas, Tex 758 Fowl- cholera, treatment, Nev 79 disease in Brazil 782 midge, notes 359 nematode, transmission, Kans 183 fyest, immunization 879 plague in ducks 782 Fowls— inbreeding experiments. Wis 870 labor requirements, Minn 790 physiology of re production in, U.S.D.A.. 73 (_See also Poultry.) Foxes, care and feeding in captivity 275 Foxgloves, inheritance in 729 Frequency distributions, constants in 167 Froghoppers, life history, Me 458 Frost- chance of, U.S.D.A 418 forecasting, Nev 17 in valleys and on slopes, U.S.D.A 718 relation to topography, Nev 17 Frosts in 1916, U.S.D.A 510 Fruit- black rot, studies, N.Y.Comell 250 blooming dates, N.J 837 breeding experiments. Can 39 bud wee\il, notes 58 buds, formation in interior valleys, Cal . . 139 canker, studies, N.Y.Cornell 250 canning, Cal 509 canning and preser%ing 113 Fruit — Continu9d Page. canning, treatise 717 citrus. (See Citrus fruits.) cold storage, U.S.D.A 649 conservation 615, 743, 744 conservation by stoning and pulping 717 culture 743,744,897 culture experiments. Can 39 culture in Brazil, U.S.D.A 743 dried, boric acid in 466 drying 319 evaporated, examination 466 fly parasites in Hawaii 60 growing, relation to soil fertility. Ark. . . 39, 640 industry in New Jersey 689 industry in various countries, U.S.D.A . . 741 insects afi'ecting, N.Y.State 549 juices, conservation. 717 leaf spot, studies, N.Y.Comell 250 localization of acids and sugars in 110 marketing 392 marketing in western Canada 493 marketing, treatise 443 new varieties, production 237 orchard, breeding, Md 444 orchard, cost of raising, Ind 640 orchard, culture experiments, U.S.D.A. . 137 orchard, varieties 237 orchard, varieties, U.S.D.A 137, 140 packing and transportation in India 140 persistence of style on 523 pomaceous, pollination 140 processing for exhibitiorr. 319 propagation, treatise 140 ripening in relation to humidity 741 shipping experiments 640 small, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 137 small, irrigation, Cal 89 small, varieties 237 small, varieties, U.S.D.A 137,140 sterilization for the home 17 stone, diseases of 750 storage in relation to humidity 741 subtropical, varietal standardization 537 tree bark beetle, notes, U.S.D.A -258 tree diseases in Ontario, Can 147 tree gummosis, notes 849 tree leaf Syneta, notes 58 tree sun scald, studies, N.Y.Comell 544 trees, arsenical injury, U.S.D.A 849 trees, insects affecting 853, 856 trees, root hardiness, Wis 840 trees, spraying with nitrate of soda 535 trees, taxing, Christ-Jimge method 443 tropical, culture and improvement 742 tropical , vegetative propagation 641 varieties, Can 39 Fungi— ammonification by 221 chemotropie reactions in 845 conservation 615 entomogenous, in St. Vincent 153 hydrocyanic acid and benzoic aldehyde producing 734 in soils 214, 215, 434 mold, nitrogennutrition 527 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Fungi— Continued. Page. of Texas soils 434 parasitic, growth in concentrated solu- tions, U.S. D.A 245 yeast-like, occurrence and pathogenicity. 879 Fungicide laws in United States, U.S. D.A... 39 Fungicides — analyses 744 inspection in Maine 467 inspection in Ohio 744 Fur-bearing animals, laws relating to, U.S. D.A 455 Furfural, preeipitants for 318 Fmarium — conglutinans, studies 248 evmartii, notes 147, &i8 lateritium, notes 752 lini, relation to soU temperature 748 moniliforme, treatment, U.S. D.A 547 oxysporum, notes 846 oxyspoTum, studies, Nebr 846 TodiacoZa, temperature relations,U.S.D. A. C49 sp. on beans 248 trifolii n. sp., description 748 tuberivorum and F. trichothecioides, identi- ty, Nebr 846 Fusarium, effect on composition of rye 633 Galactose, determination 713 Galeopsomyia, new genus, description 556 Galeruca luteola, life history 461 Galerucella cavicolU.i, notes 856 Gall-bladder infections, studies 778 Gallic acid, utilization by plants 329 Game — lawln Alaska, U.S. D.A 653 laws in 1916, U.S. D.A 151 Garbage- analyses and fertilizing value 728 tankage, fertilizing value 325 Garden- ornaments, treatise 644 seed industry in United States 535 Gardening— for boys' and girls' clubs 496 home, in Los .Angeles 294 ornamental, treatise 142, 143, 639, 643, 644 textbook 693 treatise 535, 639, 743, 744 Gardens, school. (See School gardens.) Garlic — eradication, Ohio 740 food value, U.S. D.A 863 Gaseous exchange of animals and man, treatise 266 Gasoline tiller, description 891 Gastric residuums of normal women and men . 562 OastTophilu.1 luemorrhoidalis, notes 553 Geese, raising, U.S. D.A 772 Gelatin — as a binder for ice cream, Va 78 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 use in ice cream making 875 Oelechia gossypiella, remedies 756 Genetic data, accuracy in recording 332 Genotypical factors, mutual influence 434 " Geocol," nores, U.S. D.A 419 Geology, agricultural, treatise 617 Georgia— Page. College, notes 699, 796 Station, notes 196,397 Germicides, tests 177 Ginseng root rot, treatment 249 Gioddu, composition 674 Gipsy moth- control 456 control in Massachusetts 843 in cranberry bogs. Mass &1 Girls'— agricultiu-al clubs in Oklahoma 94 club work manual for rural teachers 294 club work, school credit for 293 clubs, gardening for 496 science work for 194 Gladiolus — hard rot disease, N . Y.Comell 453 history, cultiu'e, and hybridization 643 Glanders — control in England 275 diagnosis 80, 180, 382, 480, 579, 676, 880 immunization 679 ui Great Britain 378 treatment 678 Glassware, laboratory, drying rack for 805 Globulin from cotton seed 804 Globulins, in bacterial infection and immu- nity 778 Glomerella— cingulata, temperature relations, U.S. D.A 649 gossypii, notes 541 Glaosporium — amygialinum, notes 453 cauUvoTum, notes 748 pestis, notes 348 sp. on horse-chestnut shoots 52 spp. in Barbados 541 venetum, studies 347 a-Glucoheptose, hexacetates of 12 Glucosamin, isomeric pentacetates of 202 Glucose— as a dressing in veterinary surgery 178 formation by amylases 315 solutions, turbidity 808 Glucosids, formation by plants 329 Gluten — feed, analyses, Can 65 feed, analyses, Ind 268 feed, analyses. Mass 667 feed, analyses, Mich 765 feed, analyses, N.J 167 feed, efficiency for milk production 671 feed, efficiency for milk production, AVis 872 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, Mich 765 meal, analyses, N.J 167 " Glutose," notes 609 Glycerin- detection in cider vinegar 299 hemolytic action 276 Glycerol, effect on solution of casein by sodi- um hydroxid 108 Glycocyamilglycylglycin, synthesis 202 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 949 Goats— Page. milk production of, Cal 173 mountain, protection in Alaska, Alaska . 791 pure-bred, in Montana, Mont 470 Gonatocerus triguttatus n.sp., description 259 Gonepteryx rhamni in New Jersey 54 " Goodness of fit " tables, application 166 Goosefat, digestibility, U.S.D. A 860 Gooseberries, breeding experiments, Alaska . 443 Gooseberry — bacterial disease, notes 751 fruit worm, notes N.Y.State 549 mildew, notes 541 mildew, treatise 646 mildew, treatment 51, 751 Gophers, destruction. Can 852 Gortyna stramentosa, notes 456 Gourds, breeding experiments, N.J 838 Graduate students as research assistants in experiment stations 102 Graft hybrid, new, description 331 Grain — aphis, English, studies, U.S.D.A 458 aphis, European, notes 253 aphis, remedies, Wis 857 aphis, spring, notes, Tex 755 culture in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 determining test weight, U.S.D.A 441 diseases, notes, Mich 746 " dnmk bread " disease, studies 747 drying 634 elevators, cooperative, in Minnesota, Minn 790 elevators m Pacific Northwest 289 extracts, titration in presence of alcohol. 299 fall-sown, in Maryland and Virginia, U.S.D.A 735 feeds, efiect on intestinal flora 664 handling in Canada 894 marketing in western Canada 593 mesophyll structure and function ui 331 moth, Angoumois, notes, N . J 854 plats, harvesting 197 rations, restricted, for chickens 668 sampling and grading, U.S.D.A 836 seeding in furrows 831 shipping in bulk or in sacks 289 small, transpiration in, U.S.D .A 226 spring, in Illinois, 111 634 Standards Act, regulations, U.S.D.A.. 442,836 statistics in Canada 291 storage buildings, construction 590 valuation on dry matter content, U.S. D.A 92 {See also Cereals and special crops.) Gram, culture in India 635 Grape — anthracnose in America 545 anthracnose, treatment 251 diseases in Barbados 541 diseases in Greece 651 diseases in Turkestan 647 diseases in Vardar 651 downy mildew, notes 347 downy mildew, studies 545, 546, 650 Grape — Continued . downy mildew, treatment 452, 751 gray rot, temperature relations, U.S.D.A. 649 leaf-folder, studies, U.S.D.A 155 little leaf, studies, U.S.D.A 849 mildew, notes 850 phylloxera, development 357 powdery mildew, notes 347 powdery mildew, treatment 350, 546 seeds, removal from husks 801 stocks, drought resistant 241 Grapes— autolysis 802 breeding experiments 741 coccid enemies of 755 crossbreeding experiments 742 culture experiments, Cal 139 direct-bearing hybrid 641 locaUzation of acids and sugars in 110 of Central and Eastern States, composi- tion, U.S.D.A 342 phylloxera-resistant, inheritance in 537 production in Spain 742 reproducing by cuttings 141 spraying with lead arsenate 537 varieties in Portugal 537 Grapevine leaf spots, notes 546 Grapevines, grafted, variations in 641 Graphiola — cocoina, notes 347 phcenicis, notes 348, 541 Oraphiphora alia, notes, N. Y. State 549 Grass — artificial curing 439 blossoming conditions 332 breeding experiments 332 culture experiments, Can 32 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 fertiUzer experiments 438 fertilizer experiments. Mass 121 identification 333,541 identification, U.S.D.A 527 improvement 297 lands, seeding and management. Wash . . 97 meadow, composition and digestibility. . 469 mixtures f ©r prairie pastures 437 mixtures, tests 333 mixtures, tests, U.S.D.A 132 of German East Africa, composition 334 plats, harvesting 197 rotation experiments, R.1 528 seed, germination tests 338, 437, 638 seed, i nspection in Maryland, Md 442 seed, purity tests 638 • seed, valuation 638 webworm, notes. 856 with creeping roots 438 young, feeding value 439 (See also specific kinds.) Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.) Grassland, dry, of high mountain parks 434 Gravitatton as affected by temperature, U.S.D.A 419 Gravity acceleration, determination,U.S.D.A. 419 I Gray scale, remedies 357 950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 Green— ^age. bug. {See Grain aphis, spring.) friiit worm, notes, N.Y.State 549 manure, decomposition as affected by manure, N.J 817 manure, fertilizing value, N.J 818 manuring experiments 518 manuring experiments, Ohio 324 manuring experiments in Java 324 manuring in India 623 scale fungus, new 253 Greenbrier fruit, analyses 502 Greengages, localization of acids and sugars in 110 Greenheart tree, notes 745 Greenhouse insects in New Jersey 550 Grocery stores, inspection 663 Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.) Growth- accessories in corn. 158 anaerobic plating for observation 379 as affected by pituitary feeding 468 chemistry and physiology 363 relation to diet and body composition 663 studies 160,203,366,524 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, notes, N.J 854 Guanidin nitrate, fertihzing value 134 Guanidoglycylglycylglycin, synthesis 202 Guano, use as a fertiUzer 425 Guavas, cultiu-e in Gujarat 642 Guinea pigs as affected by oat diet 364 Gum- determination in gum sirups 507 determination in sugar residues 415 tragacanth as a binder for ice cream, Va. 78 Gymnonyclius calif mnicus, studies, U.S.IXA . 260 Gypsum— effect on soil potash, Tex 625 effect on soil potash, U.S.D.A 519 fertilizing value 23 fertilizing value. Wash 425 production and use in United States 124 solubihty 716 nabrobraconjohannseni, notes, U.S.D.A . . . 155, 655 Habrocytus — medicaginis, studies, U.S.D.A 259 obscuripes, notes 259 Habrolopoidea deprcssa n.sp ., description 557 Hadena basilinea, notes 552 Hadrotettix trifasciatus, remedies, N.Mex. 55 Hail- in Paris region 208 in Paris region, U.S.D.A 719 insurance in New England, Mass 192 insurance in various countries 593 Haltica probata, life history and habits 859 Hardwoods, destructive distillation, U.S.D .A 84* Hawaii College, notes 295, 694 Hawthorns— of upper South Carolina 140 variabihty and hybridization in 630 Hay- grain, production, Alaska 436 marketing 392 meal, preparation and use 367 measuring in stacks, U.S.D.A 227 (See also Alfalfa, Clover, Timothy, etc.) Haze — of July and August, 1916, U.S.D.A 419 over southwestemUnited States.U.S.D.A. 19 Hazelnuts, cultiu'e in various countries 142 Heat- effect on creaming of milk 674 effect on soil protozoa 422 production and body surface, relation 64 (See also Temperature.) Heating systems for farm houses 491, 590 Hedysarum coronarium, nitrates in 329 Heifers- cost of raising. Can 76 cost of raising, N.J 872 feeding experiments. Wis 873 raising 572 Helicomyces sphssropsidis, notes, N. Y. Cor- nell 251 Helicosporium nymphsearum n. sp., descrip- tion, U.S.D.A 752 Heliophila unipuncta. (See Army worm.) Heliothrips femoralis , studies, U.S.D.A 153 Helminthosporium gramineum, treatment 247 Helminths, dissemination by house flies 657 Hemxnasoidea oculata n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 259 Hematoporphyrin in ox muscle, U.S.D.A ... 109 Hematuria, studies 180 Hemerocampa leucostigina. (See Tussock moth, white-marked.) HemichionaspLs aspidistrse. (See Fern scale.) Hemileia vastatrii, notes 347, 746 Hemileuca olivx, studies, U.S.D.A 55 Hemiptera — bloodsucking, of Central America 356 of America north of Mexico 650 Hemlock- bark, use for paper specialties 417 unit stresses for 91 Hemocytometer, use 676 Hemolytic reaction, effect of chemicals on . . . 878 Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septicemia.) Hemp- blooming 523 change of sex in 736 culture, Alaska 437 culturein Wisconsin, Wis 828 hurds as paper-making material,U.S.D. A 17 Manila, standard grades 634 sann, as a green manure . . ., 232, 624, 737 seed cake, analyses 571 seed, distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 Hen flea, notes 554 Hem:y's Fork, Idaho, profile survey 583 Hens- artificial light for. Wash 374 dwarf egg production, U.S.D.A 73 feeding experiments, Cal 172 feeding experiments, Can 71 feeding experiments, Conn.Storrs 570 feeding experiments. Miss 373 feeding experiments, N.J 869 feeding experiments, Ohio 373 feeding experiments, Okla 769 feeding experiments. Wash 373 restricted rations for. Can 72 winter rations, Ohio 373 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 951 Herbs , growing and collecting 743 Heredity— in beans 826 in beans, Mich 735 in blue-gray cattle, Iowa 168 in dilTerent parts of plants 27 in Mercurialis annua 522 in Nicotiana 629 in plants 331, 521 in plants, NJ 838 in plants grown in salt water 27 in Primula sinensis 629 in wheat 738 in yellow daisies 522 linkage in 729 of disease resistance in grapes 537 of glume characters in oats 834 of seed characters in com 521 of sorrel color in horses 270 physiology of 729 HeteroCkis perspicillum, transmission, Kans. . . 183 Eelerocordylus malinv^ — food plants of. 356 notes 856 Beterodera — radicicola, notes 150 radicicola, notes. Conn. State 52 schachtii, treatment, U.S.D.A 450 Hevea brasiliensis. (See Rubber, Para.) He.xham scent weed, description 639 Hibiscus, breeding experiments, N.J 839 Hickory — as a pollenizer for pecans, Ga 344 bark beetle, remedies 856 nuts, distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 mealy bug, description 551 shagbark, wood structure 447 Highways. (See Roads.) Hill bull blood, analyses 779 Hippeastrum, red leaf spot of. 453 Histology, pathologic, treatise 674 Hog cholera- bacillus, nongas-producing strain 582 blood, attenuation, Ind 777 blood filtrates, Ind 776 control in Indiana, Ind 192, 482 control in Iowa 777 immunization 84 immunization, Ind 777 immunization, N.Dak 482 immunization, N.J 868,884 in Great Britain 378,676 in Peru 779 in Portugal 280 in southern Italy 680 larynx and kidney hemorrhages in 83 serum, agglutinins in for Bacillus suipest- ifer 280 serum, production 179, 280 serum, production in Illinois 384 serum, storing, N.Dak 482 serum, studies, Wis 884 studies 384,075,680 transmission 675 virus, attenuation, 84 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Page. Holcocera icert/ssella, notes 56 Holcocneme caerukocarpa, notes 355 Holycencyrtus physokermis n.sp., description. 555 Home economics — application 194 courses for teachers 96 education, vocational, in United States. . 701 equipment for teaching 396 extension, school credit for 293 extension work in Southern States 896 extension work in United States, U.S. D.A 795 in education for women 96 in elementary schools 598 instruction in Canada 793 instruction in high schools 594 instruction in Saskatchewan 291 instruction in United States 897 lessons in 496, 497 textbook 497 Home grounds, improvement 446 Homesteads in Alaska, Alaska 791 Hominy- feed, analyses, Ind 268 feed, analyses, Ky 268 feed, analyses, Mich 765 feed, analyses, N.J 167 feed, analyses, Tex 765 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, N.J 167 Homotj'posis in plants 628 Honey as a source of vinegar 717 Honeybees. (See Bees.) Hook gage, description 783 Hop aphis, notes 253 Horse — beans, changes in during ripening 731 beans for pigs 371 chestnut shoots, Gloeosporium on 52 diseases, report on, U.S.D.A 884 manure, analyses. Can 120 serum proteins as anaphylactic antigens . 877 Horseradish, culture experiments, N.J 838 Horses — cannon bone size and age of parents, cor- relation, U.S.D.A 371 cost of raising. Can 70 crushed oats for, Wis 866 draft, feeding experiments, 111 569 draft, raising, Kans 172 feeding experiments. Can 69 feeding experiments, Kans 171 feeding experiments. Wis 866 in Philippines 172 judging, U.S.D.A 597 labor requirements, Minn 790 lameness in 280 pull exerted by 388 pure-bred, in Montana, Mont 470 sclerostome parasites of 280 shipping fever of 85 sorrel color in 270 sound, selection, U.S.D.A 769 Horseshoeing, handbook 182 Horticulture, encyclopedia 137 952 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 House fly— Page- breeding habits 57 dispersion under city conditions 56 food preference, N.J 855 overwintering 553 relation to helminthic diseases 657 relation to leprosy 554 remedies 656 response to ammonia and other sub- stances, N.J 156 Household mechanics, treatise 891 Huckleberries, breeding experiments, Alaska. 443 Humic acid, notes 622 Humiflcation, notes 622 Humin— formation 412 nitrogen of protein hydrolysis, origin 108 Humogen. (See Peat, bacterized.) Humus — determination in soils 614 formation 115 relation to soil fertility 723 role in plant nutrition 31 studies 512, 815 sugar, preparation, Tex 625 Hunger control in health and disease, trea- tise 363 Hurricane tracks, 1912-1915, U.S.D.A 419 Hurricanes, notes, U.S.D. A 19, 719 Hydraulic rams, types of 89 Hydrazin — effect on blood fat and blood sugar 164 sulphate, effecton hemolytic reaction. . . 878 Hydrochloric acid, effect on hemol3rtic reac- tion 878 Hydrocyanic acid, determination in beans. . . 714 Hydro-electric power, treatise 783 Hydrogen- electrode potential as affected by press- ure 503 ionconcentration, determination 13, 111 Hydrometeors, classification, U.S.D. A 19 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) Hydroquinone, utilization by plants 329 Hylemyia antiqua , notes. Can 657 Hymenochxte noxia, notes 347, 746, 846, 851, 852 Hymenoptera— American, notes 261 chalcidoid, notes 60 description 759 new, notes 260 predacious and parasitic, notes 456, 461 Hyoscyamus niger oil, analyses 803 Hyperaspis binotata larva, description 658 Hypochlorites, action on proteins 877 Hypochnui sotowi, studies 847 Hypoderma bovis — notes 456 studies 482 Hypsometers, tests 144 Hyssopus officinalis, oil of. 803 Ice — box, homemade, description 687 cream binders and fillers, effects of, Va. . 78 cream, manufacture, Cal 177 cream , quality as affected by gelatin 875 cream recipes, Va 79 Ice— Continued. Page. cream standards 561 harvesting 687 houses, construction 390,687 Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony cushion-scale.) Ichneumon flies, new 259 Ichneumonidae in Quebec 461 Idaho Universitj', notes 796 Illinois University, notes 694 Immunity— produced by intravascular injections 575 reactions, relation to specific precipita- tion 478 Immunology, colloidal chemistry in 178 . Imperata — cylindrica , use in paper industry 809 sp. as a green manure 324 Imphee, culture experiments 332 Incubation — notes, W.Va 871 temperature experiments , Ind 770 Incubators- cost of operating, Can 72 operation, Cal 571 IncuTvaria capitclla, notes 754 India rubber. (See Rubber.) Indian summer, notes, U.S.D. A 419 Indiana Station — notes 98, 694 report 795 I-ndigofera spp. as a green manure 324 Infants- feeding 559 feeding, Vt 559 growth 263 metabolism 763 milk for, Vt 558 nutritional disturbances 865 Inflammations , nonspecific, of joints 676 Influenza, equine — causative agent 85 pectoral form -. 182 Inga, revision 32 Inheritance. (See Heredity.) Inosit— phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal 299 utilization in the animal organism 365 Insect- cages, wire, shading effect, U.S.D.A 455 metabolism influence of atmospheric moisture on, N.J 855 Insecticide- laws in United States, U.S.D.A 39 new, description 252 Insecticides- analyses 744 effect on flowering plants 733 inspection in Maine 467 inspection in Ohio 744 preparation and use, Tex 53 (See also specific forms.) Insects- air-conditioning apparatus, Kans 152 beneficial in Illinois 853 control by parasites and predacious ene- mies 456 destruction by cyanid gas 456 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 953 Insects— Continued. destruction by heat 197 entomophagous, terminology 53 entomophagous, use in agriculture 754 forest. (See Forest insects.) greenhouse, N.J 152 injurious — in Barbados 252 in British Guiana 252, 853 in Delaware 540 in Fiji 252 in Great Britain 853 in Illinois 853 in India 355, 653 in Jamaica 457 in Maryland 854 in New Jersey 252 in New Jersey, N.J 854 in New York 855 in Nyasaland 153 in Ontario 456 in Porto Rico 252 in Scotland 252 in South Africa 653 in' Tasmania 846 in West Virginia 653 manual 355 notes, Alaska 457 notes, N.Y.State 549 to alfalfa 152 to citrus fruits 754 to cranberries. Mass 54 to fruit trees 853, 856 to onions 152 to orchids 555 to peaches 141 to pine and fir in Sweden 853 to potatoes, Iowa 550 to rubber 754 to sugar cane 654 to tea 355 to tobacco 355 treatise 236 meadow, notes 297 microparasites of 355 of New Jersey 152 parasitic, in Canada 457 penetration by gases 251 photographing, Nev 53 relation to animal diseases 479 relation to cucumber mosaic disease 350 relation to fire blight 351 relation to rice gwa-bo 448 relation to poliomyelitis 354 scale. (See Scale insects.) (See also specific insects.) Insurance, mutual, in Illinois 791 International — catalogue of general biology S66 dairy congress, report 473 live stock exposition 199 Intestinal flora, relation to diet 664, 665 Intestine, large, enzyms of. 366 Inulo-coagulase, notes 127 Invertase in cane sugar 802 lodin— Page. determination in organic matter 561 in food materials 561 lodoantipyrln, periodids of 313 Iowa — College, notes 499 Station, notes 499, 694 Ips pini, studies, N.Y.Comell 554 Iris, breeding 142 Iron— and manganese, antagonistic action on wheat 731 assimilation by plants 633 assimilation by rice, U.S.D.A 431 determination in soils 814 effect on plant growth 520 immobility in plants, U.S.D.A 128 salts, toxicity in soils 515 sulphate for cottonseed meal-fed pigs. Miss 471 Irrigation — canals, seepage losses 685 concrete pipe for 583 effect on salts and nitrates in soUs, U.S.D.A 816 field laboratory at Denver, Colo 583 in Anam, French Indo China 89 in Canada 682 in Colorado 582 in Florida, U.S.D.A 784 in Montana 486 in Morgan Hill area, California 885 in Navajo and Hopi Indian reservations. 485 in Oregon 283, 485, 583 in Rogue and Willamette river vallejs. . 282 in Turkestan 886 laws in Idaho 384 overhead, tests 583, 640 pipe. (See Pipe.) plants , consumption of electric energy by . 184 project in Milk River, Mont., cost data. . . 89 pumping, cost, Wash 88 pumping plants, tests 487, 888 relation to apple bitter pit 50 spray, U.S.D.A 887 utilization of small waterfalls for 89 water. (See Water.) water wheel for 185 with sewage 183 wooden flumes for 586 Isaria sp. on root weevil larvae 153 Isodromus abnormicornis n.sp., description.. 556 Isosoma — grande, notes 59 orchidearum, notes 252 vaginicolum n.sp., description 59 Ives tint photometer, description 207 Ixodes Uolocyclus, destruction 678 Jacks — in Wisconsin, Wis 473 pure-bred, in Montana, Mont 4Y0 Japanese cane. (See Sugar cane.) Jassoidea of Tennessee 654 Jewish agricultural and industrial aid society . 894 954 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol. 36 Johne's disease- control in England 275 occurrence and transmission 382 Johnson grass , root system 438 Joint-ill in foals, studies 581, 582 Joints, nonspecific inflammations of 676 Juice heaters , vacuum , studies , La 387 Jupiter, surface currents, U.S.D.A 719 Jute leaf spot disease 348 Kafir com — analyses, Can 65 chop, analyses, Tex 765 culture experiments, Kans 131 dwarf, digestibility, U.S.D.A 660 meal, analyses, Tex 765 weight ratios, Kans 131 Kainit, destruction of weeds by 639 Kale- culture experiments, Alaska 436 fertilizer experiments. Wash 425 marrow-stem, culture experiments 735 Kansas- College and Station, notes 196, 499, 694 Station, report 195 Kaoliang- culture experiments, U.S.D.A 34 grain, digestibility, U.S.D.A 661 Keene forest, description 243 Keithia thujina , studies 652 Kentia macarthurii , leaf spot disease of 348 Kentucky Station, notes 397 Kerosene — carbureters for 288 emulsion , new , description 252 Kitchen waste as a feeding stuff 367 Kjeldahl flask, flat-bottomed, description 805 Kohl-rabi— culture experiments 735 food value, U.S.D.A 863 Kulthi, liming experiments 229 Ksmurenic acid, effect on nutritive value of diet 265 Laben raieb, composition 674 Labor — incomes of farmers 491, 492 requirements of live stock, Minn 790 Laboratory- conveniences, description 805 V field experiments in soil biology 213 Laborers, farm. (See Agricultural laborers.) Lace-bugs of Ohio 755 Lachnopvis sp. attacking coffee, P.R 354 Lachnostema larvae as a food supply 57 Lachnosterna spp., notes 753 Lactic acid — bacteria, development in fresh and old milk 475,507 bacteria in pasteurized milk 674 bacteria, proteoclastic power 673 bacteria, proteolytic activity in milk 476 determination in biological products 808 effect on hemolytic reaction 878 r61e in digestion 763 Lactose — acetylated derivatives, optical rotatory powers 202 effect on intestinal flora 664 Lake Tahoe summer level, forecasting, U.S.D.A 18 Lambs- fatty degeneration of muscles, Nev 79 feeding experiments, Cal 170 feeding experiments, Kans 169 feeding experiments , Wis 866 growth in relation to fat content of ewes' milk, U.S.D.A 569 open sheds v. bams for, Ind 568 roughages for, Ohio 396 (See also Sheep.) Lameness in horses, treatise 280 Lampronia rubiella, notes 754 Lamziekte, summary and digest of data 161 Land- arid, reclamation 46 clearing, Can 89 clearing, Wash 498 clearing, cost and methods, Minn 785 cultivated, reverting to natural condi- tions 130 grant colleges. (See Agricultural col- leges.) irrigable, classification 185 irrigated, drainage 399 ownership by negroes in Virginia 392 plaster. (See Gypsum.) problem in Great Britain 392 public, in Alaska 290 public, in United States 290 settlement in California 593 tenure in Illinois 892 . Laphygma frugiperda. (See Army worm , fall . ) Larch — western , growth andadaptation 144 witches' broom on 453 Lard and milk fat, comparative value for growth 160 Laspeyresia molesta, description, U.S.D.A 358 Lassen Peak, eruption, U.S.D.A 419 Lath industry in Canada 244 LauTus nobilis, oil of 803 Lavandula spica, oil of 803 Lavender Phoma disease, studies 851 Lead— arsenate, analyses; Can 39 arsenate as a fungicide for apple scab 50 arsenate paste as affected by freezing — 456 arsenate, use in viticulture 537 arsenates, studies 313, 501 chlor arsenate, preparation and properties 412 Leaf- miner, spike-homed, studies, U.S.D.A.. . 156 sheath, value in descriptive botany 628 weevil, new, in New York 859 Leaf-hoppers of Tennessee 654 Least squares, methods of, U.S.D.A 419 Leaves — autumn, retention of green color in 225 autumnal coloration 633 chemical transformations in 633 closure of 129 morphology and evolution 729 osmotic pressure in relation to soil mois- ture 733 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 955 Leaves— Continued. Page, transpiration as affected by sprays, U.S.D.A 454 transpiring power 824 xeropliotic movements in 430 Leben, composition 674 Lecanium persicx, notes 355, 755 Leguminous — plants, growth and nltrogen-flxing power on acid soils. Wis 514 plants, liming experiments 229 plants, nitrates in 329 plants, root tubercles. (See Root tuber- cles.) plants, value in agriculture . ^ 635 seeds, gennination tests 437 Leishmaniasis, transmission by fleas 654 Lemon — cottony rot, notes 452 curing rooms, humidifier for, U.S.D.A.. . 842 grass oil, constants of 319 grass oil, production in United States, U.S.D.A 538 scab, studies 353 Lemons — bud variation in 537 culture 538 decay in 546 examination 319 frozen, composition 416 persistence of style on 523 storage and curing experiments 741 Lentils- description and agricultural value 635 germination as aftected by depth of plant- ing 437 Lepidiota albohirta, remedies 658 Lepidopria aberrans n.sp., description 556 Lepidoptera, taxonomic value of larval characters 254 Lepidosaphes ulmi. (See Oyster-shell scale.) . Leprosy, transmission by house flies 554 Leptobyrsa explanata, notes 656 Leptocarydium alopecuroides , analyses 334 Leptosphxria — culmifraga , notes 541 sacchari, notes 846 Lepyronia qtMdrangularis, life history. Me 458 Lestophonus, studies 757 Lettuce— Botrytis disease of 541 disease in Rio Grande Valley 450 greenhouse, rot of 350 root knot, notes 349 Leucin anhydrid, a protein-hydrolysis pro- duct 804 Leucite, solubility in sulphurous acid 414 Leucocj^es,r61e in metabolism of carbohy- drates 265 ieucoiermes sp., remedies, P.R 355 Leukemia in fowls, studies 483 Lice — body, destruction with cyanid gas 456 body, remedies 551 destruction by heat 356 remedies 853 4050°— 17 6 Light— Page. action on living organisms 224 relation to plant growth 327 relation to tree growth , Vt 242 Lighting systems for coxmtry homes 491 , 590 Lightning, ball, on Puy de Dome, U.S.D.A.. 419 Llgnoceric acid from rotten oak wood 502 Ligyrus— Tugiceps. {See Sugar-cane beetle.) tumulostis, notes 753 Limacinula caucasica n. sp. , description 245 Lime — analyses 123, 821 application 123 burned, storing 123 crushing on the farm, Ohio 821, 822 determination in soils 299 determination in s'oils, S.C 611 effect on availability of soil potash, U.S.D.A 519 effect on plant growth, Ala.College 212 effect on spil aldehydes 424 effect on strength of cement mortars 286 effect on utilization of nitrogen in acid soils, N. J 819 fertilizing value , Mass 122 for orchard soils , N. H 724 inspection in Ohio 123 magnesia ratio in soils 326 niter. (See Calcium nitrate.) nitrogen. (See Calcium cyanamid.) of Fiji, analyses 319 production and use in United States 123 relation to magnesia in soils 619 requirement of soils, Mich 210 rock, ground, fertilizing value. Wash. . . 425 slaking experiments 123 sulphur mixture, analyses 113 sulphur mixture, chemistrj^ U.S.D.A... 311 tree winter moth, notes, N.Y. State 549 use in agriculture 429, 723 use on acid soils, Wis 514 Limes- culture 445 diseases and insect pests of 851 fertilizer experiments 141 juice of, concentration by freezing 808 root diseases of 846 Limestone — analyses, Can 27 for peaty pastiues 740 ground, fertilizing value, Mass 122 marls and shells, analyses 821 of Canterbury Province , New Zealand . . . 220 tester, description ,111 614 Limewater, addition to milk 559 Limoid, fertilizing value, Mass 122 Limonius calif ornicus , remedies 758 Linkage intensities, calculation 729 Linseed- cake, analyses 571 meal, acidity and rancidity 666 meal, analyses. Can 65 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, Ky 268 meal, analyses, Mass 667 956 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Linseed — Continued. Page. meal, analyses, Mich 765 meal, analyses, N.J 167 meal, analyses, Tex 765 meal, effect on breeding power of heifers, Ind T73 meal , efficiency for milk production, Wis . 872 meal for skim-milk calves, Cal 369 meal protein for milk production 671 oil, toxic effect on rats 61 Lipoids, distribution in human blood 365 Liquids, calculation of volume 299 Lithium — salts, toxicity toward plants 129 separation from other alkali metals 505 Lithocolletis, color pattern in 656 Lithocolletis cratsegella, notes 656 Lithohypoderma, new fossil genus 553 Litter, effect on fermentation of manure 23 Live stock — feeding, textbook 597 feeding, treatise 666 improvement in Wales 495 inspection for interstate movement 675 insurance in New England, Mass 192 interstate shipment 477 labor requirements, Minn 790 marketing 166, 392, 593 marketing in United States, U.S.D. A ... 164 poisoning with lupines, U.S.D. A 276 relation to soil maintenance 197 sanitary law and regulations in Alabama . 879 sanitary laws in Arkansas, Ark 675 statistics in Egypt 777 statistics in England 393 statistics in Finland 895 transportation, sanitation in 675 {See also Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver- fluke disease, treatment 83 meal for cows 273 of sulphur, fungicidal value 51 r61e in production of complement 381 Lizus scabricollis, notes 355 Loads — for highway bridges 489 pulling experiments 388 Locusts — control in Algeria 356, 755 control in Canada 456 control in Morocco 857 control in New Mexico, N. Mex 55 control in New York 856 control in South Africa 457, 6.53 lesser migratory, studies, N. Y.Comell ... 153 notes, N.Y.Comell 153 remedies, U.S.D. A 252 Logan River basin, profile survey 583 Loganberry, hybrid origin 141 Longicom beetles in Australia 360 Loranthus theobromse — notes 846 relation to citrus knot 851 Louisiana Stations, notes 695 Louping-ill in sheep, studies S3 Low pressure at Paris, U.S.D. A 719 Lubber grasshopper, remedies, N.Mex 55 Lucem. (See Alafalfa.) Lumber— Page. drjTng, studies, U.S.D.A 809 industry, control 744 industry in Canada 244 industry in United States, U.S.D.A 644 round-edge, utiUzation 145 (See also Timber and Wood.) Lumbering in California, U.S.D.A 745 Lung distome, intermediate host 577 Lupine flakes, preparation and use 367 Lupines — absorption of salt mixtures by 128 as poisonous plants, U.S.D.A 276 behavior toward ammonium salts 632 description and agricultural value 635 removing bitter flavor 635 Lychnis, inheritance in 331 Lyctus beetles, remedies, U.S.D.A 758 Lygidea mendax — food plants 356 notes 856 Lygiis— communis n. sp., description 550 communis novascotiensis n.var., descrip- tion 550 invitiLS, notes 457, 550 L3miphangitis in cattle 82 Lymphatic sytem, origin and development. . 478 Lysin — as a supplement for wheat, com, and oat proteins 560 r61e in nutrition of chicks 372 Macaroni wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Mace, analyses and standards 466 Machinery. (See Agricultural machinery.) Macrodactylus subspinosus. (See Rose chafer.) MacTosiphum granarium, studies, U.S.D.A. . 458 Macrosporium — lanceolatum, notes 348 sydowianum, notes 149 Magdalis pruni (ruficornis), notes 853 Magnesia- effect on wheat 519 relation to Ume in soils 519 Magnesium — carbonate, effect on soil potash, Tex 625 effect on chlorophyll formation 225 function in plants 30 hypochlorite in surgery 379 in normal urine 366 salts, effect on solubility of phosphates. . . 626 salts, toxicity in soil 515 Magnifier, binocular 97 Maguey, standard grades 634 Mahogany and its substitutes, U.SJJ.A 745 Maine — College, history 594 Station, notes 98 University, history 594 Maize. (See Com.) Malacosoma americana. (See Tent cater- pillar.) Maladio du co'it. (See Dourlne.) Malaria — prevention 460 transmission experiments 757 Malarial parasites, resistance to cold 858 Malic acid, determination in urine 468 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 957 Mallophaga— Page. notes 552 of North American mammals 253 Malnutrition, tissue alteration in 763 Malonylguanidin as a precipitant for furfural. 318 Malt- soup extract in infant feeding 264 sprouts, analyses, Ind 268 sprouts, analyses, Mass 667 sprouts, analyses, N.J 167 Maltafever, treatise 382 Maltose — acetylated derivatives, optical rotatory powers 202 solutions, turbidity 808 Malvaceae, oi'sand fiber of • 803 Mammals — larger North American 354 nematode parasites of 753 of Great Britain 852 Man- animal parasites of 354 measurement of surface area 64 Manganese— and iron, antagonistic action on wheat.. . 731 dioxid, fertilizing value 220 effect on pineapples 538. 546 effect on plants 432, 520 salts, effect on ammonification and nitri- fication 326 salts, toxicity in soil 515 sulphate, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 124 Manganous phosphate, fertilizing value. Wis. 626 Mange, parasitic, in Great Britain 378 (See also Sheep scab.) Mangel- diseases, notes 541 diseases, notes, Conn. State 47 fly, breeding experiments 658 Mangels- analyses, Can 65 carbohydrates in 125 cultiue experiments, Alaska 436 culture experiments. Can 32 fertilizer experiments 529.. 735, 833 fertilizer experiments. Mass 121 fertilizer experiments. Wash 425 varieties 735 varieties, U.S.D.A 133 Mangoes- culture experiments, P.R 340 germination tests, P.R 340 insects affecting 457 Mangosteen diseases, treatment, P.R 347 Manioc. (See Cassava.) Mannite, effect on nitrate formation 321 Mansonia, eggs and oviposition 552 Mansonia humeralis n. sp., description 552 Manure — analyses. Can 120 application 325 ash, fertilizing value 228 barnyard. (See Barnyard manure.) destruction of fly larvae in 656 effect on decomposition of green manure, N.J 817 effect on nitrification in soDs, Cal 118 Manure — Continued. Page. effect on nitrogen content of soils 218 effect on salts and nitrates m soils, U.S.D.A 816 fermentation 23 fertiUzing value 228 fertilizing value, Iowa 623 fertilizing value, Ohio 839 fertiUzing value. Wash 425 gain of nitrogen in 217 liquid, fertilizing value 529 top-dressing v. plowing under for wheat, Mich 735 use 119,323 (See also Cow, Horse, etc.) • Manurial requirements of soils. (See Soils.) Manuring, treatise ill Maple, Norway, anthracnose of, Conn. State. 47 Marasmius sacchari, notes 541, 846 March fly, notes 552 Afargaropus annulatus. (See Cattle ticks.) Market- gardening, treatise 639 municipal, in Newton, Massachusetts 289 Markets- bibliography 762 in Boston 593,762 inspection 663 public, sanitary control 562 Marl- analyses, Can 27 fertilizing value, Mass 122 Marls, analyses 821 Marsonia tosx, notes 851 Maryland- College, notes 98, 295 Station, notes 295 Massachusetts — CoUege, notes 98,295,695,796 Station, notes 98, 295, 695 Station, report 195 Matthiola, inheritance of doubleness 826 Meadow fescue, composition and digesti- bility 469 Meadows, fertihzer experiments 529 (See also Grass.) Meals, planning 762 Mealy bugs, rearing 253 Meat- curing 114 Cluing, Wash 498 diseased, in relation to sale warranty 662 effect on intestinal flora 665 feeding, effect on excretion of creatinin. . . 264 inspection in United States 477 marketing in United States, U.S.D.A 164 meal, analyses, Ind 268 meal, analyses, Mich 765 meal, analyses, Tex 765 preservation on the farm 717 products, preservation 463 samples for bacteriological examination. 574 scrap, analyses, Ind 268 scrap, analyses, Ky 268 scrap, analyses. Mass 667 scrap, analyses, Mich 765 scrap, analyses, N.J 167 958 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, [Vol. 36 Meat— Continued. Page. scrap, analyses, Tex 765 selection 762 supply, bibliography 762 Mechanical colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) Mechanics — agricultural. (See Agricultural me- chanics.) household, treatise 891 Media, synthetic, studies 524 Medkago falcata, studies, U.S.D.A 334 Melampsora bigelowii on Larix 651 Melampsoracese, monograph 647 Melanconis modonia ( M. perniciosa), notes. . . 752 Melanconium — bambusse n.sp., description 251 n.sp. on tomatoes 49 sacchari, notes 648, 846 sp. on tomatoes 749 Melanoplm — atlanis, studies, N. Y.Comell 153 spp., remedies, N.Mex 55 Melanops, life histories 246 Melanospora asparagi n. sp, description 748 Melanostoma mellinum, notes. Me 460 Melilotus parviflora, description 639 Melon aphis, relation to cucumber mosaic dis- ease 350 Melons- culture in southern France 138 localization of acids and sugars in 110 Membracidse of Philippines 755 Meningo-encephalomyelitis in fowls 782 Menus for negro farmers, Ala., Tuskegee 562 Mercurialis annua, inheritance of sex-ratios in. 522 Mesembrianthemum junceum , ash analyses. . 429 Metabolism- abnormal, in infants 865 experiments, analytical error in 164 experiments with man 763 Metal flumes, preservatives for 585 Meteorological observations — Alaska 418, 436 Can 97 Mont 208 N.J 811 U.S.D.A 19, 207, 419, 615, 718, 719 at Berkeley, California 616 in Michigan 719 in Oxford, England 208 in Sweden 208 (See also Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.) Meteorology- agricultural, in Canada 510 agricultural, in United States, U.S.D.A. 616 agricultural, problems in 207 agricultural, theories of statistics and cor- relation in, U.S.D.A 419 in Argentina 510 use in European war 509 Meteorus dimidiatvs, notes, U.S.D.A 155 Methyl alcohol, determination in presence of ethyl alcohol 806 Metric system for aeronautics, U.S.D.A 718 Metritis, bovine, etiology 279 Mice, white, analyses at different stages of growth 663 Michigan— Page. College, notes 196,499,695 Station, report 795 Miciuratu, composition 674 Microdontomerus fumipennis n.sp., descrip- tion 556 Microgaster sp., notes, U.S.D.A 655 Microlepidoptera, new, descriptions 254 Microorganisms — of air and food, effect on nutrition 562 role in sUage fermentation, U.S.D.A 802 (See also Bacteria.) Milk- addition of limewater to 559 al coh ol tes t 807 analyses 614 antineuritic substances in 665 as a cheap food 862 as affected by plane of nutrition of cow. Mo 669 bacteria, counting 476 bacteria, nonspore-forming 474 bactenological analysis 273, 775, 875 bacteriological analysis, methods 573, 574 boiled, m infant feeding 264 bottled, cooling 573 certified, production 572 clarifiers, studies 274 classimeter, description 875 coagulation 610 commissions, medical, in United States and Canada 572 condensed, for infants, Vt 558 condensed, in Bermuda 275 cooling on the farm 573 cost of production 271,376 cost of production, N.J 872 cost of production, U.S.D.A 873 cost of production. Wash 473 creaming ability, Iowa 76 creaming as affected by heating 674 ciu"d, determination of elasticity 610 destruction of citric acid in 415 determination of freshness 475, 507 digestion, Vt 559 effect on intestinal flora 664, 665 evaporated, for infants, Vt 658 fat and lard, comparative value for growth 160 fat as affected by plane of nutrition of cow, Mo 669 fat , changes Ln during storage, Ind 773 fat , determination in margarin 715 fat, digestibility, U.S.D.A 861 fat, variations in 571 (See also Fat.) fermented products, composition 674 fl,ow, factors affecting. Mo 670 for infants, Vt 558 goat 's, cost of production, Cal 173 grading 176, 274, 874 grading in small cities 474 heated, dietetics 877 homogenization 275 homogenized, for infants, Vt 558 hot-bottled, cooling by forced air, U.S. D.A 174 houses, construction 390 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 959 Milk— Continued. Page. houses, construction, Tex 788 inspectors, appointment and compensa- tion 774 judging, biological method 475, 507 labeling 176 lactic fermentation test 476 market, contests, Iowa 375 market, contests, Mich 774 market, high bacterial counts 274 methods of examination 571 neutralization precipitate 299 pasteurization 474, 674 pasteurization, compulsory 675 pasteurization, handbook 274 pasteurization La bottles, U.S.D.A 174 pasteurized and raw, multiplication of bacteria in 475 pasteurized, microscopic test 574 payment for at factories. Wis 876 phosphatids in 862 plants, sanitary surveys, Mich 774 production cost accounts, treatise 271 production, proteins for 174, 671 products, pipettes for sampling 805 protein, digestibility as affected by rennin 559 protein-free, studies 865 raw, bactericidal effect 475 records registering in Argentina 673 regulations in the United States 774, 874 relation to bovine infectious abortion 480 relation to Malta fever 382 relation to scurvy in guinea pigs 363 sanitary, production 572, 573 secretion, physiology 573 sheep's, factors affecting composition 273 sheep's, studies, U.S.D.A 569 skimmed . (See Skim mU k . ) standards, report on 874 substitutes for calves 567, 571 substitutes for calves, Ind 565 supply, control 375 supply, improvement 474 supply of Bombay 573 supply of New York aty 474, 572 supply of New York State 572 supply of Paris 273,572 supply, sanitary control, Mich 774 testing, Iowa 674 tests, pipette for 805 tubercle bacilli in 278 use in the diet, Ohio 763 veins, significance of 673 watered, detection 571, 807 yields, determination 673 Milking— machines as a factor in dairy farming, U.S.D.A 272 machines, bacterial contamination of milk by 177 machines, tests 673, 774 machines, tests, Can 75 methods 375 MiUet— culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, Ohio 829 Millet— Continued. Page. culture experiments, U.S.D.A 133 culture imder dry farming 529 fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 427 fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 seed, inspection in Maryland, Md 442 transpiration in, U.S.D.A 226 varieties 529 varieties, Nev 36 varieties, U.S.D.A 133 Millinery teaching in high schools 595 Milo maize — chop, analyses, Tex 765 dwarf, digestibility, U.S.D.A 661 meal, analyses, Tex 765 meal, digestibility, N.Mex 470 weight ratios, Kans 131 Milwaukee County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy, survey 792 Mimetite, artificial, preparation 412 Mineola vaccinii. (See Cranberry fruit- worm.) Mineral aggregates, specific gravity 683 Minneapolis, Minn., as an agricultural and financial center 494 Minnesota- Station, notes 695 University, notes 98, 196, 500, 695, 797 Mirabilis jalapa, abscission in 225 Missouri — Station, notes 98, 599 University, notes 98, 599, 695 Mistletoes, South African, and their hosts. . . 548 Moisture. (See Water.) Molasses- analyses, Can 65 as a source of alcohol 508 beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.) black-strap, for pigs. Miss 472 Mold fungi, nitrogen nutrition 527 Mole cricket- European, notes, N.J 854 notes 355 Moles, trapping. Wash 396 Molybdic acid, recovery of 805 Monarthropalpus buxi, notes 551 Monarfhrum mali, notes, U.S.D.A 258 Mongos, liming experiments 229 Monilia — cinerea, notes 751 fruetigena, notes 649, 750 sitopiiila, ammonia production by 221 Mbniliopsis aderholdii and Rhizoctonia solani, identity 145 Mbmtera deliciosa, parthenocarpy in 331 Montana — College, notes 899 Station, notes 99 Station, report 294 Moor soils. (See Soils, moor.) Moose, protection in Alaska, Alaska 791 Mora Rivf •■, profile survey 583 Mortars as affected by lime 286 Mosquitoes — as affected by salinity of sea water 255 collecting device for 255 control, N.J 855,858 960 EXPERIMENT STATIO'N EECOEID. [Vol. 36 Page. Mosquitoes— Continued. control in New York 856 destruction with cyanid gas 456 notes 552 of San Diego, California 552 remedies 853 yellow fever, early name 552 Moss, reindeer, culture experiments 369 Mosses on trees in Denmark 825 Moths. (See Lepidoptera.) Motor- plows. (See Plows.) truck loads for highway bridges 489 trucks, tractive resistance on roads 490 Mountains, relation to conservation of snow, Nev 17 Muck- analyses, Can 27 fertilizing value, Del 516 soils. (See Soils, muck.) Mucor — n.sp., studies 734 plumbeus, ammonia production by 221 Mud, river and tidal, analyses 27 Mulberry diseases, studies 751 Mules— fertiUty 372 raising in the South, Miss 70 Multiceps gaigeri n.sp., description 354 Murgantia Mstrionica. (See Harlequin cab- bage-bug. Muriate of potash. (See Potassium chlorid.) Mibsca domestica. (See House fly.) Musci, carbohydrates of 609 (Muscina) Passeromyia heterochxta, notes... 359 Muscoidea of Australia 554 Muscovite as a source of potash 728 Muscular work, effect on metabolism 763 Mushroom- pests and their control, U.S.D.A 853 spring-tail, remedies, N.J 854 Muskmelon seed, distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 Muskmelons, western, marketing, U.S.D.A.. 138 Must- analyses 801 making investigations 801 Mustard- beetle attacking water cress 658 effect on companion crop of oats 438 fertilizer experiments 134 Indian, studies 228 oil, action on grape must fermentation. . . 801 oil, examination 319 wild, eradication 236, 535, 639 Mycetobia, notes 255 Mycorrhizse of trees, review of investigations . 527 MycosphxTclla — brassicxcola, notes. Mass 145 grossularix, perfect stage of Septoria libis. 246 pinodcs, notes 249 Myennis scutellaris, notes 657 Myiasis, cutaneous, in man 359 ifyiophasia spp., notes 256 Myopa, synopsis 255 Myrobalans as a tanning material 509 Nails, holding power 682 Napier fodder, composition and culture 230 Narcissus bulbs, nematodes affecting 752 Narcotics, effect on germination of seeds 29 Nasturtiums, breeding experiments, N.J 838 National — Conference on Rural Education 798 Congress of Horticulture 100 Drainage Congress 186 Formulary 378 Nature study in graded schools 395 Nebraska- Station, notes 99,500,695,797 University, notes 99 500,797 Nectandra rodixi, notes 745 Nectria cinnabarina, studies 751 Negroes, land ownership in Virginia 392 Nematodes— giant, in liver of a dog 681 in butterfish in relation to sale warranty . 662 injurious to narcissus bulbs 752 injurious to plants 150 injurious to plants. Conn. State 52 injurious to vegetables 349 of ruminants, transmissible to man 577 parasitic in mammals 753 Neobeckia aguatica as affected by environ- ment 523 Neoborus amoenus, notes 551 Neocatolaccus — livii n.sp., description 556 syrphidis n.sp., description 556 Neocosmospora vasinfcda — on potato and adzuki bean 450 pisi, studies 749 Neoderostenus, occurrence in North Amer- ica 556 NeofabTsea malkoTticis, temperature relations, U.S.D.A 649 Neopechia coulteri, spore variation in 651 Nepeira bcnevola fuscifemora, notes, U.S.D.A. 6.55 Nephrolepis, variation in 434 Nesococcus n.g. and n.sp., description 551 Neurocolpus nubilus, notes 456 Neuropteroid insects of Philippines 656 Nevada- Station, notes 695 Station, report 97 University, notes 196, 695 New Hampshire — College, notes 99, 295 Station, notes 69 New Jersey — College, notes 599, 695, 797 State University, notes 695 Stations, notes 196, 599, 797 Stations, report 898 New Mexico — College and Station, notes 99, 695, 899 State Engineer, report 284 New York State — Engineer and Surveyor, report 183, 284 Veterinary College, report 675^ 676 Nicotiana — hereditary reaction systems 621 inheritance in 629 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 961 Nicotiana vUcomm, mosaic disease of, U.S.D.A 451 Nicotin— insecticidal value, U.S.D.A 152 sulphate sprays, wetting power and effi- ciency, U.S.D.A 455 Niter spots in western soils, origin 423 Nitrate — formation in acid soils 22 Norwegian. (See Calcium nitrate.) of lime. (See Calcium nitrate.) of soda. {See Sodium nitrate.) Nitrates- absorption by legimies 329 in orchard soils, N.H "24 in soils as affected by soil moisture and manure, U.S.D.A 816 leaching in soils in winter 1 19 movement in soils, Cal 118 Nitric nitrogen — determination 504 in country rock 423 Nitrification— as affected by soil moisture 513 factors affecting 321 in sandy loam soils 321 in semiarid soils, U.S.D.A 422 in soils, Cal 118 insoils, N.Y.Comell 724 in soils, nature 513 Nitrites, determination 203 Nitrocultures, preparation and use 827 Nitrogen- absorption and leaching in soils 219 action on musts and wine 801 atmospheric, fixation by electricity 122 availability in fertilizers 818 compounds, synthesis by plants 631 determination 14, 316 determination in algse 202 determination in calcium cyanamid 426 determination in soils 711 determination, Kjeldahl apparatus 14 fixation as affected by soil moisture 513 fixation by fungi 632 fixation, factors affecting 321 in coagulum and serum of Hevea latex . . 710 increase in, fermenting manures 217 lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.) nonprotein, determination in blood 316 nonprotein, of feeding stuffs 205 nutrition of mold fungi 527 sources in United States 122 Nitrogenous fertilizers — availability, determination 726 comparison, Mass 121 comparison, N.J 818 comparison, Wis 626 for arid soils 726 for oranges, U.S.D.A 642 North Carolina- College, notes 99, 295, 500, 696 credit union 289 Station, notes 295,500,696 North Dakota- College, notes 899 Station, report 498 Page. Nosema— apis, notes 258 apis, notes, Nev 53 pulicis n. sp., notes 257 Numularia in Indiana 542 Nupserha sp. affecting soy beans 157 Nursery- experiments, error in, Mich 735 stock diseases, treatment, N. Y.Cornell . . 750 Nut industry in America 445 Nutrient solutions — automatic renewal 433 comparative studies 224 effect on plant gro^vth 630. 631, 731 effect on secretion of diastase by Penicil- lium camembertii., 328 physiological balance in 212, 328 repeated growing of plants in 631 Nutrition- animal. (See Animal nutrition.) in relation to microorganisms of air and food 562 investigations of Carnegie Institution 763 laboratory manual 396 lectures on 865 plant. (See Plant nutrition.) (See also Digestion, Metabolism, etc.) Nutritional deficiency diseases, review and bibliography 363, 663 Nuts, edible and oil-producing, in West Africa 611 Nysius ericx {angustalus), remedies, U.S.D.A 154 Oak— Moreh, notes 243 unit stresses for 91 Oaks- bitter, notes 540 Irish, composition and mineral constit- uents 804 with persistent foliage, leaf structure 330 Oat- aphis, remedies. Wis 857 diet, effect on guinea pigs 364 fodder, analyses, Can 65 hay, injurious effect on horses 280, 580 hulls, analyses, N.J 167 middlings, analyses, Ind 268 middlings, analyses, Mich 765 mildew, notes 541 proteins, supplements for 560 smut in Indiana 542 smut, treatment 449 sprouter, description, Wash 75 straw, analyses. Can 65 straw V. alfalfa hay for steers, Can 269 Oats- analyses, Can 65 as affected by companion crop of mustard 438 breeding experiments 336, 834 crushed, analyses, Tex 765 crushed v. whole, for work horses. Wis . . . 866 culture, Vt 530 culture experiments, Alaska 436 culture experiments. Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 33, 132, 830 culture on Wisconsin drift soU, Iowa 623 culture under dry farming 629 962 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol. 36 Oats— Continued. Pe culture under dry fanning, Utah distribution of nitrogen in, Ky fall-sown, in Maryland and vicinity, U.S.D.A fertUizer experiments 23, 13-1, 217, 428 fertilizer experiments, Ala. College fertilizer experiments, Wis germination as aflected by depth of plant- ing growth as affected by alkali, Utah hull content, determination hulled, seed value inheritance of glume characters in liming experiments. Can lodging, control. Wis nematode infection northern grown seed, HI pollination ratio of grain to straw rotation experiments, Ohio seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 33,34. sprouted, for hens. Wash thrashing in variety tests varieties 336, 529, varieties, Alaska 435, varieties, Can varieties, HI , varieties, Nev varieties, Ohio varieties, U.S.D.A 33, 34, 132, 133, varieties. Wis varieties, classification, N. Y. State Ocymum basilicum, oil of (Edocephalum {Botrytis) anthophilum n.sp., description CEnothera, mutation in Ohio- Engineering Society, report State University, notes 99, 500, Station, notes 196, Station, report Oidium sp.— on carnations on Photinia serrulata Oil- determination in foliage seeds from American palms Oils- essential, chemistry of essential, of Australian Myrtacese ethereal, of Russia hydrogcnation. . . : inspection in Iowa methods of analysis of Mai vaceaj physical and chemical constants plant, of Russia storage changes in Oklahoma College and Station, notes Okra- breeding experiments, N.J culture in Porto P.ico, P. R Oleander bacteriosis, notes Oleomargarine, detection of pigments Ln Oligosita oophagus n.sp., description 528 269 736 529 212 626 437 118 231 439 834 27 827 150 634 527 218 Olive — Page. oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 pomace, utilization 809 sooty mold, remedies 754 Olives — fertiUzers for 538 immature, labeling, Cal 139 varietal standardi zation 537 Onchocerciasis in cattle 883 Onion — Fusariiun rot, notes. Conn. State 47 maggot, imported, notes. Can 657 seed, vitality, Conn. State 39 smut, notes 349 Onions- cost of growing and marketing. Mass 192 cultiue, Ind 640 culture in Antigua 735 culture in Connecticut Valley, Mass 840 fcrtiUzer experiments, U.SD. A 137 food value, U.S.D.A 863 insects affecting 152 varieties, Mont 237 varieties, U.S.D.A 137 Ooctonus quadricarinatus n.sp., description . . . 259 Ooencyrlus— cluiocampie , notes 556 pyrillz n.sp., description 556 Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.) Ophyraleucostoma, "critical" point for 256 Opium, production in Spain 743 Orange— mottle-leaf, prevention, U.S.D.A 841 oil, manufacture 207 oU, production, U.S.D.A 416 Oranges- culture 538 factors affecting maturity, Cal 139 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A 642,841 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 841 maturity and wholesomeness 561 navel, analyses, U.S.D.A 743 navel, bud variations in 141 navel, culture in Brazil 241 navel, history and culture, U.S.D.A .... 743 navel, pruning 141 spraying, cost data 55 Orchard — bark beetles, notes, U.S.D.A 258 diseases in Tiukcstan 647 ermine moth.=, notes, N.Y. State 549 grass, composition and digestibility 469 grass, culture experiments. Can 32 grass seed, examination, Md 442 lands, drainage 888 pinhole borers, notes, U.S.D.A 258 soils, nitrates in, N.H 724 Orchards — apple. {See Apple orchards.) cost of bringing into bearing 140 cultiu-e experiments, N.H 724 culture V. grass mulch, Ohio 41 fertili..er experiments 237 fertiliser experiments, Ohio 40 frost injuries to, Nev 40 management, U.S.D.A 95, 841 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 963 Orchards— Continued. Page. management, Wis 341 rejuvenation, Ohio 40 renovation and operation, Ind 640 spraying 535 straw mulch in 297 Orchids, insects aflecting 555 Oregon College, notes 99, 196, 696 Organic- matter, loss in green manuring, Ohio 324 matter, role in soils 197 matter, vegetable, humification 115 products, utilization by plants 225 Organisms, living, isolation 275 Ormyrus n.sp., description 557 Ornamental plants, shrubs, or trees. {See Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.) Ornithology, British , bibliography 251 Orobanche spp. on tobacco 449 Orthoclase as a source of potash 728 Orthoptera in vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana 252 Orthopteroid insects of Philippines 355 Orthotylus of North America, monograph — 253 Ortsand, formation 813 Ortstein, formation 813 Oryza manilcnsis, description 531 Osage oranges for dairy cows 374 Oscillaria prolifica, composition 201 Osteomalacia, summary and digest of data... 161 Osteoporosis in horses 780 Otionhynchus — ovatus, studies, Mass 156 sulcatus, notes 859 Ox- muscle, autolysis in, U.S.D.A 109 saliva, diastase in 82 warble larvae extract, effect on cattle 478 Oxidase — action, mechanism 609 reactions, studies 503 reagents, color changes in 224 relation to catalase in plant tissue 610 Oxidases — r61e in plant respiration 329 studies 224 Oxidation potential, measurement 224 Oxycholesterol, color reaction for 112 Oxygen— and carbon dioxid, effect on nitrogen transformation in soils, N.Y.Cornell... 724 effect on germination of aged seeds 29 Oxythrips, synopsis 550 Oyster-shell scale, remedies 857 Oyster shells — analyses 821 ground, mixing with acid phosphate ■ 325 Oysters — destruction by crabs, N.J 853 examination • Me 159 floating or swelling, N.J 861 green, copper content, N.J 861 propagation, N.J 871 soUdity, N.J 861 Pachyneuron mucronatum n.sp., description. 556 Paddy. (.See Rice.) Paints— Pago. for highway bridges, tests 384 , 587 inspection in Iowa 762 Palm- kernel cake, digestibility 764 oils, composition 8C3 Pancreas, function of 5' 2 " Panga" fruits as a tanning material 5C9 Panicum san^uinale, root system 4.38 Pa-paver somniferum, alkaloids, latex, and o.\i- dases in 127 Papaveraceae, oils and alkaloids of 628 Papaws, specimens in United States 445 Papaya flowers, variation in 241 Papayas, culture and use 241 Paper- milling, Ives tint photometer in 207 wet, determination of strength 509 PappophoTum scabrum, analyses 334 Para rubber. (See Rubber.) Paracalocoris, nearctic species 654 Paracasein, digestibility as affected by ren- nin 559 Paraphelinus speciosmimus, studies 258 Parasa latistriga, notes 654 Parasites. (See Animal parasites, etc.) Parcel post- marketing apples by, Ohio 742 marketing farm produce by 91 Pardianlomellaibscni, notes, U.S.D.A 155 Parenchyma wood, formation after winter injury 431 Paris green, methods of analysis 715 Parks, treatise 743 Parsnip mildew, notes 541 Parsnips, food value, U.S.D.A 863 Parthenocarpy, notes 331 Paspalum dilatatum, root system 438 Passeromyia heterochxta, notes 359 Pastures- fertilizer experiments 425, 735, 740 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 829 in Manitoba and Saskatchewan 437 in southeastern Ohio, Ohio 34 irrigated, grasses for, U.S.D.A 132 irrigated, value, U.S.D.A 173 Patellina fragarise n.sp., description 452 Pathology, special, guide 378 Patrogenesis in plant hybrids 28 Patrons of Husbandry, history 688 Pavements — brick, monolithic construction 384 concrete, design 890 construction, treatise 285 macadam and concrete 188 monolithic, in Vermilion County, lUinois 188 Pea- bran, analyses, Mich 766 cannery refuse, feeding value 167 collar disease, studies 749 weevil, studies, N.J 855 Peach- borer, lesser, notes, N. Y.State 549 borer, remedies, N.J 855 borer, studies, N.J 857 964 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Peacli— Cont inued . Page. buds, winterkilling, Ohio 341 disease, little, studies, N.J 849 diseases, notes 111. 750 leaf and twig curl, notes 647 leaf cuil, notes 347 leaf weevil, notes, N. Y.State 549 mildew, notes 541 orchards, winter heating, Ohio 795 powdery mildew, treatment 350 scat) in Netherlands 649 scab, studies, U.S.D. A 545 scale. West Indian, remedies 355 tree bark beetle, notes, U.S.D.A 258 tree trunks, introduction of solutions into. 740 yellows, studies, N.J 849 Peaclies— abnormalities, N.J 837 breeding e.xperiments, N.J 837 cost of growing, Del 42 crossbreeding experiments 742 crown gall resistance in 352 culture experiments, N.J 837 culture in Ontario 140 Elberta, bud sport, N.J 837 insects affecting 141 localization of acids and sugars in 110 new insect enemy of, U .S.D.A 358 plant food removed by. Ark 39 pruning at time of planting, N.J 41 sulphur paste as a spray for 351 varieties, N.J 837 Peanut — cake, analyses 572 cake, effect on composition of butter 875 leaf curl, notes 847 meal, analyses. Can 65 meal, analyses. Mass 667 meal, analyses, N.J 167 meal, analyses, Tex 765 mosaic disease, transmission 544 oil, detection 414 oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 Peanuts- culture experiments 830 culture in Philippines 231 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 varieties 231 Pear- aphis, false, remedies, N.J 855 blight beetle, notes, U.S.D.A 258 blight, notes 849 blight, studies 351 brown blotch, studies 149 leafworm, studies, U.S.D.A 260 Phytophtliora rot 649 psylla, notes 856 psylla, notes, N.J 854 psylla, relation to fire blight 351 psylla, remedies, N.J 855 scab, notes 541 scab, treatment, Cal 545 thrips, notes 856 tree borer sinuate, notes 856 tree trunks, introduction of solutions into. 740 Pearline as an insecticide, Ind 753 Pears— Page. Bartlett, ripening 536 blight-resisting stocks 51 , 641 breeding 444 breeding, Md 444 butter, parthenocarpy in 331 crossbreeding experiments 742 identification and classification 641 internal structure, Orog 41 of North America 742 ripening in relation to humidity 741 Peas- culture experiments. Can 32 culture in Antigua 735 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 description and agricultural value 635 device for sorting 035 field, utilization of sugar by 125 field, varieties, Nev 30 germination as affected by depth of plant- ing 437 inheritance from different parts 27 liming experiments. Can 27 limitation studies, N.J 839 root growth at various temperatures 28 selection experiments, Mich 735 varieties 735 varieties. Can 32 Peat- analyses, Can 27 bacterized and heated, comparison 219 bacterized, fertilizing value 219, 517, 726 industry in Canada 322 industry in United States 624 lands or soils. (See Soils, peat.) Pecans- budding and grafting 743 culture, Cal 139 culture in Texas 743 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 self-sterility in, Ga 344 Pecos River, profile survey 583 Pectin, determination in sugar residues 415 Pegomya — brassicx. (See Cabbage maggot.) , cepctorum. (See Onion maggot.) hyoscyami, notes ^ 57 spp. , breeding experiments 658 Pellagra- colloidal silica theory 763 experimental, in dogs 764 relation to diet 763 review of investigations 161, 363 studies 464, 466 transmissibility 363 transmission experiments 764 treatise 763 Pemphigus betx— notes 55 remedies, U.S.D.A 154 Penicillium — camembertii, secretion of diastase by 328 ezpansum, temperature relations, U.S. D.A 649 glaucum, fixation of nitrogen by 632 sp., ammonia production by 221 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 965 Pennisetum — Page. ciliare, analyses 334 purpureum, composition and culture 230 Pennsylvania- College, notes 100, 197, 500, 696 Institute of Animal Nutrition, notes 100 Station, notes 100, 197 Pentosans, determination 807 Pentoses, destruction in alcoholic fermenta- tion 609 Pepper — anthracnose, notes 449 breeding experiments, N.J 838 fruit rot, notes 48 mosaic disease, notes, U.S.D.A 451 tree caterpillar, notes 654 wilt, notes 449 Peppermint oil, factors affecting composi- tion, U.S.D.A 344 Pepsin— as affected by organic acids 763 protein cleavage by 108 Peptids, effect on cobra venom hemolysis 276 Perfume plants, treatise 142 PeTideTmium— acicolum on Pinus resinosa 454 balsameum, occurrence in Washington ... 651 harknessii and Cronartium quercuum, as- sociation 454, 746 strohi, notes. Can 454 Perilampus chrysopz Ixvicephalus n.var., description 556 Periodids, organic, studies 313 Peronoplasmopara cubensis, studies 249 Peronospora — arhorescens, notes 449 polygoni on buckwheat 646 sp. on cloves 348 Peroxidases, plant, mode of action 609 Persimmons — Japanese, culture in California 141 navel, notes 536 Pestalozzia — palmarum, notes 347 sp. on Hevea and Kentia 348 spp. on cacao 347 Petunia mosaic disease, studies 6 17 Petunias, inheritance of doubleness 826 Phacidium infestans on western conifers 752 Phxdon cochlearise, notes 658 Phxnodiscus partifuscipennis n.sp., descrip- tion 260 Phai-macopoeia of United States 378 Phaseoliis — lunatits, culture experiments 830 vulgaris, tetracoty ledonous race 522 Phelhmyecs sderotiophorus, notes 544 Phenological observations in Nova Scotia 208 Philxnus spp. — injurious to grass 856 life history. Me 458 Philagalhes Ixtus, notes 654 Philaronia bilineata, life history. Me 458 Philippine College of Agriculture, notes 600 Phlaotribus liminaris, notes, U.S.D.A 258 PMomis pungens, drought resistance 734 Phoma— Page. lavandulx, studies 851 tuberosa n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 249 Phomopsis mali, notes 451 Phonolite as a source of potash 728 Phoracantha recurva, notes 300 Phorantha occidentis, notes 255 Phorbia — cepctorum. (See Onion maggot.) fusciccps, notes. Can 657 Phorodon humuli. (See Hop aphis.) Phosphate- deposits in Montana 728 deposits in Tennessee 220 insoluble, fertilizing value 332 of lime. (See Calcium phosphate.) rock, action of mineral acids on 711 rock, composting with sulphur 26 rock, conservation 219, 220 rock, dissolved. (Sec Superphosphate.) rock, fertilizing value 23, 738, 820 rock, fertilizing value, Mich 735 rock, fertilizing value, N.Dak 425 rock, fertilizing value, Ohio 820 rock, fertilizing value. Wis 626 rock for peaty pastures 425, 740 rock, production in 1914 124 rock, production in 1915 219 rock, production in United States 428 Phosphates- comparison 428, 738, 820 comparison, Hawaii 427 comparison, N.J 820 comparison. Wis 626 mineral, availability as affected by sul- phur 821 mineral, chemical nature 613 mineral, solubility 626 of Florida, analyses 821 solubility in citric acid 727 (See also Superphosphate.) Phosphalic— marls, analyses 821 slag, citrate solubility 428 slag, fertilizing ^■alue 123, 217, 228, 738, 8:33 slag, fertilizing value, N.J 820 slag for peaty pastures 425, 740 slag, purchasing 738 slag, use in Germany 726 Phosphatids, distribution in milk 862 Phosphoric acid — determination in soils 505 extraction from phosphates 712 in Hawaiian soils, Hawaii 427 in starch 501 loss during fusion with ammonium fluorid 613 mobilization in soils 515 recovering from phosphate rock 805 water-soluble v. citrate-soluble 727 Phosphorus- determination in ash 204, 806 determination in soils 413 , 012 distribution in blue grass soils 424 distribution in prairie surface soils 514 organic, in soils 212 pentoxid, determination 713 966 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD. [Vol. 36 Photosynthesis— Page. in relation to soil moisture 525 mechanism 730 primary sugar of 30 Phyllococcus n.g. and n.sp., description 551 Phyllosticta medicaginis, notes 248 Phylloxera vastatrix. (See Grape-phylloxera.) Phymatotrkhum omnivorum n.comb., studies. 146 Physalospora cydonix, studies, N.Y.Cornell. . 251 Physics in agricultural science 106 Physiological action, relation to chemical con- stitution 411 Phytelephas macrocarpa seed, feeding stuff from, U.S.D.A 367 Phytomyza aquilegix, studies 57 Phytophthora — faberi, notes 347, 746, 852 infestans. (See Potato late blight.) omnivora arecx, treatment 48 omnivora (P. cactorum), notes 649 Ph3rtophthora, studies, U.S.D.A 747 Pidan, analyses 362 Pig- diseases in Portugal 280 houses, construction 288, 590 manure, analyses. Can 120 manure, analyses, Ohio 323 Pigeon pea diseases, notes 544 Pigments of plastids, transformation in plants 730 Pigs- alfalfa pasture for, U.S.D.A.... 133,170,171,767 as affected by excessive wheat feeding, Wis 865 as affected by rice meal, Can 83 blood meal for 869 breeding and care. Miss 472 breedsof, U.S.D.A 769 castration, U.S.D.A 482 feeding experiments 370,472 feeding experiments. Ark 768 feeding experiments, Cal 171 feeding experiments. Can 68, 269 feeding experiments, Kans 168 feeding experiments, Miss 471 feeding experiments, N .J 867, 868 feeding experiments, Ohio 869 feeding experiments, U.S.D.A 170, 171, 767 feeding experiments, Vt 558 feeding experiments. Wis 866 irrigated crops for, U.S.D.A 767 labor requirements, Minn 790 large white English, manual 371 paralysis of 85 parasites of 85 raising, community organization in, Ind. 192 rice meal for 180 self-feeding v hand-feeding. Miss 472 self-feeding v. hand-feeding, N.J 868 Pilacre petersii, notes 851 Pin-hole borers injurious to sal 360 Pine- bark beetle, studies, N.Y.Cornell 554 barren vegetation in New Jersey 539 blister rust, alternate hosts 647 blister rust, control in Minnesota 652 blister rust, control in Vermont 539 Pine — Continued. Page. bUster rust in Massachusetts 454, 843 bUster rust in Massachusetts, Mass 145 bUster rust in New York 53 blister rust in Ontario 353, 454 blister riist, notes 150,548 blister rust quarantine in United States 245 blister rust, wintering on currants 353, 652 borer, bayonet or post-horn, notes 856 resin, effect on soils 513 shoot moth, European, notes, N.J 854 tipburn, notes 52 twig borer, notes 856 unit stresses for 91 weevil, notes 856 weevil, remedies 859 western red rot, studies, U.S.D.A 753 Pineapple- chlorosis, treatment 546 yellows, treatment, Hawaii 850 Pineapples — as affected by manganese 538 varieties, P.R 340 Pines- identification of species 144 insects affecting 853 slash, distribution and value 144 slash, notes 345 sugar, studies, U.S.D.A 447, 745 western yellow, in Oregon, U.S.D.A 645 yellow, in CaUfornia, U.S.D.A 745 Pipe, wood stave, flow of water in, U.S.D.A. 281 Pipette- automatic, description 202 holder,description 275 Pipettes for sampUng milk and its products. . 805 Pipiza pisticoides, notes. Me 460 Piptadenia peregrina, narcotic snuff from 734 Piricularia oryzx, notes 846 Ptroplasmosis — bovine. (See Texas fever.) notes 880 Piasodes strobi — notes 856 remedies 859 Pituitary- body, composition and physiological ac- tivity 267 substances, effect on growth 468 Pitymys aavi, eradication 852 Pityogenes — hopkinsi, studies 659 n.spp., descriptions 659 Plagia trepida, biology 858 Plagiognathus politus, relation to fire blight. . 351 Plant- anatomy, pathological, treatise 46 cells, changeo in during fermentation 802 cells, labile albuminous body in 225 cells, mutation in 222 cells, permeability as affected by electri- cal stimulus 732 diseases- control in EgjT)t 348 cooperative control 540 in Barbados i 540 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 967 Plant— Ck)iitinued. Page, diseases— continued. in Bonn-Poppelsdorf and Geisenheim 47 in Britisli Guiana 846 in Connecticut, Conn. State 47 in Delaware 540 in England 541 in Fiji 347 in Holland 847 in India 449 in Massachusetts, Mass 145 in New Jersey, N.J 845 in New York 347 in Russia 646 in Tasmania 846 in tropical America 746 in Turkestan 647 in Uganda 746 in West Virginia 653 in Wisconsin, Wis 845 introduction into United States 244 notes, Alaska 448 notes, Can 47 notes, Mich 746 studies, cooperation in 540 transmission by seeds 844 treatise 236, 540, 628, 645 (See also different host plants.) ecology and soil science 523 hybrids, behavior 521 hybrids, inheritance from both parents . . 331 kingdom raw materials 628 lice, notes, N.J 854 (See also Apple aphis, etc.) nutrition, treatise 114 oils of Russia 802 organs, partly dried, respiration 824 pathology, prophylaxis in 645 peroxidases, action of 609 physiology, treatise 429 pigments, transformation 730 residues, humiflcation 622 respiration, investigations 329 roots and soil, medium of exchange between 128 roots, relation to soil atmosphere 733 species, relationships 221 succession, studies 144, 327 teratology, treatise 430 tissue, absorption of acids by 433 tissue, depression of freezing point 823 tissues, medium of exchange between 128 Plantain black rot, notes 48 Plants- abnormalities 734 abnormalities, N.J 837 abscission in 225 absorption of Uquids by aerial parts 328 action of saline solutions on 224 alpine, chemical biology 329 and bacteria, symbiosis between 632 as affected by radium 526 barium in 202 classification 411 climatic index 824 climatic injury to, U.S.D.A 431 colonial, treatise 142 Plants— Continued. composition in relation to soil fertility ... 622 desert, cell sap density 327,823 dioecious, change of sex ratios in 736 distribution, Alaska 494 electromotive phenomena in 732 feeding power, Wis 626 flavone derivatives in 329 flowering, as affected by insecticides — 733 flowering, organic nutriment 225 genotypical factors, mutual influence 434 glucosid formation by 329 green, nutrition by organic substances. . . 432 greenhouse, fumigation, U.S.D.A 842 greenhouse, root knot of 349 growing in sand cultures 31 growing under control conditions 524 growth at different air pressures 730 growth in relation to cUmate 809 growth in relation to terrestrial radiation . 617 growth measurements 226 growth mechanism and conditions 425 growth studies 327 heUotropic stimulus in 330 herbaceous, culture experiments. Can. . . 39 herbaceous, roots of 223 herbaceous, white spot of 449 house , injuries to 150 hydrogen ion concentration and natural immunity in 541 inheritance from different parts of 27 inheritance in 27, 521 inheritance of disease resistance in. Wis. . 845 Uving, physics of 107 medicinal, cultiu-e and drying 642 medicinal, growing and collecting 743 morphological and physiological charac- ters, correlation 221 nematodes affecting 150 nutritive solutions for 31 ornamental, cultiure 535 ornamental, culture experiments 241 ornamental, culture experiments, U.S. D.A 137 ornamental, diseasesof 541 ornamental, tests, Alaska 443 potted, sciara maggots on 460 prairie, transpiration and assimilation in 734 resplratioQ at various temperatures 28 rest period in 224 reversible removal of salts and bases from . 224 salt water, Inheritance in 27 statolith apparatus in 729 stimulation in 525 succulent, behavior under desiccation 327 transpiration in, U.S.D.A 225 transpiring power 824 tumors in 46 utilization of ammonia by 631, 632 utilization of sugar by 125 water culture experiments 731 water transfer in 29 wilting of 320 woody, forcing 431 Plasmodiophora brassicx. (See Cabbage club root.) 968 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol. 36 Page. Plasmopara vUicola, notes 347 Plaster, land. (Se« Gypsum.) Plastids, plant, role in cell protoplasm 730 Plat experiments, calculating yields 827 Plfctrodera scalator, studies, U.S.D.A 157 PlectTothrips n.sp., from Jamaica 550 Pleiospermium n.g. and n.spp., descriptions. . . 433 Plenodomus fuscomaculans, studies, Mich 746 Pleosphaeriilina on alfalfa 450 Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious. (See Influ- enza, equine.) PleurolTopis n.sp., description 557 Plowing— experiments 288,389 fall. Wash 195 Plows- draft tests 389 motor, tests 189,588,589 Plum- diseases, notes 751 leaf spot, investigations 149 oil, composition 803 pockets, treatment 849 silver leaf, notes 541 slug caterpillar, notes 654 tree trunks, introduction of solutions into . 740 wilt, studies 51 Plumbing for farm kitchens 390 Plums — breeding experiments 741 crown gall resistance in 352 localization of acids and sugars in 110 pollination, Cal 139 pollination by bees, Cal 536 Pneumonia — contagious, in horses 85 equine. (See Influenza, equine.) infectious, incattle 675 lobar, in domestic animals 676 Poa trivialis, composition and digestibility. . . 469 Podoscsia syringx, notes 659 Poison — ivy, constituents of 502 oak, toxicity 501 Pole holes, digging with dynamite 89 Poles, industry in 1915, U.S.D.A 844 Poliomyelitis, transmission by rats and in- sects 354 Pollen grain as a colloidal system 526 Pollenia rudis — life history 359 relation to fire blight 351 Polyarthritis in pigs, notes 280 Polydrusua — impressifrons, notes 456, 859 spp. , habits 58 Polyneuritis in pigeons 60 Pomace wine, composition and detection 205 Pomacefe of upper South CaroUna 140 Pomegranates, culture, Cal 743 Pond lily leaf spot rot, U.S.D.A 752 Pontia rapx, notes, U.S.D.A 254 Toplar— borer, imported, notes 456 root weevil, notes 68 rusts, notes, Conn.State 47 Poplars for windbreaks, U.S.D.A 143 Poppy- alkaloids, latex, and oxidases in 127 culture 743 diseases, notes 449 Population, rural and urban, in United States 591 Pork- preservation 509 trichinaj in 662 PoTthesia chrysorrhaa, larval disease of 754 PoTthetria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.) Porto Rico — College, notes 100 Federal Station, notes 599, C96, 797 Station, report 396 Potash— as a blast furnace by-product 625 as a cement mill by-product 625 availability in soils, Tex 625 avaDability in soils as affected by Ume or gypsum, U.S.D.A 519 deposits in Spain and Chile 26 deposits In Utah 325 determination in soils 299 determination in soils, S.C 611 extraction from alunite, U.S.D.A 17 extraction from leucite 414 from banana stalks 820 in banana stalks and skins, analyses 1 23 industry in United States 26, 820 mineral sources 728 salts. (See Potassium salts.) sources, Utah 621 sources in United States 26, 124 usein Germany 726 Potassium— chlorid, fertilizing value, Mass 121 determination Ill, 611, 299 nitrate, fertilizing value. Wis 626 salts, eHect on solubiUty of phosphates. . 626 salts, to.xicity in soils 515 sulphate, elTect on carnations 4 16 sulphate, fertilizing value, Mass 121 sulphate, fertilizing value. Wash 425 Potato — blackleg, notes. Can 250 blackleg, studies, U.S.D.A 648 blight, notes 449 cake, analyses. Can 65 curly dwarf, studies, N. Y.State .• . . 530 diseases, dissemination by seed 847 diseases in Tasmania 846 diseases, notes 541 disaeses, notes, Mich 716 diseases, treatment, Can 47 diseases, treatment, Conn.State 49 dry rot, description, U.S.D.A 250 farms, profits on, N.J 492,893 Fusarium tuber and stem rot 146 ladybird beetle, notes 65-4 late blight, notes 49 late blight, notes, Can 250 late blight, notes, Mass 145 late blight, relation to weather 146 late blight, studies 749 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 969 Potato — Continued. Page. leaf roll, studies 147, 847 leaf roll, studies, N. Y.State 530 leaves and stalks, starch degradation in. . 126 mosaic disease, studies, N. Y.State 530 nematode diseases, treatment.. 150 powdery scab, notes, Mass 145 powdery scab quarantine in United States 245,250 powdery scab, studies, Conn.State 48 powdery scab, studies, U.S. D.A 249 press cake, preparation and use 367 Rhizoctonia disease, notes, Mass 145 Rhizoctonia disease, treatment . . .". 49 Rhizoctonia diseases in New Jersey 147 scab, treatment, N.J 848 silver scurf, notes. Mass 145 silver scinf, studies 544 spindling sprout, studies, N. Y.State 530 tuber moth, investigations, U.S. D.A 655 tuber rot and wilt, studies, Nebr 846 wart disease quarantine in United States. 245 wilt and tuber rot, studies 648 Potatoes — air-dried, as a feeding stuff ' 367 as affected by Bordeaux mixture 147 as affected by soil moisture 336 as food, U.S. D.A 560 breeding 636 breeding experiments 336 changes in during rest period 136, 633 cost of production 232 cost of production, N.J 492 culture 531 culture, Wash 498 culture experiments 228, 336, 440, 636 culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, Mont 231 culture experiments, U.S. D.A 132 culture in Florida, Fla 835 culture uqder dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 degeneration, N. Y.State 530 dusting and spraying experiments, N.J. 855 fertilizer experiments 217, 220, 529 fertilizer experiments, Can 25 fertilizer experiments. Mass 121 fertilizer experiments, U.S. D.A 132 fertilizer experiments, AVash 425 handling and marketing, U.S. D.A 136 harvesting and storing 336 insects affecting, Iowa 550 irrigation experiments, Nev 35 judging, Ohio 97 propagation by cutting 636 rest period in 223 rotation experiments, Ohio 829 rotation experiments, R.I 528 seed selection, Utah 638 spraying experiments, Conn.State 49 spraying experiments, N.J 847 storing and marketing, Wash 195 swamp, description and culture 637 tuber color in 147 varieties 37, 228, 529, 636, 735 varieties, Alaska 435,436,437 varieties. Can 32 Potatoes— Continued. Page. varieties. Mass 136 varieties, Mont 231 varieties, Nev 36 varieties, U.S.D.A 132 yield as affected by size of seed 231 Poultry— as affected by restricted rations, Wis 866 breeders in Montana, Mont 473 breeding and management, treatise 668 cecal and hepatic infections in, R .1 483 crate feeding, Can 70 experiments. Can 70 farms, disinfection, Mass 885 feeds, palatability and digestibility. Wash 473 food value and uses, U.S.D.A 463 houses, construction 190, 788 houses, construction, N.Dak 190 houses, temperature records. Can 71 husbandry lessons for high schools 794 industry in Montana, Mont 473 industry in New Jersey 689 manure, analyses, Can 120 school lessons on, U.S.D.A 597 selection 762 "summer poisoning," N.J 884 textbook 597 (See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Prairie hay, analyses, Can 65 Precipitates, apparatus for washing 504 Precipitation- daytime and nighttime, U.S.D.A 717 in China, U.S.D.A 19 in north Germany 208 {See also Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.) Precipitins, relation to other immunity re- actions 478 Pregnancy, diagnosis 381 Preservatives, detection in caviar 561 Preserving and canning, recipes 113 Pressure, effect on hydrogen electrode poten- tial 503 Prickly pear. (See Cactus.) Primula sinensis — inheritance in 729 linkage in 629 Prisoners, feeding in Germany 363 Pristocera armifera, notes 360 Privet- crown gall, notes, Conn.State 47 mite, notes 859 Privies, construction 892 " Projects, " definition 194 Propionic acid, rdle in digestion 763 Proso— culture experiments, U.S.D.A 34 varieties, U.S.D.A 33 ProsopisjuUflora, culture experiments, P.R. . 340 Prospaltella — lounsburyi n.sp., description 462 spp., studies 759 Proteid. (See Protein.) Protein- blood, studies 778 cleavage products. (See Amino acids.) decomposition in soils 25 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Page. Protein— Continued. determination In urine 508 from different sources for milk produc- tion 174,671 from different sources, value 372 horse serum, as anaphylactic antigens.. 877 hydrolysis in presence of carbohydrates and aldehydes 108 metabolism, sparing action of carbohy- drates on 364 purified, behavior toward proteolytic enzyms lO'' specificity 411 supplements for com gluten 666 vegetable , biologic reactions 380 vegetable , nutritive value 865 Proteolytic action, methods of examination . . 316 Proteoses, effect on cobra venom hemolysis. . 276 Protoplasm — nature of 526 permeability for water 823 Protozoa- flagellated, r61e in bird diseases, R.I 483 flagellates in cecal and liver infections in birds, R.I 781 in soils, acti^'^ty 216 in soils as affected by toluene 814 pathogenic, textbook 177 relation to soil bacteria 322, 422, 518, 622 Prune — root disease , notes 649 rust, notes 845 Prunes- pollination, Cal 139 polUnation by bees, Cal 536 Pnmus— crown gall resistance in 352 oils, composition 803 Prussic acid. (Sec Hydrocyanic acid.) Pscudiglyphomijiacoptodiscx n.sp., description 260 Pseudococcus Jessica n.sp., description 551 Pseudomonas citri, control in Florida 52 Pseudomphale — ancyte n.sp. .notes, U.S.D.A 254 n.spp., descriptions 555 Psophocarpus, Uming experiments 229 Psylla pyri (pyrkola). (See Pear psylla.) Pteris aquilina, life liistory and eradication. . 339 Pterocommini, review 253 Ptcrodontia flavipes, life history 757 PtinoMus texanus n.sp., description 556 Public- health laws in United States 663 range lands, management 791 Puccinia — amphigena, new secial hosts 245 glumarum in United States 246 glumarum in Utah 48 graminis, biologic forms 246 graminis in Denmark 247 pruni, notes 845 prunispinosx, notes 750 purpurea, notes 54 1 spp. on Geraniimi and Polygonum 547 spp., studies 542 stipx, culture experiments 245 suaveolem, notes 48 Puccinia, location of spore masses 825 Pucciniacecc, monograph 647 Pucciniastrum pustulatum — new aecial hosts 245 on Abies lasiocarpa 651 Puerperal fever streptococci, sources 577 Pulei irritans, relation to leishmaniasis 654 Pullets- early V. late hatched, Can 7 Leghorn, cost of raising, Ind 77iJ Pulpwood industry in Canada 45 Pulvinaria vitis, notes 755 Pumpernickel, making 159 Pumping— for irrigation, cost, "Wash 88 plants for irrigation, tests 487, 888 Pumpkins, germination as affected by depth of planting 438 Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.) Pjrramidone, periodids of 313 Pyrenopeziza medicaginis, notes 248 Pyridin- disappearance in soils 432,725 effect on plant growth, Ala.Collego 212 Pyrocatechin, utilization by plants 329 Pyrogallol, effect on plant growth, Ala. College 212 Pyrus malm, inflorescence and fruit of, N.H. 331 Pythium — deftaryanwTO, treatment, U.S.D.A 547 palmivoTum, notes 47 Quack grass, description and eradication, S. Dak 638 Quebracho, red, studies 745 Querciis viorehiis, common name for 243 Quince curcuUo, notes 856 Quinolin — disappearance in soils 432, 725 effect on plant growth, Ala.College 212 Quiuone-phenolate theory, notes 711 Rabies— controlin Nevada 880 diagnosis SO, 880 hereditary transmission 383 negri bodies in 179 notes, Nev 79 Radiation — atmospheric, U.S.D.A ■. 19 terrestrial, studies 617 Radio-activity, determination 414 Radish and charlock, hybridization 130 Radishes- breeding experiments, N .J 838 fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 427 food value, U.S.D.A 863 utilization of sugar by 125 Radium, effect on plant life 526 Raffinose, determination in presence of sucrose 806 Ragwort , li fe history and eradication 535 Rain, fortihzing value, Can 19 Rainbows, ground, U.S.D.A 419 Rainfall — as affected by forests 346, 843 diurnal distribution, U.S.D.A 717 effect on electric energy consumption by irrigation plants 184 19171 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 971 RainfaU— Continued. Page. in Canada 617 in Great Britain 811 in New South Wales 811 in New South Wales, U.S.D.A 19 on cold days, U.S.D.A 419 relation to succeeding crops 209 relation to wheat production 209, 440 {See also Precipitation.) Raisins for pigs, Cal 171 Raleigh, N. C, as an agricultural and financial center 494 Range — caterpUlar, studies, U.S.D.A 65 lands, public, management 791 Ranunculaceoe, oils and alkaloids of 628 Rape- culture under dry farming 529 fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 Raspberries — breeding experiments 741 fertilizer experiments. Mass 121 overhead irrigation 640 Raspberrj'— anthracnose, studies 347 red worm, notes 754 rust, notes. Wash 498 spur blight. Wash 396 thimbleben-y hybrid, Alaska 442 Rat- bite fever, streptothrix in 678 fleas. {See Fleas.) plague, diagnosis 753 Rations — digestibility of components, N.Mex 470 effect on composition of urino of dairy cows, S.C 672 for cows, computing. Pa 374 for farm animals, computing, U.S.D.A . . 469 Rat5— albino, growth in 267 eradication 653 nutrition 161 of Great Britam 852 relation to poliomyelitis 354 RaveTidia n. spp., descriptions 145 Razoumofskya americana, host plants 753 Recaredus sp. attacking stored potatoes 253 Recuroaria nanella, studies 056 Red- clover. (iSee Clover, red.) dog flour. {See Floiu", red dog.) spider. {See Spider, red.) Redtop, culture experiments. Can 32 Redwater. (See Texas fever.) Redwater, Rhodesian. {See African coast fever.) Reforestation — In Massachusetts 843 in New Hampshire 744 of burned areas in high mountains 144 of coastal plain, S.C 646 Refrigerator cars, brine tank, for fruit 640 Reindeer moss, cultme experiments 369 Relapsing fever, transmission by bedbugs 356 4050°— 17 7 Rennet — Page. coagulation of milk by 610 homemade, prei>aration 378, 477 preparation .571 Rennin, etlect on digcstibiUty of milk pro- tein .'i59 Resin, effect on soils 513 Respiration— in ixirtly dried plant orjpns S21 physiology of SC5 Respiratory — diseases, relation to temperatiu-e changes. 04 exchange. {See Gaseous exchange.) RhahdocncmU obacura, studies 257 Rhabdoptcrus picipcs, studies, Mass 5-1 Rhagolctis pomonella. {See Apple mnggot.) Rhinoceros beetle, notes, P.R 355 Rhizoctonia — crocorum, note^ 647 destruens, notes 449 destruens, treatment 34s napi, relation to Botrytis dnerca 449 solaniand Mmiliopsis aderholdii, identity. 145 solani, studies $47 sp. on beans 248 sp. on sweet potatoes 451 Rhlioptis — nigricans, ehemotropic reactions in 845 nigricans on crated strawberries 452 spp., ammonia production by 221 Rhodes grass, root system .133 Rhododendron tingid, notes C66 Rkogas — k itchencri, notes 759 terminalis, notes 69 Rhopobota vacciniana, studlt.\s, Mass 54 Rhubarb — culture. Wash 498 fertiUzer experiments, Mos.s 121 Rhu^ — diversiloba , poisonous principle 501 toxicodendron, constituents of 503 Rhynchophora of northeastern America, treatise 157 Rice— as a food 4&I assimilation of iron by, U.S.D.A 431 blast, notes 846 bran, analyses, Tex 765 by-products for pigs, Ark 768 consumption in PhUippines 632 correlation studies 531 culture In China 632 culture in Philippines 531,532 diseases in India 44S distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 fertilizer experiments 332, 532 grains, weight of. 531 green-m.'muring experiments 232 leaf disease, notes 217 meal, eflect on pigs 180 meal, effect on pigs, Can 09,83 of Bihar and Orissa, chemical study 46:i polish, analyses, Can 05 polish, analyses, Tex 765 972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Rice— Continued. Page. polished, nutritive value 158 pollination 527 seeding and transplanting 632 spacing experiments 532 uf ra disease, treatment 348, 349 varieties 737 varieties in Philippines 531 Rickets, review of investigations 161, .363 Rilcya n.sp., description 557 Rinderpest — atypical, incarabaos 181 Investigations 779 Rio Grande, profile survey 583 River- measurement. (.See Stream measure- ment.) mud, analyses 27 Road- laws in Alabama 386 laws in Kentucky 187 laws in Oklahoma 285 legislation in United States 384 materials in Canada 586 Roads- administration in Arizona 386 administration in Iowa 587 administration in Maiae 587 administration io New Mexico 284 administration in New York 489 administration in Utah 284 administration in Victoria 889 administration in Washington 889 administration in West Virginia 284 bituminous macadam, construction 384 concrete, construction 285 concrete, design 890 concrete, of Lake County, Ohio 384 concrete, reinforcement for 587 construction 90,187,386,787 construction in Ontario 889 construction, treatise 285 convict labor for, U.S.D.A 386 cotmty, economic survey, U.S.D.A 187 demonstration, at Texas College 386 distribution of traffic on 183 earth, sand-clay, and gravel, U.S.D.A .... 786 gravel, construction 386 improvement 386 improvement, economics of 386 maintenance 285, 787 mileage and expenditures in 1915, U.S. D.A 90 mileage and revenues In New England States, U.S.DJl 489 mileage and revenues in Southern States, U.S.D.A 785 of Indiana 687 oiling 787 preservation experiments, U.S.D.A 188 regulations in Ontario 889 surveying 889 traction resistances 388, 490 wagon tire width for, U.S.D.A 787 Rook phosphate. (,See Phosphate.) Rodents, relation to poliomyelitis 354 Roesleria pallida, notes 8.51 RoUinla, classification 433 Rolliniopsis n.g. and n.spp. from Brazi 1 220 Roofing materials for rural structures 590 Roofs, masonry 399 Rook, feeding habits 354 Root — crops, culture experiments 228 crops, liming experiments. Can 27 hairs, production in water 433 maggots, remedies, Can 657 tubercles, variationsin 627 Roots — geotropic sensitivity 330 growth as affected by temperature 28 growth in relation to oxygen 525 of herbaceous plants, treatise 223 orientation 129 osmotic pressure in relation to soil moist- ure 733 starchy, as food, U.S.D.A 560 succulent, food value, U.S.D.A 863 use as condiments, U.S.D.A S63 Rose — chafer, notes, N.J 854 chafer, poisonous character 281 flea-beetle, life history and habits 859 leaf blotch, treatment. Can 453 leaf disease, notes 348 leaf-hopper, notes 857 Rosellinia in Indiana 642 Roses — culture 535 history and botanical relationships 446 treatise 242 Rosin, extraction from wood 207 Rosmarinus officinalis, oil of 803 Rotation of crops- Iowa 623 Mich 734 Ohio 829 R.I 523 under irrigation, U.S.D.A 131, 132 Roup, notes. Wash 498 Rubber- animal parasites of 754 black thread disease of 449 diebackin Sumatra 852 diseases, notes 746 fertilizer experiments 141 Hevea. {See Rubber, Para.) Para, girth increment 447 Para, leaf disease of 846 Para, nitrogenous constituents 710 Para, seed selection : 843 Para, seeding at different altitudes 345 Para, tapping experiments 45, 243 yielding trees in Malay States 640 Rudheckia hirla, inheritance of variations in. . 522 Rural- clubs in Wisconsin, Wis 192 credit. (See Agricultural credit.) economics, treatise 390 education, economic factors in, Wis 592 education in United States 798 engineering as affected by European war. 86 homes, beautifying 143 Life Conference , proceedings 688 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 973 Rural— Continued. Page. population in United States 591 progressin Missouri 93 schools. (See Schools, rural.) social surveys, bibliography 288 survey of Lane County, Oregon 688 Rust sori, internal, U.S.D.A 845 Rusts — heteroecious, culture experiments 245 in Sotshi 245 studies 542 (See also Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. {See Swedes.) Rata graveolens, oil of 803 Rye- bran, analyses, N.J 167 bread making experiments 464 composition as aflected by Fusarium 633 culture experiments 532 culture experiments. Can 32 culture in southern Idaho, U.S.D.A 227 culture on Wisconsin drift soil, Iowa 623 culture under dry farming 529 culture under dry farming, Utah 528 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 "drunk bread" disease, studies 747 effect on activity of soil fungi 215 lall-sown, in Maryland and vicinity, U.S.D.A 736 feed, analyses, Ky 268 feed, analyses, N.J 167 fertilizer experiments 217, 232, 325, 532 flour and rye bread 159 germination as aflected by depth of plant- ing 437 grass, composition and digestibiUty 469 grass, western, culture experiments. Can . 32 hybridization experiments, Alaska 436 middlings, analyses, Ind 268 middlings, analyses, Mich 765 middlings, analyses, N.J 167 pollination 527 ratio of grain to straw 218 rotation experiments, R.I 528 smut, studies, Minn 146 varieties, Alaska 435,437 varieties. Can 32 varieties. 111 634 varieties, U.S.D.A 33 Sacbrood, investigations, U.S.D.A 659 Saflflower, Indian, studies 228 Sailors, land settlement for 290 Sainfoin, culture experiments, Can 32 St. Paul, Minn., as an agricultural and finan- cial center 494 Sal- beetles affecting 360 disease, notes 449 reproduction 453 seedlings, dying back 345, 844 Salicylic aldehyde- effect on growth of cowpeas 731 effect on plant growth 424 Saligenin, utiUzation by plants 329 Saliva, ox, diastase in 82 Salmon industry in Alaska 862 Salsify, food value, U.S.D.A 863 Salt— Page. and alkali industry, treatise 428 effect on plants 297 fertilizing value 220 Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium nitrate.) Salts- absorption by roots 128 antagonism between 128 as aflected by soil moisture and manure, U.S.D.A 818 crystalUzable, photomicrographs S04 eflect on bacterial activities of soil 515 eflect on growth of soy beans 31 eflect on lime requirement of soils, Mich . 210 eflect on secretion of diastase by Pcnicil- liun camembertii 328 inorganic, eflect on Actinomycetes 526 physiological balance in water cultures . . 328 Salvarsan — trypanocidal activity 679 use against anthrax C78 Salvia grandiflora, oil of 803 San Jos6 scale — notes 856 notes, Kans 357 notes, Okla 755 remedies 551 Sand cultures- balance of nutrients in 2!2 renewal of plant nutrients in 31 Sandal spike disease, studies 652 Sandalwoods of Hawaii 539 Sann hemp as a green manure 232, 624, 737 Sanninoidea exitiosa. {See Peach borer.) Sap- ascent in plants, liquid pressure theory . . 822 depression cf freezing point 823 of desert plants, cryoscopic constants 823 Sapromyza hispina, relation to fire blight 352 Sarcocystis muris, sexual evolution 657 Sarcophaga — aldrichi n. sp., description 67 froggatti n. sp., description 853 Sarcophagidae of New England 57 Sarcosporidla, review of investigationj 252 Sassafras, Brisbane, essential oil of 611 Sausage- boric acid in 466 preparation 114 Sawdust, eflect on soil potash, Tex 625 Scabies. {See Sheep scab.) Scale- insects, dispersion by wind 55 insects injurious to coffee, P.R 354 insects, resistance to fumigation 154 oblong, notes 355 Scallops, examination. Me 159 Schinopsis spp., studies 745 Schistocerca percgritia, control in Algeria 356 t'enu^to, remedies, N.Mex 55 Schizocerophaga leibyi n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion 5-54 School- children, weight andstature 264 credit for boys' and girls' club work and extension activities 293 974 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. [Vol. 36 School—Continued. I'a cuiTiculum, change of stress in fairs in Canada farms, organization flower gardens in India gardening as a factor in education gardening in Ireland gardening in Philippiaes gardens in Canada gardens in Nova Scotia gardens in Quebec gardens, notes 395, 594 , gardens, textbook lunches, preparation 562, Schools — agricultural. {See Agricultural schools.) county training, in Alabama elementary, home economics in farm-life, in North Carolina graded, nature study in high, agricultural extension in high, agriculture in 495, 594, 691, 692, high, home economics in high, poultry instruction in home project work for public, in Philippines rural, agriculture in rural, in Wisconsin, "Wis rural, manual training for nu-al, needs of rural, poultry lessons for, U.S. D.A rural, sanitation secondary, agriculture in secondary, judging of horses in, U. S. D.A winter, Wash winter, for farmers. Wash Sdara copropMla injurious to potted plants . . . Science, adjustment to practice Scirrhla bamtnisx n. sp., description Sclcrospora maydis quarantine in United States Sclerostome parasites of horses in England. . . Sckrotinia — ciborioides or S. trifoliorum, description. Can cinerea, temperature relations, U.S.D.A. . fructkcna. notes 348, iibertiana on snap beans, Va. Truck libertiana, studies 251 , mali n. sp., description trifoliorum, forms and behavior t rifol loru m , no t es trifolUmim, relation to clover sickness — Stierotiwrn — oryza?, notes rolfsii on grajwfrult Tolfsii on sweet potatoes Scolytus— amygdali, notes tuguloaiis. {See Shot-hole borer.) Screenings- analyses, Can analyses, N . J Scurvy— experimental, iu guinea pigs 62, in Zhob, Baluchistan review of investigations 161, 395 293 S95 594 794 896 292 596 692 % 191 697 892 691 597 498 396 460 2 251 246 280 Page. Sea urchin, canned, analyses. Can 63 Seasons, gro\ving, length of, U.S.D.A 418 Seaweed, analyses, Can 120 Seed- corn maggot, notes. Can 057 Industry in Germany 638 Seedlings, abnormal, notes 734 Seeds — buried, vitaUty 330 distribution, Alaska 404 dormancy in 330 edible and oil-producing, in West Africa. . 611 germinating, energy transformations in. . 525 germinating value , electrical tests 732 germination 338 germination as affe<;ted by depth of plant- ing 437 germination as affected by warm water. . 430 germination in oxygenated water 29 inspection in Connecticut, Conn.State 39 inspection in Maine 467 inspection in Maryland, Md 442 inspection in New Hampshire, N.H 739 inspection in New Jersey, N.J 838 inspection in Pennsylvania 739 inspection in Vermont, Vt 534 matiu^tion 824 maturity of, studies 731 preservation, P.R 340 purity variations, tolerance table, Md. . . 442 selection and testing, Utah 638 swelling and germination 29 testing key 338 tests 841 transmission of diseases by 844 vitaUty as affected by passage tlirough cattle : 223 weed, descriptions, Vt 534 Setuclo jacoibxa, life history and eradication. . 635 Separators. {See Cream separators.) Septicemia, hemorrhagic — in cattle 676,676 In cattle , Nev 79 preparation of serum 779 Seplogl<£um sp. on field peas 84d Septoria — j^MiioZJ, studies, N.Y.Comell 463 Jycopersici, treatment, Va 750 petroseliniapii, notes 749 ribis, perfect stage 246 Sericulture. (S« Silk.) Serradella, fertilizer experiments, Wis 626 Serum- as a substitute for broth for bacteriolo- gical purposes 576 as affected by agar 576 globulins in bacterial infection and immu- nity 778 reactions, relation between 478 Serums- analyses and nitrogen distribution 8», 576 antitoxic, concentration 178,179 in treatment and diagnosis 676 I>olyvalent , use 277 preparation 779 production and distribution 076 10171 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 975 Sesame — Page. oil, digestibility, U.S.D.A 860 rotation crop for S30 Sesibania aculeata as a green manure 232 Settlers, Information for, Alaska 791 Severinia buxifolUi as a stock for citrus 241 Sewage — disposal by broad irrigation 183 disposal for country homes 184,391 disposal for farms, Ark 687 disposal in Milwaukee 489 disposal in rural school districts S92 purification 6S7 treatment in small communities 390 Shaking machine, description 413 Sheep- alfalfa pasture for, U.S.D.A 109 breeding experiments, Okla 765 coarse-wool, fleece of 270 diseases, treatise 182 feeding experiments. Can 60 feeding experiments, Ind 568 feeding experiments, Kans 169 feeding experiments, Ohio 867 feeding expeniments, Okla 765 feeding experiments, Ta 667 industry in.Oklahoma, Okla 765 industry In Pacific Nortliwest, Wash 760 internal parasites of, Ohio 97 labor requirements, Minn 790 louping-111 or trembling In 83 manure, analyses, Can 120 manure, effect on soil potash, Tex 625 pancreas, growth-producing substance iu. ItW poisoning with lupines, U.S.D.A 276 protection in Alaska, Alaska 791 pure-bred, in Montana, Mont 470 raising in Alaska, Alaska 470 scab, control in England 275 scab In Great Britain 378 "spewing sickness," cause, U.S.D.A 080 vegetable-ivory meal for, U.S.D.A 368 Shellfish- examination, Mo 159 green color in, N.J 861 industry in New Jerse j' 689 industry, sanltarj' control 463 SlUngle roofs, fire retardents for 687 Shingles industry in Canada 244 Shorearobusta, ecology 345,844 Shorts- analyses, Can 65 analyses, Ky 268 Shot-hole borer- injurious to sal 360 notes 754, 853 notes, U.S.D.A 25S Shrubs— at Belle FoiU"che experiment farm, U.S.D.A 143 cultiue 535 ornamental, tests, Alaska 443 ornamental, varieties, N.J 837 Silage- analyses, Can 65 and silage fermentation, Iowa 710 dacteriology 611 Silage— Continued. Page. cost of production, W.Va 167 effect on qiM.Uty of Swiss cheese. Wis ... 876 fermentation,U.S.D.A 802 from oats and mixed grasses, Alaska 436 Silk, production in 1914 655 Silkworms — identification 380 oviposition and parthenogenesis in 459 SUos- construction 288 construction, W.Va 167, 190 pit, construction 91 stave, construction 91 Silver cleaning- electrolytic method 865 electrolytic method, U.S.D.A 266 SimvUum n igrttarsis, notes 359 Sivea diadema, feeding hal)its 253 Siphocoryne avcnx. {See Grain apliis, Euro- pean.) Siphonaptera, new, of America 257 Sisal- leaf spot disease 348 standard grades 634 Sitotroga cereaUlla. (See Qraln-moth, Angou- mois.) Skagit River basin. Wash., profile survey. . . 582 Skim milk — and starch for calves 370 as human food 362, 663 composition in relation to lat content of wholemilk, Ohio 375 for calves, Ind 585 for infants, Vt 558 pasteurization for calves 877 powder, efficiency for milk production 671 powder, efficiency for milk production, Wis 872 use in the diet, Ohio 763 variations in composition, Ohio 374 Skin reactions in relation to immunity 382 Slag. {See Phosphatic slag. ) Slaughterhouses- inspection In Virginia 63 municipal, blbUography 762 Sluice gates, power required In operating 682 Smilax rotundifolia, fruit of 602 Smithing and forging, handbook 287 Smut spores, determination in flour, bran, and cereals 146 Snake River basin , profile survey 583 Snow Boy as an insecticide, Ind 753 Snow— fertilizing value, Can 19 injury to trees 448 retention , relation to forest cover 143 siu'vey, methods and cost of making 87 Snowfell— In Canada 617 in Carson, Walker, and Tnickee water- sheds, U.S.D.A 719 Soap sprays, wetting power and efficiency, U.S.D.A 455 Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science 297 Sod, dryland, time for breaking, U.S.D.A 132 976 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Soda— Page. formation in soils 725 pulp, cooking IV use against gooseberry mildew 646 Sodium- bicarbonate, effect on hemolytic reaction . 878 bicarbonate, effect on vitamin content of bread 465 chlorid. (See Salt.) citrate, action in the body 467 fluorid, use against ants 555 malate, action in the body 468 nitrate as a spray for fruit trees 535 nitrate, availability in soils, N .J 819 nitrate, effect on carnations 445 nitrate, effect on soils, Cal 118 nitrate , effect on wheat 197 nitrate , fertilizing value 332, 338, 833 nitrate, fertilizing value. Mass 121 nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 818 nitrate, fertilizing value, Wash 425 nitrate, fertilizing value, Wis 626 nitrate for arid soils 725 nitrate for asparagus, Mass 138 nitrate for orchards, Ohio 41 nitrate for pastures 735 salts, effect on wheat seedlings, U.S. D.. v.. 431 salts, toxicity in soil 515 sulphate, effect on carnations 4 !6 sul phate , effect on soil potash , Tex 625 •^oft drink establishments, sanitary control . . 562 eoU- acidity , blast-furnace slag for , Ohio 728 acidity, correction 429,519 acidity, determination 505 acidity, determination, Mich 210 acidity, determination, U.S. D.A 117 acidity, studies. Wis 813 bacteria, action of toluene and chloroform on 815 bacteria and fungi, associative action 215 bacteria and fungi, relative importance ... 434 bacteria and protozoa, relation . 322, 422, 51S, 622 bacteria as affected by salts 615 bacteria as affected by seed bed prepara- tion 215 bacteria, effect on solubUity of phosphoric acid 515 bacteria, growth in muck, Del 516 bacteriological analysis, error in 214 bacteriology, laboratory manual 692 biology, field and laboratory experiments 213 colloids, studios 21 containers for plant culture work 524 erosion, prevention 320, 723 erosion, prevention. Wis 422 fertility, determination 622 fertility, loss by leaching, Fla 725 fertility, maintenance. Can 120 fertility, maintenance, 111 618 fertility, measurement, N. Y. State 510 fertility, studies 814 flora of India 449 fungi and their actl\itios 214,215 fungi, incubation studies 221 moisture , conservation 723 moisture, effect on potato tubers 336 Soil— Continued. Page, moisture, effect on salts and nitrates, U.S. D.A 810 moisture, inactive, measurement, U.S. D.A 719 moisture, relation to forests 813 moisture, relation to transpiration and photosynthesis in com 525 mulch, paper on 197 nitrates as affected by resin and tannin ... 513 potash as affected by lime or gypsum, U.S.D.A 519 potash, availability as affected by various substances, Tex 625 pressures, determining 684 productivity; judging 117, 511 protozoa, activity 216 protozoa as affected by toluene 814 science, new, and plant ecology 523 sickness, studies 614 solution, composition and use 720 solution, methods of obtaining 720 temperature, relation to air temperature. 208 Soilsurveyin— Alabama, Clay Co., U.S.D.A 611 Arkansas, Jefferson Co., U.S.D.A 20 Arkansas, Yell Co., U.S.D.A 618 CaUfomia, Uklah area, U.S.D.A 420 California, San Francisco Bay region, U.S.D.A 721 Florida, Franklin Co., U.S.D.A 114 Georgia, Washington Co., U.S.D.A 420 Georgia, Wilkes Co., U.S.D.A 420 Illinois, Kankakee Co., U.S.D.A 20 Illinois, Tazewell Co. , 111 619 Indiana, Grant Co., U.S. D.A 721 Indiana, Starke Co., U.S.D.A 721 Indiana, White Co., U.S. D.A 812 Iowa, Sioux Co., U.S.D.A 721 Kansas, Jewell Co., Kans 115 Mississippi, Coahoma Co., U.S.D.A 420 Mississippi, Grenada Co., U.S.D.A 619 Missouri, Ne^vton Co., U.S.D.A 812 Missouri, Ripley Co., U.S.D.A 721 Montana, Bitterroot Valley area, U.S. D.A ; 620 New York, Clinton Co 511 North Carolina, Alleghany Co., U.S.D.A. 813 NorthDakota, Tickey Co.,U.S.D.A 421 North Dakota, Lamoure Co., U.S.D.A.. . 722 Ohio 396 Pennsylvania, Cambria Co., U.S.D.A 722 South Carolina, Dorchester Co., U.S.D.A 620 South Carolina, Hampton Co., U.S.D.A. 813 Texas, Grayson Co., Tex 620 Texas, Lee Co., Tex 620 Texas, McLennan Co. , Tex 620 Texas, Smith Co., U.S.D.A 621 Texas, Titus Co., Tex 620 Texas, Tyler Co., Tex 620 United States in 1913, U.S.D.A 210 Washington, Franklin Co., U.S.D.A 621 Washington, Palouse Irrigation Project, Wash 722 Wisconsin, Columbia Co 723 Wisconsin, Jefferson Co 723 Wisconsin, north-central portion 723 1917] INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 977 Soil survey in — Continued. Page. Wisconsin, north-central portion, U.S. D.A 20 Wisconsin, northeastern portion 723 Soils- absorption in 622 absorption of ammonia by 219, 425, 816 acid, growth of legumes on, Wis 514 acid, liming, Wis 514 acid, nitrate formation in 22 acid, of Hawaii 813 acid, studies 21 adsorption and acidity in, U.S.D.A 117 aeration, notes 320, 724, 733 alkali, drainage, Cal 584 alkali, drainage, U.S.D.A 186 alkali, studies, Utah. 118 analyses, value of, Mass 617 arable, formation 114 and, fertilizers for 726 a.s affected by absorbents 214 as affected by irrigation and manure, U.S. D.A 816 bacteria in at different depths and sea- sons 21 biological actions, measuring 116 black pigment of 815 calcium compounds in, U.S.D.A 621 classification 210, 813 cohesion in 117 compaction by tractors 400 courses in 595 determination of volume weight 197 disinfection 623 effect on agriculture 417 effect on availability of fertilizers, N.J.. . 819 evaporation from, U.S.D.A 421 ferriflcation in 813 flocculation in 21 frozen, bacteria in 220 grmdmg, effect on microorganisms 116 gumbo, water penetration in, U.S. D.A. . 210 humid and arid, nitrifyiug powers, U.S. D.A 119 hygroscopic coefficients, determination, U.S.D.A 320 investigations, HI 618 judging 322 lime requirement 519 lime requirement, Mass 822 lime requirement, Mich 210 Ume requirement, determination 622 limed and unlimed, carbon dioxid con- tent 197 loess, water-soluble material in 421 management 119 management. Wis 813 methods of analysis 204, 299, 612 methods of analysis, W.Va 318 methods of mechanical analysis 114, 720 moor, sulphur in 424 muck, management 236 muck, management, U.S.D.A 191 niter spots in 423 of Cuba, analyses 511 of experimental farms in Burma 323 of Fiji, analyses 319 Soils— Continued. Page. of Hawaii, composition, Hawaii 618 of Hawaii, studies 813 of Illinois, 111 61S of Imperial Valley, analyses, Cal 790 of Iowa, classification 61d of Jones County, Ga., analyses 812 of Kentucky, distribution of phosphorus. 421 of Kuala Pilah and Jelebu districts, Malay States 115 of New York, studies 21 of New Zealand, analyses 723 of North Carolina 323 of Nova Scotia 723 of Ohio 620 of pampas of Argentina 886 of Sabak district, Malay States 323 of Sao Paulo, Brazil, analyses 210 of Texas, fungus flora 434 of Uruguay, analyses 114 of West Virginia, analyses, W.Va 722 orchard, nitrates in, N.H 724 organic matter of 512, 815 organic phosphorus in 212 peat, improvement 119 prairie, phosphorus in 614 protein decomposition in 25 reaction of, determination 505 red clay, fertilizer requirements, P.R 323 red, of Mediterranean region 115 role of Actinomycetes in 518 role of spore-forming bacteria in 617 sampling 617 sandy and pebbly, of Finland 813 scmiarid, nitrification in, U.S.D.A 422 sterilization 618 sulfofication in 22 surface forces, measurement 319 swamp, judging in swamp rice, gases of 116 temperature of 617 tobacco, analyses, Conn. State 628 tobacco, cultivation 613 treatise 11 4, 617 Solarium— commersonii, description and culture 637 elseagnifolium, chymase of 412 Solar- corpuscular rays, U.S.D.A 419 haloat Miami, Fla., U.S.D.A 7!8 Soldiers — farm work for 392 land settlement for 290, 697 maimed, agricultural reeducation 794 Solenothrips rubrocinctus, notes 457 Solutions- colored, acidity of 299 electrical conductivity 503 Sore throat streptococci, sources 577 Sorghum — culture e.xperiments 3.32. 735, 830 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 133, 830 culture under dry farming culture under dry farming, Utah... P^isarium disease, studies, Iowa. . . grain, as human food, U.S.D.A gram, digestibiUty, U.S.D.A 629 52S 348 C61 660 978 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 Sorghum— Continued. Page. root system 827 rust, notes 541 silage, forage poisoning due to 581 transpiration in, U.S.D.A 226 triple-seeded spikelets in 532 varieties, Kans 131 varieties, U.S.D.A 33.133,830 SoTOsporellauveUa{agTOiidis),studies,V.S.'D.A. 757 Sorosporivin simii n. sp., description 450 Sound- rays, path of in air, U.S.D.A 719 waves, abnormal propagation, U.S.D.A 19 South Carolina Station- notes 197,296,599.696,899 report 693 South Dakota College and Station, notes 797 Sows, brood, body length and fertility in 371 Soy-bean— bacterial leaf spot, notes, Conn. State — 47 oake, analyses. Can 65 hay, toxic effect on young animals, Del . . 79 meal, effect on activity of soil fungi 215 meal, to.xicity 580 milk, manufacture 262 oil, chemistry, N. Dak 208 oil, extraction, N.C 532 stem borer, notes 157 Soy beans — analyses, U.S.D.A 337 cult are experiments, Ohio 829 culture for seed. Wis 823 culture in Antigua 735 distribution of nitrogen in, Ky 269 factors affecting protein content 232 growing ia sand media 297 growth and nitrogen-flsing power on acid soils. Wis 514 growth in relation to climate 809 growth in various salts 31 inoculation experiments 527, 835 liming experiments 229 nodule formation, N.Y. Cornell 848 rotation experiments, Ohio 829 ureolytic action 503 utilization, N.C 532 utilization, U.S.D.A 336 varieties 233 varieties, Ohio 829 varieties, Wis 828 Species, relationships 221 Spelt- culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 31,227 fall-sown, in Maryland and vicinity, U.S.D.A 736 varieties. Can 32 Spcrgula arvensis seed oil, notes 803 Spiiaceloma ampelinum in America 545 SphxronarmellafragaTix n.sp., description 452 Sphscrophor'ia cylindrica, notes. Me 450 Sphseropsis malorum — effect on composition of apples, U.S.D.A 148 temperature relations, U.S.D.A 649 Spluerotheca mors-uvx, treatment 751 SphenapliOTUs ( Cosmopolites) sordidus, notes. 158 Spices, germicidal effect. Wis 863 Spider, red- Page. new species 660 on cotton, U.S.D.A 557 Spirillosis — eqiune, in Morocco 483 in fowls 782 Spirochsefa hyos, relation to hog cholera 384 Spittle insects injurious to grass 856 Spondylodadium atrovircns, studies 544 Spongospora on plant roots 146 Spongospora suUenanea — studies 847 studies, U.S.D.A 249 Spores, antibodiesof 380 Sporidcsm ium solani varians, notes 541 SporoboZws spp., analyses 334 Sporothrix schencMi, penetration of gastro- intestinal wall by 379 Sporotrichum globuHferum affecting alfalfa weevil 58 Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain,studles. 158, 576, 577 Spray calendar for fruit 744 Spraying- cost 55,535 in Nova Scotia 535 Sprocket-wheel design, standardization 400 Spruce — bark, use for paper specialties 4 17 timber-estimating tables for 345 umt stresses for 91 Sprue , review of investigations 363 Squash — disease, studies, U.S.D.A 848 lady beetle, reflex "bleeding" 58 Squashes, breeding experiments, N . J 838 Stallionsln Wisconsin, Wis 472 Starch— and skim milk for calves 370 as a binder for Ice cream, Va 78 as a substrate for enzjrm action 315 chemical constitution 710 of parent stock and hybrids 222 phosphoric acid In 501 solutions, dlastatic action 329 transformation in potato leaves and stalks 126 Stasisia rodhaini, notes 359 Statenchyma, notes 730 States Relations Service. {See United States Department of Agriculture.) Statistical theories for meteorology and agri- culture, U.S.D.A 419 StatoUths— in root tips 330 nature and distribution In plants 729 StauTonotus maroccanus, control in Algeria. . . 356 Steers— digestion experiments, U.S.D.A 469 feeding experiments, Ala.CoIlege 663 f eedmg experiments. Can 65, 269, 270 feeding experiments, Ind 564 feeding experiments, N.Mex 168, 470 Stephanitis rhododcTidri, notes 656 Sterility in cows 675, 777 Stimulation, mechanical, in plants 525 Stipa capillata, drought resistance 734 Stock. (See Livestock.) 19171 INDEX or SUBJECTS. 979 Page. 8tock foods. (,Sce Feeding stuffs, condimen- tal.) St«cks, Inheritauco in 729, 826 Stockyards, disinfection 675 Stomata in relation to transpiration 329 Stores, cooperative, U.S.D.A 192 Storm of July 13-22, 1916, U.S.D. A 119 Strangles— immunization 179 inhorses, causative agent 8o Stratcgus — qvadrifovcatus, note,s, P.U 355 spp., notes 753 Straw — for dairy heifers, Wis 873 meal, preparation and use 3G7 Strawberries — breeding experiments 711 crossing experiments, Alaska 442 culture in tlie Soutli 241 localization of acids and sugars in 110 Strawberry- crown girdler, studies. Mass 136 rots, notes 452 weevil, studies, N.J 855 Stream- flow, relation to forests 3 IC, S13 measurements, accuracy 484 measurements in Alabama 885 measurements in Colorado 5S2 measurements in New York ) '>), 284 measurements in Texas 384 Streams, silt-laden, measurement 484 Streptococci- equine and bovine, in human infections . 577 signiflcance in water supplies 480 Streptococcus equi, review of investigations. . 85 Striga lutea, eradication 236 Strontium — determination in presence of phosphoric acid and iron 14 salts, effect on wheat .'20 Students, graduate, as research assistants in experiment stations 102 Stumps — removal 89 removal, Minn 7S5 Sturmia scutellata, biology 858 Subirrigation in Florida 88 i Sucrose, sjrnthesis in plant cells 609 Sudan grass — analyses, Kans 38 culture experiments 332 culture experimets, Kans 38, 131 cultxu'e experiments, N.J 829 culture experiments, Ohio 829 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 133 culture in Virginia, Va 637 culture in Wisconsin, Wis 828 culture under dry farming 529 transpiration in, U.S.D,A 226 Sugar- analyses, animal charcoals in 807 as a dressing In veterinary surgery 178 bromoacetyl, preparation 313 compounds, rotatory powers 12 rage. Sugar— Continued, detennination in condensed milk 508 determination In hay and turnips 807 determiuatlon In meat products 506 factories . power and steam consumption . aSS factory juice heaters, tests. La 387 formation and translocation in mangels. . 125 formation in potato leaves 126 humus, preparation, Tex 625 localization in fleshy fruits 110 manufacture, slnip precipitate In 415 methods of analysis 716 product ion in variou3countrios,U.S.D.A. 737 reducing, determination 614 reducing in beets 731 utilization by green plants 125 {See aUo Beet sugar and Cane sugar.) Sugar beet- curly top and mosaic, notes 847 nematode, treatment, U.S.D.A 4.")0 pulp. {See Beet pulp.) root louse, notes 55 root louse, remedies, U.S.D.A 154 root rot, studies 147 thrips, studies, U.S.D.A 153 Sugar beets- composition at various stages 835 correlations in 629 culture experiments 228, 533 culture experiments, Can 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 132, 133 culture in Washington, Wash 137 defoUating experiments 233, 732 determination of density 716 olectroculture experiments 227 fertilizer experiments 220, 533 irrigation experiments, Nev 35 losses in the silo, U .S.D. A 132 rotation experiments, Ohio 829 transplanting experiments 633 variation In sugar content 233 varieties 527, 533 varieties. Can 37 Sugar cane- beetle, gray-back, remedies 658 breeding 737 by-products, utilization, U.S.D.A 835 changes during ripening 234 culture experiments 3-32, 737 ciUture for sirup, U.S.D.A 835 diseases in Barbados 541 diseases in British Guiana 846 diseases, quarantine in United States 245 fenillzer experiments 3-32, 637 fertilizer experiments, P.R 323 growth data 233 history in Philippines 533 insects aflecting 654, 853 Irrigation experiments 7.37 juices, coloring matter of. La 114 red rot fungus on juar 449 rind disease, stu .^ -^v. to** 4 s? ^t.. ' ,.w.«- ^ .>.-^ i s J -ii I -■^••r